document_title: Royal Rumble

question_text: who has won the royal rumble from number 1

text: Royal Rumble

text: History

text: Event

text: The Royal Rumble is a pay-per-view consisting of the Royal Rumble match, title matches, and various other matches. The first Royal Rumble took place on January 24, 1988, and was broadcast live on the USA Network.[4] The following year, the event started to be broadcast on pay-per-view[5] and thus became one of WWE's "big four" pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Survivor Series, and SummerSlam.[6]

text: The Royal Rumble match is usually located at the top of the card, though there have been exceptions such as the 1988, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2006, and 2013 events.[7] Due to the Rumble match taking up a large amount of time (most Rumble matches last roughly one hour), the Rumble event tends to have a smaller card than most other pay-per-view events, which routinely have six to eight matches per card. The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay-per-view to be available in high-definition.[8]

text: Match

text: The Royal Rumble is based on the classic Battle Royal match, in which a number of wrestlers (usually 30) aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope, with both feet touching the floor.[1][2][9] The winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated.[1][10] According to Hornswoggle, who worked for WWE from 2006 until 2016 and participated in two Rumbles, participants may learn their eliminations by knowing the two wrestlers who are eliminated before them and which wrestlers are entering the Royal Rumble in between their elimination.[11]

text: The Royal Rumble differs from the classical Battle Royal as the contestants do not enter the ring at the same time but instead are assigned entry numbers, usually via a lottery, although desirable spots are occasionally assigned by other means, the most common being winning a match. This lottery is usually staged right before the event begins.[1] The match begins with the two wrestlers who have drawn entry numbers one and two, with the remaining wrestlers entering the ring at regular timed intervals, either 90 seconds or two minutes, according to their entry number.[1] This format is credited to Pat Patterson.[12] To date, only four men who have been one of the starting wrestlers have won the Royal Rumble: Shawn Michaels, Vince McMahon, Chris Benoit and Rey Mysterio. The most common number to win is number 27.

text: The Royal Rumble match commonly involves 30 wrestlers and usually lasts an hour, with the longest match, at the 2011 event, lasting over one hour and nine minutes of a three-hour pay-per-view.[13] However, the first match, contested in 1988, involved only 20 men,[14] and lasted 33 minutes of the two-hour broadcast.[13] The 2011 Royal Rumble had a 40-man field,[15] out of whom Alberto Del Rio was victorious.

text: The match has no stipulations or rules other than that elimination must occur by a participant being placed over the top rope and both feet touching the floor. A wrestler who only touches the floor with one foot is not eliminated from the match, a rule which greatly affected the 1995 match, allowing Shawn Michaels to re-enter the ring and win the match.[16] Subsequently, a wrestler who exits the ring without going over the top rope is not eliminated from the contest. For example, during the 1999 match, both Vince McMahon and Steve Austin left the ring, only to return later in the match.[17] In the 1994 match, the last two participants, Bret Hart and Lex Luger, were declared co-winners when it was decided that both of their feet touched the floor at exactly the same time.[18] A similar situation occurred in the 2005 match. However, the match was instead restarted after Batista and John Cena eliminated each other at the same time; Batista eliminated Cena afterwards to win the match.[19] Though various referees are charged with observing the match, some eliminations have gone unnoticed to allow the eliminated participants to sneak back into the ring to continue. Steve Austin was able to win in this way during the 1997 match after re-entering following an unacknowledged elimination and eventually tossed Bret Hart, who was the last legal wrestler in the ring, over the top.[20]

text: Although the vast majority of eliminations are caused by active participants, eliminations caused by other means have occurred, and have been ruled legitimate, including self-eliminations (such as Andre the Giant jumping out of the ring after seeing a snake in 1989, Kane eliminating himself in 1999, and Drew Carey eliminating himself in 2001; however, Randy Savage's jump over the top rope in 1992 was not ruled as self-elimination), elimination from previously-eliminated participants (such as The Undertaker eliminating Maven in 2002, Kurt Angle eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2005, Kane eliminating CM Punk in 2014, and The Wyatt Family eliminating Brock Lesnar in 2016), and elimination from non-participants (such as Brock Lesnar eliminating Goldberg in 2004, Shane McMahon eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2006, and The Miz eliminating John Cena in 2011). Furthermore, if an injured wrestler is taken away by medical staff, he can return to the match as long as the match is still ongoing (such as Steve Austin in 1999 or Roman Reigns in 2016), but if the match ends without the injured wrestler returning, he is deemed eliminated (such as Scotty 2 Hotty in 2005 or Curtis Axel in 2015).

text: Prize

text: Since 1993, the winner of the Royal Rumble match is traditionally awarded a title match for WWE's top championship at WrestleMania – presently, there are two top championships, the WWE Championship on SmackDown and the WWE Universal Championship on Raw.[21]

text: With the brand extension introduced in mid-2002, the 30 entrants from 2003 to 2006 consisted of 15 wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands. At first, the winner of the match received a shot at their brand's top champion.[22] Starting in 2004, the Rumble winner had the option of challenging any brand's champion. For instance, Chris Benoit switched brands after winning the 2004 Royal Rumble and won the World Heavyweight Championship.[21] From 2007 to 2010, participants from the ECW brand competed along with the Raw and SmackDown brands, with the ECW World Championship added as an option for the winner to challenge for, although no winners ever did.[23] During ECW's participation, the entries for each brand were not evenly divided.[24] The ECW Championship was deactivated in 2010, and the World Heavyweight Championship was unified into the WWE Championship in 2013, leaving the latter as the only title to challenge for until the brand extension returned in July 2016. The winner of the Royal Rumble match now receives a title opportunity for either SmackDown's WWE Championship or Raw's WWE Universal Championship.

text: WWE's top championship has been booked as on the line during the Royal Rumble match on two occasions. In 1992, the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship was contested in the 1992 Royal Rumble match, eventually won by Ric Flair,[25] while in 2016, Roman Reigns was scheduled to defend his WWE World Heavyweight Championship as a participant of that year's Royal Rumble match and was entrant number one. This marked the first time that a reigning champion had to defend his title in the match, which was ultimately won by Triple H, who eliminated Reigns before lastly eliminating Dean Ambrose to win. Reigns would go on to earn a match against Triple H at WrestleMania 32 and won back the title.

text: From 2001 to 2007, the Royal Rumble match winner had gone on to win a World Championship title at WrestleMania.[13] After winning the 2008 match, John Cena became the first winner to use his championship opportunity at an event (No Way Out 2008) other than WrestleMania.[26] He also became the first since The Rock in 2000 to win the Royal Rumble match but fail to win the title in his championship opportunity.

text: The Royal Rumble winner may also choose to put his championship opportunity on the line in a match. This was first done in 1996, when Shawn Michaels risked his WrestleMania XII title shot in a match against Owen Hart at In Your House 6. The second time was in 1999, when Stone Cold Steve Austin offered to forfeit his title opportunity to the Big Boss Man, who won third place in the Rumble (Austin was actually the runner-up in that rumble, but the winner, Vince McMahon himself, had voluntarily given up his title opportunity) if McMahon could beat him in a cage match at St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House, which Austin would go on to win. The third time was in 2002, when Kurt Angle convinced Triple H to put his WrestleMania X8 championship spot on the line at No Way Out, a match which Angle won. However, Triple H would later defeat Angle and regain his WrestleMania championship spot. The fourth time was in 2006, when Randy Orton goaded Rey Mysterio into putting his main event spot at WrestleMania 22 on the line at No Way Out, a match which Orton won. Mysterio was eventually reinserted into the main event at WrestleMania, making it a triple threat match, and went on to win the World Heavyweight Championship. On the February 25, 2013, edition of Raw, John Cena successfully defended his WrestleMania 29 WWE Championship opportunity in a match against CM Punk. On February 22, 2015, at Fastlane, Roman Reigns defended his WrestleMania 31 WWE World Heavyweight Championship opportunity against Daniel Bryan.

text: In 2000, The Rock was declared the victor, as the storyline intended. However, it was later revealed that his feet had actually touched before those of The Big Show. A singles match was held at No Way Out, the event following the Royal Rumble, to determine who received the Wrestlemania title shot against the reigning champion Triple H. Big Show won with the help of Shane McMahon. Rock then defeated Big Show in a rematch in March on Raw with the help of Vince McMahon, which earned him a title shot and converted the match at WrestleMania into a triple-threat that was later made a four-way match when Linda McMahon inserted the recently retired Mick Foley into the match.

text: Non-PPV Royal Rumble matches

text: WWE has booked several Royal Rumble matches outside of the annual Royal Rumble event:

text:
The first Royal Rumble match broadcast outside of its pay-per-view was a Tag Team Royal Rumble on June 15, 1998. Kane and Mankind won the match and earned an opportunity for the WWF Tag Team Championship against The New Age Outlaws.
On January 11, 1999, a "Corporate Royal Rumble" involving members of The Corporation and D-Generation X was held on Raw to determine the 30th entry in the Royal Rumble that year. The match was won by Chyna, who last eliminated Mr. McMahon.
A 15-man Royal Rumble was held during the January 29, 2004, edition of SmackDown to crown a contender for Brock Lesnar's WWE Championship at No Way Out. Eddie Guerrero won the match, last eliminating Kurt Angle.
On January 14, 2008, Mr. McMahon organized a mini-Royal Rumble, involving midget wrestlers. Hornswoggle won the match.
On the January 31, 2011, episode of Raw, a Royal Rumble to crown the contender for The Miz's WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber was held. Jerry Lawler won the match, last eliminating Sheamus.

text: WWE has also booked two Royal Rumble matches which were never televised, both in 1994. The first, a 30-man Royal Rumble on January 17, was won by Owen Hart, last eliminating Fatu. The second, an 18-man Royal Rumble match, took place on May 9 in Osaka, Japan, and was won by The Undertaker, who last eliminated Bam Bam Bigelow.

text: Dates, venues, and winners

text:
List of Royal Rumble dates, venues, and winners

Event
Date
City
Venue
Winner
Entry No.
Ref.
Final match

01 !1
Royal Rumble (1988)
January 24, 1988
Hamilton, Ontario
Copps Coliseum
Duggan, JimJim Duggan
13 !13
[27][28]
The Islanders (Haku and Tama) vs. The Young Stallions (Paul Roma and Jim Powers) in a two out of three falls match

02 !2
Royal Rumble (1989)
January 15, 1989
Houston, Texas
The Summit
Studd, Big JohnBig John Studd
27 !27
[29][30]
30-man Royal Rumble match

03 !3
Royal Rumble (1990)
January 21, 1990
Orlando, Florida
Orlando Arena
Hogan, HulkHulk Hogan
25 !25
[31][32]
30-man Royal Rumble match

04 !4
Royal Rumble (1991)
January 19, 1991
Miami, Florida
Miami Arena
24 !24
[33][34]
30-man Royal Rumble match

05 !5
Royal Rumble (1992)
January 19, 1992
Albany, New York
Knickerbocker Arena
Flair, RicRic Flair
03 !3
[35][36]
30-man Royal Rumble match for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship

06 !6
Royal Rumble (1993)
January 24, 1993
Sacramento, California
ARCO Arena
Yokozuna
27 !27
[37][38]
30-man Royal Rumble match

07 !7
Royal Rumble (1994)
January 23, 1994
Providence, Rhode Island
Providence Civic Center
Bret Hart
Lex Luger
27 !27
23 !23
[39][40]
30-man Royal Rumble match

08 !8
Royal Rumble (1995)
January 22, 1995
Tampa, Florida
USF Sun Dome
Michaels, ShawnShawn Michaels
01 !1
[41][42]
30-man Royal Rumble match

09 !9
Royal Rumble (1996)
January 21, 1996
Fresno, California
Selland Arena
18 !18
[43][44]
Bret Hart (c) vs. The Undertaker for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship

10 !10
Royal Rumble (1997)
January 19, 1997
San Antonio, Texas
Alamodome
Stone Cold Steve Austin
05 !5
[45][46]
Sycho Sid (c) vs. Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship

11 !11
Royal Rumble (1998)
January 18, 1998
San Jose, California
San Jose Arena
24 !24
[47][48][49]
Shawn Michaels (c) vs. The Undertaker in a Casket match for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship

12 !12
Royal Rumble (1999)
January 24, 1999
Anaheim, California
Arrowhead Pond
Mr. McMahon
02 !2
[50][51][52]
30-man Royal Rumble match

13 !13
Royal Rumble (2000)
January 23, 2000
New York City, New York
Madison Square Garden
Rock, TheThe Rock
24 !24
[53][54][55]
30-man Royal Rumble match

14 !14
Royal Rumble (2001)
January 21, 2001
New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans Arena
Stone Cold Steve Austin
27 !27
[56][57][58]
30-man Royal Rumble match

15 !15
Royal Rumble (2002)
January 20, 2002
Atlanta, Georgia
Philips Arena
Triple H
22 !22
[59][60][61]
30-man Royal Rumble match

16 !16
Royal Rumble (2003)
January 19, 2003
Boston, Massachusetts
FleetCenter
Lesnar, BrockBrock Lesnar
29 !29
[62][63]
30-man Royal Rumble match

17 !17
Royal Rumble (2004)
January 25, 2004
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wachovia Center
Chris Benoit
01 !1
[64][65][66]
30-man Royal Rumble match

18 !18
Royal Rumble (2005)
January 30, 2005
Fresno, California
Save Mart Center
Batista
28 !28
[67][68][69]
30-man Royal Rumble match

19 !19
Royal Rumble (2006)
January 29, 2006
Miami, Florida
American Airlines Arena
Mysterio, ReyRey Mysterio
02 !2
[70][71][72]
Kurt Angle (c) vs. Mark Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship

20 !20
Royal Rumble (2007)
January 28, 2007
San Antonio, Texas
AT&T Center
Undertaker, TheThe Undertaker
30 !30
[73][74][75]
30-man Royal Rumble match

21 !21
Royal Rumble (2008)
January 27, 2008
New York City, New York
Madison Square Garden
Cena, JohnJohn Cena
30 !30
[76][77][78]
30-man Royal Rumble match

22 !22
Royal Rumble (2009)
January 25, 2009
Detroit, Michigan
Joe Louis Arena
Orton, RandyRandy Orton
08 !8
[79][80]
30-man Royal Rumble match

23 !23
Royal Rumble (2010)
January 31, 2010
Atlanta, Georgia
Philips Arena
Edge
29
[81][82]
30-man Royal Rumble match

24 !24
Royal Rumble (2011)
January 30, 2011
Boston, Massachusetts
TD Garden
Del Rio, AlbertoAlberto Del Rio
38
[83]
40-man Royal Rumble match

25 !25
Royal Rumble (2012)
January 29, 2012
St. Louis, Missouri
Scottrade Center
Sheamus
22
[84][85][86]
30-man Royal Rumble match

26 !26
Royal Rumble (2013)
January 27, 2013
Phoenix, Arizona
US Airways Center
Cena, JohnJohn Cena
19
[87][88][89]
CM Punk (c) vs. The Rock for the WWE Championship

27 !27
Royal Rumble (2014)
January 26, 2014
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Consol Energy Center
Batista
28
[90][91]
30-man Royal Rumble match

28 !28
Royal Rumble (2015)
January 25, 2015
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wells Fargo Center
Reigns, RomanRoman Reigns
19
[92]
30-man Royal Rumble match

29 !29
Royal Rumble (2016)
January 24, 2016
Orlando, Florida
Amway Center
Triple H
30
[93][94]
30-man Royal Rumble match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship; reigning champion Roman Reigns defended the title in the match

30 !30
Royal Rumble (2017)
January 29, 2017
San Antonio, Texas
Alamodome
Randy Orton
23
[95]
30-man Royal Rumble match

31 !31
Royal Rumble (2018)
January 28, 2018
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wells Fargo Center
TBD
TBD
[96]
TBD

text: Royal Rumble winner's championship opportunity

text:
Championship
Wins
Losses
Total

WWE Championship
8
7
15

World Heavyweight Championship
5
2
7

Total
13
9
22

text:
Winner
Event
Year
Championship match

01 !1
Yokozuna
WrestleMania IX
1993
Yokozuna defeated Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.

02 !2
Lex Luger
WrestleMania X
1994
Luger lost to Yokozuna by disqualification for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.

02 !2
Bret Hart
WrestleMania X
1994
Hart defeated Yokozuna for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.

03 !3
Shawn Michaels
WrestleMania XI
1995
Michaels lost to Diesel for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.

04 !4
Shawn Michaels
WrestleMania XII
1996
Michaels successfully defended his title shot against Owen Hart at In Your House 6. Michaels went on to defeat Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.

05 !5
Stone Cold Steve Austin
WrestleMania 13
1997
Due to Austin re-entering the Rumble match because the officials did not see when he was thrown out of the ring, WWF President Gorilla Monsoon ruled that he would not be receiving the WrestleMania 13 title shot. A match in February was signed to determine who would receive it, but champion Shawn Michaels' forfeiting the title changed those plans. The WrestleMania main event pitted The Undertaker against Sycho Sid.

06 !6
Stone Cold Steve Austin
WrestleMania XIV
1998
Austin defeated Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.

07 !7
Mr. McMahon
WrestleMania XV
1999
The following night on Raw Is War, McMahon renounced his title opportunity to challenge then WWF Champion, The Rock, at WrestleMania. WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels awarded the title opportunity to the runner-up, Stone Cold Steve Austin, who defeated McMahon in a steel cage match to retain his opportunity and would go on to WrestleMania to defeat The Rock for the WWF Championship.

08 !8
The Rock
WrestleMania 2000
2000
Video footage later showed Rock's feet hit the floor first before runner-up Big Show. After multiple attempts to name a rightful No. 1 contender failed, both The Rock and Big Show were added to the main event along with Mick Foley to challenge the champion Triple H. Triple H was able to successfully defend the WWF Championship in a four corner elimination match.

09 !9
Stone Cold Steve Austin
WrestleMania X-Seven
2001
Austin defeated The Rock in a no disqualification match for the WWF Championship.

10 !10
Triple H
WrestleMania X8
2002
Triple H lost his WrestleMania title shot to Kurt Angle at No Way Out. The following night on Raw, Triple H won his title shot back and would defeat Chris Jericho for the Undisputed WWF Championship.

11 !11
Brock Lesnar
WrestleMania XIX
2003
Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship.

12 !12
Chris Benoit
WrestleMania XX
2004
Benoit won the Rumble as a SmackDown! wrestler, but switched to the Raw brand to challenge Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship. He defeated Triple H and Shawn Michaels in a triple threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship.

13 !13
Batista
WrestleMania 21
2005
Batista defeated Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship.

14 !14
Rey Mysterio
WrestleMania 22
2006
Mysterio lost his WrestleMania title shot to Randy Orton at No Way Out. SmackDown! general manager Theodore Long later added Mysterio to the World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania, making it a triple threat match. At WrestleMania 22, Mysterio defeated the champion Kurt Angle and Orton in a triple threat match to win the World Heavyweight Championship.

15 !15
The Undertaker
WrestleMania 23
2007
Undertaker defeated Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship.

16 !16
John Cena
No Way Out (2008)
WrestleMania XXIV
2008
Instead of waiting until WrestleMania, Cena used his WWE Championship shot at No Way Out against Randy Orton. Orton remained champion due to being disqualified. A triple threat match for the WWE Championship was held at WrestleMania XXIV, also including Triple H. Orton successfully retained.

17 !17
Randy Orton
WrestleMania XXV
2009
Orton lost to Triple H for the WWE Championship.

18 !18
Edge
WrestleMania XXVI
2010
Edge lost to Chris Jericho for the World Heavyweight Championship.

19 !19
Alberto Del Rio
WrestleMania XXVII
2011
Del Rio lost to Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship.

20 !20
Sheamus
WrestleMania XXVIII
2012
Sheamus defeated Daniel Bryan for the World Heavyweight Championship.

21 !21
John Cena
WrestleMania 29
2013
On the February 25 episode of Raw, Cena successfully defended his title shot against CM Punk. Cena went on to defeat The Rock for the WWE Championship.

22 !22
Batista
WrestleMania XXX
2014
Daniel Bryan defeated Triple H in the opening match, with the winner being inserted into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match. Bryan defeated the champion Randy Orton and Batista in a triple threat match.

23 !23
Roman Reigns
WrestleMania 31
2015
Reigns successfully defended his title shot at Fastlane against Daniel Bryan. Reigns went on to challenge Brock Lesnar for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 31. During the match at WrestleMania, Seth Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract, converting the singles match between Reigns and Lesnar into a triple threat match. Rollins pinned Reigns to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

24 !24
Randy Orton
WrestleMania 33
2017
Orton stated his intent to challenge for SmackDown's WWE Championship. However, after his fellow Wyatt Family member Bray Wyatt won the championship at Elimination Chamber and retained it on the following SmackDown, Orton said he would not face Wyatt for the title at WrestleMania. On the February 28 episode of SmackDown, Orton reverted his decision and turned on Wyatt; the following week, he defeated AJ Styles, who had become the new number one contender for the title, to re-earn his title shot against Wyatt at WrestleMania. At the event, Orton defeated Wyatt to win the championship

text: Note: There was no WrestleMania title opportunity for the winners of the 1992 and 2016 Royal Rumble matches. In 1992, Ric Flair won the Royal Rumble match, which was for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship. In 2016, Triple H won the Royal Rumble match in which Roman Reigns defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

text: Royal Rumble records

text: Most Rumble victories

text:
No
Wrestler
Royal Rumble wins
Year

1
Stone Cold Steve Austin
3
1997, 1998, 2001

2
Hulk Hogan
2
1990, 1991

Shawn Michaels
1995, 1996

Triple H
2002, 2016

Batista
2005, 2014

John Cena
2008, 2013

Randy Orton
2009, 2017

text: Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble

text: Top 20 individual longest times in a single Royal Rumble match. As of the 2017 Royal Rumble.

text:
No
Wrestler
Time
Year

1
Rey Mysterio
1:02:12
2006[97]

2
Chris Benoit
1:01:31
2004[97]

3
Bob Backlund
1:01:10
1993[97]

4
Triple H
1:00:16
2006

5
Chris Jericho
1:00:13
2017

6
Ric Flair
1:00:02
1992[97]

7
Roman Reigns
59:50
2016

8
Mr. McMahon
56:38
1999

Stone Cold Steve Austin
56:38
1999

10
Kane
53:46
2001

11
Rick Martel
52:17
1991[97]

12
The Rock
51:32
1998

13
Chris Jericho
50:50
2016

14
Triple H
49:58
2009

15
Dolph Ziggler
49:47
2013

16
Rey Mysterio
49:24
2009

17
CM Punk
49:11
2014

18
Seth Rollins
48:31
2014

19
Randy Orton
48:27
2009

20
Triple H
48:04
1996

text: Note: bold indicates the winner of that year's match

text: Longest cumulative time spent in Royal Rumbles

text: Only wrestlers who have spent more than 3 cumulative hours are shown. As of the 2017 Royal Rumble.

text:
No
Wrestler
Time

1
Chris Jericho
4:56:00 [98]

2
Triple H
4:00:02

3
Shawn Michaels
3:42:30[98]

4
Isaac Yankem/Diesel/Kane
3:38:46

5
Rey Mysterio
3:20:01

6
Cody Rhodes/Stardust
3:08:30

text: Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble

text: Only wrestlers who spent 10 seconds or less in a single rumble are shown. As of the 2017 Royal Rumble.

text:
No
Wrestler
Time
Year

1
Santino Marella
0:00:01
2009[97]

2
The Warlord
0:00:02
1989[97]

3
Mo
0:00:03
1995[97]

Owen Hart
0:00:03
1995[97]

5
Bushwhacker Luke
0:00:04
1991

Jerry Lawler
0:00:04
1997

Titus O'Neil
0:00:04
2015

8
The Godfather
0:00:05
2013[97]

9
Gillberg
0:00:07
1999

The Miz
0:00:07
2007

Montel Vontavious Porter
0:00:07
2010

12
Tazz
0:00:10
2001

text: Non-eliminated wrestlers

text: Several times, wrestlers were drawn to compete in the match but did not actually compete. Their participation is counted as zero seconds, with the exception of #6 Hornswoggle:

text:
In 1991, "Macho King" Randy Savage was drawn 18th, but no-showed due to leaving the building after costing Ultimate Warrior the WWF Championship against Sgt. Slaughter.
In 1994, Bastion Booger was drawn 25th, but no-showed due to suffering food poisoning before the match.
In 1998, Skull was drawn 22nd, but no-showed due to being attacked by Los Boricuas after being mistaken as Stone Cold Steve Austin.
In 2004, Spike Dudley was drawn 13th, but was attacked on the ramp by Kane
In 2005, Scotty 2 Hotty was drawn 15th, but was attacked on the ramp by Muhammad Hassan.
In 2008, Hornswoggle was drawn 9th and eliminated The Miz, however he wasn't brought into the ring until towards the end of the match by Mark Henry and was saved by Finlay and escorted to the back and never reentered the match.
In 2008, Finlay was drawn 27th, but was disqualified after coming out before his number came up and using his shillelagh to help Hornswoggle.
In 2015, Curtis Axel was drawn 6th, but was attacked on the ramp by Erick Rowan.

text: Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble

text: Top wrestlers with most eliminations in a single match. Only wrestlers with at least seven eliminations are shown. As of the 2017 Royal Rumble.

text:
No
Wrestler
No. of eliminations
Year

1
Roman Reigns
12
2014[99]

2
Kane
11
2001[97][100]

3
Hulk Hogan
10
1989[97][101]

4
Stone Cold Steve Austin
10
1997[97][102]

5
Shawn Michaels
8
1995, 1996

Stone Cold Steve Austin
8
1999

7
Hulk Hogan
7
1991

Yokozuna
7
1993

Diesel
7
1994

Stone Cold Steve Austin
7
1998, 2002

Rikishi
7
2000

The Undertaker
7
2002

The Great Khali
7
2007

CM Punk
7
2011

John Cena
7
2011

Braun Strowman
7
2017

text: Total eliminations in cumulative Royal Rumbles

text: Top wrestlers with the most eliminations. Only wrestlers with at least 20 eliminations are shown. As of the 2017 Royal Rumble.[103]

text:
No
Wrestler
No. of eliminations
Rumbles entered

1
Isaac Yankem/Kane
44
19[97][104][105]

2
Shawn Michaels
39
12[106][107]

The Undertaker
39
11

4
The Ringmaster/Stone Cold Steve Austin
36
6[97]

5
Triple H
33
9

6
Big Show
31
12

7
Hulk Hogan
27
4

8
Roman Reigns
26
4

9
John Cena
22
7

10
Randy Orton
20
7

text: Most Rumble appearances

text: Only wrestlers with at least 9 appearances are shown. As of the 2017 Royal Rumble.

text:
No
Wrestler
Rumbles entered
First Rumble
Most recent Rumble

1
Isaac Yankem/Diesel/Kane
19
1996
2016

2
Shawn Michaels
12
1989
2010

Big Show
2000
2017

4
Goldust
11
1997
2016

The Undertaker
1991
2017

6
The Sultan/Fatu/Rikishi
10
1993
2004

Mark Henry
1998
2017

The Miz
2007
2017

Chris Jericho
2000
2017

10
Mabel/Viscera/Big Daddy V
9
1994
2008

Triple H
1996
2016

K-Kwik/R-Truth
2001
2016

Kofi Kingston
2009
2017

Dolph Ziggler
2009
2017

text: Female entrants

text:
No
Diva
Rumbles entered

1
Chyna
2 (1999, 2000)[51][54]

2
Beth Phoenix
1 (2010)[82]

3
Kharma
1 (2012)

text: Non-PPV Royal Rumble matches

text:
List of Royal Rumble dates, venues, and winners

Event
Date
City
Venue
Winner
Ref.
Note

01 !1
House show
January 17, 1994
New York City
Madison Square Garden
Owen Hart
[108]
30-man Royal Rumble

2
House show
May 9, 1994
Osaka, Japan
Castle Hall
The Undertaker
[108]
18-man Royal Rumble

3
Raw
June 15, 1998
San Antonio, Texas
Freeman Coliseum
Kane and Mankind
[108]
10-tag team Royal Rumble

4
Raw
January 11, 1999
Houston, Texas
Compaq Center
Chyna
[108]
Corporate Rumble

5
SmackDown
January 29, 2004
Washington, D.C.
MCI Center
Eddie Guerrero
[109]
15-man SmackDown! Royal Rumble

6
Raw
January 14, 2008
Mobile, Alabama
Mobile Civic Center
Hornswoggle
[110]
Mini Royal Rumble; all participants were midget wrestlers

7
Raw
January 31, 2011
Providence, Rhode Island
Dunkin' Donuts Center
Jerry Lawler
[111]
7-man Raw Rumble

text: Video box set

text: In March 2007, WWE released a complete DVD box set titled Royal Rumble: The Complete Anthology, which showcases every Royal Rumble event in its entirety, up to the 2007 Royal Rumble.[112]


document_title: Ammonium nitrate

question_text: what happens when ammonium nitrate reacts with water

root

text: Ammonium nitrate

text: Occurrence[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate is found as a natural mineral (gwihabaite — the ammonium analogue of saltpetre, which is correctly called niter, and other nitre minerals such as sodium nitrate known as nitratine) in the driest regions of the Atacama Desert in Chile, often as a crust on the ground and/or in conjunction with other nitrate, iodate, and halide minerals. Ammonium nitrate was mined there in the past, but virtually 100% of the chemical now used is synthetic.

tag: p

text: Production[edit]

text: The industrial production of ammonium nitrate entails the acid-base reaction of ammonia with nitric acid:[6]

text: Ammonia is used in its anhydrous form (i.e., gas form) and the nitric acid is concentrated. This reaction is violent owing to its highly exothermic nature. After the solution is formed, typically at about 83% concentration, the excess water is evaporated to an ammonium nitrate (AN) content of 95% to 99.9% concentration (AN melt), depending on grade. The AN melt is then made into "prills" or small beads in a spray tower, or into granules by spraying and tumbling in a rotating drum. The prills or granules may be further dried, cooled, and then coated to prevent caking. These prills or granules are the typical AN products in commerce.

text: The ammonia required for this process is obtained by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia produced by the Haber process is oxidized to nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Another production method is a variant of the Odda process:

text: The products, calcium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, may be separately purified or sold combined as calcium ammonium nitrate.

text: Ammonium nitrate can also be made via metathesis reactions:

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate reacts with metal hydroxides, releasing ammonia and forming alkali metal nitrate:

text: Ammonium nitrate leaves no residue when heated:

text: When rapidly heated or exploded the predominant reaction is:

text: Ammonium nitrate is also formed in the atmosphere from emissions of NO, SO2, and NH3, and is a secondary component of some PM10 particulates.[7]

text: Crystalline phases[edit]

text: Transformations of the crystal states due to changing conditions (temperature, pressure) affect the physical properties of ammonium nitrate. These crystalline states have been identified:

text:
System

Temperature (°C)

State

Volume change (%)

> 169.6

liquid

I

169.6 to 125.2

cubic

−2.1

II

125.2 to 84.2

tetragonal

+1.3

III

84.2 to 32.3

α-rhombic

−3.6

IV

32.3 to −16.8

β-rhombic

+2.9

V

< −16.8

tetragonal

tag: table

text: The type V crystal is a quasicubic form related to caesium chloride, the nitrogen atoms of the nitrate anions and the ammonium cations are at the sites in a cubic array where Cs and Cl would be in the CsCl lattice.[8]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Fertilizer[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate is an important fertilizer with the NPK rating 34-0-0 (34% nitrogen).[9] It is less concentrated than urea (46-0-0), giving ammonium nitrate a slight transportation disadvantage. Ammonium nitrate's advantage over urea is that it is more stable and does not rapidly lose nitrogen to the atmosphere.

text: Explosives[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate is not, on its own, an explosive,[10] but it readily forms explosive mixtures with varying properties when combined with primary explosives such as azides or with fuels such as aluminum powder or fuel oil.

text: Mixture with fuel oil[edit]

text: ANFO is a mixture of 94% ammonium nitrate ("AN") and 6% fuel oil ("FO") widely used as a bulk industrial explosive.[11]:1 It is used in coal mining, quarrying, metal mining, and civil construction in undemanding applications where the advantages of ANFO's low cost and ease of use matter more than the benefits offered by conventional industrial explosives, such as water resistance, oxygen balance, high detonation velocity, and performance in small diameters.[11]:2

text: Terrorism[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate-based explosives were used in the Sterling Hall bombing in Madison, Wisconsin, 1970, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the 2011 Delhi bombings, the 2013 Hyderabad blasts, and the 2011 bombing in Oslo.

text: In November 2009, a ban on ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizers was imposed in the former Malakand Division—comprising the Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Swat, Chitral, and Malakand districts of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan—by the NWFP government, following reports that those chemicals were used by militants to make explosives. Due to these bans, "Potassium chlorate — the stuff that makes matches catch fire — has surpassed fertilizer as the explosive of choice for insurgents."[12]

text: Niche uses[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate is used in some instant cold packs, as its dissolution in water is highly endothermic. It also was used, in combination with independently explosive "fuels" such as guanidine nitrate,[13][14] as a cheaper (but less stable) alternative to 5-aminotetrazole in the inflators of airbags manufactured by Takata Corporation, which were recalled as unsafe after killing 14 people.[15]

text: Safety, handling, and storage[edit]

text: Health and safety data are shown on the safety data sheets available from suppliers and found on the internet.[16] In response to several explosions resulting in the deaths of numerous people, U.S. agencies of Environmental Protection (EPA), Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms jointly issued safety guidelines.[17]

text: Heating or any ignition source may cause violent combustion or explosion.[18] Ammonium nitrate reacts with combustible and reducing materials as it is a strong oxidant. Although it is mainly used for fertilizer, it can be used for explosives. It was sometimes used to blast away earth to make farm ponds.[19][20] Ammonium nitrate is also used to modify the detonation rate of other explosives, such as trinitrotoluene in the form of amatol.

text: Numerous safety guidelines are available for storing and handling ammonium nitrate.[21] It should not be stored near combustible substances.  Ammonium nitrate is incompatible with certain substances such as chlorates, mineral acids and metal sulfides, contact with which can lead to vigorous or even violent decomposition.[22]

text: Ammonium nitrate has a critical relative humidity of 59.4%, above which it will absorb moisture from the atmosphere. Therefore, it is important to store ammonium nitrate in a tightly sealed container. Otherwise, it can coalesce into a large, solid mass. Ammonium nitrate can absorb enough moisture to liquefy. Blending ammonium nitrate with certain other fertilizers can lower the critical relative humidity.[23]

text: The potential for use of the material as an explosive has prompted regulatory measures. For example, in Australia, the Dangerous Goods Regulations came into effect in August 2005 to enforce licensing in dealing with such substances.[24] Licenses are granted only to applicants (industry) with appropriate security measures in place to prevent any misuse.[25] Additional uses such as education and research purposes may also be considered, but individual use will not. Employees of those with licenses to deal with the substance are still required to be supervised by authorized personnel and are required to pass a security and national police check before a license may be granted.

text: Health hazards[edit]

text: Health and safety data are shown on the material safety data sheets, which are available from suppliers and can be found on the internet.[26]

text: Ammonium nitrate is not hazardous to health and is usually used in fertilizer products.[26][27][28]

text: Ammonium nitrate has an LD50 of 2217 mg/kg,[29] which for comparison is about two-thirds that of table salt.

text: Disasters[edit]

text: Ammonium nitrate decomposes into the gases nitrous oxide and water vapor when heated (not an explosive reaction); however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as happened in the Texas City disaster of 1947, which led to major changes in the regulations for storage and handling.

text: Two major classes of incidents resulting in explosions are:

text:
The explosion happens by the mechanism of shock-to-detonation transition. The initiation happens by an explosive charge going off in the mass, by the detonation of a shell thrown into the mass, or by detonation of an explosive mixture in contact with the mass. The examples are Kriewald, Morgan (present-day Sayreville, New Jersey), Oppau, and Tessenderlo.
The explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate itself (Texas City, Brest, Oakdale PA), or from a mixture of ammonium nitrate with a combustible material during the fire (Repauno, Cherokee, Nadadores). The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion (a phenomenon known as "deflagration-to-detonation transition"). Pure, compact AN is stable and very difficult to ignite, and numerous cases exist when even impure AN did not explode in a fire.

tag: ul


document_title: Ishq Subhan Allah

question_text: real name of kabeer of ishq subhan allah

text: Ishq Subhan Allah

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Ishq Subhan Allah starts with Zara Siddiqui and Kabir Ahmed coming back to Lucknow after 5 years, after pursuing higher studies on Islam. When an argument about Triple Talaq, between Zara and Kabir, becomes viral on the internet, they are forced to marry each other.

text: Although they experience a bit of a rocky road in the initial days of their marriage, the events of their honeymoon bring them closer. Zara starts to fall in love with Kabir, while Kabir is still hesitant. Kabir's sister-in-law's sister, Rukhsaar, has been in love with Kabir from a young age, and tries everything to split them up.

text: She brings in a man named Miraj, to help her bring differences between Zara and Kabir, in the pretence of her friend's brother. Miraj is actually the brother of an underworld Don of Kashmir Siraj's brother. When he finds out that Rukhsaar is the actual reason his brother is dead, he goes rogue.

text: In order to save her family from Miraj, Rukhsaar brings her friend from college to be Miraj's sister, much to Miraj's chagrin. She asks "Nilofer" to keep everyone in her family safe from Miraj, except for Zara, while she is married off and sent to Dubai. Miraj eventually buys out Nilofer and she also becomes bad.

text: A big misunderstanding happens between Zara and Kabir and Kabir divorces Zara, through triple talaq. But Zara does accept the divorce, as it is revealed that it was not in their nuptials. Miraj reveals his true self to Zara and how he wants her, on the cost of Kabir. To save Kabir, Zara tries to get Rukhsaar back to India to reveal Miraj's truth.

text: Zara asks Zeenat, Kabir's SIL, to help her get in contact with Rukhsaar, but is not able to reach her. Shahbaz strikes a deal with Kabir to let Miraj join Sharia Board and not divorce Zara, on the means of giving him 1 crore to pay back Zara's Mahr. Miraj squeezes himself into Sharia Board, and Irfan, Zara's father, announces that he wants both Zara and Kabir as his Vice Head.

text: It is revealed to Kabir that Miraj is a diamond smuggler, who only joined his project to turn his own black money into white. One this truth being revealed, Kabor's dream project is seized.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ishq Subhan Allah is based in Lucknow and focuses on the Muslim community. It revolves around two people, Zara and Kabir who follow the same religion, Islam, and have pursued higher studies in it, but interpret the Quran differently.

text: The two main characters have starkly different personalities. One of which is Zara Siddiqui (Eisha Singh), who is an open-minded Muslim woman who fights for people's rights, particularly womens. She completed her Masters in Islamic Studies and has returned to Lucknow after 5 years. The other lead character is Kabir Ahmad (Adnan Khan), who is a culture-driven and a conservative young Mawlawi. He has also returned home to Lucknow, after completing his studies in Maulvi (Islamic) practice.

text: Kabir's traditional views and Zara's modern perspective towards Islam causes their initial spark of attraction to die out and they clash with each other owing to their differing ideals on triple instant talaq.

text: Zara and Kabir's discussion on triple instant talaq goes viral on social media, angering their fathers, who are members of the Sharia Board (Islamic Board) in the city. Zara is pressured to take back her views against triple instant talaq, which she believes is derogatory to women. This brings on the wrath on the community on her. Kabir, who takes over the position of a Sharia board member from his father, Shahbaz Ahmed (Vinay Jain), protects Zara (for the sake of the dignity of their community) and gives a statement to the media saying that the video is fake. Zara, who believes that Kabir is responsible for the leaking of the video, challenges him that she will be make a difference to the standing of women in their community. To retaliate against Kabir, Zara takes over the membership of the Sharia Board from the only female representative. Kabir, who believes that Zara's views are against Islam, belittles her actions, which ends up with Zara and Kabir having very public fights. Not wanting their community to suffer and be divided on account of their differing perspectives, the elders of the community suggest getting Zara and Kabir married.

text:
Thus, due to circumstances, they both end up getting engaged as this match is believed to benefit their Islamic community in the city. Not wanting to be bound to each other for life, Kabir and Zara join forces with their best friends Reema and Imran to stop the wedding. Kabir even manipulates his sister-in-law, Zeenat to bring forth the fact that his father had earlier agreed to marry him to Zeenat's younger sister, Rukhsaar (Shipsy Rana), who has harbored feelings for Kabir since childhood. Unable to take the shock, she tries to commit suicide on the day of Kabir and Zara's engagement. She is eventually saved by Zara who donates blood to her and assures her that she will not marry Kabir. However, in a turn of events, Shahbaz Ahmed is able to hoodwink Rukhsaar and convince her that he will get her married to Kabir once he becomes the Sheher Qazi (Islamic Religious Leader of the city) with the help of Zara's Father Irfan, who is the current Sheher Qazi. Rukhsaar who is eager to get Kabir, as well as become the Qazian (Wife of the Qazi) after marrying Kabir agrees to get Kabir and Zara married without thinking of the repercussions of this alliance on her future with Kabir.
Kabir and Zara are eventually shocked when Rukhsaar herself steps forth and gets them engaged. Seeing no other way out, Kabir and Zara resolve to say no at the nikaah, when they are asked whether they accept the marriage. In a moment of weakness, Zara concerned that her rejection of this marriage will cause disrepute to her beloved father says "Qubool Hai" (I Accept) for the marriage. Kabir, seeing no other way out, seething with anger also openly accepts the marriage at the ceremony, leaving Zara distraught as she had hoped he would say no in case she couldn't refuse. Fearing Kabir's favor of talaq-e-biddat (triple instant talaq), Zara includes a clause in her nikahnama (marriage contract) stating that Kabir cannot divorce her this way. Kabir angrily agrees to these terms, while giving her mahr of 1 Crore Rupees.

text:
Despite their forced marriage, Kabir's parents, Shahbaz and Ayesha (Gunn Kansara) convinces both Zara and Kabir to go to Kashmir for their honeymoon. While exploring the beautiful region, Zara gets kidnapped by Siraj (Piyush Sahdev), an underworld Don who was made to believe by Rukhsaar, (who created a fake social media account for Zara) that Zara was in love with him. Zara is saved by Kabir. This results in Zara and Kabir's relationship to blossom and they consummate their marriage. Zara finds out that it was Rukhsaar who made her fake profile. Following the Kashmir episode, Zara falls head over heels in love with Kabir, while Kabir still struggles to understand his feelings and attraction to his wife and views this marriage as a duty.
Rukhsaar is shocked to know that Zara has returned with Kabir from Kashmir as she expected her to be still captive at Siraj's place. Soon after Qazi Irfan Siddiqui decides to make Kabir Nayyab Qazi (Vice President to Qazi) on the condition that Rukhsaar must be married off given her constant interference in Kabir and Zara's life. Eager to see his son as the Sheher Qazi, Kabir's father decides to get Rukhsaar married. Realizing that in her greed to the become the wife of the Qazi, she has lost Kabir forever, Rukhsaar vows to destroy Zara and Kabir's marriage by using Kabir's ego and their differences in ideologies against their relationship.

text: Kabir who is still against Zara being a member of the Sharia Board constantly tries to keep her at home and engage herself with housework. Kabir insists that Zara be like his mother to which she responds saying "when Ammi tells me to then I will change myself to be the daughter-in-law you want me to be".

text: Kabir starts a new project but needs an investor and Zara decides to use her mahr cheque to help him out. Hurt that his wife does not believe in his abilities, he refuses her help and taunts her for thinking that he would ever take her money. Rukhsaar realizing that she should have married Kabir when she had the chance makes a plan with Miraj, Siraj's brother, who pretends to be a wealthy investor and her friends brother, who is interested in Kabir's project.

text: Zara who is aware of Rukhsaar's true nature is weary of Miraj and she teams up with Kabir's mother, Imran and Reema to keep Kabir away from Miraj. While they are initially successful, Miraj eventually is able to initiate a partnership with Kabir and also manages to bring Rukhsaar on board as a partner while Zara watches helplessly. Kabir who is fed up of Zara's interference in his work and is keen on her staying at home starts avoiding her. To mend their relationship, Zara tries to woo him by dressing like a bride and waiting for Kabir. Kabir gives in to her advances and sleeps with her as he views this as a husband's duty. Zara on the other hand, is overjoyed as she thinks it's because he loves her. When Kabir reveals his true feelings to her, Zara is left heartbroken and wonders whether he will ever love her.

text: Meanwhile, Rukhsaar is engaged with Hamdan(Vishesh Sharma). Overcome with a lust for Kabir and shocked at Zara's inclusion into Kabir's project by Miraj, Rukhsaar reveals her true feelings for Kabir who admonishes her for her behavior and says he is a married man who will only be true to his wife, Zara, at any cost.

text: To avoid any further problems from Rukhsaar, Kabir and Zara with the help of Miraj gets Rukhsaar engaged to Hamdan and fixes her wedding date. Rukhsar who is adamant on getting Kabir resolves to cancel her wedding. Zeenat seeing the self-destructive path her sister is treading on requests her to accept her fate and marry Hamdan. Angered by her sister's statement, Rukhsaar realizes she has lost the only support she had in the house. Miraj also finds out that Rukhsaar was the one who created Zara's fake profile and is furious she caused the death of his brother and tried to manipulate him into destroying Kabir and Zara's relationship. He then vows to kill Rukhsaar first.

text: Meanwhile, Kabir slowly warms up to Zara's thinking and views and finds himself being drawn to his wife and moving beyond just "husband duties" and genuinely falling in love with Zara.

text: Desperate to marry Kabir, Rukhsar takes Miraj's help to seduce Kabir, so that he is overcome with guilt and will offer to marry her. Miraj who is aware of Rukhsaar's role in Siraj's arrest and death, plans to use this situation to kill Rukhsaar, Zara and Kabir in one go. Zeenat, who is aware of Rukhsaar's plan is flabbergasted with how low her sister can stoop, tries to dissuade Rukhsaar from committing such a sin, especially during Ramadan. Based on his plan with Rukhsaar, Miraj convinces Kabir to speak to Rukhsaar and ask her to marry Hamdan and forget Kabir. While speaking to Rukhsaar, Kabir is given water laced with a strong sedative. Kabir falls unconscious and Rukhsaar tries to take advantage of the situation. Zeenat who wants to save her sister from the repercussions of her actions, calls Zara and asks her to come home fast. Zara arrives and is shocked to find Rukhsaar trying to molest Kabir who is unconscious. Zara in a fit of anger slaps Rukhsaar and drags her to the living room in front of the other family members. Miraj, who was hiding in the bathroom, waiting to shoot all of them dead, realized that Zeenat must have been the one to call Zara and foil his plans.

text: Zara insults Rukhsaar in front of the family to which Rukhsaar retaliates by claiming Kabir was the one who came close to her and merely reciprocated because she was in love with him. Kabir slowly wakes up after the sedative wears off and is shocked to see what happened. Zara refuses to believe that Kabir is in the wrong and tries to find out the truth while Kabir is distraught that he caused pain to his wife and family. He promises that if he is wrong, he will ensure that he does right by everyone, including Zara. However, he does mention to Rukhsaar that if this turns out to be untrue, he will show her his true colors and ensure that she suffers for her bad deeds. In a twist, Zara realizes Rukhsaar had changed into a nightdress (to seduce Kabir after drugging him) and had left them in Zara's cupboard to be picked up later. She proves this using the CCTV camera at the entrance of their house. Zara is also able to make Rukhsaar drink water from the jug in her room. Rukhsaar faints after drinking the water, proving that Kabir is innocent.

text: Rukhsaar is isolated by the family following this incident. Zara is able to also tell Kabir that Rukhsaar was the one who created her fake profile to chat with Siraj. She also reveals that Rukhsaar had tried to kill her while they were in Kashmir on several occasions. Kabir overcome with fury drags Rukhsaar out and states that she should be handed over to the Police for trying to kill his beloved wife. Zara intervenes and suggests that they get her married to Hamdan instead and file an FIR against her after she leaves for Dubai to make sure that she cannot return to India anymore.

text: Rukhsaar, seeing no other way out agrees to marry Hamdan, and asks Shahbaz to give her Mahr of 1 Crore. Zeenat also warms up to the idea of his sister marrying Hamdan, whom she believes to be a good match for her sister like she thought Kabir once was.

text: Realizing that she committed a grave error by calling Miraj to the house, Rukhsaar pays an old collegemate (Nisha Nagpal) of hers to pretend to be Miraj's sister, Nilofer, to keep an eye on him and protect Amaan, her nephew as well as Kabir. She also tells her friend to do her bit to keep Zara and Kabir apart.

text: Vowing to return to the house, Rukhsar sadly marries Hamdan and tearfully bids goodbye to the family as Kabir escorts her in place of her father out of the house with husband Hamdan.

text: Kabir and Zara grow closer during the course of these events and Kabir eventually confesses to his wife that he has lately been doing things for her out of pure love and not just his duty as a husband. Zara is overjoyed to hear this from Kabir and they remarry by saying "Qubool Hai" to each other again as they had initially gotten married against their wishes.

text: Miraj is shocked to find "Nilofer" being thrust into the house as his sister and struggles to find out her real motives in coming to the house. He also becomes wary of Zeenat, who he believes has been foiling his plans to kill Kabir and Zara and extract his revenge.

text: As Eid approaches, Kabir and Zara, as members of the Sharia Board, clash over whether women can offer Namaz at the mosque. Kabir and Zara stay separately during the course of this discussion and eventually Zara wins the case thereby angering Kabir, who refuses to come to terms with this defeat. Kabir refuses to lead the namaz and as the Nayyab Qazi, irritating both Qazi Irfan and Shahbaz for going against the decision of the Sharia Board. Kabir also starts avoiding Zara and does not call her back from her parent's house, where she was dragged to by him during an argument. Rukhsaar's happiness knows no bounds when she comes to hear of this from Nilofer. The rest of the family toil hard to bring Zara and Kabir closer again.

text: Shahbaz and Qazi Irfan have a spat on Zara's case for women praying at the mosque. Rukhsaar and Hamdan return for Eid and Rukhsaar relishes the fact that Kabir thwarts Zara's attempts at reconciling with him. Zara warns her to stay away from their lives. She further threatens to call the Police as the case against Rukhsaar is still pending. Rukhsaar reluctantly back off. Much to Rukhsaar's and Miraj's chagrin, Kabir and Zara again make up during Eid. Their happiness is short lived as Kabir witnesses Zara telling her father that she thinks Kabir may not be mature enough to take over as the Sheher Qazi just yet. Kabir vents out his frustration and questions whether she would like to continue to live with a person she thinks so badly off. Zara tries to defend her stance only for it to fall to deaf ears. It is also shown that Miraj slow finds himself being attracted to Zara and tries to gain her attention while trying to separate the couple. Nilofer is offered more money by Miraj and she takes him up on the offer while slowly abandoning Rukhsaar.

text: Kabir is also seen to have borrowed 1 Crore Rupees for some purpose. When Zara questions him, he angrily rebuffs her and tells his mother that he will reveal his intention in due time.

text: Egged on by his friend from the Sharia board and angered by his verbal fight with Qazi Irfan, Shahbaz now decides that it would be best if Kabir divorced Zara and tries his best to get Kabir angrier with Zara. He is happy to see that Zara will be serving as the witness against Kabir in Sharia board for not leading the Namaz. He believes that this will make Kabir angrier with Zara and make him divorce her.

text: Zara, supported by Ayesha provides the statement against Kabir. In retaliation, Kabir angrily steps down from the post of Nayyab Qazi much to shock of Zara.

text: To settle things between the couple, Ayesha sets out to bring Zara back to the house while Kabir struggles with his feelings towards Zara and her perceived betrayal by going against him in the Sharia board. Seething with anger and remembering their discussions about divorce before marriage, Kabir eventually smirks to himself. He gathers 1 Crore Rupees and heads to Zara's house. Zara is overjoyed to see him. Kabir asks her whether she would conform to his thoughts now which she agrees to. He proclaims that the only thing they agreed on from the beginning was that they shouldn't have gotten married and proceeds to give her triple instant talaq (by proclaiming talaq thrice) and her Mahr. Zara is crestfallen and Ayesha, Salma and Irfan are shocked.

text: Zara vows to fight against the injustice metted out to her even if it was Kabeer at the receiving end. She points out that in their nikaahnama, there is a specific clause which does not allow for triple talaq, thereby making the divorce between her and Kabir void. For Kabir and Zara to get divorced, Kabir would have to go through, talaq-e-ahsan, which means he would have proclaim the divorce at three different times, following a gap of 30 days between each proclamation.

text: Desperate to get back with Kabir, despite his behavior towards her, Zara moves back into Kabir's house and tries to change his mind before he divorces her two more times. She suggests that of the remaining 30 days they spend how she would wish them to and the rest of the days Kabir would be free to spend them as he likes before finalizing the divorce. In the house, Zara finds support from her mother-in-law and Kabir's sister, Elina, who hope that Kabir and Zara will reconcile. Shahbaz, plays a double-game asks Zeenat to make Zara's life miserable, while engaging with Qazi Irfan to make Kabir the Qazi with the promise of stopping the divorce between the couple. While Qazi Irfan is wary of Shahbaz's games, Zeenat gleefully takes every opportunity to humiliate Zara in the house.  Realizing that Kabir is still reeling from the humiliation Zara subjected him to at the Sharia Board, Zara slowly tries to come to terms with the fact that Kabir may never love her again. Nevertheless she persists and tries to slowly change his views in little ways by telling him that it is not only women who are required to abide by the purdah, men are also required to keep figurative "purdah" in their eyes when going out.

text: As Miraj is starting to like Zara and trying to split up Zara and Kabir, he brings Nilofer to his side and tries to use her in the mean time. Zara one day sees Miraj and Nilofer being intimate, and questions the validity of their sibling story. In order to further find out, she suggests to Kabir to get Nilofer married to Imran, Kabir's best friend, who is in love with Reema, Zara's best friend. Zara finds questionable items in Nilofer's room and questions her about it. Miraj is able to cook up a story that convinces everyone. Miraj starts to openly declares to Zara his lust for her, and threatens Kabir's life. Zara challenges him as well. Miraj tries to get into Sharia Board.

text: When Zara uses Kabir to stop Miraj from entering Sharia Board for 30 days, Miraj tries to use Shahbaz, to emotionally and financially blackmail Kabir into supporting his entry into Sharia Board. Shahbaz, in a twist, also asks Kabir to not divorce Zara. Kabir is able to get Miraj into the Sharia Board, much to Zara's chagrin. Irfan also announces he wants both Zara and Kabir to be his Nayyab Qazi, but Zara is hesitant to accept the offer as she was just about to resign from Sharia Board. Miraj pays off Nilofer with diamonds to kill Zara. Kabir finds out that Miraj is actually an illegal diamond smuggler who only joined his project to turn his black money into white money. When the government finds out Miraj's truth, they seize Kabir's project till further notice.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Eisha Singh as Zara Kabir Ahmad (née Zara Irfan Siddiqui), Kabir's Wife..
Adnan Khan as Mawlawi Kabir Shahbaz Ahmad, Zara's Husband

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Shipsy Rana as Rukhsar Hamdan Khan (née Rukhsar Sheikh), Hamdan's Wife, Zeenat's Younger Sister
Vinay Jain as Shahbaz Ali Ahmed, Kabir, Kashan and Alina's Father
Gunn Kansara as Ayesha Shahbaz Ahmed, Kabir, Kashan and Alina's Mother
Vishesh Sharma as Hamdan Khan, Rukhsar's Husband
Dhiraj Rai as Kashan Shahbaz Ahmed, Kabir's Elder Brother
Monica Khanna as Zeenat Kashan Ahmed (née Zeenat Sheikh), Kabir's Sister-in-law, Kashan's Wife
Anjita Poonia as Alina Shahbaz Ahmed, Kabir's Younger Sister
Toshi Shaikh as Amaan Kashan Ahmed, Kabir's Nephew, Zeenat and Kashan's Son
Suneel Pushkarna as Qazi Irfan Siddiqui, Zara's Father
Shalini Arora as Salma Irfan Siddiqui, Zara's Mother
Aashutosh Semwal as Imran, Kabir's best friend
Rutpanna Aishwarya as Reema, Zara's best friend
Piyush Sahdev[7] as Siraj Ahmed, underworld Don of Kashmir (Dead)
Gautam Vig as Miraj Ahmed/Miraj Ali (fake), brother of Underworld Don Siraj Ahmed
Nisha Nagpal as Nilofer Ali, Miraj Ali's fake sister and Rukhsaar's friend (Dead)
Aliraza Namdar as Priest Imam


document_title: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

question_text: who's birthday is celebrated as teacher's day

question_tokens: who 's birthday is celebrated as teacher 's day

text: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born in a Telugu-speaking Niyogi Brahmin family, in a village near Thiruttani in the erstwhile Chittoor district of Madras Presidency near the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states.His surname was Sarvepalli, for his forefathers were from Sarvepalli, a village fifteen miles from Nellore town. his grand father migrated to Tiruttani in erstwhile Chittoor district of the Madras Presidency.[6][7] His father's name was Sarvepalli Veeraswami and his mother's name was Sarvepalli Sita (Sitamma). His early years were spent in Thiruttani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local zamindar (local landlord). His primary education was at K.V High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati and Government Higher Secondary School, Walajapet.[8]

text: Education[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined Voorhees College in Vellore but switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17. He graduated from there in 1906 with a master's degree in Philosophy, being one of its most distinguished alumni.[9]

text: Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks in to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academic course.[10][11]

text: Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".[12] It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the Vedanta system had no room for ethics."[13] He was afraid that this M.A. thesis would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. Alfred George Hogg. Instead, Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on having done most excellent work.[citation needed] Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook the traditional props on which I leaned."[13] Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student,

text: The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of Swami Vivekananda, was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in missionary institutions.[3]

text: This led him to his critical study of Indian philosophy and religion[13] and a lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".[3]

text: Marriage and family[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu,[note 1] a distant cousin, at the age of 16.[14] As per tradition the marriage was arranged by the family. The couple had five daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Gopal. Sarvepalli Gopal went on to a notable career as a historian. Sivakamu died in 1956. They were married for over 51 years.

text: Academic career[edit]

text: In April 1909, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. Thereafter, in 1918, he was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore, where he taught at its Maharaja's College, Mysore. [web 4][15] By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics. He also completed his first book, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". His second book, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920.

text: In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta. He represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period was the invitation to deliver the Hibbert Lecture on the ideals of life which he delivered at Harris Manchester College, Oxford in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as An Idealist View of Life.

text: In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Harris Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours,[web 5] and formally invested with his honour by the Governor-General of India, the Earl of Willingdon, in April 1932.[web 6] However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence,[16]:9 preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'.

text: He was the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College. That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the award would continue steadily into the 1960s. In 1939 Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).[17] He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948.

text: Political career[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life",[18] after his successful academic career.[18] His international authority preceded his political career.[3] In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations Committee for Intellectual Cooperation, where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society."[3] When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946–52) and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice-President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967).

text: Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the struggle against British rules. He was the politician in shadow. [3] His motivation lay in his pride of Hindu culture, and the defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".[3] According to Brown,

text: He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.[3]

text: Teachers' Day[edit]

text: When he became the President of India, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, on 5 September. He replied,

text: "Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if September 5th is observed as Teachers' Day."

text: [citation needed] His birthday has since been celebrated as Teachers' Day in India.[web 7]

text: Charity[edit]

text: Along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust

text: Philosophy[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan tried to bridge eastern and western thought,[19] defending Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism",[3] but also incorporating Western philosophical and religious thought.[20]

text: Advaita Vedanta[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was one of the most prominent spokesmen of Neo-Vedanta.[21][22][23] His metaphysics was grounded in Advaita Vedanta, but he reinterpreted Advaita Vedanta for a contemporary understanding.[web 2] He acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the absolute or Brahman.[web 2][note 2] Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted Shankara's notion of maya. According to Radhakrishnan, maya is not a strict absolute idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as ultimately real."[web 2]

text: Intuition and religious experience[edit]

text: "Intuition", or anubhava,[web 2] synonymously called "religious experience",[web 2] has a central place in Radhakrishnan's philosophy as a source of knowledge which is not mediated by conscious thought.[20] His specific interest in experience can be traced back to the works of William James (1842–1910), Francis Herbert Bradley (1846–1924), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), and Friedrich von Hügel (1852–1925),[20] and to Vivekananda,[25] who had a strong influence on Radhakrisnan's thought.[26] According to Radhakrishnan, intuition is of a self-certifying character (svatassiddha), self-evidencing (svāsaṃvedya), and self-luminous (svayam-prakāsa).[web 2] In his book An Idealist View of Life, he made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought.[web 9] According to Radhakrishnan, intuition plays a specific role in all kinds of experience.[web 2] Radhakrishnan discernes five sorts of experience:[web 2]

text:
Cognitive Experience:

Sense Experience
Discursive Reasoning
Intuitive Apprehension

Psychic Experience
Aesthetic Experience
Ethical Experience
Religious Experience

tag: ol

text: Classification of religions[edit]

text: For Radhakrishnan, theology and creeds are intellectual formulations, and symbols of religious experience or "religious intuitions".[web 2] Radhakrishnan qualified the variety of religions hierarchically according to their apprehension of "religious experience", giving Advaita Vedanta the highest place:[web 2][note 3]

text:
The worshippers of the Absolute
The worshippers of the personal God
The worshippers of the incarnations like Rama, Kṛiṣhṇa, Buddha
Those who worship ancestors, deities and sages
The worshippers of the petty forces and spirits

text: Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts, apprehended via intuition or religious experience.[web 2] According to Radhakrishnan, "[i]f philosophy of religion is to become scientific, it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience".[web 2] He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas:

text: The truths of the ṛṣis are not evolved as the result of logical reasoning or systematic philosophy but are the products of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti or vision. The ṛṣis are not so much the authors of the truths recorded in the Vedas as the seers who were able to discern the eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane of universal spirit. They are the pioneer researchers in the realm of the spirit who saw more in the world than their followers. Their utterances are not based on transitory vision but on a continuous experience of resident life and power. When the Vedas are regarded as the highest authority, all that is meant is that the most exacting of all authorities is the authority of facts.[web 2]

text: From his writings collected as The Hindu View of Life, Upton Lectures, Delivered at Manchester College, Oxford, 1926: "Hinduism insists on our working steadily upwards in improving our knowledge of God. The worshippers of the absolute are of the highest rank; second to them are the worshippers of the personal God; then come the worshippers of the incarnations of Rama, Krishna, Buddha; below them are those who worship deities, ancestors, and sages, and lowest of all are the worshippers of petty forces and spirits. The deities of some men are in water (i.e., bathing places), those of the most advanced are in the heavens, those of the children (in religion) are in the images of wood and stone, but the sage finds his God in his deeper self. The man of action finds his God in fire, the man of feeling in the heart, and the feeble minded in the idol, but the strong in spirit find God everywhere". The seers see the supreme in the self, and not the images."

text: To Radhakrishnan, Advaita Vedanta was the best representative of Hinduism, as being grounded in intuition, in contrast to the "intellectually mediated interpretations"[web 2] of other religions.[web 2][note 4] He objected against charges of "quietism"[note 5] and "world denial",[32] instead stressing the need and ethic of social service,[32] giving a modern interpretation of classical terms as tat-tvam-asi.[33] According to Radhakrishnan, Vedanta offers the most direct intuitive experience and inner realisation, which makes it the highest form of religion:

text: The Vedanta is not a religion, but religion itself in its most universal and deepest significance.[web 2]

text: Radhakrishnan saw other religions, "including what Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism,"[web 2] as interpretations of Advaita Vedanta, thereby Hinduizing all religions.[web 2]

text: Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted with western culture and philosophy, he was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to objectivity, were influenced by theological influences of their own culture.[34]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was one of India's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.[2][web 2]

text: Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential,[35] both in India and the western world. In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.[36] Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential worldview of Hinduism".[37] In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern spirituality:

text: In figures such as Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan we witness Vedanta traveling to the West, where it nourished the spiritual hunger of Europeans and Americans in the early decades of the twentieth century.[37]

text: Appraisal[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan has been highly appraised. According to Paul Artur Schillp:

text: Nor would it be possible to find a more excellent example of a living "bridge" between the East and the West than Professor Radhakrishnan. Steeped, as Radhakrishnan has been since his childhood, in the life, traditions, and philosophical heritage of his native India, he has also struck deep roots in Western philosophy, which he has been studying tirelessly ever since his undergraduate college-days in Madras Christian College, and in which he is as thoroughly at home as any Western philosopher.[38]

text: And according to Hawley:

text: Radhakrishnan's concern for experience and his extensive knowledge of the Western philosophical and literary traditions has earned him the reputation of being a bridge-builder between India and the West. He often appears to feel at home in the Indian as well as the Western philosophical contexts, and draws from both Western and Indian sources throughout his writing. Because of this, Radhakrishnan has been held up in academic circles as a representative of Hinduism to the West. His lengthy writing career and his many published works have been influential in shaping the West's understanding of Hinduism, India, and the East.[web 2]

text: Criticism and context[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan's ideas have also received criticism and challenges, for their perennialist[21][39] and universalist claims,[40][41] and the use of an East-West dichotomy.[web 2]

text: Perennialism[edit]

text: According to Radhakrishnan, there is not only an underlying "divine unity"[39] from the seers of the Upanishads up to modern Hindus like Tagore and Gandhi,[39] but also "an essential commonality between philosophical and religious traditions from widely disparate cultures."[21] This is also a major theme in the works of Rene Guenon, the Theosophical Society, and the contemporary popularity of eastern religions in modern spirituality.[21][20][42] Since the 1970s, the Perennialist position has been criticised for its essentialism.[20][42] Social-constructionists give an alternative approach to religious experience, in which such "experiences" are seen as being determined and mediated by cultural determants:[20][42][note 6] As Michaels notes:

text: Religions, too, rely not so much on individual experiences or on innate feelings – like a sensus numinosus (Rudolf Otto) – but rather on behavioral patterns acquired and learned in childhood.[43]

text: Rinehart also points out that "perennialist claims notwithstanding, modern Hindu thought is a product of history",[39] which "has been worked out and expressed in a variety of historical contexts over the preceding two hundreds years."[39] This is also true for Radhakrishan, who was educated by missionaries[44] and, like other neo-Vedantins used the prevalent western understanding of India and its culture to present an alternative to the western critique.[21][45]

text: Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism[edit]

text: According to Richard King, the elevation of Vedanta as the essence of Hinduism, and Advaita Vedanta as the "paradigmatic example of the mystical nature of the Hindu religion"[46] by colonial Indologists but also neo-Vedantins served well for the Hindu nationalists, who further popularised this notion of Advaita Vedanta as the pinnacle of Indian religions.[47] It

text: ...provided an opportunity for the construction of a nationalist ideology that could unite Hindus in their struggle against colonial oppression.[48]

text: This "opportunity" has been criticised. According to Sucheta Mazumdar and Vasant Kaiwar,

text: ... Indian nationalist leaders continued to operate within the categorical field generated by politicized religion [...] Extravagant claims were made on behalf of Oriental civilization. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's statement – "[t]he Vedanta is not a religion but religion itself in its "most universal and deepest significance" – is fairly typical.[40]

text: Rinehart also criticises the inclusivism of Radhakrishnan's approach, since it provides "a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth."[41][note 7] According to Rinehart, the consequence of this line of reasoning is communalism,[41] the idea that "all people belonging to one religion have common economic, social and political interests and these interests are contrary to the interests of those belonging to another religion."[web 10] Rinehart notes that Hindu religiosity plays an important role in the nationalist movement,[41] and that "the neo-Hindu discource is the unintended consequence of the initial moves made by thinkers like Rammohan Roy and Vivekananda."[41] Yet Rinehart also points out that it is

text: ...clear that there isn't a neat line of causation that leads from the philosophies of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan to the agenda of [...] militant Hindus.[49][note 8]

text: Post-colonialism[edit]

text: Colonialism left deep traces in the hearts and minds of the Indian people, influencing the way they understood and represented themselves.[21] The influences of "colonialist forms of knowledge"[web 2] can also be found in the works of Radhakrishnan. According to Hawley, Radhakrishnan's division between East and West, the East being spiritual and mystical, and the West being rationt and colonialist forms of knowledge constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Arguably, these characterizations are "imagined" in the sense that they reflect the philosophical and religious realities of neither "East' nor West."[web 2]

text: Since the 1990s, the colonial influences on the 'construction' and 'representation' of Hinduism have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism[53] Western Indologists are trying to come to more neutral and better-informed representations of India and its culture, while Indian scholars are trying to establish forms of knowledge and understanding which are grounded in and informed by Indian traditions, instead of being dominated by western forms of knowledge and understanding.[53][note 9]

text: Plagiarism Controversy[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was accused of Plagiarism by his student Jadunath Sinha who accused him of copying from his doctoral thesis, “Indian Psychology of Perception" published in 1925 in his book "Indian Philosophy" published in 1927. Jadunath Sinha filed a case in the Calcutta High Court claiming damages for Rs 20000. Radhakrishnan filed counter case for defamation of character demanding Rs 100000 from Sinha. Though Jadunath Sinha's case was strong as many of his articles were already published, the High cost of litigation along with intervention of Syama Prasad Mookerjee who mediated between them made them settle the issue out of court.[54][55][56]

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text:
1931: appointed a Knight Bachelor in ,[web 5] although he ceased to use the title "Sir" after India attained independence.[57]
1938: elected Fellow of the British Academy.
1954: The Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India.[web 3]
1954: German "Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science"[web 11]
1961: the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.
1962: Institution of Teacher's Day in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".[web 3]
1963: the British Order of Merit.
1968: Sahitya Akademi fellowship, The highest honour conferred by the Sahitya Akademi on a writer (he is the first person to get this award)
1975: the Templeton Prize in 1975, a few months before his death, for advocating non-aggression and conveying "a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people."[web 12][note 10] He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University.
1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".[58]
he was nominated fifteen times for the Nobel prize in literature, and eleven times for the Nobel Peace prize.[59]

text: Quotes[edit]

text: This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process. If the page can be expanded into an encyclopedic article, rather than a list of quotations, please do so and remove this message.

text:
"It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity."[60]
"Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment."[61]
"When we think we know, we cease to learn."[62]
"A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though no one resembles him."[63]
"There is nothing wonderful in my saying that Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas were composed."[64]
"A life of joy and happiness is possible only on the basis of knowledge and science.”

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Works by Radhakrishnan[edit]

text:
The philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (1918), Macmillan, London, 294 pages
Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol.1, 738 pages. Vol 2, 807 pages. Oxford University Press.
The Hindu View of Life (1926), 92 pages
An Idealist View of Life (1929), 351 pages
Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages
Religion and Society (1947), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 242 pages
The Bhagavadgītā: with an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes (1948), 388 pages
The Dhammapada (1950), 194 pages, Oxford University Press
The Principal Upanishads (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited
Recovery of Faith (1956), 205 pages
A Source Book in Indian Philosophy (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press, with Charles A. Moore as co-editor.
Religion, Science & Culture (1968), 121 pages

text: Biographies and monographs on Radhakrishnan[edit]

text: Several books have been published on Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan:

text:
Schilpp, Paul Arthur, ed. (1992) [1952, Tudor]. The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0792-8.
Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0343-2.
Minor, Robert Neil (1987). Radhakrishnan: a religious biography. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-554-6.
Gopal, Sarvepalli (1989). Radhakrishnan: a biography. Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0-04-440449-2.
Pappu, S.S. Rama Rao (1995). New Essays in the Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Delhi: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-81-7030-461-6.
Parthasarathi, G.; Chattopadhyaya, Debi Prasad, eds. (1989). Radhakrishnan: centenary volume. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.


document_title: Pharyngeal slit

question_text: what is the function of pharyngeal pouches in aquatic chordates

text: Pharyngeal slit

text: Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in Invertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. Pharyngeal slits are repeated openings that appear along the pharynx caudal to the mouth. With this position, they allow for the movement of water in the mouth and out the pharyngeal slits. It's postulated that this is how pharyngeal slits first assisted in filter-feeding, and later with the addition of gills along their walls, aided in respiration of aquatic chordates.[1] These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits.[2] Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. The presence of gill-like slits in the neck of the developing human embryo famously led Ernst Haeckel to postulate that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"; this hypothesis, while false, contains elements of truth, as explored by Stephen Jay Gould in Ontogeny and Phylogeny.[3] However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates. Gill slits are, at some stage of life, found in all chordates. One theory of their origin is the fusion of nephridia which opened both on the outside and the gut, creating openings between the gut and the environment.[4]

text: Pharyngeal arches in Vertebrates[edit]

text: In vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers.[5] Neural crest cells enter these arches where they contribute to craniofacial features such as bone and cartilage.[5] However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development.[6] The first, most anterior pharyngeal arch gives rise to the oral jaw. The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support.[5] In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the brachial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus.[7] The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It has been shown that Hox genes and other developmental genes such as dlx are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the branchial arches.[8] Some fish species have jaws in their throat, known as pharyngeal jaws, which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.[9]

text: Evolution of pharyngeal slits[edit]

text: The presence of pharyngeal slits in hemichordates led to debates of whether this structure was homologous to the slits found in chordates or a result of convergent evolution.[10] With the placement of hemichordates and echinoderms as a sister group to chordates, a new hypothesis has emerged-suggesting that pharyngeal gill slits were present in the deuterostome ancestor .[11] Intriguingly, extant echinoderms lack pharyngeal structures, but fossil records reveal that ancestral forms of echinoderms had gill-like structures.[12] Comparative developmental and genetic studies of these pharyngeal structures between hemichordates and urochordates have brought about important insights regarding the evolution of the deuterostome body plan.[13] Comparative molecular biology has revealed that the Pax1/9 genes (which encode for transcription factors) are expressed in similar patterns between hemichordates and urochordates; In vertebrates, Pax 1 and Pax 9 are expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and are important for thymus development.[14] applying excess retinoic acid (excess retincoic acid in vertebrates results in pharyngeal abnormalities) leads to the absence of gill slits in developing Amphioxus, suggesting that retinoic acid may act through the same mechanism in vertebrates and amphioxus.[15] These studies indicate that the pharyngeal slits found in hemichordates and chordates are indeed homologous in a molecular sense.


document_title: Nigerian naira

question_text: when was 100 naira note introduced in nigeria

text: Nigerian naira

text: History[edit]

text: The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound.[2] This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U+20A6 ₦ Naira sign.

text: Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria over the existence of naira. The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate for 6 times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies.[3]

text: As of 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at 197 to the US dollar for several months. Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar.[4]

text: Coins[edit]

text: In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of ½, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the ½ and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The ½ kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and 1 naira. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira, with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic. Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦2 coin.[5] The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007.[6] The central bank stated that the ½ to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007.

text:
½ kobo[7]
1 kobo[8]
5 kobo
10 kobo[9]
25 kobo[10]
50 kobo[11]
1 naira[12]
2 naira[13]

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005.

text: On February 28, 2007, new versions of the 5 to 50 naira banknotes were introduced. Originally the 10, 20 and 50 naira were to be polymer banknotes,[14] but the 5,10 and 50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the 20 was released in polymer. The notes are slightly smaller (130 × 23 mm) and redesigned from the preceding issues. In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor he eventually changed the 5, 10 and 50 naira to polymer notes.

text: On the 1000 naira notes, there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note. It is a shimmery gold colour showing 1000 naira. The triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note changes its colour from green to blue when tilted. The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Dr Clement Isong, former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria.

text: On the first prints of the 100 naira notes issued starting December 1, 1999, Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory, while actually it is situated in Niger State. Later prints removed the reference to FCT, ABUJA.[15]

text: In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria may be contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of N5,000. The bank has also made plans to convert ₦5, ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 into coins which are all presently notes.[16]

text: The Central Bank of Nigeria has announced that it will no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues.[17][18][19]

text: On November 12, 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100 naira commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria's existence. The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on front, but is redesigned to include a new color scheme, revised security features, the text "One Nigeria, Great Promise" in microprinting and on the back is a quickresponse code (QRC) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria's history.[20][21]

text:
[show]Currently Circulating Banknotes [1]

1999–2005 Series

Image
Value
Dimensions
Main Colour
Description
Date of

Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
Watermark
first printing
issue

[2]
₦100
151 × 78 mm
Red and multicolour
Chief Obafemi Awolowo
Zuma Rock
As portrait(s), "CBN", value
1999
1 December 1999

[3]
₦200
Blue and multicolour
Sir Ahmadu Bello
Pyramid of agricultural commodity and livestock farming
2000
1 November 2000

[4]
₦500
Purple and multicolour
Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe
Off-shore oil-rig
2001
4 April 2001

[5]
₦1000
Purple
Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu, Dr. Clement Isong
CBN's corporate headquarters in Abuja
2005
12 October 2005

2006 Series (Paper and Polymer banknotes)

[6]
₦5
130 × 72 mm
Mauve
Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Nkpokiti dancers
Central Bank of Nigeria logo, "CBN"
2006
28 February 2007

[7]
₦10
Red
Mr. Alvan Ikoku
Fulani milk maids

[8]
₦20
Green
General Murtala Mohammed
Ladi Kwali

[9]
₦50
Blue
Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba men and a woman
Local fishermen

For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

text: Second naira[edit]

text: The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008, although this was cancelled by then-President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua[22]), with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira. The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it will make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009. Currently, the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions, while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate. The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues. Also, the then-Bank Governor, Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out, and that the bank would "only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives".[23]

text: Coins[edit]

text: Coins were to be issued in denominations of:

text:
1 Kobo (₦0.01)
2 Kobo (₦0.02)
5 Kobo (₦0.05)
10 Kobo (₦0.10)
20 Kobo (₦0.20)

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of:

text:
50 Kobo (₦0.50)
1 Naira (₦1)
5 Naira (₦5):
10 Naira (₦10)
20 Naira (₦20)
50 naira (₦50)
100 naira (₦100)
200 naira (₦200)
500 naira (₦500)
1000 naira (₦1000)

50 kobo & 1 naira— are no longer in use.

text: Exchange rates[edit]

text: This table shows the historical value of one U.S. Dollar in Nigerian naira - PM = Parallel Market.[citation needed]

text:
Date
Naira per US $
Date
Naira per US $
Date
Naira per US $

1972
0.658
1993
17.30 (21.90 PM)
2014
170-199

1973
0.658
1994
22.33 (56.80 PM)
2015
199-300

1974
0.63
1995
21.89 (71.70 PM)
2016
300-489

1975
0.616
1996
21.89 (84.58 PM)

1976
0.62
1997
21.89 (84.58 PM)

1977
0.647
1998
21.89 (84.70 PM)

1978
0.606
1999
21.89 (88-90 PM)

1979
0.596
2000
85.98 (105.00 PM)

1980
0.550 (0.900 PM)
2001
99-106 (104-122 PM)

1981
0.61
2002
109-113 (122-140 PM)

1982
0.673
2003
114-127 (135-137 PM)

1983
0.724
2004
127-130 (137-144 PM)

1984
0.765
2005
132-136

1985
0.894 (1.70 PM)
2006
128.50-131.80

1986
2.02 (3.90 PM)
2007
120-125

1987
4.02 (5.90 PM)
2008
115.50-120

1988
4.54 (6.70 PM)
2009
145-171

1989
7.39 (10.70 PM)
2010
148.21-154.8

1990
7.39 (10.70 PM)
2011
151.05-165.1

1991
8.04 (9.30 PM)
2012
155.09-161.5

1992
9.91
2013
153.21-162.9

text:
Current NGN exchange rates

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