document_title: List of Miss Universe titleholders

question_text: what years did trinidad and tobago won miss universe

text: List of Miss Universe titleholders

text: Titleholders[edit]

text:
Year
Represented
Titleholder
Age [A]
Height
Hometown
Date

1952
 Finland
Armi Kuusela[1]
17
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Muhos
June 28, 1952

1953
 France
Christiane Martel[2]
21
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Créteil
July 17, 1953

1954
 United States
Miriam Stevenson[3]
21
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Winnsboro
July 24, 1954

1955
 Sweden
Hillevi Rombin[B][4][5]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Alfta
July 22, 1955

1956
 United States
Carol Morris[6]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Ottumwa
July 20, 1956

1957
 Peru
Gladys Zender[7]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Lima
July 19, 1957

1958
 Colombia
Luz Marina Zuluaga[B][8]
19
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)
Pereira
July 26, 1958

1959
 Japan
Akiko Kojima[9]
22
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Tokyo
July 24, 1959

1960
 United States
Linda Bement[10]
18
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Salt Lake City
July 9, 1960

1961
 West Germany
Marlene Schmidt[11]
24
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Stuttgart
July 15, 1961

1962
 Argentina
Norma Nolan[12]
24
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Buenos Aires
July 14, 1962

1963
 Brazil
Iêda Maria Vargas[13]
18
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Porto Alegre
July 20, 1963

1964
 Greece
Corinna Tsopei[14]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Athens
August 1, 1964

1965
 Thailand
Apasra Hongsakula[15]
18
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)
Bangkok
July 24, 1965

1966
 Sweden
Margareta Arvidsson[16]
18
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Gothenburg
July 16, 1966

1967
 United States
Sylvia Hitchcock[B][17]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Miami
July 15, 1967

1968
 Brazil
Martha Vasconcellos[18]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Salvador
July 13, 1968

1969
 Philippines
Gloria Diaz[19]
18
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Aringay
July 19, 1969

1970
 Puerto Rico
Marisol Malaret[20]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
San Juan
July 11, 1970

1971
 Lebanon
Georgina Rizk[21]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Beirut
July 24, 1971

1972
 Australia
Kerry Anne Wells[22]
20
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Perth
July 29, 1972

1973
 Philippines
Margarita Moran[23]
19
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Manila
July 21, 1973

1974
 Spain
Amparo Muñoz[B][24]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Málaga
July 19, 1974

1975
 Finland
Anne Marie Pohtamo[25]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Helsinki
July 19, 1975

1976
 Israel
Rina Messinger[26]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Kiryat Tiv'on
July 11, 1976

1977
 Trinidad & Tobago
Janelle Commissiong[27]
24
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Port of Spain
July 16, 1977

1978
 South Africa
Margaret Gardiner[28]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Cape Town
July 24, 1978

1979
 Venezuela
Maritza Sayalero[29]
18
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Caracas
July 20, 1979

1980
 United States
Shawn Weatherly[30]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Sumter
July 8, 1980

1981
 Venezuela
Irene Sáez[31]
19
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Caracas
July 20, 1981

1982
 Canada
Karen Dianne Baldwin[32]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
London
July 26, 1982

1983
 New Zealand
Lorraine Downes[33]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Auckland
July 11, 1983

1984
 Sweden
Yvonne Ryding[34]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Eskilstuna
July 9, 1984

1985
 Puerto Rico
Deborah Carthy-Deu[35]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
San Juan
July 15, 1985

1986
 Venezuela
Bárbara Palacios[36]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Caracas
July 21, 1986

1987
 Chile
Cecilia Bolocco[37]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Santiago
May 27, 1987

1988
 Thailand
Porntip Nakhirunkanok[38]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Bangkok
May 24, 1988

1989
 Netherlands
Angela Visser[39]
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Rotterdam
May 23, 1989

1990
 Norway
Mona Grudt[40]
19
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Trondheim
April 15, 1990

1991
 Mexico
Lupita Jones[41]
23
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Mexicali
May 17, 1991

1992
 Namibia
Michelle McLean[42]
19
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Windhoek
May 8, 1992

1993
 Puerto Rico
Dayanara Torres[43]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Toa Alta
May 21, 1993

1994
 India
Sushmita Sen[44]
18
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
New Delhi
May 21, 1994

1995
 United States
Chelsi Smith[45]
21
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Deer Park
May 12, 1995

1996
 Venezuela
Alicia Machado[46]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Maracay
May 17, 1996

1997
 United States
Brook Lee[47]
26
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Pearl City
May 16, 1997

1998
 Trinidad & Tobago
Wendy Fitzwilliam[48]
25
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Diego Martin
May 12, 1998

1999
 Botswana
Mpule Kwelagobe
19
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Gaborone
May 26, 1999

2000
 India
Lara Dutta[49]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Mumbai
May 12, 2000

2001
 Puerto Rico
Denise Quiñones[50]
20
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Lares
May 11, 2001

2002
 Russia
Oxana Fedorova (Dethroned)
24
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Pskov
May 29, 2002

 Panama
Justine Pasek (Succeeded)[D][51]
23
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Panama City
September 24, 2002

2003
 Dominican Republic
Amelia Vega[52]
18
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
Santiago de los Caballeros
June 3, 2003

2004
 Australia
Jennifer Hawkins[53]
20
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Newcastle
June 1, 2004

2005
 Canada
Natalie Glebova[54]
23
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Toronto
May 31, 2005

2006
 Puerto Rico
Zuleyka Rivera[55]
18
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Salinas
July 21, 2006

2007
 Japan
Riyo Mori[56]
20
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Shizuoka
May 28, 2007

2008
 Venezuela
Dayana Mendoza[57]
22
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Caracas
July 14, 2008

2009
Stefanía Fernández[58]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Mérida
August 23, 2009

2010
 Mexico
Ximena Navarrete[59]
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Guadalajara
August 23, 2010

2011
 Angola
Leila Lopes[60]
25
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Benguela
September 12, 2011

2012
 United States
Olivia Culpo[61]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Cranston
December 19, 2012

2013
 Venezuela
Gabriela Isler
25
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Valencia
November 9, 2013

2014
 Colombia
Paulina Vega
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Barranquilla
January 25, 2015

2015
 Philippines
Pia Wurtzbach
26
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Cagayan de Oro
December 20, 2015

2016
 France
Iris Mittenaere[62]
24
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Lille
January 30, 2017

2017
 South Africa
Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters
22
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Sedgefield
November 26, 2017

text:
Notes
A winning Miss Universe
B Now deceased
C Resigned
D Took over title

text: Gallery of winners[edit]

text:
Miss Universe 2017 Demi-LeighNel-Peters (cropped).jpg

Miss Universe 2017
Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, South Africa

Miss Universe 2016
Iris Mittenaere, France

Miss Universe 2015
Pia Wurtzbach, Philippines

Miss Universe 2014
Paulina Vega, Colombia

Miss Universe 2013
Gabriela Isler, Venezuela

Miss Universe 2012
Olivia Culpo, United States

Miss Universe 2011
Leila Lopes, Angola

Miss Universe 2010
Ximena Navarrete, Mexico

Miss Universe 2009
Stefanía Fernández, Venezuela

Miss Universe 2008
Dayana Mendoza, Venezuela

Miss Universe 2007
Riyo Mori, Japan

Miss Universe 2006
Zuleyka Rivera, Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2005
Natalie Glebova, Canada

Miss Universe 2004
Jennifer Hawkins, Australia

Miss Universe 2003
Amelia Vega, Dominican Republic

Miss Universe 2002
Justine Pasek, Panama

Miss Universe 2001
Denise Quinones, Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2000
Lara Dutta, India

Miss Universe 1999
Mpule Kwelagobe, Botswana

Miss Universe 1997
Brook Lee, United States

Miss Universe 1996
Alicia Machado, Venezuela

Miss Universe 1994
Sushmita Sen, India

Miss Universe 1993
Dayanara Torres, Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 1991
Lupita Jones, México

Miss Universe 1989
Angela Visser, Netherlands

Miss Universe 1987
Cecilia Bolocco, Chile

Miss Universe 1984
Yvonne Ryding, Sweden

Miss Universe 1980
Shawn Weatherly, United States

Miss Universe 1977
Janelle Commissiong, Trinidad and Tobago

Miss Universe 1976
Rina Mor, Israel

Miss Universe 1967
Sylvia Hitchcock, United States

Miss Universe 1956
Carol Morris, United States

Miss Universe 1953
Christiane Martel, France

Miss Universe 1952
Armi Kuusela, Finland

text: Countries/Territory by winning the title[edit]

text:
Country/Territory
Titles
Year(s)

 United States
8
1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997, 2012

 Venezuela
7
1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009, 2013

 Puerto Rico
5
1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006

 Philippines
3
1969, 1973, 2015

 Sweden
1955, 1966, 1984

 South Africa
2
1978, 2017

 France
1953, 2016

 Colombia
1958, 2014

 Mexico
1991, 2010

 Japan
1959, 2007

 Canada
1982, 2005

 Australia
1972, 2004

 India
1994, 2000

 Trinidad & Tobago
1977, 1998

 Thailand
1965, 1988

 Finland
1952, 1975

 Brazil
1963, 1968

 Angola
1
2011

 Dominican Republic
2003

 Panama
2002[B]

 Russia
2002[A]

 Botswana
1999

 Namibia
1992

 Norway
1990

 Netherlands
1989

 Chile
1987

 New Zealand
1983

 Israel
1976

 Spain
1974

 Lebanon
1971

 Greece
1964

 Argentina
1962

 Germany
1961

 Peru
1957

text:
Notes
A Resigned
B Took over title


document_title: List of Governors of Ondo State

question_text: what is the name of ondo state governor

question_tokens: what is the name of ondo state governor

root

text: List of Governors of Ondo State

text:
This is a List of Governors and Administrators of Ondo State.
Ondo State was created from part of Western State on 17 Mar 1976.

tag: p

text:
Name

Title

Took Office

Left Office

Party

Notes

Ita David Ikpeme

Governor

1976-03

1978-07

Military

Sunday Tuoyo

Governor

1978-07

1979-10

Military

Michael Adekunle Ajasin

Governor

1979-10

1983-12

UPN

Michael Bamidele Otiko

Governor

1984-01

1985-09

Military

Michael Okhai Akhigbe

Governor

1985-09

1986-08

Military

Ekundayo Opaleye

Governor

1986-08

1987-12

Military

Raji Alagbe Rasaki

Governor

1987-12-17

1988-07

Military

Transfer from Ogun State, afterwards transferred to Lagos State.

Bode George

Governor

1988-07

1990-09

Military

Sunday Abiodun Olukoya

Governor

1990-09

1992-01

Military

Bamidele Olumilua

Governor

1992-01

1993-11

SDP

Mike Torey

Administrator

1993-12

1994-09

Military

Ahmed Usman

Administrator

1994-09

1996-08

Military

Anthony Ibe Onyearugbulem

Administrator

22 August 1996

7 August 1998

Military

Moses Fasanya

Administrator

1998-08

1999-05

Military

Adebayo Adefarati

Governor

1999-05

2003-05

AD

Olusegun Agagu

Governor

2003-05

2009-02

PDP

Olusegun Mimiko

Governor

2009-02

2017-02

Labour

Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu

Governor

2017-02

All Progressive Congress 2018 HED

tag: table


document_title: Court costs

question_text: who pays the legal fees and court costs in a lawsuit

text: Court costs

text: Court costs (also called law-costs) are the costs of handling a case, which, depending on legal rules, may or may not include the costs of the various parties in a lawsuit in addition to the costs of the court itself. In the United States, "court costs" (such as filing fees, copying and postage) are differentiated from attorney's fees, which are the hourly rates paid to attorneys for their work in a case. Court costs can reach very high amounts, often far beyond the actual monetary worth of a case. Cases are known in which one party won the case, but lost more than the monetary worth in court costs. Court costs may be awarded to one or both parties in a lawsuit, or they may be waived.

text: In the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, the losing side is usually ordered to pay the winning side's costs. This acts as a significant disincentive to bringing forward court cases. Usually, the winning party is not able to recover from the losing party the full amount of his or her own solicitor's (attorney's) costs, and has to pay the shortfall out of his or her own pocket. The loser pays principle does not apply to the United States legal system, although a separate system does operate there. In cases in the federal court system, Title 28, section 1920 of the United States Code, provides:

text: A judge or clerk of any court of the United States may tax as costs the following:

text: (1) Fees of the clerk and marshal; (2) Fees for printed or electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for use in the case; (3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses; (4) Fees for exemplification and the costs of making copies of any materials where the copies are necessarily obtained for use in the case; (5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title; (6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and salaries, fees, expenses, and costs of special interpretation services under section 1828 of this title.


document_title: Aretha Franklin

question_text: aretha franklin’s first record contract was with which label

question_tokens: aretha franklin 's first record contract was with which label

text: Aretha Franklin

text: Early life[edit]

text: Aretha Louise Franklin was born in Memphis, Tennessee, to Barbara (née Siggers) and Clarence LaVaughn "C. L." Franklin. Her father was an itinerant preacher originally from Shelby, Mississippi, while her mother was an accomplished piano player and vocalist.[6] Alongside Franklin, her parents had three other children while both C. L. and Barbara had children from outside their marriage. The family relocated to Buffalo, New York when Franklin was two. Before her fifth birthday, C. L. Franklin permanently relocated the family to Detroit, Michigan where he took over the pastorship of New Bethel Baptist Church. Franklin's parents had a troubled marriage due to stories of C. L. Franklin's philandering and in 1948, they separated, with Barbara relocating back to Buffalo with her son, Vaughn, from a previous relationship.

text: Contrary to popular notion, Franklin's mother did not abandon her children; not only would Franklin recall seeing her mother in Buffalo during the summer, Barbara also frequently visited her children in Detroit.[7] Franklin's mother died on March 7, 1952, before Franklin's tenth birthday. Several women, including Franklin's grandmother Rachel, and Mahalia Jackson took turns helping with the children at the Franklin home.[8] During this time, Franklin learned how to play piano by ear.[9] Franklin's father's emotionally driven sermons resulted in him being known as the man with the "million-dollar voice" and earning thousands of dollars for sermons in various churches across the country.[10][11] Franklin's celebrity led to his home being visited by various celebrities including gospel musicians Clara Ward, James Cleveland and early Caravans members Albertina Walker and Inez Andrews as well as Martin Luther King, Jr., Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke.[12][13]

text: Music career[edit]

text: Beginnings (1952–1960)[edit]

text: Just after her mother's death, Franklin began singing solos at New Bethel, debuting with the hymn, "Jesus, Be a Fence Around Me".[8][14] Four years later, when Franklin was 14, her father began managing her, bringing her on the road with him during his so-called "gospel caravan" tours for her to perform in various churches.[15] He helped his daughter get signed to her first recording deal with J.V.B. Records, where her first album, Songs of Faith, was issued in 1956. Two singles were released to gospel radio stations including "Never Grow Old" and "Precious Lord, Take My Hand". Franklin sometimes traveled with The Caravans and The Soul Stirrers during this time and developed a crush on Sam Cooke, who was then singing with the Soul Stirrers before his secular career.

text: After turning 18, Franklin confided to her father that she aspired to follow Sam Cooke to record pop music. Serving as her manager, C. L. agreed to the move and helped to produce a two-song demo that soon was brought to the attention of Columbia Records, who agreed to sign her in 1960. Franklin was signed as a "five-percent artist".[16] During this period, Franklin would be coached by choreographer Cholly Atkins to prepare for her pop performances. Before signing with Columbia, Sam Cooke tried to persuade Franklin's father to have his label, RCA sign Franklin. He had also been courted by local record label owner Berry Gordy to sign Franklin and her elder sister Erma to his Tamla label. Franklin's father felt the label was not established enough yet. Franklin's first Columbia single, "Today I Sing the Blues",[17] was issued in September 1960 and later reached the top ten of the Hot Rhythm & Blues Sellers chart.

text: Initial success (1961–1966)[edit]

text: In January 1961, Columbia issued Franklin's first secular album, Aretha: With The Ray Bryant Combo. The album featured her first single to chart the Billboard Hot 100, "Won't Be Long", which also peaked at number 7 on the R&B chart. Mostly produced by Clyde Otis, Franklin's Columbia recordings saw her recording in diverse genres such as standards, vocal jazz, blues, doo-wop and rhythm and blues. Before the year was out, Franklin scored her first top 40 single with her rendition of the standard, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody", which also included the R&B hit, "Operation Heartbreak", on its b-side. "Rock-a-Bye" became her first international hit, reaching the top 40 in Australia and Canada. By the end of 1961, Franklin was named as a "new-star female vocalist" in Down Beat magazine.[18] In 1962, Columbia issued two more albums, The Electrifying Aretha Franklin and The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin, the latter of which charted number 69 on the Billboard Pop LPs chart.

text: By 1964, Franklin began recording more pop music, reaching the top ten on the R&B chart with the ballad, "Runnin' Out of Fools" in early 1965. She had two R&B charted singles in 1965 and 1966 with the songs "One Step Ahead" and "Cry Like a Baby" while also reaching the Easy Listening charts with the ballads "You Made Me Love You" and "(No, No) I'm Losing You". By the mid-1960s, Franklin was netting $100,000 from countless performances in nightclubs and theaters.[18] Also during that period, Franklin appeared on rock and roll shows such as Hollywood A Go-Go and Shindig!. However, it was argued that Franklin's potential was neglected at the label. Columbia executive John H. Hammond later said he felt Columbia did not understand Franklin's early gospel background and failed to bring that aspect out further during her Columbia period.[17]

text: Commercial success (1967–1979)[edit]

text: In November 1966, choosing not to renew her Columbia contract after six years with the company, Franklin signed to Atlantic Records.[19] In January 1967, she traveled to Muscle Shoals, Alabama to record at FAME Studios to record the song, "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)" in front of the musicians of the famed Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section.[17] The song was later issued that February and shot up to number-one on the R&B chart, while also peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Franklin her first top ten pop single. The song's b-side, "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man", reached the R&B top 40, peaking at number 37. In April, Atlantic issued her frenetic version of Otis Redding's "Respect", which shot to number-one on both the R&B and pop charts and later became her signature song and was later hailed as a civil rights and feminist anthem.[17]

text: Franklin's debut Atlantic album, I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You, also became commercially successful, later going gold. Franklin scored two more top ten singles in 1967 including "Baby I Love You" and "(You Make Me Feel Like A) Natural Woman". Franklin's rapport with producer Jerry Wexler helped in the creation of the majority of Franklin's peak recordings with Atlantic. In 1968, she issued the top-selling albums, Lady Soul and Aretha Now, which included some of Franklin's most popular hit singles including "Chain of Fools", "Ain't No Way", "Think" and "I Say a Little Prayer". In February 1968, Franklin earned the first two of her Grammys including the debut category for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[20] On February 16, 1968, Franklin was honored with a day in her honor and was greeted by longtime friend Martin Luther King, Jr. who gave her the SCLC Drum Beat Award for Musicians just two months before his death.[21][22][23] In June 1968, she appeared on the cover of Time magazine.[24]

text:
"Respect"

"Respect" was a huge hit for Franklin, it became a signature song for her.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Franklin's success expanded during the early 1970s in which she recorded top ten singles such as "Spanish Harlem", "Rock Steady" and "Day Dreaming" as well as the acclaimed albums, Spirit in the Dark, Young, Gifted & Black and her gospel album, Amazing Grace, which sold over two million copies. In 1971, Franklin became the first R&B performer to headline Fillmore West, later recording the live album, Aretha Live at Fillmore West.[25] Franklin's career began to experience problems while recording the album, Hey Now Hey, which featured production from Quincy Jones. Despite the success of the single, "Angel", the album bombed upon its release in 1973. Franklin continued having R&B success with songs such as "Until You Come Back to Me" and "I'm in Love" but by 1975, her albums and songs were no longer top sellers. After Jerry Wexler left Atlantic for Warner Bros. Records in 1976, Franklin worked on the soundtrack to the film, "Sparkle", with Curtis Mayfield. The album yielded Franklin's final top 40 hit of the decade, "Something He Can Feel", which also peaked at number-one on the R&B chart. Franklin's follow-up albums for Atlantic including Sweet Passion, Almighty Fire and La Diva bombed on the charts and in 1979, Franklin opted to leave the company.[citation needed]

text: Later years (1980–present)[edit]

text: In 1980, after leaving Atlantic Records,[26] Franklin signed with Clive Davis' Arista Records and that same year gave a command performance at the Royal Albert Hall in front of Queen Elizabeth. Franklin also made an acclaimed guest role as a waitress in the comedy musical, The Blues Brothers. Franklin's first Arista album, Aretha, featured the No. 3 R&B hit, "United Together" and her Grammy-nominated cover of Otis Redding's "I Can't Turn You Loose". The follow-up, 1981's Love All the Hurt Away, included her famed duet of the title track with George Benson while the album also included her Grammy-winning cover of Sam & Dave's "Hold On, I'm Comin'". Franklin returned to the Gold standard– for the first time in seven years– with the album, Jump to It. Its title track was her first top 40 single on the pop charts in six years.

text: In 1985, inspired by her desire to have a "younger sound" in her music, her fifth Arista album, Who's Zoomin' Who?, became her first album to be certified platinum, after selling well over a million copies, thanks to the hits, "Freeway of Love", the title track and "Another Night".[27] The following year's Aretha album nearly matched this success with the hit singles "Jumpin' Jack Flash", "Jimmy Lee" and "I Knew You Were Waiting for Me", her international number-one duet with George Michael. During that period, Franklin provided vocals to the theme songs of the shows, A Different World and Together.[28] In 1987, she issued her third gospel album, One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism, which was recorded at her late father's New Bethel church, followed by Through the Storm in 1989. Franklin's 1991 album, What You See is What You Sweat, flopped on the charts. Franklin returned to the charts in 1993 with the dance song "A Deeper Love" and returned to the top 40 with the song "Willing to Forgive" in 1994.

text: In 1998, Franklin returned to the top 40 with the Lauryn Hill-produced song, "A Rose Is Still a Rose", later issuing the album of the same name, which went gold. That same year, Franklin earned international acclaim for her performance of "Nessun Dorma" at the Grammy Awards. Her final Arista album, So Damn Happy, was released in 2003 and featured the Grammy-winning song, "Wonderful". In 2004, Franklin announced that she was leaving Arista after over 20 years with the label. To complete her Arista obligations, Franklin issued the duets compilation album, Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen, in 2007. The following year, she issued the holiday album, This Christmas, Aretha, on DMI Records.

text: Franklin performed The Star Spangled Banner with Aaron Neville and Dr. John for Super Bowl XL, held in her hometown of Detroit in February 2006. She later made international headlines for performing "My Country 'Tis of Thee" at President Barack Obama's inaugural ceremony with her church hat becoming a popular topic online. In 2010, Franklin accepted an honorary degree from Yale University.[29] In 2011, under her own label, Aretha's Records, she issued the album, Aretha: A Woman Falling Out Of Love. As of 2014, Franklin is now signed under RCA Records, controller of the Arista catalog and a sister label to Columbia via Sony Music Entertainment, and is currently working again with Clive Davis. A new album is in the works with producers Babyface and Danger Mouse planning to work with Franklin.[30]

text: On September 29, 2014, Franklin performed to a standing ovation, with Cissy Houston as backup, a compilation of Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" and "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" on the Late Show with David Letterman.[31] Franklin's cover of "Rolling in the Deep" would be featured among nine other songs in her first RCA release, Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics, released on October 21, 2014.

text: In October 2014 Franklin became the first woman to have 100 songs on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart with the success of her cover of Adele's "Rolling in the Deep", which debuted at number 47 on the chart.[32]

text: In December 2015 Franklin gave an acclaimed performance of "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" at the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors during the section for honoree Carole King, who co-wrote the song.[33][34][35][36] During the bridge of the song, Ms. Franklin dropped her fur coat to the stage, for which the audience rewarded her with a mid-performance standing ovation.[37]

text: Music style and image[edit]

text: According to Richie Unterberger, Franklin is "one of the giants of soul music, and indeed of American pop as a whole. More than any other performer, she epitomized soul at its most gospel-charged."[38] She has often been described as a great singer and musician due to "vocal flexibility, interpretive intelligence, skillful piano-playing, her ear, her experience."[39] Franklin's voice has been described as being a "powerful mezzo-soprano voice" and has been praised for her arrangements and interpretations of other artists' hit songs.[40] Of describing Franklin's voice as a youngster on her first album, Songs of Faith, released when she was just fourteen, Jerry Wexler explained that Franklin's voice "was not that of a child but rather of an ecstatic hierophant."[41] Franklin's image went through rapid changes throughout her career. During the 1960s, Franklin was known for wearing bouffant hairdos and extravagant dresses that were sometimes embellished with either mink fur or feathers. In the 1970s, embracing her roots, Franklin briefly wore an Afro and the Afrocentric styled clothing admired by her peers. In the mid-1970s, after dropping weight, Franklin began wearing more fitted attire. By the 1980s, she had settled on wearing evening gowns and extravagant dresses.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: After being raised in Detroit, Franklin relocated to New York City in the 1960s, where she lived until moving to Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. She eventually settled in Encino, Los Angeles where she lived until 1982. She then returned to the Detroit suburb of Bloomfield Hills, Michigan to be close to her ailing father and siblings. Franklin maintains a residence there to this day. Following an incident in 1984, she has cited a fear of flying that has prevented her from traveling overseas; she has performed only in North America since then.[42]

text: Franklin is the mother of four sons. She became pregnant at the age of just 12[43] and gave birth to her first child, named Clarence after her father, on January 28, 1955. The father of the child is Donald Burk, a boy she knew from school. At the age of 14 on January 22, 1957, Franklin had a second child named Edward after his father Edward Jordan. Both of her children took her family name.[44] While Franklin was pursuing her career and "hanging out with [friends]", Franklin's grandmother Rachel and sister Erma took turns raising the children.[45] Franklin's third child, Ted White, Jr., was born in 1964 and is known professionally as Teddy Richards. He has provided guitar backing for his mother's band during live concerts.[46]Her youngest son, Kecalf Cunningham born March 28, 1970 is the child of her road manager Ken Cunningham.

text: Franklin has married twice. She married Ted White in 1961, despite objections from her father. After a contentious marriage that involved domestic violence, she divorced White in 1969.[47] She then married her second husband, actor Glynn Turman, on April 11, 1978 at her father's church. By marrying Turman, Franklin became stepmother of Turman's three children from a previous marriage. Franklin and Turman separated in 1982 after Franklin returned to Michigan from California, and they divorced in 1984. At one point, Franklin had plans to walk down the aisle with longtime companion Willie Wilkerson.[48][49] Franklin and Wilkerson had had two previous engagements stretching back to 1988. Franklin eventually called the 2012 engagement off.

text: Franklin's sisters Erma and Carolyn were professional musicians as well and spent years performing background vocals on Franklin's recordings. Following Franklin's divorce from Ted White, her brother Cecil became her manager, and maintained that position until his death from lung cancer on December 26, 1989. Sister Carolyn died the previous year in April 1988 from breast cancer, while eldest sister Erma passed from throat cancer in September 2002. Franklin's half-brother Vaughn died two months after Erma in late 2002. Half-sister Carl Kelley (née Jennings; born 1940) is still alive at 77. Kelley is C. L. Franklin's daughter by Mildred Jennings, a then 12-year-old congregant of New Salem Baptist Church in Memphis, where C. L. was pastor.[50] Franklin was performing at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas, on June 10, 1979, when her father C. L. was shot twice at point blank range in his Detroit home.[51] After six months at Henry Ford Hospital, still in a state of coma, C.L. was moved back to his home with 24-hour nursing care. Aretha moved back to Detroit in late 1982 to assist with the care of her father, who died at Detroit's New Light Nursing Home on July 27, 1984.[52]

text: Some of her music business friends have included Dionne Warwick, Mavis Staples, and Cissy Houston, who began singing with Franklin as members of the Sweet Inspirations. Cissy sang background on Franklin's classic hit "Ain't No Way".[53] Franklin first met Cissy's daughter, Whitney, in the early 1970s.[54] She was made Whitney's honorary aunt, and Whitney often referred to her as "Auntie Ree".[55] Whitney died on February 11, 2012.[56] Franklin stated she was surprised by her death.[56] She had initially planned to perform at Houston's memorial service on February 18, but her representative claimed that Franklin suffered a leg spasm and was unable to attend. In response to criticism of her non-attendance, she stated, "God knows I wanted to be there, but I couldn't."[57]

text: Franklin is a registered Democrat.[58] In 2014, she was granted the honorary degree of Doctor of Arts from Harvard University for her contributions to music.[59]

text: Weight issues and health problems[edit]

text: Franklin dealt with weight issues for years. In 1974, she dropped 40 pounds (18 kg) during a crash diet[60] and maintained her new weight until the end of the decade.[61] Franklin again lost the weight in the early 1990s before gaining some back.[62] A former chain smoker who struggled with alcoholism, she quit smoking in 1992.[63] Franklin admitted in 1994 that her smoking was "messing with my voice",[64] but after quitting smoking she said later, in 2003, that her weight "ballooned".[65]

text: In 2010, Franklin canceled a number of concerts after she decided to have surgery for an undisclosed tumor.[62] Discussing the surgery in 2011, she quoted her doctor as saying it would "add 15 to 20 years" to her life. She denied that the ailment had anything to do with pancreatic cancer, as it was rumored.[66] On May 19, 2011, Franklin had her comeback show in the Chicago theatre.[67] In May 2013, Franklin canceled two performances to deal with an undisclosed medical treatment.[68] Later in the same month, Franklin canceled three more concerts in June and planned to return to perform in July.[69] However, a show of July 27 in Clarkston, Michigan was canceled due to continued medical treatment.[70] In addition, Franklin canceled an appearance at an MLB luncheon in Chicago honoring her commitment to civil rights on an August 24 date.[71] She also canceled a performance of September 21 in Atlanta due to her health recovery.[72] During a phone interview with The Associated Press in late August 2013 Franklin stated that she had a "miraculous" recovery from her undisclosed illness but had to cancel shows and appearances until she was at 100% health, stating she was "85% healed".[73] Franklin has since returned to live performing, including a 2013 Christmas concert at Detroit's Motor City Casino. She launched a multi-city tour beginning the summer of 2014, starting with a performance of June 14 in New York at the Radio City Music Hall.[74]

text: In 2017, Franklin canceled a series of concerts due to health reasons. During an outdoors Detroit show, Franklin told the audience to "keep me in your prayers".[75] In July 2017, Franklin reemerged, appearing to lose more weight before a performance at the Wolf Trap in Virginia.[76]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Franklin received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1979, had her voice declared a Michigan "natural resource" in 1985,[77] and became the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.[78] NARAS awarded her a Grammy Legend Award in 1991, then the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. Franklin was a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1994, recipient of the National Medal of Arts in 1999, and was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005.

text: Franklin become the second woman inducted to the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. She was the 2008 MusiCares Person of the Year, performing at the Grammys days later. Following news of Franklin's surgery and recovery in February 2011, the Grammys ceremony paid tribute to the singer with a medley of her classics performed by Christina Aguilera, Florence Welch, Jennifer Hudson, Martina McBride, and Yolanda Adams.[79] That same year she was ranked among the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time top artists,[80] and ranked first on the Rolling Stone list of Greatest Singers of All Time.[81]

text: Inducted to the GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2012, Franklin has been described as "the voice of the civil rights movement, the voice of black America" and a "symbol of black equality".[82][83] Asteroid 249516 Aretha was named in her honor in 2014.[84]

text: "American history wells up when Aretha sings", president Obama explained his emotional response to her performance of "A Natural Woman" at the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors. "Nobody embodies more fully the connection between the African-American spiritual, the blues, R&B, rock and roll--the way that hardship and sorrow were transformed into something full of beauty and vitality and hope".[85]

text: On June 8, 2017, the City of Detroit honored Franklin's legacy by renaming a portion of Madison Street, between Brush and Witherell Streets, "Aretha Franklin Way".[86]

text: Honorary degrees[edit]

text: Franklin received an honorary degree from Harvard University in 2014,[87] as well as honorary doctorates in music from Princeton University, 2012; Yale University, 2010; Brown University, 2009; Berklee College of Music, 2006; New England Conservatory of Music, 1995; and University of Michigan, 1987. Franklin was granted an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by Wayne State University in 1990 and an honorary Doctor of Law by Bethune-Cookman College in 1975.[88]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text: List of number-one R&B singles[edit]

text:
"I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)" (1967)
"Respect" (1967)
"Baby I Love You" (1967)
"Chain of Fools" (1967)
"(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone" (1968)
"Think" (1968)
"Share Your Love with Me" (1969)
"Call Me" (1970)
"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)" (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" (1971)
"Spanish Harlem" (1971)
"Day Dreaming" (1972)
"Angel" (1973)
"Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)" (1973)
"I'm in Love" (1974)
"Something He Can Feel" (1976)
"Break It to Me Gently" (1977)
"Jump to It" (1982)
"Get It Right" (1983)
"Freeway of Love" (1985)

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text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Black Rodeo (1972) (documentary)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Listen Up: The Lives of Quincy Jones (1990) (documentary)
Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
Tom Dowd & the Language of Music (2003) (documentary)
The Zen of Bennett (2012) (documentary)
Muscle Shoals (2013) (documentary)

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