document_title: Vehicle registration plates of New York

question_text: what does new york car registration look like

text: Vehicle registration plates of New York

text: Passenger baseplates[edit]

text: 1910 to 1965[edit]

text: In 1956, the U.S. states and Canadian provinces came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for license plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes.[2] The 1956 (dated 1957) issue was the first New York license plate that complied with these standards.

text:
Image

Dates issued

Design

Slogan

Serial format

Serial numbers issued

Notes

1910

Riveted white numbers on dark blue plate; vertical "NY" at right

none

12345

1 to 999; 3000 to approximately 61000

Serials 1000 through 2999 reserved for dealers; this practice continued until 1914.[3]

1911

Embossed white numbers on maroon plate; vertical "NY" at right

none

12345

1 to 999; 3000 to approximately 85000

1912

White numbers on red porcelain plate; vertical "NY" at right

none

123456

1 to 999; 3000 to approximately 106000

1913

Embossed white numbers on purple plate; "NY 1913" at right

none

12345

1 to 399; 3000 to 99999

First dated plate.

A1234

A1 to approximately E2000

1914

Embossed white numbers on brown plate; "NY 1914" at left

none

12345

1 to 5999; 8000 to 99999

Serials 6000 through 7999 reserved for dealers.[3]

A1234

A1 to approximately F5000

1915

Embossed black numbers on yellow plate; "NY 1915" at right

none

12345A1234

1916

Embossed dark blue numbers on white plate; "N.Y. 1916" centered at bottom

none

123-456A12-345

1917

Embossed white numbers on dark olive green plate with border line; "N.Y. 1917" centered at bottom

none

123-456A12-345

1918

Embossed white numbers on maroon plate with border line; "N.Y. 1918" centered at top

none

123-456

1919

Embossed white numbers on black plate with border line; "N.Y. 1919" centered at top

none

123-456

1920

Embossed black numbers on light green plate with border line; "N.Y. 1920" centered at bottom

none

123-456

1921

Embossed white numbers on dark blue plate with border line; "N.Y. 1921" centered at bottom

none

123-456

1922

Embossed white numbers on green plate with border line; "N.Y. 1922" centered at bottom

none

123-4561-234-567

Issued in blocks by county

1923

Embossed white numbers on purple plate with border line; "N.Y. 1923" centered at top

none

123-4561-234-567

Issued in blocks by county

1924

Embossed white numbers on gray plate with border line; "N.Y. 1924" centered at bottom

none

123-4561-234-567

Issued in blocks by county

1925

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "N.Y. 1925" centered at top

none

1A·12-34

County-coded

First use of county codes.

1926

Embossed white numbers on dark blue plate with border line; "N.Y. 1926" centered at bottom

none

1A·12-34

County-coded

1927

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "NY 27" centered at top

none

1A-12-34A-12-34

County-coded

1928

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 28" centered at bottom

none

1A-12-34A-12-34

County-coded

1929

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY·29" centered at bottom

none

A/1 12-34A/  12-34

County-coded

1930

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 30" centered at top

none

A 12-341A12-34

County-coded

1931

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 31" centered at bottom

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1932

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 32" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1933

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 33" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1934

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 34" centered at bottom

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1935

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 35" centered at bottom

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1936

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 36" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1937

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 37" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

1938

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 38" centered at top

"NEW YORK WORLD"S FAIR 1939" at bottom

A-12-341A12-34

County-coded

First base to feature the full state name.

1939

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate

"NEW YORK WORLD"S FAIR 1939" at top

A-12-341A12-34AB-123

County-coded

1940

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate

"NEW YORK WORLD"S FAIR 1940" at bottom

A-12-341A12-34AB-123

County-coded

1941

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 41" centered at bottom

none

A-12-341A12-34AB-123

County-coded

1942–43

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 42" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

Only rear plates issued due to metal conservation for World War II. Revalidated for 1943 with golden yellow tabs.

1944

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 44" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

Restamped and repainted 1942 plates.

1945

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 45" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

1946

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 46" centered at bottom

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

1947

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 47" centered at bottom

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

1948–49

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY 48" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

Revalidated for 1949 with black tabs.

1950

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY 50" centered at top

none

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

1951–52

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY", slogan and "51" at bottom

"THE EMPIRE STATE" between state abbreviation and year

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

Revalidated for 1952 with black tabs.

1953–54

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY", slogan and "53" at bottom

"THE EMPIRE STATE" between state abbreviation and year

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

Revalidated for 1954 with golden yellow tabs.

1955–56

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY", slogan and "55" at top

"THE EMPIRE STATE" between state abbreviation and year

A-12-341A12-34AB12-34

County-coded

Revalidated for 1956 with black tabs.

1957

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "NY", slogan and "57" at bottom

"EMPIRE STATE" between state abbreviation and year

A-1234AB-12341234-A1234-AB1A-1234

County-coded

First 6" x 12" plate.

1958–59

Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "NY", slogan and "58" at bottom

"EMPIRE STATE" between state abbreviation and year

A-1234AB-12341234-A1234-AB1A-1234

County-coded

Revalidated for 1959 with black tabs.

1960–61

As 1957 base, but with "60" at bottom right

"EMPIRE STATE" as on 1957 base

A-1234AB-12341234-A1234-AB1A-1234

County-coded

Revalidated for 1961 with golden yellow tabs.

1962–63

As 1958–59 base, but with "62" at bottom right

"EMPIRE STATE" as on 1958–59 base

A-1234AB-12341234-A1234-AB1A-1234

County-coded

Revalidated for 1963 with black tabs.

1964–65

Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "NY", slogan and "64" at bottom

"WORLD'S FAIR" between state abbreviation and year

A-1234AB-12341234-A1234-AB1A-1234

County-coded

Revalidated for 1965 with red stickers placed at far right.

text: 1966 to present[edit]

text:
Image

Dates issued

Design

Slogan

Serial format

Serial numbers issued

Notes

1966–72

Embossed orange numbers on blue plate; border lines around plate and around registration sticker spot at bottom right; "NEW YORK" centered at bottom

none

A-1234AB-12341234-A1234-AB1A-1234

County-coded

Some later plates use the 1973 dies; all revalidated with stickers.

1973–80

Embossed dark blue numbers on reflective orange plate; border lines around plate and around registration sticker spot at bottom right; "NEW YORK" centered at bottom

none

12-ABC123-ABC1

County-coded

Numbers 51 through 999 were used on the 12-ABC and 123-ABC serial formats. Narrower dies introduced 1979 to accommodate 1234-ABC format. All plates revalidated with windshield decals; plate stickers never used despite sticker box.

1980 – June 30, 1986

1234-ABC1

1000-AAA to approximately 9999-BUR;1000-TAA to approximately 9999-TCS

July 1, 1986 – December 2000

Liberty plates. Embossed dark blue numbers on reflective white plate, with red stripe at top and bottom; "NEW YORK" in plain serifed block font centered at top; red outlined Statue of Liberty screen printed in center (or at left on vanity plates)

none

ABC 1231AB 2342

County-coded

Validated with windshield decal.

A1B 234A12 3BCAB1 23C2

A2A 100 to Y9Z 999;A10 0AA to Z99 9ZZ;AA1 00A to GS9 99E

January 2001 – March 31, 2010

Empire State plates. Embossed dark blue numbers on reflective white with blue bars above and below; upper blue bar has the words "NEW YORK" in white serifed block numbers outlined in dark blue, over a skyline of Niagara Falls, the Adirondack Mountains, and New York City, with sky above all

"THE EMPIRE STATE" in smaller serifed block letters screened on lower blue bar

ABC-12343 with embossed New York State outline as separator

AAA-1000 to EYH-2999

Validated with windshield decal. Letters I, O and Q not used in serials.[3] AAA-1000 through ABZ-9999 reserved for Transit Permit; EYH-3000 through EZZ-9999 may be issued on vanity plates. TWY series used by New York State Thruway Authority.

April 1, 2010[4] – present

Empire Gold plates. Embossed dark blue numbers on orange plate, with small blue bar at bottom with thin blue stripe above and curved larger blue bar at top with thin blue stripe below, with orange "NEW YORK" in serifed block letters curving to edges of top bar

"EMPIRE STATE" in smaller serif block letters centered at bottom

ABC-12344 with embossed New York State outline as separator

FAA-1000 to JED-49995 (as of August 9, 2018)

Validated with windshield decal.

text: Notes on serials

text:
1. Plus remakes of 1966–72 serials, issued upon request.
2. Plus remakes of 1966–72 and 1973–86 serials, issued upon request.
3. Plus remakes of Liberty serials, issued upon request.
4. Plus remakes of Liberty and Empire State serials, issued upon request.
5. This is the highest serial reserved by the NYSDMV.

text: Passenger baseplate variations[edit]

text: 1973–1986: blue on orange[edit]

text: Letter series on the original run of 1973 orange plates were allocated by county and were determined by a number of factors such as geographical names or features found in any said county. The entire 1973–74 allocation list is displayed below.

text: By 1975, the DMV began to issue letter series that were not part of the original allocation. These were issued alphabetically, beginning with the 'A' series and running until the final 'V' and 'W' plates were issued in 1979–80. This was done on a rotating basis in the alphabetical order of the county name. At times, issuing offices or counties ran short of plates and plates would be diverted to where they were needed, sometimes breaking the intended issuing order.

text: In late 1979, the state introduced new narrower dies that were to be used on the upcoming seven-character passenger plates. Most of the 'V' series of six-character plates used these dies (except for VS, VV, and the series issued in the original allocation), as well as series UYA through UYH, WXC through WXZ, WYX through WYZ, and WZA through WZZ.

text: The new seven-character passenger plates started to be issued in late 1980. These plates were issued sequentially, starting at 1000-AAA, with the letters I, O, and Q not used and 0 not used as the first digit. The 'A' series ran until around the end of 1983 and the 'B' series from around the beginning of 1984 until June 1986; there were also a few mis-stamped plates with the GAM suffix in Nassau County. The final known issue was in the BUR series.

text: The seven-character passenger plates were issued without regard of the meaning of any specific three-letter combination except one: 1000-AUB through 4999-AUB were assigned to Cayuga County for its county seat at Auburn, where the Corcraft plate facility is located.

text: In 1984 the DMV began to issue plates directly through dealers, using the 'T' series. The plates were issued in the same manner as described above, and can be dated in this manner: TAA-TAZ in 1984, TBA-TBZ in 1985, and TCA-TCS in 1986. The final known issue was in the TCS series.

text: In July 1986 the DMV began to issue the Liberty series to replace this issue, and it took two years for the old blue-on-orange issue to be fully off the road.

text: 1986–2001: Statue of Liberty[edit]

text: Statue of Liberty plates used the word "Liberty" in the 3M security mark in the ABC 123 serial format and in the early 1AB 234 format. During 1990 the security mark changed from "Liberty" to a year designation. 1990, 1991, and 1992 were used. By 1993, 3M lot numbers were used until the end of the Liberty issue in 2000. The year security marks only denote the year the sheeting was manufactured; the plates may actually date somewhat later. Neither the ABC 123 nor the 1AB 234 formats were issued consecutively; e.g. plates ABD 768 and UVK 767 could have been issued the same day in 1986. Type One Liberty passenger plate issues were largely county-coded and were issued two ways: "over-the-counter" from a DMV or County office or "mail-out" in which registrants received new plates directly by mail.

text: When the 1AB 234 format made its first appearance in September 1988, the first serial numbers observed began with 6VB; this was because most plates with serial numbers from 2VA 100 through 9VZ 999 and 2XA 100 through 9XZ 999 were issued from new car dealers, which had exhausted their allocations in the ABC 123 format (roughly VAA 100 through VZZ 999 and XGA 100 through XZZ 999; XAA 100 through XFZ 999 were issued in Suffolk County as mail-out replacement passenger plates). By December 1988 other prefixes began to appear, again not in consecutive order, e.g. 4AB 234 and 7TC 766 both could have been issued on the same day in 1989.

text: This passenger format had left-side numbers from 2 through 9, with the number 1 not used to avoid confusion with the letter I. This serial format was the last in which the serial numbers were county-coded. During this issue, this system was finally abandoned, and all subsequent passenger plate issues beginning with the following Type Three A1B 234 type have been strictly alphabetical. Most plates, including specialty, vanity, and non-passenger plates, contained embossed characters, except a few in the A12 3BC format, which had screened characters.

text: To date, these earlier Liberty plates are:

text: 2001–2010: "Empire State"[edit]

text: In 2001, the state began the process of replacing all of the Liberty plates with a new "Empire State" design depicting Niagara Falls, the Adirondack Mountains, and the New York City skyline, including the Empire State Building. This base was also the first to use the "Empire State" slogan since 1963. As on the Liberty base, the serial numbers were embossed onto the plate, but unlike on the Liberty base, all vanity plates, most specialty plates, and many non-passenger plates had screened serial numbers. Renewing registrants were given the option to keep their previous registration number on a new set of plates, for a one-time fee. Many took this option, and received embossed plates with old standard-issue numbers (not in the ABC-1234 format).

text: The Empire State passenger plate issue began at AAA-1000 in 2001 and ended with EYH-2999. The first letters on these plates are A through E.

text: 2010–present: "Empire Gold"[edit]

text: In 2010, the standard plate was redesigned to "Empire Gold". This plate consists of dark blue numbers on a gold background, and retains the ABC-1234 serial format. Standard plate numbers are issued sequentially. As with the Empire State plate, standard-issue plates are embossed, while all vanity plates, all specialty plates, and many non-passenger plates are screened. Originally, the Empire Gold plate was supposed to be a reissue, replacing all Empire State plates in two years; however, after controversy over the new design and the $25 fee for reissue plates, mandatory replacement was called off, and the prior series remains valid. All new registrants receive the Empire Gold plate. Renewing registrants with existing Empire State plates can keep them or pay $25 for new Empire Gold plates.[5] And for an additional one-time fee of $20, the new plates will have the same numbers as the previous plates (embossed).

text: Standard passenger serials on the Empire Gold plate began at FAA-1000. The first letter advanced to 'G' in 2012, then to 'H' in 2015 and to 'J' in 2018 (the letter 'I' is not used in standard passenger serials).

text: Optional plates[edit]

text:
Image

Dates issued

Design

Slogan

Serial format

Serial numbers issued

Notes

from unknown

Blue bar with script New York with thin red stripe below. Logo picture on the left followed by 2 to 6 plate digits. Red and blue stripes run along the bottom. Newer plates have a curved blue banner with yellow stripe below on top, though some of the older designs (such as "regions") have not been transitioned to the new style.

Custom Picture plates with sports logos, universities, professions, emergency services, and military organizations. Also used for some official plates, such as those of judges and assemblymen.

Up to six letters and numbers. If number is random it will be in pre-allocated blocks in the 123ABC format. Serial numbers proceed sequentially within their own plate type, but non-sequentially otherwise, setting them apart from standard-issue plates.

Validated with windshield decal.

text: Non-passenger plates[edit]

text: Below are the non-passenger plates on the Empire Gold base.[6] Empire State non-passenger plates remain valid as of December 2017.

text:
Image

Type

Serial format

Notes

Agriculture

12345-GL

Ambulance

12345-EV

EV = Emergency Vehicle

Apportioned

12345-PC

Bus

12345-BB

Commercial

12345-MA

Earlier plates were 12345-JA

Dealer

1234567

Began at 7100000.

Disability

123456

Began at 600000. Wheelchair symbol updated 2014.[7]

Farm

12345-FR

Historical Car

HX-12345

Began at HX-50000.

Livery

12345-LV

Motorcycle

12AB34

Began at 10RA00.

Official

R-12345A/B1234

Newer plates display the political subdivision at the left and the county name at the bottom, and use the A/B1234 serial format.

School

12345-SH

Special Commercial

12345-SM

T&LC

T123456C

Began at T600000C.

T&LC – Nassau County

N123456C

T&LC – Westchester County

W123456C

Taxi

12345-TY

Taxi (NYC medallion cabs)

Y123456C

New format from March 2018.  Standby vehicles are in the format S123456V[8].
Previous plates have the medallion number with a serial subscript (e.g. 1X97A), or 999SBVA for standby vehicles and remain valid.

Tow Truck

12345-TT

Tractor

12345-TC

Trailer

BA-12345

Transporter

1234567

Probably began at 2100000.

text: Personalized plates[edit]

text: Before 1977 New York motorists were limited to use up to three letters and up to three digits on personalized/vanity plates, such as ABC-123, MM-123, and AB-12.

text: Vanity plates have been available since 1977 when DMV began allowing up to six characters using the 1973 plate dies. In 1978 new thin vanity plate dies allowing the issue of up to eight-character vanity plates began to be used. At first, in 1978, these plates had some restrictions: Numbers could only precede or follow letters and a dash—which counted as one character—could only separate letters and numbers.

text: In 1982 these restrictions were relaxed allowing numbers to be interspersed with letters and some types like commercial, trailer and motorcycle vanity (six characters) plates were introduced.

text:
1977 examples: ALBANY; METS-1; WAYNE; JOHN
1978 examples: BROOKLYN; AMERICA; GRADE-12
1982 examples: TERMIN8R; GOOD2GO; ALL4U2

text: Since 1982 NY special registration plates have been available on all subsequent plate issues and has expanded into the NYS DMV's Custom Plate program.

text: Motorists may select up to eight characters on a vanity plate:

text:
letters A through Z
numbers 0 through 9
spaces (not recognized as a character on the windshield decal)
a state symbol (which represents a dash, but is not recognized as a character on the windshield decal)

text: Personalized serial formats in New York are electronically printed directly onto the plate, as opposed to the randomly assigned, default serial numbers, which are embossed onto the front of the plate.

text: Any plate combination that is in use cannot be assigned as a vanity plate. For instance, if the serial number FAB-1000 is in use, FAB1000 or FAB 1000 cannot be issued as a vanity plate since the three plate numbers are processed as the same serial number on the windshield decal. Any "questionable" or offensive combinations are also not allowed to be assigned; some are permanently banned. Of 152,430 applications for vanity plates from 2010 to 2015, five thousand plate combinations were rejected.[9]

text: County coding[edit]

text: New York never placed the full name of the county of registration explicitly on its standard-issue plates. Some states encode the county of issuance into the selection of serial number, with varying degrees of subtlety. New York intentionally encoded county into the serial number from 1946 through 1986. One system was used from 1946 through 1973, and a second system was used from 1973 through 1986.

text: 1973 base: original allocation[edit]

text: On the 1973–1986 orange base, plates were issued in letter blocks by county, initially with phonetic combinations similar to the county's name or the names of communities, companies, or colleges/universities within the county.

text:
County

Letter blocks

Albany

AAA–ABM, ABO–ACB, ACD, ACF–ADK, ADN–AED, AJM, BSM, CEM, CPC, DFG, DFM, EJK, FGS, JAG, JGS, LEA, MAC, RJH, RJR, SPM, WJR

Allegany

ALF–ALG, ALL–ALM, ALY, AND, ANG, ARI, BEL, BIS, BOL, CUB, FIL, HOU, HUM, NIL, SWA, WEL

Bronx

BWB, BXA–BXZ, BZA–BZZ, CBE, FOR, HWB, JPS, LSG, MSV, NYU, SLG, VCP, XAA–XHZ, XJA–XJJ

Broome

BEY–BEZ, BNA–BNZ, BRB–BRC, BRF–BRG, BRI–BRK, BRM–BRU, BRW–BRZ, BTA–BTU, BTW–BTY, ECT, ENA–ENU, ENW–ENZ, IBM, JCI, JON, VES

Cattaraugus

AIR, ASP, BBS, BOV, CAC, CAF–CAH, CAK, CAM, CAO, CAQ, CAT–CAX, CCC, CCV, CGS, CTG, CVC, ELC, LTV, OLE, OLN, ROP, SLC, SLN

Cayuga

AUB, CAY, CGK–CGR, CGU–CGZ, CYA–CYG, CYI–CYS, CYU–CYX, CYZ

Chautauqua

CCA–CCB, CCD–CCS, CCU, CCW–CCZ, CHA, CHC–CHD, CHJ–CHL, CHQ–CHR, CHU, CHW–CHZ, CXA–CXZ, JMT, MAY

Chemung

CHE, CHM, CMA–CMO, CMQ–CMS, CMU–CMZ, EHG, ELA, ELD, ELF–ELH, ELJ–ELK, ELM, ELO–ELR, HHD, NBR

Chenango

AFT, BBG, BER, CHG, CHN–CHO, EAR, JID, NBL, NRH, NWC, NWH–NWI, REM, SBN, SBR, TYN

Clinton

AFB, CDV, CHP, CLI–CLJ, CLL–CLP, CMP, CUH, CZY, DAM, DJW, ELE, KDL, PLA–PLB, PLT, PRU, PTG, ROP, RPT

Columbia

AUS, CAA, CHH, CLA–CLB, CLE–CLH, CLQ–CLS, CLU–CLW, COL, FFM, HLD, HUD, KDH, LFN, PLM, TSP, VLT

Cortland

CLD, COR, CRA–CRF, CRH–CRL, CRQ–CRV, CRX–CRZ, CSU, GPS, HMR, MCG, MRT

Delaware

DEL, DWA–DWL, DWN–DWX

Dutchess

BDV, BEA, DCA–DCG, DCI–DDR, DDT–DDZ, DHA–DHZ, DUB–DUZ, FHK, MIL, PAW, PGH, PGK, POK, POU, RHB, TIV

Erie

BBA–BBF, BBH–BBR, BBT–BBZ, BFA–BFZ, BQA–BQB, BUA–BYZ, CEA–CEL, CEN–CFR, CFT–CGA, DEP, EEA–EEY, EQA–ERN, ERP–ERZ, EUA–EWZ, EYA–EZZ, HMB, KEA–KEM, KEO–KEQ, KES–KET, KEW–KEZ

Essex

ELB, ELI, ELY, ESX, FTY, JAY, KEV, LPE, MIV, NHU, PHE, TYE, WIT

Franklin

CHT, CLC, CRP, DBK, DJH, DUA, FRA, FRN, FTC, HAR, JJC, MAL, MLC, PSM, RRL, SRL, TUP, WAV, WDS

Fulton

BDA, BRD, EKT, EPH, FLT, FUL, GLO, GLV, JOH, JST, KAT, MCO, MYF, NHB, PER, RWT, SAC, VMI, WPR

Genesee

ALE, BAV, BTV, EIL, GNA–GNZ, LER, OAK

Greene

ATH, CAI, CGF, CKL, CTK, CTS, GRE, GRN, HNF, HTR, KAR, LED, PHM, PRV, TEM, TMC, WND

Hamilton

HAM, LPL

Herkimer

DGV, FFT, HRA–HRU, HRW–HRZ, LIT, MOH

Jefferson

ADM, ALX, AWP, BRV, CMT, CVI, CYT, DEX, HAL, HDS, JEA–JEY, PHL, SKH, TMB, WTO, WTR, WTT, WTW

Kings (Brooklyn)

BMT, DAR, GAP, JJG, KAA–KAG, KAI–KAQ, KAS, KAU–KDG, KDI–KDK, KDM–KDZ, KFA–KGR, KGU–KHR, KHT–KHZ, KIB–KIF, KIH–KIM, KIO–KNF, KNH–KNW, KNY–KNZ, KPA–KZK, KZM–KZZ, WKH

Lewis

CGH, CRG, CTL, DMK, LEW, LOW, LWS, LYF, TUR

Livingston

LVA–LVY

Madison

CAZ, CGT, CHF, CHI, CLK, CST, DYT, MAD, MDA–MDC, MDE–MDR, MRV, PTB, WMP

Monroe

BDL, BPT, BSU, CGJ, DJB, EGY, FAI, GRC, GRI, HEN, HNR–HNT, MCA–MCC, MCE–MCF, MCH–MCN, MCP–MCU, MCW–MCZ, MJA–MJZ, MMA–MNE, MNG–MNS, MNU–MOG, MOI–MPA, MQA–MRS, MRU, MRW–MRZ, MUA–MVZ, PIT, PTF, RHA, RHC–RHZ, RMA–RMC, RME–RMR, RMT–RMZ, RPA–RPL, RQA–RQZ, SPP, WEB

Montgomery

AMD, AMS, AST, AUR, CAJ, CJH, FDA, FON, MTG, MTI–MTU, NJN, PGT, VPR, VWN

Nassau

ADL, AMA, AOA, BHF, BMF, CWP, DGA–DGU, DGW–DGZ, DLC, DNA–DNL, DNN–DNZ, DQA–DRX, DRZ–DTZ, DWM, EJA, ERO, FPA–FPZ, FRB–FRM, FRO–FSZ, GCA–GCZ, HBF, HEM, HIA–HIZ, HMF, HOF, HPA–HPS, HPU–HPZ, JBA–JBZ, LBA–LBX, LBZ, LIA, LIC–LIR, LIU–LIZ, LYA–LYE, LYG–LYL, LYN–LYZ, MLA, MLD–MLK, MLM–MLZ, NAA–NAZ, NCA–NCK, NCM–NCQ, NCS–NCZ, NET, NHI, NNA–NPK, NPM, NPO–NPS, NPU–NPY, RSA–RSB, RSD–RSZ, RVA–RVZ, SRX–SSL, SSN–SSZ, TRI, VSA–VSZ, WBA–WBZ, WMF

New York (Manhattan)

AYP, BJP, JPT, YSA–YZZ

Niagara

LOA–LOV, LOX–LOZ, LPD, LWT, NFB–NFJ, NFL–NGZ, NIA–NIK, NIM–NIR, NIT–NIZ, NTA–NTU, NTW–NTZ, NWF, OFN, TIR, TNA–TNZ, TUS, YON, YOU

Oneida

BON, CDE, DMF, GAB, NHF, NHT, NLP, NYM, ORF, RMS, RNY, ROA–RON, ROQ–ROZ, SYL, UHC, UKA–UKZ, UNY, UQA–UQB, UTA–UTZ, VRN, WML

Onondaga

BWT, CIC, DEW, ESY, FAB, FAY, FYV, JMV, JOR, KKV, LEM, LPO, MAN, MAT, NED, ONA–OND, ONF–ONS, ONU–ONZ, OVB–OVZ, POM, SFA–SFE, SFG–SFZ, SLY, SNK–SNZ, SPX, SPZ, SVA–SVM, SVO–SVZ, SWB–SWX, SWZ–SYK, SYM–SYZ, TUL

Ontario

CAN, CNA–CNC, CNE, GEN, GVA–GVF, ONT, OTA–OTN

Orange

BLG, CHS, CNG–CNZ, CRW, CWL, DPK, GSN, HBG, HLF, KNX, MDT, MIA–MIC, MIE–MIJ, MIM–MIU, MIW–MIZ, MTA–MTB, MTD–MTE, MTH, MTX–MTZ, NBA–NBK, NBM–NBQ, NBS–NBZ, NEW, ORA–ORE, ORG–ORK, PJV, PTJ, TUX, WDY, WRK

Orleans

ABN, HLY, LNV, MLL, ORL–ORZ, RGW, SLB, WPT

Oswego

AMB, CSQ, CVD, FTO, FUT, HBL, LMG, MXO, OSA–OSB, OSD–OSZ, PLK, PSK, RCM, TEX, VER

Otsego

CHV, CPS–CPT, CPW, DBL, DOU, FAM, FEN, JFC, ONE, OTP–OTZ, RIC, RIS

Putnam

ACE, AOK, BAL, BCR, BHG, BRE, CAS, CFS, CRM, CRO, CTY, FMP, GAR, KEN, LAK, MAH, NEL, OSC, PAT, PCO, PHI, PTN, PTV–PUZ, VAL

Queens

JAA–JAF, JAH–JAJ, JFK, QAA–QBX, QBZ–QZZ

Rensselaer

AVP, BRL, BYS, CPH, EGB, ESC, GSM, JRG, LES, PBP, POE, REA–REL, REN–RER, RET–REZ, RJE, RPI, TRJ–TRZ, WSL, WYS

Richmond (Staten Island)

RAA–RAP, RAR–RBZ, RGA–RGV, RGX–RGZ, RLA–RLB, RLD–RLZ, RTA–RTC, RTE–RUA, TRA, TRC–TRH

Rockland

CKT, HVS, NYA, PJC, PLR, RCA–RCL, RCN–RCQ, RCS–RCZ, RKA–RKZ, RNA–RNX, RNZ, RPO, RZA–RZZ, SFF, SPT, SPV, TJD, TPP, TZB

St. Lawrence

ASW, ATC, ATG, BIW, CTT, CLT, CNF, CTN, DEK, DJP, DNM, ELT, GOU, GRA, GUV, HVT, HWF, LIS, LSR, MAS, MTW, NDM, NFA, NFK, NRW, OGB, OGD, PAR, PDM, PTO, RAQ, RMD, ROO, RUS, SLA, SLS, SLU, SSM, SWY, WGT, WTP

Saratoga

BLL, BRH, BST, BUR, CTH, DMB, HDL, MCV, MHV, SAR, SGR–SGS, SGU–SGZ, SPA, SRA–SRK, SRM–SRV, TES, WLT

Schenectady

AEL, AGL, DBG, DLS, DMC, EAL, GEC, GLN, MAR, NIS, RDJ, RTD, SDA–SDO, SDQ–SDT, SDV–SDZ, SGA–SGD, SGF–SGQ, SNA–SNJ, WGB, WGY

Schoharie

SHA–SHM

Schuyler

HEC, KYU, MNF, MTF, SCH, SCR, TYR, WGK, WNE, WTK

Seneca

SEB–SEW

Steuben

STA–STZ, THA–THV

Suffolk

BAA–BAK, BAM–BAU, BAW–BAY, BOA, CAE, CAP, CBK–CBL, CGI, COA–COB, ESP, FIA–FIK, FIM–FIZ, FIL, GSA–GSL, GSO–GSX, GSZ, HUA–HUC, HUE–HUL, HUO–HUZ, LDA–LDZ, LEE, LHA–LHZ, LRA–LRZ, MHA–MHU, MHW–MHZ, MID, MLB, PCA, PCP–PCZ, PJA–PJB, PJD–PJU, PJW–PJZ, RFA–RFZ, RIA–RIB, RID–RIR, RIT–RIZ, RRA–RRK, RRM–RRZ, SAG, SAY, SBB–SBM, SBO–SBQ, SBS–SCG, SCI, SCK–SCQ, SCS–SCZ, SEA, SHO–SJZ, SMB–SMZ, SOA–SOZ, SQA–SQZ, SUA–SUJ, SUM–SUZ, SZA–SZZ, TPM

Sullivan

GRV, GSY, HRV, KIA, KZL, LBY, LCS, LIB, LLH, LTY, LYM, MGP, MNT, MTC, RSC, SLV–SLX, SUL, SVN, TMR, WDB, WSS, WTB

Tioga

APL, BKS, CND, NCL, NKV, OWE, SPN, TIA–TIO, WVL

Tompkins

CRN, CYH, DRY, ETN, ITH, MDD, TAU, TOA–TOX, TRB

Ulster

ACC, ATW, CUL, ELL, ELN, ELV, ENV, HGH, KER, KGS–KGT, KHS, KIG, KIN, LKT, NEP, NPL, NPN, NPT, NPZ, PHO, SDK, SGT, ULA–ULZ, UST

Warren

BLT, CTW, DPT, FWH, GLE–GLF, GOR, LGE, LUZ, NCR, PRS, QBY, SDP, SKI, WRA–WRJ, WRN

Washington

ARG, BKK, CBR, CSK, DLT, EDW, FTA, FTE, GIM, GPH, GVL, GWH, HCK, HCM, HFA, HFD, HFL, HPT, WHH, WSA–WSK

Wayne

ALT, CHB, CLY, LYO, NWK, PAL, PLY, PMY, RCR, SAV, SDU, WAA–WAQ, WAS–WAU, WAX–WAZ, WIL, WOL, WYN

Westchester

AOH, ARM, DOB, HAW, HJD, HOH, JMG, KAH, MAM, MKS, MTV, NER, NRA–NRG, NRI–NRV, NRX,NRZ, PKA–PKZ, PLE, RYA–RYZ, TAA–TAT, TAV–TAZ, TUC, VVA–VVZ, WCA–WDA, WDC–WDR, WDT–WDX, WEA, WEC–WEK, WEM–WEZ, WHA–WHG, WHI–WHZ, WPA–WPQ, WPS, WPU–WPZ, WTA, WTC–WTJ, WTL–WTN, WTQ, WTS, WTU–WTV, WTX–WTZ, YKA–YKZ, YOA–YOM, YOO–YOT, YOV–YOZ, YQA–YQK, YRA–YRZ

Wyoming

ARC, ATT, LET, VAR, WAR, WYA–WYM, WYO–WYQ

Yates

YCA–YCJ

text: Alphabetical cross-reference

text:
Letter blocks

County

Letter blocks

County

Letter blocks

County

Letter blocks

County

Letter blocks

County

AAA–ABM

Albany

CRM

Putnam

HGH

Ulster

MTW

St. Lawrence

SAY

Suffolk

ABN

Orleans

CRN

Tompkins

HHD

Chemung

MTX–MTZ

Orange

SBB–SBM

Suffolk

ABO–ACB

Albany

CRO

Putnam

HIA–HIZ

Nassau

MUA–MVZ

Monroe

SBN

Chenango

ACC

Ulster

CRP

Franklin

HJD

Westchester

MXO

Oswego

SBO–SBQ

Suffolk

ACD

Albany

CRQ–CRV

Cortland

HLD

Columbia

MYF

Fulton

SBR

Chenango

ACE

Putnam

CRW

Orange

HLF

Orange

NAA–NAZ

Nassau

SBS–SCG

Suffolk

ACF–ADK

Albany

CRX–CRZ

Cortland

HLY

Orleans

NBA–NBK

Orange

SCH

Schuyler

ADL

Nassau

CSK

Washington

HMB

Erie

NBL

Chenango

SCI

Suffolk

ADM

Jefferson

CSQ

Oswego

HMF

Nassau

NBM–NBQ

Orange

SCK–SCQ

Suffolk

ADN–AED

Albany

CST

Madison

HMR

Cortland

NBR

Chemung

SCR

Schuyler

AEL

Schenectady

CSU

Cortland

HNF

Greene

NBS–NBZ

Orange

SCS–SCZ

Suffolk

AFB

Clinton

CTG

Cattaraugus

HNR–HNT

Monroe

NCA–NCK

Nassau

SDA–SDO

Schenectady

AFT

Chenango

CTH

Saratoga

HOF

Nassau

NCL

Tioga

SDK

Ulster

AGL

Schenectady

CTK

Greene

HOH

Westchester

NCM–NCQ

Nassau

SDP

Warren

AIR

Cattaraugus

CTL

Lewis

HOU

Allegany

NCR

Warren

SDQ–SDT

Schenectady

AJM

Albany

CTN

St. Lawrence

HPA–HPS

Nassau

NCS–NCZ

Nassau

SDU

Wayne

ALE

Genesee

CTS

Greene

HPT

Washington

NDM

St. Lawrence

SDV–SDZ

Schenectady

ALF–ALG

Allegany

CTT

St. Lawrence

HPU–HPZ

Nassau

NED

Onondaga

SEA

Suffolk

ALL–ALM

Allegany

CTW

Warren

HRA–HRU

Herkimer

NEL

Putnam

SEB–SEW

Seneca

ALT

Wayne

CTY

Putnam

HRV

Sullivan

NEP

Ulster

SFA–SFE

Onondaga

ALX

Jefferson

CUB

Allegany

HRW–HRZ

Herkimer

NER

Westchester

SFF

Rockland

ALY

Allegany

CUH

Clinton

HTR

Greene

NET

Nassau

SFG–SFZ

Onondaga

AMA

Nassau

CUL

Ulster

HUA–HUC

Suffolk

NEW

Orange

SGA–SGD

Schenectady

AMB

Oswego

CVC

Cattaraugus

HUD

Columbia

NFA

St. Lawrence

SGF–SGQ

Schenectady

AMD

Montgomery

CVD

Oswego

HUE–HUL

Suffolk

NFB–NFJ

Niagara

SGR–SGS

Saratoga

AMS

Montgomery

CVI

Jefferson

HUM

Allegany

NFK

St. Lawrence

SGT

Ulster

AND

Allegany

CWL

Orange

HUO–HUZ

Suffolk

NFL–NGZ

Niagara

SGU–SGZ

Saratoga

ANG

Allegany

CWP

Nassau

HVS

Rockland

NHB

Fulton

SHA–SHM

Schoharie

AOA

Nassau

CXA–CXZ

Chautauqua

HVT

St. Lawrence

NHF

Oneida

SHO–SJZ

Suffolk

AOH

Westchester

CYA–CYG

Cayuga

HWB

Bronx

NHI

Nassau

SKH

Jefferson

AOK

Putnam

CYH

Tompkins

HWF

St. Lawrence

NHT

Oneida

SKI

Warren

APL

Tioga

CYI–CYS

Cayuga

IBM

Broome

NHU

Essex

SLA

St. Lawrence

ARC

Wyoming

CYT

Jefferson

ITH

Tompkins

NIA–NIK

Niagara

SLB

Orleans

ARG

Washington

CYU–CYX

Cayuga

JAA–JAF

Queens

NIL

Allegany

SLC

Cattaraugus

ARI

Allegany

CYZ

Cayuga

JAG

Albany

NIM–NIR

Niagara

SLG

Bronx

ARM

Westchester

CZY

Clinton

JAH–JAJ

Queens

NIS

Schenectady

SLN

Cattaraugus

ASP

Cattaraugus

DAM

Clinton

JAY

Essex

NIT–NIZ

Niagara

SLS

St. Lawrence

AST

Montgomery

DAR

Kings

JBA–JBZ

Nassau

NJN

Montgomery

SLU

St. Lawrence

ASW

St. Lawrence

DBG

Schenectady

JCI

Broome

NKV

Tioga

SLV–SLX

Sullivan

ATC

St. Lawrence

DBK

Franklin

JEA–JEY

Jefferson

NLP

Oneida

SLY

Onondaga

ATG

St. Lawrence

DBL

Otsego

JFC

Otsego

NNA–NPK

Nassau

SMB–SMZ

Suffolk

ATH

Greene

DCA–DCG

Dutchess

JFK

Queens

NPL

Ulster

SNA–SNJ

Schenectady

ATT

Wyoming

DCI–DDR

Dutchess

JGS

Albany

NPM

Nassau

SNK–SNZ

Onondaga

ATW

Ulster

DDT–DDZ

Dutchess

JID

Chenango

NPN

Ulster

SOA–SOZ

Suffolk

AUB

Cayuga

DEK

St. Lawrence

JJC

Franklin

NPO–NPS

Nassau

SPA

Saratoga

AUR

Montgomery

DEL

Delaware

JJG

Kings

NPT

Ulster

SPM

Albany

AUS

Columbia

DEP

Erie

JMG

Westchester

NPU–NPY

Nassau

SPN

Tioga

AVP

Rensselaer

DEW

Onondaga

JMT

Chautauqua

NPZ

Ulster

SPP

Monroe

AWP

Jefferson

DEX

Jefferson

JMV

Onondaga

NRA–NRG

Westchester

SPT

Rockland

AYP

New York

DFG

Albany

JOH

Fulton

NRH

Chenango

SPV

Rockland

BAA–BAK

Suffolk

DFM

Albany

JON

Broome

NRI–NRV

Westchester

SPX

Onondaga

BAL

Putnam

DGA–DGU

Nassau

JOR

Onondaga

NRW

St. Lawrence

SPZ

Onondaga

BAM–BAU

Suffolk

DGV

Herkimer

JPS

Bronx

NRX

Westchester

SQA–SQZ

Suffolk

BAV

Genesee

DGW–DGZ

Nassau

JPT

New York

NRZ

Westchester

SRA–SRK

Saratoga

BAW–BAY

Suffolk

DHA–DHZ

Dutchess

JRG

Rensselaer

NTA–NTU

Niagara

SRL

Franklin

BBA–BBF

Erie

DJB

Monroe

JST

Fulton

NTW–NTZ

Niagara

SRM–SRV

Saratoga

BBG

Chenango

DJH

Franklin

KAA–KAG

Kings

NWC

Chenango

SRX–SSL

Nassau

BBH–BBR

Erie

DJP

St. Lawrence

KAH

Westchester

NWF

Niagara

SSM

St. Lawrence

BBS

Cattaraugus

DJW

Clinton

KAI–KAQ

Kings

NWH–NWI

Chenango

SSN–SSZ

Nassau

BBT–BBZ

Erie

DLC

Nassau

KAR

Greene

NWK

Wayne

STA–STZ

Steuben

BCR

Putnam

DLS

Schenectady

KAS

Kings

NYA

Rockland

SUA–SUJ

Suffolk

BDA

Fulton

DLT

Washington

KAT

Fulton

NYM

Oneida

SUL

Sullivan

BDL

Monroe

DMB

Saratoga

KAU–KDG

Kings

NYU

Bronx

SUM–SUZ

Suffolk

BDV

Dutchess

DMC

Schenectady

KDH

Columbia

OAK

Genesee

SVA–SVM

Onondaga

BEA

Dutchess

DMF

Oneida

KDI–KDK

Kings

OFN

Niagara

SVN

Sullivan

BEL

Allegany

DMK

Lewis

KDL

Clinton

OGB

St. Lawrence

SVO–SVZ

Onondaga

BER

Chenango

DNA–DNL

Nassau

KDM–KDZ

Kings

OGD

St. Lawrence

SWA

Allegany

BEY–BEZ

Broome

DNM

St. Lawrence

KEA–KEM

Erie

OLE

Cattaraugus

SWB–SWX

Onondaga

BFA–BFZ

Erie

DNN–DNZ

Nassau

KEN

Putnam

OLN

Cattaraugus

SWY

St. Lawrence

BHF

Nassau

DOB

Westchester

KEO–KEQ

Erie

ONA–OND

Onondaga

SWZ–SYK

Onondaga

BHG

Putnam

DOU

Otsego

KER

Ulster

ONE

Otsego

SYL

Oneida

BIS

Allegany

DPK

Orange

KES–KET

Erie

ONF–ONS

Onondaga

SYM–SYZ

Onondaga

BIW

St. Lawrence

DPT

Warren

KEV

Essex

ONT

Ontario

SZA–SZZ

Suffolk

BJP

New York

DQA–DRX

Nassau

KEW–KEZ

Erie

ONU–ONZ

Onondaga

TAA–TAT

Westchester

BKK

Washington

DRY

Tompkins

KFA–KGR

Kings

ORA–ORE

Orange

TAU

Tompkins

BKS

Tioga

DRZ–DTZ

Nassau

KGS–KGT

Ulster

ORF

Oneida

TAV–TAZ

Westchester

BLG

Orange

DUA

Franklin

KGU–KHR

Kings

ORG–ORK

Orange

TEM

Greene

BLL

Saratoga

DUB–DUZ

Dutchess

KHS

Ulster

ORL–ORZ

Orleans

TES

Saratoga

BLT

Warren

DWA–DWL

Delaware

KHT–KHZ

Kings

OSA–OSB

Oswego

TEX

Oswego

BMF

Nassau

DWM

Nassau

KIA

Sullivan

OSC

Putnam

THA–THV

Steuben

BMT

Kings

DWN–DWX

Delaware

KIB–KIF

Kings

OSD–OSZ

Oswego

TIA–TIO

Tioga

BNA–BNZ

Broome

DYT

Madison

KIG

Ulster

OTA–OTN

Ontario

TIR

Niagara

BOA

Suffolk

EAL

Schenectady

KIH–KIM

Kings

OTP–OTZ

Otsego

TIV

Dutchess

BOL

Allegany

EAR

Chenango

KIN

Ulster

OVB–OVZ

Onondaga

TJD

Rockland

BON

Oneida

ECT

Broome

KIO–KNF

Kings

OWE

Tioga

TMB

Jefferson

BOV

Cattaraugus

EDW

Washington

KKV

Onondaga

PAL

Wayne

TMC

Greene

BPT

Monroe

EEA–EEY

Erie

KNH–KNW

Kings

PAR

St. Lawrence

TMR

Sullivan

BQA–BQB

Erie

EGB

Rensselaer

KNX

Orange

PAT

Putnam

TNA–TNZ

Niagara

BRB–BRC

Broome

EGY

Monroe

KNY–KNZ

Kings

PAW

Dutchess

TOA–TOX

Tompkins

BRD

Fulton

EHG

Chemung

KPA–KZK

Kings

PBP

Rensselaer

TPM

Suffolk

BRE

Putnam

EIL

Genesee

KYU a

Schuyler

PCA

Suffolk

TPP

Rockland

BRF–BRG

Broome

EJA

Nassau

KZL

Sullivan

PCO

Putnam

TRA

Richmond

BRH

Saratoga

EJK

Albany

KZM–KZZ

Kings

PCP–PCZ

Suffolk

TRB

Tompkins

BRI–BRK

Broome

EKT

Fulton

LAK

Putnam

PDM

St. Lawrence

TRC–TRH

Richmond

BRL

Rensselaer

ELA

Chemung

LBA–LBX

Nassau

PER

Fulton

TRI

Nassau

BRM–BRU

Broome

ELB

Essex

LBY

Sullivan

PGH

Dutchess

TRJ–TRZ

Rensselaer

BRV

Jefferson

ELC

Cattaraugus

LBZ

Nassau

PGK

Dutchess

TSP

Columbia

BRW–BRZ

Broome

ELD

Chemung

LCS

Sullivan

PGT

Montgomery

TUC

Westchester

BSM

Albany

ELE

Clinton

LDA–LDZ

Suffolk

PHE

Essex

TUL

Onondaga

BST

Saratoga

ELF–ELH

Chemung

LEA

Albany

PHI

Putnam

TUP

Franklin

BSU

Monroe

ELI

Essex

LED

Greene

PHL

Jefferson

TUR

Lewis

BTA–BTU

Broome

ELJ–ELK

Chemung

LEE

Suffolk

PHM

Greene

TUS

Niagara

BTV

Genesee

ELL

Ulster

LEM

Onondaga

PHO

Ulster

TUX

Orange

BTW–BTY

Broome

ELM

Chemung

LER

Genesee

PIT

Monroe

TYE

Essex

BUA–BYZ

Erie

ELN

Ulster

LES

Rensselaer

PJA–PJB

Suffolk

TYN

Chenango

BUR

Saratoga

ELO–ELR

Chemung

LET

Wyoming

PJC

Rockland

TYR

Schuyler

BWB

Bronx

ELT

St. Lawrence

LEW

Lewis

PJD–PJU

Suffolk

TZB

Rockland

BWT

Onondaga

ELV

Ulster

LFN

Columbia

PJV

Orange

UHC

Oneida

BXA–BXZ

Bronx

ELY

Essex

LGE

Warren

PJW–PJZ

Suffolk

UKA–UKZ

Oneida

BYS

Rensselaer

ENA–ENU

Broome

LHA–LHZ

Suffolk

PKA–PKZ

Westchester

ULA–ULZ

Ulster

BZA–BZZ

Bronx

ENV

Ulster

LIA

Nassau

PLA–PLB

Clinton

UNY

Oneida

CAA

Columbia

ENW–ENZ

Broome

LIB

Sullivan

PLE

Westchester

UQA–UQB

Oneida

CAC

Cattaraugus

EPH

Fulton

LIC–LIR

Nassau

PLK

Oswego

UST

Ulster

CAE

Suffolk

EQA–ERN

Erie

LIS

St. Lawrence

PLM

Columbia

UTA–UTZ

Oneida

CAF–CAH

Cattaraugus

ERO

Nassau

LIT

Herkimer

PLR

Rockland

VAL

Putnam

CAI

Greene

ERP–ERZ

Erie

LIU–LIZ

Nassau

PLT

Clinton

VAR

Wyoming

CAJ

Montgomery

ESC

Rensselaer

LKT

Ulster

PLY

Wayne

VCP

Bronx

CAK

Cattaraugus

ESP

Suffolk

LLH

Sullivan

PMY

Wayne

VER

Oswego

CAM

Cattaraugus

ESX

Essex

LMG

Oswego

POE

Rensselaer

VES

Broome

CAN

Ontario

ESY

Onondaga

LNV

Orleans

POK

Dutchess

VLT

Columbia

CAO

Cattaraugus

ETN

Tompkins

LOA–LOV

Niagara

POM

Onondaga

VMI

Fulton

CAP

Suffolk

EUA–EWZ

Erie

LOW

Lewis

POU

Dutchess

VPR

Montgomery

CAQ

Cattaraugus

EYA–EZZ

Erie

LOX–LOZ

Niagara

PRS

Warren

VRN

Oneida

CAS

Putnam

FAB

Onondaga

LPD

Niagara

PRU

Clinton

VSA–VSZ

Nassau

CAT–CAX

Cattaraugus

FAI

Monroe

LPE

Essex

PRV

Greene

VVA–VVZ

Westchester

CAY

Cayuga

FAM

Otsego

LPL

Hamilton

PSK

Oswego

VWN

Montgomery

CAZ

Madison

FAY

Onondaga

LPO

Onondaga

PSM

Franklin

WAA–WAQ

Wayne

CBE

Bronx

FDA

Montgomery

LRA–LRZ

Suffolk

PTB

Madison

WAR

Wyoming

CBK–CBL

Suffolk

FEN

Otsego

LSG

Bronx

PTF

Monroe

WAS–WAU

Wayne

CBR

Washington

FFM

Columbia

LSR

St. Lawrence

PTG

Clinton

WAV

Franklin

CCA–CCB

Chautauqua

FFT

Herkimer

LTV

Cattaraugus

PTJ

Orange

WAX–WAZ

Wayne

CCC

Cattaraugus

FGS

Albany

LTY

Sullivan

PTN

Putnam

WBA–WBZ

Nassau

CCD–CCS

Chautauqua

FHK

Dutchess

LUZ

Warren

PTO

St. Lawrence

WCA–WDA

Westchester

CCU

Chautauqua

FIA–FIK

Suffolk

LVA–LVY

Livingston

PTV–PUZ

Putnam

WDB

Sullivan

CCV

Cattaraugus

FIL a

Allegany

LWS

Lewis

QAA–QBX

Queens

WDC–WDR

Westchester

CCW–CCZ

Chautauqua

FIL a

Suffolk

LWT

Niagara

QBY

Warren

WDS

Franklin

CDE

Oneida

FIM–FIZ

Suffolk

LYA–LYE

Nassau

QBZ–QZZ

Queens

WDT–WDX

Westchester

CDV

Clinton

FLT

Fulton

LYF

Lewis

RAA–RAP

Richmond

WDY

Orange

CEA–CEL

Erie

FMP

Putnam

LYG–LYL

Nassau

RAQ

St. Lawrence

WEA

Westchester

CEM

Albany

FON

Montgomery

LYM

Sullivan

RAR–RBZ

Richmond

WEB

Monroe

CEN–CFR

Erie

FOR

Bronx

LYN–LYZ

Nassau

RCA–RCL

Rockland

WEC–WEK

Westchester

CFS

Putnam

FPA–FPZ

Nassau

LYO a

Wayne

RCM

Oswego

WEL

Allegany

CFT–CGA

Erie

FRA

Franklin

MAC

Albany

RCN–RCQ

Rockland

WEM–WEZ

Westchester

CGF

Greene

FRB–FRM

Nassau

MAD

Madison

RCR

Wayne

WGB

Schenectady

CGH

Lewis

FRN

Franklin

MAH

Putnam

RCS–RCZ

Rockland

WGK

Schuyler

CGI

Suffolk

FRO–FSZ

Nassau

MAL

Franklin

RDJ

Schenectady

WGT

St. Lawrence

CGJ

Monroe

FTA

Washington

MAM

Westchester

REA–REL

Rensselaer

WGY

Schenectady

CGK–CGR

Cayuga

FTC

Franklin

MAN

Onondaga

REM

Chenango

WHA–WHG

Westchester

CGS

Cattaraugus

FTE

Washington

MAR

Schenectady

REN–RER

Rensselaer

WHH

Washington

CGT

Madison

FTO

Oswego

MAS

St. Lawrence

RET–REZ

Rensselaer

WHI–WHZ

Westchester

CGU–CGZ

Cayuga

FTY

Essex

MAT

Onondaga

RFA–RFZ

Suffolk

WIL

Wayne

CHA

Chautauqua

FUL

Fulton

MAY

Chautauqua

RGA–RGV

Richmond

WIT

Essex

CHB

Wayne

FUT

Oswego

MCA–MCC

Monroe

RGW

Orleans

WJR

Albany

CHC–CHD

Chautauqua

FWH

Warren

MCE–MCF

Monroe

RGX–RGZ

Richmond

WKH

Kings

CHE

Chemung

FYV

Onondaga

MCG

Cortland

RHA

Monroe

WLT

Saratoga

CHF

Madison

GAB

Oneida

MCH–MCN

Monroe

RHB

Dutchess

WMF

Nassau

CHG

Chenango

GAP

Kings

MCO

Fulton

RHC–RHZ

Monroe

WML

Oneida

CHH

Columbia

GAR

Putnam

MCP–MCU

Monroe

RIA–RIB

Suffolk

WMP

Madison

CHI

Madison

GCA–GCZ

Nassau

MCV

Saratoga

RIC

Otsego

WND

Greene

CHJ–CHL

Chautauqua

GEC

Schenectady

MCW–MCZ

Monroe

RID–RIR

Suffolk

WNE

Schuyler

CHM

Chemung

GEN

Ontario

MDA–MDC

Madison

RIS

Otsego

WOL

Wayne

CHN–CHO

Chenango

GIM

Washington

MDD

Tompkins

RIT–RIZ

Suffolk

WPA–WPQ

Westchester

CHP

Clinton

GLE–GLF

Warren

MDE–MDR

Madison

RJE

Rensselaer

WPR

Fulton

CHQ–CHR

Chautauqua

GLN

Schenectady

MDT

Orange

RJH

Albany

WPS

Westchester

CHS

Orange

GLO

Fulton

MGP

Sullivan

RJR

Albany

WPT

Orleans

CHT

Franklin

GLV

Fulton

MHA–MHU

Suffolk

RKA–RKZ

Rockland

WPU–WPZ

Westchester

CHU

Chautauqua

GNA–GNZ

Genesee

MHV

Saratoga

RLA–RLB

Richmond

WRA–WRJ

Warren

CHV

Otsego

GOR

Warren

MHW–MHZ

Suffolk

RLD–RLZ

Richmond

WRK

Orange

CHW–CHZ

Chautauqua

GOU

St. Lawrence

MIA–MIC

Orange

RMA–RMC

Monroe

WRN

Warren

CIC

Onondaga

GPH

Washington

MID

Suffolk

RMD

St. Lawrence

WSA–WSK

Washington

CJH

Montgomery

GPS

Cortland

MIE–MIJ

Orange

RME–RMR

Monroe

WSL

Rensselaer

CKL

Greene

GRA

St. Lawrence

MIL

Dutchess

RMS

Oneida

WSS

Sullivan

CKT

Rockland

GRC

Monroe

MIM–MIU

Orange

RMT–RMZ

Monroe

WTA

Westchester

CLA–CLB

Columbia

GRE

Greene

MIV

Essex

RNA–RNX

Rockland

WTB

Sullivan

CLC

Franklin

GRI

Monroe

MIW–MIZ

Orange

RNY

Oneida

WTC–WTJ

Westchester

CLD

Cortland

GRN

Greene

MJA–MJZ

Monroe

RNZ

Rockland

WTK

Schuyler

CLE–CLH

Columbia

GRV

Sullivan

MKS

Westchester

ROA–RON

Oneida

WTL–WTN

Westchester

CLI–CLJ

Clinton

GSA–GSL

Suffolk

MLA

Nassau

ROO

St. Lawrence

WTO

Jefferson

CLK

Madison

GSM

Rensselaer

MLB

Suffolk

ROP a

Cattaraugus

WTP

St. Lawrence

CLL–CLP

Clinton

GSN

Orange

MLC

Franklin

ROP a

Clinton

WTQ

Westchester

CLQ–CLS

Columbia

GSO–GSX

Suffolk

MLD–MLK

Nassau

ROQ–ROZ

Oneida

WTR

Jefferson

CLT

St. Lawrence

GSY

Sullivan

MLL

Orleans

RPA–RPL

Monroe

WTS

Westchester

CLU–CLW

Columbia

GSZ

Suffolk

MLM–MLZ

Nassau

RPI

Rensselaer

WTT

Jefferson

CLY

Wayne

GUV

St. Lawrence

MMA–MNE

Monroe

RPO

Rockland

WTU–WTV

Westchester

CMA–CMO

Chemung

GVA–GVF

Ontario

MNF

Schuyler

RPT

Clinton

WTW

Jefferson

CMP

Clinton

GVL

Washington

MNG–MNS

Monroe

RQA–RQZ

Monroe

WTX–WTZ

Westchester

CMQ–CMS

Chemung

GWH

Washington

MNT

Sullivan

RRA–RRK

Suffolk

WVL

Tioga

CMT

Jefferson

HAL

Jefferson

MNU–MOG

Monroe

RRL

Franklin

WYA–WYM

Wyoming

CMU–CMZ

Chemung

HAM

Hamilton

MOH

Herkimer

RRM–RRZ

Suffolk

WYN

Wayne

CNA–CNC

Ontario

HAR

Franklin

MOI–MPA

Monroe

RSA–RSB

Nassau

WYO–WYQ

Wyoming

CND

Tioga

HAW

Westchester

MQA–MRS

Monroe

RSC

Sullivan

WYS

Rensselaer

CNE

Ontario

HBF

Nassau

MRT

Cortland

RSD–RSZ

Nassau

XAA–XHZ

Bronx

CNF

St. Lawrence

HBG

Orange

MRU

Monroe

RTA–RTC

Richmond

XJA–XJJ

Bronx

CNG–CNZ

Orange

HBL

Oswego

MRV

Madison

RTD

Schenectady

YCA–YCJ

Yates

COA–COB

Suffolk

HCK

Washington

MRW–MRZ

Monroe

RTE–RUA

Richmond

YKA–YKZ

Westchester

COL

Columbia

HCM

Washington

MSV

Bronx

RUS

St. Lawrence

YOA–YOM

Westchester

COR

Cortland

HDL

Saratoga

MTA–MTB

Orange

RVA–RVZ

Nassau

YON

Niagara

CPC

Albany

HDS

Jefferson

MTC

Sullivan

RWT

Fulton

YOO–YOT

Westchester

CPH

Rensselaer

HEC

Schuyler

MTD–MTE

Orange

RYA–RYZ

Westchester

YOU

Niagara

CPS–CPT

Otsego

HEM

Nassau

MTF

Schuyler

RZA–RZZ

Rockland

YOV–YOZ

Westchester

CPW

Otsego

HEN

Monroe

MTG

Montgomery

SAC

Fulton

YQA–YQK

Westchester

CRA–CRF

Cortland

HFA

Washington

MTH

Orange

SAG

Suffolk

YRA–YRZ

Westchester

CRG

Lewis

HFD

Washington

MTI–MTU

Montgomery

SAR

Saratoga

YSA–YZZ

New York

CRH–CRL

Cortland

HFL

Washington

MTV

Westchester

SAV

Wayne

text: Notes

text: a. Duplicate use.

text: FIL: Allegany County (from "Fillmore")

text: ROP: Clinton County (from "Rouses Point")

text: LG: Warren County (from "Lake George")


document_title: Secrets (The Walking Dead)

question_text: why is hershel keeping walkers in the barn

root

text: Secrets (The Walking Dead)

text: Plot[edit]

text: After he inadvertently discovers the presence of walkers in the Greene barn, Maggie (Lauren Cohan) begs Glenn (Steven Yeun) to keep it a secret. Dale (Jeffrey DeMunn) quickly notices Glenn's nervousness, and when he talks privately to Glenn, Glenn blurts out about the walkers as well as his knowledge that Lori Grimes (Sarah Wayne Callies) is pregnant. Dale confronts Hershel (Scott Wilson) about the walkers. Hershel believes they are still people, including his wife and stepson, and can be cured, and refuses to kill them after Dale explains the danger. Meanwhile, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Lori argue on what to do with Hershel's demand to leave the farm, now that Carl (Chandler Riggs) is healed.

tag: p

text: Rick, Shane and T-Dog (IronE Singleton) give gun training to Jimmy, Carl (Chandler Riggs) and the women on the farm. Shane (Jon Bernthal) takes Andrea (Laurie Holden) aside to give her advanced training after seeing how good she is with a weapon, but she is unable to hit a moving target. Shane tries to encourage her to remember her dead sister, Amy, but this only causes Andrea to storm away.

text: Andrea and Shane then go off to town after Shane finds a lead on the missing Sophia, but find it overrun by walkers. They escape after Andrea rediscovers her shooting abilities, and the two subsequently begin an affair. Dale senses something amiss and warns Shane to stay from Andrea, as well as his suspicion of what happened to Otis while he and Shane went searching for medical supplies, and his contempt for Rick. Shane denies the accusations and threatens to shoot Dale should he make any more.

text: Maggie and Glenn go on another supply run at Lori's request, specifically looking for morning after pills. Maggie and Glenn discuss the walker situation on the farm, with Maggie sharing the same attitude as her father Hershel. At the pharmacy, Maggie is attacked by a walker but Glenn intervenes and subdues it before it harms Maggie. Back on the farm, Maggie confronts Lori about being almost killed due to her request, and tells Glenn the rest of the group is using him as "walker bait". Glenn later tells Lori that she should tell Rick about her pregnancy soon. Lori contemplates the act of raising a child in this world, and decides to take the pills, but after a moment, runs away from their camp to immediately regurgitate them. Rick sees the pills and goes to find Lori, who admits she was in a relationship with Shane before Rick found them. Rick reveals he already knew about this.

text: Production[edit]

text:
That's the risk that you take with this kind of stuff. But I think that avoiding that in order to avoid any kind of controversy is weak storytelling. There's always going to be a controversy of some kind no matter what you do. People have opinions, and that's what makes them great. You can't write a story trying to avoid anything like that because the most mundane thing can [turn into] overblown Internet hysteria. You've just got to do what you do.
“
”

– Robert Kirkman[1]

tag: div

text: "Secrets" was directed by David Boyd and written by Angela Kang.[2] It features recurring appearances from Lauren Cohan, Scott Wilson, IronE Singleton, Emily Kinney, Jane McNeill, and James Allen McCune.[2] Principal photography for the episode commenced in downtown Sharpsburg, Georgia in August 2011. Preparation for filming began in July 2011, when producers renovated an empty building into a temporary drug store.[3] Herb Bridges, who owned the building at the time, was initially contacted by producers of the series' in January 2011, and again four months later in May. Bridges informed them that the space would be rented by a woman who would open a children's store there; however, she had not moved into the space yet.[3]

text: The topic of abortion is a prominent theme in "Secrets". After discovering that she is pregnant, Lori asks Glenn to retrieve with emergency contraception pills from the pharmacy. Upon returning, an infuriated Maggie hands Lori her pills. Dale gently confronts her about her pregnancy when he sees that she becomes nauseated at the smell of cooking meat, and Lori explains that Rick is the biological father of the child. Writer Robert Kirkman opined that such assertions were "wishful thinking".[1] "She was with those two men very close to each other. There was not a large span of time between her time with Shane and then Rick's return and her time with Rick. It's definitely up in the air and it’s not like there's a lot of paternity tests floating around out there."[1] Kirkman felt that he had to responsibly approach controversial issues from a neutral standpoint and insisted that abortion should warrant discussion, considering the circumstances. He stated: "As far as the abortion stuff goes, it’s really just a matter of being realistic. These are the kinds of issues that people deal with in real life and in this situation I think that that is the kind of thought process that Lori Grimes would be going through."[1]

text: In the concluding sequence of the episode, Lori admits to Rick that she had an affair with Shane in the belief that her husband was dead. Kirkman stated that the writers wanted to "wrap up to a certain extent", and opined that such revelations would add more tension between the characters.[1]

text: It was something we wanted to wrap up to a certain extent. It's a disservice to Rick's character to make him look like he's completely clueless. But this isn't really a resolution per se. It makes things a little bit more tense, moving into this next episode. Seeing Rick interact with Shane will have an extra level of tension because now the audience has one up on Shane as opposed to one up on Rick. It’s going to be fun waiting for the other shoe to drop, when Rick may or may not confront Shane with this information.[1]

text: In an interview with MTV News, Bernthal stated that Walsh was suffering from the "loneliness you feel when you're right there with them and you can't be with them in the way you want."[4] Bernthal applauded the writers for such changes, and felt that the storyline never devitalized. "The people that Shane loved more than anyone else in the world before the apocalypse are still very much alive and still very much with him, but he'll never be with them in the way he wants to and the way he once was. Every relationship—Shane/Carl, Shane/Lori and Shane/Rick—it's tainted and fractured. When you suffer from that kind of loneliness, it brings out the worst in you."[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: "Secrets" initially aired in the United States on November 20, 2011 on AMC. Upon airing, the episode acquired 6.08 million viewers and attained a 3.1 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. It was the second highest-rated cable program of the day, having been beaten by a stock car racing event as part of the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.[5] "Secrets" became the fourth most-watched program of the week, as well as the highest-rated non-sports cable program of the week.[6] Total viewership and ratings slightly declined from the previous episode, "Chupacabra", which was viewed by 6.12 million viewers and garnered a 3.2 rating in the 18-49 demographic.[7] In the United Kingdom, the episode received 561,000 viewers and became the highest-rated television program on FX for the week dated November 27.[8]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: "Secrets" was well received by television critics. Gina McIntyre of the Los Angeles Times concluded that the episode "dispensed with almost every hidden truth the survivors have been keeping from one another."[9] Scott Meslow of The Atlantic described the episode as one focused on love and relationships.[10] IGN's Eric Goldman evaluated the episode as "satisfying", and added that its character development was executed strongly. Ultimately, he issued "Secrets" an eight out of ten, signifying a "great" rating.[11] Aaron Rutkoff of The Wall Street Journal echoed synonymous sentiments; "Viewers tuning in each week in the hope of watching pulse-quickening battles between overmatched humans and armies of the undead are sure to be frustrated. Things are static in an action sense, but the show’s admirably nuanced characters are changing and reacting to the world in surprising and complicated ways."[12] Writing for Cinema Blend, Nick Venable stated that the characters became more distinguishable.[13]

text: Not all reviewers were as enthusiastic about "Secrets" as the general consensus. Starlee Kine of New York stated that despite having high hopes in the beginning of "Secrets", the episode overall failed to meet her expectations.[14] The A.V. Club's Zach Halden opined that despite containing solid scenes, the episode harbored several issues. Halden cited the pace of the storyline progression and the execution of the character development as weaknesses.[15] Concluding his review, he gave the episode a B grade.[15] Although Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun touted the character development, he pointed out that there was very little action.[16] The Portland Mercury's Steven Humphrey panned the episode, describing it as "boring".[17]

text: The opening segment of "Secrets" was widely lauded by critics. Halden thought that it was a great start to the episode,[15] and Kine felt that the show returned to form following the sequence. She wrote: "This week's opening functioned like an adrenaline shot to my weary heart. At the sight of all those undead relatives in the barn, I, too, briefly, came to life."[14]

text: Critics were polarized with the characters' reaction to Lori opting for an abortion. Halden criticized the character's opposing views on the matter, and stated that their reasonings were invalid. Halden wrote. "I'm not even sure it would be possible for her to abort the pregnancy at this point, but the show's working on the assumption that having a child in a world where death literally lurks around every corner is an unequivocal good. The only person who’s been anti-pregnancy is Lori, and the show hasn't managed to cast her in a very good light, so it’s not like her arguments hold much water—which is also ridiculous, because ultimately, her opinion is the only one that matters."[15] HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall reflected similar thoughts, and stated that Rick's arguments against Lori's attempts were obsolete.[18]

text: The love triangle involving Lori, Rick, and Shane was cited as an episode highlight. Meslow felt that the interactions between Lori and Rick possessed "as much rawness and honesty as could be hoped for."[10] Kine criticized the emotion during the interactions between Shane and Rick, and summated that it was a "standard Walking Dead attempt at trying to convince us that Grimes and Shane are friends by way of showing us their casual, good-old-boy-tinged banter."[14] Ritkoff expressed that the episode's conclusion was a rational and level-headed resolution to the storyline; "Whatever jealousy he might feel, it would have been absurd for Rick to punish the woman he loves most in the world for post-apocalyptic infidelity under these circumstances."[12] Sepinwall commended Rick's reaction to Lori's confessions,[18] and Goldman felt that their interaction was well acted and perfectly scripted.[11] Venable appraised the segment as "very engaging", and applauded Lincoln's performance. He wrote, "Andrew Lincoln delivered these lines of pitiable understanding as well as anyone could."[13] CNN's Henry Hanks opined: "If you thought Rick and Shane had blow-ups before, you ain't seen nothing yet."[19]

text: Critics applauded the growing relationship between Andrea and Shane, as well as Dale's confrontation with Shane. Despite describing them as an "unlikely pairing", Meslow asserted that it was superior to the storyline between Andrea and Dale. "There's something to be said for the occasional post-apocalyptic tryst, which allows two characters who've experienced almost nothing but misery to have, even for a moment, something that resembles joy," he articulated. Meslow retorted that it was wise to underplay the tryst between Shane and Andrea, which he predicted would not lead to anything serious.[10] Venable wrote: " Dale’s lack of personality traits, beyond being the wise sage who gets in everyone’s business, makes him an unpredictable foe in my book, and could be as interesting as Shane’s violent selfishness."[13] Morgan Jeffrey of Digital Spy avouched that Shane continued to be an interesting character; "Just as we were beginning to like him again, he murdered Otis in cold blood. And it seems like his downward spiral is set to continue—he's threatening poor Dale and embarking on an ill-advised affair with Andrea."[20]

text: The progressing relationship between Maggie Greene and Glenn was well received by critics. Nate Rawlings of Time asserted that their interactions carried the most emotional poignance. Rawlings opined: "She's forced to confront, perhaps for the first time, that these creatures are slobbering monsters. Before her attack, she yelled at Dale [sic] for calling them Walkers; to her they're mom, her brother, the neighbors. After her attack, her mind might be changed."[21]

text: Abortion controversy[edit]

text:
There is considerable confusion about the difference between medication abortion and emergency contraception, and it was distressing to see this misunderstanding further spread by a show like The Walking Dead. Aren't they supposed to have fact checkers to catch this kind of thing? Emergency contraception prevents pregnancy and is especially useful in cases of unanticipated sexual activity, contraceptive failure, or sexual assault.
“
”

– Danielle Aronson, ACLU[22]

text: "Secrets" attracted criticism from political commentators for its "potentially misleading perception" of emergency contraception. Shawn Rhea of Planned Parenthood cited that the morning-after pills do not induce abortion, as the episode implies.[23] Erin Gloria Ryan of Jezebel wrote: "Lori would have been better off sending the men off to loot a shop that sells herbal remedies and brewing herself some pennyroyal tea or climbing a tree and jumping out in hopes that the impact would end the pregnancy. Both of those things are dangerous and might not work, but they're about as effective as OD'ing on levonorgestrel."[23] Ryan prescribed that actual abortion pills are administered by medical professionals and are not available at pharmacies.[23] Danielle Aronson of ACLU summated that the effectiveness of terminating a pregnancy with emergency contraception would be equivalent to "cutting a zombie's finger off to kill it."[22] Similarly, Slate's Amanda Marcotte opined: "The problem with this storyline, outside the tedious fear of getting letters from irate anti-choicers that dictates TV's near-absolute approach to unintended pregnancy, is simple: Morning-after pills are not abortion."[24] Marcotte asserted that abortion pills, commonly RU-486, were only provided by medical personnel. "Morning-after pills are contraception, and they work by stifling ovulation before any sperm can make their way toward the Fallopian tubes."[24]

text: This prompted showrunner Glen Mazzara to respond to such criticism. In his interview with The Daily Beast, he stated: "The producers and writers of The Walking Dead are fully aware that the morning-after pill would not induce an abortion or miscarriage, we exercised our artistic creative license to explore a storyline with one of our characters, not to make any pro-life or pro-choice political statement. We sincerely hope that people are not turning to the fictional world of The Walking Dead for accurate medical information."[25][26] The episode itself does not, in fact, claim the morning after pills will work, as Glenn questions Lori over that fact, to which she replies that she does not know.


document_title: Seabiscuit

question_text: who ride war admiral in the movie seabiscuit

text: Seabiscuit

text: Early days[edit]

text: Seabiscuit was foaled in Lexington, Kentucky, on May 23, 1933,[1][2] from the mare Swing On and sire Hard Tack, a son of Man o' War.[3] Seabiscuit was named for his father, as hardtack or "sea biscuit" is the name for a type of cracker eaten by sailors.[4]

text: The bay colt grew up on Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky, where he was trained. He was undersized, knobby-kneed,[3] and given to sleeping and eating for long periods.

text: Initially, Seabiscuit was owned by the powerful Wheatley Stable and trained by "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons, who had taken Gallant Fox to the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Fitzsimmons saw some potential in Seabiscuit but felt the horse was too lazy. Fitzsimmons devoted most of his time to training Omaha, who won the 1935 Triple Crown.

text: Seabiscuit was relegated to a heavy schedule of smaller races. He failed to win his first 17 races, usually finishing back in the field. After that, Fitzsimmons did not spend much time on him, and the horse was sometimes the butt of stable jokes. Seabiscuit began to gain attention after winning two races at Narragansett Park and setting a new track record in the second - a Claiming Stakes race. As a two-year-old, Seabiscuit raced 35 times (a heavy racing schedule),[3] coming in first five times and finishing second seven times. These included three claiming races, in which he could have been purchased for $2500, but he had no takers.[3]

text: While Seabiscuit had not lived up to his racing potential, he was not the poor performer Fitzsimmons had taken him for. His last two wins as a two-year-old came in minor stakes races. The next season, however, started with a similar pattern. The colt ran 12 times in less than four months, winning four times. One of those races was a cheap allowance race on the "sweltering afternoon of June 29", 1936, at Suffolk Downs. That is where trainer Tom Smith first laid eyes on Seabiscuit.[5] His owners sold the horse to automobile entrepreneur Charles S. Howard for $8000 at Saratoga, in August.[3]

text: 1936/1937: The beginning of success[edit]

text: Howard assigned Seabiscuit to a new trainer, Tom Smith,[3] who, with his unorthodox training methods, gradually brought Seabiscuit out of his lethargy. Smith paired the horse with Canadian jockey Red Pollard (1909–1981), who had experience racing in the West and in Mexico. On August 22, 1936, they raced Seabiscuit for the first time. Improvements came quickly, and in their remaining eight races in the East, Seabiscuit and Pollard won several times, including the Detroit Governor's Handicap (worth $5,600) and the Scarsdale Handicap ($7,300) at Empire City Race Track in Yonkers, New York.

text: In early November 1936, Howard and Smith shipped the horse to California, by rail. His last two races of the year were at Bay Meadows racetrack in San Mateo, California. The first was the $2,700 Bay Bridge Handicap, run over one-mile (1.6 km). Despite starting badly and carrying the top weight of 116 pounds (53 kg), Seabiscuit won by five lengths. At the World's Fair Handicap (Bay Meadows' most prestigious stakes race), Seabiscuit led throughout.

text: In 1937, the Santa Anita Handicap, California's most prestigious race, was worth over $125,000 ($2.2 million in 2010) to the winner; it was known colloquially as "The Hundred Grander". In his first warm-up race at Santa Anita Park, Seabiscuit won easily. In his second race of 1937, the San Antonio Handicap, he suffered a setback after he was bumped at the start and then pushed wide; Seabiscuit came in fifth, losing to Rosemont.

text: The two met again in the Santa Anita Handicap a week later, where Rosemont won by a nose. The defeat was devastating to Smith and Howard, and was widely attributed in the press to a jockey error.[3]a[›] Pollard, who had not seen Rosemont over his shoulder until too late, was blind in one eye due to an accident during a training ride, a fact he had hidden throughout his career.

text: Seabiscuit was rapidly becoming a favorite among California racing fans, and his fame spread as he won his next three races. With his successes, Howard decided to ship the horse east for its more prestigious racing circuit.

text: Seabiscuit's run of victories continued. Between June 26 and August 7, he ran five times, each time in a stakes race, and each time he won under steadily increasing handicap weights (imposts) of up to 130 pounds (59 kg). On September 11, Smith accepted an impost of 132 pounds (60 kg) for the Narragansett Special at Narragansett Park. On race day, the ground was slow and heavy, and unsuited to "the Biscuit", carrying the heaviest burden of his career. Smith wanted to scratch, but Howard overruled him. Never in the running, Seabiscuit finished third. His winning streak was snapped, but the season was not over; Seabiscuit won his next three races (one a dead heat) before finishing the year with a second place at Pimlico.

text: In 1937, Seabiscuit won 11 of his 15 races and was the year's leading money winner in the United States. War Admiral, having won the Triple Crown that season, was voted the most prestigious honor, the American Horse of the Year Award.

text: Early five-year-old season[edit]

text: In 1938, as a five-year-old, Seabiscuit's success continued. On February 19, Pollard suffered a terrible fall while racing on Fair Knightess, another of Howard's horses. With half of Pollard's chest caved in by the weight of the fallen horse, Howard had to find a new jockey. After trying three, he settled on George Woolf, an already successful rider and old friend of Pollard's.

text: Woolf's first race aboard Seabiscuit was the Santa Anita Handicap, "The Hundred Grander" the horse had narrowly lost the previous year. Seabiscuit was drawn on the outside, and at the start was impeded by another horse, Count Atlas, angling out. The two were locked together for the first straight, and by the time Woolf disentangled his horse, they were six lengths off the pace. Seabiscuit worked his way to the lead but lost in a photo finish to the fast-closing Santa Anita Derby winner, Stagehand (owned by Maxwell Howard, not related to Charles), who had been assigned 30 pounds (14 kg) less than Seabiscuit.

text: Throughout 1937 and 1938, the media speculated about a match race between Seabiscuit and the seemingly invincible War Admiral (sired by Man o' War, Seabiscuit's grandsire). The two horses were scheduled to meet in three stakes races, but one or the other was scratched, usually due to Seabiscuit's dislike of heavy ground. After extensive negotiation, the owners organized a match race for May 1938 at Belmont, but Seabiscuit was scratched.

text: By June, Pollard had recovered, and on June 23, he agreed to work a young colt named Modern Youth. Spooked by something on the track, the horse broke rapidly through the stables and threw Pollard, shattering his leg and seemingly ending his career.

text: Howard arranged a match race for Seabiscuit against Ligaroti, a highly regarded horse owned by the Hollywood entertainer Bing Crosby and Howard's son, Lindsay, through Binglin Stable, in an event organized to promote Crosby's resort and Del Mar Racetrack in Del Mar, California. With Woolf aboard, Seabiscuit won that race, despite persistent fouling from Ligaroti's jockey. After three more outings and with only one win, he was scheduled to go head-to-head with War Admiral in the Pimlico Special in November, in Baltimore, Maryland.[6]

text: Sent to race on the East Coast, on October 16, 1938, Seabiscuit ran second by two lengths in the Laurel Stakes to the filly Jacola, who set a new Laurel Park Racecourse record of 1:37.00 for one mile.[7]

text:
"George Woolf always said he never had more fun on a racehorse than he did that day in 1938 at Pimlico, when Tom Smith, the horse's trainer, lifted Woolf aboard Seabiscuit for the big match race against War Admiral."[6]

William Nack, Sports Illustrated, November 29, 1999

text: On November 1, 1938, Seabiscuit met War Admiral and jockey Charles Kurtsinger in what was dubbed the "Match of the Century." The event was run over 1 3⁄16 miles (1.9 km) at Pimlico Race Course. From the grandstands to the infield, the track was jammed with fans. Trains were run from all over the country to bring fans to the race, and the estimated 40,000 at the track were joined by 40 million listening on the radio. War Admiral was the favorite (1–4 with most bookmakers) and a nearly unanimous selection of the writers and tipsters, excluding a California contingent.

text: Head-to-head races favor fast starters, and War Admiral's speed from the gate was well known. Seabiscuit, on the other hand, was a pace stalker, skilled at holding with the pack before pulling ahead with late acceleration. From the scheduled walk-up start, few gave him a chance to lead War Admiral into the first turn. Smith knew these things and trained Seabiscuit to run against this type, using a starting bell and a whip to give the horse a Pavlovian burst of speed from the start.

text: When the bell rang, Seabiscuit broke in front, led by over a length after 20 seconds, and soon crossed over to the rail position. Halfway down the backstretch, War Admiral started to cut into the lead, gradually pulling level with Seabiscuit, then slightly ahead. Following advice he had received from Pollard, Woolf had eased up on Seabiscuit, allowing his horse to see his rival, then asked for more effort. Two hundred yards from the wire, Seabiscuit pulled away again and continued to extend his lead over the closing stretch, finally winning by four lengths despite War Admiral's running his best time for the distance.

text: As a result of his races that year, Seabiscuit was named American Horse of the Year for 1938, beating War Admiral by 698 points to 489 in a poll conducted by the Turf and Sport Digest magazine.[8] Seabiscuit was the number one newsmaker of 1938.[9] The only major prize that eluded him was the Santa Anita Handicap.

text: Injury and return[edit]

text: Seabiscuit was injured during a race. Woolf, who was riding him, said that he felt the horse stumble. The injury was not life-threatening, although many predicted Seabiscuit would never race again. The diagnosis was a ruptured suspensory ligament in the front left leg. With Seabiscuit out of action, Smith and Howard concentrated on their horse Kayak II, an Argentine stallion.

text: Seabiscuit and a still-convalescing Pollard recovered together at Howard's ranch, with the help of Pollard's new wife Agnes, who had nursed him through his initial recovery. Slowly, both horse and rider learned to walk again (Pollard joked that they "had four good legs between" them).[10] Poverty and his injury had brought Pollard to the edge of alcoholism. A local doctor broke and reset Pollard's leg to aid his recovery, and slowly Pollard regained the confidence to sit on a horse. Wearing a brace to stiffen his atrophied leg, he began to ride Seabiscuit again, first at a walk and later at a trot and canter. Howard was delighted at their improvement, as he longed for Seabiscuit to race again, but was extremely worried about Pollard, as his leg was still fragile.

text: Over the fall and winter of 1939, Seabiscuit's fitness seemed to improve by the day. By the end of the year, Smith was ready to return the horse to race training, with a collection of stable jockeys in the saddle. By the time of his comeback race, Pollard had cajoled Howard into allowing him the ride. After the horse was scratched due to soft going, the pair finally lined up at the start of the La Jolla Handicap at Santa Anita, on February 9, 1940. Seabiscuit was third, beaten by two lengths. By their third comeback race, Seabiscuit was back to his winning ways, running away from the field in the San Antonio Handicap to beat his erstwhile training partner, Kayak II, by two and a half lengths. Under 124 pounds (56 kg), Seabiscuit equalled the track record for a mile and 1/16.

text: One race was left in the season. A week after the San Antonio, Seabiscuit and Kayak II both took the gate for the Santa Anita Handicap and its $121,000 prize. 78,000 paying spectators crammed the racetrack, most backing Seabiscuit. Pollard found his horse blocked almost from the start. Picking his way through the field, Seabiscuit briefly led. As they thundered down the back straight, Seabiscuit became trapped in third place, behind leader Whichcee and Wedding Call on the outside.

text: Trusting in his horse's acceleration, Pollard steered between the leaders and burst into the lead, taking the firm ground just off the rail. As Seabiscuit showed his old surge, Wedding Call and Whichcee faltered, and Pollard drove his horse on, taking "The Hundred Grander" by a length and a half from the fast-closing Kayak II. Pandemonium engulfed the course. Neither horse and rider, nor trainer and owner, could get through the sea of well-wishers to the winner's enclosure for some time.

text: Retirement, later life, and offspring[edit]

text: On April 10, Seabiscuit's retirement from racing was officially announced. When he was retired to the Ridgewood Ranch near Willits, California, he was horse racing's all-time leading money winner. Put out to stud, Seabiscuit sired 108 foals, including two moderately successful racehorses: Sea Sovereign and Sea Swallow. Over 50,000 visitors went to Ridgewood Ranch to see Seabiscuit in the seven years before his death.[11][12]

text: Death and interment[edit]

text: Seabiscuit died of a probable heart attack[13] on May 17, 1947, in Willits, California, six days short of 14 years old. He is buried at Ridgewood Ranch in Mendocino County, California.[11][12][14]

text: Legacy and honors[edit]

text: Awards and honorable distinctions[edit]

text:
In 1958, Seabiscuit was voted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.
In the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century (1999), Seabiscuit was ranked 25th. War Admiral was 13th, and Seabiscuit's grandsire and War Admiral's sire, Man o' War, placed 1st.

tag: ul

text: Portrayals in film and television[edit]

text: Documentaries[edit]

text:
American Experience: "Seabiscuit" (April 21, 2003)[15]) is a documentary episode that aired as Season 15, Episode 11[15] of the PBS American Experience series.[16]
ESPN SportsCentury: "Seabiscuit" (November 17, 2003), Seabiscuit was featured on ESPN's SportsCentury Greatest Athletes series.[17]
The True Story of Seabiscuit (July 27, 2003) is a 45-minute made-for-TV documentary directed by Craig Haffner, written by Martin Gillam, and containing interviews and footage with William H. Macy, Seabiscuit, and Tobey Maguire, that aired on the USA Network.[18]
Seabiscuit: the Lost Documentary (1939) by Seabiscuit's owner Charles Howard. The film was directed by Manny Nathan, and written by Nathan and Hazel Merry Hawkins. It stars Martin Mason, Doc Bond, Charles Howard as himself and his wife, Marcella.[19] It was colorized and released in 2003 by Legend Films to coincide with interest around the movie.[19]
Seabiscuit: America's Legendary Racehorse (2003) directed and produced by Nick Krantz.

text: Fiction films[edit]

text:
Stablemates (1938), starring Wallace Beery and Mickey Rooney. Film producer Harry Rapf arranged a deal whereby he could film the $50,000 Hollywood Gold Cup, and actual footage of Seabiscuit running in the race was used. The field is headed by Seabiscuit for the "straight" race in the film.[20]
Porky and Teabiscuit (1939) is Warner Bros.' Porky Pig cartoon take on Seabiscuit's underdog story.
The Story of Seabiscuit (1949), starring Shirley Temple in her second to last film, is a fictionalized account featuring Sea Sovereign in the title role. An otherwise undistinguished film, it did include actual footage of the 1938 match race against War Admiral and the 1940 Santa Anita Handicap.
Seabiscuit (2003), Universal Studios' adaptation of Laura Hillenbrand's bestselling 2001 book, was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture

The Making of Seabiscuit (December 16, 2003) is a documentary short directed by Laurent Bouzereau and starring Jeff Bridges, Chris Cooper, and William Goldenberg, produced by DreamWorks SKG, Herzog Productions, Spyglass Entertainment, and Universal Studios, and distributed by Universal Studios Home Video.[21]

text: Non-fiction books[edit]

text:
Track writer B.K. Beckwith wrote Seabiscuit: The Saga of a Great Champion (1940), with a foreword by Grantland Rice, right after Seabiscuit's Santa Anita win and at the moment of the horse's retirement.[22]
Ralph Moody wrote Come On, Seabiscuit! (1963), illustrated by Robert Riger, which was recently reprinted by the University of Nebraska Press.[23]
Laura Hillenbrand's book Seabiscuit: An American Legend (2001) became a bestseller,[24] and in 2003 it was adapted for film.

text: Postage stamp[edit]

text: In 2009, after an 8-year-long grassroots effort by Maggie Van Ostrand and Chuck Lustick, Seabiscuit was honored by the United States Postal Service with a stamp bearing his likeness. Thousands of signatures were obtained from all over the nation, and the final approval was given by Citizens Stamp Committee member Joan Mondale, wife of former Vice President Walter Mondale.[25]

text: Statues[edit]

text:
A statue of Seabiscuit (not life-sized) sits outside the main entrance of The Shops at Tanforan, a shopping mall built upon the former site of the Tanforan Racetrack. Seabiscuit was stabled there briefly in 1939, while preparing for his comeback.[26]
In the 1940s, businessman and racehorse owner W. Arnold Hanger donated a statuette of Seabiscuit to the Keeneland library.
In 1941, a life-sized bronze statue of Seabiscuit, hand-tooled by Frank Buchler, was installed at Santa Anita Park; it now stands in the walking ring at the track's "Seabiscuit Court"
On June 23, 2007, a statue of Seabiscuit was unveiled at Ridgewood Ranch.
On July 17, 2010, a life-size statue of George Woolf and Seabiscuit was unveiled at the Remington Carriage Museum in Woolf's hometown of Cardston, Alberta. This coincided with the 100th anniversary of Woolf's birth, though not the actual date.
In 1941, sculptor Hughlette "Tex" Wheeler cast two bronze statues from Seabiscuit: one stands at Santa Anita racetrack in Arcadia, CA; the other is in Saratoga Springs, outside the National Museum of Racing.[27]

text: Pedigree[edit]

text:
Pedigree of Seabiscuit[28]

Sire
Hard Tack
b. 1926
Man o' War
ch. 1917
Fair Play
ch. 1905
Hastings

Fairy Gold

Mahubah
b. 1910
Rock Sand

Merry Token

Tea Biscuit
1912
Rock Sand
br. 1900
Sainfoin

Roquebrune

Tea's Over
ch. 1893[29]
Hanover

Tea Rose

Dam
Swing On
b. 1926
Whisk Broom II
ch. 1907
Broomstick
b. 1901
Ben Brush

Elf

Audience
1901
Sir Dixon

Sallie McClelland

Balance
b. 1919
Rabelais
br. 1900
St. Simon

Satirical

Balancoire
b. 1911
Meddler

Ballantrae

tag: table

text: Notable races won[edit]

text: Seabiscuit ran 89 times at 16 different distances over the course of his career.[30]

text:
Brooklyn Handicap (1937)[31]
San Antonio Handicap (1940)
Santa Anita Handicap (1940)

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ a: The Saturday Evening Post, dated April 27, 1940, reported: "By the following March the horse failed only by inches—because his jockey erred in looking back—to win in his first try at the Santa Anita Handicap, richest of all races."[3]