document_title: List of largest birds

question_text: heaviest bird in the world that can fly

question_tokens: heaviest bird in the world that can fly

root

text: List of largest birds

text: Largest birds ever[edit]

text: The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornis) of Madagascar, which were related to the ostrich. They exceeded 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and 500 kg (1,100 lb).[3] The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds was Dromornis stirtoni of Australia, part of a 26,000-year-old group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae.[4] The largest carnivorous bird was Brontornis, an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 350 to 400 kg (770 to 880 lb) and a height of about 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in).[5] The tallest bird ever however was the giant moa (Dinornis maximus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct around 1500 CE. This particular species of moa stood up to 3.7 m (12 ft) tall,[1] but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame.[3]

tag: p

text: The heaviest bird ever capable of flight was Argentavis magnificens, the largest member of the now extinct family Teratornithidae, found in Miocene-aged fossil beds of Argentina, with a wingspan up to 5–6 m (16–20 ft), a length of up to 1.26 m (4.1 ft), a height on the ground of up to 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) and a body weight of at least 71 kg (157 lb).[3][6] Rivaling  Argentavis in wingspan if not in bulk and mass, another contender for the largest known flying bird ever is Pelagornis sandersi, which had a wingspan of up to 7.3 m (24 ft).[7]

text: Largest living birds[edit]

text: Table of heaviest living bird species[edit]

text: The following is a list of the heaviest living bird species based on maximum reported or reliable mass, but average weight is also given for comparison. These species are almost all flightless, which allows for these particular birds to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Flightless birds comprise less than 2% of all living bird species.

text:
Rank

Animal

Binomial Name

Average mass[kg (lb)]

Maximum mass[kg (lb)]

Average total length[cm (ft)]

Flighted

1
Ostrich
Struthio camelus
104 (230)[8]
156.8 (346)[8]
210 (6.9)[9]
No

2
Somali ostrich
Struthio molybdophanes
90 (200)[8]
130 (287)[citation needed]
200 (6.6)[8]
No

3
Southern cassowary
Casuarius casuarius
45 (99)[8]
85 (190)[10]
155 (5.1)[8]
No

4
Northern cassowary
Casuarius unappendiculatus
44 (97)[8]
75 (170)[8]
149 (4.9)[9]
No

5
Emu
Dromaius novaehollandiae
33 (73)[8][11]
70 (150)[citation needed]
153 (5)[8]
No

6
Emperor penguin
Aptenodytes forsteri
31.5 (69)[9][12]
46 (100)[9]
114 (3.7)[9]
No

7
Greater rhea
Rhea americana
23 (51)[11]
40 (88)[9]
134 (4.4)[8]
No

8
Domestic turkey/wild turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
13.5 (29.8) [13]
39 (86)[14]
100 - 124.9 (3.3 – 4.1)[citation needed]
Yes

9
Dwarf cassowary
Casuarius bennetti
19.7 (43)[8]
34 (75)[8]
105 (3.4)[citation needed]
No

10
Lesser rhea
Rhea pennata
19.6 (43)[8]
28.6 (63)[8]
96 (3.2)[9]
No

11
Mute swan
Cygnus olor
11.87 (26.2)
23 (51)
100-130 (3.3-4.3)[15]
Yes

12
Great bustard
Otis tarda
10.6 (23.4)[citation needed]
21 (46)[3]
115 (3.8)[citation needed]
Yes

13
King penguin
Aptenodytes patagonicus
13.6 (30)[9][12]
20 (44)[16]
92 (3)[citation needed]
No

14
Kori bustard
Ardeotis kori
11.4 (25.1)[9]
20 (44.1)[citation needed]
150 (5)[9]
Yes

14
Trumpeter swan
Cygnus buccinator
11.6 (25.1)
17.2 (38)
138-165
Yes

15
Wandering albatross
Diomedea exulans
11.9 (24)
16.1 (38)[17]
107-135
Yes

16
Whooper swan
Cygnus cygnus
11.4 (25)
15.5 (32)
140-165
Yes

17
Dalmatian Pelican
Pelecanus crispus
11.5 (25)
15 (33.1)[citation needed]
183 (6)[citation needed]
Yes

18
Andean condor
Vultur gryphus
11.3 (25)[15]
14.9 (33)[15]
100-130 (3.3-4.3)[15]
Yes

tag: table

text: By families[edit]

text:
Birds of prey (Accipitriformes)
The New World vultures are still generally considered a member of this order,[18] although the inclusion is dubious at best.[19] If they are included, the largest species in the order, if measured in regard to body weight and wingspan, is the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) of western South America. The great bird can reach a wingspan of 3.2 m (10 ft)[1] and a weight of 15 kg (33 lb).[20]
The largest extant species is the Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus), attaining a maximum size of 14 kg (31 lb), 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long and 3.1 m (10 ft) across the wings.[21] Other vultures can be nearly as large, with the Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) reaching lengths up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) thanks in part to its long neck.[22]
The largest living eagle (the larger varieties of active-hunting raptors) is a source of contention, with the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), at up to 1.12 m (3.7 ft), being the longest. The Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) of Asia's North Pacific, at unconfirmed weights of up to 12.7 kg (28 lb) and an average weight of 6.7 kg (15 lb), is regarded as the heaviest eagle. The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) of the neotropical forests is often cited as the largest eagle, as well, and captive females have weighed up to 12.3 kg (27 lb).[3] The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) measures 66–94 cm (26–37 in) in length with a 1.78–2.45 m (5.8–8.0 ft) wingspan. The wingspan, with a midpoint of 2.18 m (7.2 ft), is on average the largest of any eagle. It is sometimes considered the fourth-largest eagle in the world and is on average the fourth-heaviest eagle in the world. The martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) is the largest eagle in Africa and is the fifth-heaviest (on average) eagle in the world, with a length of 78–96 cm (31–38 in), weight of 3–6.2 kg (6.6–13.7 lb) and a wingspan of 188–260 cm (6 ft 2 in–8 ft 6 in). The longest-winged eagle ever was an Australian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax) at 2.83 m (9.3 ft), though this species is not as heavy as the previous species. The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is barely smaller-winged, with the Himalayan subspecies recorded to 2.77 m (9.1 ft).[3] Less substantiated records indicate that the Steller's sea eagle may reach up to 2.74 m (9 ft),[23] potentially rivaling the two previous species. The harpy and Philippine eagles, due to having to navigate in deep forest, are relatively short-winged, and do not exceed 2 or 2.2 m (6.6 or 7.2 ft), respectively, in wingspan.[3] The now extinct Haast's eagle (Harpagornis moorei), which existed alongside early aboriginal people in New Zealand, was easily the largest eagle known and perhaps the largest raptor ever. Adult female Haast's were estimated to average up to 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long, a 15 kg (33 lb) body weight and a relatively short 3 m (9.8 ft) wingspan.[24]

tag: ul

text:
Waterfowl (Anseriformes)
The largest waterfowl species in average size is the trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) of Northern North America, which can reach an overall length of 1.82 m (6.0 ft), a wingspan of 3.1 m (10 ft), and a weight of 17.3 kg (38 lb).[25] However, other species have greater individual variation. Thus the heaviest single waterfowl ever recorded was a cob mute swan (Cygnus olor) from Poland, which weighed 23 kg (51 lb) and was allegedly too heavy to take flight.[3]
Swifts and allies (Apodiformes)
The largest species are the white-naped swift (Streptoprocne semicollaris), endemic to southern Mexico, and the purple needletail (Hirundapus celebensis), of the Philippine islands. Both reach similar large sizes, at up to 225 g (7.9 oz), more than 0.6 m (2.0 ft) across the wings and 25 cm (9.8 in) in length.[26]
The hummingbirds are also traditionally included in this order, the largest species of which is easily the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas) of the Andes Mountains. "Giant" is a relative term among the hummingbirds, the smallest-bodied variety of birds, and this species weighs up to 24 g (0.85 oz) at a length of 23 cm (9.1 in).[27]
The longest hummingbird species, indeed the longest in the order, is the adult male black-tailed trainbearer (Lesbia victoriae), which can measure up to 25.5 cm (10.0 in), but a majority of this length is due to the extreme tail streamers. Another size champion among hummingbirds is the sword-billed hummingbird, a fairly large species in which about half of its 21 cm (8.3 in) length is from its bill (easily the largest bill-to-body-size ratio of any bird).[28]

text:
Nightjars and allies (Caprimulgiformes)
The largest species of this order of nocturnal, mysterious birds is the neotropical great potoo (Nycitbius grandis), the maximum size of which is about 680 g (1.50 lb) and 60 cm (2.0 ft). Heavier specimens have been recorded in the bulky Australian tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) species, especially juvenile birds, which can weigh up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb). Other species nearly as large as the potoo are the Papuan frogmouth (Podargus papuensis) of New Guinea and the neotropic, cave-dwelling oilbird (Steatornis caripensis), both at up to 48 cm (19 in).
The largest species in the true nightjar family, the great eared nightjar (Eurostopodus macrotis) of East Asia, is rather smaller at up to 150 g (0.33 lb) and 41 cm (16 in).[29] The wingspan in the great potoo and the oilbird can be more than 1 m (3.3 ft), the largest of the order.[30][31]
Shorebirds (Charadriiformes)
The largest species in this diverse order is the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) of the North Atlantic, attaining a size of as much as 0.79 m (2.6 ft), a wingspan of 1.7 m (5.6 ft) and weighing up to 2.3 kg (5.1 lb). The glaucous gull (L. hyperboreus) is, on average, somewhat smaller than the black-back but has been weighed at as much as 2.7 kg (6.0 lb).[11][32]
Among the most prominent family of "small waders", the sandpipers reach their maximum size in the Far Eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) at up to 0.66 and 1.1 m (2.2 and 3.6 ft) across the wings, although the more widespread Eurasian curlew (N. arquata) can weigh up to 1.36 kg (3.0 lb).[33][34]
Less variable in size, the plovers largest species is the Australasian masked lapwing (Vanellus miles) at up to 0.4 m (1.3 ft) long, a 0.85 m (2.8 ft) wingspan and a weight of 400 g (14 oz).[35] The terns, previously considered members of the gull family, are usually slender and dainty-looking in comparisonm but the largest species, the widely distributed Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia), is quite large and heavily built. Caspians can range up to 782 g (1.724 lb), a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) wingspan and 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in length.[36][37]
The largest extant alcid is the sub-Arctic thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia), which can range up to 1.48 kg (3.3 lb), a length of 0.48 m (1.6 ft) and a small wingspan of 0.76 m (2.5 ft).[38] However, until its extinction, the flightless great auk (Pinguinus impennis) of the North Atlantic, was both the largest alcid and the second largest member of the order. Great auks could range up to 6.8 kg (15 lb) and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) tall.[39]
Miomancalla was the largest charadriiform of all time, weight about a pound-and-a-half more than the Great Auk and being about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall[40]

text:
Herons and allies (Ciconiiformes)
The longest-bodied and tallest species in the order is probably the slender, towering saddle-billed stork of Africa (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), which often exceeds 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall and has a wingspan of up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft).[41] Reaching a similar or slightly shorter height but more heavily built among the storks are the neotropical jabiru (Jabiru mycteria), the Asian greater adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius) and the African marabou stork (L. crumeniferus), all of which are believed to weigh up to 8 to 9 kg (18 to 20 lb). are either Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) 00–129 cm (0–51 in) long, 110–150 cm (43–59 in) tall, a weight of 2.8–5.9 kg (6.2–13.0 lb) and a wingspan of 2.22 m (7.3 ft).[11][42] The greater adjutant and marabou nearly equal the Andean condor in maximum wingspan. All three are believed to reach or exceed 3.16 m (10.4 ft) and are regarded as having the largest wingspan of any landbirds (that is species who live over land as opposed to tied to the sea or wetlands).[3] Standing up to 1.53 m (5.0 ft), with a wingspan of up to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) and a weight up to 5 kg (11 lb) is the African goliath heron (Ardea goliath), the largest of the diverse and well-known herons and egrets. The white-bellied heron (A. insignis) is generally smaller, but gigantic, unverified juveniles have been reported to 8.5 kg (19 lb) and 1.58 m (5.2 ft).[43]
Many of the largest flying birds in the fossil record may have been members of the Ciconiiformes. The heaviest flying bird ever, Argentavis magnificens, is part of a group, the teratorns, that are considered an ally of the New World vultures.[44]
The largest ibis is the giant ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea). Adults are reportedly 102–106 cm (40–42 in) long, with an upright standing height of up to 100 cm (39 in) and are estimated to weigh about 4.2 kg (9.3 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 52.3–57 cm (20.6–22.4 in), the tail is 30 cm (12 in), the tarsus is 11 cm (4.3 in) and the culmen is 20.8–23.4 cm (8.2–9.2 in). The adults have overall dark greyish-brown plumage with a naked, greyish head and upper neck. There are dark bands across the back of the head and shoulder area and the pale silvery-grey wing tips also have black crossbars. The beak is yellowish-brown, the legs are orange, and the eyes are dark red. Juveniles have short black feathers on the back of the head down to the neck, shorter bills and brown eyes. having this crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) of Japan is a large (up to 78.5 cm long), white-plumaged ibis of pine forests. Its head is partially bare, showing red skin, and it has a dense crest of white plumes on the nape. This species is the only member of the genus Nipponia.
Mousebirds (Coliiformes)

text:
Pigeons (Columbiformes)
The largest species of the pigeon/dove complex is the Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) of Northern New Guinea, although the other crowned pigeons approach similar sizes. Some exceptionally large Victoria crowneds have reached 3.7 kg (8.2 lb) and 85 cm (33 in). The largest arboreal pigeon is the Marquesan imperial pigeon (Ducula galeata), which is up to about 0.8 m (2.6 ft) across the wings and can weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb).[46]
The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratoritus) of North America. The average weight of these pigeons was 340–400 g (12–14 oz) and, per John James Audubon's account, length was 42 cm (17 in) in males and 38 cm (15 in) in females.[47]
Some flightless birds found on islands off East Africa are the largest extinct pigeons and doves known to have existed: the dodo (Raphus cucullatus), which was physically somewhat like an outsized pigeon, and the Rodrigues solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria), a brown, long-necked bird that was superficially ratite-like. Both species may have exceeded 1 m (3.3 ft) in height. All were carelessly hunted it into extinction by humans and introduced animals. The dodo is most frequently cited as the largest-ever pigeon, as it could have weighed as much as 28 kg (62 lb), although recent estimates have indicated that an average wild dodo would have weighed around 10.2 kg (22 lb), scarcely larger than a male turkey.[48][49] If dodos were this light, the Rodrigues solitaire may have been larger. Some estimates claim the solitaire was merely swan-sized but others estimate weights of up to 27.8 kg (61 lb).[50][51]

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Kingfishers and allies (Coraciiformes)
The largest species is the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), reaching sizes of as much as 6.2 kg (14 lb) and 1.3 m (4.3 ft) in length.[52] Several arboreal, Asian hornbills can grow very large as well, with the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) weighing to 4 kg (8.8 lb) and the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) measuring as much as 1.7 m (5.6 ft) in total length.[53][54] The larger hornbills have a wingspan of up to 1.83 m (6.0 ft).[55]
The largest kingfisher overall is the giant kingfisher (Megaceryle maxima), at up to 48 cm (19 in) long and 425 g (15.0 oz), with a large crest and finely spotted white on black upperparts.[56] However, the common Australian species, the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), may be heavier still, since individuals exceeding 450 g (0.99 lb) are not uncommon. A kookaburra wingspan can range up to 0.9 m (3.0 ft).[57]
Cuckoos, coucals and roadrunners (Cuculiformes)
The largest of the cuckoos is the Australasian channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae), which can range up to a weight of 0.93 kg (2.1 lb), a 1 m (3.3 ft) wingspan and a length of 0.66 m (2.2 ft).[58][59]
Falcons (Falconiformes)
Many authorities now support the split of falcons from the Accipitriformes, despite similar adaptations, due to the genetic evidence showing they are not closely related.[60] The largest species of falcon is the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Large females of this species can range up to 2.1 kg (4.6 lb), span 1.6 m (5.2 ft) across the wings and measure 0.66 m (2.2 ft) long.[21] The largest extinct Titanohierax was a giant hawk about 8 kilograms that lived in the Antilles, where it was among the top predators.

text:
Gamebirds (Galliformes)
The heaviest member of this diverse order is the North American wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The largest specimen ever recorded was shot in 2015, and weighed 17.05 kg (37.6 lb).[61] The heaviest domesticated turkey on record, a very obese bird, weighed 37 kg (82 lb).[1]
The longest species, if measured from the tip of the bill to the end of the long tail coverts, is the male green peafowl (Pavo muticus) of Southeast Asia, at up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long. This is the longest overall length for any flying bird, although about two-thirds of the length is made up by the tail coverts, and this species (to 5 kg (11 lb)) weighs less than its cousin, the Indian peafowl (P. cristatus), at up to 6 kg (13 lb). Although, wingspan is relatively small in most galliformes, both larger peafowl species can span as much as 1.6 m (5.2 ft) across the wings.[62]
The largest member of the grouse family is the Eurasian western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), at up to 6.7 kg (15 lb) and 1 m (3.3 ft). A prehistoric, flightless family, sometimes called (incorrectly) "giant megapodes" (Sylviornis) of New Caledonia were the most massive galliformes ever, up to 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long and weighing up to about 40 kg (88 lb).[63]
The largest gamebirds is the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domestica). The shanks and outer toes are slightly feathered. In the original birds the males topped 10 lb (4.5 kg); today cocks weigh 9.5 lbs/3.75–4.25 kg and hens 7.5 lb (3.4 kg). Hatching eggs should weigh at least 58 g.
Loons (Gaviiformes)
The largest species on average is the yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) of the Arctic, at up to 1 m (3.3 ft) and 7 kg (15 lb). However, one exceptionally large North American common loon (Gavia immer), weighed 8 kg (18 lb), heavier than any recorded yellow-billed loon. Wingspan in these largest loons can reach 1.52 m (5.0 ft).[64]

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Cranes and allies (Gruiformes)
The males of the Eurasian great bustard (Otis tarda) and the African kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) are the heaviest birds capable of flight, averaging up to 16 kg (35 lb) and weighing 2 to 3 times as much as their female counterparts. It is not resolved if one of these species is larger than the other, but both can reach a weight of at least 21 kg (46 lb)[1] and measure up to 1.53 m (5.0 ft) long.[3][65] Some kori bustards have been reported from 23 kg (51 lb) to even 40 kg (88 lb), but all such reports are unverified or dubious.[66]
The tallest flying bird on earth, also represented in the Gruiformes, is the sarus crane (Grus antigone) of Southern Asia and Australia, which can reach a height of 2 m (6.6 ft).[67] Heavier cranes are reported in other species, the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and the Siberian crane (G. leucogeranus), both from Northeast Asia and both at up to 15 kg (33 lb), as opposed to a top weight of 12.8 kg (28 lb) in the sarus.[3][11][68] Wingspan in both the largest cranes and the largest bustards can range up to 2.5–3 m (8.2–9.8 ft).[69][70]
The most species-rich family in this order, the rails, reaches their largest size in the bulky takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) of New Zealand, an endangered species that can weigh up to 4.2 kg (9.3 lb) and measure 0.65 m (2.1 ft) long.[71] The aforementioned "terror bird", Brontornis burmeisteri, has traditionally been classified as a member of this order, although this may not be an accurate classification.

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Songbirds (Passeriformes)
The passerine or songbird order comprises more than half of all bird species, and are known for their generally small size, their strong voices and their frequent perching. Corvids are the largest of passerines, particularly the large races of the common raven (Corvus corax) and the Northeast African thick-billed raven (C. crassirostris). Large ravens can weigh 2 kg (4.4 lb), attain a 1.5 m (4.9 ft) wingspan and measure 0.8 m (2.6 ft) long.[72]
The closest non-corvid contender to largest size is the Australian superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), which can reach a length of 1 m (3.3 ft), much of it comprised by their spectacular tail, and a weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb).[73]
The largest species in the most species-rich passerine family, Tyrannidae or tyrant-flycatchers, is the great shrike-tyrant of the South Andes (Agriornis lividus), at 99.2 g (3.50 oz) and 31 cm (12 in), although the fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana), to 41 cm (16 in), is longer thanks to its extreme tail.[11][74]
The namesake of the previous family, the Old World flycatchers, reaches its maximum size in the green cochoa of Southeast Asia (Cochoa viridis), if it is indeed a proper member of the family, at up to 122 g (4.3 oz)[11] and a length of 29 cm (11 in).
Closely related to the Old World flycatchers, the thrush family's largest representative is the blue whistling thrush of India and Southeast Asia (Myophonus caeruleus), at up to 230 g (8.1 oz) and 36 cm (14 in).[75]
The largest bird family in Eurasia is the Old World warblers. As previously classified these warblers could get fairly large, up to 57 g (2.0 oz) and 28 cm (11 in) in the striated grassbird of Southeast Asia (Megalurus palustris). The Old World warblers have been split into several families, however, which leaves the barred warbler of central Eurasia (Sylvia nisoria), up to 36 g (1.3 oz) and 17 cm (6.7 in), as the largest "true warbler".[76]
Not to be confused with the previous family, the largest of the well-known New World warblers is the aberrant yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens), which can exceptionally measure up to 22 cm (8.7 in) and weigh 53 g (1.9 oz).[77][78]
Another large family is the bulbuls, the largest of which is the south Asian straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus), to 94 g (3.3 oz) and 29 cm (11 in). The diverse, large family of babblers can reach 35 cm (14 in) and 170 g (6.0 oz) in the south Asian greater necklaced laughingthrush (Garrulax pectoralis).[79]
The familiar domesticated species, the Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), is (in the wild) the largest estrild, at up to 28.3 g (1.00 oz) and 17 cm (6.7 in). **The largest honeyeater, perhaps the most diverse Australasian bird family, is the crow honeyeater (Gymnomyza aubryana), at up to 290 g (10 oz)[11] and 30 cm (12 in). The largest of the "true finches" is the collared grosbeak (Mycerobas affinis) of central and south Asia at up to 23 cm (9.1 in) and 80 g (2.8 oz).[80]
Among the largest bird families, the emberizids, reaches its largest size in the Abert's towhee (Pipilo aberti) of Southwest United States and north Mexico at up to 23 cm (9.1 in) and 80 g (2.8 oz).[81]
Closely related to the previous family is the tanagers, which can range up to 140 g (4.9 oz) in the Andean-forest-dwelling white-capped tanager (Sericossypha albocristata).[11] Another species-rich neotropical family is the ovenbirds, **the largest of which, the great rufous woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes major) of the Amazonian rainforests, can weigh up to 162 g (5.7 oz) and 35 cm (14 in). The specialized antbird family can range up to 156 g (5.5 oz) and 35.5 cm (14.0 in) in the giant antshrike (Batara cinerea).[11] Among the most variably sized passerine families is the icterids.
The largest icterid is the olive oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus), in which males can range up to 52 cm (1.71 ft) and 550 g (1.21 lb).[82] The latter species competes with the similarly sized Amazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus) as the largest passerine in South America.

text:
Cormorants and allies (Pelecaniformes)
The pelicans rank amongst the largest flying birds. The largest species of pelican is the Eurasian Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), which attains a length of 1.83 m (6.0 ft) and a body weight of 15 kg (33 lb). The great white pelican (P. onocrotalus) of Europe and Africa is nearly as large. The Australian pelican (P. conspicillatus) is slightly smaller but has the largest bill of any bird, at as much as 49 cm (19 in) long.[1] A large pelican can attain a wingspan of 3.6 m (12 ft), second only to the great albatrosses among all living birds.[83]
The largest of the cormorants is the flightless cormorant of the Galapagos Islands (Phalacrocorax harrisi), at up to 5 kg (11 lb) and 1 m (3.3 ft), although large races in the great cormorant (P. carbo) can weigh up to 5.3 kg (12 lb).[84][85] The spectacled cormorant of the North Pacific (P. perspicillatus), which became extinct around 1850, was larger still, averaging around 6.4 kg (14 lb) and 1.15 m (3.8 ft).
The widely distributed magnificent frigatebird is of note for having an extremely large wingspan, up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft), for its relatively light body, at up to only 1.9 kg (4.2 lb).[86]
A family of birds, Pelagornithidae or pseudotooth birds, included several species that were behind only Argentavis magnificens in size among all flying birds. Characterized by the tooth-like protrusions along their bills, this unique family has been variously allied with the Pelecaniformes, the tubenoses, the large waders and even the waterfowl. Their true linkage to extant birds remains in question, though pelecaniformes are the group most regularly considered related. Some of the largest pseudotooth birds have included, Osteodontornis of the late Miocene from the North Pacific, Gigantornis eaglesomei, from the Eocene era in what is now Nigeria and Dasornis, from Eocene era Europe. A new, unnamed species has been discovered which may outsize even these giants. Superficially albatross-like, each of these pseudotooth species may have attained lengths of 2.1-metre-long (6.9 ft) and wingspans of at least 6 m (20 ft). Body mass in these slender birds was probably only up to around 29 kg (64 lb).[87][88][89]
Tropicbirds (Phaethontiformes)

text: Flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes)

text:
Woodpeckers and allies (Piciformes)
The largest species of this diverse order is the toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) of the neotropic forest. Large specimens of this toucan can weigh to 870 g (1.92 lb) and 0.65 m (2.1 ft), at which size the magnificent beak alone could measure about 20 cm (7.9 in).[92]
The largest woodpecker was, at least until the 20th century, the imperial woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) of Mexico. This species had a length of up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) and is generally believed to have gone extinct following habitat destruction and hunting.[93] The closely related ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) of the Southeast United States and Cuba approached similar sizes at up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft), a 0.78 m (2.6 ft) wingspan and a mass of at least 530 g (1.17 lb). Despite possibilities that it has survived in some deep swamp forests in Arkansas or Florida, the ivory-billed is generally considered to have succumbed to the same man-made pressures as its larger cousin.[94] Faring better so far, the great slaty woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) of southeast Asia is the largest woodpecker certain to exist, with a weight of up to 500 g (1.1 lb) and a length of up to 0.58 m (1.9 ft).[95]
Less well-known than the woodpeckers and toucans, the barbets can range up to 273 g (9.6 oz) and 33 cm (13 in) in the great barbet (Megalaima virens).[92]
The largest jacamar is the great jacamar (Jacamerops aureus). It measures 29.5 to 30 cm (11.61 to 11.81 in) in length and weighs between 63 and 70 g (2.22 and 2.47 oz)[96]
Grebes (Podicipediformes)

text:
Tubenoses (Procellariiformes)
The largest species is wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) of the sub-Antarctic oceans, which also has the largest wingspan of any living bird. The maximum dimensions in this species are a length of 1.44 m (4.7 ft) and a wingspan of 3.65 m (12.0 ft).[1]  Unverified albatross have been reported to 5.3 m (17 ft).[3] Immature wandering albatrosses have weighed as much as 15.9 kg (35 lb) at the time of their first flights, though the maximum reported weight in adults in 12.7 kg (28 lb).[3]
The southern royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora) lags behind the wandering only slightly in all aspects of size.[83] These great birds can fly for hours on the ocean winds without flapping or needing to land.
The wandering albatross can travel 6,000 kilometres in 12 days. Their long wingspan help them to travel easily for several hours without flapping.
Hoatzin (Opisthocomiformes)

text:
Parrots (Psittaciformes)
The largest parrot by length and wingspan is the endangered hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) of the neotropic lowlands, reaching a length of nearly 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long, and a wingspan of 1.4 m (4.6 ft); it weighs only 2 kg (4.4 lb).[98] The heaviest parrot is the nearly extinct kakapo (Strigops habroptila),[99] which is part of the unique New Zealand parrot family. The strange, flightless kakapo may not exceed 0.68 m (2.2 ft) in length, it can however weigh up to 4.1 kg (9.0 lb).[100]
The largest species in the cockatoo family is the Australasian palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), at up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) long and a weight of 1.2 kg (2.6 lb).[101]
Sandgrouse (Pterocliformes)

text: Penguins (Sphenisciformes)

text:
Owls (Strigiformes)
The most massive owl is certainly either the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) or the endangered and similarly sized Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) of coastal Russia and Japan. Record-sized specimens of both species have weighed about 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) and measured over 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long.[105] In either species, the wingspan can range up to 2 m (6.6 ft).[106][107] Longer still, but not as massive as the previous species (never more than 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) in weight), a large female great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) from the northern boreal forests can range up to 0.83 m (2.7 ft).[108]
The largest of the barn or masked owl family is the Tasmanian masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae castanops), which weighs up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and measures to 0.6 m (2.0 ft).[107] The largest owl known to have existed was Ornimegalonyx oteroi of Cuba, a uniquely cursorial owl. The giant bird was estimated to stand over 1.1 m (3.6 ft) on the ground and to weigh at least 9.05 kg (20.0 lb).[109]

text:
Ratites (Struthioniformes)
The largest ratites ostrich (Struthio camelus), from the plains of Africa and Arabia. A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) and weigh over 156 kg (344 lb).[1] A mass of 200 kg (440 lb) has been cited for the ostrich but no wild ostriches of this massive weight have been verified.[2] Eggs laid by the ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and are the largest eggs in the world today. The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) of Australia 150 to 190 cm (59–75 in) in height, 1 to 1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in). The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarious) from Australia and Papua New Guinea 9.8 to 19 cm (3.9 to 7.5 in).[8] The three-toed feet are thick and powerful, equipped with a lethal dagger-like claw up to 12 cm (4.7 in). The greater rhea (Rhea americana) from South America 20–27 kg (44–60 lb) and often measure 127 to 140 cm (50 to 55 in) long from beak to tail; they usually stand about 1.5 m (4.9 ft). The great spotted kiwi (Apteryx hassti) from New Zealand 9 to 12 cm (3.5–4.7 in), while weight ranges between 1.2 and 2.6 kg (2.6 and 5.7 lb) for males and 1.5 and 3.3 kg (3.3 and 7.3 lb) for females
The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornis) of Madagascar, which were related to the ostrich. They exceeded 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and 500 kg (1,100 lb).[3] The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds
The tallest bird ever, however, was the giant moa (Dinornis maximus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct about 500 years ago. This moa stood up to 3.7 m (12 ft) tall,[1] but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame.[3]
Tinamous (Tinamiformes)

text: Trogons (Trogoniformes)


document_title: Constituent Assembly of India

question_text: when was the resolution passed by the constituent assembly

text: Constituent Assembly of India

text: Description [edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for approximately three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists to radical Marxists, to Hindu revivalists.

text: The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

text: The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?

text: Background and election[edit]

text: India was still under British rule when the Constituent Assembly was established following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.

text: The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress Party held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.

text: In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.

text: Constitution and elections[edit]

text: At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending.  By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).

text: Organization[edit]

text: Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.

text: The assembly's work had five stages:

text:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[2]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.

text: The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.

text: Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.

text: Major Committees

text:
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel.	This committee had the following subcommittees:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A V Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad

tag: ol

text: Prominent members[edit]

text:
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee.
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
J.B. Kriplani, President of Indian National congress at the time of independence
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha,  Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[3]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai,first railway minister of India
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Jaipal Singh Munda, Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader
Hargovind Pant

text: Members (by province/state)[edit]

text:
Madras:
Annie Mascarene, O. V. Alagesan,
Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan,
M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar,
Moturi Satyanarayana,
Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan,
Mrs. G. Durgabai,
Kala Venkatarao,
N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar,
D. Govinda Das,
Revd. Jerome D'Souza,
P. Kakkan,
T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder,
K. Kamaraj,
V. C. Kesava Rao,
T. T. Krishnamachari,
Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
L. Krishnaswami Bharathi,
P. Kunhiraman,
Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao,
V. I. Munuswamy Pillai,
M. A. Muthiah Chettiar,
V. Nadimuthu Pillai,
S. Nagappa,
P. L. Narasimha Raju,
B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya,
C. Perumalswamy Reddy,
T. Prakasam,
S. H. Prater,
Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili,
R. K. Shanmukham Chetty,
T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar,
Ramnath Goenka,
O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar,
N. G. Ranga,
Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy,
Sheik Galib Sahib,
K. Santhanam,
B. Shiva Rao,
Kallur Subba Rao,
U. Srinivasa Mallya,
P. Subbarayan,
C. Subramaniam,
V Subramaniam,
M. C. Veerabahu Pillai,
P. M. Velayudapani,
A. K. Menon,
T. J. M. Wilson,
Mohamed Ismail Sahib,
K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim,
Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur,
B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai

text:
Bombay:
Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte,
Hansa Mehta,
Hari Vinayak Pataskar,
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar,
Joseph Alban D'Souza,
Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai,
Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe,
Khandubhai Kasanji Desai,
Bal Gangadhar Kher,
M.R. Masani,
K.M. Munshi,
Narahar Vishnu Gadgil,
S. Nijalingappa,
S. K. Patil,
Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade,
R. R. Diwakar,
Shankarrao Deo,
G. V. Mavalankar,
Vallabhbhai Patel,
Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh,
A. A. Khan

text:
West Bengal:
Monomohan Das,
Arun Chandra Guha,
Lakshmi Kanta Maitra,
Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay,
Satis Chandra Samanta,
Suresh Chandra Majumdar,
Upendranath Barman,
Prabhudayal Himatsingka,
Basanta Kumar Das,
Renuka Ray,
H. C. Mukherjee,
Surendra Mohan Ghose,
Syama Prasad Mookerjee,
Ari Bahadur Gurung,
R. E. Platel,
K. C. Neogy,
Raghib Ahsan,
Somnath Lahiri,
Jasimuddin Ahmad,
Naziruddin Ahmad,
Abdul Hamid,
Abdul Halim Ghuznavi

text:
United Provinces:
Ajit Prasad Jain,
Algu Rai Shastri,
Balkrishna Sharma,
Banshi Dhar Misra,
Bhagwan Din,
Damodar Swarup Seth,
Dayal Das Bhagat,
Dharam Prakash,
A. Dharam Dass,
R. V. Dhulekar,
Feroz Gandhi,
Gopal Narain,
Krishna Chandra Sharma,
Govind Ballabh Pant,
Govind Malviya,
Har Govind Pant,
Harihar Nath Shastri,
Hriday Nath Kunzru,
Jaspat Roy Kapoor,
Jagannath Baksh Singh,
Jawaharlal Nehru,
Jogendra Singh,
Jugal Kishore,
Jwala Prasad Srivastava,
B. V. Keskar,
Kamala Chaudhry,
Kamalapati Tripathi,
J. B. Kripalani,
Mahavir Tyagi,
Khurshed Lal,
Masurya Din,
Mohan Lal Saksena,
Padampat Singhania,
Phool Singh,
Paragi Lal,
Purnima Banerjee,
Purushottam Das Tandon,
Hira Vallabha Tripathi,
Ram Chandra Gupta,
Shibban Lal Saxena,
Satish Chandra,
John Matthai,
Sucheta Kripalani,
Sunder Lall,
Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari,
Mohanlal Gautam,
Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi,
Vishnu Sharan Dublish,
Begum Aizaz Rasul,
Hyder Hussain,
Hasrat Mohani,
Abul Kalam Azad,
Muhammad Ismail Khan,
Rafi Ahmad Kidwai,
Mohd. Hifzur Rahman,
Z H Lari

text:
East Punjab:
Bakshi Tek Chand,
Jairamdas Daulatram,
Thakurdas Bhargava,
Bikramlal Sondhi,
Yashwant Rai,
Ranbir Singh Hooda,
Lala Achint Ram,
Nand Lal,
Baldev Singh,
Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir,
Sardar Hukam Singh,
Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann,
Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh
Chaudhry Suraj Mal

text:
Bihar:
Nasif Arafat,
Amiyo Kumar Ghosh,
Anugrah Narayan Sinha,
Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala,
Bhagwat Prasad,
Boniface Lakra,
Brajeshwar Prasad,
Chandika Ram,
K. T. Shah,
Devendra Nath Samanta,
Dip Narain Sinha,
Guptanath Singh,
Jadubans Sahay,
Jagat Narain Lal,
Jagjivan Ram,
Jaipal Singh Munda,
Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga,
Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav,
Mahesh Prasad Sinha,
Krishna Ballabh Sahay,
Raghunandan Prasad,
Rajendra Prasad,
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha,
Ramnarayan Singh,
Sachchidananda Sinha,
Sarangdhar Sinha,
Satyanarayan Sinha,
Binodanand Jha,
P. K. Sen,
Sri Krishna Sinha,
Sri Narayan Mahtha,
Syamanandan Mishra,
Hussain Imam,
Syed Jafar Imam,
Latifur Rahman,
Mohammad Tahir,
Tajamul Hussain,
Choudhry Abid Hussain.
Hargovind Mishra

text:
Central Provinces and Berar:
Ambica Charan Shukla,
Raghu Vira,
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur,
B.A. Mandloi,
Brijlal Nandlal Biyani,
Thakur Cheedilal,
Seth Govind Das,
Hari Singh Gour,
Hari Vishnu Kamath,
Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar,
Ghanshyam Singh Gupta,
Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar,
Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh,
Ravi Shankar Shukla,
R. K. Sidhva,
Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari,
Frank Anthony,
Kazi Syed Karimuddin,
Ganpatrao Dani

text:
Assam:
Nibaran Chandra Laskar,
Dharanidhar Basu-Matari,
Gopinath Bardoloi,
J. J. M. Nichols-Roy,
Kuladhar Chaliha,
Rohini Kumar Chaudhury,
Muhammad Saadulla,
Abdur Rouf

text:
Orissa:
Biswanath Das,
Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev,
Harekrushna Mahatab,
Laxminarayan Sahu
Lokanath Mishra,
Nandkishore Das,
Rajkrishna Bose,
Santanu Kumar Das,
Yudhishir Mishra

text:
Delhi:
Deshbhandhu Gupta

text:
Ajmer-Merwara:
Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava

text:
Coorg:
C. M. Poonacha

text:
Mysore:
K.C. Reddy,
T. Siddalingaiya,
H. R. Guruv Reddy,
S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao,
K. Hanumanthaiya,
H. Siddaveerappa,
T. Channiah

text:
Jammu and Kashmir:
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah,
Motiram Baigra,
Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg,
Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi

text:
Travancore-Cochin:
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai,
R. Sankar,
P. T. Chacko,
Panampilly Govinda Menon,
Annie Mascarene,
P.S.Nataraja Pillai,
K.A. Mohamed

text:
Madhya Bharat:
Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate,
Brijraj Narain,
Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya,
Ram Sahai,
Kusum Kant Jain,
Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya,
Sitaram S. Jajoo

text:
Saurashtra:
Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta,
Jaisukhlal Hathi,
Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar,
Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah,
Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi

text:
Rajasthan:
V. T. Krishnamachari,
Hiralal Shastri,
Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri,
Jaswant Singhji,
Raj Bhadur,
Manikya Lal Varma,
Gokul Lal Asava,
Ramchandra Upadhyaya,
Balwant Sinha Mehta,
Dalel Singh,
Jainarain Vyas

text:
Patiala and East Punjab States Union:
Ranjit Singh,
Sochet Singh,
Bhagwant Roy

text:
Bombay States:
Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya,
B. N. Munavalli,
Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt,
Jivraj Narayan Mehta,
Gopaldas A. Desai,
Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi,
B. H. Khardekar,
Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar B.N Datar

text:
Orissa States:
Lal Mohan Pati,
N. Madhava Rau,
Raj Kunwar,
Sarangadhar Das,
Yudhishthir Mishra

text:
Central Provinces States:
R. L. Malaviya,
Kishorimohan Tripathi,
Ramprasad Potai

text:
United Provinces States:
B. H. Zaidi,
Krishna Singh

text:
Madras States:
V. Ramaiah,
Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

text:
Vindhya Pradesh:
Avdesh Pratap Singh,
Shambu Nath Shukla,
Ram Sahai Tiwari,
Mannulalji Dwidedi

text:
Cooch Behar:
Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari

text:
Tripura and Manipur:
Girja Shankar Guha

text:
Bhopal:
Lal Singh

text:
Kutch:
Bhawani Arjun Khimji

text:
Himachal Pradesh:
Yashwant Singh Parmar

text: Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]

text:
East Bengal:
Abdullah al Mahmood,
Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui,
Abdul Hamid,
Abdul Kasem Khan,
Mohammad Akram Khan,
A. Hamid,
Azizuddin Ahmad,
Muhammad Habibullah Bahar,
Prem Hari Barma,
Raj Kumar Chakraverty,
Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya,
Abdul Matin Chaudhary,
Murtaza Raza Choudhry,
Hamidul Haq Chowdhury,
Akhay Kumar Das,
Dhirendra Nath Datta,
Bhupendra Kumar Datta,
Ebrahim Khan,
Fazlul Huq,
Fazlur Rahman,
Ghayasuddin Pathan,
Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah,
Liaquat Ali Khan,
Mafizuddin Ahmad,
Mahmud Hussain,
Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar,
A. M. Malik,
Birat Chandra Mandal,
Jogendra Nath Mandal,
Mohammed Ali,
Khwaja Nazimuddin,
M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed,
Nurul Amin,
Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi,
Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy,
Maudi Bhakesh Chanda,
B.L. Serajul Islam,
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani,
Shahabudin Khwaja,
H.S. Suhrawardy,
Harendra Kumar Sur,
Tamizuddin Khan,
Kawivi Kerwar Datta,
Ghulam Mohammed

text:
West Punjab:
Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana,
Ganga Saran,
Zafarullah Khan,
Iftikhar Hussain Khan,
Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
Sheikh Karamat Ali,
Nazir Ahmad Khan,
Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar,
Feroz Khan Noon,
Omar Hayat Malik,
Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara,
Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,

text:
Northwest Frontier Province:
Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan,
Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan,
Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan

text:
Sindh:
Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman,
Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder,
M.A. Khuhro

text:
Balochistan:
S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.

B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.


document_title: Finn the Human

question_text: what episode of adventure time does finn lose his arm

text: Finn the Human

text: Biography[edit]

text: Finn debuted at age 12 but has aged over the course of the show and is now[when?] 16. Finn sets off on magical random quests around the Land of Ooo. He would gladly fight or beat up anything evil, but would not harm anything good or "neutral" as shown in "The Enchiridion!" when he refused to squash an innocent ant. Having a strong moral code, Finn swore that he would help anyone in need and often performs heroic feats to save the day; however,[2] starting after season 3, Finn's enthusiastic nature becomes more toned down as the series progresses, suggesting he is both maturing and developing as a character as he ages. As shown in "Memories of Boom Boom Mountain", Finn appears to have been abandoned in the woods during infancy. He reveals that he had made "boom boom"—a euphemism for defecation—on a large leaf, fallen on it, and lay there crying until Joshua and Margaret, Jake's parents, rescued him from the wilderness and took him in to raise him alongside Jake, who became like a brother to him. As such, Jake is also Finn's adoptive brother. In "Henchman", when Finn is asked about his parents, he says Jake told him that he came from a cabbage, in jest. In the episode "Susan Strong", Finn states that he knows nothing of his human parents or any other humans. He is one of the few characters in the series (along with Flame Princess) who ages regularly. According to the episode "The Vault", Finn has had a number of past lives. In "Red Starved" it is revealed that Finn is color blind, believing that an emerald was a ruby.

text: In the Season 6 opener "Escape From the Citadel", Finn has lost half of his right arm, up to his elbow, from which a flower protruded. He later regains his arm, now as a prosthetic, in the episode "Breezy", only to lose it once more in the seventh series finale "Reboot" when his grass arm transforms itself into a humanoid, sentient being. In the Season 8 premiere episode "Two Swords", Finn gets fitted with a new robotic arm by Princess Bubblegum, to replace the missing arm.

text: Age[edit]

text: Finn is currently 16 as confirmed in the season 6 finale "The Comet" and the early season 8 episode "Wheels". At the beginning of the series, Finn was a 12-year-old boy who is supposedly the only known human in the Land of Ooo. During the episode "Mystery Train", Finn turned 13; it has been stated that the episode first airing date (March 14) is Finn's birthday.[3] After season 3 ended, Pendleton Ward stated in an interview that Finn was 14. Finn was 15 years old in the second half of Season 5, according to Adam Muto.[4] In the Season 6 finale, "The Comet", Finn reveals that he has reached 16 years of age. This means that unlike in many other cartoons where characters stay the same age or age through time skips, in Adventure Time time passes regularly.

text: Status as the last human[edit]

text: Until the episode "Betty", Finn was the only known human in the Land of Ooo. A common theory explaining the etymology of his name includes the Italian word "fin", meaning "end". Another possibility is that his name is Irish, Finn being a name of a mythological Irish hero, whose name is derived from "fionn", the Irish language word for blonde; Finn the Human is blonde as well. The cause for him being the last human is alluded to by Finn and many other characters as "The Great Mushroom War", which was a nuclear war that wiped out the majority of humanity. Up until the character "Susan Strong" is introduced, Finn believes that he has never met another human. When Finn encounters Susan Strong, the other members of Susan's tribe of "Hyoomen" are revealed to be mutants, and Susan's identity as a human or mutant was left ambiguous. In the episode "Beautopia", it was hinted upon that Susan may also be human, but was not confirmed at the time. However, in the Season 6 episode, "Dark Purple", Susan's hat was taken off, revealing that she is indeed human, but with a cybernetic implant on the left side of her head, which meant she was a cyborg. The businessmen that Finn meets in the "Business Time" episode are also human, though they have been mutated over time. In the episode "Her Parents", Lady Rainicorn's parents (Bob and Ethel) attempt to eat Finn because they thought they would never get the chance to eat one, as they believed humans were extinct. Finn's female counterpart Fionna the Human is a human living in the Land of Aaa, though it has no official name; however, she exists only in a parallel universe conceived by the Ice King, when he wrote a fanfiction based upon his life and experiences with Finn and Jake. There are many other characters in the show that appear to be human but have been confirmed to be humanoids or mutants. In the episode Be More, the character Moseph "Moe" Mastro Giovanni, who is the creator of BMO, appears to be a human, but is revealed that he has replaced most of his body parts (except the skin) with artificial ones, which makes him virtually a cyborg. In the episode "Betty," Betty Grof (known as Simon Petrikov's former fiancee) was brought from the past into Ooo, and later in "Escape From the Citadel" Finn's father, Martin, is introduced, making Finn no longer the last human.

text: However, during the season 6 finale event, two episodes and their events bring a return to Finn's status as the last human on Ooo. In "You Forgot Your Floaties", Betty Grof becomes Magic Man's apprentice and in return for helping Magic Man, he promised her a cure for her fiance. Things go awry and at the end of the episode, Betty takes Magic Man's hat, thus becoming a wizard and losing her status as a human. Additionally, in the finale episode, "The Comet", after Finn learns of his past and declines an offer to become a higher being, his father, Martin, takes the offer and ascends to another level of being, likely bringing an end to his human form.

text: In the episode, "Preboot", it was revealed there are other humans outside of Ooo, then at the end of "Reboot", Finn destroyed Susan's cybernetic implant, making her fully human in the process.

text: During the miniseries "Islands", Finn being the last human was completely dispelled. It was revealed that around 1,000 years after the Great Mushroom War a group of surviving humans left Ooo and moved to a chain of islands. After many generations there are still humans there. Finn's mom Minerva is on Founder's Island, one of the islands, and was a Helper (doctor). She uploaded her mind to a network of robots after the island was ravaged by an illness. In addition to meeting his biological mother, Finn met many other humans. Although Finn hopes they may venture out of the islands and back to Ooo one day, people are changing their minds about leaving.

text: Physical appearance[edit]

text: Finn is a 5-foot tall teenage human. He has several missing teeth, yellow hair, of which the length differs due to occasional haircuts. His eyes and eyebrows appear black from a distance, but according to lead character designer Andy Ristaino, they are blue. He wears a white bear hat, short blue pants, and a light blue T-shirt. He also has a green backpack, black shoes, and socks rolled down to his ankles. Finn has peach color skin. Finn is a teenage boy who is average height and weight. His arms and legs are very thin, but he has a wide torso. He is missing several teeth because they often face monsters that hit him in the face, also he often bites rocks and other hard objects. These teeth are sometimes round or pointed and constantly changing place, depending on the occasion. In the episode "The Enchiridion!" it can be seen for a moment that his left eye is green while his right eye is blue, as if he has heterochromia. However, Andy Ristaino confirmed that this was a "special occasion" and that in fact both eyes are light blue, which is not visible to the naked eye. He also points out in that episode that Finn had a small round nose but this is considered more of an error or humorous scene.

text: In "Escape from the Citadel", Finn had lost right arm after it was pulled off after an attempt to reach his father, which was then coated by the blood of a Citadel Guardian that made it grow into a small flower. He later got his arm back in the episode, "Breezy," where the flower stub matured into a tree and broke away like a cocoon, revealing a new limb. In the seventh season finale, "Reboot", Finn lost it once more when his grass arm tries to attack a savage Susan and transforms into a sentient grass being called Fern the Human. Starting with the eighth season premiere, "Two Swords", Finn has been fitted with a new robotic arm by Princess Bubblegum, who fastened it in his amputated part since his old arm was no longer part of his body.

text: According to Jake, Finn is about 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall. This is revealed in the episode "Dungeon Train", in the second half of the fifth season. In the 23rd episode of the sixth season, The Pajama War, it is seen that he has grown considerably, being almost as tall as Princess Bubblegum, who, biologically, is many years older than Finn.

text: Costuming[edit]

text: Finn typically wears a munsell blue ("color #0093AF") T-shirt, short blue pants, a two-toned lime green circular backpack, rolled-down white socks, and a pair of black shoes. Finn's most prominent attire is a white hat with two "ears" sticking out on top that covers his entire head minus his face. The hat is inspired by a character called Bueno, a bear from a Pendleton Ward comics. Finn can occasionally be seen in variations of his standard outfit. In "Ocean of Fear," his footwear appears to be black booties with white cuffs. In "It Came from the Nightosphere", Finn has a small pocket sewn onto his shirt that he carries Jake in. This appears again in "Davey" where he uses it to hide Jake while Finn steals the keys from the guards as he breaks the former out of jail. During "In Your Footsteps," the Bear wears Finn's clothes, which suggests that Finn has multiple sets of the same outfit, including his hat. However, in "Little Dude," when Finn's hat comes to life and is set free, Jake tells Finn, "Okay, let's go skin an evil bear," which may imply that Finn only had one hat.

text: Aside from his normal outfit, Finn can be seen wearing a cream-yellow sweater in colder areas such as the Ice Kingdom but currently wears his pink sweater made by Princess Bubblegum. In "Holly Jolly Secrets Part II," he wears a dark blue sweater with Christmas decorations on it and a green scarf. Finn also wears white briefs that make their first appearance in "City of Thieves". In "Who Would Win," he was shown to wear a different pair with red elastic. Finn sleeps in red footie pajamas that appear in many episodes, but in the animated short, he sleeps in a red sleeping bag in his regular clothes. In the series, the sleeping bag is beige.


document_title: Tour de France records and statistics

question_text: greatest number of tour de france stage wins

text: Tour de France records and statistics

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The record for most appearances is held jointly by Sylvain Chavanel, Stuart O'Grady, and Jens Voigt with 17. In light of George Hincapie's suspension for use of performance-enhancing drugs, before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen, having completed all but his very first, Joop Zoetemelk holds the record for the most finishes, having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started.[2]

text:
Participations
Finishes
Name
Nationality

17 (1997, 1998,[n 1] 1999–2013)
15 (1997, 1998,[n 2] 1999, 2001–2006, 2008–2013)
Stuart O'Grady
 Australia

17 (1998–2014)
14 (1998–2002, 2004, 2006–2008, 2010–2014)
Jens Voigt
 Germany

17 (2001–2017)
15 (2001–2006, 2008–2011, 2013–2017)
Sylvain Chavanel
 France

16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands

16 (2001–2009, 2011–2017)
15 (2001–2003, 2005–2009, 2011–2017)
Haimar Zubeldia
 Spain

15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
Lucien Van Impe
 Belgium

15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
Viatcheslav Ekimov
 Russia

15 (1980–1994)
13 (1981–1982, 1984–1994)
Guy Nulens
 Belgium

15 (1996–2010)
11 (1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2003–2007, 2009–2010)
Christophe Moreau
 France

15 (2003-2017)
15 (2003-2017)
Thomas Voeckler
 France

14 (1953–1966)
13 (1953–1962, 1964–1966)
André Darrigade
 France

14 (1994–2004, 2006–2008)
13 (1995–2004, 2006–2008)
Erik Zabel
 Germany

14 (1978–1985, 1987–1992)
12 (1978–1985, 1988–1990, 1992)
Sean Kelly
 Ireland

14 (1962–1976)
11 (1962–1965, 1967, 1969–1972, 1974–1976)
Raymond Poulidor
 France

14 (1908–1914, 1920–1928)
07 (1909–1914, 1921)
Jules Deloffre
 France

14 (1996–2003, 2007-2012)
13 (1997–2003, 2007-2012)[n 3]
George Hincapie
 United States

13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
Phil Anderson
 Australia

13 (1969–1975, 1977–1981, 1983)
12 (1969–1975, 1977–1980, 1983)
Joaquim Agostinho
 Portugal

13 (1974–1982, 1984, 1986–1988)
11 (1974–1975, 1977–1982, 1984, 1986–1987)
Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands

13 (1977–1989)
11 (1977–1985, 1987, 1989)
Henk Lubberding
 Netherlands

13 (1951–1963)
10 (1951–1952, 1954, 1956–1957, 1959–1963)
Jean Dotto
 France

13 (1964–1976)
10 (1964–1965, 1967–1971, 1973–1974, 1976)
Jean-Pierre Genet
 France

13 (1979–1983, 1985–1988, 1990–1993)
09 (1979, 1981–1983, 1985, 1987–1988, 1990–1991)
Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 France

13 (1953–1965)
09 (1953–1955, 1957, 1959–1960, 1962–1963, 1965)
François Mahe
 France

13 (1992–1997, 1999–2005)
08 (1993–1994, 1996, 2000, 2002–2005)
Marc Wauters
 Belgium

13 (1994–2006)
07 (1995, 1997, 2000–2001, 2003, 2005–2006)
Didier Rous
 France

text: Winning margin[edit]

text: In the early years of the Tour, cyclists rode individually, and were sometimes forbidden to ride together. This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two. Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton, the margins of the winner have become smaller, as the difference usually originates from time trials, breakaways or on mountain top finishes, or from being left behind the peloton. In the table below, the eight smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour are given. The largest margin, by comparison, remains that of the first Tour in 1903: 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier.[3] The nine smallest margins between first and second placed riders are as follows:[4]

text:
Winning margin
Year
Opponents

8"
1989
Greg LeMond – Laurent Fignon

23"
2007
Alberto Contador – Cadel Evans

32"
2006
Óscar Pereiro – Andreas Klöden

38"
1968
Jan Janssen – Herman Van Springel

40"
1987
Stephen Roche – Pedro Delgado

48"
1977
Bernard Thévenet – Hennie Kuiper

54"
2017
Chris Froome – Rigoberto Urán

55"
1964
Jacques Anquetil – Raymond Poulidor

58"
2008
Carlos Sastre – Cadel Evans

text: Successful breakaways[edit]

text: The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France. In the stage Carcassone-Luchon, he stayed away for 253 kilometres (157 mi).[5] It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 km, the last being Thierry Marie's 234 km escape in 1991.[5] Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead. This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest. That record belongs to José-Luis Viejo, who beat the peloton by 22 mins 50 secs in the 1976 stage Montgenèvre-Manosque.[5] He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes.

text: Overall speed[edit]

text: The 2005 edition was the fastest Tour de France in history. Lance Armstrong rode 3,592.5 km in 86h 15' 02", thus realising an overall speed of 41.654 km/h, though his win was later annulled.

text: The slowest Tour de France was the edition of 1919, when Firmin Lambot's average speed was 24.056 km/h.[6]

text: Stage speeds[edit]

text: The fastest massed-start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois (194.5 km), won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km/h (31.32 mph).[7] The fastest time-trial is Rohan Dennis' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht, won at an average of 55.446 km/h (34.5 mph).[8][9] The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time-trial. It completed the 25 km time-trial at 57.7 km/h (35.85 mph).[10]

text: The fastest climb of Alpe d'Huez was by Marco Pantani in 1997 Tour de France at 23.1 km/h (14.35 mph).[11]

text: Stage wins per rider[edit]

text: 33 riders have won 10 or more stages (including half-stages, excluding Team Time Trials). Riders who are still active are indicated in bold. Riders with the same number of stage wins are listed alphabetically.

text:
Rank
Name
Country
Wins[12]

1
Eddy Merckx
 Belgium
34

2
Mark Cavendish
 United Kingdom
30

3
Bernard Hinault
 France
28

4
André Leducq
 France
25

5
André Darrigade
 France
22

6
Nicolas Frantz
 Luxembourg
20

7
François Faber
 Luxembourg
19

8
Jean Alavoine
 France
17

9
Jacques Anquetil
 France
16

René Le Grevès
 France
16

Charles Pélissier
 France
16

12
Freddy Maertens
 Belgium
15

13
Marcel Kittel
 Germany
14

14
Philippe Thys
 Belgium
13

Louis Trousselier
 France
13

16
Gino Bartali
 Italy
12

Mario Cipollini
 Italy
12

Miguel Indurain
 Spain
12

Robbie McEwen
 Australia
12

Erik Zabel
 Germany
12

21
Jean Aerts
 Belgium
11

Louison Bobet
 France
11

Raffaele Di Paco
 Italy
11

André Greipel
 Germany
11

25
Maurice Archambaud
 France
10

Charly Gaul
 Luxembourg
10

Walter Godefroot
 Belgium
10

Thor Hushovd
 Norway
10

Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands
10

Antonin Magne
 France
10

Henri Pélissier
 France
10

Jan Raas
 Netherlands
10

Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands
10

text: Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year:

text:
Charles Pélissier (FRA) (1930, in addition to seven 2nd places)[13]
 Eddy Merckx (BEL) (1970, 1974)[14]
 Freddy Maertens (BEL) (1976, in addition to four 2nd and two 3rd places)[15]

text: Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22, François Faber with 19 and Eddy Merckx with 18.[16]

text: The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini, who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France.[17]

text: Stage wins per country[edit]

text: Riders from 33 countries have won at least one stage in the Tour de France.

text:
Country
#

 France
702

 Belgium
471

 Italy
268

 Netherlands
171

 Spain
127

 Germany
87

 Luxembourg
70

 United Kingdom
67

Country
#

  Switzerland
60

 Australia
30

 Denmark
18

 United States
18

 Norway
17

 Colombia
16

 Portugal
12

 Ireland
11

Country
#

 Russia[18]
11

 Slovakia
9

 Uzbekistan
9

 Kazakhstan
5

 Poland
5

 Austria
4

 Estonia
4

 Ukraine
4

Country
#

 Czech Republic
3

 Mexico
2

 Latvia
2

 Brazil
1

 Canada
1

 South Africa
1

 Sweden
1

 Lithuania
1

 Slovenia
1

text: Detailed table[edit]

text:
1903
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1904
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1905
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1906
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1907
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1908
10
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1909
7
1
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1910
11
-
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1911
12
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1912
8
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1913
2
10
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1914
7
4
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1919
11
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1920
3
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1921
5
9
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1922
6
8
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1923
12
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1924
4
4
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1925
1
8
5
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1926
-
12
1
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1927
6
15
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1928
13
4
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1929
10
9
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1930
13
3
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1931
8
6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1932
7
6
7
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1933
9
9
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1934
20
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1935
13
8
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1936
13
9
-
1
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1937
9
10
3
-
2
4
1
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1938
8
11
5
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1939
17
7
-
1
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1947
12
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1948
6
4
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1949
8
5
6
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1950
9
2
6
-
-
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1951
6
4
5
1
2
-
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1952
9
3
7
2
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1953
10
1
3
5
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1954
15
4
-
3
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1955
9
3
2
4
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1956
8
4
6
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1957
17
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1958
9
2
5
1
2
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1959
12
1
4
-
1
-
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1960
10
5
4
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1961
12
6
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1962
7
8
4
1
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1963
8
10
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1964
8
7
-
4
5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1965
3
7
5
4
4
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1966
2
8
4
5
2
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1967
8
6
4
1
2
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1968
10
10
2
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1969
3
14
3
-
1
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1970
5
14
5
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1971
4
11
3
3
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1972
7
15
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1973
6
7
-
2
8
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1974
7
15
1
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1975
3
11
4
5
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1976
3
12
3
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1977
8
6
1
5
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1978
7
5
-
9
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1979
10
4
1
8
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1980
7
4
-
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1981
6
10
-
7
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1982
6
5
-
6
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1983
9
3
1
5
1
-
-
1
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1984
12
7
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1985
6
6
-
4
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
3
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1986
6
5
3
1
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1987
7
2
1
6
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1988
2
-
4
8
3
1
-
1
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-

1989
4
1
2
6
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
3
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1990
3
2
5
6
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1991
5
1
6
2
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-

1992
6
2
3
3
4
1
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1993
1
2
4
-
2
1
-
-
3
-
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1994
4
-
5
1
2
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-

1995
3
1
6
1
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1996
4
-
3
3
-
3
-
-
3
-
3
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1997
6
-
7
1
1
5
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1998
1
4
6
2
-
4
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

1999
-
4
7
-
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2000
2
2
5
4
3
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2001
4
3
-
1
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2002
2
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
1
3
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2003
2
-
5
1
4
1
-
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2004
3
2
2
-
2
-
-
-
1
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2005
1
2
3
1
3
-
-
-
-
3
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2006
3
-
1
-
4
2
1
-
-
3
1
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2007
2
3
3
-
1
1
1
-
2
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-

2008
3
1
-
-
6
1
1
4
1
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2009
4
-
-
-
4
1
1
6
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2010
6
-
2
-
1
-
2
5
2
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2011
1
2
-
-
2
2
1
5
-
1
-
2
4
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2012
5
-
-
-
2
3
-
7
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2013
1
1
1
-
-
6
-
5
-
2
-
-
-
1
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2014
2
-
5
1
-
7
-
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-

2015
3
1
1
-
3
6
-
3
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2016
1
2
-
2
1
2
-
7
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2017
5
-
1
2
-
5
-
1
-
2
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

TOTAL
702
471
268
171
127
87
70
67
60
30
18
18
17
16
12
11
11
9
9
5
4
4
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

text: Stage towns[edit]

text: Some cities and towns have hosted 25 or more stage starts and finishes:

text:
Paris – 140 (most recent finish: 2017)
Bordeaux – 80 (most recent: 2010)
Pau – 69[19] (most recent: 2017)
Bagnères-de-Luchon – 58 (most recent: 2016)
Metz – 40 (most recent: 2012)
Grenoble – 39 (most recent: 2014)
Marseille – 36 (most recent: 2017)
Nice – 36 (most recent: 2013)
Perpignan – 36 (most recent: 2009)
Caen – 35 (most recent: 2006)
Briançon – 35 (most recent: 2017)
Bayonne – 32 (most recent: 2003)
Montpellier – 31 (most recent: 2016)
Nantes – 30 (most recent: 2008)
Belfort – 29 (most recent: 2000)
Brest – 28 (most recent: 2008)
L'Alpe d'Huez – 28 (most recent: 2015)
Toulouse – 25 (most recent: 2008)
Roubaix – 25 (most recent: 1994)
Saint-Étienne – 25 (most recent: 2014)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France
Jump up ^ All appearances from 2004 to 2006 have been disqualified due to Hincapie's suspension for performance-enhancing drug use