document_title: Cigarette pack

question_text: how many packs of cigarettes come in a case

root

text: Cigarette pack

text: Package size[edit]

text: Pack[edit]

text: The size of a pack is often regulated. Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size.

tag: p

text: In Australia, the most common quantity per pack is 25, although some brands have changed them to 26, second to 20 which by law, is the minimum. 30, 40 and even 50 packs are also sold.

text: In Canada, most packs sold have 25 cigarettes, but packs of 20 are also popular.

text: In many European countries, increases of cigarette tax can cause the quantity of cigarettes in the pack to change, in order to achieve the same end price.

text: In Malaysia, the selling of packs containing fewer than 20 cigarettes is prohibited.

text: In the United States of America, the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20. Certain brands, such as Export As, come in a pack of 25. For many years, half-packs of 10 (or even 14) cigarettes were commonly available.

text: In the United Kingdom brands are only sold in packets of 20, following a May, 2017 law prohibiting the sale of 10-stick packs. The legislation also outlawed branded packaging, introducing boxes which are a plain, green color. The packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface, with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings. Vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes, although the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet containing 20.[1]

text: Carton[edit]

text: A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs, totaling 200 cigarettes.[1] Some cartons contain twenty packs, totaling 400 cigarettes.[1]

text: Hard pack and soft pack[edit]

text: A hard pack is the usual style of paperboard packaging for store bought cigarettes, which consists of a relatively stable box. This successfully prevents the crumpling of cigarettes when kept in a person's pocket or handbag. The flip-top hard pack cigarette case was introduced in 1955 by Philip Morris.[2][3]

text: A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper, usually containing 20 cigarettes. Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and cannot be resealed. They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette. They require less physical 'pocket space' when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack. With American brands, cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard-boxed counterparts.

text: Collectable pack[edit]

text: To encourage cigarette pack collectors, some cigarette packs were made to present a particular interest for collectors. There are cigarette packs labeled "collectible".

text: Some brands introduce promotional packs to bypass advertising laws. An example would be a limited time promotion where the pack is made from tin with the shape, purpose, and look of a cigarette case to entice potential buyers. They are distinguished by unique décor or are very old or they were removed from manufacturing for some reasons and consequently became rare.

text: Features[edit]

text: Most cigarette packs have no features at all and are just made up of a single container filled with cigarettes. However, some cigarette packs have been proposed that also contain an empty container for disposing the cigarette butts into. This could reduce cigarette butts of being discarded unto the street, where they contaminate the environment.[4][5]

text: Plain tobacco packaging[edit]


document_title: The Recombination Hypothesis

question_text: when do penny and leonard first get together

text: The Recombination Hypothesis

text: Plot[edit]

text: The episode begins with Sheldon receiving a cardboard cut-out of Spock he ordered, however is dismayed to find it is not the Spock played by Leonard Nimoy but rather Zachary Quinto. While Sheldon complains, Leonard sees Penny and they exchange smiles. Leonard walks over asking her if she has any plans for dinner. Penny looks surprised about being asked out on a date and accepts.

text: Penny is trying on clothes with Amy and Bernadette. Penny acts nervous and Bernadette tells her that everything will work out great since Leonard is crazy about her.

text: Whilst playing Settlers of Catan, Sheldon keeps asking for "wood" to build a road causing Howard and Raj to laugh at him not realizing the sexual innuendo. The gang asks Leonard why he is putting himself through another relationship with Penny.

text: During dinner Leonard asks Penny whether there is a name for a first-date with someone you used to date and Penny replies "awkward." They decide to make-believe like they are on a real first date. Leonard tells Penny about his work and that he built a Bat-Signal. Penny laughs and asks him if he is some kind of nerd. Leonard says that he is the "King of the Nerds". If anyone displeases him, he will not help them set-up their printer. Leonard then asks Penny whether they are going to get back together. Shocked Penny confesses that she will always have feelings for him and that he always over thinks everything.

text: Back at the apartment, Leonard charges in as his buddies tease him about his date ending at 8:30. Later Leonard is asleep and awakened by a text from Penny who meets him in the hallway, kisses him, takes him into her apartment and tells him to be quiet. Leonard wonders how a bad date ended in sex. Penny thought that things were great until he asked if they were getting back together. Leonard suggests that they treat their relationship like a new version of software, a "Penny and Leonard 2.0". They could try being together and not tell their friends until they know it is working.

text: At The Cheesecake Factory, Bernadette is disappointed that things did not work out. Leonard sits down and starts a fight with Penny. Penny counters that he has to always be right. Sheldon thinks that Leonard is wrong more than anyone he knows.

text: Leonard gets another early morning text. She demands to know why he was a jerk at work. They had agreed to be friends, not fight. Leonard heads toward her apartment because their new relationship was about sex after fighting. Later, Leonard asks Penny what exactly they are doing since every relationship scenario he plays out ends badly. Then Leonard hears Sheldon calling him.

text: It turns out that Leonard was imagining everything, and he is still with Sheldon complaining about the Spock cardboard cut-out. Leonard decides that, despite the fact it seems that the relationship will once again end badly, he still wishes to ask Penny out. Penny asks whether he has thought things through. Leonard replies that he has and still thinks they should go ahead with it. Penny therefore agrees and then smiles.

text: In Penny's bedroom, she is again choosing an outfit for her date. Daydreaming she sees herself in a wedding dress and heavily pregnant. Penny rubs her belly and tells Leonard that it is too late to start saying no now. Penny wakes up, apologizes and the dream reminds her to go to the drugstore.

text: Production[edit]

text: "The Recombination Hypothesis" is first episode of a two episode arc featuring Leonard and Penny attempting to restart their relationship that has been one of the major plot lines and driving forces of the series. The arc concludes with the next episode "The Beta Test Initiation" where Penny and Leonard return from their date. The first scene is a salute to the original pilot where Leonard and Sheldon climb the stairs wearing similar outfits and they spot Penny through her apartment door wearing the same shirt from the pilot.[6] Sheldon is disappointed to discover that a Mr. Spock cardboard stand-up he ordered is a portrayal of Zachary Quinto's Spock not Leonard Nimoy's Spock. According to Bill Prady, the co-creator of The Big Bang Theory, approval from Paramount, J.J. Abrams (producer of the new Star Trek series) and Zachary Quinto was required in order to mock Spock.[6] Also, this is the first time that an entire episode is a "dream-sequence", a unique style of storytelling,[6] and is the second Chuck Lorre show to achieve the "dream-sequence" story, after Two and a Half Men in the episode "Frodo's Headshots".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: "The Recombination Hypothesis" was originally broadcast on January 19, 2012 in the United States between 8:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. Upon airing, "The Recombination Hypothesis" garnered 15.71 million viewers with the best ever ratings in the adults 25-54, adults 18-49 and adults 18-34 categories.[5]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: "The Recombination Hypothesis'" received positive reviews from television commentators. R.L Shaffer of IGN gave the episode a "really good" review. The reviewer says the episode "knocked it out of the park" even though it started like "another attempt to tease the anxiety of the Penny/Leonard relationship" the final twist did show some growth in Leonard’s character that he must not over-think their relationship.[7] Carla Day of TV Fanatic gave a positive review. Day noted that revisiting Leonard and Penny on the 100th episode was the best way to honor the history of the series. Though she was happy to see "Peonard or Lenny" back together, she felt that the other guys had the best lines with the "wood" jokes. Overall she found the show "brought us back to the origins of the comedy and what made us fall in love with these nerds and their gorgeous neighbor." The Editor Rating was 4.7 out of 5.0.[8]


document_title: Voting age

question_text: when did the voting age changed to 18

question_tokens: when did the voting age changed to 18

text: Voting age

text: History[edit]

text: Before the Second World War, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[1] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1969),[2] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, West Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974), and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued that young men could be drafted to go to war at 18, and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[3]

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India, Switzerland, Austria, and Morocco. Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016.[4] A dispute is continuing in the Maldives.[5][6]

text: Debate on lowering voting age to 16[edit]

text: Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[7]

text: Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity. On the other hand one of the major arguments for lowering the voting age to 16 is that at this age in most countries a person has reached the legal working age for most jobs and is liable to pay taxes and therefore should not have to pay taxes without the right to political representation.[8]

text: During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[9] but none was successful. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[10] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[11] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[12]

text: Australia[edit]

text: A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[13]

text: In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[14]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[15] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[16]

text: The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[7] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[7] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[17] Salzburg followed suit,[18][19] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[20] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[19]

text: After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[21] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[22] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[23][24] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[15][16][25] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[16] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[26] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[27] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[15] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria.  More sixteen- and seventeen-year-olds voted than eighteen-to-twenty-one-year-olds in Austria.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.

text: Iran[edit]

text: Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[28] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[29][30]

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.

text: Malta[edit]

text: On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.

text: On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament will be debated to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.

text: On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of amending the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[31]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[32] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[33] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[34]

text: Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote.  The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[35] brought the voting age for women down to 21.

text: The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[36] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[37] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[37]

text: The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[38] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[39]

text: In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[40] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.

text: On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[41] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[42]

text: The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[43] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[44]

text: During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.[citation needed]

text: In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election,[45] which it failed to do.

text: There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[46][47]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: The Scottish National Party conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[48]

text: In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[49] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[50]

text: In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for elections for the Scottish Parliament and for Scottish local government elections.[34]

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[51]

text: Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[52] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[53] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[54][55] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[56][57]

text: On 31 October 2007, a proposal[58][59] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[59][60] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[54] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[61]

text: Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[62] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.

text: The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[63] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[64] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[65]

text: 21 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,[66] North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Vermont, and Washington. Alaska, Kansas, North Dakota and Washington allow 17-year-olds to participate in Democrat caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. Minnesota allows 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.[67] New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register, meaning some 17-year-olds can register to vote in this state.[68]

text: Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[69] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[70]

text: In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local (but not general) elections and referendums.[71][72] As of 2018, three additional cities have lowered the voting age to 16: Hyattsville and Greenbelt in Maryland, and Berkeley in California (for school board elections only).[73] In 2018, a bill in the Council of the District of Columbia was proposed to lower the voting age to 16, which would make the federal district the first jurisdiction to lower the voting age for federal level elections.[74]

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[75] Following approval in the legislature[76] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.

text: Voting ages around the world[edit]

text: Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.

text: The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[77]

text: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

tag: ul

text: A[edit]

text:
Afghanistan: 18
Albania: 18
Algeria: 18
American Samoa: 18
Andorra: 18
Angola: 18
Anguilla: 18
Antigua and Barbuda: 18
Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
Armenia: 18
Aruba:18
Australia: 18 (compulsory)
Austria: 16[27]
Azerbaijan: 18

text: B[edit]

text:
Bahamas: 18
Bahrain: 20[78]
Bangladesh: 18
Barbados: 18
Belarus: 18
Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
Belize: 18
Benin: 18
Bermuda: 18
Bhutan: 18
Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
Botswana: 18
Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
British Virgin Islands: 18
Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
Bulgaria: 18
Burkina Faso: 18
Burundi: 18

text: C[edit]

text:
Cambodia: 18
Cameroon: 21
Canada: 18
Cape Verde: 18
Cayman Islands: 18
Central African Republic: 18
Chad: 18
Chile: 18
China: 18
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
Colombia: 18
Comoros: 18
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
Republic of the Congo: 18
Cook Islands: 18
Costa Rica: 18
Côte d'Ivoire: 18
Croatia: 18
Cuba: 16
Curaçao: 18
Cyprus: 18
Czech Republic: 18

text: D[edit]

text:
Denmark: 18
Djibouti: 18
Dominica: 18
Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)

text: E[edit]

text:
East Timor: 17
Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
Egypt: 18
El Salvador: 18
England: 18
Equatorial Guinea: 18
Eritrea: 18
Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
Ethiopia: 17
European Union: 18

text: F[edit]

text:
Falkland Islands: 18
Faroe Islands: 18
Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
Finland: 18
France: 18
French Polynesia: 18

text: G[edit]

text:
Gabon: 18
Gambia: 18
Georgia: 18
Germany: 18
Voting age 16 for state elections:  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg and  Schleswig-Holstein.
Voting age 16 for municipal elections:  Baden-Württemberg,  Berlin,  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,  Lower Saxony,  North Rhine-Westphalia,  Saxony-Anhalt and  Schleswig-Holstein.[79]
Ghana: 18
Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
Greece: 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards,[80] was 18 before 3 August 2016
Greenland: 18
Grenada: 18
Guadeloupe: 18
Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
Guernsey: 16[81]
Guinea: 18
Guinea-Bissau: 18
Guyana: 18

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiti: 18
Honduras: 18
Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Hungary: 18

text: I[edit]

text:
Iceland: 18
India: 18
Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[28][82][83][84]
Iraq: 18
Ireland: 18
Isle of Man: 16
Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)

text: J[edit]

text:
Jamaica: 18
Japan: 18 (changed from 20 in 2016)[4]
Jersey: 16
Jordan: 18

text: K[edit]

text:
Kazakhstan: 18
Kenya: 18
Kiribati: 18
North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[85]
South Korea: 19
Kosovo (disputed): 18
Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[86]
Kyrgyzstan: 18

text: L[edit]

text:
Laos: 18
Latvia: 18
Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[87]
Lesotho: 18
Liberia: 18
Libya: 18
Liechtenstein: 18
Lithuania: 18
Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)

text: M[edit]

text:
Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Republic of Macedonia: 18
Madagascar: 18
Malawi: 18
Malaysia: 21
Maldives: 18
Mali: 18
Malta: 16
Marshall Islands: 18
Martinique: 18
Mauritania: 18
Mauritius: 18
Mayotte: 18
Mexico: 18
Federated States of Micronesia: 18
Moldova: 18
Monaco: 18
Mongolia: 18
Montenegro: 18
Montserrat: 18
Morocco: 18
Mozambique: 18
Myanmar (Burma): 18

text: N[edit]

text:
Namibia: 18
Nauru: 20
Nepal: 18
Netherlands: 18
New Caledonia: 18
New Zealand: 18
Nicaragua: 16
Niger: 18
Nigeria: 18
Niue: 18
Norfolk Island: 18
Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.

text: O[edit]

text: Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.

text: P[edit]

text:
Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau: 18
Panama: 18
Papua New Guinea: 18
Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[88])
Philippines: 18
For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.
Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
Poland: 18
Portugal: 18
Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.

text: Q[edit]

text: Qatar: 18

text: R[edit]

text:
Réunion: 18
Romania: 18
Russia: 18
Rwanda: 18

text: S[edit]

text:
Saint Helena: 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
Saint Lucia: 18
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
Samoa: 21
San Marino: 18
São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
Saudi Arabia: 18
Scotland: 16
Senegal: 18
Serbia: 18[89]
Seychelles: 18[90]
Sierra Leone: 18
Singapore: 21
Sint Maarten: 18
Slovakia: 18
Slovenia: 18
Solomon Islands: 21
Somalia: 18
South Africa: 18
South Sudan: 17
Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
Sri Lanka: 18
Sudan: 17
Suriname: 18
Swaziland: 18
Sweden: 18
Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[91][92] [1/26])
Syria: 18

text: T[edit]

text:
Taiwan: 20 (18 for referendums)
Tajikistan: 18
Tanzania: 18
Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
Togo: 18
Tokelau: 21
Tonga: 21
Trinidad and Tobago: 18
Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[93]
Turkey: 18
Turkmenistan: 18
Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
Tuvalu: 18

text: U[edit]

text:
Uganda: 18
Ukraine: 18[94]
United Arab Emirates: none[95] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[96]
United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[34])
United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
Uruguay: 18
Uzbekistan: 18[97]

text: V[edit]

text:
Vanuatu: 18
Venezuela: 18
Vietnam: 18
Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.

text: W[edit]

text:
Wallis and Futuna: 18
Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [95]

text: Y[edit]

text: Yemen: 18

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zambia: 18
Zimbabwe: 18

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18[edit]

text: The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.

text:
Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[98][99]
Czechoslovakia: 1946
Poland: 1952[citation needed]
South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[100]
United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
Canada: 26 June 1970[101][102] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)

text:
Germany: 1970 [107]
Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[108] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[109] Kentucky in 1955,[110] Guam in 1954[111] and American Samoa in 1965.[111])
Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[112][113]
Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [114]
Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[115] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[116]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[117] (See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)
Philippines: 17 January 1973, after the 1973 constitution was announced to have been approved in a plebiscite. Among other things, the new constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[118]
New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[119][120]
Dominica: 1974[121]
Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[122]
Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[123]
Peru: 1979 Constitution
Belgium: 1981[124]
India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[125]
Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[126]
Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[127]
Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[128][129]
Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[130]
Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[131]
Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[132]
Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[133][134] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[135]
Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[136]
Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[137]
Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[138]

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16[edit]

text: This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.

text:
Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[139][140]
Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[141]
Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[142]
Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[27]
Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[61][81]
Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[55]
Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[143]
Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[144]
Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[145]
Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only; 5 March 2018 for all elections.

text: Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Australian Democrats
Australian Greens
Australian Labor Party[14]

text: Austria[edit]

text:
The Greens – The Green Alternative
Liberal Forum[146]
Social Democratic Party of Austria[147]
vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[148]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Ecolo[149]
Groen[149]
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[149]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Communist Party of Canada
Green Party of Canada[150]
Parti Québécois[151]
voteto16.ca[152]
Ontario Liberal Party [153]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Social Democrats
Socialist People's Party
Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[154]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Estonian National Youth Council
Young Social Democrats

text: France[edit]

text: La France Insoumise[155]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[156]
K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[157]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Ecologist Greens[158]

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
Green Party[159]
Labour Party[160]
Sinn Féin[161]
Socialist Party[162]

text: In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[163] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[164] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[165]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Five Star Movement[166]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[167]

text:
Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[168]
Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[169]
Democratic Action Party (to 18)[170]
National Trust Party (to 18)[171]
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[172]
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[173]
People's Justice Party (to 18)

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: GroenLinks

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Liberal Party[174]
Socialist Left Party[175]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Left Bloc
LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
Socialist Party

text: Romania[edit]

text:
National Liberal Party[176]
National Union for the Progress of Romania[177]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Izquierda Unida

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Green Party[178]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Green Party of England and Wales[179]
Green Party in Northern Ireland[180]
Liberal Democrats[181]
Liberal Party[182]
National Health Action Party[183]
Plaid Cymru[184]
Scottish Conservative Party
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
Scottish Socialist Party[185]
Social Democratic Labour Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Votes at 16

text: United States[edit]

text:
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
Future Voters of America[186]
Green Party of Texas[187]
National Youth Rights Association
Rock the Vote
Socialist Party USA (to 15)
FairVote
Vermont Libertarian Party


document_title: Litany of the Saints

question_text: when is the litany of the saints sung

question_tokens: when is the litany of the saints sung

text: Litany of the Saints

text: Catholic practice[edit]

text: The definitive version of the Roman Catholic Litany of the Saints is a Latin text published in the Roman Gradual.[1] The current edition was published in 1974,[2] and contains a statement of approval from the Congregation for Divine Worship issued 24 June 1972. The current edition if the Roman Gradual was updated in 1979 to include Neums from Ancient Manuscripts (ISBN 978-2852740440 in English (1985), ISBN 978-2-85274-094-5 in Latin).

text: The litany is published in five sections. The first contains a short series of invocations of God, beginning with a threefold Kyrie, followed by invocations of God the Father of Heaven, the Son who redeemed the world, the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Trinity.

text: The second section lists the saints who are to be included, given in the following order. Within each category, men are listed in chronological order, followed by women, also in chronological order. Distinctive names are given in brackets so the cantor knows which saint is intended, but a directive notes that the bracketed names may be omitted when the Latin is sung. Additional saints, such as the patron of a place or the founder of a religious order, may be inserted in the appropriate place. The official list of recognized saints can be found in the Roman Martyrology.

text:
The Virgin Mary and the Angels: Mary is invoked three times, as Holy Mary, as Holy Mother of God and as Holy Virgin of Virgins; the following invocations are: Saints Michael, Gabriel and Raphael; all holy angels.
Patriarchs and Prophets: Abraham; Moses; Elijah; John the Baptist; Joseph; all holy patriarchs and prophets.
Apostles and disciples: Peter and Paul; Andrew; John and James; Thomas; Matthew; All Holy Apostles; Luke; Mark; Barnabas; Mary Magdalen; all holy disciples of the Lord.
Martyrs: Stephen; Ignatius (of Antioch); Polycarp; Justin; Laurence; Cyprian; Boniface; Stanislaus; Thomas (Becket); John (Fisher) and Thomas (More); Paul (Miki); John (de Brebeuf) and Isaac (Jogues); Peter (Chanel); Charles (Lwanga); Perpetua and Felicity; Agnes; Maria (Goretti); All holy martyrs.
Bishops and Doctors of the Church [popes are not listed distinctly from other non-martyr bishops]: Leo and Gregory; Ambrose; Jerome; Augustine; Athanasius; Basil and Gregory (Nazianzen); John Chrysostom; Martin; Patrick; Cyril and Methodius; Charles (Borromeo); Francis (de Sales); Pius (X).
Priests and Religious [without further distinction between priests, deacons, and lay religious]: Anthony; Benedict; Bernard; Francis and Dominic; Thomas (Aquinas); Ignatius (Loyola); Francis (Xavier); Vincent (de Paul); John-Mary (Vianney); John (Bosco); Catherine (of Siena); Teresa (of Avila); Rose (of Lima)
Laity: Louis; Monica; Elisabeth (of Hungary); and all Saints of God.

text: Note that certain names are grouped together by the litany itself (e.g. Michael, Gabriel and Raphael; Francis and Dominic); in the list above, a semi-colon always indicates the next line of the litany. Note also that some priests and religious who are also Doctors of the Church (Catherine of Siena, Teresa of Avila, Bernard of Clairvaux and Thomas Aquinas) are grouped with the "Priests and Religious", rather than with the "Bishops and Doctors". Strict chronological order is not followed in the case of the Jesuit, Francis Xavier (died 1552), who is placed after the founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius Loyola, who died in 1556.[3]

text: Part three of the litany is a series of petitions to Christ, the first 15 having the response, "free us O Lord", with a further 10 petitions ending "Have Mercy on us."

text: The fourth section includes a list of petitions ending te rogamus audi nos (we beseech you to hear us) from which the appropriate prayers can be chosen for a particular occasion, but always ending with petitions for the whole church, for the ministers of the Church, for the lay faithful and for all humanity. The rubrics printed before the litany indicate that other petitions “suitable to the occasion” and in the form proper to the Litany may be added “at the proper place”.

text: The final part of the litany consists of a brief invocation calling on Christ to hear the prayers, and a closing collect.

text: At the Easter Vigil[edit]

text: The Litany of Saints is used prominently at the Easter Vigil, the Mass celebrated on the night before Easter Day. At this Mass, adults who have chosen to become Catholic receive the Sacraments of Initiation in the form of Baptism, or simple Reception, with Confirmation and Holy Communion. Following the readings from Scripture and just before the actual rite of baptism or confirmation, the Litany of Saints is sung. Even if there is no-one to be baptized, the Litany may be sung for the blessing of holy water in the font. But if the font is not blessed (i.e. holy water is blessed in a simple container on the sanctuary), the Litany is not used.

text: The Litany given for the Easter Vigil in the Roman Missal[4][5] contains a shortened list of saints:

text: Holy Mary, Mother of God; Saint Michael; all holy angels; John the Baptist; Joseph; Peter and Paul; Andrew; John; Mary Magdalen; Stephen; Ignatius (of Antioch); Laurence; Perpetua and Felicity; Agnes; Gregory; Augustine; Athanasius; Basil; Martin; Benedict; Francis and Dominic; Ignatius of Loyola; Francis Xavier; John Vianney; Catherine of Siena; Teresa of Jesus (i.e. of Avila); and all holy men and women, Saints of God.

text: At Infant Baptisms[edit]

text: A severely abbreviated form of the litany is given in the official text for the Rite of Baptism of Children.[6] This consists only of the invocations of Mary Mother of God, St John the Baptist, St Joseph, St Peter and St Paul, and All Holy Men and Women, with the addition of saints relevant to the circumstances of the baptism. In the rite the litany is immediately preceded by suggested or ad hoc prayers for the child(ren) being baptized and family members present, and immediately followed by a prayer of minor exorcism. A similar rite together with a prayer of minor exorcism is used in the Catholic Church.

text: An extended form of the litany is also permitted for baptisms, beginning with a Kyrie, and followed by the same selection of saints used for the Easter Vigil (as listed above). The saints are followed by brief invocations of Christ and then petitions which include "Give new life to these chosen ones by the grace of baptism".

text: At the election of a pope[edit]

text: An expanded list is also specified in the ritual Ordo Rituum Conclavis for use during the conclave for the election of a new pope.[3][7] The additional saints are, in italics:

text:
Among apostles, following Thomas: Philip and James; Bartholomew; Matthew; Simon and Jude; Matthias
Among martyrs, following Cyprian: Frumentius, Stanislaus, Boniface, Thomas (Becket); John (Fisher) and Thomas (More); Josaphat, Paul Miki...; Agnes; Nina, Maria (Goretti).
Among bishops and doctors, following John Chrysostom: Ephraem; Gregory (the Illuminator); Martin...
Among priests and religious, following Bernard: Maurus; Francis; Dominic...

text: In other ceremonies[edit]

text: The Litany of Saints is also prescribed[3] for ordination (different saints are added corresponding to the different grades of ordained ministry), religious profession, the blessing of an abbot, and the dedication of churches and altars.[8]

text: In the Latin language version of the Litany, the names of one or more saints are chanted by a cantor or choir, and the congregants reply with either, Ora pro nobis (if one saint is addressed) or Orate pro nobis (using the plural imperative form of the verb, if more than one saint is addressed). Both responses translate to "Pray for us." However, it is permissible to personalize the Litany of Saints for a funeral rite or other Mass for the dead. When this was done during the Funeral of Pope John Paul II, the response was Ora[te] pro eo, or "Pray for him."[3][9]

text: A Vatican recommendation[10] issued in 1988 proposes that the Litany can be appropriately used for the beginning of the Mass of the First Sunday of Lent, to offer a distinguishing mark for the beginning of Lent.

text: The iBreviary website offers a text in English[11] of the full Litany of Saints expanded with many additional saints, drawn in part from the bespoke litanies for particular liturgical occasions. It includes a note that in ceremonies involving the Pope, the canonized Popes are moved from their usual place to form part of an expanded list of Popes prior to other bishops and doctors.

text: Origen Controversy[edit]

text: A commercially published setting of the Litany of Saints by John Becker[12] includes the name of Origen among its additional saints. Although recognized[13] by Pope Benedict XVI as a significant theologian, Origen is not listed in the Roman Martyrology[14] and was anathematized in the year 553 for certain opinions he was alleged to have held.[15] Origen's inclusion in a published litany, albeit without the official sanction of Catholic authorities, has resulted in vigorous comment in the blogosphere.[16]

text: 1974 Graduale Romanum text[edit]

text: The Latin text given below is the same as it appears in the 1974 version of the Roman Gradual.[2] The Litany is divided in five sections: Supplicatio ad Deum (Prayer to God), Invocatio Sactorum (Invocation of Saints), Invocatio ad Christum (Invocation to Christ), Supplicatio pro Variis Necessitatibus (Prayer for Various Needs), and Conclusio (Conclusion).

text:
Latin (original)
English (translation)

I. Supplicatio ad Deum
I. Prayer to God

A.
A.

V.[17] Kýrie, eléison.
V. Lord, have mercy.

R.[18] Kýrie, eléison.
R. Lord, have mercy.

V. Christe, eléison.
V. Christ, have mercy.

R. Christe, eléison.
R. Christ, have mercy.

V. Kýrie, eléison.
V. Lord, have mercy.

R. Kýrie, eléison.
R. Lord, have mercy.

B.
B.

V. Pater de cælis, Deus.
V. O God the Father of heaven.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Fili, Redémptor mundi, Deus.
V. O God the Son, Redeemer of the world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Spíritus Sancte, Deus.
V. O God the Holy Ghost.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Sancta Trínitas, unus Deus.
V. O Holy Trinity, one God.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

II. Invocatio Sanctorum
II. Invocation of Saints

A. Virgo Maria et Angeli
A. Virgin Mary and Angels

V. Sancta María.
V. Holy Mary.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Dei Génetrix.
V. Holy Mother of God.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Virgo vírginum.
V. Holy Virgin of virgins.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Míchael, Gábriel et Ráphael.
V. Saints Michael, Gabriel and Raphael.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Angeli.
V. All the holy Angels.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

B. Patriárchæ et Prophétæ
B. Patriarchs and Prophets.

V. Sancte Abraham.
V. Saint Abraham.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Móyses.
V. Saint Moses.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Elía.
V. Saint Elijah.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ioánnes Baptísta.
V. Saint John the Baptist.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ioseph.
V. Saint Joseph.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Patriárchæ et Prophétæ.
V. All the holy Patriarchs and Prophets.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

C. Apóstoli et Discípuli
C. Apostoles and Disciples

V. Sancti Petre et Paule.
V. Saints Peter and Paul.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Andréa.
V. Saint Andrew.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Ioánnes et Iacóbe.
V. Saints John and James.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Thoma.
V. Saint Thomas.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Matthǽe.
V. Saint Matthew.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Apóstoli.
V. All the holy Apostles.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Luca.
V. Saint Luke.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Marce.
V. Saint Mark.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Bárnaba.
V. Saint Barnabas.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta María Magdaléna.
V. Saint Mary Magdalene.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Discípuli Dómini.
V. All the holy Disciples of the Lord.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

D. Martyres
D. Martyrs

V. Sancte Stéphane.
V. Saint Stephen.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ignáti (Antiochéne).
V. Saint Ignatius (of Antioch).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Polycárpe.
V. Saint Polycarp.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Iustíne.
V. Saint Justin.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Laurénti.
V. Saint Lawrence.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Cypriáne.
V. Saint Cyprian.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Bonitáti.
V. Saint Boniface.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Stanisláe.
V. Saint Stanislaus.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Thoma (Becket).
V. Saint Thomas (Becket).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Ioánes (Fisher) et Thoma (More).
V. Saints John (Fisher) and Thomas (More).

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Paule (Miki).
V. Saint Paulo (Miki).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Ioánnes (de Brébeuf) et Isaac (Jogues).
V. Saints Jean (de Brébeuf) and Isaac (Jogues).

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Petre (Chanel),
V. Saint Peter (Chanel).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Cárole (Lwanga).
V. Saint Charles (Lwanga).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sanctæ Perpétua et Felícitas.
V. Saints Perpetua and Felicity.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Agnes.
V. Saint Agnes.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta María (Goretti).
V. Saint Maria (Goretti).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Mártyres.
V. All the holy Martyrs.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

E. Episcopi et Doctores
E. Bishops and Doctors

V. Sancti Leo et Gregóri.
V. Saints Leo and Gregory.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ambrósi.
V. Saint Ambrose.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Hierónyme.
V. Saint Jerome.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Augustíne.
V. Saint Augustine.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Athanási.
V. Saint Athanasius.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Basíli et Gregóri (Nazianzéne).
V. Saints Basil and Gregory (of Nazianzus).

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ioánnes Chrysóstome.
V. Saint John Chrysostom.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Martine.
V. Saint Martin.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Patríci.
V. Saint Patrick.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Cyrílle et Methódi.
V. Saints Cyril and Methodius.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Cárole (Borromeo).
V. Saint Charles (Borromeo).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Francísque (de Sales).
V. Saint Francis (de Sales).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Pie (Decime).
V. Saint Pius (the Tenth).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

F. Presbyteri et religiosi
F. Priests and religious

V. Sancte Antóni.
V. Saint Anthony.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Benedícte.
V. Saint Benedict.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Bernárde.
V. Saint Bernard.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Francísce et Domínice.
V. Saints Francis and Dominic.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Thoma (de Aquino).
V. Saint Thomas (Aquinas).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ignáti (de Loyola).
V. Saint Ignatius (of Loyola).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Francísce (Xavier).
V. Saint Francis (Xavier).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Vincénti (de Paul).
V. Saint Vincent (de Paul).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ioánnes María (Vianney).
V. Saint John (Vianney).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ioánnes (Bosco).
V. Saint John (Bosco).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Catharína (Senensis).
V. Saint Catherine (of Siena).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Terésia (de Ávila).
V. Saint Teresa (of Avila).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Rosa (de Lima).
V. Saint Rose (of Lima).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

G. Laici
G. Lay

V. Sancte Ludovíce.
V. Saint Louis.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Mónica.
V. Saint Monica.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Elísabeth (Hungariæ),
V. Saint Elizabeth (of Hungary).

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes Sancti et Sanctæ Dei.
V. All the Holy men and women.

R. Oráte pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

III. Invocato ad Christum
III. Invocation to Christ

A.
A.

V. Propítius esto.
V. Lord, be merciful.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Ab omni malo.
V. From all evil.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Ab omni peccáto.
V. From all deadly sin.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Ab insídiis diaboli.
V. From the snares of the devil.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Ab ira, et ódio, et omni mala voluntáte.
V. From anger, and hatred, and all ill-will.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. A morte perpetua.
V. From everlasting damnation.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per incamatiónem tuam,
V. By your Incarnation.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per nativitátem tuam.
V. By your Birth.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per baptísmum et sanctum ieiúnium tuum.
V. By your Baptism and holy Fasting.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per crucem et passiónem tuam.
V. By your Cross and Passion.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per mortem et sepultúram tuam.
V. By your Death and Burial.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per sanctam resurrectiónem tuam.
V. By your holy Resurrection.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per admirábilem ascensiónem tuam.
V. By your wonderful Ascension.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per effusiónem Spíritus Sancti.
V. By the coming of the Holy Spirit.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

V. Per gloriósum advéntum tuum.
V. On the day of judgement.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Lord, save your people.

B.
B.

V. Christe, Fili Dei vivi.
V. Christ, Son of the living God.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui in hunc mundum venísti.
V. You came into this world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui in cruce pependísti.
V. You suffered for us on the cross.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui mortem propter nos accepísti.
V. You died to save us.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui in sepúlcro iacuísti.
V. You lay in the tomb.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui a mórtuis resurrexísti.
V. You rose from the dead.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui in cælos ascendísti.
V. You ascended to heaven.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui Spíritum Sanctum in Apóstolos misísti.
V. You sent the Holy Spirit upon Your apostles.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui sedes ad déxteram Patris.
V. You are seated at the right hand of the Father.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

V. Qui ventúrus es iudicáre vivos et mórtuos.
V. You will come again to judge the living and the dead.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy on us.

IV. Supplicatio pro Variis Necessitatibus
IV. Prayer for Various Needs

A.
A.

V. Ut nobis parcas.
V. Lord, be merciful to us.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut ad veram pæniténtiam nos perdúcere dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to give us repentance.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut ómnibus benefactóribus nostris sempitérna bona retríbuas.
V. That it may please thee to bestow on all our benefactors thine everlasting benefits.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut fructus terræ dare et conserváre dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to give and preserve to our use the kindly fruits of the earth.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut nobis indulgeas.
V. That it may please thee to pity and pardon us.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut mentes nostras ad cæléstia desidéria érigas.
V. That it may please thee to endue our hearts with heavenly desires.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut ánimas nostras, fratrum, propinquórum et benefactórum nostrórum ab ætérna damnatióne erípias.
V. That it may please thee to deliver from eternal damnation our souls, and those of our brethren, kindred, and benefactors.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut ómnibus fidélibus defúnctis réquiem ætérnam donáre dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to bestow upon all thy faithful departed rest eternal.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut mundum a peste, fame et bello serváre dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to keep us safe from disease, hunger, and war.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut cunctis pópulis pacem et veram concórdiam donáre dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to bestow on all the people true peace and concord.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

Precationes sequentes semper cantantur:
The following are always sung:

V. Ut Ecclésiam tuam sanctam régere et conserváre dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to rule and govern thy holy Church.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut domnum Apostólicum et omnes ecclesiásticos órdines in sancta religióne conservare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to preserve the Apostolic Lord, and to keep all orders of the Church in thy sacred religion.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut omnibus in Christum credéntibus unitátem largíri dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to give all believers unity in Christ.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Ut omnes hómines ad Evangélii lumen perdúcere digneris.
V. That it may please thee that all men be led to the light of the Gospel.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. Lord, hear our prayer.

V. Conclusio
V. Conclusion

A.
A.

V. Christe, audi nos.
V. O Christ, hear us.

R. Christe, audi nos.
R. O Christ, hear us.

V. Christe, exáudi nos.
V. O Christ, graciously hear us.

R. Christe, exáudi nos.
R. O Christ, graciously hear us.

B.
B.

V. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi.
V. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi.
V. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi.
V. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Christe, audi nos.
V. O Christ, hear us.

R. Christe, audi nos.
R. O Christ, hear us.

V. Christe, exáudi nos.
V. O Christ, graciously hear us.

R. Christe, exáudi nos.
R. O Christ, graciously hear us.

V. Kýrie, eléison.
V. Lord, have mercy upon us.

R. Christe, eléison. Kýrie, eléison.
R. Christ, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us.

Oratio
Prayer

V. Deus, refúgium nostrum et virtus, adésto piis Ecclésiæ tuæ précibus, auctor ipse pietátis, et præsta, ut, quod fidéliter pétimus, efficáciter consequámur. Per Christum Dóminum nostrum.
V. Lord God, our strength and protection, hear the prayers of your Church. Grant that when we come to you in faith, our prayers may be answered through Christ our Lord.

R. Amen
R. Amen

Vel:
or:

V. Deus, qui nos cónspicis ex nostra infirmitáte defícere, ad amórem tui nóminis nos misericórditer per sanctórum tuórum exémpla restáura. Per Christum Dóminum nostrum.
V. Lord God, you know our weakness. In your mercy grant that the example of your Saints may bring us back to love and serve you through Christ our Lord.

R. Amen
R. Amen

text: Traditionalist Catholic practice[edit]

text: In the late 1960s, Roman Catholic liturgical texts were changed according to the directives of Sacrosanctum Concilium, a key document of the Second Vatican Council. The texts in use immediately prior to the Council, those of 1962, may still be used today by priests of the Latin Church, freely if celebrating without the people, under the conditions indicated in article 5 of the 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum if with the people.

text: The form of the litany in use prior to the Council is given in the Roman Ritual, published in a Latin-English edition in 1952.[19] Note that the Catholic Encyclopedia article available online[20] entirely reflects pre-Vatican II usage.

text: This Litany of the Saints begins with a threefold Kyrie, followed (as in the current version) by invocations of God the Father of Heaven, the Son who redeemed the world, the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Trinity. The names of the saints follow:

text:
The Virgin Mary is invoked three times, as Holy Mary, as Holy Mother of God and as Holy Virgin of Virgins; then Saints Michael; Gabriel; Raphael; all holy angels and archangels; all the holy order of blessed spirits.
Patriarchs and Prophets: beginning with Saint John the Baptist [then other names, if they are to be inserted] and always ending with Saint Joseph; all holy patriarchs and prophets.
Apostles and disciples: Peter; Paul; Andrew; James; John; Thomas; James; Philip; Bartholomew; Matthew; Simon; Thaddeus; Matthias; Barnabas; Luke; Mark; all holy apostles and evangelists; all holy disciples of the Lord; all the Holy Innocents.
Martyrs: Stephen; Laurence; Vincent; Fabian and Sebastian; John and Paul; Cosmas and Damian; Gervasius and Protasius; All holy martyrs.
Bishops and Doctors of the Church: Sylvester; Gregory; Ambrose; Augustine; Jerome; Martin; Nicholas; all holy Bishops and Confessors; all holy Doctors.
Priests and male Religious [without further distinction between priests, deacons, and lay religious]: Anthony; Benedict; Bernard; Dominic; Francis; All ye holy Priests and Levites; All ye holy Monks and Hermits.
Female saints, ordered as the men were above: Mary Magdalene; Agatha; Lucy; Agnes; Cecilia; Catherine (of Alexandria); Anastasia; all holy Virgins and Widows; all holy Saints of God.

text: The litany then twice pleads with God to be merciful, and this is followed by 21 invocations for which the response is Libera nos, Domine ("O Lord, deliver us"), then 17 petitions with the response Te rogamus, audi nos ("We beseech thee, hear us"). The final part of the litany consists of seven invocations of Christ, the first three under the title "Lamb of God".

text: Pre-Vatican II text[edit]

text: The Latin text given below is the same as that published by Weller[19] but the English text differs. Weller does not include Psalm 69 and the text which follows below.

text:
Latin and Greek (original)
English (translation)

V.[17] Kyrie, eléison.
V. Lord, have mercy.

R.[18] Christe, eléison.
R. Christ, have mercy.

V. Kyrie, eléison.
V. Lord, have mercy.

V. Christe, audi nos.
V. O Christ, hear us.

R. Christe, exáudi nos.
R. O Christ, graciously hear us.

V. Pater de cælis, Deus.
V. O God the Father of heaven.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Fili, Redémptor mundi, Deus.
V. O God the Son, Redeemer of the world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Spíritus Sancte, Deus.
V. O God the Holy Ghost.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Sancta Trínitas, unus Deus.
V. O Holy Trinity, one God.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Sancta María.
V. Holy Mary.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Dei Génetrix.
V. Holy Mother of God.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Virgo vírginum.
V. Holy Virgin of virgins.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Michael.
V. Saint Michael.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Gabriel.
V. Saint Gabriel.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Raphael.
V. Saint Raphael.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Angeli et Archangeli.
V. All ye holy Angels and Archangels.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti beatórum Spírituum ordines.
V. All ye holy orders of blessed Spirits.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Joánnes Baptista.
V. Saint John the Baptist.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Josephe.
V. Saint Joseph.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Patriárchæ et Prophetæ.
V. All ye holy Patriarchs and Prophets.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Petre.
V. Saint Peter.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Paule.
V. Saint Paul.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Andrea.
V. Saint Andrew.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Jacobe.
V. Saint James.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Joánnes.
V. Saint John.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Thoma.
V. Saint Thomas.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Jacobe.
V. Saint James.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Philippe.
V. Saint Philip.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Bartholomæe.
V. Saint Bartholomew.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Matthæe.
V. Saint Matthew.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Simon.
V. Saint Simon.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Thaddæe.
V. Saint Jude.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Matthia.
V. Saint Matthias.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Barnaba.
V. Saint Barnabas.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Luca.
V. Saint Luke.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Marce.
V. Saint Mark.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Apóstoli et Evangelistæ.
V. All ye holy Apostles and Evangelists.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Discípuli Dómini.
V. All ye holy Disciples of the Lord.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Innocéntes.
V. All ye Holy Innocents.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Stephane.
V. Saint Stephen.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Laurénti.
V. Saint Lawrence.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Vincenti.
V. Saint Vincent.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Fabiane et Sebastiane.
V. Saint Fabian and Saint Sebastian.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Joánnes et Paule.
V. Saint John and Saint Paul.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Cosma et Damiane.
V. Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancti Gervasi et Protasi.
V. Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Mártyres.
V. All ye holy Martyrs.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Silvester.
V. Saint Sylvester.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Gregóri.
V. Saint Gregory.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Ambrósi.
V. Saint Ambrose.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Augustine.
V. Saint Augustine.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Hieronyme.
V. Saint Jerome.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Martine.
V. Saint Martin.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Nicolaë.
V. Saint Nicholas.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Pontifices et Confessores.
V. All ye holy Bishops and Confessors.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Doctores.
V. All ye holy Doctors.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Antoni.
V. Saint Anthony.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Benedicte.
V. Saint Benedict.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Bernarde.
V. Saint Bernard.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Dominice.
V. Saint Dominic.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancte Francisce.
V. Saint Francis.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Sacerdótes et Levitæ.
V. All ye holy Priests and Levites.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sancti Monachi et Eremitæ.
V. All ye holy Monks and Hermits.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta María Magdalena.
V. Saint Mary Magdalene.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Agatha.
V. Saint Agatha.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Lucia.
V. Saint Lucy.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Agnes.
V. Saint Agnes.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Cæcilia.
V. Saint Cecilia.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Catharina.
V. Saint Catherine.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Sancta Anastasia.
V. Saint Anastasia.

R. Ora pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes sanctæ Vírgines et Víduæ.
V. All ye holy Virgins and Widows.

R. Orate pro nobis.
R. Pray for us.

V. Omnes Sancti et Sanctæ Dei.
V. All ye Holy, Righteous, and Elect of God.

R. Intercédite pro nobis.
R. Intercede for us.

V. Propitius esto.
V. Be thou merciful.

R. Parce nobis, Dómine.
R. Spare us, Lord.

V. Propitius esto.
V. Be thou merciful.

R. Exáudi nos, Dómine.
R. Graciously hear us, Lord.

V. Ab omni malo.
V. From all evil.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Ab omni peccáto.
V. From all deadly sin.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Ab ira tua.
V. From thine anger.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. A subitanea et improvisa morte.
V. From sudden and unrepentant death.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Ab insídiis diaboli.
V. From the crafts and assaults of the devil.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Ab ira, et ódio, et omni mala voluntáte.
V. From anger, and hatred, and all uncharitableness.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. A spíritu fornicatiónis.
V. From the spirit of fornication.

R. Líbera nos, Domine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. A fulgure et tempestáte.
V. From lightning and tempest.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. A flagello terræmotus.
V. From the peril of earthquake, fire, and flood.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. A peste, fame et bello.
V. From pestilence, famine, and battle.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. A morte perpetua.
V. From everlasting damnation.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per mystérium sanctæ Incarnatiónis tuæ.
V. By the mystery of thy Holy Incarnation.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per advéntum tuum.
V. By thine Advent.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per nativitátem tuam.
V. By thy Nativity.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per baptismum et sanctum jejunium tuum.
V. By thy Baptism and holy Fasting.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per crucem et passiónem tuam.
V. By thy Cross and Passion.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per mortem et sepultúram tuam.
V. By thy precious Death and Burial.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per sanctam resurrectiónem tuam.
V. By thy holy Resurrection.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per admirábilem ascensiónem tuam.
V. By thy glorious Ascension.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Per advéntum Spíritus Sancti Paracliti.
V. By the coming of the Holy Spirit, the Comforter.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. In die judícii.
V. In the day of Judgement.

R. Líbera nos, Dómine.
R. Good Lord, deliver us.

V. Peccatóres.
V. Even though we be sinners.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut nobis parcas.
V. That it may please thee to spare us.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut nobis indulgeas.
V. That it may please thee to pity and pardon us.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut ad veram pœniténtiam nos perducere dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to give us true repentance.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut Ecclésiam tuam sanctam regere et conservare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to rule and govern thy holy Church.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut domnum Apostolicum et omnes ecclesiásticos ordines in sancta religióne conservare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to preserve the Apostolic Lord, and to keep all orders of the Church in thy sacred religion.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut inimícos sanctæ Ecclésiæ humiliare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to overthrow the enemies of thy holy Church.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut régibus et princípibus christiánis pacem et veram concordiam donare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to bestow on all Christian kings and princes true peace and concord.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut cuncto pópulo christiáno pacem et unitátem largiri dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to give to all Christian nations both peace and unity.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut omnes errántes ad unitátem Ecclésiæ revocare, et infidéles univérsos ad Evangélii lumen perducere dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to restore unity to thy Church, and to lead all unbelievers into the light of thy holy Gospel.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut nosmetípsos in tuo sancto servítio confortare et conservare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to strengthen and preserve us in true worshipping of thee.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut mentes nostras ad cæléstia desidéria erigas.
V. That it may please thee to endue our hearts with heavenly desires.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut ómnibus benefactóribus nostris sempitérna bona retríbuas.
V. That it may please thee to bestow on all our benefactors thine everlasting benefits.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut ánimas nostras, fratrum, propinquorum et benefactórum nostrórum ab ætérna damnatióne erípias.
V. That it may please thee to deliver from eternal damnation our souls, and those of our brethren, kindred, and benefactors.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut fructus terræ dare et conservare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to give and preserve to our use the kindly fruits of the earth.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut ómnibus fidelibus defunctis réquiem ætérnam donare dignéris.
V. That it may please thee to bestow upon all thy faithful departed rest eternal.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Ut nos exáudire dignéris.
V. That it may please thee graciously to hear our prayer.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Fili Dei.
V. O Son of God.

R. Te rogamus, audi nos.
R. We beseech thee to hear us, Lord.

V. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi.
V. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world.

R. Parce nobis, Dómine.
R. Spare us, Lord.

V. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi.
V. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world.

R. Exáudi nos, Dómine.
R. Graciously hear us, Lord.

V. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi.
V. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world.

R. Miserére nobis.
R. Have mercy upon us.

V. Christe, audi nos.
V. O Christ, hear us.

R. Christe, exáudi nos.
R. O Christ, graciously hear us.

V. Kyrie, eléison.
V. Lord, have mercy upon us.

R. Christe, eléison. Kyrie, eléison.
R. Christ, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us.

Pater noster. (secréto usque ad)
Our Father (which words are said aloud, and the rest secretly to):

V. Et ne nos indúcas in tentatiónem.
V. And lead us not into temptation.

R. Sed líbera nos a malo.
R. …But deliver us from evil.

Psalmus 69. Deus, in adjutórium
Psalm 69. Deus, in adjutórium

1 Deus, in adjutórium meum inténde: * Dómine ad adjuvándum me festína.
1 Haste thee, O God, to deliver me; * make haste to help me, O LORD.

2 Confundántur et revereántur, qui quærunt ánimam meam. * Avertántur retrórsum, et erubéscant, qui volunt mihi mala.
2 Let them be ashamed and confounded that seek after my soul; * let them be turned backward and put to confusion that wish me evil.

3 Avertántur statim erubescéntes, * qui dicunt mihi : Euge, euge.
3 Let them for their reward be soon brought to shame, * that cry over me, There! there!

4 Exsúltent et læténtur in te omnes qui quærunt te, * et dicant semper : Magnificétur Dóminus : qui díligunt salutáre tuum.
4 But let all those that seek thee be joyful and glad in thee: * and let all such as delight in thy salvation say always, The LORD be praised.

5 Ego vero egénus, et pauper sum : * Deus, ádjuva me.
5 As for me, I am poor and in misery: * haste thee unto me, O God.

6 Adjútor meus, et liberátor meus es tu : * Dómine, ne moréris.
6 Thou art my helper, and my redeemer: * O LORD, make no long tarrying.

7 Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto.
7 Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.

8 Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, * et in sæcula sæculórum. Amen.
8 As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

V. Salvos fac servos tuos.
V. O God, save thy servants.

R. Deus meus, sperántes in te.
R. That put their trust in thee.

V. Esto nobis, Dómine, turris fortitúdinis.
V. Be unto us, O LORD, a tower of strength.

R. A fácie inimíci.
R. From the face of the enemy.

V. Nihil profíciat inimícus in nobis.
V. Let the enemy prevail nothing against us.

R. Et fílius iniquitátis non appónat nocére nobis.
R. Nor the son of wickedness approach to afflict us.

V. Dómine, non secúndum peccáta nostra fácias nobis.
V. O LORD, deal not with us after our sins.

R. Neque secúndum iniquitátes nostras retríbuas nobis.
R. Neither reward us according to our iniquities.

V. Orémus pro Pontifice nostro (Nomen).
V. Let us pray for our Pope (Name).

R. Dóminus consérvet eum, et vivíficet eum, et beátum fáciat eum in terra, et beátum fáciat eum in terra, et non tradat eum in ánimam inimicórum ejus.
R. The Lord preserve him and keep him alive, that he may be blessed upon earth; and deliver not thou him into the will of his enemies.

(Vacante Apostolica Sede, Versus cum suo Responsorio præteritur.)
(If the Holy See is vacant, the above Versicle with its Response is omitted.)

V. Orémus pro benefactóribus nostris.
V. Let us pray for our benefactors.

R. Retribúere dignáre, Dómine, ómnibus, nobis bona faciéntibus propter nomen tuum, vitam ætérnam. Amen.
R. Vouchsafe, O Lord, for thy Name's sake, to reward with eternal life all them that do us good. Amen.

V. Orémus pro fidelibus defunctis.
V. Let us pray for the faithful departed.

R. Réquiem ætérnam dona eis, Dómine, et lux perpétua luceat eis.
R. Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord; and let perpetual light shine upon them.

V. Requiéscant in pace.
V. May they rest in peace.

R. Amen.
R. Amen.

V. Pro frátribus nostris abséntibus.
V. Let us pray for our absent brethren.

R. Salvos fac servos tuos, Deus meus, sperántes in te.
R. Save thy servants, O my God, that put their trust in thee.

V. Mitte eis, Dómine, auxílium de sancto.
V. Send them help, O LORD, from thy holy place.

R. Et de Sion tuere eos.
R. And from Zion deliver them.

V. Dómine, exáudi oratiónem meam.
V. O LORD, hear my prayer.

R. Et clamor meus ad te véniat.
R. And let my cry come unto thee.

V. Dóminus vobíscum.
V. The Lord be with you.

R. Et cum spíritu tuo.
R. And with thy spirit.

Oremus. (Oratio)
Let us pray. (Collects)

Deus, cui proprium est miseréri semper et parcere : súscipe deprecatiónem nostram ; ut nos, et omnes fámulos tuos, quos delictórum catena constringit, miserátio tuæ pietátis clementer absolvat.
O God, whose nature and property is ever to have mercy and to forgive : receive our humble petitions ; and though we be tied and bound by the chain of our sins, yet let the pitifulness of thy great mercy loose us.

Exáudi, quæsumus, Dómine, supplícium preces, et confiténtium tibi parce peccátis : ut páriter nobis indulgéntiam tríbuas benignus et pacem.
We beseech thee, O LORD, mercifully to hear the prayers of thy humble servants, and to forgive the sins of them that confess the same unto thee : that they may obtain of thy loving-kindness pardon and peace.

Ineffábilem nobis, Dómine, misericórdiam tuam clementer osténde : ut simul nos et a peccátis ómnibus exuas, et a pœnis, quas pro his meremur, erípias.
O Lord, we pray thee, shew forth upon us thy servants the abundance of thy unspeakable mercy : that we may be delivered from the chain of our sins, and from the punishment which for the same we have most righteously deserved.

Deus, qui culpa offenderis, pœniténtia placaris : preces pópuli tui supplicántis propítius réspice ; et flagélla tuæ iracúndiæ, quæ pro peccátis nostris meremur, averte.
O God, who art wroth with them that sin against thee, and sparest them that are penitent : we beseech thee to hear the prayers of thy people that call upon thee ; that we, which have most justly deserved the scourges of thine anger, may by thy great mercy be delivered from the same.

(If the Holy See is vacant, the following Collect is omitted.)
(If the Holy See is vacant, the following Collect is omitted.)

Omnípotens sempiterne Deus, miserére famulo tuo Pontifici nostro (Nomen), et dírige eum secúndum tuam cleméntiam in viam salútis ætérnæ : ut, te donante, tibi placita cupiat, et tota virtúte perfíciat.
Almighty and everlasting God, we beseech thee to have compassion upon (Name), our Pope, and by thy mercy govern him in the way of everlasting life : that, being endued with thy grace, he may ever seek those things that are pleasing unto thee, and with his whole strength perform the same.

Deus, a quo sancta desidéria, recta consília et justa sunt ópera : da servis tuis illam, quam mundus dare non potest, pacem ; ut et corda nostra mandátis tuis dedita, et, hóstium subláta formidine, témpora sint, tua protectióne, tranquilla.
O God, from whom all holy desires, all good counsels, and all just works do proceed : give unto thy servants that peace which the world cannot give ; that our hearts may be set to obey thy commandments, and also that by thee we being defended from the fear of our enemies may pass our time in rest and quietness.

Ure igne Sancti Spíritus renes nostros et cor nostrum, Dómine : ut tibi casto corpore serviamus, et mundo corde placeámus.
Grant, O Lord, we pray thee, that the fire of thy Holy Ghost may in such wise cleanse our reins and our hearts : that we serving thee in pureness both of body and soul may be found an acceptable people in thy sight.

Fidélium, Deus, ómnium conditor et redemptor, animábus famulórum famularumque tuárum remissiónem cunctórum tríbue peccatórum : ut indulgéntiam, quam semper optavérunt, piis supplicatiónibus consequántur.
O God, the Creator and Redeemer of all them that believe : grant unto the souls of thy servants and handmaidens the remission of all their sins ; that, as they have ever desired thy merciful pardon, so by the supplications of their brethren they may receive the same.

Actiónes nostras, quæsumus, Dómine, aspirándo prævéni et adjuvándo proséquere : ut cuncta nostra orátio et operátio a te semper incipiat et per te cœpta finiátur.
Prevent us, O LORD, in all our doings with thy most gracious favour, and further us with thy continual help : that in all our works begun, continued, and ended in thee, we may glorify thy holy Name, and finally by thy mercy obtain everlasting life.

Omnípotens sempiterne Deus, qui vivórum domináris simul et mortuórum, ómniumque miseréris quos tuos fide et ópere futuros esse prænoscis : te supplices exorámus ; ut, pro quibus effúndere preces decrevimus, quosque vel præsens sæculum adhuc in carne retinet vel futúrum jam exutos corpore suscépit, intercedéntibus ómnibus Sanctis tuis, pietátis tuæ cleméntia, ómnium delictórum suórum véniam consequántur. Per Dóminum nostrum Jesum Christum, Fílium tuum, qui tecum vivit et regnat in unitáte Spíritus Sancti, Deus, per ómnia sæcula sæculórum.
Almighty and everlasting God, who hast dominion both of the quick and the dead, who likewise hast mercy upon all men, whom by reason of their faith and works thou hast foreknown : we commend unto thee all those for whom we now do offer our prayers, whether in this world they still be held in the bonds of the flesh, or being delivered therefrom have passed into that which is to come ; beseeching thee that at the intercession of all thy Saints they may of thy bountiful goodness obtain the remission of all their sins. Through our LORD, Jesus Christ thy Son, Who liveth and reigneth with thee in the unity of the Holy Ghost, God, world without end.

R. Amen.
R. Amen.

V. Dóminus vobíscum.
V. The LORD be with you.

R. Et cum spíritu tuo.
R. And with thy spirit.

V. Exáudiat nos omnípotens et miséricors Dóminus.
V. May the Almighty and Merciful Lord graciously hear us.

R. Amen.
R. Amen.

V. Et fidélium ánimæ † per misericórdiam Dei requiéscant in pace.
V. And may the souls of the faithful departed, † through the mercy of God, rest in peace.

R. Amen.
R. Amen.

text: Footnotes and references[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Catholic Church; Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Solesmes (1979). Graduale Romanum. Paraclete Pr. pp. 831–837. ISBN 978-2-85274-094-5. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Graduale Romanum" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Litany of Saints in the Liturgy, William Fitzgerald, O. Praem., Adoremus November 2008, accessed 28 October 2012
Jump up ^ The Roman Missal: English Translation according to the Third Typical Edition, version for England & Wales, Scotland and Australia, published by Catholic Truth Society, 2010, translated from the 2002 Latin edition of the Roman Missal as amended in 2008; rubrics at page 405; litany at page 406.
Jump up ^ ICEL extract for singing the Litany at the Easter Vigil, accessed 8 October 2012
Jump up ^ The Rite of Baptism of Children, version for England & Wales, Scotland and Ireland, published by Burns & Oates, 1992, based on the 1969 English translation of the rite by ICEL as amended 1984; short litany at page 20; extended litany at pages 165-166.
Jump up ^ Ordo rituum Conclavis. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2000. ISBN 978-88-209-6943-1. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar, 1978, ICEL
Jump up ^ Body Theology: Litany of the Saints, accessed 28 October 2012
Jump up ^ Circular Letter Concerning the Preparation and Celebration of the Easter Feasts (paragraph 23), Congregation for Divine Worship, 20 February 1988, accessed 28 October 2012
Jump up ^ iBreviary Litany of Saints, accessed 28 October 2012
Jump up ^ Litany of Saints at OCP Publishing - with preview[permanent dead link] of some of the text available.
Jump up ^ General Audience of 25 April 2007 - Origen's Life and Work; General Audience Address of 2 May 2007 - Origen's Thought; both accessed 28 October 2012
Jump up ^ Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, Vatican Press (Typis Vaticanis)
Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Fifth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople II, 553
Jump up ^ Origen in Litany of Saints - thread on Catholic Answers Forum accessed 28 October 2012; Litany of Saints - thread on Musica Sacra Forum accessed 28 October 2012; Origen - Litany of the Saints? - thread on Defenders of the Catholic Faith Forum accessed 28 October 2012
^ Jump up to: a b "versus" (verse, sung by the priest)
^ Jump up to: a b "responsum" (the response, sung by the congregation).
^ Jump up to: a b The Roman Ritual in Latin and English with Rubrics and Plainchant Notation. Translated and edited by Philip T. Weller. Volume II: Christian Burial, Exorcism, Reserved Blessings, etc. Originally published 1952 by The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee. Reprinted 2007 by Preserving Christian Publications Inc., New York. The Litany is on pages 453-457.
Jump up ^ Litany of the Saints from the Catholic Encyclopedia accessed 28 October 2012

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