document_title: Dogue de Bordeaux

question_text: what kind of dog is turner and hooch

question_tokens: what kind of dog is turner and hooch

text: Dogue de Bordeaux

text: History[edit]

text:
The Dogue de Bordeaux was known in France as early as the fourteenth century, particularly in southern France in the region around Bordeaux. Hence, the city lent its name to this large dog.
A uniform breed type of the Bordeaux Dog did not exist before about 1920.[1]

text: The French placed emphasis on keeping the old breeding line pure. Black masks were considered an indication of the crossing in of the English Mastiff. As an important indication of purity of the breed, attention was paid to the self colored (pink) nose, lighter eye color (dark amber), and red mask. They were originally bred with huge heads; a pioneer for the breed in Germany, Werner Preugschat once wrote:

text: What am I supposed to do with a dog that has a monstrous skull and is at most able to carry it from the food dish to its bed?

text: The Dogue de Bordeaux was at one time known to come in two varieties, Dogues and Doguins, the Dogue being considerably larger than the Doguin. The smaller Doguin has withered away to nothing more than a mention in breed history books, as it is no longer in existence.

text: The history of the breed is believed to predate the Bullmastiff and the Bulldog. It is said that the Dogue can be found in the background of the Bullmastiff, and others claim that the Dogue and Mastiff breeds were both being accomplished at the same time. Another theory is the Dogue de Bordeaux originates from the Tibetan Mastiff and it is also said that the Dogue is related to the Greco Roman molossoids used for war.[citation needed]

text: As there was a breed similar to the Dogue de Bordeaux in Rome at the time of Julius Caesar's reign, possibly a cousin of the Neapolitan Mastiff. Others suggest that the Dogue de Bordeaux is a descendent of a breed which existed in ancient France, the Dogues de Bordeaux of Aquitaine. Whichever theory is true, it is obvious that the Dogue de Bordeaux shares the same common links as all modern molossers.

text: The Dogue de Bordeaux was once classified into three varieties, the Parisian, the Toulouse and the Bordeaux, types which were bred depending on the region of France and the jobs it was required to do. The ancestral Dogue de Bordeaux had various coat colors, such as brindle and a majority of white markings that carried fully up the legs. It had scissor bites in some regions, undershot in others; a big head or a small head, a large body or a small body; very inconsistent in type. Another controversial aspect was the mask, red (brown), none or black. The Dogue de Bordeaux of Bordeaux of the time also sported cropped ears. Regardless, it had a general type similar to today's Dogue de Bordeaux.

text: Breeding[edit]

text: In 1863, the first canine exhibition was held at the "Jardin d'Acclimatation" in Paris, France. The winner of the Dogue de Bordeaux was a female named Magentas. The Dogue de Bordeaux was then given the name of the capital of its region of origin, today's Dogue de Bordeaux.

text: During the 1960s, a group of breeders of the Dogue de Bordeaux in France, headed by Raymond Triquet, worked on the rebuilding of the foundation of the breed. In 1970, a new standard was written for the breed, with the most recent update in 1995. This standard is the basis of the standard written for the AKC in 2005.

text: Although the Dogue de Bordeaux first arrived in the USA in the 1890s for the show ring, the first documented Dogues de Bordeaux of modern times appeared in 1959[clarification needed], Fidelle de Fenelon; and in 1968, Rugby de la Maison des Arbres. Between 1969 and 1980, imported Dogues de Bordeaux in the USA were scarce, limited to a few breeders who worked closely with the French Dogue de Bordeaux Club, the SADB. The breed was first "officially" introduced to American purebred enthusiasts in an article written in 1982 and by the American anthropologist, Dr. Carl Semencic for "Dog World" magazine. That article, entitled "Introducing the Dogue de Bordeaux", was followed by chapters dedicated to the Dogue in Semencic's books on dogs, published by T.F.H. Publications of Neptune, New Jersey. When Semencic's first article on the breed was published, there were no Bordeaux Dogues in the United States. There were 600 examples left in the world, mostly in France, the Netherlands and East Berlin, and the breed's numbers were on the decline. Much later, in 1989, the typical American family saw the Dogue de Bordeaux for the first time on the big screen in Touchstone's movie Turner & Hooch about a policeman and his canine partner, although many people[who?] did not know that the massive slobbering animal was a Dogue de Bordeaux.

text: Since then, the Dogue de Bordeaux has taken hold in the United States and can be found in greatly increasing numbers across the country. The Dogue de Bordeaux has been supported by multiple breed clubs throughout the years, and has finally found its way to full AKC recognition through the assistance of the Dogue de Bordeaux Society of America. Since 1997, the DDBSA has helped bring the breed to the point in which full AKC recognition could be achieved.

text: The Dogue de Bordeaux has begun to flourish is recent years, with its introduction into more movies and even television, as well as its full recognition status by the American Kennel Club, also known as the AKC (full AKC recognition began July 2008). Its numbers are climbing, but careful attention must be paid to health in the breed if its increase in popularity is to show a positive forward motion.

text: The breed was first exhibited in France in 1863 after which time it gained in popularity not only in their home country but in other parts of the world. The first record of Dogue de Bordeaux in the UK can be seen in the Kennel Club Gazette in 1897.[2] The breed was officially recognised by the Kennel Club (UK) in 1997[3] but it was not until 2001[4] that the Kennel Club (UK) accepted an interim breed standard.

text: Appearance[edit]

text:
The Dogue de Bordeaux is a well balanced, muscular and massive dog with a powerful build. The Dogue's size should come mostly from width and muscles, rather than height.[citation needed]
The breed is set somewhat low to the ground and is not tall like the English Mastiff. The body of the Dogue de Bordeaux is thick-set, with a top-line that has a slight dip (topline is never completely straight) and a gentle rounded croup. The front legs should be straight and heavy-boned, well up on pasterns, down to tight cat-like feet. The straight tail, beginning thickly at the base and then tapering to a point at the end, should not reach lower than the hocks, and is set and carried low. The breed is to be presented in a completely natural condition with intact ears, tail, and natural dewclaws. It should be evaluated equally for correctness in conformation, temperament, movement, and overall structural soundness.[citation needed]

text: Weight[edit]

text: The breed standards by European FCI and the American Kennel Club specify a minimum weight of 99 pounds (45 kg) for a female and 110 pounds (50 kg) for a male.[5] There is no formally stated maximum weight, but dogs must be balanced with regard to their overall type and the conformation standards of the breed.[citation needed]

text: Height[edit]

text: The standard states that the desirable height, at maturity, should range between 24 to 27 inches (61 to 69 cm) for male dogs and from 23 to 26 inches (58 to 66 cm) for females.[5] Deviation from these margins is considered a fault.[citation needed]

text: Head[edit]

text: The massive head is a crucial breed characteristic. The Dogue de Bordeaux is claimed to have the largest head in the canine world, in proportion to the rest of the body. For males, the circumference of the head, measured at the widest point of the skull, is roughly equal to the dog's height at the withers (shoulders). For females, the circumference may be slightly less. When viewed from the front or from above, the head of the Dogue forms a trapezoid shape with the longer top-line of the skull, and the shorter line of the underjaw, forming the parallel sides of the trapezoid. The jaw is undershot and powerful. The Dogue should always have a black or red mask that can be distinguished from the rest of the coat around and under the nose, including the lips and eye rims. The nose colour in red-masked dogs should be brown, in black-masked dogs, it must be black. The muzzle should be at most a third of the total length of the head and no shorter than a quarter of the length of the head, the ideal being between the two extremes. The upper lip hangs thickly down over the lower jaw. The upper lips of the Dogue de Bordeaux hangs over the lower lips. The skin on the neck is loose, forming a noticeable dewlap, but should not resemble that of a Neapolitan Mastiff. Small pendant ears top the head, but should not be long and hound like.[citation needed]

text: Coat[edit]

text: The standard specifies the coat to be 'short, fine, and soft to the touch'. Color varies from shades of fawn (light, coppery red) to mahogany (dark, brownish red) with a black, brown, or red mask, although the red mask is true to the breed. White markings are permitted on the tips of the toes and on the chest, but white on any other part of the body is considered a fault, and a disqualifying one if the pigmentation goes beyond the neck.[citation needed]

text: Health[edit]

text: While larger breeds of canines tend to have shorter life expectancy, the life expectancy of the Dogue is still shorter than even breeds of comparable or larger size.[6] According to data collected by the Dogue De Bordeaux Society of America, the average lifespan of the breed is 5 to 6 years.[7] A veterinary database in the UK showed similar figures.[8] In the American survey, the oldest dog in the record was 12 years old.[7] The Society is actively recording dogs that are 7 years old or older to celebrate the longer-lived dogs.[9]

text: Because of its brachycephalic head, the Dogue can be affected by breathing problems. Some may be heat- and exercise-intolerant as a result.[10] The FCI standard considers excessive shortness of breath and raspy breathing in the Dogue a severe fault.[11] The brachycephalic head shape can also encourage ectropion—an outward rolling of the lower eyelid— which can lead to conjunctivitis (eye inflammation) and bacterial infections.[12] Under the UK Kennel Club's Breed Watch system, the Dogue is classed as a Category 3 breed (formerly High Profile Breed), meaning it is a breed "where some dogs have visible conditions or exaggerations that can cause pain or discomfort."[13]

text: Aortic stenosis is a disease of the heart valve in which the opening of the aortic valve is narrowed. Symptoms include exercise intolerance, exertional syncope (fainting from physical exertion) and sudden death. One study suggests a high predisposition in the breed. No severe cases were found in adult dogs, and most moderate to severely affected dogs died before one year of age, leading the authors to speculate that the disease is more severe in the Dogue than in other breeds.[14]

text: Another heart problem in the breed is dilated cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently. Some affected dogs may die suddenly without showing any signs of problems. Others may die from congestive heart failure after several weeks or months. Affected dogs are often euthanized at an early stage to avoid suffering.[15]

text: An estimated 5% of dogs may be affected by footpad hyperkeratosis, a thickening of the footpad and sometimes nose.[16][17] X-rays submitted voluntarily to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals shows that more than 50% of Dogues in the database are affected by hip dysplasia.[18]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Data from the Norwegian Kennel Club indicates a mean litter size of 8.1 puppies (ranging from 2-17) for the breed.[19] The breed has a high stillborn and early neonatal mortality rate, with a stillborn rate of 14.2% and early neonatal mortality (death within 1 week from birth) of 10.4%. The average across all breeds in the study was 4.3% stillbirth and 3.7% early neonatal mortality. Excluding stillborn and early deaths, the mean litter size is 6.1.[20] UK Kennel Club data shows that 27.8% (5 of 18) of Dogue litters were delivered by caesarean section.[21]


document_title: A Dog's Journey

question_text: where does a dog's journey take place

question_tokens: where does a dog 's journey take place

root

text: A Dog's Journey

text: A Dog's Journey is a 2012 book written by W. Bruce Cameron and published by Forge Books. It is the sequel to Cameron's 2010 book A Dog's Purpose.[1][2]

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: An unknown amount of time after A Dog's Purpose Hannah has allowed Gloria and her infant daughter Clarity June to stay with her at the farm after the separation of Gloria and Henry, Hannah's son. Gloria takes an immediate dislike to Buddy, Hannah's elderly dog who feels he has found his purpose.

text: Gloria falls asleep, which allows Clarity to wander off to the docks, where Clarity falls in the lake. Buddy saves Clarity from drowning, and shakes to dry off, soaking Gloria. Gloria blames Buddy, claiming he pushed Clarity into the lake and taking credit for his heroic act.

text: Clarity wanders into a horse pen, scaring the horse; Buddy saves her, but Gloria once again blames the dog. Hannah suggests that she keep Clarity at the farm while Gloria pursues her singing career; Gloria is enraged and leaves with Clarity. Hannah notices Buddy has a limp, and takes him to the vet. A veterinarian diagnoses Buddy with cancer. Buddy is euthanized shortly after.

text: Then, Buddy wakes up again, but he has been reincarnated as a different dog. This time, he is Molly and finds his way to CJ. She is older, and finds him at a shelter and takes her, against the wishes of her mother Gloria. She tries to hide him and is found after her mom finds him in the basement. However, CJ is missing out on a lot of school, and a truant officer says they must appear in court. CJ says that if Gloria lets her keep Molly, she will behave. She starts going to school, but she is arrested after she was an accomplice to her boyfriend robbing and breaking into the school.

text: Characters & What they are[edit]

text: Buddy, Molly, Toby, Max - Protagonist

text: Death - Antagonist

text: 2000's, California - Setting

text: Clarity June (CJ) - Main Character

text: Gloria- Clarity’s mother

text: Hannah- CJ’s Grandmother

text: Trent- CJ’s Friend


document_title: List of largest shopping malls

question_text: where is the world's largest mall based on total square feet

question_tokens: where is the world 's largest mall based on total square feet

text: List of largest shopping malls

text: List by gross leasable area[edit]

text: Over 400,000 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

1
South China Mall
China
Dongguan
2005
659,612 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)[1][2]
892,000 m2 (9,600,000 sq ft)
2350
Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, occupancy rates of only 10% occurred.[2]

2
SM Tianjin
China
Tianjin
2016
565,000 m2 (5,812,511 sq.ft)[3]

2500+
Owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines, a chain of shopping malls that has 71 malls located across the Philippines and 7 in China.

3
Golden Resources Mall
China
Beijing
2004
557,419 m2 (6,000,010 sq ft)[1][2]

1000+

4
SM City North EDSA
Philippines
Quezon City
1985
498,000 m2 (5,360,000 sq ft)[2][4][5]

1000+
Largest mall in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Daily foot traffic of average 950,000 people, adding up to 350,000,000 people a year.

5
1 Utama
Malaysia
Damansara
1995
480,700 m2 (5,174,000 sq ft)[6][7]

1000+
The largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Phase 1 (Old Wing) opened in 1995 while Phase 2 (New Wing) opened in 2003. Anchored by four department stores (AEON, Isetan, Tangs and Parkson), two supermarkets (AEON and Cold Storage) as well as two cinemas (GSC and TGV Cinemas). Launched of 1 Utama E in 2018 January, adds an additional 592,015 sq ft of gross built-up area (164,687 sq ft net lettable area) to the mall’s existing 5 million sq ft.

6
SM Megamall
Philippines
Mandaluyong
1991
474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[8][9][10]

1000+
Daily foot traffic of 800,000 people, adding up to 292,000,000 people a year. Caters the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.[11][12]

7
SM Seaside City Cebu
Philippines
Cebu City
2015
470,490 m2 (5,064,300 sq ft)[13]

450+
Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.

8
Isfahan City Center
Iran
Isfahan
2012
465,500 m2 (5,011,000 sq ft)[2][14]
600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)[15]
700+
Mixed-use shopping mall complex including a 5-star hotel, Cinema, the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East with 345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft), restaurants, International Financial Exchange Center, Office tower, Exhibition center and Hotel apartment.

9
Persian Gulf Complex
Iran
Shiraz
2012
450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[2][16]
450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)
2500+
World's largest by number of stores.

10
CentralWorld
Thailand
Bangkok
1990
429,500 m2 (4,623,000 sq ft)[1][2]
550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)
600
Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers.

11
SM Mall of Asia
Philippines
Pasay
2006
406,962 m2 (4,380,500 sq ft)[2][17]
407,101 m2 (4,382,000 sq ft)
1000+
Currently 4th largest mall in the Philippines w/ ongoing major expansions. The mall is expected to have a GLA of 700,000 m² and to be completed in 2018.[18][better source needed]

T-12
intu MetroCentre
United Kingdom
Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Gateshead)
1986
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[19]
975,000 m2 (10,490,000 sq ft)[20]
370+
The largest shopping mall in the UK and Europe operated by intu Properties.

T-12
New Century Global Center
China
Chengdu
2013
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)
1,700,000 m2 (18,000,000 sq ft)
2,300
Opened in 2013, the New Century Global Center stole the record of largest shopping mall in the world by total area from Dubai Mall.

T-12
Dream Mall
Taiwan
Kaohsiung
2007
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

2,300

T-13
CentralPlaza WestGate
Thailand
Bangkok
2015
333,000 m2 (3,580,000 sq ft)

T-14
Siam Paragon
Thailand
Bangkok
2005
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[2]
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
270+
[21]

tag: table

text: 300,000 to 399,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

15
Sunway Pyramid
Malaysia
Subang Jaya
1997
396,000 m2 (4,260,000 sq ft)

800+
2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama. The mall has an Egyptian-inspired pyramid with a lion design.

16
Festival Alabang
Philippines
Muntinlupa
1998
388,600 m2 (4,183,000 sq ft)

700+
There is a creek traversing the mall, with gardens on both banks. Also features a miniature railway, a Ferris wheel and a roller coaster, all indoors.

17
Lotte World Mall
South Korea
Seoul
2014
383,470 m2 (4,127,600 sq ft)[22]
826,450 m2 (8,895,800 sq ft)[22]
1000+
Largest shopping mall in South Korea.

18
Albrook Mall
Panama
Panama City
2002
380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)[2]

555
Largest shopping mall in the Americas.

19
Mal Taman Anggrek
Indonesia
Jakarta
1996
360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)[2]

528
Mall Taman Anggrek hosts the world's largest LED display recorded by Guinness World Record.[23]

20
The Avenues Mall
Kuwait
Kuwait City
2007
357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft)
412,709 m2 (4,442,360 sq ft)
800+
252,000 m2 (2,710,000 sq ft) GLA as of Q1 2012, phase IV (under construction)[24] brings total GLA to 357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft) with an extra 400 stores and 5,000 extra car parking spaces.[25] As of 2011, footfall was an average of 462,500 visitors per week.[26][27]

T-21
Fashion Island (Thailand)
Thailand
Bangkok
1995
350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)

300

T-21
West Edmonton Mall
Canada
Edmonton, Alberta
1981
350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)
490,000 m2 (5,300,000 sq ft)[28]
800+
Largest shopping mall in North America

T-21
The Dubai Mall
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
2008
350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)
1,124,000 m2 (12,100,000 sq ft)
1200
The second largest mall in the world by total land area.[29][30][31] Dubai Mall was overtaken by New Century Global Center in Chengdu, China which opened in 2013 and has a total floor space of 1,700,000 m2 (18,000,000 sq ft).

24
Lucky One Mall
Pakistan
Karachi
2017
340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft)
590,000 m2 (6,400,000 sq ft)
200+
Largest mall in Pakistan and South Asia[32]

25
Gandaria City
Indonesia
Jakarta
2010
336,279 m2
(3,619,677.03 sq ft)[33]

500

T-26
Berjaya Times Square
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
2003
320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)
700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)
1000+
The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 3rd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid.[34]

T-26
Beijing Mall[citation needed]
China
Beijing
2005
320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)[citation needed]
440,000 m2 (4,700,000 sq ft)[citation needed]
600[citation needed]

text: 200,000 to 299,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

T-28
Future Park Rangsit
Thailand
Pathum Thani (suburb of Bangkok)
1995
280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
900
The huge complex currently has 120,000 shoppers on weekdays and 150,000 on weekends.

T-28
Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)
China
Guangzhou
2005
280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)
420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

T-28
Centro Mayor
Colombia
Bogota
2010

280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)
354+

T-31
Medan Centre Point
Indonesia
Medan
2013
270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2[35]

The biggest shopping mall in North Sumatra. Medan Center Point Complex consists two of the tallest five buildings in North Sumatra[36]

T-31
Mal Artha Gading
Indonesia
Jakarta
2004
270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)

33
SM City Cebu
Philippines
Cebu City
1993
268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)
273,804 m2 (2,947,200 sq ft)
680
The average daily foot traffic reaches 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends as Cebu is a major transportation hub in the country. Owned by SM Group.

34
Mall of Arabia
Egypt
6th of October
2010
267,000 m2 (2,870,000 sq ft)
882,000 m2 (9,490,000 sq ft)
900
Features a hypermarket, cinema, car dealership, a centre dome food court, kid zone, and 2 furniture outlet stores.[37]

35
King of Prussia Mall
United States
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (suburb of Philadelphia)
1963
259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)[38]

400+
Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, making up the largest mall in the United States, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).[39]

36
Mall of America
United States
Bloomington, Minnesota (suburb of Minneapolis)
1992
258,200 m2 (2,779,000 sq ft)[40]
390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft)
520
The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall, which would add an additional 131,800 m2 (1,419,000 sq ft), and make it the largest in North America and the 12th largest in the world.

37
Tunjungan Plaza
Indonesia
Surabaya
1986
253,187 m2 (2,725,280 sq ft) [2]

500
The biggest mall in East Java

38
SM Aura Premier
Philippines
Taguig
2013
251,094 m2 (2,702,750 sq ft)

Owned by SM Group.

T-39
Morocco Mall
Morocco
Casablanca
2011
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

350+
The largest shopping centre in Morocco. It features a 1,000,000-litre cylinder shaped aquarium with a 360-degree view of the sea life, that contains over 40 different species of fish.

T-39
Aventura Mall
United States
Aventura, Florida (suburb of Miami)
1983
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+
Largest shopping mall in Florida.

T-39
Glorietta
Philippines
Makati
1991
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+
Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, tied with Greenbelt. Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt.

T-39
Greenbelt
Philippines
Makati
1991
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+
A complex of five buildings, namely Greenbelt 1, Greenbelt 2, Greenbelt 3, Greenbelt 4 and Greenbelt 5. With a vast garden in the middle, and the Greenbelt Chapel. Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, tied with Glorietta. Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta.

T-39
South Coast Plaza
United States
Costa Mesa, California (suburb of Los Angeles)
1967
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[41]

286

T-39
Centro Comercial Santafé
Colombia
Bogotá
2006
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

485

45
Centro Comercial Aricanduva
Brazil
São Paulo
1991
247,000 m2 (2,660,000 sq ft)[42]
425,000 m2 (4,570,000 sq ft)[42]
535

46
AEON Lake Town Centre
Japan
Koshigaya, Saitama (suburb of Tokyo)
2008
245,223 m2 (2,639,560 sq ft)
393,916 m2 (4,240,080 sq ft)
706

47
Doha Festival City
Qatar
Doha
2017
244,000 m2 (2,630,000 sq ft)
600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)
540

T-48
Del Amo Fashion Center
United States
Torrance, California (suburb of Los Angeles)
1961
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

300+
Believed to be the largest shopping mall in the Western continental United States.

T-48
Robinsons Place Manila
Philippines
Manila
1997
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

500+
Largest shopping mall in the city of Manila and largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.

T-48
Millcreek Mall
United States
Millcreek Township, Pennsylvania (suburb of Erie)
1975
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)[43]

142

T-48
Super Brand Mall
China
Shanghai
2005
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

52
SM Xiamen
China
Xiamen
2001
238,125 m2 (2,563,160 sq ft)[3]

SM's first mall in China and second largest SM Mall in China.

53
Mall of the Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
2005
233,467 m2 (2,513,020 sq ft)

[44]

T-54
LuLu International Shopping Mall
India
Cochin
2013
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

360+
India's largest shopping mall. Also has a five-star Marriott Hotel adjacent to it within the mall compound.

T-54
Dongfang Xin Tiandi (Oriental Plaza)
China
Foshan

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
800,000 m2 (8,600,000 sq ft)

T-54
Aviapark
Russia
Moscow
2014
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft)[45]

"Aviapark" is considered to be Europe's largest shopping mall per total area. It also has a 23-meter tall and 6-meter wide aquarium with seawater fish and animals built into the centerspace.

T-54
Sta. Lucia East Grand Mall
Philippines
Cainta
1991
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

T-54
Grand Canyon Parkway
United States
Las Vegas, Nevada
2003
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

T-54
Queensbay Mall
Malaysia
Bayan Lepas, Penang Island
2006
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

The largest shopping mall in Penang (include Seberang Perai)

58
WESTGATE Shopping City
Croatia
Zagreb
2009
226,000 m2 (2,430,000 sq ft)
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)
240+

59
MEGA Belaya Dacha
Russia
Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast
2007
225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)[46]
303,000 m2 (3,260,000 sq ft)
330+
Consists of two buildings connected by a footbridge across the road

T-60
Sawgrass Mills
United States
Sunrise, Florida
1990
221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft)

300+

T-60
Destiny USA
United States
Syracuse, New York
1990
221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft)

300+
The largest shopping mall in the state of New York.

T-62
Hartono Mall
Indonesia
Surakarta, Central Java
2015
220,000 m2[47]

300
The biggest shopping mall in Central Java

T-62
Gateway Theatre of Shopping
South Africa
Durban
2001
220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)
[citation needed]

400+
Gateway was previously described as the largest mall in Africa before the completion of Morocco Mall in Casablanca, Morocco and Mall of Arabia in Egypt respectively.

T-62
Roosevelt Field
United States
Garden City, New York
1956
220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)[48]

294
Located in a suburb of New York City, it is the second largest shopping mall in the state of New York.

65
Robinsons Galleria
Philippines
Quezon City
1990
216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft)

400+
2nd largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.

66
Plaza Las Americas
Puerto Rico
San Juan, Puerto Rico
1968
215,440 m2 (2,319,000 sq ft)[49]

300+
[50][51]

67
Houston Galleria
United States
Houston, Texas
1970
213,530 m2 (2,298,400 sq ft)[52]

375
Largest mall in Texas.

68
Suntec City
Singapore
Singapore
1993 (reopen on 2013)
212,404 m2 (2,286,300 sq ft)[53]

619
You will find the largest water fountain in the world[54] right in the middle of the mall.

69
Ayala Center Cebu
Philippines
Cebu City
1994
210,000 m2 (2,300,000 sq ft)[55]

800+
Largest shopping mall outside Metro Manila operated by Ayala Corporation.

70
Trafford Centre
United Kingdom
Manchester
1998
207,000 m2 (2,230,000 sq ft)
605,000 m2 (6,510,000 sq ft)[56]
280

71
SM City Dasmariñas
Philippines
Dasmariñas
2004
206,231 m2 (2,219,850 sq ft)

400+ shops & dining
The mall attracts a daily pedestrian count of 400,000 during weekends and 150,000 during weekdays.

72
Puerto Venecia
Spain
Zaragoza
2012
206,000 m2 (2,220,000 sq ft)[57]

250+
This is the biggest open air lifestyle center in Europe. All activities are arranged around a man-made lagoon.

73
SM Southmall
Philippines
Las Piñas
1995
205,120 m2 (2,207,900 sq ft)

400+
Underwent major renovations on 14 July 2011, including the addition of an IMAX theatre, a new south wing facade and a new north wing facade.

T-74
Ala Moana Center
United States
Honolulu, Hawaii
1959
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

310+
The mall opened in the year 1958. Largest open-air mall in the world.

T-74
Bluewater
United Kingdom
Greenhithe
1999
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)
900,000 m2 (9,700,000 sq ft)

Attracts over 30 million visitors a year

T-74
Tysons Corner Center
United States
McLean, Virginia (suburb of Washington, D.C.)
1968
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)[58]

300+

T-74
AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre
Malaysia
Klang
2007
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

200+
The largest AEON Mall in Southeast Asia and Malaysia

text: 100,000 to 199,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

77
Mall of Qatar
Qatar
Al Rayyan
2016
195,000 m2 (2,100,000 sq ft)
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
500

78
TriNoma
Philippines
Quezon City
2007
195,000 m2 (2,100,000 sq ft)

550
Was dubbed as a super regional mall; more than 550 high-end shopping and retail establishments.[59]

79
Shopping City Süd
Austria
Vösendorf
1976
192,500 m2 (2,072,000 sq ft)[60]

330+

80
SM City Fairview
Philippines
Quezon City
1997
188,681 m2 (2,030,950 sq ft)
202,000 m2 (2,170,000 sq ft)
500
One of the largest shopping malls in Quezon City with over 500 shops and restaurants.

81
Central Park Mall
Indonesia
Jakarta
2008
188,077 m2 (2,024,440 sq ft)

500+
Central Park Jakarta is the 10th largest building in the world

82
Westend City Center
Hungary
Budapest
1999
186,000 m2 (2,000,000 sq ft)[61]

400+

83
Chadstone Shopping Centre
Australia
Melbourne
1960
185,810 m2 (2,000,000 sq ft)

530+
The centre's owners have sought a further expansion to include a 180-room hotel and 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft) of offices, to take total floor space to 221,217 m2 (2,381,160 sq ft), including 156,924 m2 (1,689,120 sq ft) of shop floor space.

84
SM City San Lazaro
Philippines
Manila
2005
181,593 m2 (1,954,650 sq ft)

2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila.

T-85
Pakuwon Mall
Indonesia
Surabaya, East Java
2017
180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft) (net leastable area)

The largest shopping mall in the city of Surabaya

T-85
Avenham Centre
United Kingdom
Preston
2013
180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft)
450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[62]
158
Part of The City of Preston's Tithebarn project

T-85
Seacon Square
Thailand
Bangkok
1994
180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft)
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
400+
Yoyoland – Children's amusement park on top floor.

88
SM City Marikina
Philippines
Marikina
2008
178,485 m2 (1,921,200 sq ft)

400+
Largest shopping mall in Marikina.

89
SM CDO Downtown Premier
Philippines
Cagayan de Oro
2017
177,743 m2 (1,913,210 sq ft)

400+
Largest SM mall in Mindanao.

90
Menlyn Park
South Africa
Pretoria
1979
177,000m² (1,905,212 sq ft)

500+

91
Forum Istanbul
Turkey
Istanbul
2009
176,380 m2 (1,898,500 sq ft)

286

T-92
Arena Centar
Croatia
Zagreb
2011
175,000 m²
(1,880,000 sq ft)

200+

T-92
Westfield Stratford City
United Kingdom
London
2011
175,000 m2 (1,880,000 sq ft)

350
The first large-scale use of Pavegen floor tiles to harness kinetic energy.[63] It is one of the biggest urban shopping centres in Western World. It is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, East Village, London

T-92
Paradise Center
Bulgaria
Sofia
2013
175,000 m2 (1,880,000 sq ft)

330+

95
MEGA Khimki
Russia
Khimki, Moscow Oblast
2004
174,688 m2 (1,880,330 sq ft)
210,618 m2 (2,267,070 sq ft)
250+

96
Costanera Center
Chile
Santiago
2012
172,800 m2 (1,860,000 sq ft)
700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)
330+
Includes 3 anchor stores, supermarket, a retailer of home improvement and construction products and services, and a movie theatre. Adjacent to the tallest building in Latin America and second in the southern hemisphere.

97
SM City Bacolod
Philippines
Bacolod
2007
171,380 m2 (1,844,700 sq ft)

350+

98
Market! Market!
Philippines
Taguig
2003
170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

520
One of the largest shopping malls in Taguig.

99
SM City Jinjiang
China
Jinjiang
2005
167,830 m2 (1,806,500 sq ft)[3]

The 2nd SM Mall in China

100
SM City Manila
Philippines
Manila
2000
167,812 m2 (1,806,310 sq ft)

2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila.

101
SM City Chengdu
China
Chengdu
2006
166,665 m2 (1,793,970 sq ft)[3]

102
Metropolis at Metrotown
Canada
Burnaby (suburb of Vancouver)
1986
165,646.6 m2 (1,783,005 sq ft)[64]

500

T-103
AEON Mall Jakarta Garden City
Indonesia
East Jakarta, Jakarta
2017
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

227[65]

T-103
Tunjungan Plaza
Indonesia
Surabaya, East Java
1986
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

500+
2nd largest shopping mall in Surabaya City

T-103
Mall of Egypt
Egypt
6th of October
2017
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

Houses a Carrefour hypermarket, Africa’s first indoor skiing slope, Ski Egypt, a 21 multi-screen VOX Cinemas and a Magic Planet family entertainment centre.

T-103
Ocean Plaza
Ukraine
Kiev
2012
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)[66]

106
Vincom MegaMall Royal City
Vietnam
Hanoi
2013
163,000 m2 (1,750,000 sq ft)[67]
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
200+
The largest shopping mall in Vietnam

107
Cairo Festival City
Egypt
New Cairo
2013
160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)

300+
Includes over 300 shops, 95 restaurants and cafés anchored by a 10,750 m2 (115,700 sq ft) Carrefour hypermarket and furniture flagship store IKEA as well as a multi-screen Cineplex.[37]

T-???
Quicentro Sur Shopping
Ecuador
Quito
2010
 ?
160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)
350
The largest shopping mall in Ecuador

T-108
Starfield Hanam
South Korea
Hanam
2016
158,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)[68]
460,000 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft)[69]
275

T-108
Mid Valley Megamall
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
1995
158,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)
420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

T-110
Robinsons Galleria Cebu
Philippines
Cebu
2015
155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

300
Largest Robinsons mall outside Metro Manila and the second mall under "Robinsons Galleria" brand.[70]

T-110
Starmall Alabang
Philippines
Muntinlupa
2015
155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

The largest StarMall branch in terms of GLA. Largest shopping mall of Vista Land and still under expansion. There are plans to rename this mall as "Vista Mall", making as the flagship mall of Vista Land.

T-110
Unicenter
Argentina
Greater Buenos Aires
1988
155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)
238,788 m2 (2,570,290 sq ft)[71]
300+

113
SM City Cabanatuan
Philippines
Cabanatuan
2015
154,020 m2 (1,657,900 sq ft)

300+
Largest shopping mall in Northern Luzon.

T-114
Liverpool One
United Kingdom
Merseyside
2008
154,000 m2 (1,660,000 sq ft)
590,000 m2 (6,400,000 sq ft)
169
The cost of construction associated with the project was £500 million, with a total investment value of £920 million.[72]

T-114
Intu Merry Hill
United Kingdom
Dudley, West Midlands
1985
154,000 m2 (1,660,000 sq ft)

210

116
Mall Plaza Oeste
Chile
Santiago
1994
152,237 m2 (1,638,670 sq ft)

117
SM Zibo
China
Zibo
2015
150,600 m2 (1,621,000 sq ft)[3]

Owned by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines.

T-118
Park Meadows
United States
Lone Tree, Colorado (suburb of Denver)
1996
150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)

160

T-118
Citystars
Egypt
Cairo
2004
150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)
750,000 m2 (8,100,000 sq ft)
650+
The development includes two five-star hotels (InterContinental and Holiday Inn), a modern office tower, a sixteen-screen movie complex and two indoor amusement parks.

T-118
Jamuna Future Park
Bangladesh
Dhaka
2013
150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)[73]
345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft)[73]
510
South Asia's largest shopping mall. JW Marriott Hotel is also located within the complex.

121
Square One Shopping Centre
Canada
Mississauga
1973
149,594 m2 (1,610,220 sq ft)[74]

360+
The largest shopping mall in the province of Ontario

122
Mall Plaza Vespucio
Chile
Santiago
1990
149,536 m2 (1,609,590 sq ft)[3]

123
Gradski Trgovski Centar
Macedonia
Skopje
1973
149,531 m2 (1,609,540 sq ft)[75]

400+
The largest shopping mall in Republic of Macedonia

124
SM Chongqing
China
Chongqing
2012
149,429 m2 (1,608,440 sq ft)[3]

125
MEGA Teply Stan
Russia
Moscow
2002
146,591 m2 (1,577,890 sq ft)
189,076 m2 (2,035,200 sq ft)
250

126
SM Lanang Premier
Philippines
Davao City
2012
145,450 m2 (1,565,600 sq ft)
640,000 m2 (6,900,000 sq ft)
300
The first premier mall by SM in Mindanao.

127
Park Handlowy Bielany
Poland
Bielany Wrocławskie (suburb of Wroclaw)
1996
145,000 m2 (1,560,000 sq ft)
170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

The mall is the largest shopping mall in Poland

128
SM City Clark
Philippines
Angeles
2006
142,585 m2 (1,534,770 sq ft)

420
Largest shopping mall in Pampanga.

129
Canal Walk
South Africa
Cape Town
2000
141,000 m2 (1,520,000 sq ft)

400+

130
Living World Alam Sutera
Indonesia
South Tangerang
2011
140,000 m2[76]

200+
The largest shopping mall in Banten

T-131
VivoCity
Singapore
Singapore
2006
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

340
The largest shopping mall in Singapore.

T-131
MyTown Shopping Centre
Malaysia
Cheras
2016
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)[77]

460
The mall is built together and alongside IKEA Cheras.

T-131
IOI City Mall
Malaysia
Putrajaya
2015
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

400+
Largest shopping mall in Putrajaya. 139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft) GLA. IOI City Mall shopping outlet such Parkson, Tesco, Golden Screen Cinemas and many more.

T-131
Meadowhall Centre
United Kingdom
Sheffield, Yorkshire
1990
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

230
includes an 11 screen cinema complex and 50+ places to eat

135
AEON Mall Shah Alam
Malaysia
Shah Alam
2016
139,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)[78]

160[78]
The mall prides itself on having a one-of-a-kind four-season themed decor, inspired by Japan’s seasonal changes – summer, autumn, winter and spring.

136
Limketkai Mall
Philippines
Cagayan de Oro
1992
135,000 m2 (1,450,000 sq ft)

Cagayan de Oro's homegrown mall. The mall's anchor includes two Robinsons supermarkets, Shopwise hypermarket, Robinsons department store, Handyman and Robinsons Cagayan de Oro, the first Robinsons mall in Mindanao.

137
Abreeza
Philippines
Davao City
2011
134,102 m2 (1,443,460 sq ft)

360+
Owned by Accendo Commercial Corporation, a joint venture company of Ayala Land and Anflocor.

T-138
Mall Plaza Trébol
Chile
Talcahuano
1995
131,028 m2 (1,410,370 sq ft)

T-138
Mall of Africa
South Africa
Midrand
2016
131,000 m2 (1,410,000 sq ft)
550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)

T-140
Donau Zentrum (de)
Austria
Vienna
1975
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)
225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)
260

T-140
Pacific Place Jakarta
Indonesia
Jakarta
2007
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)2

T-140
Grand Indonesia Shopping Town
Indonesia
Jakarta
1998
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

400+
Grand Indonesia complex is one of the largest building in the world.

T-140
Mal Kelapa Gading
Indonesia
Jakarta
1990
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

600+

144
Sandton City
South Africa
Sandton
1973
128,000 m2 (1,380,000 sq ft)
215,000 m2 (2,310,000 sq ft)
300

145
New Era Mall
China
Shanghai
2007
126,000 m2 (1,360,000 sq ft)[79]

146
Plaza Medan Fair
Indonesia
Medan
2004
125,053 m2[80]

T-147
Ruhr-Park (de)
Germany
Bochum
1964
125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft)

16
The largest shopping mall in Germany.

T-147
SM City Davao
Philippines
Davao City
2001
125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft)[81]

300
Built in 2001 with an initial of 78,735 m2 (847,500 sq ft), the mall was the first SM mall in Mindanao and located right next to the city's Ecoland Bus Terminal. Since SM Lanang Premier came to Davao in 2012, the mall was dubbed by the locals as "SM Ecoland" to avoid their confusion to these SM Malls in their city. Following SM Lanang Premier's entry, SM City Davao has undergone renovations and expansion. Thus, SM Davao Annex building was built right next to the main mall, gaining its GFA to 125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft).

T-147
Supermall Karawaci
Indonesia
Tangerang
1992
125,000 m2[82]

150
Dolce Vita Tejo
Portugal
Lisbon
2009
122,000 m2 (1,310,000 sq ft)

300

151
Robinsons Metro East
Philippines
Marikina
2001
121,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

Located at the boundaries between the barangays of Dela Paz in Pasig and San Roque in Marikina.

152
Gaisano Mall of Davao
Philippines
Davao City
1997
120,061 m2 (1,292,330 sq ft)

500
The largest Gaisano mall.

T-153
AEON Mall Long Biên
Vietnam
Hanoi
2015
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)
72,000 m2 (780,000 sq ft)

T-153
KCC Mall de Zamboanga
Philippines
Zamboanga City
2015
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)
36,000 m2 (390,000 sq ft)
102
Largest shopping mall in Zamboanga Peninsula and biggest mall of KCC Malls so far. KCC Mall de Zamboanga has the biggest department store in Mindanao and one of the biggest supermarkets in the Philippines (with 83 counters). It also houses the first Burger King store in Mindanao.

T-153
City Gate
Philippines
Makati
2017
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

Ayala Land's new development in Makati. It will consists of 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft) for business process outsourcing (BPO) while and some parts of the mall will include a hotel and traditional headquarter-type offices.[83]

T-153
Evia City
Philippines
Las Piñas
2015
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)[84]

Vista Land's flagship mall, and currently under expansion in attaining 120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft).[84]

T-153
Shanghai Wheelock Square
China
Shanghai
2007
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)[79]

158
CentrO
Germany
Oberhausen
1996
119,000 m2 (1,280,000 sq ft)

159
Mall Plaza Norte
Chile
Santiago
2003
118,159 m2 (1,271,850 sq ft)

160
Parque Arauco
Chile
Santiago
1982
113,500 m2 (1,222,000 sq ft)

Chile's first shopping mall.

161
Alto Las Condes
Chile
Santiago
1993
115,258 m2 (1,240,630 sq ft)

162
AEON Mall Bình Tân
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City
2016
114,000 m2 (1,230,000 sq ft)
60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft)
160+
The largest shopping mall in Ho Chi Minh City.

T-163
Florida Center
Chile
Santiago
2003
110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)
300,000 m2 (3,200,000 sq ft)
300+

T-163
Plaza Lima Norte
Peru
Lima
2009
110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

350+

165
Tsawwassen Mills
Canada
Tsawwassen
2016
110,000 m2
(1,200,000 sq ft)

200+

166
Akropolis
Lithuania
Vilnius
2002
109,000 m2[85][86][87]

240+

See also: List of shopping malls in Lithuania

167
Sun Plaza
Indonesia
Medan
2004
107,373 m2[88]

363

168
Robinsons Magnolia
Philippines
Quezon City
2013
108,000 m2 (1,160,000 sq ft)

Quezon City's first "green" mall.[89]

169
Elante Mall
India
Chandigarh
2004
106,838 m2 (1,149,990 sq ft)[1][2]

170
Belle Épine
France
Thiais
1971
141,000 m2 (1,520,000 sq ft)[90]

220[91]
The largest mall in France.

171
Plaza Indonesia
Indonesia
Jakarta
2008
105,072 m2 (1,130,990 sq ft)

450+

T-172
Val d'Europe
France
Serris
2000
136,000 m2 (1,460,000 sq ft)[92]

190

T-172
Oriocenter
Italy
Orio al Serio
1998
105,000 m2 (1,130,000 sq ft)

280
The largest shopping mall in Italy.

174
Mega
Lithuania
Kaunas
2005
102,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)[93][94][95]

200+
The 2nd largest shopping mall in the Baltics.
See also: List of shopping malls in Lithuania

175
Sello
Finland
Espoo
2003
102,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)

170
The largest shopping mall in Finland and the 2nd largest in the Nordic countries.

176
Mall of Scandinavia
Sweden
Solna
2015
101,048 m2 (1,087,670 sq ft)

224
The largest shopping mall in Sweden and 3rd largest in the Nordic countries.

177
Riomar Recife Brazil
Brazil
Recife
2012
101,000 m2 (1,090,000 sq ft)

410

176
Mall Plaza Los Dominicos
Chile
Santiago
2017
100,152 m2 (1,078,030 sq ft)
323,516 m2 (3,482,300 sq ft)
240+
Scheduled opening for August 28, 2017 was delayed. Mall finally opened on September 1, 2017.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
South China Mall
China

Golden Resources Mall
China

Persian Gulf Complex
Iran

SM City North EDSA
Philippines

Jamuna Future Park
Bangladesh

Bashundhara City
Bangladesh

SM Megamall
Philippines

Isfahan City Center
Iran

1 Utama
Malaysia

CentralWorld
Thailand

SM Mall of Asia
Philippines

intu Metrocentre (Red Mall)
United Kingdom

New Century Global Center
China

Dream Mall
Taiwan

Siam Paragon
Thailand

Sunway Pyramid
Malaysia

Festival Alabang
Philippines

Lotte World Tower & Lotte World Mall
South Korea

Mall Taman Anggrek
Indonesia

West Edmonton Mall
Canada

The Dubai Mall
United Arab Emirates

Berjaya Times Square
Malaysia

Centro Mayor
Colombia

Mal Artha Gading
Indonesia

King of Prussia Mall
United States

SM Aura Premier
Philippines

Emporium Mall
Pakistan

Morocco Mall
Morocco

Aventura Mall
United States

Glorietta
Philippines

Greenbelt
Philippines

South Coast Plaza
United States

Centro Comercial Santafé
Colombia

Centro Sambil
Venezuela

Centro Comercial Aricanduva
Brazil

Del Amo Fashion Center
United States

Robinsons Place Manila
Philippines

Millcreek Mall
United States

Super Brand Mall
China

Mall of the Emirates
United Arab Emirates

Queensbay Mall
Malaysia

MEGA Family Shopping Centre
Russia

Sawgrass Mills
United States

Destiny USA
United States

Gateway Theatre of Shopping
South Africa

Robinsons Galleria
Philippines

Plaza Las Américas
Puerto Rico

Houston Galleria
United States

Ayala Center Cebu
Philippines

Trafford Centre
United Kingdom

SM City Dasmariñas
Philippines

SM Southmall
Philippines

Ala Moana Center
United States

Tysons Corner Center
United States

AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre
Malaysia

TriNoma
Philippines

Shopping City Süd
Austria

SM City Fairview
Philippines

MetroCentre
United Kingdom

Seacon Square
Thailand

SM City Marikina
Philippines

SM CDO Downtown Premier
Philippines

Westfield Stratford City
United Kingdom

Costanera Center
Chile

SM City Bacolod
Philippines

Market! Market!
Philippines

Metropolis at Metrotown
Canada

LuLu International Shopping Mall
India

Mid Valley Megamall
Malaysia

Bluewater
United Kingdom

Liverpool One
United Kingdom

Merry Hill Shopping Centre
United Kingdom

Park Meadows
United States

SM Lanang Premier
Philippines

SM City Clark
Philippines

Canal Walk
South Africa

VivoCity
Singapore

Meadowhall
United Kingdom

SM City Davao
Philippines

Robinsons Metro East
Philippines

Gaisano Mall of Davao
Philippines

Shanghai Wheelock Square
China

Elante Mall
India

Sello
Finland

Mall of Scandinavia
Sweden

tag: ul

text: Dual function shopping malls[edit]

text: Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year Opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

Yiwu market
China
Yiwu
2002
5,500,000 m2 (59,000,000 sq ft)[96]

75,000[96]


document_title: Brian Posehn

question_text: who played bert in the big bang theory

question_tokens: who played bert in the big bang theory

text: Brian Posehn

text: Early life

text: Posehn was born[2] and raised[3] in Sacramento, California. He is of German and Irish descent.[4] Posehn graduated from Sonoma Valley High School in 1984.[5] He attended college at Sacramento State University.[6]

text: Career

text: Television work

text: Posehn began with guest appearances and mainly small roles in TV shows. He was on 28 episodes of Mr. Show with Bob and David (1995–1998), a sketch comedy series on HBO. In a 1996 episode of Friends, he delivered the manuscript in which Joey Tribbiani's soap opera character "Dr. Drake Ramoray" is killed off. He appeared as two different characters in NewsRadio: a fan with questions for Jimmy James at a book reading (1997), and a member of Dave's a cappella group "Chock Full o' Notes" (1998). In the Seinfeld episode "The Burning" (1998), he played a patient, when Kramer "was given" gonorrhea. His character was instructed to "act out" to a group of medical students how a surgeon left a sponge in him post surgery. Posehn also wrote the Space Ghost: Coast to Coast episode "Cahill" (1998) with Ben Karlin. He appeared on 29 episodes of the NBC series Just Shoot Me! (1999–2003). He played the voice of Jim in Mission Hill on the WB (1999–2002), and Del Swanson in 3 South on MTV (2002–2003). On an Adult Swim production, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, he voiced the Wisdom Cube in the 2003 episode "The Cubing".

text: Posehn performed the voice of Gibbons, a tiny man, on several episodes of the Cartoon Network's Tom Goes to the Mayor (2005–2006). He also appeared in the 2005 pilot for The Showbiz Show with David Spade, in a segment called "The Nerd Perspective", in which he gave a scathing criticism of MTV and its declining quality. He also played a mortician in several episodes of Comedy Central's Reno 911!. He was featured on the 2005 documentary series The Comedians of Comedy on Comedy Central and Showtime. He was in a 2007 episode of the improv series Thank God You're Here on NBC and was a celebrity judge on the revived 1970s game show The Gong Show with Dave Attell (2008), on Comedy Central. He co-stars on The Sarah Silverman Program with Steve Agee as a gay couple who is friends with Silverman,[7] and also wrote the season three finale "Wowschwitz". He played himself in the episode "Spagett" of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!, appeared at the Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget, played the role of a physically disabled man (Scooter Man) in the second season's premiere episode "Slip of the Tongue" of Californication (2008), on Showtime, and played Dethklok's second manager in the Metalocalypse episode "Dethsources", he also wrote the episode "Fatherklok". In 2007 he joined the first season of the MTV sketch comedy series Human Giant, as a writer and performer, and voices Glen Furlblam, the biggest fan of Dr. Two-Brains on the PBS Kids animated series WordGirl. In 2012 he co-wrote the fourth season of Metalocalypse. Since 2013, Posehn has appeared in the recurring role of Bert on The Big Bang Theory.

text: Film work

text: Movie appearances from Posehn include the 2003 comedy film sequel Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd, Grind, the 2005 Rob Zombie horror film The Devil's Rejects, Sleeping Dogs Lie, Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, and the 2007 animated feature Surf's Up, where he played Glen Maverick. Posehn appeared as himself in the 2007 documentary Super High Me starring 'marijuana comedian' Doug Benson, the 2008 documentary Nerdcore Rising about MC Frontalot and in a supporting role in Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic.

text: Posehn voices the character of Murray, a robot, in Rob Zombie's animated The Haunted World of El Superbeasto. He also voiced the character Hayashi in the English dub of Pom Poko.

text: Stand-up comedy

text: In 2002, Posehn appeared on Comedy Central Presents, followed by the release of 2005's The Comedians of Comedy, a documentary/live special chronicling a 2004 small-club comedy tour he participated in. The film was followed up by a television series on Comedy Central of the same name. Posehn's debut comedy album Live In: Nerd Rage was released in 2006. He participated in the Comedy Lineup of the 2008 Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival, which included Louis C.K., Janeane Garofalo and Zach Galifianakis. Posehn performed as part of the Rock N' Roll Comedy set with Jim Norton and Michelle Buteau. During his 2008 routine on Comedy Central Presents he referred to his Wikipedia article, which he supposedly vandalized.[8] In 2010, Posehn released his second album Fart and Wiener Jokes. In 2011, Posehn agreed to perform at the Gathering of the Juggalos. Some of his fans criticized this decision as being "not metal".[9] Posehn countered that "getting a paycheck is metal", and expressed respect towards the Juggalo fan culture, as well as the independent music success of Insane Clown Posse and Psychopathic Records.[9] In 2013, Posehn released his third comedy album and first DVD, The Fartist.

text: Music

text: In 2006, Relapse Records released his first album, Live In: Nerd Rage.[10][11] It includes "Metal by Numbers", a song mocking bands that term themselves "metal" but are clearly not.[12] The instrumental tracks feature musicians such as guitarist Scott Ian (of Anthrax), bassist Joey Vera (then of Anthrax, but also of Armored Saint and Fates Warning), drummer John Tempesta (of The Cult and White Zombie), and lead guitarist Jonathan Donais (of Shadows Fall). Posehn also appeared in the Anthrax music video for "What Doesn't Die". Posehn appeared on a Season 4 episode of the music talk show That Metal Show and Lamb of God's Walk With Me In Hell DVD, and performed "More Metal Then You", a song that was included on his non-musical stand-up comedy album Fart & Weiner Jokes, with "Brian Posehn's All-Star Band" on the 2010 Revolver Golden Gods Awards. Posehn appeared in The Damned Things music video for "We've Got A Situation Here". He provided backing vocals for Evile's album Five Serpent's Teeth.

text: Other work

text: Posehn has provided voice work for video games Brütal Legend as The Hunter[13] and Star Warped as co-narrator Brian.[14] Posehn has also voiced Grunts and various Marines in the 2004 video game Halo 2.

text: Posehn appeared in the commercial "Ink Fairy" for Staples office supply store in its ad campaign featuring the "Easy Button."

text: In 2006, Posehn co-wrote the comic book The Last Christmas with writer Gerry Duggan, published by Image Comics (ISBN 1582406766).

text: In April 2009 Posehn hosted the first American "Golden Gods Awards" for metal music hosted by Revolver Magazine.

text: As part of the Marvel NOW! initiative Posehn and Gerry Duggan co-wrote the Deadpool ongoing comic series which launched in November 2012, lasting 45 issues. His run ended in April 2015. The first six issues were illustrated by Tony Moore.[15]

text: Since 2012, Posehn has hosted a podcast called Nerd Poker, where a group of comedians play Dungeons & Dragons. Co-hosts include comic book writer Gerry Duggan and comedian Blaine Capatch, among others.

text: Personal life

text: Posehn married Melanie Truhett in 2004 and has a son with her.[16] While once known for his use of cannabis, Posehn quit smoking marijuana in 2011.[17][18]

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1998
The Wedding Singer
Man at Table 9
Uncredited

2000
The Independent
Fan from Casper
Uncredited

2000
Desperate But Not Serious
Auteur #2

2002
Run Ronnie Run!
Tank
Also writer

2002
Sorority Boys
Haggard Alum

2003
Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd
Store clerk

2003
Grind
Orville the Scraggly Guy

2003
Brother Bear
Additional voice

2004
Adventures in Homeschooling
Eugene Drifke
Short film

2004
Eulogy
Video Store Clerk

2005
Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic
Friend

2005
Cake Boy
Darrel

2005
The Devil's Rejects
Jimmy

2005
Pom Poko
Hayashi (voice)
English dub

2006
Sleeping Dogs Lie
Randy

2006
Ergo Proxy
Dog Cop #2

2007
Smiley Face
Bus Driver

2007
Undead or Alive
Ben

2007
Surf's Up
Glen Maverick (voice)

2007
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer
Wedding Minister

2008
Spy School
Grissom

2008
Sex Drive
Carney

2009
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto
Murray (voice)

2010
Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo
Marlon Whirlen (voice)

2011
Lloyd the Conqueror
Andy

2012
The Five-Year Engagement
Tarquin

2013
Knights of Badassdom
Gilberto

2015
Hell and Back
Cleb (voice)

2015
Uncle Nick
Uncle Nick

2017
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie
Mr. Rected (voice)

text: Television

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1995
Empty Nest
Painted gut guy
Episode: "Harry Weston: Man's Best Friend"

1995–1998
Mr. Show with Bob and David
Various
21 episodes; also writer

1996
Friends
Messenger
Episode: "The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies"

1996
Party Girl
Patron #1
Episode: "Pilot"

1997, 2001
Everybody Loves Raymond
Walter / Warren
2 episodes

1997–1998
NewsRadio
Brian / Fan
2 episodes

1998
Jenny
Guest #3
Episode: "A Girl's Gotta Hang with a Celebrity"

1998
Veronica's Closet
The Maintenance Guy
Episode: "Veronica's Divorce Papers"

1998
Seinfeld
Artie
Episode: "The Burning"

1998
The Army Show
Eddie
5 episodes

1999
Maggie
Janitor
Episode: "This Is Just a Test"

1999–2002
Mission Hill
Jim Kuback (voice)
13 episodes

1999
Jesse
Terry
Episode: "Momma Was a Rollin' Stone"

1999–2003
Just Shoot Me!
Kevin Liotta
29 episodes

2001
Clerks: The Animated Series
Various voices
3 episodes

2001
Becker
George
Episode: "The Ugly Truth"

2002
Comedy Central Presents
Himself
Comedy special

2002–2007
Kim Possible
Cousin Larry (voice)
5 episodes

2002–2003
3 South
Del
13 episodes

2003
Ozzy & Drix
Sylvian Fisher (voice)
Episode: "Growth"

2003
Crank Yankers
Clay (voice)
Episode: "2.19"

2003
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
The Real Wisdom Cube (voice)
Episode: "The Cubing"

2003–2004
The Man Show

Writer and consulting producer

2004
Method & Red
Guard
Episode: "Pilot"

2004–2005
The Bernie Mac Show
David
2 episodes

2005
American Dad!
Dan Vebber (voice)
Episode: "All About Steve"

2005
Cheap Seats: Without Ron Parker
Craig Bogie
Episode: "Kids Putt-Putt/Double Dutch"

2005–2006
Tom Goes to the Mayor
Gibbons (voice)
4 episodes

2006
Re-Animated
Crocco (voice)
Television film

2006–2007
Reno 911!
Stevie the Coroner
3 episodes

2007
Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!
Gibbons (voice)
Episode: "Friends"

2007–2010
The Sarah Silverman Program
Brian Spukowski
32 episodes

2007–2008
Human Giant
Various characters
5 episodes; also consultant writer

2007–2008
Out of Jimmy's Head
Crocco (voice)
18 episodes

2008
The Mighty B!
Ride Guy (voice)
Episode: "So Happy Together/Sweet Sixteenth"

2008
Transformers: Animated
Nino Sexton/Nanosec (voice)
2 episodes

2008–2012
Metalocalypse
Melward Fjordslorn (voice)
Episode: "Dethsources"; also writer

2008
Californication
Scooter Man
Episode: "Slip of the Tongue"

2008
Comedy Central Presents: 2008 Breakout Comedians
Himself
Comedy special

2010
Adventure Time
Business Man #1 (voice)
Episode: "Business Time"

2010
The Penguins of Madagascar
Duane (voice)
Episode: "Stop Bugging Me/Field Tripped"

2010–2011
Sym-Bionic Titan
Octus/Newton (voice)
19 episodes

2010
The Suite Life on Deck
Dr. Cork
Episode: "Frozen"

2010–2011
Nick Swardson's Pretend Time

Writer

2011
Bob's Burgers
Choo-Choo (voice)
Episode: "Spaghetti Western and Meatballs"

2012
Holliston
Clerk
Episode: "Skunked"

2012
Conan
Audience member
Episode: "Never Bring a Knife to a Hot Dog Eating Contest"

2012
Guys with Kids
Victor
3 episodes

2013
Newsreaders
Ames MacKenzie
Episode: "Auto Erotic"

2012–2013
Anger Management
Brian
Episode: "Charlie and Kate Start a Sex Study"; also writer

2013–2017
The Big Bang Theory
Bert Kibbler
Recurring role; 7 episodes

2014–2016
Uncle Grandpa
Charlie Burgers (voice)
3 episodes

2014–2015
New Girl
Biology Teacher
5 episodes

2014
Community
Bixel
Episode: "App Development and Condiments"

2014–2017
Steven Universe
Sour Cream (voice)
8 episodes

2015
Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero
Beach Ball Grandpappy (voice)
Episode: "Balls!"

2015
Star vs. the Forces of Evil
Lobster Claws (voice)
2 episodes

2015
W/ Bob and David
Various
4 episodes

2016
Lady Dynamite
Sebastian
Episode: "Pilot"

2016
You're the Worst
Himself
Episode: "The Inherent, Unsullied Qualitative Value of Anything"

2017
The Simpsons
Dumlee (voice)
Episode: "A Father's Watch"

text: Music videos

text:
Year
Artist
Song
Notes

2016
Anthrax
"Blood Eagle Wings"
Tormentor - The Butcher

text: Video games

text:
Year
Title
Role

2004
Halo 2
Grunt (voice)

2009
Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall
Octus (voice)

2009
Brütal Legend
Hunter (voice)

2015
Minecraft: Story Mode[19]
Axel (voice)

text: Podcasts

text:
Year
Title
Role

2012–2015
Nerd Poker
Himself/Amarth Amon/Dag Darkomen

text: Discography

text:
Live In: Nerd Rage (2006)
Fart and Wiener Jokes (2010)
The Fartist (2013)

text: Bibliography

text: Image Comics

text: The Last Christmas (tpb, 176 pages, 2006, ISBN 978-1582406763)

text: Marvel Comics

text:
Deadpool:

Volume 1: Dead Presidents (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #1-6, 154 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, May 2013)
Volume 2: Soul Hunter (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #7-12, 137 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, August 2013)
Volume 3: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #13-19, 160 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, January 2014)
Volume 4: Deadpool vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #20-25, 136 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, June 2014)
Volume 5: The Wedding of Deadpool (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #26-28 and Deadpool Annual #1, 168 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, August 2014)
Volume 6: Original Sin (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #29-34, 144 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, December 2014)
Volume 7: Axis (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #35-40, 136 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, March 2015)
Volume 8: All Good Things (collects Deadpool (Marvel Now!) vol. 3 #41-44, #250, 176 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, June 2015)
Dracula's Gauntlet (collects Deadpool: Dracula's Gauntlet (Marvel Now!) vol. 1 #1-7, 200 pages, Marvel Comics, softcover, November 2014)


document_title: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

question_text: how much carbon dioxide do we put in the atmosphere

text: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

text: Current concentration[edit]

text: Over the past 400,000 years, CO2 concentrations have shown several cycles of variation from about 180 parts per million during the deep glaciations of the Holocene and Pleistocene to 280 parts per million during the interglacial periods. Each part per million by volume of CO2 in the atmosphere contains approximately 2.13 gigatonnes of carbon.[10] Currently CO2 constitutes about 0.041% (equal to 410 ppm) by volume of the atmosphere,[11][12] which corresponds to approximately 3200 gigatons of CO2, which includes approximately 870 gigatons of carbon. The global mean CO2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.[13][14]

text: Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase. The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013.[15] This has caused the phenomenon of global warming.[16] The global average concentration of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere is currently about 0.04%,[17] or 400 parts per million by volume (ppm).[13][18] There is an annual fluctuation of about 3–9 ppm which is negatively correlated with the Northern Hemisphere's growing season. The Northern Hemisphere dominates the annual cycle of CO2 concentration because it has much greater land area and plant biomass than the Southern Hemisphere. Concentrations reach a peak in May as the Northern Hemisphere spring greenup begins, and decline to a minimum in October, near the end of the growing season.[19]

text: Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO2, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere. At the scientific recording station in Mauna Loa, the concentration reached 400 ppm for the first time in May 2013,[15][20] although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.[21] The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history."[22] The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.[6]

text: Past concentration[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's 4.54 billion year history. Carbon dioxide is believed to have been present in Earth's first atmosphere, shortly after Earth's formation. Earth's second atmosphere emerged after the lighter gases, hydrogen and helium, escaped to space or like oxygen were bound up in molecules and is thought to have consisted largely of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and inert gases[which?] produced by outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases[which?] produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by asteroids.[citation needed] The production of free oxygen by cyanobacterial photosynthesis eventually led to the oxygen catastrophe that ended Earth's second atmosphere and brought about the Earth's third atmosphere (the modern atmosphere) 2.4 billion years before the present. Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 7,000 parts per million during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.[citation needed]

text: Drivers of ancient-Earth carbon dioxide concentration[edit]

text: On long timescales, atmospheric CO2 concentration is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock weathering, and volcanism. The net effect of slight imbalances in the carbon cycle over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric CO2. On a timescale of billions of years, such downward trend appears bound to continue indefinitely as occasional massive historical releases of buried carbon due to volcanism will become less frequent (as earth mantle cooling and progressive exhaustion of internal radioactive heat proceeds further). The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of no relevance to the atmospheric CO2 concentration over the next hundreds or thousands of years.

text: In billion-year timescales, it is predicted that plant, and therefore animal, life on land will die off altogether, since by that time most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere will be sequestered underground, and natural releases of CO2 by radioactivity-driven tectonic activity will have continued to slow down.[27] The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen. Some microbes are capable of photosynthesis at concentrations of CO2 of a few parts per million and so the last life forms would probably disappear finally due to the rising temperatures and loss of the atmosphere when the sun becomes a red giant some four billion years from now.[28]

text: Measuring ancient-Earth carbon dioxide concentration[edit]

text: The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for periods before instrumental sampling is to measure bubbles of air (fluid or gas inclusions) trapped in the Antarctic or Greenland ice sheets. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations were about 260–280 ppmv immediately before industrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000 years.[29] The longest ice core record comes from East Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800,000 years.[5] During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.[30][31] The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.[32]

text: Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past. These include boron and carbon isotope ratios in certain types of marine sediments, and the number of stomata observed on fossil plant leaves. While these measurements give much less precise estimates of carbon dioxide concentration than ice cores, there is evidence for very high CO2 volume concentrations between 200 and 150 million years ago of over 3,000 ppm, and between 600 and 400 million years ago of over 6,000 ppm.[6] In more recent times, atmospheric CO2 concentration continued to fall after about 60 million years ago. About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO2 is found to have been about 760 ppm,[33] and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago. Carbon dioxide decrease, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation.[34] Low CO2 concentrations may have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of C4 plants, which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 million years ago.[35]

text: Ancient-Earth climate reconstruction is a vibrant field with numerous studies and reconstructions that sometimes reinforce one another and sometimes disagree with each other. Academically, one study disputed the claim of stable CO2 concentrations during the present interglacial of the last 10,000 years. Based on an analysis of fossil leaves, Wagner et al.[36] argued that CO2 levels during the last 7,000–10,000 year period were significantly higher (~300 ppm) and contained substantial variations that may be correlated to climate variations. Others have disputed such claims, suggesting they are more likely to reflect calibration problems than actual changes in CO2.[37] Relevant to this dispute is the observation that Greenland ice cores often report higher and more variable CO2 values than similar measurements in Antarctica. However, the groups responsible for such measurements (e.g. H. J Smith et al.[38]) believe the variations in Greenland cores result from in situ decomposition of calcium carbonate dust found in the ice. When dust concentrations in Greenland cores are low, as they nearly always are in Antarctic cores, the researchers report good agreement between measurements of Antarctic and Greenland CO2 concentrations.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect[edit]

text: Earth’s natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.[39][40][41] Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's temperature would be about −18 °C (-0.4 °F) [42][43] compared to Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °C (57.2 °F).[44]

text: Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.7 billion year history. Early in the Earth's life, scientists have found evidence of liquid water indicating a warm world even though the Sun's output is believed to have only been 70% of what it is today. It has been suggested by scientists that higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Earth atmosphere might help explain this faint young sun paradox. When Earth first formed, Earth's atmosphere may have contained more greenhouse gases and CO2 concentrations may have been higher, with estimated partial pressure as large as 1,000 kPa (10 bar), because there was no bacterial photosynthesis to reduce the gas to carbon compounds and oxygen. Methane, a very active greenhouse gas which reacts with oxygen to produce CO2 and water vapor, may have been more prevalent as well, with a mixing ratio of 10−4 (100 parts per million by volume).[45][46]

text: Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature. On earth, carbon dioxide is the most relevant direct anthropologically influenced greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is often mentioned in the context of its increased influence as a greenhouse gas since the pre-industrial (1750) era. In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on earth (about 70%).[49]

text: The concept of atmospheric CO2 increasing ground temperature was first published by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.[50] The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the carbon cycle[edit]

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the biosphere whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks and volcanism. Both carbon cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide facilitates the carbon cycle.

text: Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. Man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of fossil fuels for heating, power generation and transport, as well as some industrial processes such as cement making. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by a process called photosynthesis. They gain the energy needed for this reaction from absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll and other pigments. Oxygen, produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, is released into the atmosphere and subsequently used for respiration by heterotrophic organisms and other plants, forming a cycle.

text: Most sources of CO2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO2 sinks. For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands and the action of forest fires results in the release of about 439 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year, while new growth entirely counteracts this effect, absorbing 450 gigatonnes per year.[51] Although the initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by volcanic activity, modern volcanic activity releases only 130 to 230 megatonnes of carbon dioxide each year.[52] These natural sources are nearly balanced by natural sinks, physical and biological processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. For example, some is directly removed from the atmosphere by land plants for photosynthesis and it is soluble in water forming carbonic acid. There is a large natural flux of CO2 into and out of the biosphere and oceans.[53] In the pre-industrial era these fluxes were largely in balance. Currently about 57% of human-emitted CO2 is removed by the biosphere and oceans.[54][55] From pre-industrial era to 2010, the terrestrial biosphere represented a net source of atmospheric CO2 prior to 1940, switching subsequently to a net sink.[55] The ratio of the increase in atmospheric CO2 to emitted CO2 is known as the airborne fraction (Keeling et al., 1995); this varies for short-term averages and is typically about 45% over longer (5 year) periods.[55] Estimated carbon in global terrestrial vegetation increased from approximately 740 billion tons in 1910 to 780 billion tons in 1990.[56]

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and photosynthesis[edit]

text: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to the present planetary biosphere. Over the course of Earth's geologic history CO2 concentrations have played a role in biological evolution. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[57] Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[58] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. In recent geologic times, low CO2 concentrations below 600 parts per million might have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of C4 plants which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 million years ago over plants that use the less efficient C3 metabolic pathway.[35] At current atmospheric pressures photosynthesis shuts down when atmospheric CO2 concentrations fall below 150 ppm and 200 ppm although some microbes can extract carbon from the air at much lower concentrations.[59][60] Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[61][62][63] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[64] Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.[65][66]

text: Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from CO2 and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis, since photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than CO2, as a source of carbon.[67] In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis. Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. However, there are some types of bacteria that carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis, which consumes CO2 but does not release oxygen.

text: Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation. Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction, so photosynthesis needs to supply both a source of energy to drive this process, and the electrons needed to convert CO2 into a carbohydrate. This addition of the electrons is a reduction reaction. In general outline and in effect, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration, in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce CO2 and water, and to release exothermic chemical energy to drive the organism's metabolism. However, the two processes take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments.

text: Most organisms that utilize photosynthesis to produce oxygen use visible light to do so, although at least three use shortwave infrared or, more specifically, far-red radiation.[68]

text: Impact on plant growth[edit]

text: A 1993 review of scientific greenhouse studies found that a doubling of CO2 concentration would stimulate the growth of 156 different plant species by an average of 37%. The amount of gain varied significantly by species, with some showing much greater gains, and a small number showing a loss. For example, a 1979 greenhouse study compared the dry weights of cotton and maize plants grown in different greenhouses, one with double the CO2 concentration of the other. In the enriched CO2 air, the dry weight of 40-day-old cotton plants doubled, but the dry weight of 30-day-old maize plants increased by only 20%.[69][70]

text: Because of concerns that greenhouse experiments might not adequately simulate the actual environment (such as competing plants), scientists developed Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments. In this procedure, plants are grown outdoors, and the CO2 concentration of the surrounding air is artificially elevated. FACE experiments, using generally lower CO2 levels than the greenhouse studies, showed lower gains in growth than greenhouse studies, with the gains depending heavily on the species under study. A 2005 review of 12 experiments at 475-600 ppm showed an average gain of 17% in crop yield, with legumes typically showing a greater response than other species, and C4 plants generally showing less. The review also stated that the reviewed experiments have their own limitations. The studied CO2 levels were lower, and most of the experiments were carried out in temperate regions.[71]

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the oceanic carbon cycle[edit]

text: The Earth's oceans contain a large amount of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions — much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate:

text: Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric CO2. Since the right side of the reaction produces an acidic compound, adding CO2 on the left side decreases the pH of sea water, a process which has been termed ocean acidification (pH of the ocean becomes more acidic although the pH value remains in the alkaline range). Reactions between CO2 and non-carbonate rocks also add bicarbonate to the seas. This can later undergo the reverse of the above reaction to form carbonate rocks, releasing half of the bicarbonate as CO2. Over hundreds of millions of years, this has produced huge quantities of carbonate rocks.

text: Ultimately, most of the CO2 emitted by human activities will dissolve in the ocean;[72] however, the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain. Even if equilibrium is reached, including dissolution of carbonate minerals, the increased concentration of bicarbonate and decreased or unchanged concentration of carbonate ion will give rise to a higher concentration of un-ionized carbonic acid and dissolved CO2. This, along with higher temperatures, would mean a higher equilibrium concentration of CO2 in the air.

text: Anthropogenic CO2 emissions[edit]

text: While CO2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.[73] There are 4 ways human activity, especially fossil fuel burning, is known to have caused the rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last few centuries. 1) Various national statistics accounting for fossil fuel consumption, combined with knowledge of how much atmospheric CO2 is produced per unit of fossil fuel (e.g. liter of gasoline).[74] 2) By examining the ratio of various carbon isotopes in the atmosphere.[73] The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO2 concentration. 3) Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the northern hemisphere, where most of the world's population lives (and emissions originate from), compared to the southern hemisphere. This difference has increased as anthropogenic emissions have increased.[75] 4) Atmospheric O2 levels are decreasing in earth's atmosphere as it reacts with the carbon in fossil fuels to form CO2.[76]

text: Burning fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas is the leading cause of increased anthropogenic CO2; deforestation is the second major cause. In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of CO2 or about 4.3 ppm in earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.[77] In addition, land use change contributed 0.87 GtC in 2010, compared to 1.45 GtC in 1990.[77] In 1997, human-caused Indonesian peat fires were estimated to have released between 13% and 40% of the average carbon emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels around the world in a single year.[78][79][80] In the period 1751 to 1900, about 12 GtC were released as CO2 to the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels, whereas from 1901 to 2013 the figure was about 380 GtC.[81]

text: Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks.[86] As a result, carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the atmosphere, and as of 2013[update], its concentration is almost 43% above pre-industrial levels.[15][20] Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in carbon dioxide sinks. Currently about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans and remains in the atmosphere.[87]

text: Excess CO2 emitted since the pre-industrial era is projected to remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia,[88] even after emissions stop. Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly for thousands of years.[89]

text:
Global fossil carbon emissions 1800–2007.

False-color image of smoke and ozone pollution from Indonesian fires, 1997.

Biosphere CO2 flux in the northern hemisphere summer (NOAA Carbon Tracker).

Biosphere CO2 flux in the northern hemisphere winter (NOAA Carbon Tracker).

text: Ongoing measurements of atmospheric CO2[edit]

text: The first reproducibly accurate measurements of atmospheric CO2 were from flask sample measurements made by Dave Keeling at Caltech in the 1950s.[90] A few years later in March 1958 the first ongoing measurements were started by Keeling at Mauna Loa. Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since then. Now measurements are made at many sites globally. Additional measurement techniques are also used as well. Many measurement sites are part of larger global networks. Global network data are often made publicly available on the conditions of proper acknowledgement according to the respective data user policies.

text: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL,[91] WDCGG,[92] and RAMCES.[93] The NOAA/ESRL Baseline Observatory Network, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Network [94] data are hosted at the CDIAC at ORNL. The World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG), part of GAW, data are hosted by the JMA. The Reseau Atmospherique de Mesure des Composes an Effet de Serre database (RAMCES) is part of IPSL.

text: From these measurements, further products are made which integrate data from the various sources. These products also address issues such as data discontinuity and sparseness. GLOBALVIEW-CO2 is one of these products.[95]

text: Ongoing ground-based total column measurements began more recently. Column measurements typically refer to an averaged column amount denoted XCO2, rather than a surface only measurement. These measurements are made by the TCCON. These data are also hosted on the CDIAC, and made publicly available according to the data use policy.[96]

text: Satellite measurements are also a recent addition to atmospheric XCO2 measurements. SCIAMACHY aboard ESA's ENVISAT made global column XCO2 measurements from 2002-2012. AIRS aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012. More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements. Newer missions have higher spectral and spatial resolutions. JAXA's GOSAT was the first dedicated GHG monitoring satellite to successfully achieve orbit in 2009. NASA's OCO-2 launched in 2014 was the second. Various other satellites missions to measure atmospheric XCO2 are planned.


question_text: player who scored most goals in premier league

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Harry Kane is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals
As of 2 July 2018. Sources:[4][5]

Rank

Nat.

Player

Premier League club(s)

Goals

Played

Ratio

1

 England

Alan Shearer

Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United

260

441

0.59

2

 England

Wayne Rooney

Everton, Manchester United

208

494

0.42

3

 England

Andy Cole

Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth

187

414

0.45

4

 England

Frank Lampard

West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City

177

609

0.29

5

 France

Thierry Henry

Arsenal

175

258

0.68

6

 England

Robbie Fowler

Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City

163

379

0.43

7

 England

Jermain Defoe

West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth

162

491

0.33

8

 England

Michael Owen

Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City

150

326

0.46

9

 England

Les Ferdinand

Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers

149

351

0.42

10

 England

Teddy Sheringham

Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United

146

418

0.35

11

 Netherlands

Robin van Persie

Arsenal, Manchester United

144

280

0.51

12

 Argentina

Sergio Agüero

Manchester City

143

206

0.69

13

 Netherlands

Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink

Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic

127

288

0.44

14

 Republic of Ireland

Robbie Keane

Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa

126

349

0.36

15

 France

Nicolas Anelka

Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion

125

364

0.34

16

 Trinidad and Tobago

Dwight Yorke

Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland

123

375

0.33

17

 England

Steven Gerrard

Liverpool

120

504

0.24

18

 England

Ian Wright

Arsenal, West Ham United

113

213

0.53

19

 England

Dion Dublin

Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa

111

312

0.36

20

 England

Emile Heskey

Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa

110

516

0.21

21

 Wales

Ryan Giggs

Manchester United

109

632

0.17

22

 England

Harry Kane

Norwich City, Tottenham Hotspur

108

153

0.71

23

 England

Peter Crouch

Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City

108

462

0.23

23

 England

Paul Scholes

Manchester United

107

499

0.21

25

 England

Darren Bent

Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham

106

276

0.38

26

 Ivory Coast

Didier Drogba

Chelsea

104

254

0.41

27

 Belgium

Romelu Lukaku

Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion, Everton, Manchester United

101

220

0.46

28

 England

Matt Le Tissier

Southampton

100

270

0.37

Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]