document_title: List of supporting characters in ER

question_text: who plays doug ross' father in er

question_tokens: who plays doug ross ' father in er

text: List of supporting characters in ER

text: Desk clerks and other non-medical hospital staff[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Aylesworth, ReikoReiko Aylesworth
Hospital Chaplain
Julia Dupree
2007–2008

Benrubi, AbrahamAbraham Benrubi
Desk Clerk
Jerry Markovic
1994–1999; 2002–2006; 2008–2009

Borrego, JesseJesse Borrego
Desk Clerk
Javier
2007–2008

Bowen, AndrewAndrew Bowen
Desk Clerk Temp
Andrew "Andy"
1999–2000

Busia, AkosuaAkosua Busia
Hospital cafeteria worker and wife of Mobalage
Kobe "Kubby" Ekabo
1999

Calloway, JordanJordan Calloway
Volunteer
K.J. Thibeaux
2005–2006

Delpy, JulieJulie Delpy
Runner for Central Supplies and Luka's girlfriend
Nicole
2001

Evans, TroyTroy Evans
Desk Clerk
Frank Martin
2000–2009

Gebel, MałgorzataMałgorzata Gebel
ER Aide/Desk Clerk; Former Vascular Surgeon in Poland
Bogdana "Bob" Liwecki
1994–1995

Gossett, RobertRobert Gossett
Hospital Board Member
Dr Everett Daniels
2008

Hargitay, MariskaMariska Hargitay
Desk Clerk, also Mark Greene's lover
Hooper, CynthiaCynthia Hooper
1997–1998

Hounsou, DjimonDjimon Hounsou
Custodian
Mobalage Ekabo
1999

Joyner, DavidDavid Joyner
Dialysis Technician

2004–2006

Minter, KristinKristin Minter
Desk Clerk
Miranda "Randi" Fronczak
1995–2003

Molina, RolandoRolando Molina
Desk Clerk
Rolando
1995–1996

Noland, CharlesCharles Noland
Desk Clerk/Trainee Nurse
E Ray Bozman
1995–1997

Plummer, GlennGlenn Plummer
Desk Clerk
Timmy Rawlins
1994–1995, 2006–2007

Price, MoiraMoira Price
Surgical Night Clerk
Liza
2005

Sinha, PamelaPamela Sinha
Desk Clerk
Amira
1999–2001, 2003–2005

Zane, LisaLisa Zane
Risk Management Administrator & Doug Ross's girlfriend
Diane Leeds
1995

text: Family members and friends[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Alexander, KhandiKhandi Alexander
Sister to Peter Benton
Jackie Robbins
1995–2001

Bartlett, BonnieBonnie Bartlett
Mother of Mark Greene. Died early in Season 6.
Ruth Greene
1997–1998

Beach, MichaelMichael Beach
Husband of Jeanie Boulet. Contracted HIV, unwittingly passed it on to Jeanie, died offscreen of AIDS in 2008.
Al Boulet (role played earlier by Bodison)
1995–1997

Bodison, WolfgangWolfgang Bodison
Husband of Jeanie Boulet
Al Boulet (role later played by Beach)
1995

Bowen, JulieJulie Bowen
Girlfriend of John Carter. In Season 5, Carter dated her but then contrived an excuse to break up with her.
Roxanne Please
1998–1999

Carson, Lisa NicoleLisa Nicole Carson
Girlfriend of Peter Benton. Claimed he was the father of her baby, later said he wasn't (which was true) and tried to take Reese away from him but failed to. Later became erratic and vindictive before she died in an auto accident.
Carla Reece
1996–2001

Chinh, KieuKieu Chinh
Mother of Jing-Mei Chen
Lin Chen
2003

Cheung, George KeeGeorge Kee Cheung
Father of Jing-Mei Chen (later played by Henry O)
Mr. Chen. Suffered permanently debilitating injuries in a car crash in China that killed his wife. Later euthanized by Jing-Mei.
2003–2004

Cullum, JohnJohn Cullum
Father of Mark Greene, a military veteran who finally reconciled with his son before dying late in Season 6.
David Greene
1997–2000

Culp, StevenSteven Culp
Boyfriend of Elizabeth Corday
Dave Spencer
2004

Davis, OliverOliver Davis
Son of Samantha Taggart
Alex Taggart (later played by Dominic Janes)
2003–2005

Mornay, Rebecca DeRebecca De Mornay
Carter's cousin's ex-wife
Elaine Nichols
1999

Dillahunt, GarretGarret Dillahunt
Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart (Earlier played by Cole Hauser)
Steve Curtis
2005–2006

Dooley, PaulPaul Dooley
Father of Susan Lewis, proved to be a much better parent than his asshole wife.
Henry Lewis
1995–1996; 2004

Farentino, JamesJames Farentino
Father of Doug Ross
Ray Ross. A charming man with issues not unlike the son he was never a father to. Died in a car accident in 1997.
1996

Field, SallySally Field
Mother of Abby Lockhart
Maggie Wyczenski
2000–2006

Fisher, FrancesFrances Fisher
Mother of Kerry Weaver
Helen Kingsley. A born-again Christian who gave Kerry up for adoption after giving birth as a teenager. Could not accept Kerry's homosexuality, leading Kerry to not pursue any further contact with her.
2005

Freeman, PaulPaul Freeman
Father of Elizabeth Corday
Dr Charles Corday
1998, 2001–2002

Glover, DannyDanny Glover
Father of Greg Pratt
Charlie Pratt. Greg's long-lost father, who Greg located and tried to forgive for abandoning him, but ultimately couldn't do so.
2005

Gregorio, RoseRose Gregorio
Mother of Carol Hathaway, who initially hated Doug and constantly undermined and fought with her daughter, but later was a good and loved parent.
Helen Hathaway
1996–1999

Gross, MichaelMichael Gross
Father of John Carter. Ineffectual man whom his son loved but didn't respect.
John "Jack" Carter Jr.
2001–2004

Curtis-Hall, VondieVondie Curtis-Hall
Husband of Carla Reece (Earlier played by Victor Williams)
Roger McGrath
2001

Harris, EstelleEstelle Harris
Mother of Jerry Markovic
Mrs. Markovic
2006

Harnos, ChristineChristine Harnos
Mark Greene's wife, then ex-wife
Jennifer "Jenn" Greene-Simon. Constantly bemoaned Mark's low-paying, high stress ER career and his refusal to take lucrative jobs elsewhere. Eventually left him, filed for divorce, and married someone else. Not much of a mother to Rachel, disappeared for good after Mark died.
1994–1996, 1996–1998, 2001–2002

Hauser, ColeCole Hauser
Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart
Steve Curtis
2004

Hazlewood, Rebecca JaneRebecca Jane Hazlewood
Cousin of Neela Rasgotra
Jaspreet
2008

Helgenberger, MargMarg Helgenberger
Doug Ross's girlfriend & his father's boss
Karen Hines
1996

Hirsh, HalleeHallee Hirsh
Daughter of Mark Greene (Earlier played by Yvonne Zima)
Rachel Greene
2001–2002; 2004; 2009

Hudson, ErnieErnie Hudson
Father of Michael Gallant
Colonel James Gallant
2006

Hurd, MichelleMichelle Hurd
Girlfriend of Kerri Weaver
Courtney Brown
2006–2007

Janes, DominicDominic Janes
Son of Samantha Taggart
Alex Taggart
2005–2009

Keach, StacyStacy Keach
Father of Tony Gates
Mike Gates
2007

Greenfield, ChloeChloe Greenfield
Daughter of Tony Gates
Sarah Gates
2006–2009

Kher, AnupamAnupam Kher
Father of Neela Rasgotra
Ajay Rasgotra
2004

Kher, KironKiron Kher
Mother of Neela Rasgotra
Mrs. Rasgotra
2004

Kwan, NancyNancy Kwan
Mother of Jing-Mei Chen
Lin Chen
2000

Laurie, PiperPiper Laurie
Mother of Doug Ross
Sarah Ross
1995–1996

Madigan, AmyAmy Madigan
Mother of Samantha Taggart
Mary Taggart
2009

Mayeux, RosaleeRosalee Mayeux
Mother of Ray Barnett
Jacy Barnett
2007

McDonnell, MaryMary McDonnell
Mother of John Carter
Eleanor Carter (née Ferguson)
2001

McFarlane, AndrewAndrew McFarlane
Nephew of Peter Benton
Jesse Robbins
2000

Morgan, TrevorTrevor Morgan
Son of Donald Anspaugh
Scott Anspaugh
1998

Newton, ThandieThandie Newton
Girlfriend and later wife of John Carter
Makemba "Kem" Likasu-Carter. Met John on a medical relief mission in the Congo. Fell in love with him and planned to be with him in Chicago, but their relationship never recovered after their son died in utero.
2003–2005; 2009

Nozick, BruceBruce Nozick
2nd husband of Jennifer "Jenn" Greene-Simon
Craig Simon
1995–1996

Parfitt, JudyJudy Parfitt
Mother of Elizabeth Corday
Isabelle Corday
2000–2002

Parker, AndreaAndrea Parker
Girlfriend of Doug Ross
Linda Farrell
1994–1995

Perrine, ValerieValerie Perrine
Mother of Susan Lewis
Cookie Lewis. A selfish, self-centered woman who constantly enabled Chloe and disappointed Susan.
1995

Radanovich, ZoranZoran Radanovich
Brother of Luka Kovač
Niko Kovač
2007

Ralph, Sheryl LeeSheryl Lee Ralph
Mother of Michael Gallant
Gloria Gallant
2006

Richards, BeahBeah Richards
Mother of Peter Benton
Mae Benton
1994–1995

Rhames, VingVing Rhames
Brother-in-law to Peter Benton
Walter Robbins
1994–1996

Scarfe, JonathanJonathan Scarfe
Cousin of John Carter
Chase Carter. Spoiled rotten young man who fell into heroin addiction and was left nearly vegetative after an overdose, but was last shown having improved greatly and being able to function in a limited manner.
1997–1998, 2001

Scott, Tom EverettTom Everett Scott
Brother of Abby Lockhart
Eric Wyczenski
2002–2003

Smith, LoisLois Smith
Grandmother of Samantha Taggart
Gracie
2007

Sternhagen, FrancesFrances Sternhagen
Grandmother of John Carter
Millicent "Gamma" Carter
1997–2003

Thedford, MarcelloMarcello Thedford
Brother of Greg Pratt
Leon Pratt
2002–2003

Valley, MarkMark Valley
Ex-husband of Abby Lockhart
Richard Lockhart
2000–2003

Victor, RenéeRenée Victor
Mother-in-law of Kerry Weaver
Florina Lopez
2004

Walsh, GwynythGwynyth Walsh
Mother of Lucy Knight
Barbara Knight
2000

Ward, FredFred Ward
Father of Abby Lockhart
Eddie Wyczenski
2006–2007

Watkins, MatthewMatthew Watkins
Son of Peter Benton
Reese Benton
1999–2001; 2009

Wilhoite, KathleenKathleen Wilhoite
Sister of Susan Lewis
Chloe Lewis
1994–1996; 2002

Williams, VictorVictor Williams
Husband of Carla Reece (Later played by Vondie Curtis-Hall)
Roger McGrath
1998–2001

Woodward, ShannonShannon Woodward
Sister of Samantha Taggart
Kelly Taggart
2009

Zima, YvonneYvonne Zima
Daughter of Mark Greene (Later played by Hallee Hirsh)
Rachel Greene
1994–2000

Actress uncredited
Sister of Lucien Dubenko
Victoria Dubenko
2006

text: Fire fighters, paramedics, police officers, and social workers[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Amick, MädchenMädchen Amick
Social Worker
Wendall Meade
2004–2005

Amitrano, ChristopherChristopher Amitrano
Police Officer
Officer Hollis
2006–2009

Bonilla, MichelleMichelle Bonilla
Paramedic
Christine Harms
1999—2009

Campbell, Scott MichaelScott Michael Campbell
EMT
Reilly Brown
1996

Claudio, ClaudineClaudine Claudio
Paramedic
Silva
2000–2001

Connor, Brendan PatrickBrendan Patrick Connor
Paramedic
Reidy
2006–2008

III, Elliot DurantElliot Durant III
Paramedic
Anders
2004, 2009

Eads, GeorgeGeorge Eads
Paramedic
Greg Powell
1997–1998

Eldard, RonRon Eldard
Paramedic. Carol's boyfriend in Season 2, before they broke up because the tragic death of his partner led to Shep becoming violent and scary and he refused to get help or deal with it.
Ray "Shep" Shepard
1995–1996

Emery, Julie AnnJulie Ann Emery
Paramedic
Nikki
2001–2003

Genovese, MikeMike Genovese
Police Officer
Al Grabarsky
1995–1996, 1998–2000

Gimpel, EricaErica Gimpel
Social Services Liaison
Adele Newman
1997–2003

Gómez, CarlosCarlos Gómez
Paramedic
Raul Melendez
1995–1996

Henderson, Lynn A.Lynn A. Henderson
Paramedic
Pamela Olbes
1995–2009

Karsian, TaraTara Karsian
Social Worker
Liz Dade
2005–2006, 2007, 2008–2009

Kim, Daniel DaeDaniel Dae Kim
Social Worker
Ken Sung
2003–2004

Lauter, EdEd Lauter
Fire Captain
Dannaker
1998–2002

Lester, BrianBrian Lester
Paramedic
Brian Dumar
1996—2009

Liberti, LouieLouie Liberti
Paramedic
Tony Bardelli
2003—2009

Manganiello, JoeJoe Manganiello
Police Officer
Officer Litchman
2007

McKnight, ChadChad McKnight
Police Officer
Officer Wilson
1995, 1996, 1999–2000, 2001–2004, 2006

Morgan, MicheleMichele Morgan
Paramedic and Dr. Corday's patient
Allison Beaumont
1997—1998

Navarro, DemetriusDemetrius Navarro
Paramedic
Morales
1998—2009

Nish, BobbyBobby Nish
Police officer
Danny Yau
2005–2006

Ruginis, VytoVyto Ruginis
Paramedic
Wright
2006—2007

Russell, MontéMonté Russell
Paramedic
Dwight Zadro
1995—2009

Vidal, LisaLisa Vidal
Firefighter
CFD Lt. Sandy Lopez
2001–2004

Wagner, EmilyEmily Wagner
Paramedic
Doris Pickman
1994—2009

Williams, CressCress Williams
Police officer and boyfriend/husband of Jeanie Boulet
Reggie Moore
1998–2000; 2008

text: Notable patients[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Benjamin, PaulPaul Benjamin
Junk Dealer, Greene's patient
Al Irving
1994, 2002

Buttons, RedRed Buttons
Carter's patient
Jules 'Ruby' Rubadoux. Carter benevolently but foolishly lied to him about his wife Sophie's terminal condition, leading to Ruby refusing to listen to Carter, but 10 years later when Ruby returned to the ER he and Carter were able to mend fences somewhat.
1995, 2005

Clooney, RosemaryRosemary Clooney
Alzheimer's disease patient
Mary Cavanaugh a.k.a. "Madam X"
1994

Cromwell, JamesJames Cromwell
Catholic Bishop and patient of Luka Kovač
Bishop Stewart
2001

Dunst, KirstenKirsten Dunst
Teen prostitute and Doug Ross's patient
Charlene "Charlie" Chiemienga
1996–1997

Gleason, JoannaJoanna Gleason
Allergy patient, Infomercial Director, and briefly Mark Greene's romance interest
Iris
1996

Hedaya, DanDan Hedaya
Lawyer and patient
Herb Spivak. Helped Mark fend off a civil lawsuit, later returned having lost all his money in a dot-com bust.
1997, 2005

Kurtz, SwoosieSwoosie Kurtz
Tele-evangelist and patient
Tina Marie Chambliss
1998

Krumholtz, DavidDavid Krumholtz
Schizophrenic patient who in a psychotic break stabbed both John Carter and Lucy Knight, the wounds leaving Carter injured and with life-long kidney problems and eventually resulted in Lucy's death.
Paul Sobricki
2000, 2002

Mara, MaryMary Mara
Originally a prostitute; later Secretary/Cancer patient
Loretta Sweet
1995–1996

Newhart, BobBob Newhart
Architect who is gradually going blind; patient of Dr. Lewis
Ben Hollander
2003

Vlahos, SamSam Vlahos
Homeless man and frequent patient in ER
Pablo
1997–1998; 2000–2003

Woods, JamesJames Woods
ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) patient, Abby Lockheart's teacher in medical school
Dr. Nate Lennox
2006

Radnor, JoshJosh Radnor
Alderman Bright's lover who contracted Syphilis and was treated under the table by Kerry Weaver
Keith. Because he was unaware of either Bright's condition or his own allergies, he died after having a bad reaction to penicillin.
2003

Weitz, BruceBruce Weitz
Alderman for City of Chicago and patient of Kerry Weaver for Syphilis
Alderman John Bright
2003

text: Others[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon
Grandmother of a boy who died in an accident. Gave Doug and Carol permission to harvest his kidney, which ended up being used for John Carter's successful transplant.
Nora
2009

Liotta, RayRay Liotta
A dying patient gives an insight into the regrets he has about his wasted life, with Greg Pratt going from hostility towards him (he reminds Pratt of his own, absentee father) to compassion as he dies over the course of an hour.
Charlie Metcalf
2004

Liu, LucyLucy Liu
Mother of a little boy who has AIDS
Mei-Sun Leow
1995

Lloyd, JakeJake Lloyd
Son of the patient Loretta Sweet
Jimmy Sweet
1996

McGregor, EwanEwan McGregor
Holds up a convenience store with hostages including Carol Hathaway
Duncan Stewart
1997

Torry, JoeJoe Torry
Sues Mark Greene after his brother dies; a suspect in Greene's beating but isn't responsible. He and Mark have a heated conversation in which both men admit they're not the reason for the other's misery.
Chris Law
1997

Whitford, BradleyBradley Whitford
Husband of a pregnant patient in Mark Greene's care
Sean O'Brien
1995

Belushi, JamesJames Belushi
Father who was brought in after a car accident with his son
Dan Harris
2001

Padalecki, JaredJared Padalecki
Son who was brought in after a car accident with his father
Paul Harris
2001

text: Shiri Appleby Season 1, Episode 1-Teen with etopic pregnancy

text: Secondary doctors and medical students[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Alda, AlanAlan Alda
ER Attending Physician
Dr. Gabriel Lawrence
1999

Anderson, SamSam Anderson
Chief of Cardiology and member of the board. Incredibly acerbic and not friendly to the ER, but good at his job.
Dr. Jack Kayson
1994–2007

Anzilotti, PerryPerry Anzilotti
Anesthesiologist
Perry
1994, 1995–2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008

Appleby, ShiriShiri Appleby
Intern
Dr. Daria Wade
2008–2009

Aquino, AmyAmy Aquino
Chief of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Originally introduced as a shrieking harpy who clashed with the ER and refused to help anyone there, but evolved over time into a likable doctor who helped multiple ER regulars deal with pregnancies.
Dr. Janet Coburn
1994—2009

Arroyo, DannyDanny Arroyo
Medical student
Reid Mooney
2001

Aylward, JohnJohn Aylward
Chief of Staff (1996–1999), General surgeon and member of the board (1999–2006), Chief of Staff (2006–2009)
Dr. Donald Anspaugh
1996—2009

Bach, JillianJillian Bach
Medical Student
Penny Nicholson
2004–2006

Bailey, EionEion Bailey
Medical Student
Jake Scanlon
2004–2005

Benedicto, LourdesLourdes Benedicto
Pediatrics Intern. Briefly dated Carter in Season 7.
Rena Trujillo
2001

Bibb, LeslieLeslie Bibb
Medical Student, flirted with Kovac in Season 9 but was nearly killed in a car accident when he was driving.
Erin Harkins
2002–2003

Blackthorne, PaulPaul Blackthorne
Invasive Radiologist, had a fling with Dr. Corday.
Dr. Jeremy Lawson
2004

Bledel, AlexisAlexis Bledel
Intern who was a key figure in the series finale.
Dr. Julia Wise
2009

Boutsikaris, DennisDennis Boutsikaris
Surgeon
Dr. David Kotlowitz
1999

Joseph Bua
Special Education Student
Boo Bradley
2001

Brisbin, DavidDavid Brisbin
Anesthesiologist who hated Dr. Corday and vice versa.
Dr. Alexander Babcock
1998–2002

Brown, ClancyClancy Brown
SPG Doctor and Kerry Weaver's boyfriend
Dr. Ellis West
1997–1998

Caldwell, L. ScottL. Scott Caldwell
Director of Neo-Natology
Dr. Megan Rabb
2004, 2006

Cheadle, DonDon Cheadle
Medical Student. Turned from a successful business path after being diagnosed with Parkinson's.
Paul Nathan
2002

Cole, MeganMegan Cole
Pathologist
Dr. Alice Upton
1996, 1998, 2000–2001, 2003

Campos, BrunoBruno Campos
Vascular Surgeon
Dr. Eddie Dorset
2003

Fuente, Joel de laJoel de la Fuente
Medical student
Ivan Fu
1997

Doman, JohnJohn Doman
Chief of Psychiatry
Dr. Carl DeRaad
1999–2000, 2001, 2003

Drew, Malaya RiveraMalaya Rivera Drew
Medical Student
Katy Alvaro
2006–2007

Elise, ChristineChristine Elise
Medical Student. Love Interest of Carter in Season 2. Temporarily estranged with Carter after she was drunk and slept with Ross accidentality. Later reconciled with Carter but broke up with him over his behavior when seeking surgical procedures. It was revealed that her med school tuition was sponsored by the US Air Force, so she had to join USAF and serve for 4 years after she graduated from medical school.
Harper Tracy
1995–1996

Epps, OmarOmar Epps
Surgical Intern who constantly suffered Dr. Peter Benton's wrath although Dr. John Carter befriended him. Unfortunately, Benton's constant bullying of Gant drove Gant over the edge so much so that Gant committed suicide by jumping in front of a train. Gant's remains which were badly disfigured were later brought to County for treatment and when Gant was paged, Benton and Carter discovered to their horror that it was Gant that they were working on. Despite their best efforts, Gant eventually succumbed to his wounds and died, his death leaving Carter devastated and angry at himself and Benton for failing to see that there was something wrong with Gant.
Dr. Dennis Gant
1996–1997

Esten, CharlesCharles Esten
Orthopedic Surgeon
Dr. Barry Grossman
2007–2008

Fox, JorjaJorja Fox
ER Intern, later resident
Dr. Maggie Doyle
1996—1999

Gertz, JamiJami Gertz
Psychiatrist
Dr. Nina Pomerantz
1997

Gilbert, SaraSara Gilbert
ER Intern, later resident
Dr. Jane Figler
2004—2008

Glave, MatthewMatthew Glave
Surgeon. Arrogant even by surgical standards, Carter didn't like him and Peter found him to be a creep.
Dr. Dale Edson
1996–1999, 2001–2002

Glazer, JeremyJeremy Glazer
Medical Student
David
2004

Grove, ChristopherChristopher Grove
Orthopeadic Surgeon
Dr. Marty Kline
2002–2003, 2006

Headly, GlenneGlenne Headly
Pediatric Surgeon
Dr. Abby Keaton
1996–1997

Henry, JustinJustin Henry
Medical student
James Sasser
1997

Howerton, GlennGlenn Howerton
ER Resident
Dr. Nick 'Coop' Cooper
2003

Ironside, MichaelMichael Ironside
Chief of Surgery and ER Chief
Dr. William 'Wild Willy' Swift
1995, 1998, 2002

Jablon, MarcMarc Jablon
Intern
Dr. Larry Western
2007–2008

Jaeck, ScottScott Jaeck
Radiologist
Dr. Steve Flint
1994–1996, 1999–2000, 2002

Jones, JuliaJulia Jones
Intern (Prev. Medical Student)
Dr. Kaya Montoya
2008–2009

LeGros, JamesJames LeGros
Pediatrician and ex-boyfriend of Anna Del Amico
Dr. Max Rocher
1998

Leguizamo, JohnJohn Leguizamo
ER attending physician
Dr. Victor Clemente
2005–2006

Lennix, HarryHarry Lennix
Infectious disease specialist and briefly boyfriend of Jeanie Boulet
Dr. Greg Fischer
1997

Ling, JuliaJulia Ling
Surgical Intern
Mae Lee Park
2006–2007

Lowe, ChadChad Lowe
Medical student, assigned to Dr. Carter in Season 4 but had no interest in doing anything ER related with his focus on medical research.
Dr. George Henry
1997, 2005

Macy, William H.William H. Macy
Chief of Surgery and Head of the ER
Dr. David Morgenstern
1994–1998; 2009

Manoux, J. P.J. P. Manoux
Junior Surgical Attending, (Formerly Chief Resident)
Dr. Dustin Crenshaw
2006–2008

Matchett, KariKari Matchett
Acting Chief Of Emergency Medicine
Dr. Skye Wexler
2007–2008

McCormack, MaryMary McCormack
Doctor in Africa
Debbie
2003–2006

McKinney, GilGil McKinney
Intern
Dr. Paul Grady
2007—2009

Mitchell, ElizabethElizabeth Mitchell
Psychiatrist who was in a relationship with Kerry Weaver for a short time before being forced out by Dr. Romano's homophobia.
Dr. Kim Legaspi
2000—2001

Morris, JulianJulian Morris
Surgical Intern
Dr. Andrew Wade
2008–2009

Orser, LelandLeland Orser
Attending Trauma Surgeon; Chief of Surgery. Dr. Corday didn't want him to be hired (for reasons that were never clearly outlined) and he took over her position after she resigned in disgrace.
Dr. Lucien Dubenko
2004–2009

Parker, Steven ChristopherSteven Christopher Parker
Surgical Intern
Dr. Harold Zelinsky
2007—2008

Philipps, BusyBusy Philipps
Medical Student. Devout Christian who inspired Archie Morris in various ways, and dated him for a little while.
Hope Bobeck
2006–2007

Pico, GiovannieGiovannie Pico
Medical Student
Ludlow
2004–2005

Pounder, CCHCCH Pounder
Surgical Attending
Dr. Angela Hicks
1994–1997

Powers, AndyAndy Powers
ER intern
Dr. Howard Ritzke
2004

Rasuk, VictorVictor Rasuk
Intern
Dr. Ryan Sanchez
2008–2009

Ravera, GinaGina Ravera
Radiologist
Dr. Bettina DeJesus
2006–2008

Rifkin, RonRon Rifkin
Senior Cardiovascular Surgeon. Genius and hospital rainmaker, but played with valid data on a key study and inspired action from Peter Benton.
Dr. Carl Vucelich
1995–1996

Rose, EmilyEmily Rose
Intern
Dr. Tracy Martin
2008–2009

Rossovich, RickRick Rossovich
Orthopedic Surgeon
Dr. John "Tag" Taglieri
1994–1995

Salem, DahliaDahlia Salem
Surgical Chief Resident
Dr. Jessica Albright
2005–2006

Shin, EddieEddie Shin
Medical student
Stanley Mao
2001

Silver, Michael B.Michael B. Silver
Psychiatrist
Dr. Paul Myers
1995, 1997–2000, 2003, 2005, 2008

Spellings, BritainBritain Spellings
ER intern
Dr. Sackowitz
2005

Sterling, MauryMaury Sterling
Psychiatrist
Dr. Nelson
2004, 2006

Strauss, KimKim Strauss
Anesthesiologist
Ari
2005–2007

Sutherland, RossifRossif Sutherland
Medical student. In Season 9, was assigned to the ER; the senior staff didn't think he was good there and he vanished without explanation.
Lester Kertzenstein
2003–2004

Terry, JohnJohn Terry
Psychiatrist and boyfriend of Susan Lewis
Dr. David 'Div' Cvetic
1994

Tucci, StanleyStanley Tucci
Chief of Emergency Medicine
Dr. Kevin Moretti
2007–2008

Vieluf, VinceVince Vieluf
Medical Student
Bernard Gamely
1998

Webb, BreshaBresha Webb
Medical Student
Laverne St. John
2008–2009

Winningham, MareMare Winningham
Chief of Emergency Services; ER attending physician who had an unhealthy obsession with Dr. Mark Greene. She was later revealed to be an imposter who had impersonated many other people in various jobs over the last few years.
Dr. Amanda Lee
1998–1999

text: Secondary nurses and other medical staff[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Brazelton, Conni MarieConni Marie Brazelton
ER Nurse
Conni Oligario
1994–2003

Cerón, LauraLaura Cerón
ER Nurse
Chuny Marquez
1995–2009

Cervini, CynthiaCynthia Cervini
Nurse
Anna Waldron
2002, 2004, 2005

Chestnut, MorrisMorris Chestnut
ICU nurse & Deb's baby's father
Frank 'Rambo' Bacon
2000

Crawford, EllenEllen Crawford
ER Nurse
Lydia Wright
1994–2003, 2009

D, DeezerDeezer D
ER Nurse
Malik McGrath
1994–2009

Freeman, YvetteYvette Freeman
ER Nurse
Haleh Adams
1994–2009

Hanami, RenRen Hanami
NICU Nurse

2006

Heiss, MaryMary Heiss
ER Nurse
Mary
2000–2008

Hernandez, April LeeApril Lee Hernandez
ER Nurse
Inez
2005–2006

Guzman, MonicaMonica Guzman
Surgical Nurse
Marisol
2008–2009

Johnson, PennyPenny Johnson
Nurse Practitioner
Lynette Evans
1998–1999

Johnston, KristenKristen Johnston
Chief ER Nurse
Eve Peyton
2005

III, Sam JonesSam Jones III
Emergency Medical Technician, Brother of Greg Pratt
Charlie 'Chaz' Pratt, Jr.
2005–2009

Lenney, DinahDinah Lenney
Surgical Charge Nurse
Shirley
1995–2004, 2006—2009

Lentz, PatPat Lentz
Nursing Supervisor
None
2005, 2008

Logan, BellinaBellina Logan
ICU, Pediatrics and Surgical Nurse
Kit
1996–2003; 2005; 2008

Logue, DonalDonal Logue
Flight Nurse and boyfriend/husband/ex-husband of Susan Lewis
Chuck Martin
2003–2005

Mariye, LilyLily Mariye
ER Nurse
Lily Jarvik
1994–2009

Marquez, VanessaVanessa Marquez
ER Nurse
Wendy Goldman
1994–1997

May, DeborahDeborah May
County Nursing Director
Mary Cain
1996–1997, 2002

Moore, Angel LaketaAngel Laketa Moore
ER Nurse
Dawn Archer
2006–2009

O'Hara, JennyJenny O'Hara
ER Nurse
Rhonda Sterling
1996

Pardue, KipKip Pardue
ER Nurse
Ben Parker
2006–2007

Richards, KyleKyle Richards
Nurse
Dori
2000—2006

Rodriguez, LucyLucy Rodriguez
Nurse
Bjerke
1996; 2000–2003

Shazana, NadiaNadia Shazana
Nurse
Jacy
2001–2008

Thalken, MegMeg Thalken
Flight Nurse
Dee McManus
1996, 1999–2001, 2005, 2008

Watanabe, GeddeGedde Watanabe
ER Nurse
Yoshi Takata
1997–2003


document_title: Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse

question_text: where was scout's guide to the zombie apocalypse filmed

question_tokens: where was scout 's guide to the zombie apocalypse filmed

root

text: Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three high school sophomores, Ben (Sheridan), Carter (Miller), and Augie (Morgan), are trying to recruit new members for their Scout group, led by their Scout Leader Rogers (Koechner). While Augie has always been happy about being a Scout, Ben and Carter have second thoughts. Carter tries convincing Ben to quit but he can't as Augie is about to get his Condor Patch. Their conversation of quitting is cut short when Ben accidentally hits a deer. They manage to get help from Carter's sister, Kendall, and her friends. Ben, who's had a crush on Kendall, gets some advice from her and they all see that the dead deer has vanished. Before they leave, the two are invited to the "Secret Seniors Party" and Carter is given the address. When they go to get alcohol for the party, they meet Denise, a cocktail waitress that works at a strip club. She and Ben hit it off and she agrees to buy the alcohol for them. The two then meet up with Augie in the woods so they can set up their campsite. That night, still concerned about the disappearance of Scout Leader Rogers, the trio talk about how great their friendship has been before heading to sleep. Before the night is out, Carter wakes Ben so they can attend the party. Augie catches up, however, and is disappointed by their choice. The two drive into town to find that the bouncer for the strip club is no longer there and they sneak in. The two are immediately attacked by a zombie bouncer and stripper before being saved by a shotgun wielding Denise. Augie goes to Scout Leader Rogers' house to find him, only to be attacked by Scout Leader Rogers as a zombie. Augie manages to deter him, and flee the scene.

tag: p

text: Ben, Carter, and Denise go to the police station to discover that the town has been evacuated, before they are chased by a zombie horde into a holding cell. They wait for hours when the zombies hear music from outside and leave. Augie, seeing Ben's car, runs in and unlocks the cell, freeing them. They all escape and make their way down the freeway. After walking for a bit, the four are picked up by Corporal Reeves. They drive to the party to see if anyone is evacuated, only to find that the address that was sent to Carter was fake. The group starts to argue, but Reeves was bitten prior to meeting them and has now turned into a zombie. Denise kills him and they try to get a signal on his radio. They hear information about bombing the town and start panicking. Carter then remembers his sister's diary has the party information in it. The four take the vehicle and drive to Carter's house. Once there, they manage to get the diary. But, more zombies arrive, and proceed to chase after the trio. They manage to escape using a trampoline to get to the now zombified neighbor, Ms. Fielder's house. From there, they take her car and head off down the road. The four find a dirt bike down the road and Denise takes it so she can get the military. Now left by themselves, Ben, Carter, and Augie weapon up at a hardware store and head to the party.

text: The zombies find the party, and proceed to attack the partygoers, until the trio turns up, armed with weapons and they proceed to kill the zombies. Once they run out of ammo, they lock themselves in the building and the zombies follow them upstairs. Ben and Carter barricade the door when Augie reveals that he's built a bomb that was hidden in Ben's backpack. He manages to light the fuse when the zombies burst in and the three escape through a garbage chute just as it explodes, killing all the zombies. Denise and the military arrive at the scene, setting up medical tents and helping the survivors while the Scouts reconcile their friendship and Ben and Kendall kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tye Sheridan as Ben Goudy
Logan Miller as Carter Grant
Joey Morgan as Augie Foster
Sarah Dumont as Denise Russo
David Koechner as Scout Leader Rogers
Halston Sage as Kendall Grant
Cloris Leachman as Ms. Fielder
Niki Koss as Chloe
Hiram A. Murray as Corporal Reeves
Lukas Gage as Travis
Drew Droege as Drunk Man
Patrick Schwarzenegger as Jeff
Blake Anderson as Ron the Janitor
Elle Evans as Amber
Missy Martinez as Police Zombie
Dillon Francis as DJ Zombie
Cameron Elmore as Nerdy Kid

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Prior to this film Christopher Landon worked on three movies in the Paranormal Activity series and enjoyed the chance to do something more lighthearted. [5] He noted the comparisons in the script to various 80s movies stating "When I read the first script, I was like, 'Wow, I can actually make a gory R-rated version of The Goonies and Gremlins or even Monster Squad'[5] " At the same time Landon noted that he wanted the film to not be a complete throwback and wanted to modernize the genre some, a task he compared to a simmiar issue with Disturbia in trying to mordernize a Hitchcockian thriller. [5]

text: Although initially set for a March 13 2015 date, it was eventually pushed back to October 30 2015.[6]k[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 8, 2014 in Los Angeles.[8][9]

text: Release[edit]

text: In July 2015, Paramount announced that it had struck a deal with AMC Entertainment and Cineplex Entertainment to make Scouts Guide and Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension available digitally, 17 days after they dropped below 300 theaters, as part of a larger experiment, and asked other theaters to join in. In return, Paramount would share an undisclosed portion of proceeds of the VOD revenues.[10] Per industry sources, Paramount is gave participating exhibitors an estimated 2-4% share of the studio's digital revenue made between the time the film dropped below 300 theaters and 90 days after its opening date.[11] Participants in Paramount's formula include AMC, Canada's Cineplex, National Amusements, and Alamo Drafthouse. But many circuits, including Regal Cinema, Cinemark, and Carmike, rejected Paramount's offer to release in VOD.[10][11] This meant that both films would only go out in roughly 1,350 North American theaters when opening on October 23 and 30—compared to 2,883 theaters for Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones and well north of 3,000 theaters for each of the previous three PA installments.[10] The impetus for Paramount's experimentation with this approach, with these two-younger demographic genre movies—which many have deemed box office failures—is the theatrical failure of MGM's Hot Tub Time Machine 2.[11] Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, said: "There is no question that we are going to do less theatrically, but I believe we will make it up digitally. This is about the long-term health of the business, so there is not this long period of time when a consumer can't watch a movie."[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse grossed $3.7 million in North America and $12.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $16.1 million, against a budget of $15 million.[4]

text: The film opened on October 30, 2015, alongside Burnt and Our Brand Is Crisis. The film was initially projected to gross $2–4 million from 1,509 theaters in its opening weekend but ended up grossing $1.8 million, finishing 12th at the box office.[12]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 45%, based on 85 reviews, and an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's consensus reads, "Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse fails to live up to its intriguingly wacky title, instead delivering yet another zombie comedy-thriller with a tired T&A twist."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 32 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[14] CinemaScore polled audiences, which yielded the film an average grade of "B–", on an A+ to F scale.[12] Katie Rife from The A.V. Club gave the film a C− grade, commenting: "If Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse is the future, maybe the world should end."[15] Tim Janson from the SciFi Movie Page rated the film 41% out of 100%, saying: "This zombie comedy is short on laughs."[16]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on December 8, 2015 onto Digital HD and On Demand, and on January 5, 2016 on DVD and Blu-ray.[17]

text: Award[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

COLA
Location Team of the Year - Studio Feature Film
Stephenson Crossley (location manager)
Will Ruvalcaba (key assistant location manager)
Jeanie Farnam (assistant location manager)
Christopher Kusiak (assistant location manager)
Sofia Ochoa (assistant location manager)
Nominated

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Black Widow - Performed by Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora
Air Orchestral Suite No. 3 In D Minor - Written by Johann Sebastian Bach
Get Up Get Down - Written by Peter Boyes & Oliver Silk
Get It Poppin' - Performed by Kil the Giant
Electric Love - Performed by Garrett Borns
9 to 5 - Written & performed by Dolly Parton
Dee Oh U Gee Eye E - Written by Andre Lamar Bell, Lashawn Payne & Pat Kelly
Young at Heart - Performed by Tim Myers featuring Rondo Brothers
Get Low - Performed by Dillon Francis & DJ Snake
All That - Performed by Dillon Francis featuring Twista & The Rej3ctz
Scars - Performed by Basement Jaxx
Crank That (Soulja Boy) - Performed by Soulja Boy
...Baby One More Time - Written by Max Martin
Set Me Free - Performed by Dillon Francis & Martin Garrix
Burial - Performed by Yogi featuring Pusha T
When We Were Young - Performed by Dillon Francis & Sultan & Shepard featuring The Chain Gang of 1974
Rock You Like a Hurricane - Performed by Scorpions
Haunt You - Performed by The Pack A.D.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In an interview, stars Miller, Morgan, and Dumont stated if the film is a box office hit, there could be potential sequels.[18]


document_title: F. Scott Fitzgerald

question_text: when did f scott fitzgerald start writing the great gatsby

text: F. Scott Fitzgerald

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to an upper-middle-class family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed on his father's side, Francis Scott Key,[1] but was always known as plain Scott Fitzgerald. He was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott Fitzgerald,[2] one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. "Well, three months before I was born," he wrote as an adult, "my mother lost her other two children ... I think I started then to be a writer."[3]

text: His father, Edward Fitzgerald, was of Irish and English ancestry, and had moved to St. Paul from Maryland after the American Civil War, and was described as "a quiet gentlemanly man with beautiful Southern manners."[4][5][6] His mother was Mary "Molly" McQuillan Fitzgerald, the daughter of an Irish immigrant who had made his fortune in the wholesale grocery business.[4][7] Edward Fitzgerald's first cousin once removed Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln.[8][9][10]

text: Scott Fitzgerald spent the first decade of his childhood primarily in Buffalo, New York, occasionally in West Virginia (1898–1901 and 1903–1908) where his father worked for Procter & Gamble,[11] with a short interlude in Syracuse, New York, (between January 1901 and September 1903).[12] Edward Fitzgerald had earlier worked as a wicker furniture salesman; he joined Procter & Gamble when the business failed.[13][14] His parents, both Catholic, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first Holy Angels Convent (1903–1904, now disused) and then Nardin Academy (1905–1908). His formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence with a keen early interest in literature. His doting mother ensured that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class upbringing.[15] Her inheritance and donations from an aunt allowed the family to live a comfortable lifestyle.[16] In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the peculiar arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half.[12]

text: In 1908, his father was fired from Procter & Gamble, and the family returned to Minnesota, where Fitzgerald attended St. Paul Academy in St. Paul from 1908 to 1911.[11] When he was 13, he saw his first piece of writing appear in print—a detective story published in the school newspaper.[17] In 1911, when Fitzgerald was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Newman School, a prestigious Catholic prep school in Hackensack, New Jersey.[18] Fitzgerald played on the 1912 Newman football team.[19] At Newman, he met Father Sigourney Fay, who noticed his incipient talent with the written word and encouraged him to pursue his literary ambitions.[14]

text: After graduating from the Newman School in 1913, Fitzgerald decided to stay in New Jersey to continue his artistic development at Princeton University. He tried out for the college football team, but was cut the first day of practice.[19] He firmly dedicated himself at Princeton to honing his craft as a writer, and became friends with future critics and writers Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop.[20] He wrote for the Princeton Triangle Club, the Nassau Lit,[21] and the Princeton Tiger. He also was involved in the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, which ran the Nassau Lit.[22] His absorption in the Triangle—a kind of musical-comedy society—led to his submission of a novel to Charles Scribner's Sons where the editor praised the writing but ultimately rejected the book.[11] Four of the University's eating clubs sent him bids at midyear, and he chose the University Cottage Club (where Fitzgerald's desk and writing materials are still displayed in its library) known as "the 'Big Four' club that was most committed to the ideal of the fashionable gentleman."[20]

text: Fitzgerald's writing pursuits at Princeton came at the expense of his coursework, however, causing him to be placed on academic probation, and in 1917 he dropped out of university to join the Army. During the winter of 1917, Fitzgerald was stationed at Fort Leavenworth and was a student of future United States President and General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower whom he intensely disliked.[23] Worried that he might die in the War with his literary dreams unfulfilled, Fitzgerald hastily wrote The Romantic Egotist in the weeks before reporting for duty—and, although Scribners rejected it, the reviewer noted his novel's originality and encouraged Fitzgerald to submit more work in the future.[11][24]

text: It was while attending Princeton that Fitzgerald met Chicago socialite and debutante Ginevra King on a visit back home in St. Paul.[25] Immediately infatuated with her, according to Mizner, Fitzgerald "remained devoted to Ginevra as long as she would allow him to," and wrote to her "daily the incoherent, expressive letters all young lovers write."[20] She would become his inspiration for the character of Isabelle Borgé, Amory Blaine's first love in This Side of Paradise,[26] for Daisy in The Great Gatsby, and several other characters in his novels and short stories.[27]

text: Zelda[edit]

text: Fitzgerald was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry and assigned to Camp Sheridan outside of Montgomery, Alabama. While at a country club, Fitzgerald met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre, a daughter of Alabama Supreme Court justice Anthony D. Sayre and the "golden girl", in Fitzgerald's terms, of Montgomery society. The war ended in 1918, before Fitzgerald was ever deployed. Upon his discharge he moved to New York City hoping to launch a career in advertising that would be lucrative enough to convince Zelda to marry him. He worked for the Barron Collier advertising agency, living in a single room at 200 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood on Manhattan's west side.

text: Zelda accepted his marriage proposal, but after some time and despite working at an advertising firm and writing short stories, he was unable to convince her that he would be able to support her, leading her to break off the engagement. Fitzgerald returned to his parents' house at 599 Summit Avenue, on Cathedral Hill, in St. Paul, to revise The Romantic Egotist, recast as This Side of Paradise, a semi-autobiographical account of Fitzgerald's undergraduate years at Princeton.[28] Fitzgerald was so short of money that he took up a job repairing car roofs.[24][29] His revised novel was accepted by Scribner's in the fall of 1919 and was published on March 26, 1920 and became an instant success, selling 41,075 copies in the first year.[30] It launched Fitzgerald's career as a writer and provided a steady income suitable to Zelda's needs. They resumed their engagement and were married at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. Their daughter and only child, Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald, was born on October 26, 1921.

text: "The Jazz Age"[edit]

text: Paris in the 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald's development. Fitzgerald made several excursions to Europe, mostly Paris and the French Riviera, and became friends with many members of the American expatriate community in Paris, notably Ernest Hemingway. Fitzgerald's friendship with Hemingway was quite effusive, as many of Fitzgerald's relationships would prove to be. Hemingway did not get on well with Zelda, however, and in addition to describing her as "insane" in his memoir A Moveable Feast,[31] Hemingway claimed that Zelda "encouraged her husband to drink so as to distract Fitzgerald from his work on his novel,"[31][32] so he could work on the short stories he sold to magazines to help support their lifestyle. Like most professional authors at the time, Fitzgerald supplemented his income by writing short stories for such magazines as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire, and sold his stories and novels to Hollywood studios. This "whoring," as Fitzgerald and, subsequently, Hemingway called these sales,[31] was a sore point in the two authors' friendship. Fitzgerald claimed that he would first write his stories in an 'authentic' manner, then rewrite them to put in the "twists that made them into salable magazine stories."[32]

text: Although Fitzgerald's passion lay in writing novels, only his first novel sold well enough to support the opulent lifestyle that he and Zelda adopted as New York celebrities. (The Great Gatsby, now considered to be his masterpiece, did not become popular until after Fitzgerald's death.) Because of this lifestyle, as well as the bills from Zelda's medical care when they came, Fitzgerald was constantly in financial trouble and often required loans from his literary agent, Harold Ober, and his editor at Scribner's, Maxwell Perkins. When Ober decided not to continue advancing money to Fitzgerald, the author severed ties with his longtime friend and agent. (Fitzgerald offered a good-hearted and apologetic tribute to this support in the late short story "Financing Finnegan.")

text: Fitzgerald began working on his fourth novel during the late 1920s but was sidetracked by financial difficulties that necessitated his writing commercial short stories, and by the schizophrenia that struck Zelda in 1930. Her emotional health remained fragile for the rest of her life. In February 1932, she was hospitalized at the Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Maryland.[33] During this time, Fitzgerald rented the "La Paix" estate in the suburb of Towson, Maryland to work on his latest book, the story of the rise and fall of Dick Diver, a promising young psychiatrist who falls in love with and marries Nicole Warren, one of his patients. The book went through many versions, the first of which was to be a story of matricide. Some critics have seen the book as a thinly veiled autobiographical novel recounting Fitzgerald's problems with his wife, the corrosive effects of wealth and a decadent lifestyle, his own egoism and self-confidence, and his continuing alcoholism. Indeed, Fitzgerald was extremely protective of his "material" (i.e., their life together). When Zelda wrote and sent to Scribner's her own fictional version of their lives in Europe, Save Me the Waltz, Fitzgerald was angry and was able to make some changes prior to the novel's publication, and convince her doctors to keep her from writing any more about what he called his "material," which included their relationship. His book was finally published in 1934 as Tender Is the Night. Critics who had waited nine years for the followup to The Great Gatsby had mixed opinions about the novel. Most were thrown off by its three-part structure and many felt that Fitzgerald had not lived up to their expectations.[34] The novel did not sell well upon publication but, like the earlier Gatsby, the book's reputation has since risen significantly.[35] Fitzgerald's alcoholism and financial difficulties, in addition to Zelda's mental illness, made for difficult years in Baltimore. He was hospitalized nine times at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and his friend H. L. Mencken noted in a 1934 letter that "The case of F. Scott Fitzgerald has become distressing. He is boozing in a wild manner and has become a nuisance."[33]

text: Hollywood years[edit]

text: In 1926, Fitzgerald was invited by producer John W. Considine, Jr., to temporarily relocate to Hollywood in order to write a flapper comedy for United Artists. Scott and Zelda moved into a studio-owned bungalow in January of the following year and Fitzgerald soon met and began an affair with Lois Moran. The starlet became a temporary muse for the author and he rewrote Rosemary Hoyt, one of the central characters in Tender is the Night, (who had been a male in earlier drafts) to closely mirror her. The trip exacerbated the couple's marital difficulties, and they left Hollywood after two months.[36][37] In the ensuing years, Zelda became increasingly violent and emotionally distressed, and in 1936, Fitzgerald had her placed in the Highland Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina.[38]

text: Although he reportedly found movie work degrading, Fitzgerald continued to struggle financially and entered into a lucrative exclusive deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1937, that necessitated him moving to Hollywood, where he earned his highest annual income up to that point: $29,757.87.[39] He also began a high-profile live-in affair with movie columnist Sheilah Graham.[40] The projects Fitzgerald worked on for the studio included a never filmed draft for Gone with the Wind, and revisions on Madame Curie, for which he received no credits. He also spent time during this period working on his fifth and final novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, published posthumously as The Last Tycoon, based on film executive Irving Thalberg. In 1939, MGM terminated the contract, and Fitzgerald became a freelance screenwriter.[40] During his work on Winter Carnival, Fitzgerald went on an alcoholic binge and was treated by New York psychiatrist Richard H. Hoffmann.[41]

text: From 1939 until his death in 1940, Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories, later collected as "The Pat Hobby Stories," which garnered many positive reviews. The Pat Hobby Stories were originally published in Esquire between January 1940 and July 1941, even after Fitzgerald's death. US Census records show his official address at this time to be the estate of Edward Everett Horton in Encino, California in the San Fernando Valley.

text: Illness and death[edit]

text: Fitzgerald, an alcoholic since college, became notorious during the 1920s for his extraordinarily heavy drinking, undermining his health by the late 1930s. According to Zelda's biographer, Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald claimed that he had contracted tuberculosis, but Milford dismisses it as a pretext to cover his drinking problems. However, Fitzgerald scholar Matthew J. Bruccoli contends that Fitzgerald did in fact have recurring tuberculosis, and according to Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald biographer Arthur Mizener said that Fitzgerald suffered a mild attack of tuberculosis in 1919, and in 1929 he had "what proved to be a tubercular hemorrhage." Some have said that the writer's hemorrhage was caused by bleeding from esophageal varices.[citation needed]

text: Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in the late 1930s. After the first, in Schwab's Drug Store, he was ordered by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion. He moved in with Sheilah Graham, who lived in Hollywood on North Hayworth Avenue, one block east of Fitzgerald's apartment on North Laurel Avenue. [40] Fitzgerald had two flights of stairs to climb to his apartment; Graham's was on the ground floor. On the night of December 20, 1940, Fitzgerald and Graham attended the premiere of This Thing Called Love starring Rosalind Russell and Melvyn Douglas. As the two were leaving the Pantages Theater, Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell and had trouble leaving the theater; upset, he said to Graham, "They think I am drunk, don't they?" [40]

text: The following day, as Fitzgerald ate a candy bar and made notes in his newly arrived Princeton Alumni Weekly,[42] Graham saw him jump from his armchair, grab the mantelpiece, gasp, and fall to the floor. She ran to the manager of the building, Harry Culver, founder of Culver City. Upon entering the apartment to assist Fitzgerald, he stated, "I'm afraid he's dead." Fitzgerald had died of a heart attack at age 44. Dr. Clarence H. Nelson, Fitzgerald's physician, signed the death certificate.[43] Fitzgerald's body was moved to the Pierce Brothers Mortuary.[40]

text: Among the attendees at a visitation held at a funeral home was Dorothy Parker, who reportedly cried and murmured "the poor son-of-a-bitch," a line from Jay Gatsby's funeral in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.[44][45][46] His body was transported to Maryland, where his funeral was attended by twenty or thirty people in Bethesda; among the attendees were his only child, Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald Lanahan Smith (then age 19), and his editor, Maxwell Perkins.

text: At the time of his death, the Roman Catholic Church declined the family's request that Fitzgerald, a non-practicing Catholic celebrated for his risqué and provocative Jazz Age writings, be buried in the family plot in the Catholic Saint Mary's Cemetery in Rockville, Maryland. Fitzgerald was originally buried in Rockville Union Cemetery. Zelda Fitzgerald died in 1948, in a fire at the Highland Mental Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina. In 1975, Scottie successfully petitioned to have the earlier decision revisited and her parents' remains were moved to the family plot in Saint Mary's.[47][48]

text: Fitzgerald died before he could complete The Last Tycoon.[49][50] His manuscript, which included extensive notes for the unwritten part of the novel's story, was edited by his friend, the literary critic Edmund Wilson, and published in 1941 as The Last Tycoon. In 1994 the book was reissued under the original title The Love of The Last Tycoon, which is now agreed to have been Fitzgerald's preferred title.[51]

text: In 2015, an editor of The Strand Magazine discovered and published for the first time an 8,000-word manuscript, dated July 1939, of a Fitzgerald short-story titled "Temperature."[52] Long thought lost, Fitzgerald's manuscript for the story was found in the rare books and manuscript archives at Princeton University, Fitzgerald's alma mater.[53] As described by Strand, "Temperature," set in Los Angeles, tells the story of the failure, illness and decline of a once successful writer and his life among Hollywood idols, while suffering lingering fevers and indulging in light-hearted romance.[52] The protagonist is a 31-year-old self-destructive, alcoholic named Emmet Monsen, whom Fitzgerald describes in his story as "notably photogenic, slender and darkly handsome." It tells of his personal relationships as his health declines with various doctors, personal assistants, and a Hollywood actress who is his lover. "As for that current dodge 'No reference to any living character is intended' — no use even trying that," Fitzgerald writes at the beginning of the story.[53] Fitzgerald bibliographies have previously listed the story, sometimes referred to as "The Women in the House," as "unpublished," or as "Lost – mentioned in correspondence, but no surviving transcript or manuscript."[53]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Fitzgerald's work has inspired writers ever since he was first published.[54] The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted T. S. Eliot to write, in a letter to Fitzgerald, "It seems to me to be the first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James ..."[55] Don Birnam, the protagonist of Charles Jackson's The Lost Weekend, says to himself, referring to The Great Gatsby, "There's no such thing ... as a flawless novel. But if there is, this is it."[56] In letters written in the 1940s, J. D. Salinger expressed admiration of Fitzgerald's work, and his biographer Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as "Fitzgerald's successor."[57] Richard Yates, a writer often compared to Fitzgerald, called The Great Gatsby "the most nourishing novel [he] read ... a miracle of talent ... a triumph of technique."[58] It was written in a New York Times editorial after his death that Fitzgerald "was better than he knew, for in fact and in the literary sense he invented a generation ... He might have interpreted them and even guided them, as in their middle years they saw a different and nobler freedom threatened with destruction."

text: Into the 21st century, millions of copies of The Great Gatsby and his other works have been sold, and Gatsby, a constant best-seller, is required reading in many high school and college classes.[59]

text: Fitzgerald is a 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame.[60] He is also the namesake of the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul, Minnesota, home of the radio broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text:
This Side of Paradise (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920)
The Beautiful and Damned (New York: Scribners, 1922)
The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribners, 1925)
Tender Is the Night (New York: Scribners, 1934)
The Last Tycoon (New York: Scribners, unfinished, published posthumously, 1941), reissued under the original title The Love of The Last Tycoon in 1993.

text: Novellas[edit]

text:
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz (1922) (in Tales of the Jazz Age)
May Day (1922) (in Tales of the Jazz Age)
The Rich Boy (1926) (in All the Sad Young Men)

text: Short story collections[edit]

text:
Flappers and Philosophers (New York: Scribners, 1920)
Tales of the Jazz Age (New York: Scribners, 1922)
All the Sad Young Men (New York: Scribners, 1926)
Taps at Reveille (New York: Scribners, 1935)
Afternoon of an Author (New York: Scribners, 1957)
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (New York: Scribners, 1960)
The Pat Hobby Stories (Esquire Magazine, 1940–41)
The Basil and Josephine Stories (New York: Scribners, 1973)
The Price Was High: Fifty Uncollected Stories (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979)
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (New York: Scribners, 1989)
I'd Die For You. And Other Lost Stories, edited by: Anne Margaret Daniel (New York: Simon & Schuster, April 2017)[61][62]

text: Short stories[edit]

text:
"Bernice Bobs Her Hair" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers)
"Head and Shoulders" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers)
"The Ice Palace" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers and Babylon Revisited and Other Stories)
"The Offshore Pirate" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers)
"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" (1921) (in Tales of the Jazz Age)
"Winter Dreams" (1922) (in All the Sad Young Men)
"The Baby Party" (1925) (in All the Sad Young Men)
"The Freshest Boy" (1928) (in Taps at Reveille)
"The Bridal Party" (1930)
"A New Leaf" (1931)
"Babylon Revisited" (1931) (in Babylon Revisited and Other Stories)
"Crazy Sunday" (1932) (in Babylon Revisited and Other Stories)

text: Other works[edit]

text:
The Vegetable, or From President to Postman – Play (New York: Scribners, 1923)
The Crack-Up – Collection of essays, notebook excerpts, and letters (New York: New Directions, 1945)

text: Cambridge Editions[edit]

text: Cambridge University Press has published the complete works of F. Scott Fitzgerald in authoritative annotated editions. The Cambridge Edition runs to fifteen volumes.[63]

text:
Volume
Title
Date published
ISBN

1
The Great Gatsby
August 1991
978-0-521-40230-9

2
The Last Tycoon: A Western
December 1993
978-0-521-40231-6

3
This Side of Paradise
January 1996
978-0-521-40234-7

4
Flappers and Philosophers
December 1999
978-0-521-40236-1

5
Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby
April 2000
978-0-521-40237-8

6
Tales of the Jazz Age
August 2002
978-0-521-40238-5

7
My Lost City: Personal Essays, 1920–1940
October 2005
978-0-521-40239-2

8
All the Sad Young Men
January 2007
978-0-521-40240-8

9
The Beautiful and Damned
June 2008
978-0-521-88366-5

10
The Lost Decade: Short Stories from Esquire, 1936–1941
September 2008
978-0-521-88530-0

11
The Basil, Josephine, and Gwen Stories
October 2009
978-0-521-76973-0

12
Spires and Gargoyles: Early Writings, 1909–1919
March 2010
978-0-521-76592-3

13
Tender Is the Night
May 2012
978-0-521-40232-3

14
Taps at Reveille
May 2014
978-0-521-76603-6

15
A Change of Class
June 2016
978-0-521-40235-4

text: Film adaptations of works[edit]

text: Fitzgerald's works have been adapted into films many times. One of the earliest Fitzgerald short stories was adapted into a 1921 silent film The Off-Shore Pirate. His short story, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, was the basis for a 2008 film. Tender Is the Night was the subject of the eponymous 1962 film, and made into a television miniseries in 1985. The Beautiful and Damned was filmed in 1922 and 2010. The Great Gatsby has been the basis for numerous films of the same name, spanning nearly 90 years: 1926, 1949, 1974, 2000, and 2013 adaptations.

text: Biographies, collected letters[edit]

text: The standard biographies of Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald are Arthur Mizener's The Far Side of Paradise (1951, 1965) and Matthew Bruccoli's Some Sort of Epic Grandeur (1981).

text: Fitzgerald's letters have also been published in various editions such as Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, ed. Jackson R. Bryer and Cathy W. Banks (2002); Correspondence of F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Matthew Bruccoli and Margaret Duggan (1980), and F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Matthew Bruccoli (1994).

text: A collection of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald's scrapbooks of photographs and reviews was compiled by Bruccoli and F. Scott and Zelda's daughter Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald (as Scottie Fitzgerald Smith) in a book The Romantic Egoists (1976).

text: Portrayals[edit]

text:
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text: A musical about the lives of Fitzgerald and wife Zelda Fitzgerald was composed by Frank Wildhorn titled Waiting for the Moon, formerly known as Zelda, followed by Scott & Zelda: The Other Side Of Paradise. The musical shows their lives from when they first met, through Fitzgerald's career, their lives together (the good and bad), to both of their deaths. The musical made its world premiere at the Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center in a production that ran from July 20, 2005 through July 31, 2005. It starred Broadway veteran actors Jarrod Emick as Fitzgerald and Lauren Kennedy as Zelda.

text: A reworked version of Wildhorn's musical, titled Zelda – An American Love Story, with a script and lyrics by Jack Murphy and currently in production at Flat Rock Playhouse,[64] will have its New York premiere in 2016, presented by Marymount Manhattan College, at the National Dance Institute.[65]

text: The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has also created a musical adaptation of Fitzgerald's life. Titled The Last Party: S. Fitzgerald's Last Day, it was produced in 2004 and 2006. Yuhi Oozora and Yūga Yamato starred as Fitzgerald, while Zelda was played by Kanami Ayano and Rui Shijou.

text: Fitzgerald was portrayed by the actor Malcolm Gets in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle.[66]

text: Others include the TV movies Zelda (1993, with Timothy Hutton), F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976, with Jason Miller), and F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles' (1974, with Richard Chamberlain).

text: A film based on Fitzgerald and Zelda's relationship called The Beautiful and the Damned was announced for a 2011 release by director John Curran.

text: The last years of Fitzgerald and his affair with Sheilah Graham, the Hollywood gossip columnist, was the theme of the movie Beloved Infidel (1959) based on Graham's 1958 memoir by the same name.[40] The film depicts Fitzgerald (played by Gregory Peck) during his final years as a Hollywood scenarist and his relationship with Ms. Graham (played by Deborah Kerr), with whom he had a years-long affair, while his wife, Zelda, was institutionalized.

text: Another film, Last Call (2002) (Jeremy Irons plays Fitzgerald) describes the relationship of Fitzgerald and Frances Kroll Ring (Neve Campbell) during his last two years of life. The film was based on the memoir of Frances Kroll Ring, titled Against the Current: As I Remember F. Scott Fitzgerald (1985), that records her experience as secretary to Fitzgerald for the last 20 months of his life.

text: Actors portraying Fitzgerald, Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway appear in the play Villa America by British playwright Crispin Whittell, which premiered at Williamstown Theatre Festival (2007).

text: Tom Hiddleston and Alison Pill appear briefly as Fitzgerald and Zelda in Woody Allen's 2011 feature film Midnight in Paris. Guy Pearce and Vanessa Kirby portray the couple in 2016's Genius.

text: Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald appear alongside Ernest Hemingway, Hadley Hemingway, Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound in the novel The Paris Wife by Paula McLain.[67] The novel was adapted by Sheila Yeger for a 2011 BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Drama.[68]

text: Stewart O'Nan's 2015 novel West of Sunset presents a detailed fictional account of Fitzgerald's final years as a Hollywood scriptwriter and his relationship with gossip columnist Sheilah Graham.

text: Amazon Prime's 2015 television series Z: The Beginning of Everything recounts Fitzgerald's relationship with Zelda, as well as his writing career. It stars David Hoflin as Fitzgerald and Christina Ricci as Zelda.


document_title: Insect mouthparts

question_text: what are the mouthparts of a grasshopper specialized for

text: Insect mouthparts

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Like most external features of arthropods, the mouthparts of hexapoda are highly derived. Insect mouthparts show a multitude of different functional mechanisms across the wide diversity of species considered insects. Certainly it is common for significant homology to be conserved, with matching structures formed from matching primordia, and having the same evolutionary origin. On the other hand, even structures that physically are almost identical, and share almost identical functionality as well, may not be homologous; their analogous functions and appearance might be the product of convergent evolution.

text: Chewing insects[edit]

text: Examples of chewing insects include dragonflies, grasshoppers and beetles. Some insects do not have chewing mouthparts as adults but do chew solid food when they feed while they still are larvae. The moths and butterflies are major examples of such adaptations.

text: Mandible[edit]

text: A chewing insect has a pair of mandibles, one on each side of the head. The mandibles are caudal to the labrum and anterior to the maxillae. Typically the mandibles are the largest and most robust mouthparts of a chewing insect, and it uses them to masticate (cut, tear, crush, chew) food items. Two sets of muscles move the mandibles in the coronal plane: abductor muscles move insects' mandibles apart (laterally); adductor muscles bring them together (medially). This they do mainly in opening and closing their jaws in feeding, but also in using the mandibles as tools, or possibly in fighting; note however, that this refers to the coronal plane of the mouth, not necessarily of the insect's body, because insects' heads differ greatly in their orientation.

text: In carnivorous chewing insects, the mandibles commonly are particularly serrated and knife-like, and often with piercing points. In herbivorous chewing insects mandibles tend to be broader and flatter on their opposing faces, as for example in caterpillars.

text: In males of some species, such as of Lucanidae and some Cerambycidae, the mandibles are modified to such an extent that they do not serve any feeding function, but are instead used to defend mating sites from other males. In some ants and termites, the mandibles also serve a defensive function (particularly in soldier castes). In bull ants, the mandibles are elongate and toothed, used both as hunting (and defensive) appendages. In bees, that feed primarily by use of a proboscis, the primary use of the mandibles is to manipulate and shape wax, and many paper wasps have mandibles adapted to scraping and ingesting wood fibres.

text: Maxilla[edit]

text: Situated beneath (caudal to) the mandibles, paired maxillae manipulate and, in chewing insects, partly masticate, food. Each maxilla consists of two parts, the proximal cardo (plural cardines), and distal stipes (plural stipites). At the apex of each stipes are two lobes, the inner lacinia and outer galea (plurals laciniae and galeae). At the outer margin, the typical galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, located over the outer edge of the labium. In non-chewing insects, such as adult Lepidoptera, the maxillae may be drastically adapted to other functions.

text: Unlike the mandibles, but like the labium, the maxillae bear lateral palps on their stipites. These palps serve as organs of touch and taste in feeding, and in inspection of potential foods.

text: In chewing insects, adductor and abductor muscles extend from inside the cranium to within the bases of the stipites and cardines much as happens with the mandibles in feeding, and also in using the maxillae as tools. To some extent the maxillae are more mobile than the mandibles, and the galeae, laciniae, and palps also can move up and down somewhat, in the sagittal plane, both in feeding and in working, for example in nest building by mud-dauber wasps.

text: Maxillae in most insects function partly like mandibles in feeding, but they are more mobile and less heavily sclerotised than mandibles, so they are more important in manipulating soft, liquid, or particulate food rather than cutting or crushing food such as material that requires the mandibles to cut or crush.

text: Like the mandibles, maxillae are innervated by the sub-esopharyngeal ganglia.

text: Labium[edit]

text: The labium typically is a roughly quadrilateral structure, formed by paired, fused secondary maxillae.[1] It is the major component of the floor of the mouth. Typically, together with the maxillae, the labrum assists manipulation of food during mastication.

text: The role of the labium in some insects however, is adapted to special functions; perhaps the most dramatic example is in the jaws of the nymphs of the Odonata, the dragonflies and damselflies. In these insects, the labium folds neatly beneath the head and thorax, but the insect can flick it out to snatch prey, inject venom to kill and partly digest the prey, and to bear it back to the head, where the chewing mouthparts can demolish it and swallow the particles.[2]

text: The labium is attached at the rear end of the structure called cibarium, and its broad basal portion is divided into regions called the submentum, which is the proximal part, the mentum in the middle, and the prementum, which is the distal section, and furthest anterior.

text: The prementum bears a structure called the ligula; this consists of an inner pair of lobes called glossae and a lateral pair called paraglossae. These structures are homologous to the lacinia and galea of maxillae. The labial palps borne on the sides of labium are the counterparts of maxillary palps. Like the maxillary palps, the labial palps aid sensory function in eating. In many species the musculature of the labium is much more complex than that of the other jaws, because in most, the ligula, palps and prementum all can be moved independently.

text: The labium is innervated by the sub-esophageal ganglia.[3][4][5]

text: In the honey bee, the labium is elongated to form a tube and tongue, and these insects are classified as having both chewing and lapping mouthparts. [6]

text: Hypopharynx[edit]

text: The hypopharynx is a somewhat globular structure, located medially to the mandibles and the maxillae. In many species it is membranous and associated with salivary glands. It assists in swallowing the food. The hypopharynx divides the oral cavity into two parts: the cibarium or dorsal food pouch and ventral salivarium into which the salivary duct opens.

text: Siphoning insects[edit]

text: This section deals only with insects that feed by sucking fluids, as a rule without piercing their food first, and without sponging or licking. Typical examples are adult moths and butterflies. As is usually the case with insects, there are variations: some moths, such as species of Serrodes and Achaea do pierce fruit to the extent that they are regarded as serious orchard pests.[7] Some moths do not feed after emerging from the pupa, and have greatly reduced, vestigial mouthparts or none at all. All but a few adult Lepidoptera lack mandibles (the superfamily known as the mandibulate moths have fully developed mandibles as adults), but also have the remaining mouthparts in the form of an elongated sucking tube, the proboscis.

text: Proboscis[edit]

text: The proboscis, as seen in adult Lepidoptera, is one of the defining characteristics of the morphology of the order; it is a long tube formed by the paired galeae of the maxillae. Unlike sucking organs in other orders of insects, the Lepidopteran proboscis can coil up so completely that it can fit under the head when not in use. During feeding, however, it extends to reach the nectar of flowers or other fluids. In certain specialist pollinators, the proboscis may be several times the body length of the moth.

text: Piercing and sucking insects[edit]

text: A number of insect orders (or more precisely families within them) have mouthparts that pierce food items to enable sucking of internal fluids. Some are herbivorous, like aphids and leafhoppers, while others are insectivorous, like assassin bugs and mosquitoes (females only).

text: Proboscis[edit]

text: The defining feature of the order Hemiptera is the possession of mouthparts where the mandibles and maxillae are modified into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium, which is capable of piercing tissues and sucking out the liquids. For example, true bugs, such as shield bugs, feed on the fluids of plants. Predatory bugs such as assassin bugs have the same mouthparts, but they are used to pierce the cuticles of captured prey.

text: Stylet[edit]

text: In female mosquitoes, all mouthparts are elongated. The labium encloses all other mouthparts like a sheath. The labrum forms the main feeding tube, through which blood is sucked. Paired mandibles and maxillae are present, together forming the stylet, which is used to pierce an animal's skin. During piercing, the labium remains outside the food item's skin, folding away from the stylet. Saliva containing anticoagulants, is injected into the food item and blood sucked out, each through different tubes.

text: Sponging insects[edit]

text: Labellum[edit]

text: The housefly is the typical sponging insect. The labium gives the description, being articulate and possessing at its end a sponge-like labellum. Paired mandibles and maxillae are present, but much reduced and non-functional. The labellum's surface is covered by minute food channels, formed by the interlocking elongate hypopharynx and epipharynx, forming a proboscis used to channel liquid food to the oesophagus. The food channel draws liquid and liquified food to the oesophagus by capillary action. The housefly is able to eat solid food by secreting saliva and dabbing it over the food item. As the saliva dissolves the food, the solution is then drawn up into the mouth as a liquid.[8]


document_title: List of Batman television series cast members

question_text: who played the original poison ivy in batman

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Batman, a fictional superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics, has appeared in numerous filmed works, with a variety of casts. The list below presents the casts of the television series in which Batman was the eponymous starring character.

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Character
Series (all except Batman (1966–1968) and Gotham are animated)

Batman
(1966–1968)
The Adventures of Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder
(1968–1969)
The New Adventures of Batman
(1977–1978)
Batman: The Animated Series
(1992–1995)
The New Batman Adventures
(1997–1999)
Batman Beyond
(1999–2001)
The Batman
(2004–2008)
Batman: The Brave and the Bold
(2008–2011)
Beware the Batman
(2013–2014)
Gotham
(2015–present)

CAST

Bruce Wayne
Batman
Adam West
Olan Soule
Adam West
Kevin Conroy
Rino Romano
Diedrich Bader
Zachary Gordon (young)
Mikey Kelley (pre-teen)
Dee Bradley Baker (infant)
Anthony Ruivivar
David Mazouz

Terry McGinnis
Batman

Will Friedle

Alfred Pennyworth
Alan Napier
Olan Soule

Clive Revill
Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.

Alastair Duncan
James Garrett
JB Blanc
Sean Pertwee

Commissioner James Gordon
Neil Hamilton
Ted Knight
Lennie Weinrib
Bob Hastings

Mitch Pileggi

Kurtwood Smith
Ben McKenzie

Dick Grayson
Robin
Nightwing
Burt Ward
Casey Kasem
Burt Ward
Brianne Siddall

Evan Sabara
Jeremy Shada
Grey DeLisle
Jason Marsden

Loren Lester
Jerry O'Connell
Crawford Wilson

Tim Drake
Robin

Mathew Valencia

Carrie Kelly
Robin

Anndi McAfee

Barbara Gordon
Batgirl
Yvonne Craig
Jane Webb
Melendy Britt
Melissa Gilbert
Tara Strong
Stockard Channing
Danielle Judovits
Mae Whitman
Tara Strong

Katana

Vyvan Pham
Kim Mai Guest
Sumalee Montano

The Joker
Cesar Romero
Larry Storch
Lennie Weinrib
Mark Hamill
Michael McKean

Kevin Michael Richardson
Jeff Bennett
Corey Burton

Cameron Monaghan

The Penguin
Burgess Meredith
Ted Knight
Lennie Weinrib
Paul Williams

Tom Kenny
Stephen Root
Jeff Bennett

Robin Lord Taylor

The Riddler
Frank Gorshin
John Astin
Ted Knight

John Glover

Robert Englund
John Michael Higgins

Cory Michael Smith

Two-Face

Richard Moll

James Remar
Richard Moll

Nicholas D'Agosto

Catwoman
Julie Newmar
Eartha Kitt
Jane Webb
Melendy Britt
Adrienne Barbeau

Gina Gershon
Nika Futterman

Camren Bicondova

Mr. Freeze
George Sanders
Otto Preminger
Eli Wallach

Lennie Weinrib
Michael Ansara
Clancy Brown
John Di Maggio

Nathan Darrow

Ra's al Ghul

David Warner

Peter Woodward
Lance Reddick
Alexander Siddig

Clock King
Walter Slezak

Alan Rachins

Dee Bradley Baker

Scarecrow

Henry Polic II

Dee Bradley Baker

Charlie Tahan

Mad Hatter
David Wayne

Roddy McDowall

Benedict Samuel

False Face
Malachi Throne

Townsend Coleman

Corey Burton

Harley Quinn

Arleen Sorkin

Hynden Walch
Meghan Strange

Meggie Vilcina

Man-Bat

Marc Singer

Peter MacNicol

Killer Moth

Jeff Bennett
Corey Burton

Killer Croc

Aron Kincaid

Ron Perlman
Stephen Root

Poison Ivy

Diane Pershing

Piera Coppola
Jennifer Hale

Clare Foley
Maggie Geha
Peyton List

Scarface / The Ventriloquist

George Dzundza

Dan Castellaneta

Bane

Henry Silva

Joaquim de Almeida
Ron Perlman
Clancy Brown
Michael Dorn

Firefly

Mark Rolston

Jason Marsden

Michelle Veintimilla
Camila Perez

Dr. Hugo Strange

Ray Buktenica

Frank Gorshin
Richard Green

B. D. Wong

Rupert Thorne

John Vernon

Victor Brandt

Tony Zucco

Thomas F. Wilson

Mark Hamill

Fox

Bill Mumy

David Faustino
Phil Morris

Shark

Peter Scolari

Googy Gress

Vulture

David Jolliffe

Grey DeLisle
Edoardo Ballerini

Count Vertigo

Michael York

Greg Ellis

Spellbinder

Jon Cypher
Michael Massee

Blockbuster

Kevin Michael Richardson
Gary Anthony Williams

Black Mask

James Remar
John Di Maggio

Todd Stashwick

Thomas Wayne

Kevin Conroy

Corey Burton
Greg Ellis
Adam West

Grayson McCouch

Martha Wayne

Adrienne Barbeau

Pat Musick
Julie Newmar

Brette Taylor

Chief O'Hara
Stafford Repp

Harvey Bullock

Robert Costanzo

Donal Logue

Renee Montoya

Ingrid Oliu
Liane Schirmer

Victoria Cartagena

Aunt Harriet Cooper
Madge Blake

Lucius Fox

Brock Peters
Mel Winkler

Louis Gossett, Jr.

Chris Chalk

Green Arrow

Chris Hardwick
James Arnold Taylor

Hal Jordan
Green Lantern

Dermot Mulroney
Loren Lester

Zatanna

Julie Brown

Jennifer Hale

Hawkman

Robert Patrick
William Katt

Rex Mason
Metamorpho

Scott Menville
Adam Baldwin

Sinestro

Miguel Ferrer
Xander Berkeley

Solomon Grundy

Kevin Grevioux
Diedrich Bader

Drew Powell

Jason Blood
Etrigan

Billy Zane

Dee Bradley Baker

Jonah Hex

Bill McKinney

Phil Morris

Summer Gleeson

Mari Devon

Mayor Hamilton Hill

Lloyd Bochner

Dr. Leslie Thompkins

Diana Muldaur

Morena Baccarin

Bat-Mite

Lou Scheimer

Paul Reubens

Ace the Bat-Hound

Frank Welker

Dee Bradley Baker

Dana Tan

Lauren Tom

Mrs. Mary McGinnis

Teri Garr

Delia & Deidre Dennis

Melissa Joan Hart