document_title: Jason Voorhees

question_text: friday the 13th where jason is not the killer

root

text: Jason Voorhees

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main character Alice (Adrienne King) in the original Friday the 13th film; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in its sequels. As well as the films, there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason, or been based on a minor aspect of him.

tag: p

text: Films[edit]

text: Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9, 1980. In this film, Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother, Mrs. Voorhees (Betsy Palmer), and as a hallucination of the film's protagonist, Alice (Adrienne King). Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen, he propels the film's plot—Mrs. Voorhees, the cook at Camp Crystal Lake, seeks revenge for his death, which she blames on the camp counselors.[7] Jason's second appearance was in the sequel, Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981). Revealed to be alive, an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film. Jason (Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette), returns to Crystal Lake, living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders. Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp, only to be murdered one by one by Jason, who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face. Ginny (Amy Steel), the lone survivor, finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees, and surrounded by mutilated corpses. Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason's shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance.[8] In Friday the 13th Part III (1982), Jason (Richard Brooker) escapes to a nearby lake resort, Higgins Haven, to rest from his wounds. At the same time, Chris Higgins (Dana Kimmell) returns to the property with some friends. An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face, he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group. Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head, but the night's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away.[9]

text: Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues the story, with a presumed-dead Jason (Ted White) found by the police and taken to the morgue. Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse, and makes his way back to Crystal Lake. A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason's rampage. Jason then seeks out Trish (Kimberly Beck) and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman) next door. While Trish distracts Jason, Tommy kills him.[10] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter, and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom Morga) will return. Jason's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Jason's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved. Jason appears in the film only through Tommy's dreams and hallucinations.[11] In Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986), Tommy (Thom Mathews), who has run away from a mental institution, visits Jason's grave and learns that Jason's body was never actually cremated, but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake. While attempting to destroy his body, Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Graham) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod. Now possessing superhuman abilities, Jason returns to Crystal Lake, now renamed Forest Green, and begins his killing spree anew. Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor, but almost dies in the process. Tommy's friend, Megan Garris, finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller.[12]

text: Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives. Jason (Kane Hodder) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard (Lar Park Lincoln), who was attempting to resurrect her father. Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake, and after a battle with Tina, is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina's father.[13] Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) sees Jason return from the grave, brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable. He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan, boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc. Upon reaching Manhattan, Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie (Jensen Daggett) and Sean (Scott Reeves); he chases them into the sewers, where he is submerged in toxic waste and dies.[14] Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon. Through an unexplained resurrection, he returns to Crystal Lake, where he is hunted by the FBI. The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason, which proves successful. Through mystical possession, however, Jason survives by passing his demon-infested heart from one being to the next. Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film, it is learned he has a half-sister and a niece, and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body. After resurrecting it, Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble (Kari Keegan) and dragged into Hell.[15]

text: Jason X (2002) marked Kane Hodder's last performance as Jason. The film starts off in 2010; Jason has returned after another unexplained resurrection. Captured by the U.S. government in 2008, Jason is being experimented upon in a research facility, where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him, since numerous attempts to execute him have proved unsuccessful. Jason escapes, killing all but one of his captors, and slices through the cryo-chamber, spilling cryonics fluid into the room, freezing himself and the only other survivor, Rowan (Lexa Doig). A team of students 445 years later discover Jason's body. On the team's spacecraft, Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew. Along the way, he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process, which gives him an impenetrable metal body. Finally, he is ejected into space and falls to the planet Earth 2, burning in the atmosphere.[16]

text: Freddy vs. Jason (2003) is a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm Street's villain Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams. Krueger has grown weak, as people in his home town of Springwood have suppressed their fear of him. Freddy, who is impersonating Jason's mother (Paula Shaw), resurrects Jason (Ken Kirzinger) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to cause panic and fear. Jason accomplishes this, but refuses to stop killing. A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake. The identity of the winner is left ambiguous, as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy's severed head, which winks and laughs.[17]

text: In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot, young Jason (Caleb Guss) witnesses his mother's (Nana Visitor) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps, killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake. The adult Jason (Derek Mears) kidnaps Whitney Miller (Amanda Righetti), a girl who looks like his mother, and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels. Months later, Whitney's brother Clay (Jared Padalecki) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her. Eventually, Whitney uses Jason's devotion to his mother against him, stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears.[18]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone.[19] Avallone chose to use an alternate ending, which was filmed for Part 3 but never used, as the ending for his 1982 adaptation. In the alternate film ending, Chris, who is in the canoe, hears Rick's voice and immediately rushes back to the house. When she opens the door, Jason is standing there with a machete, and he decapitates her.[20] Jason next appears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke,[21] who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988.[22][23][24] Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees, Jason's father, a character that was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio. In the novel, instead of being cremated, Elias has Jason buried after his death.[25]

text: Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell, written by Andy Mangels. The three-issue series was a condensed version of the film, with a few added scenes that were never shot.[26] Jason made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan's Six No. 4, published in 1993, which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell.[27] In 1995, Nancy A. Collins wrote a three-issue, non-canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface. The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train, after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping. Jason meets Leatherface, who adopts him into his family after the two become friends. Eventually they turn on each other.[28] In 1994 four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th. They did not feature Jason explicitly, but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his mask.[29][30][31][32]

text: In 2003 and 2005, Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively.[33][34] In 2005 they began publishing a new series of novels; one set was published under the Jason X title, while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title. The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film. Jason X: The Experiment was the first published. In this novel, Jason is being used by the government, who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of "super soldiers".[35] Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason, and shows their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma.[36] Death Moon revolves around Jason crash-landing at Moon Camp Americana.[37] Jason is discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power. Jason has a son in this book, conceived through a form of artificial insemination.[38]

text: On May 13, 2005, Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics. The first, titled Friday the 13th, was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller. The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason, where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake. Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction, Laura, unknown to her brother, sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group, so that she and her brother can sell the property.[39] A three-issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th: Bloodbath was released in September 2005. Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse, the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow, a camp that sits on Crystal Lake, for work and a "party-filled weekend". The teenagers discover they share common family backgrounds, and soon awaken Jason, who hunts them.[40] Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X. Picking up after the events of the Jason X film, Über-Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer, Kristen, attempts to subdue Jason, in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves.[41] In February 2006 Avatar published Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X. Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer, the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X. A salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees. The "original" Jason and Über-Jason are drawn to each other, resulting in a battle to the death.[42] In June 2006 a one-shot comic entitled Friday the 13th: Fearbook was released, written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara. The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet, the survivor of Friday the 13th: Bloodbath, who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters.[43]

text: The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series, and did not continue the stories set forth by the films, but furthered the character of Jason in its own way. Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult.[44] Jason is stuck in Hell, when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th: Hell Lake.[45] In Hate-Kill-Repeat, two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake, believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code.[46] In The Jason Strain, Jason is on an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show.[47] The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs. Pamela is in search of Jason, who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder.[48]

text: In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker. The first set was a six-issue miniseries involving Jason's return to Camp Crystal Lake, which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction. The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake. Jason's actions in this storyline are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century.[49][50] On July 11 and August 15, 2007, Wildstorm published a two-part special entitled Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale. The two-issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie, a camp counselor who was killed in the original film.[51] Wildstorm released another two-part special, entitled Friday the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation, that was released on September 12 and October 10, 2007. The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity.[52] Wildstorm released a six-issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series. In this story, Freddy uses the Necronomicon, which is in the Voorhees' basement, to escape from Jason's subconscious and "gain powers unlike anything he's had before". Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book, stating it will make him a real boy. Ash, who is working at the local S-Mart in Crystal Lake, learns of the book's existence and sets out to destroy it.[53] Wildstorm released another two-issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13, 2008, titled Friday the 13th: Bad Land, written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively. The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake.[54]

text: A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, subtitled The Nightmare Warriors, was released by Wildstorm in 2009. Jason escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt for Ash, but is captured by the U.S. government. Freddy helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Deadite army, using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated injuries and decomposition; it removes his natural deformities in the process. At the climax of the story, Jason battles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great-niece Stephanie Kimble; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates him with a shard of glass. Jason's soul is then absorbed by Freddy, who uses it to increase his own power.[55]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Creating a monster[edit]

text: Initially created by Victor Miller, Jason's final design was a combined effort by Miller, Ron Kurz, and Tom Savini.[56] The name "Jason" is a combination of "Josh" and "Ian", Miller's two sons, and "Voorhees" was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van Voorhees. Miller felt it was a "creepy-sounding name", which was perfect for his character.[56] Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal-looking child, but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed. Victor Miller explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the "Black Lagoon" in his script, and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy; it was Savini who made Jason deformed.[57] Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller's version of Jason was that of a normal child, but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a "mongoloid creature", and have him "jump out of the lake at the end of the film".[56] Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like "Betsy Palmer at eight years old".[58] Miller wrote a scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Jason, and then she wakes up in a hospital bed. Miller's intention was to get as close to Carrie's ending as possible.[57] Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience, and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming, the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted.[57]

text: When it came time to cast the role of Jason, Ari Lehman, who had received a part in Sean Cunningham's Manny's Orphans,[59] arrived to read for the character of Jack. Before he could get started, Cunningham walked in and offered him a different part: Jason. Without having read a single word, Cunningham just looked at Ari and said, "You're the right size, you've got it."[57] In the original Friday the 13th, Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending.[60] Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason. The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors, some not credited, others taking great pride in their parts. Due to the physical demands the adult character requires, and the lack of emotional depth depicted, many of the actors since have been stuntmen. The most well-known among them is Kane Hodder, who is cited as the best to play the role.[3][4]

text: Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th, including making the title part of a serialized film series, where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker.[60] It was Phil Scuderi, one of the producers for the original film, which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel. The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series, as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake. Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the "real Jason" in her dream, and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up.[60] After killing Jason in The Final Chapter, it was the director Joseph Zito's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist. Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason, but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning.[61] Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer, but decided to use Tommy's fear of Jason as the primary story.[61] This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives, when A New Beginning did not spark the "creative success" the studio was looking for. Executive producer Frank Mancuso, Jr. wanted to bring Jason back, and he did not care how it was achieved.[62] In yet another alteration of the series' continuity, Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning, instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force.[5] Since A New Beginning, no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist. Miller, who has not seen any of the sequels, took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain. Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son. Miller stated, "Jason was dead from the very beginning; he was a victim, not a villain."[63]

text: Men behind the mask[edit]

text:
"... So I go from lead role to no role. Needless to say, I was disappointed. But I said, 'What the hell?'"

—Steve Daskawisz, on losing screen credit[64]

tag: div

text: Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full-grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2, and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role. Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul; that role eventually went to John Furey. Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman's School, Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees.[64] Initially Gillette was unsure about the character, but the idea of starring in his first film grew on Gillette,[65] and he also thought the role was amusing.[64] It became apparent Gillette could not perform the necessary stunts, so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz.[66] Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and the unmasking shot at the end; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes. Gillette received credit for playing Jason, while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double. When Part 3 was released the following year, Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film.[9] Initially, Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3, but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming. Having secured a part on Guiding Light, Daskawisz declined.[66]

text: Now wanting a "bigger and stronger-looking" Jason, one that was also "more athletic and powerful", Steve Miner hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker. After a simple conversation, Miner decided he was the right person for the job. Being new to the country, Brooker believed that "playing a psychopathic killer" was the best way into the movie business. Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason's now-signature hockey mask. According to Brooker, "It felt great with the mask on. It just felt like I really was Jason because I didn't have anything to wear before that."[67] For The Final Chapter, Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character, one that required a "real hardcore stuntman"; Ted White was hired to perform the role.[68] White, who only took the job for the money, did "get into the Jason psychology" when he arrived on the set. White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches.[68] As filming continued, White's experience was not pleasant, and in one instance, he went to battle for co-star Judie Aronson, who played Samantha, when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time. Displeased with his experience from filming, White had his name removed from the credits.[69] As with Friday the 13th Part 2, there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning, partly because Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film. When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return, Dick Wieand was cast.[70] Wieand is credited as Roy Burns, the film's actual murderer, but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Jason, as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes.[71] Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film. Feeling alienated during the shoot, Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer.[71] By comparison, Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made sure he "really got into the character".[70]

text:
"It's like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform on, and you're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World Series. It's an incredible feeling."

—C. J. Graham, on his experience as Jason[72]

text: A nightclub manager in Glendale, C. J. Graham, was interviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives, but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman.[72] Dan Bradley was hired, but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role, and Graham was hired to replace him.[73] Although Bradley was replaced early during filming, he can be seen in the paintball sequence of the film.[25] Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts, including the scene where Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake.[73] The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham, remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in. Graham had no intention of being an actor or a stuntman, but the idea of playing the "bad guy", and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics, intrigued him. Graham was not brought back to reprise the role, but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part.[72]

text: Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood, and played Jason in the next four films. He previously worked alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called Prison. Based on his experience working with Hodder, Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him, but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder's limited size. Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics, Buechler scheduled a test screening, the first in Friday the 13th history for the character, and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him.[74] It is Buechler's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality, based on the emotions, specifically the rage, that Hodder would emit while acting the part.[74] According to Hodder, he wanted to "get in touch with Jason's thirst for revenge" and try to better understand his motivation to kill.[75] After viewing the previous films, Hodder decided that he would approach Jason as a more "quick and agile" individual than he had been portrayed in the previous sequels.[75] John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had "natural affinity for the role"—so much that Kane's appearance, when wearing the mask, would often terrify the cast, the crew, and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer.[75] Initially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan. Hodder acted as his own voice, calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden, who intended to use Hodder, because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series.[76] With Sean Cunningham's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell, Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better: Hodder had worked as Cunningham's stunt coordinator for years.[77] Regardless, Adam Marcus, the director for Jason Goes to Hell, always intended to hire Hodder for the role.[77] Jason X would mark Hodder's last performance as Jason, to date. Todd Farmer, who wrote the screenplay for Jason X, knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning. Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder's work on the previous films, so hiring him was an easy decision.[78]

text: New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start, and choose a new actor for Jason. Cunningham disagreed with their decision, believing Hodder was the best choice for the role.[79] Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason, and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives, but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu's image of Jason.[79] According to Hodder, New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting, but Yu has explained he wanted a slower, more deliberate Jason, and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films.[80] Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason, but stood by their choice in recasting.[79]

text: The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger, a Canadian stuntman who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan. There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast. According to Yu, Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund, the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger. Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m), compared to the 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) of Kane Hodder, and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5-foot-10-inch (1.78 m) Englund. Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part, as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film,[79] but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job.[80] Although he was hired by the creative crew, New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film. Kirzinger's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street. New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason's walk; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio.[79] However, concerns that test audiences were confused by the film's original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final scene. Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new ending, as he was available for the reshoot and had been the production's second choice to portray the role of Jason during the original casting.[81]

text: For the 2009 remake, stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard.[82] Mears's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen, but Mears assured them he would be able to perform the role.[83] When Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask. As Mears explained, portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work, where the mask and the actor are two separate entities, and, based on the scene, there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance.[84]

text: Design[edit]

text: The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through changes, some subtle and some radical. For Friday the 13th, the task of coming up with Jason's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini, whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and ears did not line up straight.[57] The original design called for Jason to have hair, but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald,[56] so he would look like a "hydrocephalic, mongoloid pinhead", with a dome-shaped head.[57] Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman's head and used that to create prosthetics for his face.[56] Lehman personally placed mud—from the bottom of the lake—all over his body to make himself appear "really slimy."[56]

text: For Part 2, Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton, the make-up effects supervisor, to stick to Savini's original design, but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new head. Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like, and had it approved by Miner.[64] Fullerton added long hair to the character. Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face, and had to keep one eye closed while the "droopy eye" application was in place. Gillette's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film. False teeth created by a local dentist were used to distort Gillette's face.[64] Much of the basic concept of Fullerton's design was eliminated for Part 3. Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton, but as work progressed the design began to lean more and more toward Savini's concept.[85] Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason's head, but the eyes were level and Doug White, the make-up artist for Part 3, needed a droopy right eye. White did keep Winston's design for the back of the head, because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason.[85] The process of creating Jason's look was hard work for White, who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker's face, even up to the last day of filming.[85]

text: The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face, having worn a bag over his head in Part 2; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would become a trademark for the character, and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come.[6] During production, Steve Miner called for a lighting check. None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make-up for the light check, so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker. The film's 3D effects supervisor, Martin Jay Sadoff, was a hockey fan, and had a bag of hockey gear with him on the set. He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test.[86] Miner loved the mask, but it was too small. Using a substance called VacuForm, Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with. After White finished the molds, Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance. Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered, making it different from Sadoff's mask.[86] There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask. One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker's face; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed. In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face, a simple head mask was created. This one-piece mask would slip on over Brooker's head, exposing his face but not the rest of his head.[86]

text: Tom Savini agreed to return to make-up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man.[87] Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th, with the same practice of application as before, but molded from Ted White's face. Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning, it was not necessary to do any major designing for Jason's look. Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head, like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask, was needed for the film. Make-up artist Louis Lazzara, who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter, did base his head-mask on Tom Savini's design for The Final Chapter.[88]

text: Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a "classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein."[89] From the beginning, Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason's appearance reflect that of the damage he received in the previous installments. Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives, and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood.[74] Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry, the effects team wanted Jason to appear "rotted", with bones and ribs showing, and for Jason's features to have a more defined feel to them.[89] Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton's design in The New Blood, and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell. Berger designed Jason's skin to overlap with the mask, to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed.[77] Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full-body, foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume. The idea was to reveal as much of Jason's skin as possible, because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film.[77]

text: Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film. One concept brought into the film was Jason's regenerative abilities.[16] Dupuis gave the character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through; Dupuis wanted a more "gothic" design for Jason, so he added chains and shackles, and made the hockey mask more angular.[78] Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film. The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason's body, allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life.[78] What was referred to as Über-Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body, bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal, all pushing through a leather suit. The metal was created from VacuForm, the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask, and was attached by Velcro. The tendrils were made from silicone. All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit, including an entire head piece, which Hodder wore. The make-up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit, which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes.[78]

text: By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films. Make-up effects artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason's look—he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed and more defined, so that the audience would see a new Jason, but still recognized the face. Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films, but recognized that had he followed them too literally, then "Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo."[79] Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame, making the mask the focal point of each shot. To achieve this, Terezakis created a "pooled-blood look" for the character by painting the skin black, based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head because he had been lying on his back for a long time. As with other make-up artists before him, Terezakis followed Savini's original skull design, and aged it appropriately.[79]

text: For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th, effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini's work in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter. Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster. Stoddard's vision of Jason includes hair loss, skin rashes, and the traditional deformities in his face, but he attempted to craft Jason's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen.[83] Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason's hockey mask. The make-up artist managed to acquire an original set piece, which he studied and later sculpted. Although he had a model of one of the original masks, Stoddard did not want to replicate it in its entirety. As Stoddard explains, "Because I didn't want to take something that already existed, there were things I thought were great, but there were things I wanted to change a bit. Make it custom, but keep all the fundamental designs. Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks. Age them down a bit, break them up." In the end, Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask, each with varying degrees of wear.[83]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: In his original appearance, Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy.[90] Since Friday the 13th, Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal, indestructible, machete-wielding mass murderer.[91][92] Jason is primarily portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film series. Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a child, and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the character cries out "Mommy, please don't let me drown!" in a child's voice before being submerged in toxic waste, and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other individuals.[57] Online magazine Salon's Andrew O'Hehir describes Jason as a "silent, expressionless...blank slate."[93] When discussing Jason psychologically, Sean S. Cunningham said, "...he doesn't have any personality. He's like a great white shark. You can't really defeat him. All you can hope for is to survive."[94] Since Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, Jason has been a "virtually indestructible" being. Tom McLoughlin, the film's director, felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask, who would kill people left and right, but get "beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end". McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a "formidable, unstoppable monster".[25] In resurrecting Jason from the dead, McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake; inspired by vampire lore, McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child, and that returning him to his original resting place would immobilize him.[95] This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood, and the idea that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan.[57]

text: Many have given suggestions as Jason's motivation for killing. Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a "psychotic mama's boy gone horribly awry...very resilient. You can't kill him, but he feels pain, just not like everyone else."[96] Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a "psycho-savant", and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother, and not anything personal.[79] Andrew O'Hehir has stated, "Coursing hormones act, of course, as smelling salts to prudish Jason, that ever-vigilant enforcer of William Bennett-style values."[93] Todd Farmer, writer for Jason X, wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex. Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life.[78] Whatever his motivations, Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do. According to Hodder, Jason might violently murder any person he comes across, but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character's dog, Hodder refused, stating that, while Jason has no qualms against killing humans, he is not bad enough to hurt animals.[97] Another example from Jason Takes Manhattan, involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens him with a knife, however Jason chooses not to kill them and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and showing them his face. Likewise, director Tom McLoughlin chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he encounters in Jason Lives, stating that Jason would not kill a child, out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated by his own death as a child.[95]

text: In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason, it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor. Ronald D. Moore, co-writer of the first draft, explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable, because no one had previously ventured into the psychology surrounding the character. Moore saw the character as a "blank slate", and felt he was a character the audience could really root for.[98] Another draft, penned by Mark Protosevich, followed Moore's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality. In the draft, Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels. Protosevich explained, "It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters. Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live. Ultimately, the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster."[98] Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, who wrote the final draft of the film, disagreed about making Jason a hero, although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim. They stated, "We did not want to make Jason any less scary. He's still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They're both villains to be equally feared."[98] Brenna O'Brien, co-founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com, saw the character as having sympathetic qualities. She stated, "[Jason] was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods. He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th, and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake. Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation, which you can't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers."[6]

text: As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film, Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo, Tarzan, and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes. To him, this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps. Like Rambo, he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film.[99] Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience. As Brad Fuller explains, "We do not want him to be sympathetic. Jason is not a comedic character, he is not sympathetic. He's a killing machine. Plain and simple."[100]

text: In 2005, California State University's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters. Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants. In the survey, Jason was considered to be an "unstoppable killing machine." Participants were impressed by the "cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult." Out of the ten monsters used in the survey—which included vampires, Freddy Krueger, Frankenstein's monster, Michael Myers, Godzilla, Chucky, Hannibal Lecter, King Kong, and the Alien—Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables. Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason's "immortality, his apparent enjoyment of killing [and] his superhuman strength."[101]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture.[101][102][103] In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award.[104] He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award; Godzilla (1996) and Chewbacca (1997) are the others.[105][106] Jason was named No. 26 in Wizard magazine's "100 greatest villains of all time".[107] Universal Studios theme parks, in collaboration with New Line Cinema, used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event.[108]

text: The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years. In 1988 Screamin' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own Jason statuette. The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure.[109] Six years later, Screamin' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell. Both kits are now out of production.[110] McFarlane Toys released two toy lines, one in 1998 and the other in 2002. The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell,[111] and the other was of Über-Jason from Jason X.[112] Since McFarlane's last toy line in 2002, there has been a steady production of action figures, dolls, and statuettes. These include tie-ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason (2003).[113] In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a polystone statue of Jason, based on the version appearing in the 2009 remake.[114]

text: Jason has made an appearance in five video games. He first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game.[115] His next appearance was in 1989, when LJN, an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 1980s and early 1990s, released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System. The premise involved the gamer, who picks one of six camp counselors as their player, trying to save the campers from Jason, while battling various enemies throughout the game.[116] On October 13, 2006, a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones. The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead.[117] Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as a downloadable content bonus character.[118] A new Friday the 13th video game was released in 2017, which allows players to take control of Jason or camp counselors in a multiplayer format focused on Jason trying to kill the counselors before they can escape or time runs out.

text: The character has been referenced, or made cameo appearances, in various entertainment mediums. Outside of literature sources based on the character, Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips. Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason, and he has been featured on two of their covers.[107] Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories. He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm.[107] The Usagi Yojimbo antagonist Jei is based on Voorhees; his name, with the honorific "-san" attached, is in fact a pun on Voorhees' first name.[119]

text:
"...Shit, half the shit I say, I just make it up
To make you mad, so kiss my white naked ass
And if it's not a rapper that I'll make it as
I'mma be a fuckin' rapist in a Jason mask."

—Final verse to Eminem's "Criminal"[120]

text: Many musical artists have made references to Jason Voorhees. Inspired by his own experience, Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON. Lehman's band is classified as horror punk, and is influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits.[121] The band's name pays homage to Lehman's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th. One of the band's songs is entitled "Jason is Watching".[121] In 1986, coinciding with the release of Jason Lives, Alice Cooper released "He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask)" from his album Constrictor. The song was written to "signal Jason's big return" to the cinema, as he had been almost entirely absent in the previous film.[122] Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs. The song "Criminal", from the album The Marshall Mathers LP, mentions Jason specifically, while songs "Amityville" and "Off the Wall"—the latter featured fellow rapper Redman—contain Harry Manfredini's music "ki, ki, ki ... ma, ma, ma" from the film series.[123] Eminem sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts.[124] Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, LL Cool J, and Insane Clown Posse.[123] In 1989, Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled "Viernes 13" which featured Jason in Puerto Rico.[125] The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part titled "Viernes 13, Parte II".[126] VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled "Friday the 20th", and featured Jason's mask created out of rhinestone.[127]

text: Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films.[128] In the film Scream, directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven, actress Drew Barrymore's character is being stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone. In order to survive, she must answer the man's trivia questions. One question is "name the killer in Friday the 13th." She incorrectly guesses Jason, who did not become the killer for the film series until Part 2. Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game. He received a free drink, because nobody got the answer right.[129] In another Wes Craven film, Cursed, a wax sculpture of Jason, from Jason Goes to Hell, can be seen in a wax museum.[130] In 2014, Jason made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial "The '80s Called".[131]

text: Jason has also been referenced by several television shows.[132] The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches. In episode seventeen, "Operation: Rich in Spirit", the mystery-solving teenagers from Scooby-Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders, and are killed off one by one. Velma is the only survivor, and in typical Scooby-Doo fashion, she rips off Jason's mask to reveal his true identity: Old Man Phillips.[133] In episode nineteen, "That Hurts Me", Jason reappears, this time as a housemate of "Horror Movie Big Brother", alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger, Leatherface, Pinhead, and Ghostface.[134] Three years later, in episode sixty-two, Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th.[135] Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One". The so-called "Mr. Voorhees" explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog. He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the "Britches and Hose" clothing store. As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films, Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate, albeit still a psychopath; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up.[136] In an episode of The Simpsons, Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive. When Freddy asks where the family is, Jason responds, "Ehh, whaddya gonna do?" and turns the TV on.[137] He also appears in The Simpsons episode "Stop, or My Dog Will Shoot!", alongside Pinhead, menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence.[138] The South Park episodes "Imaginationland Episode II" and "III" feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the "bad side" of Imaginationland, a world populated by fictional characters. This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake's eyeball as "super hardcore".[139][140][141] Experimental pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his "Totally Sweet" series in 2013.[142][143]


document_title: Sitting tenant

question_text: when does a tenant become a sitting tenant

text: Sitting tenant

text: A sitting tenant is a tenant already in occupation of premises, especially when there is a change of owner. Sitting tenants can result from a failure to evict an assured shorthold tenant following a change of owner or where there is a protected tenancy. Where a landlord sells a property but fails to evict a tenant the new landlord is said to 'step in the shoes' of the old landlord and the terms of the tenancy continue.[1]

text: Protected tenants[edit]

text: Upon the death of a sitting tenant, tenancy can pass to another family member. These tenancies were created in the United Kingdom before 15 January 1989 under the Rent Act of 1977. Sitting tenants are also referred to as protected tenants, regulated tenants and rent act tenants.[2]

text: The landlord/lady is responsible for maintaining the exterior of the property and insurance for the property. The tenant is responsible for the interior of the property and paying the rent, which is below market and is set by the Rent Office. The rent can be reviewed every two years or when improvements, such as gas central heating, double glazing or a new kitchen or bathroom, have been made to the property. A landlord may not evict a sitting tenant who has a protected tenancy. In some instances the tenant may agree to move, in which case the protected tenancy agreement transfers with the tenant.


document_title: That '70s Show (season 5)

question_text: that 70s show kitty thinks she's pregnant

question_tokens: that 70s show kitty thinks she 's pregnant

text: That '70s Show (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Topher Grace as Eric Forman
Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart
Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso
Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde
Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti
Wilmer Valderrama as Fez
Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman
Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman
Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti
Lisa Robin Kelly as Laurie Forman

tag: ul

text: Special guest appearance[edit]

text:
Betty White as Beatrice Sigurdson
Tom Poston as Burt Sigurdson
Bobcat Goldthwait as Eli
Jim Gaffigan as Roy[a]
Samm Levine as Lance Crawford
Chilli as Hot Nurse
Jessica Simpson as Annette
Seth Green as Mitch Miller
Fred Williard as Charlie

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Mo Gaffney as Joanne
Joanna Canton as Nina
Jim Rash as Fenton

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Reid Scott as Ted
Jack Osbourne as Andy

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code

104
1
"Going to California"
David Trainer
Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo
September 17, 2002 (2002-09-17)
501

Desperately wanting to reveal his love for Donna, Eric disobeys his parents and heads to California to find her and Kelso. Kelso has an affair with Annette (Jessica Simpson), a blonde California girl. Meanwhile Jackie and Hyde become closer than ever before.

105
2
"I Can't Quit You, Baby"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
September 24, 2002 (2002-09-24)
502

As punishment for running away, Bob sends Donna to attend the Catholic school Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow and Red takes away Eric's keys to the Vista Cruiser. To their surprise and disgust, Eric and Donna find out about the secret fling between Jackie and Hyde.

106
3
"What is and What Should Never Be"
David Trainer
Will Forte
October 29, 2002 (2002-10-29)
503

Red isn't too happy when Kitty announces she's pregnant, while Eric and Donna try to get Hyde to tell Kelso about his relationship with Jackie. Friendships may break after Kelso finds out about the relationship.

107
4
"Heartbreaker"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
October 29, 2002 (2002-10-29)
504

Kitty's parents, Burt (Tom Poston) and Bea (Betty White), come for a visit to hear about her pregnancy, but Kitty has some news regarding it. Kelso must come to terms with Hyde and Jackie's new relationship.

108
5
"Ramble On"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
November 12, 2002 (2002-11-12)
505

Donna gives Eric a promise ring of her own, much to Eric's dislike for the ring's appearance. Fez applies for a job at the DMV, Hyde is bothered with Jackie's gossiping and Red must deal with Kitty's temper over the discovery of her menopause.

109
6
"Over the Hills and Far Away"
David Trainer
Bryan Moore & Chris Peterson
November 19, 2002 (2002-11-19)
506

Red and Kitty go with the guys on a weekend visit to UW–Madison, but Bob won't let Donna go with Eric. Jackie is afraid Hyde will cheat on her while he is at Madison.

110
7
"Hot Dog"
David Trainer
Rob des Hotel
November 26, 2002 (2002-11-26)
507

Eric buys Donna the most unexpected present and decides to ask her a question that could change their lives, but the rest of the gang disowns him for even thinking of doing such a thing. Red buys a new dog, Schatzi, to keep Kitty company.

111
8
"Thank You"
David Trainer
Dean Batali
December 3, 2002 (2002-12-03)
508

It's Thanksgiving, and to keep Red from finding out about his failing math grade, Eric forges his signature on a failing notice, and he and Donna decide to reveal their engagement during dinner. Laurie (Lisa Robin Kelly) returns home after a long absence.

112
9
"Black Dog"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
December 10, 2002 (2002-12-10)
509

Jackie's father gets arrested for bribery, but Hyde doesn't know how to respond to her. Kelso accidentally shoots Hyde with a BB gun in the eye and Fez tries to gain some affection from his new boss, Nina. Meanwhile, Eric, Donna, Red and Kitty have a disagreement over comforting loved ones.

113
10
"The Crunge"
David Trainer
Dave Schiff
December 17, 2002 (2002-12-17)
510

Eric gets an unsatisfactory score on his SATs and wants to retake the tests, to prove he's worthy of marrying Donna. Jackie thinks Hyde's SAT score will bring the two of them fortune, while Kelso flaunts his score around.

114
11
"The Girl I Love"[b]
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
January 7, 2003 (2003-01-07)
511

Fez introduces Nina to the gang, and Kitty invites them to a dinner party, but the guys and Red want to spend time doing other things.

115
12
"Misty Mountain Hop"
David Trainer
Dave Schiff
January 22, 2003 (2003-01-22)
516

Jackie asks the Formans to help clean out her family's ski cabin, after the bank forecloses it, while Hyde convinces Kelso and Fez to go party all weekend at a particular place. Eric wants to do new romantic things with Donna, but it doesn't go as planned for both of them.

116
13
"Your Time Is Gonna Come"
David Trainer
Jackie Filgo & Jeff Filgo & Will Forte
January 29, 2003 (2003-01-29)
514

Kelso's girlfriend from California, Annette (Jessica Simpson), comes to visit, and when Jackie angrily tells her "Get your hands off my boyfriend!" Hyde hears her and looks furious. Kitty's parents also arrive, bearing bad news, and tragedy strikes, as Kitty's father, Burt dies in the hospital.

117
14
"Babe I'm Gonna Leave You"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
February 5, 2003 (2003-02-05)
515

Jackie first tells Hyde that she's not responsible for what she says and has to get over it; he shocks her by saying "I'm over it...in fact, I'm over YOU" and leaves her in tears as she realizes he's broken up with her. She later tries to sincerely apologize and tells Hyde she loves him. Annette forces Kelso to get rid of Jackie, or else she'll break up with him. Meanwhile, Kitty's mother, Bea is giving her and Donna a tough time. Betty White makes her final appearance as Kitty's mother.

118
15
"When the Levee Breaks"
David Trainer
Dean Batali
February 12, 2003 (2003-02-12)
512

Eric and Donna use her house to practice being a married couple while Bob is out of town, but it doesn't go so well. Meanwhile, their friends are angry at them for not letting them throw a party at Donna's and Kitty buys Hyde an embarrassing jacket.

119
16
"Whole Lotta Love"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
February 19, 2003 (2003-02-19)
513

After Eric reveals his engagement to Red, he gives Eric the silent treatment and undermines his future, in order to call it off. Kelso gives Jackie a birthday gift, with ulterior motives, and Fez finally loses his virginity to Nina.

120
17
"The Battle of Evermore"
David Trainer
Rob des Hotel
February 26, 2003 (2003-02-26)
517

Kitty signs Red and Eric up for a jamboree to help patch up their relationship, while Hyde, Fez, Jackie and Kelso search for an absent Leo.

121
18
"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do?"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
March 12, 2003 (2003-03-12)
518

The gang goes to a job fair, as Eric needs money to pay for his college tuition. Hyde is reluctant to get a job, until an old acquaintance of his offers him a position. Kelso chooses a future job no one else from the gang likes.

122
19
"Bring It On Home"
David Trainer
Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore
March 26, 2003 (2003-03-26)
519

The Formans discover Jackie has been sleeping in their basement with Hyde, and Bob volunteers to have Jackie over at his place, much to Donna's dismay. Fez realizes Nina is reluctant to introduce him to her family.

123
20
"No Quarter"
David Trainer
Dean Batali
April 2, 2003 (2003-04-02)
520

Jackie moves in with Bob and Donna, but the things she does in the Pinciotti house don't go down well with Donna. Eric has to pay for Donna's engagement ring with Red taking all his money from him on purpose, and Fez meets someone he knows and hates.

124
21
"Trampled Under Foot"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
April 9, 2003 (2003-04-09)
521

Nina breaks up with Fez because he is "too needy". After realizing they have nothing to talk about anymore, the gang decide to add another member to their group, but don't know whom to invite. Kitty uses their situation to her advantage, only to discover how bad her candidate for a new member is.

125
22
"You Shook Me"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
April 16, 2003 (2003-04-16)
522

Fez has an erotic dream about a certain member of the gang, which greatly disturbs him. Kelso questions his own sexuality after hearing about Fez's dream, leading him to seek comfort in Jackie. Joanne offers Eric a job at a local dog food factory.

126
23
"Nobody's Fault But Mine"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
April 23, 2003 (2003-04-23)
523

Hyde is caught with another woman, as revenge for seeing Jackie with Kelso. Red hastens Eric and Donna's wedding day, until Laurie, who has returned home, offers an alternative for the couple to get out of the situation.

127
24
"Immigrant Song"
David Trainer
Rob des Hotel
May 7, 2003 (2003-05-07)
524

Red takes a day off to think of Eric and Donna's plan to move away to Madison, Hyde and Kelso continue to bicker about one another over Jackie, and a certain prank could result in Fez's deportation. Kelso falls off the water tower (again).

128
25
"Celebration Day"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
May 14, 2003 (2003-05-14)
525

The gang goes camping the night before their high school graduation. Jackie decides to let Hyde and Kelso fight it out over her, to see who she'll choose in the end, and as Eric and Donna get ready to leave Point Place, some shocking news will be too much for a certain person to handle, both emotionally and physically.

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Also guest starred for one episode.
Jump up ^ This episode's name is a shortening of the Led Zeppelin song "The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair".

tag: ol


document_title: Big Four accounting firms

question_text: list of top accounting firms in the philippines

text: Big Four accounting firms

text: List[edit]

text:
Firm
Revenues
Employees
Revenue per employee
Fiscal year
Headquarters
Source

Deloitte
$43.2 bn
286,200
$150,943
2018
United Kingdom
[2]

PwC
$41.3 bn
250,930
$164,588
2018
United Kingdom
[3]

EY
$34.8 bn
260,000
$133,846
2018
United Kingdom
[4]

KPMG
$26.4 bn
197,263
$133,830
2017
Netherlands
[5]

text: This group was once known as the "Big Eight", and was reduced to the "Big Six" and then "Big Five" by a series of mergers. The Big Five became the Big Four after the fall of Arthur Andersen in 2002, following its involvement in the Enron scandal.

text: Legal structure[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: None of the Big Four firms is a single firm; rather, they are professional services networks. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand and quality standards. Each network has established an entity to co-ordinate the activities of the network. In one case (KPMG), the co-ordinating entity is Dutch, and in three cases (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and Ernst & Young (EY)) the co-ordinating entity is a UK limited company. Those entities do not themselves perform external professional services and do not own or control the member firms. They are similar to law firm networks found in the legal profession.

text: In many cases each member firm practices in a single country, and is structured to comply with the regulatory environment in that country. In 2007, KPMG announced a merger of four member firms (in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) to form a single firm.

text: Ernst & Young (EY) also includes separate legal entities which manage three of its four areas: the Americas, EMEIA (Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa), and Asia-Pacific. (Note: the Japan area does not have a separate area management entity.) These firms coordinate services performed by local firms within their respective areas but do not perform services or hold ownership in the local entities.[6]

text: Mergers and the big auditors[edit]

text: Since 1989, mergers and one major scandal involving Arthur Andersen have reduced the number of major professional-services firms from eight to four.

text: Big Eight[edit]

text: The firms were called the Big Eight for most of the 20th century, reflecting the international dominance of the eight largest firms (presented here in alphabetical order):

text:
Arthur Andersen (until its closure in 2002 for a conviction related to the Enron scandal which was later overturned by the US Supreme Court)[7]
Arthur Young
Coopers and Lybrand (until 1973 Cooper Brothers in the UK and Lybrand, Ross Bros., & Montgomery in the United States)[8]
Ernst & Whinney (until 1979 Ernst & Ernst in the United States and Whinney Murray in the UK)
Deloitte Haskins & Sells (until 1978 Haskins & Sells in the United States and Deloitte & Co. in the UK)
Peat Marwick Mitchell (later Peat Marwick, then KPMG)
Price Waterhouse
Touche Ross

text: Most of the Big Eight originated in an alliance formed between British and U.S. audit firms in the 19th or early 20th centuries. Price Waterhouse was a UK firm which opened a U.S. office in 1890 and subsequently established a separate U.S. partnership. The UK and U.S. Peat Marwick Mitchell firms adopted a common name in 1925. Other firms used separate names for domestic business, and did not adopt common names until much later: Touche Ross in 1960, Arthur Young (at first Arthur Young, McLelland Moores) in 1968, Coopers & Lybrand in 1973, Deloitte Haskins & Sells in 1978 and Ernst & Whinney in 1979.[9]

text: The firms' initial international expansion was driven by the needs of British and U.S.-based multinationals for worldwide service. They expanded by forming local partnerships or by forming alliances with local firms.

text: Arthur Andersen had a different history. The firm originated in the United States, and expanded internationally by establishing its own offices in other markets, including the United Kingdom.

text: In the 1980s the Big 8, each now with global branding, adopted modern marketing and grew rapidly. They merged with many smaller firms. One of the largest of these mergers was in 1987, when Peat Marwick merged with the Klynveld Main Goerdeler (KMG) group to become KPMG Peat Marwick, later known simply as KPMG.

text: Big Six[edit]

text: Competition among these firms intensified and the Big 8 became the Big Six in 1989 when Ernst & Whinney merged with Arthur Young to form Ernst & Young  (EY) in June, and Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross to form Deloitte & Touche in August.

text: Confusingly, in the United Kingdom the local firm of Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged instead with Coopers & Lybrand. For some years after the merger, the merged firm was called Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte and the local firm of Touche Ross kept its original name. In the mid 1990s however, both UK firms changed their names to match those of their respective international organizations. On the other hand, in Australia the local firm of Touche Ross merged instead with KPMG.[10][11] It is for these reasons that the Deloitte & Touche international organization was known as DRT International (later DTT International), to avoid use of names which would have been ambiguous (as well as contested) in certain markets.

text: Big Five[edit]

text: The Big 6 became the Big Five in July 1998 when Price Waterhouse merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form PricewaterhouseCoopers.

text: The Big 5 Accounting Firms were:[12]

text:
Ernst & Young (EY)
Deloitte & Touche
Arthur Andersen
KPMG
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

text: Big Four[edit]

text:
Ernst & Young (EY)
Deloitte & Touche
KPMG
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

text: The Enron collapse and ensuing investigation prompted scrutiny of their financial reporting, which was audited by Arthur Andersen. Arthur Andersen was eventually indicted for obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to the audit in the 2001 Enron scandal. The resulting conviction, though later overturned, still effectively meant the end for Arthur Andersen. Most of its country practices around the world have been sold to members of what is now the Big Four—notably Ernst & Young globally; Deloitte & Touche in the UK, Canada, Spain, and Brazil; and PricewaterhouseCoopers (now known as PwC) in China and Hong Kong.

text: In 2010 Deloitte with its 1.8% growth was able to beat PricewaterhouseCoopers with its 1.5% growth to gain first place and become the largest firm in the industry. In 2011, PwC re-gained the first place with 10% revenue growth. In 2013, these two firms still claim the top two spots with only $200 million or 0.5% revenue difference. However, Deloitte has seen faster growth than PwC over the last few years (largely due to acquisitions) and reclaimed the title of largest of the Big Four in Fiscal Year 2016.

text: It was estimated that the Big Four had about 67 per cent share of the global accountancy market in 2012 while the rest were divided amongst so-called mid-tier players, including Grant Thornton and BDO.[13]

text: Branding list[edit]

text: A year at the end indicates year of formation through merger or adoption of single brand name.

text:
Arthur Andersen (1913–2002)
Ernst & Young (EY) (1989) (Ernst & Young until 2013)
Arthur Young (1906)
Ernst & Whinney (EY) (1979)
Ernst & Ernst (US) (1903)
Whinney, Smith & Whinney (UK) (1849)
PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC) (1998) (PricewaterhouseCoopers until 2010)
Coopers & Lybrand (1973)
Cooper Brothers (UK) (1854)
Lybrand, Ross Bros, Montgomery (US) (1898)
Price Waterhouse (US) (1849)
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (1989) (Deloitte & Touche until 1993)
Deloitte Haskins & Sells (1978)
Deloitte & Co. (UK) (1845)
Haskins & Sells (US) (1895)
Touche Ross (1975)
Touche Ross (1960) (Touche, Ross, Bailey & Smart until 1969)
Ross (Canada)
George A. Touche (UK)
Touche, Niven, Bailey & Smart (US) (1947)
Touche Niven (1900)
Bailey & Smart (1947)
Tohmatsu & Co. (Japan) (1968)
KPMG (1987) (KPMG Peat Marwick before 1995)
Peat Marwick (1925) (originally Peat Marwick Mitchell)
William Barclay Peat (UK) (1870)
Marwick Mitchell (US) (1897)
Edwin Gurthie (1875–1955)
Beevers & Adgie (1849–1967)
KMG (1979) (officially Klynveld Main Goerdeler)
Klynveld Kraayenhof (Netherlands) (1917)
McLintock Main Lafrentz (1964)
Thomson McLintock (UK) (1877)
Martin Farlow (1882–1968)
Grace Ryland (1967–1969)
Grace, Darbyshire, & Todd (1818)
CJ Ryland (1910)
Main Lafrentz (US) (c.1880)
Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft (Germany) (1890)
Armitage & Norton (1869–1987)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Tax avoidance[edit]

text: According to Australian taxation expert George Rozvany, the Big Four are "the masterminds of multinational tax avoidance and the architects of tax schemes which cost governments and their taxpayers an estimated $US1 trillion a year". At the same time they are advising governments on tax reforms, they are advising their multinational clients how to avoid taxes.[14][15]

text: Policy issues concerning industry concentration[edit]

text: In the wake of industry concentration and individual firm failure, the issue of a credible alternative industry structure has been raised.[16] The limiting factor on the growth of additional firms is that although some of the firms in the next tier have become quite substantial, and have formed international networks, effectively all very large public companies insist on having a "Big Four" audit, so the smaller firms have no way to grow into the top end of the market.

text: Documents published in June 2010 show that some UK companies' banking covenants required them to use one of the Big Four. This approach from the lender prevents firms in the next tier from competing for audit work for such companies. The British Bankers' Association said that such clauses are rare.[17] Current discussions in the UK consider outlawing such clauses.

text: In 2011,The UK House of Lords completed an inquiry into the financial crisis, and called for an Office of Fair Trading investigation into the dominance of the Big Four.[18] It is reported that the Big Four audit all but one of the companies that constitute the FTSE 100, and 240 of the companies in the FTSE 250, an index of the leading mid-cap listing companies.[1]

text: In Ireland, the Director of Corporate Enforcement, in February 2011 said, auditors "report surprisingly few types of company law offences to us", with the so-called "big four" auditing firms reporting the least often to his office, at just 5pc of all reports.[19]

text: The January 2018 collapse of the UK construction and services company Carillion raised further questions about the Big Four, all of which had advised the company before its liquidation. On 13 February 2018, the Big Four were described by MP and chair of the Work and Pensions Select Committee Frank Field as "feasting on what was soon to become a carcass" after collecting fees of £72m for Carillion work during the years leading up to its collapse.[20] The final report of a Parliamentary inquiry into the collapse of Carillion, published on 16 May 2018,[21] accused the Big Four accounting firms of operating as a "cosy club", with KPMG singled out for its "complicity" in signing off Carillion’s "increasingly fantastical figures" and internal auditor Deloitte accused of failing to identify, or ignoring, "terminal failings". The report recommended the Government refer the statutory audit market to the Competition and Markets Authority, urging consideration of breaking up the Big Four.[21] In September 2018, Business Secretary Greg Clark announced he had asked the CMA to conduct an inquiry into competition in the audit sector,[22] and on 9 October 2018, the CMA announced it had launched a detailed study.[23]

text: Global member firms[edit]

text:
Region

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu

PwC

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Australia

Deloitte Australia[24]

PricewaterhouseCoopers

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Argentina

Deloitte & Co. S.A[25].

Pricewaterhouse & Co. S.R.L[26].

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Bangladesh

Not Active

PwC[27]

A. Qasem & Co., Chartered Accountants

Rahman Rahman Huq & Co., Chartered Accountants

Brazil

Deloitte

PwC[28]

EY

KPMG

Bulgaria

Deloitte

PwC[29]

EY

KMPG

Cambodia

Deloitte

PricewaterhouseCoopers (Cambodia) Ltd.[30]

Ernst and Young

KMPG

Canada

Deloitte

PwC[31]

EY

KPMG

Croatia

Deloitte

PwC Hrvatska

EY

KPMG

China

Deloitte Hua Yong

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian[32]

Ernst & Young Hua Ming

KPMG Hua Zhen

Egypt

Saleh, Barsoum & Abdel Aziz

Mansour & Co.[33]

Allied for Accounting and Auditing (Emad Ragheb)

Hazem Hassan

El Salvador

DTT El Salvador, S.A. de C.V.

PricewaterhouseCoopers El Salvador[34]

Ernst & Young El Salvador, S.A. de C.V.

KPMG, S.A.

Finland

Deloitte & Touche Oy

PricewaterhouseCoopers Oy[35]

Ernst & Young Oy

KPMG Oy Ab

France

EY TRANSACTION SERVICES

KPMG

Ghana

Deloitte

PwC[36]

EY

KPMG

Hong Kong

Deloitte

PricewaterhouseCoopers[37]

Ernst & Young

KPMG

India

Deloitte

PricewaterhouseCoopers[38]

EY

KPMG

Indonesia

KAP Satrio Bing Eny & Rekan

KAP Tanudiredja, Wibisana, Rintis & Rekan[39]

KAP Purwantono, Sungkoro & Surja

KAP Sidharta Widjaja & Rekan

Israel

Deloitte Brightman Almagor Zohar

Kesselman & Kesselman, PwC Israel[40]

Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kasierer (Ernst & Young Israel)

KPMG Somekh Chaikin

Italy

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu

PricewaterhouseCoopers

Reconta Ernst & Young SpA, Ernst & Young Financial Business Advisors SpA,

KPMG S.p.A., KPMG Advisory S.p.A., KPMG Fides S.p.A.

Japan

Deloitte Touche TohmatsuKansa Houjin Tohmatsu

PricewaterhouseCoopers AarataAarata Kansa Houjin
PricewaterhouseCoopers Kyoto

Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLCShinNihon Yugen-sekinin Kansa Houjin

KPMG AZSA LLC (formerly KPMG AZSA & Co.)Azsa Kansa Houjin

Jordan

Deloitte Touche (M.E)

PwC

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Kazakhstan

Deloitte

PwC

EY

KPMG

Kenya

Deloitte & Touche (E.A)

PwC

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Kyrgyzstan

Deloitte

-

EY

KPMG

Lebanon

Deloitte Touche (M.E)

PwC

Ernst & Young

KPMG PCC

Malaysia

Deloitte PLT

PricewaterhouseCoopers

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Malta

Deloitte

PwC

EY Malta

KPMG

Mexico

Galaz, Yamazaki, Ruiz Urquiza, S.C.

PricewaterhouseCoopers México

Mancera S.C.

KPMG Cárdenas Dosal, S.C.

Mongolia

Deloitte Onch

PwC

Ernst & Young Mongolia

KPMG

Morocco

Deloitte Touche (M.E)

PwC

Ernst & Young

KPMG

New Zealand

Deloitte

PwC

EY

KPMG

Nigeria

Akintola Williams Deloitte

PwC Nigeria

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Pakistan

Deloitte Yousuf Adil

A. F. Ferguson & Co.

EY Ford Rhodes

KPMG Taseer Hadi & Co.

Palestinian Territories

Deloitte Touche (M.E)

PwC

Ernst & Young

none

Peru

DELOITTE & TOUCHE SRL

PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS S.CIVIL DE R.L.

ERNST & YOUNG SRL

KPMG SAC

Philippines

Navarro Amper & Co (formerly Manabat Delgado Amper & Co.)

Isla Lipana & Co.

SyCip Gorres Velayo & Co.

R.G. Manabat & Co. (formerly Manabat Sanagustin & Co.)

Poland

Deloitte

PwC

EY

KPMG

Romania

Deloitte Audit S.R.L., Deloitte Tax S.R.L., Deloitte Consultanta S.R.L., Deloitte Evaluare S.R.L. Deloitte Fiscal Representative S.R.L. and Reff & Associates SCA (jointly referred to as "Deloitte Romania")[41]

PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit SRL, PricewaterhouseCoopers Tax Advisors & Accountants SRL, PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Consultants SRL, PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Recovery Services IPURL, PricewaterhouseCoopers Servicii SRL[42]

Ernst & Young Romania SRL[43]

KPMG Romania S.R.L.[44]

Saudi Arabia

Deloitte & Touche Bakr Abulkhair & Co

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Ernst & Young Saudi Arabia

KPMG Al Fozan & Partners

Serbia

Deloitte d.o.o. Beograd[45]

PricewaterhouseCoopers d.o.o. Beograd[46]

Ernst & Young d.o.o. Beograd[47]

KPMG d.o.o Beograd[48]

Slovak Republic

Deloitte Audit s.r.o.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Slovensko, s.r.o.

Ernst & Young Slovakia, spol. s r.o.

KPMG Slovensko spol. s r.o.

South Africa

Deloitte

PwC

EY

KPMG

South Korea

Anjin LLC

Samil LLC

Hanyoung LLC

Samjong LLC

Sri Lanka

SJMS Associates (independent correspondent firm)

PwC

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Sweden

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Syria

Deloitte (M.E) - Nassir Tamimi Chartered Accountant

PricewaterhouseCoopers

Abdul Kader Hussarieh and partners

Mejanni & Co. Chartered Accountants and Consultants LLC

Thailand

Deloitte & Touche Tohmatsu

PricewaterhouseCoopers

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Taiwan

Deloitte

PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan

Ernst & Young

KPMG

Turkey

DRT Bagimsiz Denetim ve S.M.M. A.S.

Basaran Nas Bagimsiz Denetim ve SMMM A.S.

Güney Bağımsız Denetim ve S.M.M. A.Ş., Kuzey Y.M.M. Denetim A.Ş., Ernst Young Kurumsal Finansman Danışmanlık A.Ş., BEY S.M.M. A.Ş.

Akis Bagimsiz Denetim ve S.M.M. A.S.

Uzbekistan

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu

ASC PricewaterhouseCoopers

Ernst & Young LLC

KPMG Audit LLC

Venezuela

Lara Marambio & Asociados - Deloitte

Pacheco, Apostólico & Asociados - PricewaterhouseCoopers

EY

Rodriguez Velasquez & Asociados - KPMG

Uganda

Deloitte

PwC

EY

KPMG

Zimbabwe

Deloitte

PwC

EY

KPMG

text: Big Four using AI tools[edit]

text:
Currently, Big 4 accounting firms are trying to increase their use of AI tools. Some only acquire AI tools from a single vendor and the others acquire multiple functions from different vendors and integrate into their own systems. However, most of the AI tools used now do not have advanced capability and need human's operations. Besides Deloitte, EY worked on data science tools and PwC has a software called Halo to analyze journal entries. Some tasks have been replaced by machines, but most of the jobs need to be done by auditors.
[49]


document_title: Josie (Steely Dan song)

question_text: who played drums on josie by steely dan

question_tokens: who played drums on josie by steely dan

text: Josie (Steely Dan song)

text: Lyrics and music[edit]

text: Becker and Fagen wrote an early version of "Josie" well before the recordings for Aja took place.[1] While most of the songs on the album fuse jazz with rock, Allmusic critic Stewart Mason describes "Josie" has as the album's "most conventional rocker."[2] Nonetheless "Josie" incorporates many jazz chords.[3] Don Breithaupt sees an influence from the Delta blues, particularly in the "stark open fifths and lyric-driven rhythm," but Breithaupt also notes that it incorporates "exotic open chords derived from the parallel Phrygian scale."[4] Rolling Stone Magazine critic Michael Duffy describes it has having "tight, modal tunes with good hooks in the choruses, solid beats with intricate counter rhythms and brilliantly concise guitar solos" as well as a complex horn chart and "schmaltzy" L.A. jazz riffs.[5] Mason praises the song's "sly irony and danceable R&B groove."[2] J.J. Syrja notes that the song even echoes disco, but doesn't "fall victim" to it.[6]

text: Becker plays a guitar solo on the song, one of the few on Aja.[2] Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet particularly praised his solo, calling it "a real stormer."[7] Fagen sings the lead vocals.[5] The other musicians on the song include Chuck Rainey on bass guitar, Victor Feldman on electric piano and Larry Carlton and Dean Parks on guitar.[4] The drummer is Jim Keltner, who critic Victor Aaron particularly praises for a fill that restarts the song near the end after a brief pause.[3][1]

text: Seguin Gazette-Enterprise reviewer J.J. Syrja describes the song as "a tasty ditty about a community girl in the truest sense of the word."[6] "The lyrics describe the boys of the neighborhood celebrating the return of a fun-loving girl named Josie who may have a shady past and anticipating the debauchery that may ensue.[2][3][5][1] Sweet suggests that she may be returning from prison.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Josie was released as the third single from Aja, following "Peg" and "Deacon Blues."[4][7] A non-Aja single, "FM (No Static at All)," was released between "Deacon Blues" and "Josie."[4] Although the earlier two Aja singles reached the Top 20, "Josie" fell a little short of that, peaking at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100.[7][8] It also reached #44 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.[9]

text: "Josie" was included on several Steely Dan compilation albums, including Greatest Hits in 1978, Citizen Steely Dan in 1993 and Showbiz Kids: The Steely Dan Story, 1972–1980 in 2000.[10][11][12] Several live versions were released, including on Alive in America in 1995, Plush TV Jazz-Rock Party in 2000 and Green Flower Street: Radio Broadcast 1993 in 2015.[13][14]