document_title: The whole nine yards

question_text: where did the saying give them the whole 9 yards come from

text: The whole nine yards

text: History of the phrase[edit]

text: The Oxford English Dictionary places the earliest published non-idiomatic use of the phrase in the New Albany (Indiana) Daily Ledger, January 30, 1855 in an article called "The Judge's Big Shirt." “What a silly, stupid woman! I told her to get just enough to make three shirts; instead of making three, she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt!” The first known use of the phrase as an idiom appears in The Mitchell Commercial, a newspaper in the small town of Mitchell, Indiana, in its May 2, 1907 edition:

text: This afternoon at 2:30 will be called one of the baseball games that will be worth going a long way to see. The regular nine is going to play the business men as many innings as they can stand, but we can not promise the full nine yards.[5]

text: The idiom was used three more times in the Mitchell Commercial over the next seven years, in the forms give him the whole nine yards (i.e., tell someone a big story),[6] take the whole nine yards (i.e., take everything),[7] and settled the whole nine yards (i.e., resolved everything).[8]

text: In other uses from this time period, the phrase was given as the whole six yards. In 1912, a local newspaper in Kentucky asked readers to, "Just wait boys until the fix gets to a fever heat and they will tell the whole six yards."[9] The same newspaper repeated the phrase soon afterward in another issue, stating "As we have been gone for a few days and failed to get all the news for this issue we will give you the whole six yards in our next." [10] The six-yard form of the phrase also appears in a 1921 headline in a local South Carolina paper.[11]

text: The phrase is not known to have been used in writing thereafter until a 1956 issue of Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground, where it appears in an article on fishing.[12][13] After describing the contests and prizes, the author writes, "So that's the whole nine-yards."[14][15] It appeared in an article on hunting the following year, this time unhyphenated.[13]

text: The phrase at this point was still rare. There is strong circumstantial evidence it was not in general use in 1961, as Ralph Boston set a world record for the long jump that year at 27 feet, or nine yards, but no news report has been found that made any reference to the term, suggesting that journalists were unaware of it or did not regard it as common enough to use as a pun.[16]

text: In a short story published in 1962, the phrase is attributed to "a brush salesman".[17] A letter published in an auto magazine later that year describes a certain new car as containing "all nine yards of goodies".[18] In 1964, several newspapers published a syndicated story which explained that "Give 'em the whole nine yards" was NASA talk for an item-by-item report.[19] This early usage can be read as suggesting length, but can also be read as suggesting detailed completeness.[20]

text: Two 1965 newspaper articles quote U.S. military personnel serving in Vietnam using the phrase.[21] The phrase was explained as something "teenagers say" in a military-oriented magazine in 1965.[22] Citations from 1966 show the phrase was used by a former U.S. Army airman,[23] and also in a publication for military test pilots.[24] It is also recorded in two contemporary novels concerning the U.S. Air Force in Vietnam, Carl Krueger's Wings of a Tiger (1966),[25] and Elaine Shepard's The Doom Pussy (1967).[4]

text: Research[edit]

text: William Safire, a language columnist at the New York Times, asked listeners for information regarding the origin of the phrase on Larry King's radio show in 1982.[12] Safire ended up writing nine columns on this subject and is largely responsible for the interest in it.[12] In 1986, the phrase was added to the Oxford English Dictionary with the earliest citation given as 1970.[12][26] The Historical Dictionary of American Slang (1997) cited Shepard's novel, thus pushing the earliest known usage back to 1967.[12]

text: Several key discoveries in further antedating the phrase were made by Bonnie Taylor-Blake, a neuroscience researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an amateur member of the American Dialect Society, an association of professional and amateur linguists whose mailing list often serves as a forum for word and phrase discoveries. In 2012, Taylor-Blake discovered the 1956 and 1957 uses in Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground, and later that year she and Fred R. Shapiro found the "whole six yards" examples from the 1912–1921 period, which received substantial publicity.[12] In 2013, Taylor-Blake posted her discovery of the Mitchell Commercial uses from the 1907–1914 period.[27][28]

text: Origin[edit]

text: There is still no consensus on the origin, though many early published quotations are now available for study. A vast number of explanations for this phrase has been suggested;[29][30] many of these are no longer viable in light of what is now known about the phrase's history.

text:
Perhaps the most commonly offered explanation is that World War II (1939–1945) aircraft machine gun belts were nine yards long. There are many versions of this explanation with variations regarding type of plane, nationality of gunner and geographic area. An alternative weapon is the ammunition belt for the British Vickers machine gun, invented and adopted by the British Army before World War I (1914–1918). The standard belt for this gun held 250 rounds of ammunition and was approximately twenty feet (under seven yards) in length. [12] However, the Vickers gun as fitted to aircraft during the First World War usually had ammunition containers capable of accommodating linked belts of 350-400 rounds, the average length of such a belt being about nine yards, and it was thought that this may be the origin of the phrase. [31] This theory is no longer considered viable, since the phrase predates World War I.
Another common explanation is that "nine yards" is a cubic measure and refers to the volume of a concrete mixer.[32] This theory, too, is inconsistent with the phrase's history.[12]
Many of the popular candidates relate to the length of pieces of fabric, or various garments, including Indian saris, Scottish kilts, burial shrouds, or bolts of cloth. No single source verifies that any one of those suggestions was the actual origin. However, an article published in Comments on Etymology demonstrates that fabric was routinely sold in standard lengths of nine yards (and other multiples of three yards) during the 1800s and early 1900s.[33] This may explain why so many different types of cloth or garments have been said to have been nine yards long.[34]The phrase "...she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt" appears in 1855. [35]
Other proposed sources include the volume of graves;[36] the length of bridal veils, kilts,[37] burial shrouds, bolts of cloth,[38] or saris; a very long list; ritual disembowelment; shipyards; and American football. Little documentary evidence has surfaced to support any of these explanations.[39]
One proposed origin involves the world of full-rigged sailing ships, in which yard is used not as a measure of length or size, but as the name of each horizontal spar on which a sail is hung. All square-rigged sails unfurled, with 3 yards on each of 3 masts, could then be described as the whole nine yards,[40][41] but again no actual documentation has been uncovered to support this explanation, and in any case not all ships had exactly three yards on each mast, even disregarding the fact that by no means all sailing vessels were three-masters. [42]
Bonnie Taylor-Blake, noting that several early examples are in the form "give" or "tell" the whole nine (or six) yards, has suggested that the idiom likely relied on "yards" as "lengthy or thorough presentation [of news, anecdotes, play-by-play, etc.]"[43]
Jesse Sheidlower, editor-at-large for the Oxford English Dictionary, and Fred R. Shapiro have argued that the phrase does not have a concrete meaning, pointing to the variance between six and nine yards and comparing it to the whole shebang.[12]


document_title: List of Indian states by wildlife population

question_text: which state in india has the maximum population of tiger

root

text: Bengal Tiger and Indian Elephant are endangered species which are protected by Project Tiger and Project Elephant programmes run by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.[1][2][3] Indian Leopards are threatened and protected species. The tiger numbers are of animals aged above 1.5 years.[4][5]

tag: p

text:
The South Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu are home to nearly 44% of the elephants, 35% of the tigers and 31% of the leopards in India.[6]
The Northeast Indian states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura  together with West Bengal account for 30% of the elephants and 5% of the tiger population.

tag: ul

text:
Tiger, Leopard and Elephant population by state

State
Tigers (2014)
Elephants (2017)
Leopards (2015)

Andhra Pradesh
68
65
343

Arunachal Pradesh
28
1614
0

Assam
167
5719
0

Bihar
28
25
32

Chhattisgarh
45
247
846

Goa
5
0
71

Gujarat
0
10
1359

Jharkhand
3
679
29

Karnataka
408
6049
1,129

Kerala
136
3054
472

Madhya Pradesh
308
7
1,817

Maharashtra
190
6
905

Meghalaya
0
1754
0

Mizoram
3
7
0

Nagaland
0
446
0

Odisha
28
1976
345

Rajasthan
46
0
0

Tamil Nadu
229
2761
815

Tripura
0
102
0

Uttar Pradesh
117
232
194

Uttarakhand
340
1839
703

West Bengal
79
194
0

Total
2,226
27,312

7,701

tag: table


document_title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

question_text: where does puss in boots movie take place

text: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Puss in Boots (Antonio Banderas) is a talking cat named for his signature pair of boots. Puss is a fugitive on the run from the law, looking to restore his lost honor. He learns that the outlaw couple Jack (Billy Bob Thornton) and Jill (Amy Sedaris) have the magic beans he's been looking for most of his life, which can lead him to a giant's castle holding valuable golden goose eggs. When Puss tries to steal them from the outlaws' room, a female cat named Kitty Softpaws interrupts, and both fail. Kitty is allied with Humpty Alexander Dumpty, a talking egg and Puss' long-estranged childhood friend from the orphanage where he was raised. Puss tells Kitty his origin story and of his feelings of betrayal for a youthful misadventure when Humpty tricked Puss into helping commit a bank robbery in his hometown of San Ricardo; Puss has been on the run ever since. Humpty eventually convinces Puss to join them in finding the beans and retrieving the golden eggs.

text: The trio steal the beans from Jack and Jill and plant them in the desert. Puss and Kitty's relationship becomes romantic. The trio ride the beanstalk into the clouds to find the castle of the late giant, while avoiding the Great Terror, a giant goose that guards the Golden Goose. When they realize the golden eggs are too heavy to carry, they steal the Goose, which is just a gosling, and escape the castle. While celebrating their victory, the group is ambushed by Jack and Jill, who knock Puss unconscious.

text: When Puss wakes up, he tracks Jack and Jill to San Ricardo where he learns the entire heist was a plot by Humpty to lure him home to be arrested, as revenge for abandoning him to the authorities when Humpty's youthful heist went bad. Jack, Jill, and Kitty were involved in the con. After pleas from Imelda, his adoptive mother, Puss turns himself in to the guards while Humpty donates many golden eggs to the town and becomes a hero.

text: While in prison, Puss meets the original Jack from "Jack and the Beanstalk" who warns him that the Great Terror is in fact the Goose's mother, and it will stop at nothing to get its child back. Realizing Humpty intended to destroy the town all along, Puss lets a repentant Kitty help him break out of prison and she also tells him she loves him. Tracking him down just as the Great Terror arrives, Puss convinces Humpty to help him fight off the Great Terror, saying he knows Humpty is a good person at heart. Using the Goose as bait, Puss and Humpty lure the Great Terror out of the town. During the chase, Jack and Jill betray Humpty and try to take the Goose, but get crushed by the Great Terror. Humpty and the Goose are knocked off a bridge with Puss holding onto them. Humpty knows Puss cannot hold both of them, so he lets go, sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town. Humpty's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside. The Great Terror then takes the Goose and Humpty back to the giant's castle.

text: Puss' efforts to save San Ricardo make him a hero among the townspeople and Imelda. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from their injuries, Humpty is shown once again in his regular egg form, wearing a golden egg suit, as he rides the Great Terror into the clouds, and Puss and Kitty kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots, a fugitive from the law and a hero of San Ricardo.
Zach Galifianakis as Humpty Alexander Dumpty, the mastermind who intends to retrieve the Golden Eggs from the one-of-a-kind Goose.
Salma Hayek as Kitty Softpaws, a street-savvy Tuxedo cat who is Puss' female counterpart and love interest.
Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris as Jack and Jill, a murderous outlaw husband and wife couple.
Constance Marie as Imelda, Puss' human adoptive mother
Guillermo del Toro as Comandante, Moustache Man
Mike Mitchell as Andy "Jack" Beanstalk

text: Production[edit]

text: The film had been in development since 2004, when Shrek 2 was released.[9] As a Shrek 2 spin-off, it was initially planned for release in 2008 as a direct-to-video film,[10] then titled Puss in Boots: The Story of an Ogre Killer.[11] By October 2006, the film was re-slated as a theatrical release due to market conditions,[12] and due to DreamWorks Animation's realization that the Puss character deserved more.[13]

text: In September 2010, Guillermo del Toro signed on as executive producer.[14] Discussing del Toro, Miller stated: "We worked out a system for him to come in once every few months or whenever we had something new to show him. If we needed someone to bounce ideas off of, he was always there, and if we had a problem we were tackling, we'd get Guillermo on the red phone – our emergency phone – and ask him advice on what we should do with a certain character or scene. It was like having our own film school." Miller stated that del Toro was particularly involved in Humpty's character design. "Guillermo loved the dreamy quality of Humpty Dumpty. He suggested we push that further, make him more like da Vinci."[13] It was del Toro's idea to make Humpty "an ingenious freak of nature" who builds contraptions such as a flying machine.[15] Del Toro rewrote the ending to redeem the character and deepen his relationship with Puss – an unconventional conclusion for a children's film.[16] He helped design the fantasy elements of the giant's castle, as well as the architecture of the town, which he conceived as "an amalgam of Spain and Mexico".[15]

text: Except for Puss, the film features new characters. Citing the co-writer, David H. Steinberg, "It doesn't overlap with Shrek at all. Partly that was done to tell an original Puss story, but partly because we didn't know what Shrek 4 were going to do with the characters and we couldn't write conflicting storylines."[17] The film was teased in Shrek Forever After, when Shrek finally shuts the book titled "Shrek", and puts it away next to a book titled "Puss in Boots".

text: Puss in Boots is the first DreamWorks Animation feature film that was partly made in India. A Bangalore studio owned by Technicolor, which had mainly worked on TV specials and DVD bonus material, spent six months animating three major scenes in the film. The outsourcing had financial advantages, with 40% less labor costs than in the US, but the primary reason for outsourcing to India was lack of personnel, due to the studio producing as many as three films a year.[18]

text: The release date was originally set for November 4, 2011, but was pushed a week earlier to October 28, 2011.[4] Anne Globe, head of worldwide marketing for DreamWorks Animation, said the decision to move the film's release date a week earlier was to attract parents and their children to see the film before other family-friendly movies were released in November 2011.[19]

text: The film was renamed Cat in Boots in the United Arab Emirates for officially unknown reasons, but it is suspected for religious and cultural reasons.[20][21] According to the UAE's The National Media Council, which is responsible for censorship, the UAE didn't have any involvement in the rename and that "the decision to change the name had been made by the Hollywood studio and the movie distributors in the UAE."[22] Consequently, since the film's distributor was based in the UAE, the same print was syndicated to all theaters throughout the Middle East. However, the name change was limited to the film's original theatrical run, as merchandise and later regional home media release retained the film's original title.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Puss in Boots

Film score by Henry Jackman

Released
October 24, 2011

Genre
Score

Length
65:51

Label
Sony Classical

text: Henry Jackman, the composer for Puss in Boots, utilized folk instruments of traditional Latin music. Inspired by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, Jackman blended guitars and Latin percussion with an orchestral sound influenced by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.[23] Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed to Jackman's score, and two of their songs, Diabolo Rojo and Hanuman were included in the soundtrack.[24] Lady Gaga's song "Americano" was also featured in the film.[25][26] The soundtrack for the film, featuring the original score by Jackman, was released on October 24, 2011, by Sony Classical.[27]

text: Release[edit]

text: Puss in Boots had its world premiere on October 16, 2011, aboard the Royal Caribbean International's cruise ship Allure of the Seas, docked in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the time.[28][29] It was theatrically released in the United States on October 28, 2011.[29] The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and was released in 268 North American IMAX theaters and at least 47 IMAX theaters outside North America.[5]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Puss in Boots was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on February 24, 2012. The movie was accompanied by a short animated film called Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos.[30] As of July 2013, 7.2 million home entertainment units were sold worldwide.[31]

text: Another featured extra short is "Klepto Kitty"; a three-minute profile of Dusty the Klepto Kitty, a notorious cat in California who steals items from neighbors' yards, some of it captured on a night vision kitty-cam, hung around Dusty's neck by the Animal Planet network for their own documentary.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 84% based on reviews from 147 critics, with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10. The website's consensus is, "It isn't deep or groundbreaking, but what it lacks in profundity, Puss in Boots more than makes up for with an abundance of wit, visual sparkle, and effervescent charm."[33] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 65% based on 24 reviews.[34] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[35]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss in Boots is a perfectly diverting romp that happens to showcase some of the best 3D work yet from a mainstream animated feature. Colorful, clever enough, free of cloying showbiz in-jokes, action-packed without being ridiculous about it and even well choreographed."[36] Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss' origin story could easily stand on its own -- a testament to clever writing on the part of its creative team and an irresistible central performance by Antonio Banderas."[37] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For quick, lively, family friendly entertainment, "Puss in Boots" works just fine, even in 3-D, which is integrated thoughtfully into the narrative and doesn't just feel like a gimmick."[38] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "As good as Banderas and Hayek are together, Galifianakis is better, making Humpty-Dumpty, of all people, one of the more intriguing animated characters to come along in a while. He's a nice surprise."[39] Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "I left dreaming of a world in which cats could tango - and when's the last time a movie did that?"[40] Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The seductive interplay of Banderas and Hayek, the barely recognizable vocal contributions of Galifianakis, and the Southern backwoods speech of Thornton and Sedaris all keep us attuned to the events on the screen."[41]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C, saying "In the Shrek films, the joke of Puss in Boots, with his trilled consonants and penchant for chest-puffing sword duels, is that no one this cuddly should try to be this dashing. But in Puss in Boots, that joke wears out its welcome in 15 minutes."[42] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Puss in Boots doesn't break any new ground in the storytelling department, and its reliance on go-go-go state-of-the-art action sequences grows wearying by the end, but the movie has a devilish wit that works for parent and child alike."[43] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying "It's always a pleasure to find a family film that respects its audience all the way up the line."[44] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Remember that toy where you yank a string and hear the sound of a barnyard animal? "Puss in Boots" has about half as much entertainment value."[45] Olly Richards of Empire gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Like most kittens, it's not always perfectly behaved, but at least this new Puss adventure doesn't have you reaching for the cinematic spray bottle. And thank goodness the spin-off does nothing to neuter the charismatic cat's appeal."[46] Stan Hall of The Oregonian gave the film a B, saying "Puss in Boots isn't particularly deep, nor does it take itself seriously -- it just wants to seek glory, win affection and cash in. Done, done and done."[47]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Perhaps the most engaging thing about "Puss in Boots" is that it never takes itself too seriously."[48] Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "It is a cheerfully chaotic jumble of fairy tale and nursery rhyme characters parachuted into a Spanish storybook setting."[49] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Basically, this toon is a tired riff on Sergio Leone's spaghetti Westerns, punctuated by more puns and cat jokes than you can shake a litter box at."[50] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying "With his impeccable comic timing and lyrical Spanish accent, Banderas' swashbuckling charmer is an undeniable treat."[51] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Puss in Boots" proves there is at least one cat with multiple lives. The feature-length animated spinoff - a star turn for the popular "Shrek" supporting character voiced by Antonio Banderas - is almost shockingly good. And not just because a lot of you will approach it with lowered expectations."[52] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film three out of four stars, saying "An almost purr-fect little film that even a dog owner can enjoy."[53]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss made his debut in "Shrek 2," then did time in the two decreasingly funny sequels. Now he's got a movie of his own, and not a moment too soon."[54] Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It would overstate matters to say Puss in Boots leaves its cat holding the bag (we had to get that in). But it also leaves its hero awaiting a richer fable, one befitting his charms and his portrayer's talents."[55] Anna Smith of Time Out gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Puss in Boots is uneven, but when it's on course, cat fans will be in heaven."[56] Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Puss in Boots prances along on three basic truths. One, cats are funny. Two, vain Spanish cats in high-heeled musketeer boots are even funnier. Lastly, booted, vain Spanish cats voiced by a breathy Antonio Banderas are flat-out hilarious."[57] Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Puss In Boots makes a great theme-park ride, a thrill-a-minute feast for the eyes and the semicircular canals. But while the settings are impressively multidimensional, the characters are flatter than old-school cel drawings."[58]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $149,260,504 in North America, and $405,726,973 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $554,987,477.[3] It is the eleventh highest-grossing film of 2011 and is also the third highest-grossing animated film that year behind Kung Fu Panda 2 ($665.7 million) and Cars 2 ($559.9 million).[59]

text: In North America, the film topped the box office on its opening day with $9.6 million.[60] On its opening weekend, the film made $34,077,439,[61][62] topping Saw III's record ($33.6 million) for the highest Halloween weekend opening ever.[63] It retained first place during its second weekend, with $33,054,644, declining only 3%.[64]

text: Outside North America, on its opening weekend, it earned second place with $17.2 million.[65] The film opened at #1 in both the UK with a weekend gross of £1.98 million ($3.1 million),[66] and Australia, with $2.98 million.[67] It topped the box office outside North America on its seventh weekend with $47.1 million from 40 countries.[68] It ranks as the ninth highest-grossing film of 2011 outside North America.[69] Its highest-grossing country after North America was Russia and the CIS ($50.6 million), followed by Germany ($33.9 million) and France and the Maghreb region ($33.2 million).[70]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

Academy Awards[13]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Miller
Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[71]
Best Animated Film

Best Animated Female
Salma Hayek

Annie Awards[72]
Best Animated Feature

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Can Yuksel

Character Animation in a Feature Production
Olivier Staphylas

Character Design in a Feature Production
Patrick Mate

Directing in a Feature Production
Chris Miller

Music in a Feature Production
Henry Jackman

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Bob Logan

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Zach Galifianakis

Editing in a Feature Production
Eric Dapkewicz

Critics' Choice Awards[73]
Best Animated Feature

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Animated Film

Golden Globe Awards[74]
Best Animated Feature Film

Kids Choice Awards[75][76]
Favorite Animated Movie

Won

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Antonio Banderas
Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards[77]
Best Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
Joe M. Aguilar, Latifa Ouaou

Satellite Awards[78]
Best Animated or Mixed Media Film

Saturn Awards[79]
Best Animated Film

Won

Teen Choice Awards[80]
Choice Movie Actress Action/Adventure
Salma Hayek
Nominated

Toronto Film Critics Association[81]
Best Animated Feature

Visual Effects Society Awards[82]
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Joe M. Aguilar, Guillaume Aretos, Ken Bielenberg, Chris Miller

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Antonio Banderas, Ludovic Boouancheau, Laurent Caneiro, Olivier Staphylas for "Puss"

Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Guillaume Aretos, Greg Lev, Brett Miller, Peter Zaslav for "The Cloud World"

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[83]
Best Animated Feature

Women Film Critics Circle[84]
Best Animated Females

Won

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In November 2012, executive producer Guillermo del Toro said that they already did a couple of script drafts for a sequel, and that the director Chris Miller wants to take Puss on an adventure to exotic places.[16] In April 2014, Antonio Banderas, the voice of Puss, said that the work on the sequel had just begun.[85] In June 2014, the movie was titled Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives & 40 Thieves and was scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018.[86] Two months later, it was moved back to December 21, 2018.[7] In January 2015, Puss in Boots 2 was removed from the release schedule following corporate restructuring and DreamWorks Animation's new policy to release two films a year.[8][87] Two months later, Banderas said in an interview that the script was under restructuring, and that Shrek may appear in the film.[88]

text: Animated series[edit]

text: The film also spawned an animated series that premiered on Netflix on January 16, 2015.[6]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Puss in Boots, a video game based on the film, developed by Blitz Games, and published by THQ on October 25, 2011 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Nintendo DS.[89] It features support for Kinect and PlayStation Move on the respective platforms.[90]
Fruit Ninja: Puss in Boots, a Puss in Boots-themed Fruit Ninja video game, which was released on October 20, 2011, on the iOS App Store,[91] and was released for Android devices on November 28, 2011, on the Amazon Appstore.[92]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[93]

tag: ol


document_title: Western Hemisphere

question_text: in which two hemispheres is the united states found

text: Western Hemisphere

text: Countries in both hemispheres[edit]

text: Below is a list of the countries which are in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres on the IERS Reference Meridian, in order from north to south:

text:
Denmark (due to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; mainland Denmark lies entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere).
 Norway (due to Jan Mayen; mainland Norway lies entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere).
 United Kingdom
 Netherlands (The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands lie entirely within the Western Hemisphere while the European Netherlands lies entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere.)
 France
 Spain
 Algeria
 Mali
 Burkina Faso
 Togo
 Ghana

text: Below is a list of the countries which are in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres along the 180th meridian, in order from north to south:

text:
Russia
 United States (United States islands)
 Kiribati
 Fiji
 New Zealand (Kermadec and Chatham Island groups are east of the 180th meridian)

text: Countries in the Western Hemisphere but not in the Americas[edit]

text: The following nations lie outside the Americas yet are partially or entirely within the Western Hemisphere.

text:
Algeria
 American Samoa (United States of America)
 Burkina Faso
 Cape Verde
 Cook Islands
 Faroe Islands (Denmark)
 France (Metropolitan)

 French Polynesia
 Wallis and Futuna

 Gambia
 Ghana
 Greenland (Denmark)[5]
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Ivory Coast
 Kiribati
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Morocco

 Western Sahara

 Niue
 Portugal
 Russia
 Samoa
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Spain
 Togo
 Tokelau (New Zealand)
 Tonga
 United Kingdom

 Gibraltar
 Guernsey
 Isle of Man
 Jersey
 Pitcairn Islands
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
 Falkland Islands

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of English (2nd ed.), London, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 2001
- "Western /western%20hemisphere", Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary (based on Collegiate vol., 11th ed.), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2006
Jump up ^ "Western Hemisphere", Britannica.com
Jump up ^ Olson, Judy M (1997), "Projecting the hemisphere", in Robinson, Arthur H; Snyder, John P, Matching the map projection to the need, Bethesda, MD: Cartography and Geographic Information Society, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping .
- "Western Hemisphere", Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2001, p. 1294 .
Jump up ^ "Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros" [Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m] (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Greenland". Eldey.de.
- "Frequently Asked Questions". National Geographic.


document_title: List of countries by GDP (PPP)

question_text: richest country in the world in terms of gdp

text: List of countries by GDP (PPP)

text: Lists[edit]

text: Click on one of the small triangles in the headings to re-order the list according to that category.

text:
List by the International Monetary Fund (estimates for 2017)[5][6]

List by the World Bank (2017)[7][8][9]

List by the CIA World Factbook (1993–2017)[10]

Rank
Country
GDP(millions of Current Int$)

 World
126,687,917

1
 China[n 1]
23,159,107

—
 European Union[n 2]
20,982,857

2
 United States
19,390,600

3
 India
9,459,002

4
 Japan
5,428,813

5
 Germany
4,170,790

6
 Russia
4,007,831

7
 Indonesia
3,242,771

8
 Brazil
3,240,319

9
 United Kingdom
2,914,042

10
 France
2,835,746

11
 Mexico
2,458,357

12
 Italy
2,310,902

13
 Turkey
2,173,227

14
 South Korea
2,029,032

15
 Spain
1,773,906

16
 Saudi Arabia
1,773,551

17
 Canada
1,769,270

18
 Iran
1,644,705

19
 Australia
1,246,475

20
 Thailand
1,233,737

21
 Egypt
1,201,188

22
 Taiwan
1,185,480

23
 Poland
1,121,009

24
 Nigeria
1,118,756

25
 Pakistan
1,056,987

26
 Malaysia
930,750

27
 Argentina
920,249

28
 Netherlands
916,078

29
 Philippines
875,572

30
 South Africa
765,568

31
 Colombia
714,004

32
 Bangladesh
687,144

33
 United Arab Emirates
686,831

34
 Iraq
658,791

35
 Vietnam
647,369

36
 Algeria
632,904

37
 Belgium
528,458

38
 Singapore
527,021

39
 Sweden
520,937

40
  Switzerland
517,172

41
 Romania
481,453

42
 Kazakhstan
477,593

43
 Hong Kong
454,912

44
 Chile
451,070

45
 Austria
439,575

46
 Peru
424,385

47
 Venezuela
380,743

48
 Norway
380,006

49
 Czech Republic
375,679

50
 Ukraine
368,784

51
 Qatar
347,887

52
 Ireland
343,682

53
 Myanmar
334,856

54
 Israel
316,120

55
 Portugal
310,651

56
 Kuwait
309,640

57
 Greece
302,150

58
 Morocco
300,556

59
 Hungary
284,266

60
 Denmark
284,040

61
 Sri Lanka
278,415

62
 Finland
239,662

63
 Uzbekistan
222,792

64
 Ethiopia
194,980

65
 Angola
193,935

66
 Oman
189,582

67
 Sudan
186,715

68
 New Zealand
186,476

69
 Ecuador
184,629

70
 Slovak Republic
179,527

71
 Dominican Republic
174,180

72
 Belarus
173,405

73
 Azerbaijan
167,431

74
 Kenya
164,340

75
 Tanzania
163,522

76
 Bulgaria
152,079

77
 Guatemala
138,987

78
 Tunisia
136,797

79
 Ghana
131,498

80
 Puerto Rico
129,848

81
 Serbia
107,131

82
 Turkmenistan
103,987

83
 Panama
100,512

84
 Croatia
100,006

85
 Côte d'Ivoire
95,887

86
 Uganda
91,212

87
 Lithuania
90,387

88
 Jordan
89,555

89
 Lebanon
88,786

90
 Libya
87,067

91
 Costa Rica
85,781

92
 Bolivia
83,608

93
 Cameroon
81,535

94
 Uruguay
77,800

95
   Nepal
77,147

96
 Yemen
74,250

97
 Bahrain
69,922

98
 Slovenia
69,358

99
 Zambia
68,648

100
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
68,331

101
 Paraguay
68,005

102
 Afghanistan
67,462

103
 Macau
65,732

104
 Cambodia
64,405

105
 Luxembourg
63,549

106
 El Salvador
57,285

107
 Latvia
53,268

108
 Honduras
45,628

109
 Trinidad and Tobago
44,654

110
 Laos
44,639

111
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
44,462

112
 Senegal
43,326

113
 Mali
40,974

114
 Estonia
41,202

115
 Madagascar
40,055

116
 Georgia
39,318

117
 Botswana
39,054

118
 Mongolia
37,731

119
 Mozambique
37,321

120
 Gabon
36,999

121
 Albania
36,198

122
 Nicaragua
35,835

123
 Burkina Faso
35,598

124
 Brunei Darussalam
32,838

125
 Macedonia
31,924

126
 Cyprus
31,093

127
 Equatorial Guinea
30,807

128
 Republic of Congo
30,607

129
 Zimbabwe
29,795

130
 Chad
29,730

131
 Papua New Guinea
29,481

132
 Tajikistan
27,802

133
 Mauritius
27,507

134
 Namibia
27,451

135
 Armenia
27,116

136
 Jamaica
26,474

137
 Benin
25,407

138
 Rwanda
24,717

139
 Kyrgyz Republic
22,737

140
 Malawi
22,577

141
 Kosovo
22,405

142
 Niger
21,655

143
 South Sudan
20,423

144
 Moldova
20,207

145
 Haiti
19,979

146
 Malta
18,404

147
 Iceland
17,846

148
 Mauritania
17,421

149
 Guinea
17,056

150
 Togo
12,494

151
 Sierra Leone
11,551

152
 Swaziland
11,352

153
 Montenegro
10,934

154
 Eritrea
9,678

155
 The Bahamas
9,374

156
 Fiji
8,798

157
 Burundi
8,024

158
 Suriname
7,961

159
 Lesotho
7,287

160
 Bhutan
7,045

161
 Guyana
6,398

162
 Maldives
5,853

163
 Barbados
4,983

164
 Timor-Leste
4,567

165
 Liberia
3,960

166
 Cape Verde
3,762

167
 Djibouti
3,658

168
 The Gambia
3,607

169
 Central African Republic
3,411

170
 Belize
3,252

171
 Guinea-Bissau
3,089

172
 Seychelles
2,761

173
 Antigua and Barbuda
2,372

174
 St. Lucia
2,110

175
 San Marino
2,093

176
 Grenada
1,588

177
 St. Kitts and Nevis
1,544

178
 Comoros
1,329

179
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1,299

180
 Solomon Islands
1,247

181
 Samoa
1,129

182
 Dominica
847

183
 Vanuatu
772

184
 São Tomé and Príncipe
685

185
 Tonga
597

186
 Micronesia
345

187
 Palau
297

188
 Kiribati
222

189
 Marshall Islands
188

190
 Tuvalu
41

Rank
Country
GDP(millions of Current Int$)

 World
127,723,794

1
 China[n 1]
23,300,782

2
 United States
19,390,604

3
 India
9,448,659

4
 Japan
5,562,822

5
 Germany
4,193,922

6
 Russia
3,749,283

7
 Indonesia
3,242,768

8
 Brazil
3,240,524

9
 United Kingdom
2,896,833

10
 France
2,871,264

11
 Italy
2,410,985

12
 Mexico
2,344,197

13
 Turkey
2,254,114

14
 South Korea
1,969,106

15
 Spain
1,773,972

16
 Saudi Arabia
1,773,549

17
 Canada
1,702,435

18
 Iran
1,700,356

19
 Thailand
1,233,736

20
 Australia
1,157,298

21
 Egypt
1,129,919

22
 Nigeria
1,118,755

23
 Poland
1,112,364

24
 Pakistan
1,088,982

25
 Malaysia
930,749

26
 Argentina
920,248

27
 Netherlands
907,032

28
 Philippines
875,311

29
 South Africa
765,567

30
 Colombia
714,003

31
 United Arab Emirates
694,468

32
 Iraq
658,200

33
 Vietnam
647,368

34
 Bangladesh
637,078

35
 Algeria
631,150

36
  Switzerland
550,346

37
 Belgium
540,867

38
 Singapore
527,021

39
 Romania
506,132

40
 Sweden
504,088

41
 Kazakhstan
476,366

42
 Austria
462,990

—
 Hong Kong
454,886

43
 Chile
434,848

44
 Peru
432,115

45
 Venezuela
409,389

46
 Czech Republic
390,989

47
 Ukraine
368,217

48
 Ireland
367,301

49
 Qatar
338,817

50
 Israel
334,667

51
 Portugal
331,445

52
 Myanmar
327,629

53
 Norway
322,101

54
 Greece
299,241

55
 Morocco
298,230

56
 Kuwait
297,594

57
 Denmark
291,600

58
 Hungary
277,543

59
 Sri Lanka
274,718

60
 Finland
249,065

61
 Uzbekistan
222,338

62
 Ethiopia
199,336

63
 Sudan
198,758

64
 New Zealand
196,152

65
 Oman
193,218

66
 Ecuador
193,138

67
 Angola
190,290

68
 Belarus
179,203

69
 Slovakia
174,678

70
 Dominican Republic
172,591

71
 Azerbaijan
171,588

72
 Tanzania (mainland)
163,886

73
 Kenya
163,309

74
 Bulgaria
143,850

75
 Guatemala
137,849

76
 Tunisia
137,358

77
 Ghana
133,826

78
 Libya
125,142

79
 Serbia
105,966

80
 Croatia
104,233

81
 Turkmenistan
103,604

82
 Panama
100,194

83
 Côte d'Ivoire
96,046

84
 Lithuania
90,749

85
 Lebanon
89,263

86
 Cameroon
88,859

87
 Jordan
88,809

88
 Costa Rica
83,615

89
 Bolivia
83,546

90
 Uganda
79,889

91
   Nepal
78,591

92
 Uruguay
77,992

93
 Yemen
75,346

94
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
72,165

95
 Slovenia
71,926

—
 Macau
71,672

96
 Bahrain
70,937

97
 Afghanistan
70,368

98
 Zambia
69,235

99
 Paraguay
66,007

100
 Cambodia
64,050

101
 Luxembourg
62,139

102
 Latvia
53,561

103
 El Salvador
51,061

104
 Laos
48,167

105
 Honduras
46,198

106
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
45,156

107
 Trinidad and Tobago
43,234

108
 Senegal
42,992

109
 Estonia
41,619

110
 Mali
41,004

111
 Mongolia
39,982

112
 Botswana
39,770

113
 Georgia
39,768

114
 Madagascar
39,764

115
 Mozambique
37,005

116
 Gabon
36,823

117
 Nicaragua
36,324

118
 Burkina Faso
35,887

119
 Papua New Guinea
34,633

120
 Albania
34,541

121
 Zimbabwe
34,476

122
 Brunei Darussalam
33,797

123
 Macedonia
31,729

124
 Equatorial Guinea
31,460

125
 Cyprus
29,606

126
 Guinea
29,056

127
 Chad
28,924

128
 Tajikistan
28,373

129
 Armenia
28,271

130
 Congo, Republic of the
28,193

131
 Mauritius
28,174

132
 Namibia
26,542

133
 Jamaica
25,999

134
 Benin
25,327

135
 Rwanda
24,852

136
 Kyrgyzstan
23,104

137
 West Bank and Gaza
22,886

138
 Malawi
22,387

139
 Niger
21,834

140
 Moldova
20,226

141
 Haiti
19,930

142
 Kosovo
19,688

143
 Malta
18,395

144
 Iceland
18,265

145
 Mauritania
17,458

146
 Togo
12,240

147
 Bahamas, The
12,031

148
 Montenegro
11,681

149
 Swaziland
11,617

150
 Sierra Leone
10,264

151
 Timor-Leste
9,350

152
 Fiji
8,652

153
 Suriname
8,515

154
 Burundi
8,376

155
 Bhutan
7,721

156
 Maldives
7,273

157
 Lesotho
6,991

158
 Guyana
6,349

159
 Barbados
5,326

160
 Liberia
3,911

161
 Cape Verde
3,733

162
 Djibouti
3,716

163
 Gambia
3,602

164
 Central African Republic
3,382

165
 Belize
3,219

166
 Guinea-Bissau
3,165

167
 Seychelles
2,776

168
 Saint Lucia
2,543

169
 Antigua and Barbuda
2,407

170
 San Marino
2,085

171
 Grenada
1,609

172
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
1,498

173
 Solomon Islands
1,480

174
 Samoa
1,299

175
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1,296

176
 Comoros
1,263

177
 Vanuatu
886

178
 Dominica
785

179
 Sao Tome and Principe
685

180
 Tonga
643

181
 Federated States of Micronesia
382

182
 Palau
316

183
 Kiribati
253

184
 Marshall Islands
223

185

 Nauru

193

186
 Tuvalu
44

Rank
Country
GDP(billions of Current Int$)
Year

 World
127,000
2017 est.

1
 China[n 1]
23,120
2017 est.

—
 European Union[n 2]
20,850
2017 est.

2
 United States
19,360
2017 est.

3
 India
9,447
2017 est.

4
 Japan
5,405
2017 est.

5
 Germany
4,150
2017 est.

6
 Russia
4,000
2017 est.

7
 Indonesia
3,243
2017 est.

8
 Brazil
3,219
2017 est.

9
 United Kingdom
2,880
2017 est.

10
 France
2,826
2017 est.

11
 Mexico
2,406
2017 est.

12
 Italy
2,307
2017 est.

13
 Turkey
2,133
2017 est.

14
 South Korea
2,027
2017 est.

15
 Saudi Arabia
1,789
2017 est.

16
 Spain
1,769
2017 est.

17
 Canada
1,764
2017 est.

18
 Iran
1,631
2017 est.

19
 Australia
1,235
2017 est.

20
 Thailand
1,229
2017 est.

21
 Egypt
1,199
2017 est.

22
 Taiwan
1,175
2017 est.

23
 Nigeria
1,118
2017 est.

24
 Poland
1,111
2017 est.

25
 Pakistan
1,056
2017 est.

26
 Malaysia
926.1
2017 est.

27
 Netherlands
915.2
2017 est.

28
 Argentina
911.5
2017 est.

29
 Philippines
874.5
2017 est.

30
 South Africa
757.3
2017 est.

31
 Colombia
712.5
2017 est.

32
 United Arab Emirates
691.9
2017 est.

33
 Bangladesh
686.5
2017 est.

34
 Iraq
660.7
2017 est.

35
 Vietnam
643.9
2017 est.

36
 Algeria
629.3
2017 est.

37
 Belgium
526.4
2017 est.

38
 Sweden
521.7
2017 est.

39
  Switzerland
516.7
2017 est.

40
 Singapore
513.7
2017 est.

41
 Kazakhstan
474.3
2017 est.

42
 Romania
474.0
2017 est.

—
 Hong Kong
453.0
2017 est.

43
 Chile
452.1
2017 est.

44
 Austria
434.1
2017 est.

45
 Peru
424.6
2017 est.

46
 Venezuela
389.4
2017 est.

47
 Norway
375.9
2017 est.

48
 Czech Republic
372.6
2017 est.

49
 Ukraine
366.4
2017 est.

50
 Ireland
344.8
2017 est.

51
 Qatar
341.7
2017 est.

52
 Myanmar
330.9
2017 est.

53
 Israel
315.6
2017 est.

54
 Portugal
311.3
2017 est.

55
 Kuwait
302.5
2017 est.

56
 Morocco
300.1
2017 est.

57
 Greece
299.5
2017 est.

58
 Denmark
285.5
2017 est.

59
 Hungary
283.6
2017 est.

60
 Sri Lanka
278.2
2017 est.

61
 Finland
242.4
2017 est.

62
 Uzbekistan
221.7
2017 est.

63
 Ethiopia
195.8
2017 est.

64
 Angola
192.0
2017 est.

65
 Ecuador
188.5
2017 est.

67
 Oman
187.9
2017 est.

67
 Sudan
186.8
2017 est.

68
 New Zealand
185.7
2017 est.

69
 Slovakia
178.7
2017 est.

70
 Belarus
175.9
2017 est.

71
 Dominican Republic
172.6
2017 est.

72
 Azerbaijan
166.8
2017 est.

73
 Kenya
163.4
2017 est.

74
 Tanzania
162.8
2017 est.

75
 Bulgaria
152.4
2017 est.

76
 Guatemala
138.3
2017 est.

77
 Tunisia
135.9
2017 est.

78
 Cuba
132.9
2016 est.

79
 Ghana
130.2
2017 est.

—
 Puerto Rico
127.3
2017 est.

80
 Serbia
106.6
2017 est.

81
 Turkmenistan
103.5
2017 est.

82
 Croatia
100.2
2017 est.

83
 Panama
99.43
2017 est.

84
 Cote d'Ivoire
96.27
2017 est.

85
 Lithuania
90.63
2017 est.

86
 Jordan
89.05
2017 est.

87
 Uganda
88.61
2017 est.

88
 Lebanon
87.89
2017 est.

89
 Costa Rica
85.20
2017 est.

90
 Bolivia
83.50
2017 est.

91
 Cameroon
81.55
2017 est.

92
   Nepal
78.55
2017 est.

93
 Uruguay
78.41
2017 est.

—
 Macau
73.58
2017 est.

94
 Slovenia
70.36
2017 est.

95
 Bahrain
69.77
2017 est.

96
 Afghanistan
69.51
2017 est.

97
 Yemen
68.95
2017 est.

98
 Zambia
68.90
2017 est.

99
 Paraguay
68.05
2017 est.

100
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
67.99
2017 est.

101
 Luxembourg
64.39
2017 est.

102
 Cambodia
64.21
2017 est.

103
 Libya
63.14
2017 est.

104
 El Salvador
56.90
2017 est.

105
 Latvia
53.47
2017 est.

106
 Syria
50.28
2015 est.

107
 Laos
49.21
2017 est.

108
 Honduras
45.68
2017 est.

109
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
43.85
2017 est.

110
 Senegal
43.07
2017 est.

111
 Trinidad and Tobago
42.78
2017 est.

112
 Estonia
41.20
2017 est.

113
 Mali
40.98
2017 est.

114
 North Korea
40.00
2015 est.

115
 Madagascar
39.81
2017 est.

116
 Botswana
39.55
2017 est.

117
 Georgia
39.32
2017 est.

118
 Mongolia
38.40
2017 est.

119
 Mozambique
37.39
2017 est.

120
 Gabon
36.75
2017 est.

121
 Nicaragua
36.22
2017 est.

122
 Albania
35.87
2017 est.

123
 Burkina Faso
35.68
2017 est.

124
 Zimbabwe
33.87
2017 est.

125
 Brunei
32.91
2017 est.

126
 Macedonia
31.55
2017 est.

127
 Cyprus
31.19
2017 est.

128
 Papua New Guinea
30.84
2017 est.

129
 Chad
29.64
2017 est.

130
 Equatorial Guinea
29.38
2017 est.

131
 Congo, Republic of the
29.16
2017 est.

132
 Tajikistan
27.67
2017 est.

133
 Mauritius
27.44
2017 est.

134
 Armenia
27.21
2017 est.

135
 Namibia
27.02
2017 est.

136
 Guinea
26.45
2017 est.

137
 Jamaica
26.20
2017 est.

138
 Benin
25.29
2017 est.

139
 Rwanda
24.61
2017 est.

140
 Kyrgyzstan
22.64
2017 est.

141
 Malawi
22.47
2017 est.

142
 Niger
21.62
2017 est.

—
 West Bank
21.22
2014 est.

143
 Moldova
20.07
2017 est.

144
 Haiti
19.88
2017 est.

145
 South Sudan
19.75
2017 est.

—
 Kosovo
19.38
2017 est.

146
 Malta
18.53
2017 est.

147
 Iceland
17.73
2017 est.

148
 Somalia
17.47
2017 est.

149
 Mauritania
17.37
2017 est.

150
 Togo
12.43
2017 est.

151
 Sierra Leone
11.75
2017 est.

152
 Swaziland
11.34
2017 est.

153
 Montenegro
10.86
2017 est.

—
 New Caledonia
10.77
2015 est.

154
 Eritrea
9.631
2017 est.

155
 Bahamas, The
9.339
2017 est.

156
 Fiji
8.647
2017 est.

157
 Burundi
7.985
2017 est.

158
 Suriname
7.928
2017 est.

159
 Monaco
7.672
2015 est.

160
 Lesotho
7.448
2017 est.

—
 Isle of Man
7.428
2014 est.

161
 Bhutan
7.011
2017 est.

162
 Maldives
6.896
2017 est.

163
 Guyana
6.367
2017 est.

164
 Timor-Leste
6.211
2017 est.

—
 French Polynesia
5.490
2015 est.

—
 Bermuda
5.198
2013 est.

—
 Jersey
5.080
2015 est.

165
 Liechtenstein
4.978
2014 est.

166
 Barbados
4.919
2017 est.

—
 Guam
4.882
2013 est.

167
 Liberia
3.906
2017 est.

—
 U.S. Virgin Islands
3.792
2013 est.

168
 Cape Verde
3.734
2017 est.

169
 Djibouti
3.640
2017 est.

170
 Gambia, The
3.582
2017 est.

—
 Guernsey
3.465
2015 est.

171
 Central African Republic
3.395
2017 est.

172
 Andorra
3.327
2015 est.

173
 Belize
3.230
2017 est.

—
 Curaçao
3.128
2012 est.

174
 Guinea-Bissau
3.071
2017 est.

175
 Seychelles
2.712
2017 est.

—
 Aruba
2.516
2009 est.

—
 Cayman Islands
2.507
2014 est.

176
 Antigua and Barbuda
2.390
2017 est.

177
 Saint Lucia
2.384
2017 est.

—
 Greenland
2.173
2015 est.

178
 San Marino
2.083
2017 est.

—
 Gibraltar
2.044
2014 est.

—
 Faroe Islands
2.001
2014 est.

179
 Grenada
1.590
2017 est.

180
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
1.528
2017 est.

181
 Comoros
1.323
2017 est.

182
 Solomon Islands
1.317
2017 est.

183
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1.281
2017 est.

184
 Samoa
1.130
2017 est.

—
 Western Sahara
0.9065
2007 est.

185
 Dominica
0.8510
2017 est.

186
 Vanuatu
0.7870
2017 est.

—
 American Samoa
0.7110
2013 est.

—
 Northern Mariana Islands
0.6820
2013 est.

187
 Sao Tome and Principe
0.6820
2017 est.

—
 Turks and Caicos Islands
0.6320
2007 est.

188
 Tonga
0.5870
2017 est.

—
 Saint Martin
0.5615
2005 est.

—
 British Virgin Islands
0.5000
2010 est.

—
 Sint Maarten
0.3658
2014 est.

189
 Micronesia, Federated States of
0.3470
2017 est.

190
 Palau
0.3010
2017 est.

—
 Falkland Islands
0.2818
2012 est.

—
 Cook Islands
0.2441
2010 est.

191
 Kiribati
0.2240
2017 est.

—
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0.2153
2006 est.

192
 Marshall Islands
0.1890
2017 est.

—
 Anguilla
0.1754
2009 est.

193
 Nauru
0.1590
2017 est.

—
 Wallis and Futuna
0.0600
2004 est.

—
 Montserrat
0.0438
2006 est.

194
 Tuvalu
0.0420
2017 est.

—
 Saint Helena
0.0311
2009 est.

—
 Niue
0.0101
2003 est.

—
 Tokelau
0.0015
1993 est.


document_title: Human tooth

question_text: how many teeth does the human body have

question_tokens: how many teeth does the human body have

text: Human tooth

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of tooth structure. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its field of study, though dental occlusion, or contact between teeth, does not. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomic science as it is concerned with the naming of teeth and their structures. This information serves a practical purpose for dentists, enabling them to easily identify teeth and structures during treatment.

text: The anatomic crown of a tooth is the area covered in enamel above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) or "neck" of the tooth.[1][2] Most of the crown is composed of dentin (dentine in British English) with the pulp chamber inside.[3] The crown is within bone before eruption.[4] After eruption, it is almost always visible. The anatomic root is found below the CEJ and is covered with cementum. As with the crown, dentin composes most of the root, which normally has pulp canals. A tooth may have multiple roots or just one root (single-rooted teeth). Canines and most premolars, except for maxillary first premolars, usually have one root. Maxillary first premolars and mandibular molars usually have two roots. Maxillary molars usually have three roots. Additional roots are referred to as supernumerary roots.

text: Humans usually have 20 primary (deciduous, "baby" or "milk") teeth and 32 permanent (adult) teeth. Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, premolars (also called bicuspids),[5] and molars. Incisors are primarily used for biting pieces from foods such as raw carrots or apples and peeled but uncut bananas, while molars are used primarily for grinding foods after they are already in bite size pieces inside the mouth.

text: Most teeth have identifiable features that distinguish them from others. There are several different notation systems to refer to a specific tooth. The three most common systems are the FDI World Dental Federation notation, the universal numbering system, and Palmer notation method. The FDI system is used worldwide, and the universal is used widely in the United States.

text: Primary teeth[edit]

text: Among deciduous (primary) teeth, ten are found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and ten in the mandible (lower jaw), for a total of 20. The dental formula for primary teeth is 2.1.0.22.1.0.2.

text: In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors – centrals and laterals, and two types of molars – first and second. All primary teeth are normally later replaced with their permanent counterparts.

text: Permanent teeth[edit]

text: Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible, for a total of 32. The dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3.

text: The maxillary teeth are the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, and maxillary third molar. The mandibular teeth are the mandibular central incisor, mandibular lateral incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular first premolar, mandibular second premolar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar. Third molars are commonly called "wisdom teeth" and may never erupt into the mouth or form at all. If any additional teeth form, for example, fourth and fifth molars, which are rare, they are referred to as supernumerary teeth (hyperdontia).[6] Development of fewer than the usual number of teeth is called hypodontia.

text: Parts[edit]

text: Enamel[edit]

text: Enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body. It is one of the four major tissues which make up the tooth, along with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp.[7] It is normally visible and must be supported by underlying dentin. 96% of enamel consists of mineral, with water and organic material comprising the rest.[8] The normal color of enamel varies from light yellow to grayish white. At the edges of teeth where there is no dentin underlying the enamel, the color sometimes has a slightly blue tone. Since enamel is semitranslucent, the color of dentin and any restorative dental material underneath the enamel strongly affects the appearance of a tooth. Enamel varies in thickness over the surface of the tooth and is often thickest at the cusp, up to 2.5mm, and thinnest at its border, which is seen clinically as the CEJ.[9] The wear rate of enamel, called attrition, is 8 micrometers a year from normal factors.[citation needed]

text: Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate.[10] The large amount of minerals in enamel accounts not only for its strength but also for its brittleness.[9] Dentin, which is less mineralized and less brittle, compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support.[10] Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Proteins of note in the development of enamel are ameloblastins, amelogenins, enamelins and tuftelins. It is believed that they aid in the development of enamel by serving as framework support, among other functions.[11]

text: Dentin[edit]

text: Dentin is the substance between enamel or cementum and the pulp chamber. It is secreted by the odontoblasts of the dental pulp.[12] The formation of dentin is known as dentinogenesis. The porous, yellow-hued material is made up of 70% inorganic materials, 20% organic materials, and 10% water by weight.[13] Because it is softer than enamel, it decays more rapidly and is subject to severe cavities if not properly treated, but dentin still acts as a protective layer and supports the crown of the tooth.

text: Dentin is a mineralized connective tissue with an organic matrix of collagenous proteins. Dentin has microscopic channels, called dentinal tubules, which radiate outward through the dentin from the pulp cavity to the exterior cementum or enamel border.[14] The diameter of these tubules range from 2.5 μm near the pulp, to 1.2 μm in the midportion, and 900 nm near the dentino-enamel junction.[15] Although they may have tiny side-branches, the tubules do not intersect with each other. Their length is dictated by the radius of the tooth. The three dimensional configuration of the dentinal tubules is genetically determined.

text: Cementum[edit]

text: Cementum is a specialized bone like substance covering the root of a tooth.[12] It is approximately 45% inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite), 33% organic material (mainly collagen) and 22% water. Cementum is excreted by cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than dentin and enamel. The principal role of cementum is to serve as a medium by which the periodontal ligaments can attach to the tooth for stability. At the cementoenamel junction, the cementum is acellular due to its lack of cellular components, and this acellular type covers at least ⅔ of the root.[16] The more permeable form of cementum, cellular cementum, covers about ⅓ of the root apex.[17]

text: Dental pulp[edit]

text: The dental pulp is the central part of the tooth filled with soft connective tissue.[13] This tissue contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth from a hole at the apex of the root.[18] Along the border between the dentin and the pulp are odontoblasts, which initiate the formation of dentin.[13] Other cells in the pulp include fibroblasts, preodontoblasts, macrophages and T lymphocytes.[19] The pulp is commonly called "the nerve" of the tooth.

text: Development[edit]

text: Tooth development is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth. Although many diverse species have teeth, their development is largely the same as in humans. For human teeth to have a healthy oral environment, enamel, dentin, cementum, and the periodontium must all develop during appropriate stages of fetal development. Primary teeth start to form in the development of the embryo between the sixth and eighth weeks, and permanent teeth begin to form in the twentieth week.[20] If teeth do not start to develop at or near these times, they will not develop at all.

text: A significant amount of research has focused on determining the processes that initiate tooth development. It is widely accepted that there is a factor within the tissues of the first pharyngeal arch that is necessary for the development of teeth.[21]

text: Tooth development is commonly divided into the following stages: the bud stage, the cap, the bell, and finally maturation. The staging of tooth development is an attempt to categorize changes that take place along a continuum; frequently it is difficult to decide what stage should be assigned to a particular developing tooth.[21] This determination is further complicated by the varying appearance of different histologic sections of the same developing tooth, which can appear to be different stages.

text: The tooth bud (sometimes called the tooth germ) is an aggregation of cells that eventually forms a tooth. It is organized into three parts: the enamel organ, the dental papilla and the dental follicle.[22] The enamel organ is composed of the outer enamel epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium.[22] These cells give rise to ameloblasts, which produce enamel and the reduced enamel epithelium. The growth of cervical loop cells into the deeper tissues forms Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath, which determines a tooth's root shape. The dental papilla contains cells that develop into odontoblasts, which are dentin-forming cells.[22] Additionally, the junction between the dental papilla and inner enamel epithelium determines the crown shape of a tooth.[23] The dental follicle gives rise to three important cells: cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts. Cementoblasts form the cementum of a tooth. Osteoblasts give rise to the alveolar bone around the roots of teeth. Fibroblasts develop the periodontal ligaments which connect teeth to the alveolar bone through cementum.[24]

text: Eruption[edit]

text: Tooth eruption in humans is a process in tooth development in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible. Current research indicates that the periodontal ligaments play an important role in tooth eruption. Primary teeth erupt into the mouth from around six months until two years of age. These teeth are the only ones in the mouth until a person is about six years old. At that time, the first permanent tooth erupts. This stage, during which a person has a combination of primary and permanent teeth, is known as the mixed stage. The mixed stage lasts until the last primary tooth is lost and the remaining permanent teeth erupt into the mouth.

text: There have been many theories about the cause of tooth eruption. One theory proposes that the developing root of a tooth pushes it into the mouth. Another, known as the cushioned hammock theory, resulted from microscopic study of teeth, which was thought to show a ligament around the root. It was later discovered that the "ligament" was merely an artifact created in the process of preparing the slide. Currently, the most widely held belief is that the periodontal ligaments provide the main impetus for the process.

text: The onset of primary tooth loss has been found to correlate strongly with somatic and psychological criteria of school readiness.[25][26][clarification needed]

text: Supporting structures[edit]

text: The periodontium is the supporting structure of a tooth, helping to attach the tooth to surrounding tissues and to allow sensations of touch and pressure.[27] It consists of the cementum, periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, and gingiva. Of these, cementum is the only one that is a part of a tooth. Periodontal ligaments connect the alveolar bone to the cementum. Alveolar bone surrounds the roots of teeth to provide support and creates what is commonly called an alveolus, or "socket". Lying over the bone is the gingiva or gum, which is readily visible in the mouth.

text: Periodontal ligaments[edit]

text: The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that attaches the cementum of a tooth to the alveolar bone. This tissue covers the root of the tooth within the bone. Each ligament has a width of 0.15–0.38mm, but this size decreases over time.[28] The functions of the periodontal ligaments include attachment of the tooth to the bone, support for the tooth, formation and resorption of bone during tooth movement, sensation, and eruption.[24] The cells of the periodontal ligaments include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, cementoblasts, and epithelial cell rests of Malassez.[29] Consisting of mostly Type I and III collagen, the fibers are grouped in bundles and named according to their location. The groups of fibers are named alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, periapical, and interradicular fibers.[30] The nerve supply generally enters from the bone apical to the tooth and forms a network around the tooth toward the crest of the gingiva.[31] When pressure is exerted on a tooth, such as during chewing or biting, the tooth moves slightly in its socket and puts tension on the periodontal ligaments. The nerve fibers can then send the information to the central nervous system for interpretation.

text: Alveolar bone[edit]

text: The alveolar bone is the bone of the jaw which forms the alveolus around teeth.[32] Like any other bone in the human body, alveolar bone is modified throughout life. Osteoblasts create bone and osteoclasts destroy it, especially if force is placed on a tooth.[27] As is the case when movement of teeth is attempted through orthodontics, an area of bone under compressive force from a tooth moving toward it has a high osteoclast level, resulting in bone resorption. An area of bone receiving tension from periodontal ligaments attached to a tooth moving away from it has a high number of osteoblasts, resulting in bone formation.

text: Gingiva[edit]

text: The gingiva ("gums") is the mucosal tissue that overlays the jaws. There are three different types of epithelium associated with the gingiva: gingival, junctional, and sulcular epithelium. These three types form from a mass of epithelial cells known as the epithelial cuff between the tooth and the mouth.[33] The gingival epithelium is not associated directly with tooth attachment and is visible in the mouth. The junctional epithelium, composed of the basal lamina and hemidesmosomes, forms an attachment to the tooth.[24] The sulcular epithelium is nonkeratinized stratified squamous tissue on the gingiva which touches but is not attached to the tooth.[34]

text: Tooth decay[edit]

text: Plaque[edit]

text: Plaque is a biofilm consisting of large quantities of various bacteria that form on teeth.[35] If not removed regularly, plaque buildup can lead to periodontal problems such as gingivitis. Given time, plaque can mineralize along the gingiva, forming tartar. The microorganisms that form the biofilm are almost entirely bacteria (mainly streptococcus and anaerobes), with the composition varying by location in the mouth.[36] Streptococcus mutans is the most important bacterium associated with dental caries.

text: Certain bacteria in the mouth live off the remains of foods, especially sugars and starches. In the absence of oxygen they produce lactic acid, which dissolves the calcium and phosphorus in the enamel.[12][37] This process, known as "demineralisation", leads to tooth destruction. Saliva gradually neutralises the acids which cause the pH of the tooth surface to rise above the critical pH, typically considered to be 5.5. This causes 'remineralisation', the return of the dissolved minerals to the enamel. If there is sufficient time between the intake of foods then the impact is limited and the teeth can repair themselves. Saliva is unable to penetrate through plaque, however, to neutralize the acid produced by the bacteria.

text: Caries (cavities)[edit]

text: Dental caries (cavities), described as "tooth decay", is an infectious disease which damages the structures of teeth.[38] The disease can lead to pain, tooth loss, and infection. Dental caries has a long history, with evidence showing the disease was present in the Bronze, Iron, and Middle ages but also prior to the neolithic period.[39] The largest increases in the prevalence of caries have been associated with diet changes.[40] Today, caries remains one of the most common diseases throughout the world. In the United States, dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease, being at least five times more common than asthma.[41] Countries that have experienced an overall decrease in cases of tooth decay continue to have a disparity in the distribution of the disease.[42] Among children in the United States and Europe, 60–80% of cases of dental caries occur in 20% of the population.[43]

text: Tooth decay is caused by certain types of acid-producing bacteria which cause the most damage in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose.[44][45] The resulting acidic levels in the mouth affect teeth because a tooth's special mineral content causes it to be sensitive to low pH. Depending on the extent of tooth destruction, various treatments can be used to restore teeth to proper form, function, and aesthetics, but there is no known method to regenerate large amounts of tooth structure. Instead, dental health organizations advocate preventative and prophylactic measures, such as regular oral hygiene and dietary modifications, to avoid dental caries.[46]

text: Tooth care[edit]

text: Oral hygiene[edit]

text: Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth clean and is a means of preventing dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, bad breath, and other dental disorders. It consists of both professional and personal care. Regular cleanings, usually done by dentists and dental hygienists, remove tartar (mineralized plaque) that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling, using various instruments or devices to loosen and remove deposits from teeth.

text: The purpose of cleaning teeth is to remove plaque, which consists mostly of bacteria.[47] Healthcare professionals recommend regular brushing twice a day (in the morning and in the evening, or after meals) in order to prevent formation of plaque and tartar.[46] A toothbrush is able to remove most plaque, except in areas between teeth. As a result, flossing is also considered a necessity to maintain oral hygiene. When used correctly, dental floss removes plaque from between teeth and at the gum line, where periodontal disease often begins and could develop caries.

text: Electric toothbrushes are a popular aid to oral hygiene. A user without disabilities, with proper training in manual brushing, and with good motivation, can achieve standards of oral hygiene at least as satisfactory as the best electric brushes, but untrained users rarely achieve anything of the kind. Not all electric toothbrushes are equally effective and even a good design needs to be used properly for best effect, but: "Electric toothbrushes tend to help people who are not as good at cleaning teeth and as a result have had oral hygiene problems." [48] The most important advantage of electric toothbrushes is their ability to aid people with dexterity difficulties, such as those associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

text: Protective treatments[edit]

text: Fluoride therapy is often recommended to protect against dental caries. Water fluoridation and fluoride supplements decrease the incidence of dental caries. Fluoride helps prevent dental decay by binding to the hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel.[49] The incorporated fluoride makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and thus more resistant to decay.[24] Topical fluoride, such as a fluoride toothpaste or mouthwash, is also recommended to protect teeth surfaces. Many dentists include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine cleanings.

text: Dental sealants are another preventive therapy often used to provide a barrier to bacteria and decay on the surface of teeth. Sealants can last up to ten years and are primarily used on the biting surfaces of molars of children and young adults, especially those who may have difficulty brushing and flossing effectively. Sealants are applied in a dentist's office, sometimes by a dental hygienist, in an procedure similar in technique and cost to a fluoride application.

text: Restorations[edit]

text: After a tooth has been damaged or destroyed, restoration of the missing structure can be achieved with a variety of treatments. Restorations may be created from a variety of materials, including glass ionomer, amalgam, gold, porcelain, and composite.[50] Small restorations placed inside a tooth are referred to as "intracoronal restorations". These restorations may be formed directly in the mouth or may be cast using the lost-wax technique, such as for some inlays and onlays. When larger portions of a tooth are lost, an "extracoronal restoration" may be fabricated, such as an artificial crown or a veneer, to restore the involved tooth.

text: When a tooth is lost, dentures, bridges, or implants may be used as replacements.[51] Dentures are usually the least costly whereas implants are usually the most expensive. Dentures may replace complete arches of the mouth or only a partial number of teeth. Bridges replace smaller spaces of missing teeth and use adjacent teeth to support the restoration. Dental implants may be used to replace a single tooth or a series of teeth. Though implants are the most expensive treatment option, they are often the most desirable restoration because of their aesthetics and function. To improve the function of dentures, implants may be used as support.[52]

text: Abnormalities[edit]

text: Tooth abnormalities may be categorized according to whether they have environmental or developmental causes.[53] While environmental abnormalities may appear to have an obvious cause, there may not appear to be any known cause for some developmental abnormalities. Environmental forces may affect teeth during development, destroy tooth structure after development, discolor teeth at any stage of development, or alter the course of tooth eruption. Developmental abnormalities most commonly affect the number, size, shape, and structure of teeth.

text: Environmental[edit]

text: Alteration during tooth development[edit]

text: Tooth abnormalities caused by environmental factors during tooth development have long-lasting effects. Enamel and dentin do not regenerate after they mineralize initially. Enamel hypoplasia is a condition in which the amount of enamel formed is inadequate.[54] This results either in pits and grooves in areas of the tooth or in widespread absence of enamel. Diffuse opacities of enamel does not affect the amount of enamel but changes its appearance. Affected enamel has a different translucency than the rest of the tooth. Demarcated opacities of enamel have sharp boundaries where the translucency decreases and manifest a white, cream, yellow, or brown color. All these may be caused by nutritional factors,[55] an exanthematous disease (chicken pox, congenital syphilis),[55][56] undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease,[57][58][59] hypocalcemia, dental fluorosis, birth injury, preterm birth, infection or trauma from a deciduous tooth.[55] Dental fluorosis is a condition which results from ingesting excessive amounts of fluoride and leads to teeth which are spotted, yellow, brown, black or sometimes pitted. In most cases, the enamel defects caused by celiac disease, which may be the only manifestation of this disease in the absence of any other symptoms or signs, are not recognized and mistakenly attributed to other causes, such as fluorosis.[57] Enamel hypoplasia resulting from syphilis is frequently referred to as Hutchinson's teeth, which is considered one part of Hutchinson's triad.[60] Turner's hypoplasia is a portion of missing or diminished enamel on a permanent tooth usually from a prior infection of a nearby primary tooth. Hypoplasia may also result from antineoplastic therapy.

text: Destruction after development[edit]

text: Tooth destruction from processes other than dental caries is considered a normal physiologic process but may become severe enough to become a pathologic condition. Attrition is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from opposing teeth.[61] Attrition initially affects the enamel and, if unchecked, may proceed to the underlying dentin. Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element.[62] If this force begins at the cementoenamel junction, then progression of tooth loss can be rapid since enamel is very thin in this region of the tooth. A common source of this type of tooth wear is excessive force when using a toothbrush. Erosion is the loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin.[63] Signs of tooth destruction from erosion is a common characteristic in the mouths of people with bulimia since vomiting results in exposure of the teeth to gastric acids. Another important source of erosive acids are from frequent sucking of lemon juice. Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure from flexural forces. As teeth flex under pressure, the arrangement of teeth touching each other, known as occlusion, causes tension on one side of the tooth and compression on the other side of the tooth. This is believed to cause V-shaped depressions on the side under tension and C-shaped depressions on the side under compression. When tooth destruction occurs at the roots of teeth, the process is referred to as internal resorption, when caused by cells within the pulp, or external resorption, when caused by cells in the periodontal ligament.

text: Discoloration[edit]

text: Discoloration of teeth may result from bacteria stains, tobacco, tea, coffee, foods with an abundance of chlorophyll, restorative materials, and medications.[64] Stains from bacteria may cause colors varying from green to black to orange. Green stains also result from foods with chlorophyll or excessive exposure to copper or nickel. Amalgam, a common dental restorative material, may turn adjacent areas of teeth black or gray. Long term use of chlorhexidine, a mouthwash, may encourage extrinsic stain formation near the gingiva on teeth. This is usually easy for a hygienist to remove. Systemic disorders also can cause tooth discoloration. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria causes porphyrins to be deposited in teeth, causing a red-brown coloration. Blue discoloration may occur with alkaptonuria and rarely with Parkinson's disease. Erythroblastosis fetalis and biliary atresia are diseases which may cause teeth to appear green from the deposition of biliverdin. Also, trauma may change a tooth to a pink, yellow, or dark gray color. Pink and red discolorations are also associated in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Some medications, such as tetracycline antibiotics, may become incorporated into the structure of a tooth, causing intrinsic staining of the teeth.

text: Alteration of eruption[edit]

text: Tooth eruption may be altered by some environmental factors. When eruption is prematurely stopped, the tooth is said to be impacted. The most common cause of tooth impaction is lack of space in the mouth for the tooth.[65] Other causes may be tumors, cysts, trauma, and thickened bone or soft tissue. Tooth ankylosis occurs when the tooth has already erupted into the mouth but the cementum or dentin has fused with the alveolar bone. This may cause a person to retain their primary tooth instead of having it replaced by a permanent one.

text: A technique for altering the natural progression of eruption is employed by orthodontists who wish to delay or speed up the eruption of certain teeth for reasons of space maintenance or otherwise preventing crowding and/or spacing. If a primary tooth is extracted before its succeeding permanent tooth's root reaches ⅓ of its total growth, the eruption of the permanent tooth will be delayed. Conversely, if the roots of the permanent tooth are more than ⅔ complete, the eruption of the permanent tooth will be accelerated. Between ⅓ and ⅔, it is unknown exactly what will occur to the speed of eruption.

text: Developmental[edit]

text: Abnormality in number[edit]

text:
Anodontia is the total lack of tooth development.
Hyperdontia is the presence of a higher-than-normal number of teeth.
Hypodontia is the lack of development of one or more teeth.

Oligodontia may be used to describe the absence of 6 or more teeth.

text: Some systemic disorders which may result in hyperdontia include Apert syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis, Crouzon syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Gardner's syndrome, and Sturge–Weber syndrome.[66] Some systemic disorders which may result in hypodontia include Crouzon syndrome, Ectodermal dysplasia, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, and Gorlin syndrome.[67]

text: Abnormality in size[edit]

text:
Microdontia is a condition where teeth are smaller than the usual size.
Macrodontia is where teeth are larger than the usual size.

text: Microdontia of a single tooth is more likely to occur in a maxillary lateral incisor. The second most likely tooth to have microdontia are third molars. Macrodontia of all the teeth is known to occur in pituitary gigantism and pineal hyperplasia. It may also occur on one side of the face in cases of hemifacial hyperplasia.

text: Abnormality in shape[edit]

text:
Gemination occurs when a developing tooth incompletely splits into the formation of two teeth.
Fusion is the union of two adjacent teeth during development.
Concrescence is the fusion of two separate teeth only in their cementum.
Accessory cusps are additional cusps on a tooth and may manifest as a Talon cusp, Cusp of Carabelli, or Dens evaginatus.
Dens invaginatus, also called Dens in dente, is a deep invagination in a tooth causing the appearance of a tooth within a tooth.
Ectopic enamel is enamel found in an unusual location, such as the root of a tooth.
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth and pulp chamber is enlarged, and is associated with Klinefelter syndrome, Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome, Triple X syndrome, and XYY syndrome.[68]
Hypercementosis is excessive formation of cementum, which may result from trauma, inflammation, acromegaly, rheumatic fever, and Paget's disease of bone.[68]
A dilaceration is a bend in the root which may have been caused by trauma to the tooth during formation.
Supernumerary roots is the presence of a greater number of roots on a tooth than expecte

text: Cleft Lip and Palate and association with dental anomalies[edit]

text: There are many types of dental anomalies seen in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. Both sets of dentition may be affected however they are commonly seen in the affected side. Most frequently, missing teeth, supernumerary or discoloured teeth can be seen however enamel dysplasia, discolouration and delayed root development is also common. In children with cleft lip and palate, the lateral incisor in the alveolar cleft region has the highest prevalence of dental developmental disorders.[69] This is important to consider in order to correctly plan treatment keeping in mind considerations for function and aesthetics. By correctly coordinating management invasive treatment procedures can be prevented resulting in successful and conservative treatment.

text: There have been a plethora of research studies to calculate prevalence of certain dental anomalies in CLP populations however a variety of results have been obtained.

text: In a study evaluating dental anomalies in Brazilian cleft patients, male patients had a higher incidence of CLP, agenesis, and supernumerary teeth than did female patients. In cases of complete CLP, the left maxillary lateral incisor was the most commonly absent tooth. Supernumerary teeth were typically located distal to the cleft .

text: [70] In a study of Jordanian subjects, the prevalence of dental anomaly was higher in CLP patients than in normal subjects. Missing teeth were observed in 66.7% of patients, with maxillary lateral incisor as the most frequently affected tooth. Supernumerary teeth were observed in 16.7% of patients; other findings included microdontia (37%), taurodontism (70.5%), transposition or ectopic teeth (30.8%), dilacerations (19.2%), and hypoplasia (30.8%). The incidence of microdontia, dilaceration, and hypoplasia was significantly higher in bilateral CLP patients than in unilateral CLP patients, and none of the anomalies showed any significant sexual dimorphism.[71]

text: It is therefore evident that patients with cleft lip and palate may present with a variety of dental anomalies. It is essential to assess the patient both clinically and radiographically in order to correctly treat and prevent progression of any dental problems. It is also useful to note that patients with a cleft lip and palate automatically score a 5 on the IOTN ( index for orthodontic need) and therefore are eligible for orthodontic treatment, liaising with an orthodontist is vital in order coordinate and plan treatment successfully.

text: Abnormality in structure[edit]

text:
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a condition in which enamel does not form properly or at all.[72]
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a condition in which dentin does not form properly and is sometimes associated with osteogenesis imperfecta.[73]
Dentin dysplasia is a disorder in which the roots and pulp of teeth may be affected.
Regional odontodysplasia is a disorder affecting enamel, dentin, and pulp and causes the teeth to appear "ghostly" on radiographs.[74]
Diastema is a condition in which there is a gap between two teeth caused by the imbalance in the relationship between the jaw and the size of teeth.[75]


document_title: Gloria Loring

question_text: who sang the facts of life theme song

question_tokens: who sang the facts of life theme song

text: Gloria Loring

text: Early life[edit]

text: Loring was born in New York City, the daughter of Dorothy Ann (née Tobin), a singer, and Gerald "Buzzy" Lewis Goff, a professional trumpet player with Tommy Dorsey Big Band as well as other renowned Swing groups; a salesman and hospitality/restaurant industry consultant [1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Loring began her music career at age 14, singing with a folk group known as Those Four. Loring released her first album in 1968. It was titled Gloria Loring, Today on MGM Records. Several singles, including cover versions of Harry Nilsson's "Everybody's Talkin'" and Roger Whittaker's "New World in the Morning" were released on the Evolution label, though none charted. She went on to perform on a wide range of television shows in the late 1960s and 1970s, from The Carol Burnett Show to the Academy Awards ceremony. Signed to Atco Records, she released the single "Brooklyn," produced by Mike Post, in 1977 under the alias Cody Jameson, and it became her first chart single, climbing to No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 and also appearing on the Adult Contemporary and Country Charts.

text: In 1979 and 1980, Loring and then-husband Alan Thicke composed the theme songs to Diff'rent Strokes and The Facts of Life. There were two versions of the Facts of Life theme song that Loring sang.[3] One version was used from seasons two through six, and a second was used from seasons seven to nine.

text: Her son Brennan was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes in 1979. A year later, Loring joined Days of Our Lives and got the idea to create and self-publish the Days Of Our Lives Celebrity Cookbook to raise money for diabetes research. Volume One was published in 1981 and the follow-up Volume Two in 1983. The cookbooks, along with her recording "A Shot in the Dark", raised more than $1 million for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation ("JDRF"). She followed that success with three commercially published books, Kids, Food and Diabetes, Parenting a Child with Diabetes, and Living with Type 2 Diabetes: Moving Past the Fear. For the past 30 years, she has served as a spokesperson for JDRF. JDRF is the official philanthropy of her college sorority, Alpha Gamma Delta.[4]

text: In 1980, when Loring joined the NBC daytime soap Days of Our Lives as chanteuse Liz Chandler, the show was going through a dry spell, with many veterans dropped and many new faces alienating long-time fans. Of the nine new characters introduced in the 1980-1981 season, only Liz garnered a fan following, and was the only one to have her contract renewed. For three years, in real-life, Loring dated Don Diamont, the actor who played the corrupt, long-lost son of her TV husband Dr. Neil Curtis.

text: In 1986, Loring scored a No. 2 Pop and No. 1 Adult Contemporary hit record in the United States with "Friends and Lovers", with Carl Anderson (also a #1 Country hit in 1986 for Eddie Rabbitt and Juice Newton under the title "Both to Each Other"). Loring originally performed "Friends and Lovers" on Days of Our Lives more than a year before the track finally hit the charts. Her performance of the song generated the largest mail response of any song in NBC daytime history. First recorded as a duet with Anderson (who appeared on Days of Our Lives to sing the song with Loring) in 1985, its release as a single was delayed for a year by legal complications.[5] Loring left Days in 1986 and made sporadic film and television appearances over the next few decades. Her main efforts were spent in theater and in her recording career (though "Friends and Lovers" was her only major hit single).

text: In 2003, Loring released her first holiday album, You Make It Christmas. In 2008, she released A Playlist, which included a new recording of the song "Friends and Lovers" with Carl Anderson, recorded one year before he died.

text: Loring's book, Coincidence Is God's Way of Remaining Anonymous, is a spiritual autobiography of how a series of coincidences transformed her life. It was released October 2012 by HCI, Inc.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Loring was married to actor Alan Thicke from 1970 until 1986.[6] She has two sons with Thicke, Brennan and singer Robin.

text: Loring was married to actor Christopher Beaumont from 1988 to 1993.[7] In 1994, Loring married production designer René Lagler. They had met 24 years earlier on the set of Glen Campbell's variety series.[citation needed]

text: Loring has been honored with the Lifetime Commitment Award from JDRF, and received the Woman of Achievement Award from the Miss America Organization. She has been featured in Who's Who in America.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
1968: Today, Gloria Loring (MGM Records); includes the original version of "One Way Ticket"
1970: And Now We Come To Distances (Evolution Records)
1972: Sing a Song for the Mountain (Evolution Records)
1984: A Shot in the Dark (Glitz Records); includes the full version of "The Facts of Life"
1986: Gloria Loring (Atlantic Records); includes the original version of "Friends and Lovers" with Carl Anderson
1988: Full Moon/No Hesitation (Atlantic Records)
1991: Is There Anybody Out There (Silk Purse); includes a solo version of "Friends and Lovers"
1999: Turn The Page (Silk Purse)
2000: By Request (Silk Purse); includes an acoustic recording of "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love", the song adopted by Bo & Hope as their theme song on Days of Our Lives
2001: Friends and Lovers (Silk Purse)
2003: You Make It Christmas (Silk Purse)
2008: A Playlist (Silk Purse); she and Carl Anderson re-recorded "Friends and Lovers" for this project, just one year prior to his death


document_title: Alabama elections, 2018

question_text: who is running for lieutenant governor of alabama

text: Alabama elections, 2018

text: Governor[edit]

text: Incumbent Republican Governor Kay Ivey, who assumed the office upon the resignation of Robert J. Bentley, is running for election to a full term against Tuscaloosa Mayor Walt Maddox

text: Lieutenant governor[edit]

text: The office of Lieutenant Governor is currently vacant.

text:
State House Representative Will Ainsworth, State Senator Rusty Glover, and Public Serice Commission President Twinkle Cavanaugh[2] are running for the Republican nomination.[3][4][5][6]
Dr. Will Boyd from Florence ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination.

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Will Boyd, pastor and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2017[7]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Will Boyd

—

Uncontested

Total votes

—

—

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
Will Ainsworth, State Representative[8]
Twinkle Cavanaugh, President of the Public Service Commission[9]
Rusty Glover, State Senator[10]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[11]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Twinkle Cavanaugh

238,333

43.27

Republican

Will Ainsworth

204,465

37.12

Republican

Rusty Glover

107,981

19.61

Total votes

550,779

100

text: Runoff results[edit]

text:
Republican primary runoff results[12]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Will Ainsworth

164,486

51.46

Republican

Twinkle Cavanaugh

155,137

48.54

Total votes

319,623

100

text: General election[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

WillAinsworth (R)

WillBoyd (D)

Undecided

Cygnal (R)

July 24–25, 2018

1,027

± 3.1%

53%

41%

6%

text: Attorney general[edit]

text: Former Alabama Attorney General Troy King is seeking the Republican Nomination. [13]

text: Incumbent Republican Attorney General Steve Marshall, who was appointed by Governor Bentley in February 2017 after appointing Attorney General Luther Strange to the U.S. Senate, is running for a first full term.[14]

text: Former Chief Deputy Attorney General Alice Martin ran for the Republican nomination.[15]

text: Attorney Joseph Siegelman, son of former Governor Don Siegelman, is the nominee of the Democratic Party. [16]

text: Chris Christie ran for attorney general on the Democratic ballot. Christie has been a trial lawyer at Bradley Arant Boult Cummings for 30 years. [17]

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text:
Chris Christie, trial lawyer at Bradley Arant Boult Cummings[18]
Joseph Siegelman, son of former Governor Don Siegelman[19]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results[20]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Joseph Siegelman

147,601

54.16

Democratic

Chris Christie

124,915

45.84

Total votes

272,516

100

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
Chess Bedsole, chairman of Donald Trump's Alabama campaign[21]
Troy King, former Alabama Attorney General[22]
Steve Marshall, incumbent[23]
Alice Martin, Deputy Attorney General of Alabama and former U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama[24]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[25]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Steve Marshall (incumbent)

154,219

28.36

Republican

Troy King

151,364

27.84

Republican

Alice Martin

126,374

23.24

Republican

Chess Bedsole

111,794

20.56

Total votes

543,751

100

text: Runoff results[edit]

text:
Republican primary runoff results[26]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Steve Marshall (incumbent)

195,356

61.50

Republican

Troy King

122,308

38.50

Total votes

317,664

100

text: General election[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SteveMarshall (R)

JosephSiegelman (D)

Undecided

Cygnal (R)

July 24–25, 2018

1,027

± 3.1%

55%

42%

4%

text: Secretary of State[edit]

text: Incumbent Republican Secretary of State John Merrill is running for re-election to a second term.

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text:
Lula Albert
Heather Milam

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results[27]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Heather Milam

160,738

63.67

Democratic

Lula Albert

91,736

36.33

Total votes

252,474

100

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
Michael Johnson
John Merrill, incumbent

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[28]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

John Merrill (incumbent)

334,922

71.64

Republican

Michael Johnson

132,601

27.84

Total votes

467,523

100

text: General election[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

JohnMerrill (R)

HeatherMilam (D)

Undecided

Cygnal (R)

July 24–25, 2018

1,027

± 3.1%

57%

38%

5%

text: State auditor[edit]

text: Incumbent Republican State Auditor Jim Zeigler is running for re-election to a second term.

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Miranda Joseph[29]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Miranda Joseph

—

Uncontested

Total votes

—

—

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
Stan Cooke
Elliott Lipinsky
Jim Zeigler, incumbent

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[30]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Jim Zeigler (incumbent)

261,418

55.62

Republican

Stan Cooke

153,160

32.59

Republican

Elliott Lipinsky

55,437

11.79

Total votes

470,015

100

text: State treasurer[edit]

text: Incumbent Republican State Treasurer Young Boozer is term-limited and cannot run for re-election to a third consecutive term.

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: No Democratic candidates filed to run in the primary.

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
David Black
Stephen Evans
John McMillan, Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[31]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

John McMillan

273,374

61.18

Republican

David Black

95,454

21.36

Republican

Stephen Evans

78,010

17.46

Total votes

446,838

100

text: Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries[edit]

text: Incumbent Republican Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries John McMillan is term-limited and cannot run for re-election to a third consecutive term.  The Republican candidates are Lowndesboro Mayor and Lowndes County GOP Chairman Rick Pate, former FBI Field Intelligence Supervisor T.O. (Tracy) Crane, State Senator Gerald Dial, and Cecil Murphy.

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
Tracy Crane, former FBI Field Intelligence Supervisor[32]
Gerald Dial, State Senator
Cecil Murphy
Rick Pate, Lowndesboro Mayor and Lowndes County GOP Chairman

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[33]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Rick Pate

181,098

40.37

Republican

Gerald Dial

134,511

29.98

Republican

Cecil Murphy

77,154

17.20

Republican

Tracy Crane

55,838

12.45

Total votes

448,601

100

text: Runoff results[edit]

text:
Republican primary runoff results[34]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Rick Pate

164,141

56.79

Republican

Gerald Dial

124,907

43.21

Total votes

289,048

100

text: Public Service Commission[edit]

text: The two Associate Commissioner seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission will be up for election.  Incumbent Republican Commissioners Jeremy Oden, who was appointed to the Commission by Governor Bentley in December 2012, and Chip Beeker, who was first elected in 2014, are both eligible to run for re-election.

text: Place 1 Democratic primary[edit]

text: Cara McClure[35]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Cara McClure

—

Uncontested

Total votes

—

—

text: Place 1 Republican primary[edit]

text:
Jim Bonner
Jeremy Oden, incumbent

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[36]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Jeremy Oden (incumbent)

215,540

50.34

Republican

Jim Bonner

212,646

49.66

Total votes

428,186

100

text: Place 2 Democratic primary[edit]

text: Kari Powell[37]

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Kari Powell

—

Uncontested

Total votes

—

—

text: Place 2 Republican primary[edit]

text:
Chip Beeker, incumbent
Robin Litaker

text: Primary results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[38]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Chip Beeker (incumbent)

275,184

68.74

Republican

Robin Litaker

125,145

31.26

Total votes

400,329

100

text: United States House of Representatives[edit]

text: All of Alabama's seven seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election in 2018.