document_title: Ü

question_text: u with two dots on top microsoft word

question_tokens: u with two dots on top microsoft word

text: Ü

text: U-umlaut[edit]

text: A glyph, U with umlaut, appears in the German alphabet. It represents the umlauted form of u, which results in the same sound as the [y]. It can also represent [ʏ]. The letter is collated together with U, or as UE. In languages that have adopted German names or spellings, such as Swedish, the letter also occurs. It is however not a part of these languages' alphabets. In Swedish the letter is called tyskt y which means German y.

text: In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet or in limited character sets such as ASCII, U-umlaut is frequently replaced with the two-letter combination "ue". Software for optical character recognition sometimes sees it falsely as ii.

text: Letter Ü[edit]

text: The letter Ü is present in the Hungarian, French, Turkish, Uyghur Latin, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Kazakh Latin and Tatar Latin alphabets, where it represents a close front rounded vowel [y]. It is considered a distinct letter, collated separately, not a simple modification of U or Y, and is distinct from UE.

text: This same letter appears in the Chinese Romanisations pinyin, Wade-Giles, and the German-based Lessing-Othmer, where it represents the same sound [y]: 綠/lü (green) or 女/nü (female). Standard Mandarin Chinese pronunciation has both the sounds [y] and [u]. Pinyin only uses "Ü" to represent [y] after the letters "L" or "N" to avoid confusion with words such as 路/lu (road) and 怒/nu (anger). Words such as 玉/yu (jade) or 句/ju (sentence) are pronounced with [y], but are not spelled with "Ü". Although Wade-Giles and Lessing use Ü in all situations. As the letter "Ü" is missing on most keyboards and the letter "V" is not present in standard Mandarin pinyin, the letter "V" is used on most computer Chinese input methods to enter the letter "Ü". As a result, romanisation of Chinese with the letter "V" representing the Ü sound is sometimes found.

text: U-diaeresis[edit]

text: Several languages use diaeresis over the letter U to show that the letter is pronounced in its regular way, without dropping out, building diphthongs with neighbours, etc.

text: In Spanish, it is used to distinguish between "gue"/"güe" [ɡe]/[ɡwe] and "gui"/"güi" [ɡi]/[ɡwi]: nicaragüense (Nicaraguan), pingüino (penguin).

text: Similarly in Catalan, "gue~güe" are [ɡe]~[ɡwe], "gui~güi" are [ɡi]~[ɡwi], "que~qüe" are [ke]~[kwe] and "qui~qüi" are [ki]~[kwi], as in aigües, pingüins, qüestió, adeqüi. Also, ü is used to mark that vowel pairs that normally would form a diphthong must be pronounced as separate syllables, examples: Raül, diürn.

text: In French, the diaeresis appears over the "u" only very rarely, in some uncommon words, capharnaüm [-aɔm] ('shambles'), Capharnaüm/Capernaüm [-aɔm] or Emmaüs [-ays]. After the 1990 spelling reforms, it is applied to a few more words, like aigüe (formerly aiguë), ambigüe (formerly ambiguë) and argüer [aʁɡɥe] (formerly without the diaeresis).

text: Usage in phonetic alphabets[edit]

text: In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, the Low Rhenish, and few related vernacular languages, "ü" represents a range from [y] to [ʏ].

text: Typography[edit]

text: Historically the unique letter Ü and U-diaeresis were written as a U with two dots above the letter. U-umlaut was written as a U with a small e written above: this minute e degenerated to two vertical bars in medieval handwritings. In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots.

text: In modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both a U-with-dots (also representing Ü) and a U-with-bars. Since they looked near-identical the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result, there was no way to differentiate between the three different characters. While Unicode theoretically provides a solution,[how?] this is almost never used.

text: Computing codes[edit]

text:
Character
Ü
ü

Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex

Unicode
220
U+00DC
252
U+00FC

UTF-8
195 156
C3 9C
195 188
C3 BC

Numeric character reference
Ü
Ü
ü
ü

Named character reference
Ü
ü

EBCDIC family
252
FC
220
DC

ISO 8859-1/3/4/9/10/14/15/16
220
DC
252
FC

CP437
154
9A
129
81

Code page 10029
134
86
159
9F

tag: table

text: Keyboarding[edit]

text: The methods available for entering ⟨Ü⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ from the keyboard depend on the operating system, the keyboard layout, and the application.

text:
Microsoft Windows – some keyboard layouts feature separate keys for ⟨Ü⟩

Using the Swiss French keyboard, ⟨ü⟩ can be entered by typing ⇧ Shift+È
Using the US International layout, ⟨ü⟩ can be entered by typing AltGR+Y

Microsoft Windows: with the Number Lock on, hold down the Alt key while typing on the numeric keypad the decimal value of the code point from the active DOS/OEM code page without a leading zero, then release the Alt key; i.e. Alt+6+6+6 for ⟨Ü⟩ and Alt+1+2+9 for ⟨ü⟩
Microsoft Windows: with the Number Lock on, hold down the Alt key while typing on the numeric keypad the decimal value of the code point from the active ANSI code page with a leading zero, then release the Alt key; i.e. Alt+0+2+2+0 for ⟨Ü⟩ and Alt+0+2+5+2 for ⟨ü⟩
Microsoft Word for Windows: type Ctrl+: followed by ⇧ Shift+U for ⟨Ü⟩ or Ctrl+: then U for ⟨ü⟩
macOS with an English keyboard layout (Australian, British, or US): type ⌥ Option+U followed by ⇧ Shift+U for ⟨Ü⟩ or ⌥ Option+U and then U for ⟨ü⟩ or by keeping the U key pressed and then typing 2
In GTK-based GUI-Applications, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+ufollowed by the Hex-Code and ↵ Enter
On systems with a Compose key, Compose, followed by " and U for ⟨Ü⟩, and Compose, ", u for ⟨ü⟩


document_title: The Glenn Miller Story

question_text: who played glen miller in the glenn miller story

root

text: The Glenn Miller Story

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film follows big band leader Glenn Miller (1904–1944) (James Stewart) from his early days in the music business in 1929 through to his 1944 death when the airplane he was flying in was lost over the English Channel during World War II. Prominent placement in the film is given to Miller's courtship and marriage to Helen Burger (June Allyson), and various cameos by actual musicians who were colleagues of Miller.

tag: p

text: Several turning points in Miller's career are depicted with varying degrees of verisimilitude, including: the success of an early jazz band arrangement; his departure from the Broadway pit and sideman work to front a band of his own; the failure of his first band on the road; and the subsequent re-forming of his successful big band and the establishment of the “Miller Sound” as typified by “Moonlight Serenade”. Also depicted is Miller’s international success touring his band in support of the Allies in World War II.

text: There are several anachronisms in the picture. When the military band led by Miller is playing in front of General "Hap" Arnold, a B-29 bomber is in the background. The marching troops are desegregated, which didn't happen until 1948. Scenes ostensibly shot in England are clearly staged in the U.S., as witness the presence of RCA Type 44 microphones during a BBC broadcast. In reality the BBC could not afford them and commissioned its own, cheaper version.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James Stewart as Glenn Miller (Trombone dubbed by Glenn Miller and Trummy Young)
June Allyson as Helen Burger Miller
Harry Morgan as Chummy MacGregor (billed as Henry Morgan)
Charles Drake as Don Haynes
George Tobias as Si Shribman
Barton MacLane as Gen. Henry H. Arnold, USAAF
Sig Ruman as W Kranz
Marion Ross as Polly Haynes
Nino Tempo as Wilbur Schwartz (Clarinet playing dubbed by Wilbur Schwartz)
Irving Bacon as Mr. Miller
Kathleen Lockhart as Mrs. Miller
James Bell as Mr. Burger

tag: ul

text: Cameo appearances[edit]

text:
Louis Armstrong as himself
Barney Bigard as himself
Trummy Young as himself
Gene Krupa as himself
Ben Pollack as himself
Johnny Best as himself
Babe Russin as himself
Cozy Cole as himself
Arvell Shaw as himself
The Modernaires as themselves
Frances Langford as herself

text: Release[edit]

text: Upon release in 1954, The Glenn Miller Story was massively successful at the box office. In 1954, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Screenplay (by Valentine Davies and Oscar Brodney) and Best Score (by Henry Mancini and Joseph Gershenson). The film won the Oscar for Best Sound Recording, by Leslie I. Carey.[2] Its soundtrack was equally successful, reaching number one on the Billboard album charts in 1954, featuring a number of Glenn Miller's most popular recordings. This is the second of three movies that paired Jimmy Stewart and June Allyson, the others being The Stratton Story and Strategic Air Command.

text: Stewart took a percentage of the profits. In 1955 William Goetz estimated that Stewart had earned $2 million from the film.[3]

text: Glenn Miller Orchestra pianist John "Chummy" MacGregor was a technical advisor on the movie. Composer Henry Mancini composed the musical score with Joseph Gershenson, who conducted the Universal-International studio orchestra's recreations of Miller's arrangements on the soundtrack. Miller's band was portrayed by The Airmen of Note, an ensemble of the United States Air Force Band originally created in 1950 to carry on the Glenn Miller tradition.

text: The movie was reissued in 1985 with a stereo soundtrack. The film was originally recorded in stereo but was initially released in mono.[4] It was screened out of competition at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.[5]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film was originally released on home video in the VHS format in 1986. On March 4, 2003, the film was released onto DVD with an anamorphic display, remastered surround sound, and subtitles. The film can also be found in a James Stewart DVD collection that was released in 2007.

text: The film was released on Blu-ray in Germany on July 24, 2014.

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack included many big band pieces originally performed by Glenn Miller's orchestra.

text:
"Moonlight Serenade"
"Tuxedo Junction"
"Little Brown Jug"
"St. Louis Blues — March"
"Basin Street Blues"
"In the Mood"
"A String of Pearls"
"Pennsylvania 6-5000"
"American Patrol"
"Otchi-Tchor-Ni-Ya"

tag: ol

text: Musical cameos[edit]

text: The film contains songs by musicians who also make cameo appearances in the film. These cameos include: Louis Armstrong, Barney Bigard, Cozy Cole, Gene Krupa, Frances Langford, Skeets McDonald, Marty Napoleon, Ben Pollack, Babe Russin, Arvell Shaw, The Modernaires, James Young and Ray Conniff.

text: Billboard charts[edit]

text: The original soundtrack to the movie, The Glenn Miller Story---Sound Track, Decca DL 5519 (USA)/BML 8647 (UK), was number one for 10 weeks on the Billboard albums chart in 1954. The 1954 album contained eight selections. The soundtrack was re-released with an expanded track list. The album Glenn Miller Plays Selections From the Film "The Glenn Miller Story" was number one for 11 weeks on the Billboard albums chart the same year, released as RCA Victor LPT 3057. The original 1954 album contained eight selections. An expanded version of the latter album was certified Gold in 1961 by the RIAA.

text: The tribute album I Remember Glenn Miller, Capitol H 476, by Ray Anthony was number nine on the same Billboard album chart for that week. The extended play versions of the same albums also reached the same position on the Billboard EP charts for that week. The Modernaires released a 45 single on Coral Records, 9-61110, A Salute to Glenn Miller, which included medleys in two parts from the movie soundtrack, Parts 1 and 2: (I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo/Moonlight Cocktail/Elmer's Tune/Moonlight Serenade/Chattanooga Choo Choo/String of Pearls/Serenade In Blue/At Last/Perfidia, that reached number 29 on the Billboard charts in 1954.


document_title: Lake

question_text: what kind of water is found in most lakes

question_tokens: what kind of water is found in most lakes

text: Lake

text: Etymology, meaning, and usage of "lake"[edit]

text: The word lake comes from Middle English lake ("lake, pond, waterway"), from Old English lacu ("pond, pool, stream"), from Proto-Germanic *lakō ("pond, ditch, slow moving stream"), from the Proto-Indo-European root *leǵ- ("to leak, drain"). Cognates include Dutch laak ("lake, pond, ditch"), Middle Low German lāke ("water pooled in a riverbed, puddle") as in: de:Moorlake, de:Wolfslake, de:Butterlake, German Lache ("pool, puddle"), and Icelandic lækur ("slow flowing stream"). Also related are the English words leak and leach.

text: There is considerable uncertainty about defining the difference between lakes and ponds, and no current internationally accepted definition of either term across scientific disciplines or political boundaries exists.[4] For example, limnologists have defined lakes as water bodies which are simply a larger version of a pond, which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind-induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column. None of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are increasingly used to separate ponds and lakes. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares (5 acres) or more in area;[5]:331[6] however, others[who?] have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares (12 acres) and above,[citation needed] or 8 hectares (20 acres) and above [7] (see also the definition of "pond"). Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares (99 acres) or more.[8] The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre, which is a dry basin most of the time but may become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall. In common usage, many lakes bear names ending with the word pond, and a lesser number of names ending with lake are in quasi-technical fact, ponds. One textbook illustrates this point with the following: "In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, almost every pond is called a lake."[9]

text: One hydrology book proposes to define the term "lake" as a body of water with the following five characteristics:[4]

text:
it partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits[4]
has essentially the same water level in all parts (except for relatively short-lived variations caused by wind, varying ice cover, large inflows, etc.)[4]
it does not have regular intrusion of seawater[4]
a considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins (for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow-to-volume ratio)[4]
the area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold (for instance, one hectare)[4]

text: With the exception of the seawater intrusion criterion, the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications.[10][11]

text: Distribution of lakes[edit]

text: The majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a deranged drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi)[12] and an unknown total number of lakes, but is estimated to be at least 2 million.[13] Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) or larger, of which 56,000 are large (10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) or larger).[14]

text: Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water.[15] Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. They are termed endorheic lakes.

text: Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use, agricultural use or domestic water supply.

text: Evidence of extraterrestrial lakes exists; "definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane" was announced by NASA[citation needed] as returned by the Cassini Probe observing the moon Titan, which orbits the planet Saturn.

text: Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds: of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare (2.5 acres) or less in area (see definition of ponds).[16] Small lakes are also much more numerous than large lakes: in terms of area, one-third of the world's standing water is represented by lakes and ponds of 10 hectares (25 acres) or less.[citation needed] However, large lakes account for much of the area of standing water with 122 large lakes of 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi, 100,000 ha, 247,000 acres) or more representing about 29% of the total global area of standing inland water.[citation needed]

text: Origin of lakes[edit]

text: Hutchinson[17] in 1957 published a monograph that is regarded as a landmark discussion and classification of all major lake types, their origin, morphometric characteristics, and distribution.[18][19][20] As summarized and discussed by these researchers, Hutchinson presented in it a comprehensive analysis of the origin of lakes and proposed what is a widely accepted classification of lakes according to their origin. This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes. The 11 major lake types are tectonic lakes, volcanic lakes, landslide lakes, glacial lakes, solution lakes, fluvial lakes, aeolian lakes, shoreline lakes, organic lakes, anthropomorphic lakes, and meteorite (extraterrestrial impact) lakes.[19][18][20]

text: Tectonic lakes[edit]

text: Tectonic lakes are lakes formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of the Earth’s crust. These movements include faulting, tilting, folding, and warping. Some of the well-known and largest lakes on Earth are rift lakes occupying rift valleys, e.g. Central African Rift lakes and Lake Baikal. Other well-known tectonic lakes, Caspian Sea, the Sea of Aral, and other lakes from the Pontocaspian occupy basins that have been separated from the sea by the tectonic uplift of the sea floor above sea level.[17][19][18][20]

text: Often, the tectonic action of crustal extension has created an alternating series of parallel grabens and horsts that form elongate basins alternating with mountain ranges. Not only does this promote the creation of lakes by the disruption of preexisting drainage networks, it also creates within arid regions endorheic basins that containing salt lakes (also called saline lakes). They form where there is no natural outlet, a high evaporation rate and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher-than-normal salt content. Examples of these salt lakes include Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. another type of tectonic lake caused by faulting is sag ponds.[17][19][18][20]

text: Volcanic lakes[edit]

text: Volcanic lakes are lakes that occupy either local depressions, e.g. craters and maars or larger basins, e.g. calderas, created by volcanism. Crater lakes are formed in volcanic craters and calderas, which fill up with precipitation more rapidly than they empty via either evaporation, groundwater discharge, or combination of both. Sometimes the latter are called caldera lakes, although often no distinction is made. An example is Crater Lake in Oregon, in the caldera of Mount Mazama. The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama around 4860 BC. Other volcanic lakes are created when either rivers or streams are dammed by lava flows or volcanic lahars.[17][19][18][20] The basin within which Malheur Lake, Oregon was created when a lava flow dammed the Malheur River.[21]

text: Glacial lakes[edit]

text: Glacial lakes are lakes created by the direct action of glaciers and continental ice sheets. A wide variety of glacial processes create enclosed basins. As a result, there are a wide variety of different types of glacial lakes and it is often difficult to define clear-cut distinctions between different types of glacial lakes and lakes influenced by other activities. The general types of glacial lakes that have recognized are lakes in direct contact with ice; glacially carved rock basins and depressions; morainic and outwash lakes; and glacial drift basins. Glacial lakes are the numerous lakes in the world. Most the lakes in northern Europe and North America have been either influenced or created by the latest, but not last, glaciation, to have covered the region.[17][19][18][20] Glacial lakes include proglacial lakes, subglacial lakes, finger lakes, and epishelf lakes. Epishelf lakes are highly stratified lakes in which a layer of freshwater, derived from ice and snow melt, is dammed behind an ice shelf that is attached to the coastline. They are mostly found in Antarctica.[22]

text: Fluvial lakes[edit]

text: Fluvial (or riverine)[23] lakes are lakes produced by running water. These lakes include plunge pool lakes, fluviatile dams and meander lakes.

text: Oxbow lakes[edit]

text: The most common type of fluvial lake is a crescent-shaped lake called an oxbow lake due to the distinctive curved shape. They can form in river valleys as a result of meandering. The slow-moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends are eroded away more rapidly than the inner side. Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck. This new passage then forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up, thus forming a bow-shaped lake.[17][18][19][20]

text: Fluviatile dams[edit]

text: These form where sediment from a tributary blocks the main river.[24]

text: Lateral lakes[edit]

text: These form where sediment from the main river blocks a tributary, usually in the form of a levee.[23]

text: Solution lakes[edit]

text: A solution lake is a lake occupying a basin formed by surface dissolution of bedrock. In areas underlain by soluble bedrock, its solution by precipitation and percolating water commonly produce cavities. These cavities frequently collapse to form sinkholes that form part of the local karst topography. Where groundwater lies near the grounds surface, a sinkhole will be filled water as a solution lake.[17][19] If such a lake consists of a large area of standing water that occupies an extensive closed depression in limestone, it is also called a karst lake. Smaller solution lakes that consist of a body of standing water in a closed depression within a karst region are known as karst ponds.[25] Limestone caves often contain pools of standing water, which are known as underground lakes. Classic examples of solution lakes are abundant in the karst regions at the Dalmatian coast of Croatia and within large parts of Florida.[17]

text: Landslide lakes[edit]

text: Landslide lakes are lakes created by the blockage of a valley by either mudflows, rockslides, or screes. Such lakes are common in mountainous regions. Although landslide lakes may be large and quite deep, they are typically short-lived.[17][19][18][20] An example of a landslide lake is Quake Lake, which formed as a result of the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake.[26]

text: Aeolian lakes[edit]

text: Aeolian lakes are lakes produced by wind action. They are found mainly in arid environments although some aeolian lakes are relict landforms indicative of arid paleoclimates. Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by wind-blown sand; interdunal lakes that lies between well-oriented sand dunes; and deflation basins formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments. Moses Lake, Washington, is an example of a lake basins dammed by wind-blown sand.[17][19][18][20]

text: Shoreline lakes[edit]

text: Shoreline lakes are generally lakes created by blockage of estuaries or by the uneven accretion of beach ridges by longshore and other currents. They include maritime coastal lakes, ordinarily in drowned estuaries; lakes enclosed by two tombolos or spits connecting an island to the mainland; lakes cut off from larger lakes by a bar; or lakes divided by the meeting of two spits.[17][19][18][20]

text: Organic lakes[edit]

text: Organic lakes are lakes created by the actions of plants and animals. On the whole they are relatively rare in occurrence and quite small in size. In addition, they typically ephemeral features relative to the other types of lakes. The basins in which organic lakes occur are associated with beaver dams, coral lakes, or dams formed by vegetation.[19][20]

text: Peat lakes[edit]

text: Peat lakes are a form of organic lake. They form where a buildup of partly decomposed plant material in a wet environment leaves the vegetated surface below the water table for a sustained period of time. They are often low in nutrients and mildly acidic, with bottom waters low in dissolved oxygen.[27]

text: Anthropogenic lakes[edit]

text: Anthropogenic lakes are artificially created lakes formed by human activity. They can be the result of intentional damming of rivers and streams or subsequent filling of abandon excavations by either ground water, precipitation, or a combination of both.[19][20]

text: Meteorite (extraterrestrial impact/ crater) lakes[edit]

text: Meteorite lakes, which are also known as crater lakes, are lakes created by catastrophic extraterrestrial impacts by either meteorites or asteroids.[17][19][20] Examples of meteorite lakes are Lonar crater lake, India,[28] Lake Elgygytgyn,[29] and Pingualuit crater lake, Quebec, Canada,[30] As in case of Lake El'gygytgyn and Pingualuit crater lake, meteorite (extraterrestrial impact/ crater) lakes can contain unique and scientifically valuable sedimentary deposits associated with long records of paleoclimatic changes.[29][30]

text: Other different types of lakes[edit]

text: In addition to mode of origin, lakes have been named and classified in various other ways according to their thermal stratification, salinity, relative seasonal permanence, degree of outflow, and other factors. Also, different cultures and regional of the world have their popular nomenclature

text: Types of lakes according to thermal stratification[edit]

text: In addition to their origin, there are various other ways of either naming or defining types of lakes. One major way of classification lakes in on the basis of thermal stratification because it is a major control on animal and plant life inhabiting a lake and the fate and distribution of dissolved and suspended material in a lake. For example, the thermal stratification and the degree and frequency of mixing exerts a strong control on the distribution of oxygen within it. In addition, lake can be classified according important factors such as seasonal variations in lake volume and level, oxygen saturation, and salinity of its water mass. Finally, the names of types of lakes that are used by the lay public and in the scientific for different types of lakes are often informally derived from either from their morphology of other aspects or their physical characteristics.

text: F.A. Forel,[31] who is also referred to as the father of limnology, was the first scientist to classify lakes according to their thermal stratification.[32] His system of classification was later modified and improved upon by Hutchinson and Laffler.[33] Because the density of water varies with temperature, with a maximum at +4 DC, thermal stratification is an important physical characteristic of lakes that controls the fauna and flora, sedimentation, chemistry, and other aspects of individual lakes. First, the colder, heavier water typically forms a layer near the bottom, which called the hypolimnion. Second, normally overlying it is a transition zone known as the metalimnion. Finally, overlying the metalimnion is a surface layer of a warmer, lighter water is called the epilimnion. However, this typical stratification sequence can vary widely depending either on the specific lake, the time of season, or combination of both.[19][32][33]

text: Based upon thermal stratification, lakes are classified as either holomictic lakes or meromictic lakes. A meromictic lake is a lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. In addition, the layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living aerobic organisms. The lack of disturbance allows for the development of lacustrine varves. A Holomictic lake is a lake that has a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a specific time during the year. This uniformity temperature and density in allows the lake waters to completely mix. Holomictic lakes are non-meromictic lakes. Based upon thermal stratification and frequency of turnover, holomictic lakes are divided into amictic lakes, cold monomictic lakes, dimictic lakes, warm monomictic lakes, polymictic lakes, and oligomictic lakes. The classification of lakes by thermal stratification presupposes lakes with sufficient depth to form a hypolimnion. As a results, very shallow lakes are excluded this classification system.[19][33]

text: The stratification in a lake is not always the result of variation to density because of thermal gradients. Stratification within a lake can also be the result of differences in density resulting from gradients in salinity. In case of a difference in salinity, the hypolimnion and epilimnion are separated not by a thermocline but by a halocline, which is sometimes referred to as a chemocline.[19][33]

text: Types of lake according to seasonal variation of lake level and volume[edit]

text: Lakes are informally classified and named according to the seasonal variation in their lake level and volume. Some of the names include:

text:
Ephemeral lake is a short-lived lake or pond.[34] If it fills with water and dries up (disappears) seasonally it is known as an intermittent lake[35] They often fill poljes[36]
Dry lake is a popular name for an ephemeral lake that contains water only intermediately at irregular and infrequent intervals.[25][37]
Perennial lake is a lake that has water in its basin throughout the year and is not subject to extreme fluctuations in level.[25][34]
Playa lake is a typically shallow, intermittent lake that covers or occupies a playa either in wet seasons or in especially wet years but subsequently drying up in an arid or semiarid region.[25][37]
Vlei is a name used in South Africa for a shallow lake which varies considerably in level with the seasons.[38]

text: Types of lake according to water chemistry[edit]

text: Lakes are also informally classified and named according to the general chemistry of their water mass. Some of the types of lakes include:

text:
An acid lake is a lake that has a pH is below neutral (<6.5). A lake is considered to and highly acid when the pH drops below 5.5, below which when biological consequences occur. Such lakes include acid pit lakes occupying abandoned mines and excavations; naturally acid lakes of igneous and metamorphic landscapes; peat bogs in northern regions; acid-saline lakes of arid environments; crater lakes of active and dormant volcanoes; and lakes acidified by acid rain.[39][40][41]
A salt lake, which also known as a brine lake, is an inland body of water situated in an arid or semiarid region, having no outlet to the sea, and containing a high concentration of dissolved salts (principally sodium chloride). Examples include the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the Dead Sea in the Near East.[25][37]
alkali sink, also known as salt flats, are lakes on the other extreme of the scale from the large and deep saline lakes. They are, shallow saline features that occupy low-lying areas of the arid regions and in groundwater discharge zones. These are typically classifiable as either playas or playa lakes because they are periodically flooded by either rain or flood events and then dry up during drier intervals, leaving accumulations of brines and evaporitic minerals.[25][37]
A salt pan (saltpan) is either an undrained small shallow natural depression in which water accumulates and evaporates leaving a salt deposit or the shallow lake of brackish water occupying a salt pan. This term is also used for a large pan for recovering salt by evaporation.[25]
A saline pan is a name for an ephemeral saline lake which precipitates a bottom crust that is subsequently modified during subaerial exposure.[25]

text: Lakes composed of other liquids[edit]

text:
Lava lake is a large volume of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.[42]
Hydrocarbon lakes are bodies of liquid ethane and methane that occupy depressions on the surface of Titan. They were detected by the Cassini–Huygens space probe.[43]

text: Paleolakes[edit]

text: A paleolake, also spelt palaeolake, is a lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different.[44] Quaternary paleolakes can often be identified on the basis of relict lacustrine landforms such as relict lake plains and coastal landforms that form recognizable relict shorelines, which are called paleoshorelines. Paleolakes can also be recognized by characteristic sedimentary deposits that accumulated in them and any fossils that these sediments might contain. The paleoshorelines and sedimentary deposits of paleolakes provide evidence for prehistoric hydrological changes during the times that they existed.[44][45]

text: Types of paleolakes include:

text:
A former lake is a lake which is no longer in existence. Such lakes include prehistoric lakes and lakes which have permanently dried up often as the result of either evaporation or human intervention. Owens Lake in California, USA, is an example of a former lake. Former lakes are a common feature of the Basin and Range area of southwestern North America.[46]
A shrunken lake is a lake which has drastically decreased in size over geological time. Lake Agassiz, which once covered much of central North America, is a good example of a shrunken lake. Two notable remnants of this lake are Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis.[46]

text: Paleolakes are of scientific and economic importance. For example, Quaternary paleolakes in semidesert basins are important for two reasons. First, they played an extremely significant, if transient, role in shaping the floors and piedmonts of many basins. Finally, their sediments contain enormous quantities of geologic and paleontologic information concerning past environments.[47] In addition, the organic-rich deposits of pre-Quaternary paleolakes are important either for the thick deposits of oil shale and shale gas that they contain or as source rocks of petroleum and natural gas. Although of significantly less economic importance, strata deposited along the shore of paleolakes sometimes contain coal seams.[48][49]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type, such as drainage basin (also known as catchment area), inflow and outflow, nutrient content, dissolved oxygen, pollutants, pH, and sedimentation.

text: Changes in the level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and output compared to the total volume of the lake. Significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake, runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area, groundwater channels and aquifers, and artificial sources from outside the catchment area. Output sources are evaporation from the lake, surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level.

text: Lakes can be also categorized on the basis of their richness in nutrients, which typically affect plant growth. Nutrient-poor lakes are said to be oligotrophic and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life. Mesotrophic lakes have good clarity and an average level of nutrients. Eutrophic lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms. Hypertrophic lakes are bodies of water that have been excessively enriched with nutrients. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. Such lakes are of little use to humans and have a poor ecosystem due to decreased dissolved oxygen.

text: Due to the unusual relationship between water's temperature and its density, lakes form layers called thermoclines, layers of drastically varying temperature relative to depth. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 °F) at sea level. When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the same temperature as deeper water, as it does during the cooler months in temperate climates, the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen-starved water up from the depths and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. Deep temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round, which allows some cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling.

text: Since the surface water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature of maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity. Exceptional events, such as earthquakes or landslides, can cause mixing which rapidly brings the deep layers up to the surface and release a vast cloud of gas which lay trapped in solution in the colder water at the bottom of the lake. This is called a limnic eruption. An example is the disaster at Lake Nyos in Cameroon. The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is directly related to pressure. As deep water surfaces, the pressure drops and a vast amount of gas comes out of solution. Under these circumstances carbon dioxide is hazardous because it is heavier than air and displaces it, so it may flow down a river valley to human settlements and cause mass asphyxiation.

text: The material at the bottom of a lake, or lake bed, may be composed of a wide variety of inorganics, such as silt or sand, and organic material, such as decaying plant or animal matter. The composition of the lake bed has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found within the lake's environs by contributing to the amounts and the types of nutrients available.

text: A paired (black and white) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year. During winter, when organisms die, carbon is deposited down, resulting to a black layer. At the same year, during summer, only few organic materials are deposited, resulting to a white layer at the lake bed. These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.

text: Natural lakes provide a microcosm of living and nonliving elements that are relatively independent of their surrounding environments. Therefore, lake organisms can often be studied in isolation from the lake’s surroundings.[51]

text: Limnology[edit]

text: Limnology is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems. Limnology divides lakes into three zones: the littoral zone, a sloped area close to land; the photic or open-water zone, where sunlight is abundant; and the deep-water profundal or benthic zone, where little sunlight can reach. The depth to which light can reach in lakes depends on turbidity, determined by the density and size of suspended particles. A particle is in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it. These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin and are responsible for the color of the water. Decaying plant matter, for instance, may be responsible for a yellow or brown color, while algae may cause greenish water. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make water reddish brown. Biological particles include algae and detritus. Bottom-dwelling detritivorous fish can be responsible for turbid waters, because they stir the mud in search of food. Piscivorous fish contribute to turbidity by eating plant-eating (planktonivorous) fish, thus increasing the amount of algae (see aquatic trophic cascade). The light depth or transparency is measured by using a Secchi disk, a 20-cm (8 in) disk with alternating white and black quadrants. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is the Secchi depth, a measure of transparency. The Secchi disk is commonly used to test for eutrophication. For a detailed look at these processes, see lentic ecosystems.

text: A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity (4,186 J·kg−1·K−1). In the daytime a lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, resulting in a sea breeze; in the night it can warm it with a land breeze.

text: How lakes disappear[edit]

text: The lake may be infilled with deposited sediment and gradually become a wetland such as a swamp or marsh. Large water plants, typically reeds, accelerate this closing process significantly because they partially decompose to form peat soils that fill the shallows. Conversely, peat soils in a marsh can naturally burn and reverse this process to recreate a shallow lake resulting in a dynamic equilibrium between marsh and lake.[52] This is significant since wildfire has been largely suppressed in the developed world over the past century. This has artificially converted many shallow lakes into emergent marshes. Turbid lakes and lakes with many plant-eating fish tend to disappear more slowly. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has extensive plant mats at the water's edge. These become a new habitat for other plants, like peat moss when conditions are right, and animals, many of which are very rare. Gradually the lake closes and young peat may form, forming a fen. In lowland river valleys where a river can meander, the presence of peat is explained by the infilling of historical oxbow lakes. In the very last stages of succession, trees can grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest.

text: Some lakes can disappear seasonally. These are called intermittent lakes, ephemeral lakes, or seasonal lakes and can be found in karstic terrain. A prime example of an intermittent lake is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia or Lag Prau Pulte in Graubünden. Other intermittent lakes are only the result of above-average precipitation in a closed, or endorheic basin, usually filling dry lake beds. This can occur in some of the driest places on earth, like Death Valley. This occurred in the spring of 2005, after unusually heavy rains.[53] The lake did not last into the summer, and was quickly evaporated (see photos to right). A more commonly filled lake of this type is Sevier Lake of west-central Utah.

text: Sometimes a lake will disappear quickly. On 3 June 2005, in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, a lake called Lake Beloye vanished in a matter of minutes. News sources reported that government officials theorized that this strange phenomenon may have been caused by a shift in the soil underneath the lake that allowed its water to drain through channels leading to the Oka River.[54]

text: The presence of ground permafrost is important to the persistence of some lakes. According to research published in the journal Science ("Disappearing Arctic Lakes", June 2005), thawing permafrost may explain the shrinking or disappearance of hundreds of large Arctic lakes across western Siberia. The idea here is that rising air and soil temperatures thaw permafrost, allowing the lakes to drain away into the ground.

text: Some lakes disappear because of human development factors. The shrinking Aral Sea is described as being "murdered" by the diversion for irrigation of the rivers feeding it.

text: Extraterrestrial lakes[edit]

text: Only one world other than Earth is known to harbor large lakes, Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Photographs and spectroscopic analysis by the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft show liquid ethane on the surface, which is thought to be mixed with liquid methane. The largest Titanean lake, Kraken Mare at 400,000 km2, is three-times[citation needed] the size of any lake on Earth, and even the second, Ligeia Mare, is estimated to be slightly larger than Earth's Lake Michigan–Huron.

text: Jupiter's large moon Io is volcanically active, and as a result sulfur deposits have accumulated on the surface. Some photographs taken during the Galileo mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera, though these are more analogous to lake of lava than of water on Earth.[55]

text: The planet Mars is too cold and has too little atmospheric pressure to permit the pooling of liquid water. Geologic evidence appears to confirm, however, that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt subsurface ice, creating large temporary lakes.[citation needed] This water would quickly freeze and then sublimate, unless insulated in some manner, such as by a coating of volcanic ash.

text: There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon, similar to lunar maria but smaller, that are called lacus (singular lacus, Latin for "lake") because they were thought by early astronomers to be lakes of water.

text: Notable lakes on Earth[edit]

text:
The largest lake by surface area is Caspian Sea, which is despite its name considered as a lake from the point of view of geography.[56] Its surface area is 143,000 sq. mi./371,000 km2.
The second largest lake by surface area is Lake Michigan-Huron, which is hydrologically a single lake. Its surface area is 45,300 sq. mi./117,400 km2. For those who consider Lake Michigan-Huron to be separate lakes, and Caspian Sea to be a sea, Lake Superior would be the largest lake at 31,700 sq. mi./82,100 km2.
The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia, with a bottom at 1,637 metres (5,371 ft). Its mean depth is also the greatest in the world (749 metres (2,457 ft)).
It is also the world's largest lake by volume (23,600 cubic kilometres (5,700 cu mi), though smaller than the Caspian Sea at 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,800 cu mi)), and the second longest (about 630 kilometres (390 mi) from tip to tip).
The longest lake is Lake Tanganyika, with a length of about 660 kilometres (410 mi) (measured along the lake's center line).
It is also the second largest by volume and second deepest (1,470 metres (4,820 ft)) in the world, after lake Baikal.
The world's oldest lake is Lake Baikal, followed by Lake Tanganyika (Tanzania). Lake Maracaibo is considered by some to be the second-oldest lake on Earth, but since it lies at sea level and nowadays is a contiguous body of water with the sea, others consider that it has turned into a small bay.
The world's highest lake, if size is not a criterion, may be the crater lake of Ojos del Salado, at 6,390 metres (20,965 ft).[57]
The highest large (greater than 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi)) lake in the world is the 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) Pumoyong Tso (Pumuoyong Tso), in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, at 28-34N 90-24E, 5,018 metres (16,463 ft) above sea level.[58]
The world's highest commercially navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,812 m (12,507 ft). It is also the largest lake in South America.
The world's lowest lake is the Dead Sea, bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west, at 418 metres (1,371 ft) below sea level. It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration.
Lake Michigan–Huron has the longest lake coastline in the world: about 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi), excluding the coastline of its many inner islands. Even if it is considered two lakes, Lake Huron alone would still have the longest coastline in the world at 2,980 kilometres (1,850 mi).
The largest island in a lake is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, with a surface area of 2,766 square kilometres (1,068 sq mi). Lake Manitou, on Manitoulin Island, is the largest lake on an island in a lake.
The largest lake on an island is Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island, with an area of 5,542 square kilometres (2,140 sq mi) and a maximum length of 123 kilometres (76 mi).[59]
The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is Wollaston Lake.
Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra is in what is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth.
The largest lake completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei in the city of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001, this status was held by Lake Ramsey, also in Sudbury.
Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic is the only saltwater lake in the world inhabited by crocodiles.
Lake Bernard, Ontario, Canada, claims to be the largest lake in the world with no islands.
The largest lake in one country is Lake Michigan, in the U.S.A. However, it is sometimes considered part of Lake Michigan-Huron, making the record go to Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, in Canada, the largest lake within one jurisdiction.
The largest lake on an island in a lake on an island is Crater Lake on Vulcano Island in Lake Taal on the island of Luzon, The Philippines.
The northernmost named lake on Earth is Upper Dumbell Lake in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada at a latitude of 82°28'N. It is 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) southwest of Alert, the northernmost settlement in the world. There are also several small lakes north of Upper Dumbell Lake, but they are all unnamed and only appear on very detailed maps.

text: Largest by continent[edit]

text: The largest lakes (surface area) by continent are:

text:
Australia – Lake Eyre (salt lake)
Africa – Lake Victoria, also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa.
Antarctica – Lake Vostok (subglacial)
Asia – Lake Baikal (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but is divided between the two geographic continents)
Oceania – Lake Eyre when filled; the largest permanent (and freshwater) lake in Oceania is Lake Taupo.
Europe – Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both in northwestern Russia.
North America – Lake Michigan-Huron, which is hydrologically a single lake. However, lakes Huron and Michigan are usually considered separate lakes, in which case Lake Superior would be the largest.[46]
South America – Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres (12,507 ft) above sea level. The much larger Lake Maracaibo is much older, but perceived by some to no longer be genuinely a lake for multiple reasons.


document_title: Leprosy

question_text: where is leprosy most commonly found in the world

question_tokens: where is leprosy most commonly found in the world

text: Leprosy

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Leprosy is mostly a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions (light or dark patches) are the primary external sign.[16] If untreated, leprosy can progress and cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes.[17][18] Secondary infections, in turn, can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body.[17][18][19]

text:
Hands deformed by leprosy

Leprosy in Tahiti, circa 1895

A 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions

A 13-year-old boy with severe leprosy

text: Cause[edit]

text: M. leprae and M. lepromatosis[edit]

text: M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are the causative agents of leprosy. M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy in 2008.[4][16]

text: An intracellular, acid-fast bacterium, M. leprae is aerobic and rod-shaped, and is surrounded by the waxy cell membrane coating characteristic of the Mycobacterium genus.[20]

text: Due to extensive loss of genes necessary for independent growth, M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are obligate intracellular pathogens, and unculturable in the laboratory, a factor that leads to difficulty in definitively identifying the organism under a strict interpretation of Koch's postulates.[4][21] The use of nonculture-based techniques such as molecular genetics has allowed for alternative establishment of causation.

text: While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture in vitro, it has been possible to grow them in animals such as mice and armadillos.

text: Naturally occurring infection also has been reported in nonhuman primates, including the African chimpanzee, sooty mangabey, and cynomolgus macaque, as well as in armadillos and red squirrels.[22]

text: Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) - a threatened species - in England were found to have leprosy in November 2016.[23] However, no squirrel cases have spread to a human for hundreds of years.[24]

text: Risk factors[edit]

text: The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another case of leprosy. Contacts of people with leprosy are five to eight times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population.[5] Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty.[2]

text: Other risk factors are poorly understood. However, conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or host genetic differences, may increase the risk of developing leprosy.[5] Despite this, infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy.[25]

text: Transmission[edit]

text: Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected.[26] Transmission is proposed to be by nasal droplets,[9][26] but many questions remain about its mode of transmission and epidemiology.[27]

text: Leprosy is not known to be either sexually transmitted or highly infectious. People are generally no longer infectious after the first month of standard multidrug therapy.[26]

text: Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by armadillos.[28]

text: Two exit routes of M. leprae from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the dermis, but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful.[29]

text: The skin and the upper respiratory tract are most likely entry route. While older research dealt with the skin route, recent research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Experimental transmission of leprosy through aerosols containing M. leprae in immunosuppressed mice was accomplished, suggesting a similar possibility in humans.[30]

text: Genetics[edit]

text:
Name
Locus
OMIM
Gene

LPRS1
10p13
609888

LPRS2
6q25
607572
PARK2, PACRG

LPRS3
4q32
246300
TLR2

LPRS4
6p21.3
610988
LTA

LPRS5
4p14
613223
TLR1

LPRS6
13q14.11
613407

text: Several genes have been associated with a susceptibility to leprosy. Often, the immune system is able to eliminate leprosy during the early infection stage before severe symptoms develop.[31] A defect in cell-mediated immunity may cause susceptibility to leprosy. The region of DNA responsible for this variability is also involved in Parkinson's disease, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the biochemical level.[32] Some evidence indicates not all people who are infected with M. leprae develop leprosy, and genetic factors have long been thought to play a role, due to the observation of clustering of leprosy around certain families, and the failure to understand why certain individuals develop lepromatous leprosy while others develop other types of leprosy.[33]

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: How the infection produces the symptoms of the disease is not known.[9]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: According to the World Health Organization, diagnosis in areas where people are frequently infected is based on one of these main signs:

text:
Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss
Positive skin smears

text: Skin lesions can be single or multiple, and usually hypopigmented, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be macules (flat), papules (raised), or nodular. The sensory loss at the skin lesion is important because this feature can help differentiate it from other causes of skin lesions such as tinea versicolor. Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness. However, without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss, muscle weakness is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy.

text: In some cases, acid-fast leprosy bacilli in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is clinical.[34]

text: Diagnosis in areas where the disease is uncommon, such as the United States, is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes.[35]

text: Many kinds of leprosy are known, but some symptoms are common to them, including runny nose, dry scalp, eye problems, skin lesions, muscle weakness, reddish skin, smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand, loss of sensation in fingers and toes, thickening of peripheral nerves, and flat nose due to destruction of nasal cartilage. Also, phonation and resonation of sound occur during speech. Often, atrophy of the testes with resulting impotence occurs.

text: Classification[edit]

text: Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist, but parallels exist.

text:
The World Health Organization system distinguishes "paucibacillary" and "multibacillary" based upon the proliferation of bacteria.[36]("pauci-" refers to a low quantity.)
The Ridley-Jopling scale provides five gradations.[37][38]
The ICD-10, though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate ("I") entry.[29]
In MeSH, three groupings are used.

text:
WHO
Ridley-Jopling
ICD-10
MeSH
Description
Lepromin test

Paucibacillary
tuberculoid ("TT"),
borderline
tuberculoid ("BT")
A30.1, A30.2
Tuberculoid
It is characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells.
Positive

Multibacillary
midborderline
or
borderline ("BB")
A30.3
Borderline
Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form.

Multibacillary
borderline lepromatous ("BL"),
and lepromatous ("LL")
A30.4, A30.5
Lepromatous
It is associated with symmetric skin lesions, nodules, plaques, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and nose bleeds, but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late.
Negative

text: A difference in immune response to the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms is seen.[39]

text: Leprosy may also be divided into:[40]:344–346

text:
Early and indeterminate leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline leprosy
Borderline lepromatous leprosy
Lepromatous leprosy
Histoid leprosy
Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí

text: This disease may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions.[26][41][42][43][44][45]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people with leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home.[46] However, concerns are known of resistance, cost, and disclosure of a person's infection status when doing follow-up of contacts. Therefore, the WHO recommends that people who live in the same household be examined for leprosy and be treated only if symptoms are present.[46]

text: The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its target of tuberculosis.[47] It appears to be 26 to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one.[48][49] Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing.[46][50][51][52]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: A number of leprostatic agents are available for treatment. For paucibacillary (PB or tuberculoid) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and monthly rifampicin for six months is recommended,[2] while for multibacillary (MB or lepromatous) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and clofazimine along with monthly rifampicin for 12 months is recommended.[2]

text: Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose.[26] It is safe and easy to use under field conditions due to its presentation in calendar blister packs.[26] Relapse rates remain low, and no resistance to the combined drugs is seen.[26]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: In 2015, the number of cases of leprosy was about 175,000 and the number of new cases was 210,000.[54]

text: As of 2013, 14 countries contain 95% of the globally reported leprosy cases.[55] Of these, India has the greatest number of cases (59%), followed by Brazil (14%) and Indonesia (8%).[55] Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets of high prevalence remain in certain areas such as Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific.

text: The number of cases of leprosy was in the tens of millions in the 1960s; a series of national (the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) and international (the WHO's "Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy") initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease.[9][56] In 1995, two to three million people were estimated to be permanently disabled because of leprosy.[57]

text: Disease burden[edit]

text: Although the number of new leprosy cases occurring each year is important as a measure of transmission, it is difficult to measure due to leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and the lack of laboratory tools to detect it in the very early stages. Instead, the registered prevalence is used. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time.[58]

text: New case detection is another indicator of the disease that is usually reported by countries on an annual basis. It includes cases diagnosed with the onset of disease in the year in question (true incidence) and a large proportion of cases with onset in previous years (termed a backlog prevalence of undetected cases).

text: Endemic countries also report the number of new cases with established disabilities at the time of detection, as an indicator of the backlog prevalence. Determination of the time of onset of the disease is, in general, unreliable, is very labor-intensive, and is seldom done in recording these statistics.

text: History[edit]

text: Using comparative genomics, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of M. leprae with specific regional locations. Strain 1 occurs predominantly in Asia, the Pacific region, and East Africa; strain 4, in West Africa and the Caribbean; strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas; and strain 2 only in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nepal/north India, and New Caledonia.

text: On the basis of this, they offer a map of the dissemination of leprosy in the world. This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa.[59]

text: The oldest skeletal evidence for the disease date from 2000 BCE, as found in human remains from the archaeological sites of Balathal in India and Harappa in Pakistan.[60][61]

text: Although retrospectively identifying descriptions of leprosy-like symptoms is difficult, what appears to be leprosy was discussed by Hippocrates in 460 BC. In 1846, Francis Adams produced The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs.[62]

text: Interpretations of the presence of leprosy have been made on the basis of descriptions in ancient Indian (Atharva Veda and Kausika Sutra), Greek, and Middle Eastern documentary sources that describe skin afflictions.[63]

text: Skeletal remains from the second millennium BC, discovered in 2009, represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy. Located at Balathal, in Rajasthan, northwest India, the discoverers suggest that if the disease did migrate from Africa to India, during the third millennium BC "at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa so as to confirm the African origin of the disease."[64] A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem dated by radiocarbon methods to 1–50 AD.[65]

text: The causative agent of leprosy, M. leprae, was discovered by G. H. Armauer Hansen in Norway in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans.[66] The first effective treatment (promin) became available in the 1940s.[67] In the 1950s, dapsone was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of clofazimine and rifampicin in the 1960s and 1970s.[68] Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance.[69] MDT combining all three drugs was first recommended by the WHO in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens.

text: Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with mercury—as was syphilis, which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis.[70]

text: Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community.[71]

text: Japan still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law).[72]

text: The importance of the nasal mucosa in the transmission of M leprae was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa.[73]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: British India enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898 which institutionalized those affected and segregated them by gender to prevent reproduction. The Act was difficult to enforce but was repealed in 1983 only after MDT therapy had become widely available. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease burden.[74]

text: Treatment cost[edit]

text: Between 1995 and 1999, the WHO, with the aid of the Nippon Foundation, supplied all endemic countries with free MDT in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the MDT manufacturer Novartis through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free MDT by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2020. At the national level, nongovernment organizations affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of this WHO-supplied MDT by the government.

text: Historical texts[edit]

text: Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the Atharava Veda, as early as 2000 BC. Another Indian text, the Laws of Manu (1500 BC),  prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable.[75]

text: Biblically speaking, the Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע, --tsaw-rah' -- to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός - lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.…) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, and/or discoloration on walls surfaces throughout homes all came under the "law of leprosy" (Leviticus 14:54-57).[76] Ancient sources also such as the Talmud (Sifra 63) make clear that tzaraath refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with ritual impurity and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. It may sometimes be a symptom of the disease described in this article but has many other causes, as well. The New Testament describes instances of Jesus healing people with leprosy (Luke 5:10), although the precise relationship between this, tzaraath, and Hansen's disease is not established.

text: The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean may be connected to a passage from Leviticus 13: 44-46, among others. Judeo-Christian belief, for some, held that leprosy was of moral consequence, and, as in many societies, early Christians believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope Gregory the Great (540-604) and Isidor of Seville (560-636) considered people with the disease to be heretics.[77]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: It is believed that a rise in leprosy in Europe occurred in the Middle Ages based on the increased number of hospitals created to treat leprosy patients in the 12th and 13th centuries.[78][79][80] France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosariums during this period.

text: The social perception in medieval communities was generally one of fear, and those people infected with the disease were thought to be unclean, untrustworthy, and morally corrupt.[77] People with leprosy were also often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. Segregation from mainstream society was common. The third Lateran Council of 1179 and a 1346 edict by King Edward expelled lepers from city limits. Because of the moral stigma of the disease, methods of treatment were both physical and spiritual, and leprosariums were established under the purview of the church.[77][81]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Norway[edit]

text: Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking of the rate of infection.

text: Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists Daniel Cornelius Danielssen and Carl Wilhelm Boeck. Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by gender to prevent reproduction.[82][83][84]

text: Colonialism and imperialism[edit]

text: Though leprosy in Europe was again on the decline by the 1860s, Western countries embraced isolation treatment out of fear of the spread of disease from developing countries, minimal understanding of bacteriology, lack of diagnostic ability or knowledge of how contagious the disease was, and missionary activity.[74] Growing imperialism and pressures of the industrial revolution resulted in a Western presence in countries where leprosy was endemic, namely the British presence in India. Isolation treatment methods were observed by Surgeon-Mayor Henry Vandyke Carter of the British Colony in India while visiting Norway, and these methods were applied in India with the financial and logistical assistance of religious missionaries. Colonial and religious influence and associated stigma continued to be a major factor in the treatment and public perception of leprosy in endemic developing countries until the mid-twentieth century.[74]

text: Stigma[edit]

text: Despite effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished or marginalized populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by other social inequities. Fears of ostracism, loss of employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment.

text: Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those afflicted in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is transmitted by dogs, it is a disease associated with sexual promiscuity, and is sometimes thought to be punishment for sins or moral transgressions.[85] Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions.

text: In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an "untouchable" status that "often persists long after (individuals with leprosy) have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks." [86]

text: Programs and treatment[edit]

text: The WHO states that diagnosis and treatment with MDT are easy and effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since MDT has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information.[87]

text: In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and NGOs alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful.[88]

text: Notable cases[edit]

text:
Saint Damien DeVeuster, a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of Molokaʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.[89]
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem was a Christian king of Latin Jerusalem afflicted with leprosy.[90]
King Henry IV of England (reigned 1399 to 1413) possibly had leprosy.[91]
Vietnamese poet Hàn Mặc Tử[92]
Ōtani Yoshitsugu, a Japanese daimyō[93]
Forough Farrokhzad made a 22-minute documentary about a leprosy colony in Iran in 1962 called The House Is Black. The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that "there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it."

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Wild nine-banded armadillos (Dayspus novemcinctus) in south central United States often carry Mycobacterium leprae.[94] This is believed to be because armadillos have such a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see.[95] Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of M. leprae and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions did not persist at the site of entry in animals, M. leprae multiplied in macrophages at the site of inoculation and lymph nodes.[96]


document_title: America the Beautiful Quarters

question_text: when does the next national park quarter come out

text: America the Beautiful Quarters

text: Coin designs[edit]

text: Quarters will be issued depicting designs of national parks and sites in the order of which that park or site was deemed a national site.[3] The quarters from three different states will depict parks or sites that were previously portrayed on the state quarters (Grand Canyon in Arizona, Yosemite in California, and Mount Rushmore in South Dakota). Though they will depict the same sites, they bear new designs.[3]

text:
Year

No.

Jurisdiction

Site

Design

Elements depicted

Release date[4](national site date)

Mintage[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]

Denver

Philadelphia

Total

2010

1

Arkansas

Hot Springs National Park

The park headquarters building with a thermal fountain in front of it

April 19, 2010(April 20, 1832)

34,000,000

35,600,000

69,600,000

2

Wyoming

Yellowstone National Park

A bison and Old Faithful

June 1, 2010(March 1, 1872)

34,800,000

33,600,000

68,400,000

3

California

Yosemite National Park

El Capitan

July 26, 2010(October 1, 1890)

34,800,000

35,200,000

70,000,000

4

Arizona

Grand Canyon National Park

Marble Canyon

September 20, 2010(February 20, 1893)

35,400,000

34,800,000

70,200,000

5

Oregon

Mount Hood National Forest

Lost Lake with Mount Hood in the distance

November 15, 2010(September 28, 1893)

34,400,000

34,400,000

69,000,000

2011

6

Pennsylvania

Gettysburg National Military Park

The 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument

January 24, 2011(February 11, 1895)

30,400,000

30,800,000

61,200,000

7

Montana

Glacier National Park

A mountain goat with Reynolds Mountain in the distance

April 4, 2011(February 22, 1897)

31,200,000

30,400,000

61,600,000

8

Washington

Olympic National Park

A Roosevelt elk at the Hoh River with Mount Olympus in the distance

June 13, 2011(February 22, 1897)

30,600,000

30,400,000

61,000,000

9

Mississippi

Vicksburg National Military Park

The USS Cairo on the Yazoo River

August 29, 2011(February 21, 1899)

33,400,000

30,800,000

64,200,000

10

Oklahoma

Chickasaw National Recreation Area

The Lincoln Bridge

November 14, 2011(July 1, 1902)

69,400,000

73,800,000

143,200,000

2012

11

Puerto Rico

El Yunque National Forest

A Puerto Rican parrot and a coqui tree frog

January 23, 2012(January 17, 1903)

25,000,000

25,800,000

50,800,000

12

New Mexico

Chaco Culture National Historical Park

Two elevated kivas that are part of the Chetro Ketl complex

April 2, 2012(March 11, 1907)

22,000,000

22,000,000

44,000,000

13

Maine

Acadia National Park

The Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse

June 11, 2012(July 8, 1916)

21,606,000

24,800,000

46,406,000

14

Hawaii

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Kīlauea

August 27, 2012(August 1, 1916)

78,600,000

46,200,000

124,800,000

15

Alaska

Denali National Park and Preserve

A Dall sheep with Denali in the background

November 5, 2012(February 26, 1917)

166,600,000

135,400,000

302,000,000

2013

16

New Hampshire

White Mountain National Forest

Mount Chocorua with birch trees in the foreground

January 28, 2013(May 16, 1918)

107,600,000

68,800,000

176,400,000

17

Ohio

Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial

The statue of Oliver Hazard Perry and the International Peace Memorial column

April 1, 2013(March 3, 1919)

131,600,000

107,800,000

239,400,000

18

Nevada

Great Basin National Park

A bristlecone pine

June 10, 2013(January 24, 1922)

141,400,000

122,400,000

263,800,000

19

Maryland

Fort McHenry National Monument

Fort McHenry under bombardment

August 26, 2013(March 3, 1925)

151,400,000

120,000,000

271,400,000

20

South Dakota

Mount Rushmore National Memorial

Workers carving the Mount Rushmore National Memorial

November 4, 2013(March 3, 1925)

272,400,000

231,800,000

504,200,000

2014

21

Tennessee

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

A log cabin in the forest with a hawk in flight

January 27, 2014(May 22, 1926)

99,400,000

73,200,000

172,600,000

22

Virginia

Shenandoah National Park

A hiker at the summit of Stony Man Trail

March 31, 2014(May 22, 1926)

197,800,000

112,800,000

310,600,000

23

Utah

Arches National Park

Delicate Arch with the La Sal Mountains in the distance

June 9, 2014(April 12, 1929)

251,400,000

214,200,000

465,600,000

24

Colorado

Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve

A father and son playing on the banks of a creek, with sand dunes and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in the background

August 25, 2014(March 17, 1932)

171,800,000

159,600,000

331,400,000

25

Florida

Everglades National Park

An anhinga on a willow, and a roseate spoonbill wading in the water

November 3, 2014(May 30, 1934)

142,400,000

157,601,200

300,001,200

2015

26

Nebraska

Homestead National Monument of America

A log cabin, two ears of corn, and a water pump, representing shelter, food, and water

February 9, 2015(March 19, 1936)

248,600,000

214,400,000

463,000,000

27

Louisiana

Kisatchie National Forest

A wild turkey in flight over bluestem grass, with long leaf pines in the background

April 13, 2015(June 3, 1936)

379,600,000

397,200,000

776,800,000

28

North Carolina

Blue Ridge Parkway

A short stretch of the Blue Ridge Parkway, with flowering dogwood in the foreground

June 8, 2015(June 30, 1936)

505,200,000

325,616,000

830,816,000

29

Delaware

Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge

A great blue heron, with a great egret behind it, in a salt marsh

September 14, 2015(June 22, 1937)

206,400,000

275,000,000

481,400,000

30

New York

Saratoga National Historical Park

A close-up of John Burgoyne surrendering his sword to Horatio Gates

November 16, 2015(June 1, 1938)

215,800,000

223,000,000

438,800,000

2016

31

Illinois

Shawnee National Forest

Camel Rock and natural vegetation with a red-tailed hawk overhead

February 1, 2016(September 6, 1939)

151,800,000

155,600,000

307,400,000

32

Kentucky

Cumberland Gap National Historical Park

A frontiersman gazing across the Cumberland Mountains to the West

April 4, 2016(June 11, 1940)

223,200,000

215,400,000

438,600,000

33

West Virginia

Harpers Ferry National Historical Park

John Brown's Fort

June 6, 2016(June 30, 1944)

424,000,000

434,630,000

858,630,000

34

North Dakota

Theodore Roosevelt National Park

Theodore Roosevelt on horseback near the Little Missouri River

August 29, 2016(February 25, 1946)

223,200,000

231,600,000

454,800,000

35

South Carolina

Fort Moultrie (Fort Sumter National Monument)

William Jasper returning the regimental flag to the ramparts of Fort Moultrie

November 14, 2016(April 28, 1948)

142,200,000

154,400,000

296,600,000

2017

36

Iowa

Effigy Mounds National Monument

An aerial view of effigy mounds in the Marching Bear Group

February 6, 2017(October 25, 1949)

210,800,000

271,200,000

482,000,000

37

District of Columbia

Frederick Douglass National Historic Site

Frederick Douglass seated at a writing desk with his home in the background

April 3, 2017(September 5, 1962)

185,800,000

184,800,000

370,600,000

38

Missouri

Ozark National Scenic Riverways

Alley Mill

June 5, 2017(August 27, 1964)

200,000,000

203,000,000

403,000,000

39

New Jersey

Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty National Monument)

An immigrant family approaching Ellis Island

August 28, 2017(May 11, 1965)

254,000,000

234,000,000

488,000,000

40

Indiana

George Rogers Clark National Historical Park

George Rogers Clark leading his men through the flooded plains approaching Fort Sackville

November 13, 2017(July 23, 1966)

180,800,000

196,600,000

377,400,000

2018

41

Michigan

Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore

Chapel Rock, with a white pine tree

February 5, 2018(October 15, 1966)

182,600,000

186,714,000

369,314,000

42

Wisconsin

Apostle Islands National Lakeshore

Devils Island, with sea caves and the Devils Island Lighthouse, and a kayaker in the foreground

April 9, 2018(September 26, 1970)

213,400,000

223,200,000

436,600,000

43

Minnesota

Voyageurs National Park

A common loon, with a rock cliff in the background

June 11, 2018(January 8, 1971)

197,800,000

237,400,000

435,200,000

44

Georgia

Cumberland Island National Seashore

A snowy egret, with a salt marsh in the background

August 27, 2018(October 23, 1972)

TBA

TBA

TBA

45

Rhode Island

Block Island National Wildlife Refuge

A black-crowned night heron flying over Cow Cove beach, with the North Lighthouse in the background

November 13, 2018(April 12, 1973)

TBA

TBA

TBA

2019

46

Massachusetts

Lowell National Historical Park

A mill girl working at a power loom, with the Boott Mill clock tower outside the window

TBD 2019(June 5, 1978)

TBA

TBA

TBA

47

Northern Mariana Islands

American Memorial Park

A young Chamorro woman at the Flag Circle and Court of Honor

TBD 2019(August 18, 1978)

TBA

TBA

TBA

48

Guam

War in the Pacific National Historical Park

American forces coming ashore during the Second Battle of Guam

TBD 2019(August 18, 1978)

TBA

TBA

TBA

49

Texas

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park

Elements of the Spanish colonial real coin: arches and a bell symbolizing community, a lion symbolizing Spanish cultural heritage, waves symbolizing the waters of the San Antonio River, and wheat symbolizing farming

TBD 2019(November 10, 1978)

TBA

TBA

TBA

50

Idaho

Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness

A drift boat on the Salmon River, with the wilderness in the background

TBD 2019(July 23, 1980)

TBA

TBA

TBA

2020

51

American Samoa

National Park of American Samoa

TBD

TBD

TBD 2020(October 31, 1988)

TBA

TBA

TBA

52

Connecticut

Weir Farm National Historic Site

TBD

TBD

TBD 2020(October 31, 1990)

TBA

TBA

TBA

53

U.S. Virgin Islands

Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve

TBD

TBD

TBD 2020(February 24, 1992)

TBA

TBA

TBA

54

Vermont

Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park

TBD

TBD

TBD 2020(August 26, 1992)

TBA

TBA

TBA

55

Kansas

Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve

TBD

TBD

TBD 2020(November 12, 1996)

TBA

TBA

TBA

2021

56

Alabama

Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site

TBD

TBD

TBD 2021(November 6, 1998)

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Site breakdown[edit]

text: Of the 56 designs there are

text:
48 National Park Service areas
18 National parks
5 National monuments
13 National Historic Sites and National Historical Parks
3 National lakeshores and seashores
1 National recreation area
2 National military parks
2 National memorials
1 National parkway
1 National preserve
1 National river
5 National Forests (United States Forest Service)
1 Wilderness area, composed of six national forests
2 National Wildlife Refuges (United States Fish and Wildlife Service)

text: Mintage details[edit]

text: Beginning with the El Yunque (Puerto Rico) design in the America the Beautiful Quarters program, the U.S. Mint began selling (at a premium) uncirculated 40-coin rolls and 100-coin bags of quarters with the San Francisco mint mark. These coins were not included in the 2012 uncirculated sets or the three-coin ATB quarter sets (which consisted of an uncirculated "P" and "D" and proof "S" specimen) and no "S" mint-marked quarters are being released into circulation, so that mintages will be determined solely by direct demand for the "S" mint-marked coins. As of January 2013 initial United States Mint sales figures indicated that between 1.3 million and 1.6 million of each 2012 design had been struck at the San Francisco mint, close to the announced mintage of 1.4 million for each design. Direct U.S. Mint sale of rolls and bags of uncirculated business strike coins continued with the 2013 America the Beautiful quarter issues, with actual quantities again to be determined by customer orders. The mintages of the uncirculated "S" quarters are considerably lower than that of the "P" and "D" mint-marked coins, and are comparable to the 1996-w Roosevelt Dime (also not issued for circulation), which sells in the neighborhood of $20 each in an average grade.

text: Also notable are the 2010 satin finish quarters issued only in 2010 mint sets with a low mintage of 583,897, and proof and silver proof issues, some with mintages almost as low as the 2010 satin finish quarters.

text: There are collector versions of the America the Beautiful 5 ounce Silver Bullion Coin Program which debuted in December 10, 2010. They feature an uncirculated finish and contain a ‘P’ mintmark indicating they were struck at the US Mint’s facility in Philadelphia. The bullion coins were also struck in Philadelphia but contain no mintmark. The United States Mint struck these coins late in 2010 with an extremely limited mintage of only 27,000. The Mint apparently had insufficient time to strike more before the end of the year owing to initial production difficulties with both America the Beautiful Five Ounce Coin series. This forced the Mint to only release these Hot Springs Coins the following year on April 28, 2011. Demand was intense in the first hours of availability with collectors ordering 19,000 of them in the first nine hours. Within two weeks, the Mint indicated a sell-out of the limited mintage strikes. Each coin's price is determined by the current value of silver and the 2010 issues sold for $279.95. Many subsequent issues have even lower mintages and higher secondary market values. These 5 oz. silver quarters are the "Big Boys'" quarter collection and due to their low mintage, have increased their value over issue price, even in the face of declining silver prices.

text: Year map[edit]

text: The following map shows the years in which the selected National Park or site in each jurisdiction will be honored.

text:
The following table has the quarters grouped by year.

Color

Year

1st release

2nd release

3rd release

4th release

5th release

2010

Hot Springs National Park (Arkansas)

Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming)

Yosemite National Park (California)

Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona)

Mount Hood National Forest (Oregon)

2011

Gettysburg National Military Park (Pennsylvania)

Glacier National Park (Montana)

Olympic National Park (Washington)

Vicksburg National Military Park (Mississippi)

Chickasaw National Recreation Area (Oklahoma)

2012

El Yunque National Forest (Puerto Rico)

Chaco Culture National Historical Park (New Mexico)

Acadia National Park (Maine)

Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park (Hawaii)

Denali National Park and Preserve (Alaska)

2013

White Mountain National Forest (New Hampshire)

Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial (Ohio)

Great Basin National Park (Nevada)

Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine (Maryland)

Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota)

2014

Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Tennessee)

Shenandoah National Park (Virginia)

Arches National Park (Utah)

Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (Colorado)

Everglades National Park (Florida)

2015

Homestead National Monument of America (Nebraska)

Kisatchie National Forest (Louisiana)

Blue Ridge Parkway (North Carolina)

Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge (Delaware)

Saratoga National Historical Park (New York)

2016

Shawnee National Forest (Illinois)

Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (Kentucky)

Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (West Virginia)

Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota)

Fort Moultrie (Fort Sumter National Monument) (South Carolina)

2017

Effigy Mounds National Monument (Iowa)

Frederick Douglass National Historic Site (Washington, D.C.)

Ozark National Scenic Riverways (Missouri)

Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty National Monument) (New Jersey)

George Rogers Clark National Historical Park (Indiana)

2018

Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (Michigan)

Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (Wisconsin)

Voyageurs National Park (Minnesota)

Cumberland Island National Seashore (Georgia)

Block Island National Wildlife Refuge (Rhode Island)

2019

Lowell National Historical Park (Massachusetts)

American Memorial Park (Northern Mariana Islands)

War in the Pacific National Historical Park (Guam)

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park (Texas)

Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness (Idaho)

2020

National Park of American Samoa (American Samoa)

Weir Farm National Historic Site (Connecticut)

Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (United States Virgin Islands)

Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park (Vermont)

Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (Kansas)

2021

Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site (Alabama)

N/A