question_text: who is the speaker of the house of representatives 2017

text:
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text:
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election, 2017

← October 2015
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
January 2019 →

435 eligible voting members of the U.S. House of Representatives
218 seats needed for a majority

Majority party
Minority party

Candidate
Paul Ryan
Nancy Pelosi

Party
Republican
Democratic

Leader's seat
Wisconsin's 1st
California's 12th

Members' vote
239
189

Percentage
55.2%
43.6%

Speaker before election
Paul Ryan
Republican

Elected Speaker
Paul Ryan
Republican

text: An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives took place on January 3, 2017, during the opening day of the 115th United States Congress. The incumbent speaker, Paul Ryan, was re-elected. The election took place following the Republican Party's victory in the United States House of Representatives elections, 2016.

tag: p

text: John Conyers, the Dean of the United States House of Representatives, administered the oath of office to Paul Ryan who, in turn, administered the oath of office en masse to the rest of the members of the 115th United States House of Representatives.

text: All Republicans voted for Ryan except for Thomas Massie of Kentucky, who voted for Dan Webster. All Democrats voted for Pelosi except for Kathleen Rice of New York and Jim Cooper of Tennessee, who voted for Tim Ryan of Ohio; Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who voted for John Lewis of Georgia; and Ron Kind of Wisconsin, who voted for Cooper. Two members, Kurt Schrader of Oregon and Paul Ryan, did not vote.

text: Results[edit]

text:
Candidate
Votes[1]
 %

√ Paul Ryan (R)
239
55.2%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
189
43.6%

Tim Ryan (D)
2
0.5%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Dan Webster (R)
1
0.2%

Total
433

Not voting
2

Vacant
0


document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: how old do you have to be to get a tattoo in mississippi with parental consent

root

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama
none specified[1]
informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]
Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]
Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]
Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Arizona
none specified[7]
parent/guardian must be physically present[7]
Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[7]
no restriction[7]
Violations are a class 6 felony.[7]
There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [8]
Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[7]

Arkansas
16[9]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[10]
none specified[10]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[10]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[10]

Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[11]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[11]
Minors may be pierced with parental consent [11]
no restriction[12]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[11]

California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]
no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut
none specified
permission of parent or guardian[17][18]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]
written consent (for ear piercing)[19]
minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]
no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware
18[20]
notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]
none specified[20]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida
16[21]
Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]
for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]
no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22]
For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii
none specified[25]
written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho
14[26]
Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27]
Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]
Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana
none specified[28]
Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]
no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa
18[30]
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]
Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]
no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas
16[32]
Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]
Minors may have their ears pierced[33]
no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky
Not specified
Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]
none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]
no restrictions

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana
16
Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37]
For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]
Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]
no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland
none specified[40]
written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.
Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]
no restriction
Health Department Regulations
A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]
COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]
Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]
Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]
no restriction
County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.
Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]
Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan
none specified[43]
Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45]
For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]
Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]
cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi
18
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed
piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.
no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri
none specified[46]
For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]
violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]
The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]
Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana
none specified[48]
Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]
A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]
Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska
none specified[55]
written consent, must be present during procedure
Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]
No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada
n/a[6]
n/a[6]
Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]
n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58]
For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.
Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]
no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey
none specified[60]
written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]
Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]
no restrictions
no restrictions
no restrictions
N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico
none specified[62]
Written consent and presence during the procedure.
Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]
no restrictions
Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists
All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board
Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64]
Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]
Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]
no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]
no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota
none specified[70]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio
none specified[73]
Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]
none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]
no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]
Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75]
For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]
Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania
none specified[83]
parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions
Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]
Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]
RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]
Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]
cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]
Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]
Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]
S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota
none specified[92]
Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]
Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]
Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]
For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]
Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]
For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]
Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]
Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]
Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah
none specified[113]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]
Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont
none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia
none specified[116]
Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]
Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]
Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia
none specified[125]
parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]
W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin
18[130]
n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)
Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt
no restriction
Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200
Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]
Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming
none specified[132]
Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]
Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.
no restriction[132]
Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]

tag: table


document_title: Live It Up (Mental As Anything song)

question_text: band who sang live it up featured in the film crocodile dundee

text: Live It Up (Mental As Anything song)

text:
"Live It Up"

Single by Mental As Anything

from the album Fundamental

B-side
"Good Friday"

Released
April 1985 (1985-04)

Format
7" single, 12" single

Recorded
1984

Length
3:45

Label
WEA (Australia)
Epic (Europe)
Columbia (U.S.)

Songwriter(s)
Greedy Smith

Producer(s)
Richard Gottehrer

text: "Live It Up" is a single by Australian rock band Mental As Anything, first released in 1985 in Australia and then in Europe and the U.S. in 1986/87. It is the band's most successful and most popular song, reaching the Top 20 in various countries. The song peaked at #2 in Australia and Ireland, #3 in the UK,[1] #4 in Norway, #6 in Germany and New Zealand, #15 in Austria and #20 in Sweden. It appears on the band's 1985 album, Fundamental. "Live It Up" was released in 1986 & 1987 in Europe after it featured in the hit film "Crocodile" Dundee.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
A. "Live It Up"
B. "Good Friday"

text:
A. "Live It Up" (Extended Remix)
B1. "Three Steps"
B2. "Good Friday"


document_title: List of English terms of venery, by animal

question_text: what is a group of birds called wikipedia

text: This is a list of English terms of venery (venery being an archaic word for hunting), comprising terms from a tradition that arose in the Late Middle Ages, at least partly from the Book of Saint Albans of 1486, a historic list of "company terms". The present list also includes more common collective terms (such as "herd" and "flock") for some animals.

tag: ul

text:
See also
References

text: Standard terms for particular groups are listed first in each group and shown in bold.

text:
Subject
Collective noun
Notes
Sources

A
A !

albatross
rookery

[1]

antelopes
herd

[2]

ants
army

[3]

colony

[3][4]

nest

[3]

swarm

[3]

apes
shrewdness

[2][5][6]

troop

[3]

asses
herd

[3]

drove
driven in a group
[3]

pace or passe

[3][4]

B
B !

baboons
troop

[3][6]

badgers
cete

[3][4][6][7]

bats
colony

[4]

bears
sleuth or sloth

[3][4][6]

beavers
colony

[3]

family

[3]

bees
swarm

[6]

drift

[6]

erst

[6]

grist

[4]

birds
flock

[6]

flight

[6]

pod

[6]

bitterns
sedge or sege

[4][5][8][9]

boars
sounder
12 or more
[7]

buffalo
herd

[4][6]

bullfinches
bellowing

[6]

bullocks
drove
driven in a group
[6]

butterflies
swarm

[10]

flutter

[11]

kaleidoscope

[12]

C
C !

capercaillie
tok

[13]

capons
mews

[14]

caribou
herd

[14]

cats
clowder

[3][4]

pounce

[4]

destruction
feral cats
[6][15]

cattle
mob
driven in a group
[16]

chickens
clutch

[6]

cheetahs
coalition
males only
[17]

choughs
chattering or clattering

[5][6][7][18][19]

colts
rag

[4][6][7]

rake

[6]

cormorants
gulp

[4]

coots
covert

[5][6][9]

coyotes
pack

[citation needed]

cranes
herd

[5][6][9]

sedge or sege

[4][8]

siege

[20]

crocodiles
bask

[4]

crows
murder or horde

[4][6][7]

curlews
herd

[5][6][7][9]

D
D !

deer
herd

[citation needed]

parcel

[21]

dogs
pack

[citation needed]

dolphins
pod

[22][23]

dotterel
trip

[4][6][24]

doves
dole or dule
fanciful
[4][5][6]

flight

[9]

ducks
badling or badelynge

[4][9]

paddling
on water
[4][6]

plump

[25][26]

raft
on water
[4][6]

dunlins
fling

[6]

E
E !

eagles
convocation

[4]

eels
bed

[3]

elephants
herd

[4]

elk
gang

[6][7]

herd

[6]

F
F !

falcons
cast

[27]

ferrets
business
corruption over time of 'busyness'
[4][7]

busyness

[5]

besyness
fesynes
fesnyng
feamyng
ghost words arising from successive misspellings of "busyness"
[28]

finches
charm or chirm

[4][6]

fish
school

[4]

shoal

[4]

flamingoes
stand

[4]

flamboyance

[29]

colony

[29]

regiment

[29]

flies
business

[4]

foxes
leash

[4]

skulk

[4]

frogs
army

[4]

G
G !

geese
flock
on land
[4]

gaggle
on land
[4][6][9]

skein
in flight
[4][6]

giraffes
herd

[6]

tower

[4]

gnats
cloud

[4][6]

horde

[4]

goats
flock

[6]

trip

[citation needed]

goldfinches
charm

[9]

gorillas
band

[4]

goshawks
flight

[5]

grackles
plague

[30]

grasshoppers
cloud

[4]

grouse
covey

[6]

guineafowl
rasp

[31]

H
H !

hawks
boil
two or more spiralling in flight
[4]

cast

[4][5]

kettle
flying in large numbers
[4]

lease

[5]

hens
brood

[9]

herons
sedge or sege

[4][5][7][8][9]

siege

[4][6]

hippopotamuses
bloat

[4]

hogs
parcel
See also boars, pigs, swine
[32][33]

hornets
nest

[4]

horses
team
in harness
[4]

haras or harrase

[4]

herd

[citation needed]

string

[4]

stud

[4]

hounds
pack

[citation needed]

hyenas
cackle

[4]

I
I !

ibex
herd

[citation needed]

insects
swarm

[citation needed]

J
J !

jackdaws
clattering

[34]

train

[34][35]

jays
party

[4]

scold

[4]

jellyfish
fluther

[6]

smack

[4][6]

K
K !

kangaroos
mob

[3]

troop

[3][4]

kittens
kindle

[6]

litter

[citation needed]

L
L !

lapwings
deceit or desert

[4][5][6][7][36]

larks
bevy

[6]

exaltation

[5][6][7][9]

leopards
leap or lepe

[3][4][6]

lions
pride

[3][4][6]

sawt

[6]

locusts
plague

[4]

M
M !

mackerel
shoal

[citation needed]

magpies
charm

[4]

gulp

[4]

murder

[4]

tiding

[4][5][6]

mallards
sord

[4][6][9]

suit or sute

[6][9]

flush

[37]

mares
stud

[6][7]

martens
richesse or richness

[4][6]

mice
nest

[3]

minnows
shoal

[citation needed]

moles
labor or labour

[3][4][6]

monkeys
barrel

[3][4]

troop

[4][6]

wilderness

[38]

moose
herd

[3]

mules
barren

[3][4][6][7]

span

[3][4]

N
N !

nightingales
watch

[5][6][9]

O
O !

owls
parliament

[3][4][7]

oxen
drove

[3]

team

[3][4]

yoke

[3][4]

oysters
bed

[3][4]

P
P !

parrots
company

[3][4]

pandemonium

[3]

partridges
covey

[4][6][9]

peacocks
muster

[4][6][7][9]

ostentation

[3][4]

pride

[3]

pelicans
pod

[3]

penguins
colony

[3][4]

convent

[3]

tuxedo

[39]

pheasants
bouquet

[3][4]

head

[6]

nest

[4]

nide

[4]

nye

[3][4][6][7][9]

pigs
drift
See also boars, hogs, swine
[3][4]

drove

[3][4]

pigeons
kit
flying together
[6]

plovers
congregation

[5][6][9]

stand

[6]

wing

[6]

Q
Q !

quail
bevy

[3][4][5][6][9]

covey

[3][4]

drift

[6]

R
R !

rabbits
colony

[4]

nest

[4]

herd
domestic only
[4]

litter
young rabbits only
[4]

raccoons
gaze

[3]

rats
mischief

[40]

ravens
unkindness

[5][6]

rhinoceroses
crash

[3][4][6]

rooks
building

[5][6][9]

parliament

[6][7]

S
S !

seals
pod

[citation needed]

sea urchins
herd

[41][42]

seagull
squabble

sheep
flock

[3][4]

drove
when driven in a group
[4]

herd

[4]

hurtle

[3]

pack

[3]

sheldrake
dopping

[9][43]

snakes
bed

[3]

den

[3]

knot

[3]

nest

[4]

pit

[3]

snipes
walk

[6][7][9]

whisp or wisp

[6]

sparrows
host

[3][4][5][6][9]

spiders
cluster or clutter

[3]

squirrels
dray

[3][4]

scurry

[3][4]

starlings
chattering

[3][18]

murmuration

[3][5][6][7][9]

storks
mustering

[3][4]

phalanx
when migrating
[44]

swallows
flight

[3][4][9]

swans
bank
on the ground
[3]

bevy

[3][4]

flight

[3]

game

[6]

herd

[3][9]

wedge
in flight
[3][4][6]

swifts
flock

[citation needed]

scream

[45]

swine
drift

[7]

T
T !

teal
spring

[4][5][6][9]

tigers
ambush

[3]

streak

[3][4]

toads
knot

[3][4]

nest

[3]

trout
hover

[3][4]

turkeys
gang

[4]

rafter

[3][4]

turtles
bale

[3][4]

dole or dule

[3][9]

nest

[4]

turtle doves
dole or dule

[5]

pitying

[4]

V
V !

vipers
nest

[4]

vultures
kettle
in flight
[46]

committee
while resting
[46]

wake
when feeding
[46]

W
W !

walruses
herd

[4]

pod

[4]

waterfowl
bunch

[6]

knob
fewer than 30 (fanciful)
[47]

raft

[6]

weasels
colony

[3]

pack

[3]

whales
gam

[3][4]

herd

[4]

mob

[3]

pod

[3][4]

wigeons
company

[4][6]

trip

[6]

wildfowl
bunch

[6]

knob
fewer than 30 (fanciful)
[47]

plump

[6]

trip

[6]

wolves
pack

[3][4]

rout or route
when in movement
[3][4]

wombats
wisdom

[48]

woodcocks
fall

[4][5][6][9]

woodpeckers
descent

[3][4][6]

wrens
herd

[5][6]

Z
Z !

zebras
herd

[3]

dazzle

[49]

zeal

[3]

text:
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
See also
References


document_title: Milkha Singh

question_text: in which year milkha singh won 400m race

text: Milkha Singh

text: Early life[edit]

text: Milkha Singh was born on 20 November 1929 according to records in Pakistan,[3] although other official records various state 17 October 1935[4] and 20 November 1935.[5] His birthplace was Govindpura,[6] a village 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Muzaffargarh city in Punjab Province, British India (now Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan) in a Sikh Rajput family. He was one of 15 siblings, eight of whom died before the Partition of India. He was orphaned during the Partition, when his parents, a brother and two sisters were killed in the violence that ensued. He witnessed these killings.[1][6][7][8]

text: Escaping the troubles in Punjab, where killings of Hindus and Sikhs were continuing,[7] by moving to Delhi, India, in 1947, Singh lived for a short time with the family of his married sister[6] and was briefly imprisoned at Tihar jail for travelling on a train without a ticket. His sister, Ishvar, sold some jewellery to obtain his release.[8][9] He spent some time at a refugee camp in Purana Quila and at a resettlement colony in Shahdara, both in Delhi.[6]

text: Singh became disenchanted with his life and considered becoming a dacoit[b] but was instead persuaded by a brother, Malkhan, to attempt recruitment to the Indian Army. He successfully gained entrance on his fourth attempt, in 1951, and while stationed at the Electrical Mechanical Engineering Centre[10] in Secunderabad he was introduced to athletics. He had run the 10 km distance to and from school as a child and was selected by the army for special training in athletics after finishing sixth in a compulsory cross-country run for new recruits.[7][8] Singh has acknowledged how the army introduced him to sport, saying that "I came from a remote village, I didn't know what running was, or the Olympics".[1][7]

text: International career[edit]

text: He represented India in the 200m and 400m competitions of the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games.[11] His inexperience meant that he did not progress from the heat stages but a meeting with the eventual 400m champion at those Games, Charles Jenkins, both inspired him to greater things and provided him with information about training methods.[1]

text: In 1958, Singh set records for the 200m and 400m in the National Games of India, held at Cuttack,[10] and also won gold medals in the same events at the Asian Games. He then won a gold medal in the 400m (440 yards at this time) competition at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games with a time of 46.6 seconds.[9] This latter achievement made him the first gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games from independent India.[8] Before Vikas Gowda won the gold in 2014, Milkha was the only Indian male to have won an individual athletics gold medal at those Games.[12]

text: Singh was persuaded by Jawaharlal Nehru to set aside his memories of the Partition era to race successfully in 1960 against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, where a post-race comment by the then General Ayub Khan led to him acquiring the nickname of The Flying Sikh.[c] Some sources say that he set a world record of 45.8 seconds in France,[10] shortly before the Rome Olympics in the same year but the official report of the Games lists the record holder as Lou Jones, who ran 45.2 at Los Angeles in 1956.[4] At those Olympics, he was involved in a close-run final race in the 400m competition, where he was placed fourth.[7][8] Singh had beaten all the leading contenders other than Otis Davis, and a medal had been anticipated because of his good form. However, he made an error when leading the race at 250m, slowing down in the belief that his pace could not be sustained and looking round at his fellow competitors. Singh believes that these errors caused him to lose his medal opportunity and they are his "worst memory".[10] Davis, Carl Kaufmann and Malcolm Spence all passed him, and a photo-finish resulted. Davis and Kaufman were both timed at a world-record breaking 44.9 seconds, while Spence and Singh went under the pre-Games Olympic record of 45.9 seconds, set in 1952 by George Rhoden and Herb McKenley, with times of 45.5 and 45.6 seconds, respectively.[4][9] The Age noted in 2006 that "Milkha Singh is the only Indian to have broken an Olympic track record. Unfortunately he was the fourth man to do so in the same race"[13] but the official Olympic report notes that Davis had already equalled the Rhoden/McKenley Olympic record in the quarter-finals and surpassed it with a time of 45.5 seconds in the semi-finals.[4]

text: At the 1962 Asian Games, held in Jakarta, Singh won gold in the 400m[9] and in the 4 x 400m relay.[14] He attended the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where he was entered to compete in the 400m, the 4 x 100m relay and the 4 x 400m relay.[5] He did not take part in either the 400m[15] or the 4 x 100m relay[d] and the Indian team of Milkha Singh, Makhan Singh, Amrit Pal and Ajmer Singh were eliminated when they finished fourth in the heat stages of the 4 x 400m.[17]

text: There have been claims that Singh won 77 of his 80 races,[10] but these are spurious. The number of races in which he participated is not verified, nor is the number of victories, but he lost a 400m race at the 1964 National Games in Calcutta to Makhan Singh[18] and he did not finish first in any of his four races at the 1960 Olympic Games[4] or the aforementioned qualification races at the 1956 Olympics.

text: Singh's time in the 1960 Olympics 400m final, which was run on a cinder track, set a national record that stood until 1998 when Paramjit Singh exceeded it on a synthetic track and with fully automatic timing that recorded 45.70 seconds. Although Singh's Olympic result of 45.6 seconds had been hand-timed, an electronic system at those Games had determined his record to be 45.73.[19]

text: Later life[edit]

text: Milkha Singh was promoted from the rank of sepoy to junior commissioned officer in recognition of his successes in the 1958 Asian Games.[20][e] He subsequently became Director of Sports in the Punjab Ministry of Education,[10] from which post he had retired by 1998.[19]

text: Singh had been awarded the Padma Shri following his success in 1958. In 2001, he turned down an offer of the Arjuna Award from the Indian government, arguing that it was intended to recognise young sports people and not those such as him. He also thought that the Award was being inappropriately given to people who had little notable involvement as active sports people at all. He said that "I have been clubbed with sportspersons who are nowhere near the level that I had achieved" and that the award had become devalued. While sharing his wealth of experience in a college in Goa on 25 August 2014, he also said, "The awards nowadays are distributed like 'prasad' in a temple. Why should one be honoured when he or she has not achieved the benchmark for the award? I rejected the Arjuna I was offered after I received the Padma Shri. It was like being offered an SSC certificate after securing a Masters degree."[21][22]

text: All of Singh's medals have been donated to the nation. They were displayed at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi but later moved to a sports museum in Patiala,[10] where a pair of running shoes that he wore in Rome are also displayed.[23] In 2012, he donated the Adidas shoes that he had worn in the 1960 400m final to a charity auction organised by actor Rahul Bose.[24]

text: Singh and his daughter, Sonia Sanwalka, co-wrote his autobiography, titled The Race of My Life (2013).[25] The book inspired[26] Bhaag Milkha Bhaag, a 2013 biographical film of Singh's life.[27][28][29] Singh sold the movie rights for one rupee but inserted a clause stating that a share of the profits would be given to the Milkha Singh Charitable Trust.[7] The Trust was founded in 2003 with the aim of assisting poor and needy sportspeople.[30]

text: Family[edit]

text: As of 2012[update], Singh lives in Chandigarh.[24] He met Nirmal Kaur, a former captain of the Indian women's volleyball team in Ceylon in 1955. They married in 1962.[6] They have three daughters and a son, the golfer Jeev Milkha Singh. In 1999, they adopted the seven-year-old son of Havildar Bikram Singh, who had died in the Battle of Tiger Hill.[10]

text: Records and honours[edit]

text:
1st  1958 Asian Games – 200 m
1st  1958 Asian Games – 400 m
1st  1958 Commonwealth Games – 440 yards
Padma Shri – 1959
1st  1962 Asian Games – 400 m
1st  1962 Asian Games – 4 x 400 m relay
2nd  1964 Calcutta National Games – 400 m[31]