document_title: Michael Jordan

question_text: what team did michael jordan play for in college

question_tokens: what team did michael jordan play for in college

text: Michael Jordan

text: Early years

text: Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Deloris (née Peoples), who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, when he was a toddler.[8]

text: Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and one younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army.[9]

text: High school career

text: Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11" (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level. His taller friend, Harvest Leroy Smith, was the only sophomore to make the team.[10][11]

text: Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney's junior varsity team, and tallied several 40-point games.[10] The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm)[11][4] and trained rigorously. Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play.[12][13] As a senior, he was selected to the McDonald's All-American Team[14] after averaging a triple-double: 29.2 points, 11.6 rebounds, and 10.1 assists.[15]

text: Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, including Duke, North Carolina, South Carolina, Syracuse, and Virginia.[16] In 1981, Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina, where he majored in cultural geography.[17]

text: College career

text: As a freshman in coach Dean Smith's team-oriented system, he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game (ppg) on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).[18] He made the game-winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown, which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing.[4] Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.[19] During his three seasons at North Carolina, he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting, and added 5.0 rebounds per game (rpg).[12]  He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All-American First Team in both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons. After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft. The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick, after Hakeem Olajuwon (Houston Rockets) and Sam Bowie (Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center.[20]  However, Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center, but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.[21] ESPN, citing Bowie's injury-laden college career, named the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history.[22]  Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986.[23] He graduated the same year with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.[24]

text: Professional career

text: Early NBA years (1984–1987)

text: During his rookie season with the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting.[18] He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas,[25][26][27] and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading "A Star Is Born" just over a month into his professional career.[28][29] The fans also voted in Jordan as an All-Star starter during his rookie season.[4] Controversy arose before the All-Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players—led by Isiah Thomas—were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.[4] This led to a so-called "freeze-out" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game.[4] The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year.[30] The Bulls finished the season 38–44[31] and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs.[30]

text: Jordan's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.[4] Despite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record (at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history),[31][32] the Bulls made the playoffs. Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return. Against a 1985–86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history,[33] Jordan set the still-unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2.[34] The Celtics, however, managed to sweep the series.[30]

text: Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986–87 season,[35] and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history. He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2% shooting.[18][36] In addition, Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season.[37] Despite Jordan's success, Magic Johnson won the league's Most Valuable Player Award. The Bulls reached 40 wins,[31] and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year. However, they were again swept by the Celtics.[30]

text: Pistons roadblock (1987–1990)

text: Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting[18] and won his first league MVP Award. He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year, as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game.[38] The Bulls finished 50–32,[31] and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games.[39] However, the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons,[30] who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the "Bad Boys".[40]

text: In the 1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game (apg).[18] The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,[31] and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals, defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way. The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.[41] However, the Pistons again defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,[30] by utilizing their "Jordan Rules" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball.[4]

text: The Bulls entered the 1989–90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant, and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson. Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg[18] in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.[31] They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers. However, despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season.[30]

text: First three-peat (1991–1993)

text: In the 1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.[18] The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.[31] With Scottie Pippen developing into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, the Detroit Pistons, awaited them. However, this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep.[42][43]

text: The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers, who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy, two formidable opponents. The Bulls won the series four games to one, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.[42] Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.[44] In his first Finals appearance, Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 assists, 6.6 rebounds, 2.8 steals, and 1.4 blocks.[45] Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award,[46] and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy.[47]

text: Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from 1990–91.[31] Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points, 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52% shooting.[38] After winning a physical 7-game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games, the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals. The media, hoping to recreate a Magic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between "Air" Jordan and Clyde "The Glide" during the pre-Finals hype.[48] In the first game, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting six three-point field goals.[49] After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside. Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying, "I can't believe I'm doing this."[50] The Bulls went on to win Game 1, and defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row[46] and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 53% from the floor.[46]

text: In the 1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign and finishing second in Defensive Player of the Year voting,[38][51] Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley. Coincidentally, Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot by John Paxson and a last-second block by Horace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,[52] and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards.[46] He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games. With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life.[53]

text: Gambling controversy

text: During the Bulls' playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the night before a game against the New York Knicks.[54] In that same year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,[55] and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.[55] In 2005, Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions. Jordan stated, "Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah."[56] When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied, "No."[56]

text: First retirement and stint in minor league baseball (1993–1994)

text:
Michael JordanBirmingham Barons – No. 45 & No. 35
Outfielder

Batted: Right
Threw: Right
Professional debut
Southern League: April 8, 1994, for the Birmingham Barons
Arizona Fall League: 1994, for the Scottsdale ScorpionsLast Southern League appearance
March 10, 1995, for the Birmingham BaronsSouthern League statistics (through 1994)Batting average
.202Home runs
3Runs batted in
51Arizona Fall League statisticsBatting average
.252
Teams
Birmingham Barons (1994–1995)
Scottsdale Scorpions (1994)

text: On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, citing a loss of desire to play the game. Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision.[57] Jordan's father was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highway rest area in Lumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked his luxury Lexus bearing the license plate "UNC 0023".[58][59] His body was dumped in a South Carolina swamp and was not discovered until August 3.[59] The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan's cell phone.[60] The two criminals were caught, convicted at trial, and sentenced to life in prison. Jordan was close to his father; as a child he had imitated his father's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work. He later adopted it as his own signature, displaying it each time he drove to the basket.[4] In 1996, he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father.[61][62]

text: In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.[63] The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his ever-growing celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[64]

text: Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7, 1994.[65] He reported to spring training in Sarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31, 1994.[66] Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player.[67] The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball.[68]

text: In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting .202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted in, 30 stolen bases, 114 strikeouts, 51 base on balls, and 11 errors.[13] He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.[66] On November 1, 1994, his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center.[69][70][71]

text: "I'm back": Return to the NBA (1995)

text: In the 1993–94 season, the Bulls achieved a 55–27 record without Jordan in the lineup,[31] and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs. The 1994–95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31–31 at one point in mid-March.[72] The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls.[73]

text: In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player.[74] On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: "I'm back."[4] The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis, scoring 19 points.[75] The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975.[76] Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it, Jordan instead wore number 45, as he had while playing baseball.[75]

text: Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half, Jordan played well upon his return, making a game-winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back. He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28, 1995.[30] Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. At the end of Game 1, Orlando's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he would later comment that Jordan "didn't look like the old Michael Jordan"[77] and that "No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to."[78]

text: Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number, 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.[78] Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.[79] He averaged 31 points per game in the series, but Orlando won the series in 6 games.[12]

text: Second three-peat (1995–1998)

text: Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the 1995–96 season.[80] The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.[81] The Bulls eventually finished with the then-best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10; this record was later surpassed by the 2015–16 Golden State Warriors.[82] Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg[83] and won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards.[4]

text: In the playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat 3–0, New York Knicks 4–1, Orlando Magic 4–0). They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4–2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship. Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time,[46] surpassing Magic Johnson's three Finals MVP awards. He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All-Star Game, regular season and NBA Finals, Willis Reed having achieved the first, during the 1969–70 season.[30] Because this was Jordan's first championship since his father's murder, and it was won on Father's Day, Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title, including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball.[4][47]

text: In the 1996–97 season, the Bulls started out 69–11, but missed out on a second consecutive 70-win season by losing their final two games to finish 69–13.[84] However, this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone. The Bulls again advanced to the Finals, where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz. The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer-beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied at 2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as the "Flu Game", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-deciding 3-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.[85] The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.[84] For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.[46] During the 1997 NBA All-Star Game, Jordan posted the first triple double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort; however, he did not receive the MVP award.[86]

text: Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the 1997–98 season.[31] Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game,[38] securing his fifth regular-season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team and the All-Star Game MVP.[4] The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks.[87][88] After winning, they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals.[89]

text: The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.[90] With the Bulls trailing 86–83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting the Utah lead to 86–85.[90] The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal.[90] Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guard Bryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell,[91][92][93] although the officials did not call a foul. With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan gave Chicago an 87–86 lead with a game-winning jumper, the climactic shot of his Bulls career. Afterwards, John Stockton missed a game-winning three-pointer. Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three-peat. Once again, Jordan was voted the Finals MVP,[46] having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.[94] Jordan's six Finals MVPs is a record; Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson, LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece.[46] The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history. Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history.[95][96]

text: Second retirement (1999–2001)

text: With Phil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-induced lockout of NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.[97][98][99] On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player, but as part owner and president of basketball operations for the Washington Wizards.[100] Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive. He controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters. Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.[101][102] He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland),[103][104] but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons.[101][105]

text: Despite his January 1999 claim that he was "99.9% certain" that he would never play another NBA game,[47] in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback,[106][107] this time with his new team. Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter,[108] Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.[109] In addition, Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach, Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return.[106][107]

text: Washington Wizards comeback (2001–2003)

text: On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[110][111] In an injury-plagued 2001–02 season, he led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.42 spg).[4] However, torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan's season after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994–95 season.[18] Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 points, 5.4 assists, and 6.0 rebounds, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.[112]

text: Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in 2003, Jordan passed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history (a record since broken by Kobe Bryant).[113] That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them. He averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals per game.[4] He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free throw line.[4] Even though he turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.[30] On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.[114] During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at the MCI Center were sold out, and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.[115] However, neither of Jordan's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.[116][117] At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft, Kwame Brown.[116][117]

text: With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at the United Center in Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.[118] The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.[119] At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson,[120] but refused both. In the end, he accepted the spot of Vince Carter, who decided to give it up under great public pressure.[121]

text: Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, in Philadelphia. After scoring only 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers, 75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, the First Union Center crowd began chanting "We want Mike!" After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacing Larry Hughes with 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers' Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. Jordan received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans.[122]

text: Olympic career

text: Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal-winning American basketball teams. He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin, Steve Alford, and Wayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament.[123]

text: In the 1992 Summer Olympics, he was a member of the star-studded squad that included Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and David Robinson and was dubbed the "Dream Team". Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics. Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts, Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg,[124] finishing second on the team in scoring.[125] Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals.[123][124]

text: Post-retirement

text: After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.[126] However, his previous tenure in the Wizards' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard "Rip" Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse (although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002).[101] On May 7, 2003, Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as the team's president of basketball operations.[101] Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards.[56]

text: Jordan kept busy over the next few years. He stayed in shape, played golf in celebrity charity tournaments, and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.[127] Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) until the end of the 2013 season.[128][129] In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago's Hales Franciscan High School.[130]  The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.[131]

text: Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets

text: On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title "Managing Member of Basketball Operations."[132]  Despite Jordan's previous success as an endorser, he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.[133] A decade earlier, Jordan had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations.[134]

text: In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.[135] As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team pending NBA approval.[136] On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team.[137]  It also made him the league's only African-American majority owner of an NBA team.[138]

text: During the 2011 NBA lockout, The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during the labor dispute in 1998, Jordan had told Washington Wizards then-owner Abe Pollin, "If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team."[139] Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a "sellout" wanting "current players to pay for his incompetence."[140] He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison.[140]

text: During the 2011–12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. Their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.[141] "I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating", Jordan said later that year.[142]

text: Player profile

text: Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward (the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards), and as a point guard.[12] Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.[143] His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash-talk[144] and well-known work ethic.[145][146] As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not "tough enough" to compete with him in practice. To help improve his defense, he spent extra hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time.[147] Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.[12][148] He played all 82 games nine times.  Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson, Walter Davis, and Jerry West as influences.[149][150] Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special "Love of the Game Clause" written into his contract (unusual at the time) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere.[151]

text: Jordan had a versatile offensive game. He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket, as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth-highest total of all time.[152] As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot, using his leaping ability to "fade away" from block attempts. According to Hubie Brown, this move alone made him nearly unstoppable.[153] Despite media criticism as a "selfish" player early in his career, Jordan's 5.3 assists per game[18] also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates. After shooting under 30% from three-point range in his first five seasons in the NBA, including a career-low 13% in the 1987–88 season, Jordan improved to a career-high 50% in the 1994–95 season.[18] The three-point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994–95 to 1996–97, when the NBA shortened its three-point line to 22 ft (6.7 m) (from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)).[154] His three-point field-goal percentages ranged from 35% to 43% in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three-pointers between 1989–90 and 1996–97.[12] For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder (6.2 per game).[18]

text: In 1988, Jordan was honored with the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career (since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson, and Kevin Garnett; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season). In addition, he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard,[155] and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514, trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd.[156] Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.[157]  He was also known to have strong eyesight; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.[158]

text: NBA career statistics

text:
Legend

  GP

Games played

  GS

Games started

 MPG

Minutes per game

 FG%

Field goal percentage

 3P%

3-point field goal percentage

 FT%

Free throw percentage

 RPG

Rebounds per game

 APG

Assists per game

 SPG

Steals per game

 BPG

Blocks per game

 PPG

Points per game

 Bold

Career high

text:
†

Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship

*

Led the league

NBA record

text: Regular season

text:
Year

Team

GP

GS

MPG

FG%

3P%

FT%

RPG

APG

SPG

BPG

PPG

1984–85

Chicago

82
82
38.3
.515
.173
.845
6.5
5.9
2.4
.8
28.2

1985–86

Chicago

18
7
25.1
.457
.167
.840
3.6
2.9
2.1
1.2
22.7

1986–87

Chicago

82
82
40.0
.482
.182
.857
5.2
4.6
2.9
1.5
37.1*

1987–88

Chicago

82
82
40.4*
.535
.132
.841
5.5
5.9
3.2*
1.6
35.0*

1988–89

Chicago

81
81
40.2*
.538
.276
.850
8.0
8.0
2.9
.8
32.5*

1989–90

Chicago

82
82
39.0
.526
.376
.848
6.9
6.3
2.8*
.7
33.6*

1990–91†

Chicago

82
82
37.0
.539
.312
.851
6.0
5.5
2.7
1.0
31.5*

1991–92†

Chicago

80
80
38.8
.519
.270
.832
6.4
6.1
2.3
.9
30.1*

1992–93†

Chicago

78
78
39.3
.495
.352
.837
6.7
5.5
2.8*
.8
32.6*

1994–95

Chicago

17
17
39.3
.411
.500
.801
6.9
5.3
1.8
.8
26.9

1995–96†

Chicago

82
82
37.7
.495
.427
.834
6.6
4.3
2.2
.5
30.4*

1996–97†

Chicago

82
82
37.9
.486
.374
.833
5.9
4.3
1.7
.5
29.6*

1997–98†

Chicago

82
82
38.8
.465
.238
.784
5.8
3.5
1.7
.5
28.7*

2001–02

Washington

60
53
34.9
.416
.189
.790
5.7
5.2
1.4
.4
22.9

2002–03

Washington

82
67
37.0
.445
.291
.821
6.1
3.8
1.5
.5
20.0

Career

1,072
1,039
38.3
.497
.327
.835
6.2
5.3
2.3
.8
30.1

All-Star

13
13
29.4
.472
.273
.750
4.7
4.2
2.8
.5
20.2

text: Playoffs

text:
Year

Team

GP

GS

MPG

FG%

3P%

FT%

RPG

APG

SPG

BPG

PPG

1985

Chicago

4
4
42.8
.436
.125
.828
5.8
8.5
2.8
1.0
29.3

1986

Chicago

3
3
45.0
.505
1.000
.872
6.3
5.7
2.3
1.3
43.7

1987

Chicago

3
3
42.7
.417
.400
.897
7.0
6.0
2.0
2.3
35.7

1988

Chicago

10
10
42.7
.531
.333
.869
7.1
4.7
2.4
1.1
36.3

1989

Chicago

17
17
42.2
.510
.286
.799
7.0
7.6
2.5
.8
34.8

1990

Chicago

16
16
42.1
.514
.320
.836
7.2
6.8
2.8
.9
36.7

1991†

Chicago

17
17
40.5
.524
.385
.845
6.4
8.4
2.4
1.4
31.1

1992†

Chicago

22
22
41.8
.499
.386
.857
6.2
5.8
2.0
.7
34.5

1993†

Chicago

19
19
41.2
.475
.389
.805
6.7
6.0
2.1
.9
35.1

1995

Chicago

10
10
42.0
.484
.367
.810
6.5
4.5
2.3
1.4
31.5

1996†

Chicago

18
18
40.7
.459
.403
.818
4.9
4.1
1.8
.3
30.7

1997†

Chicago

19
19
42.3
.456
.194
.831
7.9
4.8
1.6
.9
31.1

1998†

Chicago

21
21
41.5
.462
.302
.812
5.1
3.5
1.5
.6
32.4

Career

179
179
41.8
.487
.332
.828
6.4
5.7
2.1
.8
33.4

text: Legacy

text: Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season.[25][27] Larry Bird said that he had "never seen anyone like him", that he was "one of a kind", and that Jordan was the best player he had ever seen and comparable to Wayne Gretzky as an athlete.[159] In Jordan's first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks, he received a prolonged standing ovation,[27] a rarity for an opposing player. After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20, 1986, Bird described him as "God disguised as Michael Jordan".[34]

text: Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons (NBA record) and tied Wilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.[4] He was also a fixture on the NBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared with Gary Payton, Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant).[160] Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game,[4] respectively. By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.[161] Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest in NBA history.[162] He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play,[163] placing him fourth on the NBA's all-time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Karl Malone, and Kobe Bryant.[163]

text: With five regular-season MVPs (tied for second place with Bill Russell—only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and three All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is the most decorated player in NBA history.[12][164] Jordan finished among the top three in regular-season MVP voting 10 times,[12] and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).[165] Since 1976, the year of the NBA's merger with the American Basketball Association,[166] Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.[167] In the All-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player.[168]

text:
"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us."
—Magic Johnson[4]

tag: div

text: Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.[157] In 1999, an ESPN survey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali.[169] Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.[170] In addition, the Associated Press voted him the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.[171] Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times.[172] In the September 1996 issue of Sport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years.[173]

text: Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.[174][175] Several current NBA players—including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade—have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up.[176][177] In addition, commentators have dubbed a number of next-generation players "the next Michael Jordan" upon their entry to the NBA, including Penny Hardaway, Grant Hill, Allen Iverson, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Vince Carter, and Dwyane Wade.[178][179][180] Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his "Air Jordan" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,[174] a fact Jordan himself has lamented.

text: I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.[174]

text: During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game, but the popularity of the NBA in the U.S. appears to have declined since his last title.[181] Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league,[181] and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season.[182]

text: In August 2009, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers, as well as from the 1992 "Dream Team". The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan's short career in minor league baseball.[183] After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him.[184] As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, when he was growing up in North Carolina, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels and greatly admired Thompson, who played at rival North Carolina State. In September, he was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, including Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Ron Harper, Steve Kerr, and Toni Kukoč.[185] Two of Jordan's former coaches, Dean Smith and Doug Collins, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech—when he began to cry—was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme.[186][187] In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Jordan with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[188]

text: Personal life

text: Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989, and they had two sons, Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James, and a daughter, Jasmine. Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made "mutually and amicably".[189][190] It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $204 million in 2017), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time.[191][192]

text: In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park, Illinois, to build a 56,000 square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion, which was completed four years later.  Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012.[193] His two sons attended Loyola Academy, a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette, Illinois.[194] Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11, 2007, for the University of Illinois. After two seasons, Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009. He later rejoined the team for a third season,[195][196] then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida, where Marcus was attending.[197][198] Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009. He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009,[199] and played three seasons of basketball for the school.[200]

text: On July 21, 2006, a judge in Cook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.[201] Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.[202][203][204] Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991. A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child.[201]

text: He proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American model Yvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,[205] and they were married on April 27, 2013, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church.[206][207] It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.[208][209]  On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.[210]

text: Media figure and business interests

text: Endorsements

text: Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI.[211] Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the "Be Like Mike" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan.[211][212]

text: Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the Air Jordan. One of Jordan's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon. In the commercials Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that "it's gotta be the shoes".[211] The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of "shoe-jackings" where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the "Jordan Brand". The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers.[213][214] The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina, Cal, Georgetown, and Marquette.[215]

text: Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball.[216] The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action/animated film Space Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.[217] They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.[217] Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson's "Jam" (1992).[218]

text: Jordan's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars.[219][220] In addition, when Jordan's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.[221] Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season.[222] An academic study found that Jordan's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion.[223]

text: Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent, David Falk.[224] Jordan has described Falk as "the best at what he does" and that "marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'"[225]

text: Business ventures

text: In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.[226] In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.[227][228] On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.[229] In 2017, he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball.[230]

text: Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.[231] From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.[232] As of August 2018, his current net worth is estimated at $1.7 billion by Forbes.[233] Jordan is the third-richest African-American as of 2018, behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey.[234]

text: Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has a Nissan dealership in Durham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,[235] and formerly had a Lincoln–Mercury dealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.[236][237] The company also owned a Nissan franchise in Glen Burnie, Maryland.[236] The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. His restaurants include a steakhouse in New York City's Grand Central Terminal, among others.[238]

text: Awards and honors

text: College awards and honors

text:
Two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
class of 2009 – individual
class of 2010  – as a member of the "Dream Team"
NCAA national championship – University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 1981–82
ACC Freshman of the Year – 1981–82
Two-time Consensus NCAA All-American First Team – 1982–83, 1983–84
ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year – 1983–84
USBWA College Player of the Year – 1983–84
Naismith College Player of the Year – 1983–84
Adolph Rupp Trophy – 1983–84
John R. Wooden Award – 1983–84
Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels

text: NBA awards and honors

text:
Six-time NBA champion – 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
Six-time NBA Finals MVP – 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
Five-time NBA MVP – 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998
10-time NBA scoring leader (1987–1993, 1996–1998)
14-time NBA All-Star
Three-time NBA All-Star Game MVP – 1988, 1996, 1998
11-time All-NBA Team
Nine-time NBA All-Defensive Team
Two-time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion – 1987, 1988
NBA Rookie of the Year Award – 1984–85
IBM Award winner – 1985
NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award – 1987–88
Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996
Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls
Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat

text: Other awards and honors

text:
United States Olympic Hall of Fame – class of 2009 (as a member of the "Dream Team")
FIBA Hall of Fame – class of 2015[239]
Two-time Olympic Gold Medal winner – 1984, 1992
"Triple Crown of Basketball" winner[165]
Three-time Associated Press Athlete of the Year – 1991, 1992, 1993[240]
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year – 1991
Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive – 1994[241]
Ranked No.1 by SLAM Magazine's Top 50 Players of All-Time[242]
Ranked No.1 by ESPN SportsCentury's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century[169]
North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame
1997 Marca Leyenda winner
Seven-time ESPY Award winner (in various categories)
Statue in front of the United Center
2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom[188]


document_title: Constitution of China

question_text: how many articles are there in chinese constitution

root

text: Constitution of China

text: History[edit]

text: The first Constitution of the People's Republic of China was declared in 1954. After two intervening versions enacted in 1975 and 1978, the current Constitution was declared in 1982. There were significant differences between each of these versions, and the 1982 Constitution has subsequently been amended several times. In addition, changing Constitutional conventions have led to significant changes in the structure of Chinese government in the absence of changes in the text of the Constitution.

tag: p

text: 1982 document[edit]

text: The 1982 document reflects Deng Xiaoping's determination to lay a lasting institutional foundation for domestic stability and modernization. The new State Constitution provides a legal basis for the broad changes in China's social and economic institutions and significantly revises government structure.

text: There have been four major revisions by the National People's Congress (NPC) to the 1982 Constitution.

text: Much of the PRC Constitution is modeled after the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, but there are some significant differences. For example, while the Soviet constitution contains an explicit right of secession, the Chinese constitution explicitly forbids secession. While the Soviet constitution formally creates a federal system, the Chinese constitution formally creates a unitary multi-national state.

text: The 1982 State Constitution is a lengthy, hybrid document with 138 articles.[2] Large sections were adapted directly from the 1978 constitution, but many of its changes derive from the 1954 constitution. Specifically, the new Constitution de-emphasizes class struggle and places top priority on development and on incorporating the contributions and interests of non-party groups that can play a central role in modernization.

text: Article 1 of the State Constitution describes China as "a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship"[3] meaning that the system is based on an alliance of the working classes—in communist terminology, the workers and peasants—and is led by the Communist Party, the vanguard of the working class. Elsewhere, the Constitution provides for a renewed and vital role for the groups that make up that basic alliance—the CPPCC, democratic parties, and mass organizations. The 1982 Constitution expunges almost all of the rhetoric associated with the Cultural Revolution incorporated in the 1978 version. In fact, the Constitution omits all references to the Cultural Revolution and restates Mao Zedong's contributions in accordance with a major historical reassessment produced in June 1981 at the Sixth Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee, the "Resolution on Some Historical Issues of the Party since the Founding of the People's Republic."

text: There also is emphasis throughout the 1982 State Constitution on socialist law as a regulator of political behavior. Unlike the 1977 Soviet Constitution, the text of the Constitution itself doesn't explicitly mention the Communist Party of China and there is an explicit statement in Article 5 that states that the Constitution and law are supreme over all organizations and individuals.

text: Thus, the rights and obligations of citizens are set out in detail far exceeding that provided in the 1978 constitution. Probably because of the excesses that filled the years of the Cultural Revolution, the 1982 Constitution gives even greater attention to clarifying citizens' "fundamental rights and duties" than the 1954 constitution did, like the right to vote and to run for election begins at the age of eighteen except for those disenfranchised by law. The Constitution also guarantees the freedom of religious worship as well as the "freedom not to believe in any religion" and affirms that "religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination."

text: Article 35 of the 1982 State Constitution proclaims that "citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession, and of demonstration."[3] In the 1978 constitution, these rights were guaranteed, but so were the right to strike and the "four big rights," often called the "four bigs": to speak out freely, air views fully, hold great debates, and write big-character posters. In February 1980, following the Democracy Wall period, the four bigs were abolished in response to a party decision ratified by the National People's Congress. The right to strike was also dropped from the 1982 Constitution. The widespread expression of the four big rights during the student protests of late 1986 elicited the regime's strong censure because of their illegality. The official response cited Article 53 of the 1982 Constitution, which states that citizens must abide by the law and observe labor discipline and public order. Besides being illegal, practicing the four big rights offered the possibility of straying into criticism of the Communist Party of China, which was in fact what appeared in student wall posters. In a new era that strove for political stability and economic development, party leaders considered the four big rights politically destabilizing. Chinese citizens are prohibited from forming new political parties.[4]

text: Among the political rights granted by the constitution, all Chinese citizens have rights to elect and be elected.[5] According to the later promulgated election law, rural residents had only 1/4 vote power of townsmen (formerly 1/8). As Chinese citizens are categorized into rural resident and town resident, and the constitution has no stipulation of freedom of transference, those rural residents are restricted by the Hukou (registered permanent residence) and have less rights on politics, economy and education. This problem has largely been addressed with various and ongoing reforms of Hukou in 2007.[citation needed] The foresaid ratio of vote power has been readjusted to 1:1 by an amendment to the election law passed in March 2010.[6]

text: The 1982 State Constitution is also more specific about the responsibilities and functions of offices and organs in the state structure. There are clear admonitions against familiar Chinese practices that the reformers have labeled abuses, such as concentrating power in the hands of a few leaders and permitting lifelong tenure in leadership positions. On the other hand, the constitution strongly oppose the western system of separation of powers by executive, legislature and judicial. It stipulates the NPC as the highest organ of state authority power, under which the State Council, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate shall be elected and responsible for the NPC.

text: In addition, the 1982 Constitution provides an extensive legal framework for the liberalizing economic policies of the 1980s. It allows the collective economic sector not owned by the state a broader role and provides for limited private economic activity. Members of the expanded rural collectives have the right "to farm private plots, engage in household sideline production, and raise privately owned livestock." The primary emphasis is given to expanding the national economy, which is to be accomplished by balancing centralized economic planning with supplementary regulation by the market.

text: Another key difference between the 1978 and 1982 state constitutions is the latter's approach to outside help for the modernization program. Whereas the 1978 constitution stressed "self-reliance" in modernization efforts, the 1982 document provides the constitutional basis for the considerable body of laws passed by the NPC in subsequent years permitting and encouraging extensive foreign participation in all aspects of the economy. In addition, the 1982 document reflects the more flexible and less ideological orientation of foreign policy since 1978. Such phrases as "proletarian internationalism" and "social imperialism" have been dropped.

text: 2004 Amendments[edit]

text: The Constitution was amended on March 14, 2004 to include guarantees regarding private property ("legally obtained private property of the citizens shall not be violated,") and human rights ("the State respects and protects human rights.") This was argued by the government to be progress for Chinese democracy and a sign from Communist Party of China that they recognised the need for change, because the booming Chinese economy had created a wealthy new middle class who wanted protection of their own property.

text: Wen Jiabao was quoted by the Washington Post as saying, "These amendments of the Chinese constitution are of great importance to the development of China." "We will make serious efforts to carry them out in practice."[7]

text: Constitutional enforcement[edit]

text: There is no special organization tasked with the enforcement of the Chinese constitution, although the constitution stipulates that the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee have the power to review whether laws or activities violate the constitution.

text: Furthermore, under the legal system of the People's Republic of China, courts do not have the general power of judicial review and cannot invalidate a statute on the grounds that it violates the constitution. Nonetheless, since 2002, there has been a special committee of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress which has reviewed laws and regulations for constitutionality. Although this committee has not yet explicitly ruled that a law or regulation is unconstitutional, in one case, after the subsequent media outcry over the death of Sun Zhigang , the State Council was forced to rescind regulations allowing police to detain persons without residency permits after the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made it clear that it would rule such regulations unconstitutional if they were not rescinded.

text: The Open Constitution Initiative was an organization consisting of lawyers and academics in the People's Republic of China that advocated the rule of law and greater constitutional protections. It was shut down by the government on July 14, 2009.

text: As the basis for reform[edit]

text: In early 2013, a movement developed among reformers in China based on enforcing the provisions of the constitution.[8]


document_title: Wreck-It Ralph

question_text: what's the little girl's name from wreck it ralph

question_tokens: what 's the little girl 's name from wreck it ralph

text: Wreck-It Ralph

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade closes at night, the various video game characters leave their normal in-game roles and are free to travel to other games. Wreck-It Ralph, the antagonist of the game Fix-It Felix Jr., is ostracized by his game's characters for just doing his job, while the titular hero Felix is praised. Tired of being mistreated, Ralph announces at the game's thirtieth anniversary party that he will earn his neighbors' respect by winning a medal.

text: Ralph learns he can obtain a medal from the first-person shooter, Hero's Duty. After disrupting a game session, Ralph scales the game's central beacon and obtains a medal, only to hatch a Cy-Bug, one of the game's antagonists, which can adapt to and devour other environments. Ralph and the Cy-Bug stumble into an escape pod, which is launched out of the game, and crash land in Sugar Rush, a candy-themed kart racing game.

text: Meanwhile, with Ralph missing, his game is labelled as malfunctioning and faces being unplugged. Felix, upon learning where Ralph went from Q*Bert, ventures to Hero's Duty, teaming up with the game's heroine, Sergeant Calhoun, to retrieve Ralph and the Cy-Bug. In Sugar Rush, Ralph's medal is stolen by the glitching Vanellope Von Schweetz to buy her way into the daily races to determine who players can choose as their avatar. King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush, forbids her from doing so due to her being a glitch. Ralph and Vanellope agree to work together by building a race kart for Vanellope to win a race and retrieve the medal.

text: Ralph and Vanellope build a kart, and they flee to Diet Cola Mountain, an unfinished race track. Learning that Vanellope cannot drive, Ralph helps teach her. King Candy hacks the game's code, obtaining Ralph's medal, which he offers to him in exchange for preventing Vanellope from racing. He explains that if Vanellope wins and becomes playable, her glitches would be brought to the attention of players, their game would be unplugged and Vanellope would die, unable to leave the game because she is a glitch. A reluctant Ralph agrees, trashing Vanellope's kart. He returns to his own game, but notices Vanellope's image on the side of the Sugar Rush cabinet, and realizes she was meant to be a playable character.

text: Elsewhere, Felix and Calhoun search Sugar Rush for Ralph. Felix fears Ralph has gone "Turbo", alluding to a rogue character of the same name who abandoned his own game and destroyed another out of jealousy, resulting in both being unplugged. Felix falls in love with Calhoun, but she abandons him when he reminds her of her late fiancé, who was eaten by Cy-Bugs as part of her backstory. Felix is later imprisoned in King Candy's castle, but Ralph frees him and Vanellope, rebuilding the kart. Calhoun discovers a swarm of Cy-Bug eggs underground, which hatch and start devouring the game.

text: Vanellope participates in a race, but is attacked by King Candy. Vanellope's glitch reveals he is actually Turbo, who took over Sugar Rush, displacing Vanellope as the main character. Ralph, Felix, and Calhoun evacuate the game, but Vanellope cannot leave due to her glitch. When Calhoun points out the Cy-Bugs can be destroyed by a beacon of light as per Hero's Duty, Ralph decides to make Diet Cola Mountain erupt to replicate it. Ralph is confronted by Turbo, now fused with a Cy-Bug that devoured him, and Turbo carries him away. Ralph breaks free, hits the mountain, and causes it to erupt, but Vanellope saves him using her glitch. The volcanic beacon destroys the Cy-Bugs and Turbo.

text: Vanellope crosses the finish line, rebooting Sugar Rush and restoring her status and memory as Princess Vanellope, the main character of the game, but she still uses her glitching ability to her advantage. Ralph and Felix return home, allowing their game to be spared. Felix and Calhoun marry, while a content Ralph gains respect from his fellow characters.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
John C. Reilly as Wreck-It Ralph, a large brute who is the villain of the fictional arcade game Fix-It Felix Jr.[5]
Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz, a racer/glitch in Sugar Rush.[5]
Jack McBrayer as Fix-It Felix Jr., a repairman who is the hero of Fix-It Felix Jr.[5][14]
Jane Lynch as Sergeant Tamora Jean Calhoun, the lead character of Hero's Duty.[5]
Alan Tudyk as King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush. King Candy's vocal stylings are based on comedian Ed Wynn, and his physical mannerisms are modeled from Wynn's Mad Hatter character in Alice in Wonderland.[15]
Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge, a racer in Sugar Rush.[16]
Joe Lo Truglio as Markowski, a soldier from Hero's Duty that Ralph meets in Tapper.
Ed O'Neill as Mr. Stan Litwak, owner of Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade.[16]
Dennis Haysbert as General Hologram, a holographic general in Hero's Duty.
Adam Carolla as Wynnchel, a Long John who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department.[16]
Horatio Sanz as Duncan, a doughnut who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department.[16]
Rich Moore as Sour Bill, King Candy's sour ball henchman.[17][18]

tag: ul

text: The cast also includes the Fix-It Felix Jr. Nicelanders, Edie McClurg as Mary,[16] Raymond S. Persi as Mayor Gene,[19] Jess Harnell as Don, Rachael Harris as Deanna,[16] and Skylar Astin as Roy; Katie Lowes as Candlehead, Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter, Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing-Bing, and Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello, racers in Sugar Rush; Phil Johnston as Surge Protector, Game Central Station security;[20] Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl, a young arcade-game player;[16] John DiMaggio as Beard Papa, the security guard at the Sugar Rush candy-kart factory; Raymond Persi as a Zombie, Brian Kesinger as a Cyborg (based on Kano from Mortal Kombat) and Martin Jarvis as Saitine, a devil-like villain, who attends the Bad-Anon support group; Tucker Gilmore as the Sugar Rush Announcer; Brandon Scott as Kohut, a soldier in Hero's Duty; and Tim Mertens as Dr. Brad Scott, a scientist and Sgt. Calhoun's deceased fiancé in Hero's Duty (voiced by Nick Grimshaw in the UK version but not in the UK home release).[21]

text: The film features several cameos from real-world video game characters including: Root Beer Tapper (Maurice LaMarche), the bartender from Tapper;[22] Sonic the Hedgehog (Roger Craig Smith);[16][20] Ryu (Kyle Hebert), Ken Masters (Reuben Langdon), M. Bison (Gerald C. Rivers), and Zangief (Rich Moore) from Street Fighter II;[1][16][23] Clyde (Kevin Deters) from Pac-Man;[24] and Yuni Verse (Jamie Sparer Roberts) from Dance Dance Revolution.[25]

text: A character modeled after dubstep musician Skrillex makes an appearance in the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. as the DJ at the anniversary party of the game.[26]

text: Video game cameos and references[edit]

text: In addition to the spoken roles, Wreck-It Ralph contains a number of other video game references, including characters and visual gags. The video game villains at the support meeting, in addition to those mentioned above, include Bowser from the Mario franchise,[1][14][23] Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog,[1][23] and Neff from Altered Beast.[27] Additionally, the game cabinet of the fictional Fix It Felix Jr. arcade game is stylized to strongly resemble the cabinet of the original Nintendo Donkey Kong arcade game,[28] with Ralph and Felix taking similar poses as Donkey Kong and Mario, respectively. The Hero's Duty game is a reference to the hugely successful first-person shooter games Halo and Call of Duty. Characters from Q*bert, including Q*bert, Coily, Slick, Sam, and Ugg, are shown as "homeless" characters and later taken in by Ralph and Felix into their game (Q*bert also speaks to Felix at one point using the signature synthesized gibberish and word-balloon symbols from his game, called Q*bert-ese).[22][29] Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper's bar include Chun-Li, Cammy and Blanka from Street Fighter,[23][30] Pac-Man, Blinky, Pinky, and Inky from Pac-Man,[22][31] the Paperboy from Paperboy,[27][32] the two paddles and the ball from Pong,[33] Dig Dug, a Pooka, and a Fygar from Dig Dug,[33] The Qix from Qix,[31] Frogger from Frogger, and Peter Pepper from BurgerTime.[34] Additionally, Lara Croft and Mario are referenced, but not seen.[35]

text: Additional references are based on sight gags. The residents of Niceland and the bartender from Tapper are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited animation cycles of the sprites of many eight- and sixteen-bit arcade games.[36] King Candy uses the Konami Code on an NES controller to access the programming of Sugar Rush.[37] Throughout Game Central Station is graffiti that includes "Aerith lives" (referencing the character of Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII),[32][38] "All your base are belong to us" (an Engrish phrase popularized from the game Zero Wing), "Sheng Long Was Here" (referencing an April Fool's joke around a made-up character Sheng Long from Street Fighter), and "Jenkins" (a nod to the popular Leeroy Jenkins meme from World of Warcraft).[39] There is also a reference to the Metal Gear series when Ralph is searching for a medal in Tapper's Lost and found, finding first a Super Mushroom from the Mario franchise, and then Metal Gear Solid's "Exclamation point" (with the corresponding sound effect from the game).[36] Mr. Litwak wears a black and white striped referee's shirt, a nod to the iconic outfit of Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day.[36] One of the songs in the credits is an original work from Buckner and Garcia, previously famous for writing video game-themed songs in the 1980s.[36] The Walt Disney Animation Studios opening logo is animated in an 8-bit pixelated fashion,[40] whereas the Walt Disney Pictures closing production logo appears in a glitched state, a reference to the kill screen from many early arcade games such as Pac-Man.[39]

text: Production[edit]

text: The concept of Wreck-It Ralph was first developed at Disney in the late 1980s, under the working title High Score. Since then, it was redeveloped and reconsidered several times: In the late 1990s, it took on the working title Joe Jump, then in the mid-2000s as Reboot Ralph.[41][42]

text: John Lasseter, the head of Walt Disney Animation Studios and executive producer of the film, describes Wreck-It Ralph as "an 8-bit video-game bad guy who travels the length of the arcade to prove that he's a good guy."[29] In a manner similar to Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the Toy Story films, Wreck-It Ralph featured cameo appearances by a number of licensed video-game characters.[29] For example, one scene from the film shows Ralph attending a support group for the arcade's various villain characters, including Clyde from Pac-Man, Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Bowser from Super Mario Bros.[29] Rich Moore, the film's director, had determined that for a film about a video-game world to feel authentic, "it had to have real characters from real games in it."[43] Moore aimed to add licensed characters in a similar manner as cultural references in Looney Tunes shorts, but considered "having the right balance so a portion of the audience didn't feel they were being neglected or talked down to."[44] However, Moore avoided creating the movie around existing characters, feeling that "there's so much mythology and baggage attached to pre-existing titles that I feel someone would be disappointed," and considered this to be a reason why movies based on video game franchises typically fail.[44] Instead, for Ralph, the development of new characters representative of the 8-bit video game was "almost like virgin snow," giving them the freedom to take these characters in new directions.[44]

text: Before production, the existing characters were added to the story either in places they would make sense to appear or as cameos from a list of characters suggested by the film's creative team, without consideration if they would legally be able to use the characters.[43] The company then sought out the copyright holders' permissions to use the characters, as well as working with these companies to assure their characters were being represented authentically.[43] In the case of Nintendo, the writers had early on envisioned the Bad-anon meeting with Bowser as a major character within the scene; according to Moore, Nintendo was very positive towards this use, stating in Moore's own words, "If there is a group that is dedicated to helping the bad guy characters in video games then Bowser must be in that group!"[32] Nintendo had asked that the producers try to devise a scene that would be similarly appropriate for Mario for his inclusion in the film. Despite knowing they would be able to use the character, the producers could not find an appropriate scene that would let Mario be a significant character without taking away the spotlight from the main story and opted to not include the character.[32][45] Moore debunked a rumor that Mario and his brother character Luigi were not included due to Nintendo requesting too high a licensing fee, stating that the rumor grew out of a joke John C. Reilly made at Comic-Con.[35] Dr. Wily from Mega Man was going to appear but was cut from the final version of the film.[46] Overall, there are about 188 individual character models in the movie as a result of these cameo inclusions.[43]

text: An earlier draft of the screenplay had Ralph and Vanellope spending time going around the game world to collect the pieces for her kart for Sugar Rush, and at times included Felix traveling with the pair. During these scenes, Ralph would have lied to Felix regarding his budding relationship with Calhoun, leading eventually to Ralph becoming depressed and abandoning his quest to get his medal back. At this point, a fourth game world, Extreme Easy Living 2, would have been introduced and was considered a "hedonistic place" between the social nature of The Sims and the open-world objective-less aspects of Grand Theft Auto, according to Moore.[47] Ralph would go there too, wallowing in his depression, and would find happiness by gaining "Like It" buttons for doing acceptable actions in the party-like nature of the place. Moore stated that while it was difficult to consider dropping this new game world, they found that its introduction in the second half of the film would be too difficult a concept for the viewer to grasp.[47] They further had trouble working out how a social game would be part of an arcade, and though they considered having the game be running on Litwak's laptop, they ultimately realized that justifying the concept would be too convoluted. Line art sketches and voice-over readings of the scene were included on the home media release of the film.[47]

text: The film introduced Disney's new bidirectional reflectance distribution functions, with more realistic reflections on surfaces, and new virtual cinematography Camera Capture system, which makes it possible to go through scenes in real-time.[48] To research the Sugar Rush segment of the film, the visual development group traveled to trade fair ISM Cologne, a See's Candy factory, and other manufacturing facilities. The group also brought in food photographers, to demonstrate techniques to make food appear appealing. Special effects, including from "smoke or dust," looks distinct in each of the segments.[49]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled for a release on March 22, 2013, but it was later changed to November 2, 2012, due to it being ahead of schedule.[50][51] The theatrical release was accompanied by Disney's animated short film, Paperman.[52][53]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer for Wreck-It Ralph was released on June 6, 2012, debuting with Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Rock of Ages.[54] This also coincided with the 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo, for which Disney constructed a mock aged arcade cabinet for the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. game on display on the show floor.[55] Disney also released a browser-based Flash-based version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game as well as iOS, Android, and Windows Phone versions, with online Unity-based versions of Sugar Rush and Hero's Duty.[56] A second trailer for the film was released on Sep 12, 2012, coinciding with Finding Nemo 3D and Frankenweenie.

text: To promote the home media release of Wreck-It Ralph, director Rich Moore produced a short film titled Garlan Hulse: Where Potential Lives. Set within the movie's universe, the mockumentary film was designed as a parody of The King of Kong.[57]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Wreck-It Ralph was released on Blu-ray Disc (2D and 3D) and DVD in North America on March 5, 2013, from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[58] The film was made available for digital download in selected regions on February 12, 2013.[59] Wreck-It Ralph debuted at #1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales in the United States.[60]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Wreck-It Ralph grossed $189.4 million in North America and $281.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $471.2 million.[3] It was the 14th-highest-grossing film of 2012,[61] and the fourth-highest-grossing 2012 animated film.

text: In North America, the film debuted with $13.5 million, an above-average opening-day gross for an animated film released in November.[62] During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $49 million, making it the largest opening for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film at the time.[63][64]

text: Outside North America, Wreck-It Ralph earned $12 million on its opening weekend from six markets.[65] Among all markets, its three largest openings were recorded in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($7.15 million), Brazil ($5.32 million with weekday previews), and Russia and the CIS ($5.27 million).[66] In total grosses, the three largest markets were the UK, Ireland and Malta ($36.2 million), Japan ($29.6 million), and Australia ($24.0 million).[66]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 86% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 170 reviews with an average score of 7.5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Equally entertaining for both kids and parents old enough to catch the references, Wreck-It Ralph is a clever, colorful adventure built on familiar themes and joyful nostalgia."[67] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 72 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[68] The film earned an "A" from audiences polled by CinemaScore.[69]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "More than in most animated films, the art design and color palette of Wreck-It Ralph permit unlimited sets, costumes, and rules, giving the movie tireless originality and different behavior in every different cyber world."[70] A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "The movie invites a measure of cynicism – which it proceeds to obliterate with a 93-minute blast of color, noise, ingenuity and fun."[71] Peter Debruge of Variety stated, "With plenty to appeal to boys and girls, old and young, Walt Disney Animation Studios has a high-scoring hit on its hands in this brilliantly conceived, gorgeously executed toon, earning bonus points for backing nostalgia with genuine emotion."[2] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said, "The movie's subversive sensibility and old-school/new-school feel are a total kick,"[72] while Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "With a mix of retro eye-candy for grown-ups and a thrilling, approachable storyline for the tykes, the film casts a wide and beguiling net."[73] Conversely, Christopher Orr of The Atlantic found it "overplotted and underdeveloped."[74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards[12]
Best Animated Feature
Rich Moore
Nominated

Annie Awards[75][10]
Best Animated Feature

Won

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Brett Albert
Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Bill Schwab, Lorelay Bove, Cory Loftis, Minkyu Lee
Nominated

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Rich Moore
Won

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Henry Jackman, Skrillex, Adam Young, Matthew Thiessen, Jamie Houston, Yasushi Akimoto
Won

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Leo Matsuda
Nominated

Lissa Treiman
Nominated

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Alan Tudyk
Won

Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Phil Johnston, Jennifer Lee
Won

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Tim Mertens
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[76]
Best Animated Feature

Won

Golden Globe Awards[77]
Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards[78]
Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in an Animation Feature Film

Won

Golden Trailer Awards[79]
Best Animation/Family
"Dreams"
Won

IGN's Best of 2012 Awards
Best Movie

Nominated

Best Animated Movie

Won

IGN People's Choice Award for Best Animated Movie

Won

Best 3D Movie

Nominated

Best Movie Poster

Nominated

National Board of Review Awards[80]
Best Animated Feature

Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie

Won

Online Film Critics Society Award
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Award
Best Animated Motion Picture
Clark Spencer
Won

Satellite Awards[81]
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Rich Moore
Nominated

Saturn Awards[82]
Best Animated Film
Rich Moore
Nominated

Visual Effects Society[83][84]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Sean Jenkins, Scott Kersavage, Rich Moore, Clark Spencer
Nominated

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
John Kahwaty, Suzan Kim, Michelle Robinson, Tony Smeed (for Vanellope)
Nominated

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Henry Jackman. The soundtrack also features original songs by Owl City, AKB48, Skrillex, and Buckner & Garcia.[85][86] Early in the development process, Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote an original song for the film; it was later cut out.[87]

text:
Wreck-It Ralph: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
October 30, 2012

Recorded
2012

Studio
Sony Scoring Stage (Score)

Length
70:36

Label
Walt Disney

Producer

Chris Montan
Tom MacDougall

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

Winnie the Pooh
(2011) Winnie the Pooh2011
Wreck-It Ralph
(2012) Wreck-It Ralph2012
Frozen
(2013) Frozen2013

Henry Jackman chronology

Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter
(2012) Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter2012
Wreck-It Ralph
(2012) Wreck-It Ralph2012
G.I. Joe: Retaliation
(2013) G.I. Joe: Retaliation2013

Singles from Wreck-It Ralph

"When Can I See You Again?"
Released: 2012

text: All music composed by Henry Jackman (except 1–6)[88].

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"When Can I See You Again?"

Adam Young
Matt Thiessen
Brian Lee

Owl City
3:38

2.
"Wreck-It, Wreck-It Ralph"
Jamie Houston
Buckner & Garcia
2:59

3.
"Celebration"

Kool & the Gang
3:40

4.
"Sugar Rush"

Yasushi Akimoto
Jamie Houston

AKB48
3:14

5.
"Bug Hunt (Noisia Remix)" (featuring John C. Reilly)
Skrillex
Skrillex
7:04

6.
"Shut Up and Drive"

Rihanna
3:32

7.
"Wreck-It Ralph"

1:33

8.
"Life in the Arcade"

0:43

9.
"Jumping Ship"

1:06

10.
"Rocket Fiasco"

5:48

11.
"Vanellope von Schweetz"

2:57

12.
"Royal Raceway"

3:23

13.
"Cupcake Breakout"

1:12

14.
"Candy Vandals"

1:39

15.
"Turbo Flashback"

1:42

16.
"Laffy Taffies"

1:35

17.
"One Minute to Win It"

1:17

18.
"Vanellope's Hideout"

2:33

19.
"Messing with the Program"

1:20

20.
"King Candy"

2:11

21.
"Broken-Karted"

2:49

22.
"Out of the Penthouse, Off to the Race"

2:51

23.
"Sugar Rush Showdown"

4:15

24.
"You're My Hero"

4:16

25.
"Arcade Finale"

3:19

Total length:
70:36

text: Video games[edit]

text: In addition to the Flash version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game, Disney released a tie-in side-scrolling platform game called Wreck-It Ralph for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo DS, to mostly negative reviews.[89][90] The arcade style side-scrolling game was produced in collaboration between Disney Interactive and Activision and serves as a "story extension" to the film. Taking place following the events of the film, players may play as Wreck-It Ralph or Fix-It Felix, causing or repairing damage, respectively, following another Cy-Bug incident. Game levels are based on the locations in the film like the Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush games as well as Game Central Station. It was released in conjunction with the film's release, in November 2012.[91]

text: In October 2012, Disney released fully playable browser-based versions of the Hero's Duty and Sugar Rush games on the new official film site.[92] A mobile game titled Wreck-it Ralph was released in November 2012 for iOS and Android systems,[93] with a Windows Phone 8 version following almost a year later.[94] Initially, the game consisted of three mini-games, Fix-it Felix Jr., Hero's Duty and Sweet Climber, which were later joined by Turbo Time and Hero's Duty: Flight Command.[95][96] The game was retired on August 29, 2014.[97]

text: Ralph also appears in Sega's Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed as a playable guest character.[98]

text: Ralph and Vanellope appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity as well (voiced by Brian T. Delaney and Sarah Silverman, respectively); the Disney Store released their individual figures on January 7, 2014.[99][100][101] A combo "toy box pack" of the two figures with Sugar Rush customization discs was released April 1, 2014, from the Disney Store.[102]

text: Wreck-It Ralph is a playable world on the mobile game Disney Crossy Road.[citation needed]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In an interview on October 25, 2012, director Rich Moore said that he and Disney have ideas about a sequel that would bring the characters up to date and explore online gaming and console gaming.[103] Moore stated that many of the crew and voice cast are open to the sequel, believing that they have "barely scratched the surface" of the video game world they envisioned.[32] He also stated that he plans to include Mario and Tron in the sequel.[104][105] In a 2014 interview, the film's composer Henry Jackman said that a story for the sequel is being written.[106] In July 2015, John C. Reilly said he had signed on to reprise his role of Ralph in a projected sequel.[107]

text: On March 24, 2016, Rich Moore stated that a sequel is still being planned. Moore also hopes to specifically include an appearance from Mario, citing a "good relationship with Nintendo".[108] On June 30, 2016, Walt Disney Animation Studios announced that the sequel would be released on March 9, 2018, with John C. Reilly, Rich Moore, and writer Phil Johnston attached. John C. Reilly and Sarah Silverman will reprise their roles as Wreck-It Ralph and Vanellope von Schweetz, respectively. The plot will focus on "Ralph leaving the arcade and wrecking the Internet".[109][110] In April 2017, the sequel was pushed to November 21, 2018.[13]