document_title: The road to hell is paved with good intentions

question_text: where does the saying the road to hell is paved with good intentions come from

text: Origin[edit]

text: The saying is thought to have originated with Saint Bernard of Clairvaux who wrote (c. 1150), "L'enfer est plein de bonnes volontés ou désirs" (hell is full of good wishes or desires).[2]  An earlier saying occurs in Virgil's Aeneid: "facilis descensus Averno (the descent to hell is easy)".[3]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: A common interpretation of the saying is that wrongdoings or evil actions are often masked by good intentions; or even that good intentions, when acted upon, may have unintended consequences. A simple example is the introduction of an invasive species, like the Asian carp, which has become a nuisance due to unexpected proliferation and behaviour.[4]

text: Another meaning of the phrase is that individuals may have the intention to undertake good actions but nevertheless fail to take action.[5][6] This inaction may be due to procrastination, laziness or other subversive vice.[7] As such, the saying is an admonishment that a good intention is meaningless unless followed through.[8]

text: Moral certainty can be used to justify the harm done by failing policies and actions. Those with good intentions believe their practices are good for the group; it is self-evident to them. They justify collateral damage in the belief they do a greater good. The Nazi concentration camps were created to hold so-called "racially undesirable elements" of German society. The GULAG system was introduced in order to isolate disloyal elements not contributing to the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Inquisition was established to eradicate heretics in religious states. The harm done is clearly seen, and acknowledged, but is written off as a 'price worth paying'.

text: On a personal level, taking a subjectively "good action" can land one in a horrific emotional and/or physical state of being, e.g., a soldier goes off to war to fight for the subjective good of their country and ends up with  post-traumatic stress disorder.

text: Studies[edit]

text: Psychological studies of the effect of intention upon task completion by professors Peter Gollwitzer, Paschal Sheeran and Sheina Orbell indicate that there is some truth in the proverb.[9] Perfectionists are especially prone to having their intentions backfire in this way.[10]  Some[11] have argued that people are more likely to interpret their own actions as more well intended than the actions of others.

text: Attempts to improve the ethical behaviour of groups are often counter-productive.  If legislation is used for such an attempt, people observe the letter of the law rather than improve the desired behaviour.  During negotiation, groups that are encouraged to understand the point of view of the other parties are worse at this than those whose perspective is not enlightened.[citation needed]  The threat of punishment may make behavior less rather than more ethical.[12]  Studies of business ethics indicate that most wrongdoing is not due directly to wickedness but is performed by people who did not plan to err.[13]

text: Stephen Garrard Post, writing about altruism, suggests that good intentions are often not what they seem and that mankind normally acts from less worthy, selfish motives—"If the road to hell is paved with good intentions, it is partly because that is the road they generally start out on."[14]

text: Artistic references[edit]

text: Authors who have used the phrase include Charlotte Brontë, Lord Byron, Samuel Johnson,[15] Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott,[16] Søren Kierkegaard,[17] and Karl Marx.[18] Ozzy Osbourne used the term in the song "Tonight" on his album Diary of a Madman.

text: In the movie Highway to Hell, the phrase is taken literally to create one particular scene. The Good Intentions Paving Company has a team of Andy Warhols who grind good-intentioned souls into pavement.  "I was only sleeping with my husband's boss to advance his career", says one.[19] The figurative meaning of the phrase is a big part of the plot too, as several characters offer help to the two protagonists on the Road to Hell, but all of them have ulterior motives.

text: Pink used the phrase in her 2006 song Dear Mr. President to refer to the No Child Left Behind Act.

text: Madonna uses this line in her 2008 single "4 Minutes," featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland, off her eleventh studio album Hard Candy.[20]


document_title: List of Only Fools and Horses characters

question_text: rodney's wife's name in only fools and horses

question_tokens: rodney 's wife 's name in only fools and horses

root

text: Regular characters[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
First appearance
Last appearance
Duration
Episodes

Del Boy
David Jason (James Buckley in Rock & Chips)
"Big Brother"
2014 Sport Relief special
1981-2003, 2014
64

Rodney
Nicholas Lyndhurst
"Big Brother"
2014 Sport Relief special
1981-2003, 2014
64

Grandad
Lennard Pearce (Phil Daniels in Rock & Chips)
"Big Brother"
"Licensed to Drill"
1981–1984
22

Uncle Albert
Buster Merryfield
"Strained Relations"
"The Comic Relief Special"
1985–1997
37

Cassandra
Gwyneth Strong
"Yuppy Love"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1989–2003
21

Raquel
Tessa Peake-Jones
"Dates"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1988-2003
20

tag: table

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Major[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
First appearance
Last appearance
Duration
Episodes

Trigger
Roger Lloyd-Pack (Lewis Osbourne in Rock & Chips)
"Big Brother"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1981-2003
39

Boycie
John Challis (Stephen Lloyd in Rock & Chips)
"Go West Young Man"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1981–2009
33

Denzil
Paul Barber (Ashley Gerlach in Rock & Chips)
"Who's a Pretty Boy?"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1983–2003
18

Slater
Jim Broadbent (Callum McNab in Rock & Chips)
"May The Force Be With You"
"The Class of '62"
1983, 1985, 1991
3

Marlene Boyce
Sue Holderness
"Sleeping Dogs Lie"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1985–2009
20

Mike
Kenneth MacDonald
"Who's a Pretty Boy?"
"Time On Our Hands"
1983–1996
30

Mickey Pearce
Patrick Murray
"Healthy Competition"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1983–2003
20

Sid
Roy Heather
"The Long Legs of the Law"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1982, 1985–2003
13

Damien
Various
"Three Men, a Woman and a Baby"
"Sleepless in Peckham"
1991–2003
10

text: Minor[edit]

text: Jevon[edit]

text: Jevon (Steven Woodcock) is a friend of Rodney and Mickey Pearce, first seen in Dates. Unlike Mickey, Jevon is successful with the ladies, though to his chagrin Cassandra Parry rebuffed him when he asked her to dance. He was even more surprised when she agreed to dance with Rodney. Jevon set up a trading partnership with Mickey Pearce, which lasted throughout the sixth series. They apparently gave up on the trading business at the end of that series though, following a run-in with the Driscoll brothers which left them both in plaster. Jevon made one further appearance in The Jolly Boys' Outing, after which Woodcock left the series to take the role of Clyde Tavernier in EastEnders and the character was not seen again. He appeared in The Jolly Boys' Outing, Little Problems, Sickness & Wealth, Yuppy Love and Dates.

tag: p

text: Nerys[edit]

text: "Nervous" Nerys (Andrée Bernard) was the Nag's Head barmaid who appeared in two episodes, Dates and Sickness and Wealth. She briefly dated Rodney, although she was left terrified when a gang of yobs began chasing them in the van. The Trotter's also scared her again, with their fake seance.

text: Alan Parry[edit]

text: Alan Parry (Denis Lill) was a regular cast member during series six and seven. He is Cassandra's father and subsequently, Rodney's father-in-law. He is the owner of a successful printing firm, which employs Rodney for a time from 1989 to 1991, and later becomes a friend of Del Boy. Despite being a successful businessman by the time he met Del, Alan was still a Cockney wideboy at heart, often ending up drunk or getting sick after eating too many jellied eels whilst under Del's influence, much to the chagrin of his more overtly middle-class wife, Pam (Wanda Ventham).

text: Roy Slater[edit]

text: Detective Chief Inspector Roy Slater (Jim Broadbent in Only Fools and Horses and Calum MacNab in Rock & Chips) appeared in three episodes - May The Force Be With You, To Hull and Back, and The Class of '62. A much-reviled ex-schoolmate of Del's, Slater was a corrupt policeman and (as revealed in The Class of '62) the ex-husband of Raquel Turner. He was sent to prison for diamond smuggling after the events of To Hull and Back. Slater also appears in the prequel Rock & Chips, where he is barely tolerated by Del and the others as a member of their gang, as his friendship with them is at this point obviously falling apart. In Five Gold Rings, he leaves school to become a police cadet, and arrests Del and Jumbo for selling illegal American records (although he is snubbed by his sergeant, who goes on to keep the records for himself and lets Del and Jumbo go with a warning). This is the last time Slater is seen, as he does not appear in The Frog and the Pussycat.

text: In the entire series, Slater is the only character portrayed by an Academy Award-winning actor.

text: PC Terry Hoskins[edit]

text: Police Constable Terence "Terry" Hoskins (Christopher Mitchell) appeared in two episodes - May The Force Be With You and To Hull and Back. He works alongside Roy Slater, but doesn't like him. Slater often makes him miss lunch and watch suspects whilst Slater is away. He has a conversation with Del Boy, in which it is revealed Del Boy sold Terry's mother a gas fire. Terry advises Del Boy to tell Slater and make it easier on himself. In To Hull and Back, Terry turns against Slater and hands him into the police force.

text: June Snell[edit]

text: June Snell (Diane Langton) was an ex-girlfriend of Del Boy's from many years previously. They met up again when Rodney dated June's daughter Debbie in Happy Returns, which Del scuppered in the mistaken belief that Debbie was his daughter.

text: Del and June fell out when June revealed that Debbie's real father was in fact Del's best friend Albie Littlewood, and Del in turn admitted that he had been cheating on her with Albie's girlfriend Deidre. They were later reconciled again, however, as Del invited June to the opera in A Royal Flush with Rodney and his date Lady Victoria. He and June ruined the evening and embarrassed Rodney by noisily eating snacks and arguing with other audience members. The evening then comes to an end after June becomes ill from eating too much and is sick (off screen) over an audience member sitting in front of her.

text: Aside from Debbie, June has another child, a son named Jason.

text: Barmaids[edit]

text: Throughout the run of Only Fools and Horses, there were various barmaids employed at The Nag's Head. Aside from Nerys, they only filled relatively minor roles, speaking only the occasional one-liner or flirting with Del.

text:
Joyce (Peta Bernard) appeared in two episodes of the first series.
Julie (Julie La Rousse) appeared in five episodes between the second and third series; however, La Rousse was credited for only her second appearance.[1]
Karen (Michele Winstanley) appeared in four episodes of the fourth series. In all her appearances, she was credited as Michèle Winstanley.[2]
Vicky (Kim Clifford) appeared in the Christmas special To Hull and Back.
Maureen (Nula Conwell) appeared in five episodes between the fourth and fifth series.

tag: ul

text: Trotter relatives[edit]

text: Joan Trotter[edit]

text:
Joan Trotter

Rock & Chips character

Portrayed by
Kellie Bright

Duration
2010-11

First appearance
Rock & Chips (2010)

Last appearance
The Frog and the Pussycat (2011)

Created by
John Sullivan

Profile

Occupation
Cinema ice-cream girl
Part-time Filing Clerk
Tealady

Home
Nelson Mandela House, Peckham

[show]Family

Sisters
Rose

Husband
Reg Trotter

Sons
Derek Trotter
Rodney Trotter

Grandsons
Damien Trotter

Granddaughters
Joan Trotter II

Other relatives
Edward Trotter (father-in-law)
Violet Trotter (mother-in-law)
Cassandra Trotter (daughter-in-law)

text: Joan Mavis Trotter is Del and Rodney's late mother, and wife of Reg. Though she is never seen in the series, she is often mentioned by Del, especially in his attempts to emotionally blackmail Rodney, who had few memories of her. Del loved his mother deeply, and still mourns her death. Over the series, it became clear to Rodney and the viewers (but not always to Del) that Joan had had a series of affairs with numerous men during her loveless marriage to Del's selfish, work-shy father, Reg. One such affair was with local "gentleman thief" Freddie Robdal, and resulted in the birth of Rodney. She died on 12 March 1964 (according to The Yellow Peril) of an unknown illness while Rodney was still very young.

text: Her tombstone, a flamboyant fibreglass monument, is also seen occasionally. In "The Yellow Peril", Del paints it yellow, not realising that the paint is luminous. In Danger UXD, they dress up the blow up dolls in Joan's old clothes in order to get them out of the flat without being noticed. After the Trotters became millionaires, Del returns to their now deserted flat and remembers his mother telling him he couldn't have the day off school with a hangover because he was taking his 11-plus (Joan is heard saying this in a voiceover provided by an uncredited actress). When Cassandra and Rodney have their baby in Sleepless in Peckham, they name her Joan.

text: The character makes her first screen appearance in Rock & Chips. Portrayed as a hard-working woman in her late 30s, struggling to maintain a home, which included her workshy husband Reg, ageing father-in-law Ted and her teenage son Del Boy. She begins an affair with Freddie Robdal, a friend of Reg's recently released from prison, and soon discovers she is pregnant. Joan and Freddie's affair isn't one of lust; they seem to love each other genuinely and Joan loves both her boys deeply. She is willing to leave Reg altogether and run away with Freddie to Bournemouth to raise Rodney with him, but would only do so once she was sure Del was financially secure. She tries her best to help Del's relationship and hopeful eventual marriage to a rich man's daughter, but the relationship does not work, and Joan ultimately chooses to remain in Peckham for Del's sake. Joan is a huge fan of Hollywood films and actresses, given her job in the Ritz cinema, to the point that she changed her hairstyle multiple times during Rock & Chips to resemble actresses such as Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Jane Fonda and Audrey Hepburn.

text: Reg Trotter[edit]

text:
Reg Trotter

Only Fools and Horses character

Portrayed by
Peter Woodthorpe (1983)
Shaun Dingwall (2010-11)

Duration
1983, 2010-11

First appearance
Thicker than Water (1983)

Last appearance
The Frog and the Pussycat (2011)

Created by
John Sullivan

Profile

Occupation
Unemployed

Home
Newcastle

[show]Family

Father
Edward Trotter (deceased)

Mother
Violet Trotter (deceased)

Wife
Joan Trotter

Sons
Derek Trotter

Stepsons
Rodney Trotter

Grandsons
Damien Trotter

Granddaughters
Joan Trotter II (step-granddaughter)

Uncles
Albert Trotter
George Trotter
Jack Trotter

First cousins
Stan Trotter

text: Reginald "Reg" Trotter is the estranged father of Del Boy, stepfather of Rodney, and son of Grandad.

text: Reg abandons his family shortly after the death of his wife Joan, upon which he steals Del's sixteenth birthday cake and Rodney's piggy bank. Eighteen years later he returns, in the episode Thicker than Water, claiming to have a hereditary blood disorder. When the results reveal Del and Rodney to have different blood groups, he attempts to split the family by questioning Del's paternity. He quickly leaves once it becomes known that he has forged the test results himself, and is never heard from again. As with their mother, he is often mentioned by Del in other episodes. It was revealed in the final episode Sleepless in Peckham that Rodney is not in fact Reg's biological son, but Freddie Robdal's. It is also shown in Rock & Chips he is an abusive husband to Joan, earning him the hatred of Del and Freddie Robdal, and has an affair with the Nag's Head barmaid called Val.

text: Violet Trotter[edit]

text:
Violet Trotter

Only Fools And Horses character

Portrayed by
Paula Wilcox

Duration
2010-2011

First appearance
Rock and Chips

Created by
John Sullivan

Profile

Occupation
Cleaner

Home
Peckham

[show]Family

Husband
Ted Trotter

Sons
Reg Trotter

Grandsons
Del Boy
Rodney Trotter (step-grandson)

Other relatives
Damien Trotter
(great-grandson)
Joan Trotter II
(step-great-granddaughter)

text: Violet "Vi" Trotter was the estranged, sharp-tongued wife of Ted Trotter, mother of Reg and the paternal grandmother of Del Boy. She appeared in the second and third episodes of the prequel Rock & Chips, Five Gold Rings and The Frog and the Pussycat, where she baby-sat the infant Rodney - much to the fury of her husband, who resented her for throwing him out after she had discovered his affair with Alice Ball, Trigger's grandmother. Despite her contempt for her husband, Vi maintained a friendly relationship with her son, grandson and daughter-in-law, and doted on Rodney. Vi mentioned she worked as the charlady for an art dealer, as Del mentioned in Yesterday Never Comes; however she did not mention that she had stolen a valuable artwork from her employer.

text: Freddie Robdal[edit]

text:
Freddie Robdal

Only Fools And Horses character

Portrayed by
Nicholas Lyndhurst

Duration
2010-2011

First appearance
"Rock & Chips" (2010)

Last appearance
"The Frog and the Pussycat" (2011)

Created by
John Sullivan

Profile

Occupation
Frogman
Gangster
Criminal
Unemployed

Home
Rotherhithe

[show]Family

Sons
Rodney Trotter

Granddaughters
Joan Trotter II

First cousins
Norman

text: Frederick "Freddie" Robdal, also known by his nickname Freddie the Frog, was an unseen character in the original series. He is first mentioned in The Frog's Legacy and later revealed to be Rodney's biological father. Robdal was a career thief who had been a frogman in the Royal Navy (hence the nickname), and had an extramarital affair with Joan Trotter. Robdal died shortly afterwards, when he accidentally sat on his own detonator during a bank robbery. The Trotters' search for his hidden gold legacy was the focal point of the episode The Frog's Legacy. When an old photograph of Robdal surfaced in the episode Sleepless in Peckham, his striking resemblance to Rodney finally settled the issue of the latter's paternity after years of speculation.

text: Robdal is one of the main characters in the Only Fools and Horses prequel Rock & Chips, where he is accompanied by explosive expert Gerald "Jelly" Kelly and has a habit of calling people "cocker", among them Del Boy and Boycie. The first episode of Rock & Chips fully reveals the details surrounding Robdal's affair with Joan which resulted in Rodney's birth, and establishes the beginning of his uncle-nephew-like relationship with Del, who he accompanies (along with Reg, Granddad, and Del's gang) on their first Jolly Boys' Outing to Margate, although the trip is merely a ruse so that Robdal and Kelly can rob a nearby jewellery store. It is revealed in the second episode, Five Gold Rings, that Robdal did in fact love Joan deeply and wanted to see his son grow up, but it was difficult because of Joan's marriage to Reg and his situations with Del Boy and the police. In The Frog and the Pussycat, Robdal and Kelly are again arrested on suspicion of murdering the sole eyewitness to the Margate robbery, although Robdal discovers it was a fraud by the police. However, Robdal is incarcerated when it is revealed one of the stolen jewels was pawned by Joan, who is "working" as Robdal's charlady (in order to fund Del's film). While in prison, Robdal implores Joan to leave London with him to his seaside home with Rodney. Joan accepts but only once she is certain of Del's financial state. However, Del's planned film does not work out well, and Joan is forced to stay in Peckham. It is implied that Robdal remains in Peckham as well.

text: Guest and spin-off characters[edit]

text: Abdul Khan[edit]

text: Abdul Khan (Tony Anholt) only appeared in one episode; To Hull and Back, where he and Boycie arranged a deal with Del, in order to smuggle diamonds from Amsterdam. Although, this was the only episode in which he appeared, Abdul was also mentioned in Diamonds Are for Heather, when Del tells Heather where he got the engagement ring; Video Nasty, when Del had struck a deal with Abdul's cousin's girlfriend's brother's friend, and in the second Rock & Chips episode Five Gold Rings when Del tells his friends that he got four glass diamond rings from Abdul's father, who owns the Bermondsey Wholesale Jewellery Emporium.

text: Arnie[edit]

text: Arnie (Philip McGough) appeared in the episode Chain Gang. A conman, Arnie sold Del Boy, Boycie, Mike, Trigger, Uncle Albert and Rodney a batch of 24 carat gold chains for £12,500, only to later double cross them by faking a heart attack in a restaurant and making off with both the chains and the money in an ambulance driven by his sons. The group eventually tracked him down while he was performing the same scam on Denzil and drove Arnie away in an ambulance of their own.

text: Solly Atwell[edit]

text: Solly Atwell (Colin Jeavons) appeared in the episode Hole in One. The Trotter family solicitor, believed to have represented Del on other, unspecified, occasions. Solly represented Uncle Albert in his case against the brewery when he fell down the Nag's Head cellar. Solly was described by Rodney as being "more bent than the villains", or according to Del: "an expert". He faced being "defrocked" when it was revealed that Albert had been lying to obtain compensation.

text: The Driscoll Brothers[edit]

text: Danny and Tony Driscoll (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan), usually known as the Driscoll brothers, only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others. The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence (although in order to avoid serious problems with the police, they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim's head). They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them, and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason. In a similar joke to the different-looking Del and Rodney being brothers, the Driscoll brothers also differ in height, but by a good 18 inches (460 mm), though in their case the taller brother has the brains. The pair appear to have a love-hate relationship, as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want.

text: In the spin-off series The Green Green Grass, it is revealed that the Driscoll brothers have finally been found guilty and sent to prison, thanks to Boycie grassing them to the police, but have been paroled and are now after his blood.

text: The role of Danny Driscoll was originally written for series fan Anthony Hopkins but he was unable to appear due to the filming of The Silence of the Lambs. The role ultimately went to Roy Marsden, on Hopkins' own advice, since Hopkins and Marsden are friends.

text: Doctor Meadows[edit]

text: Doctor Robert "Robbie" Meadows (Ewan Stewart) appears once in the episode Sickness and Wealth as Del's one-time GP. When Del goes to visit him with stomach cramps, he discovers that Robbie has since left his practice and gone to the local hospital. Del tells his new GP a completely opposite story about his lifestyle, that he is a celibate, teetotal, non-smoking, vegetarian health freak. The GP, unable to ascertain why Del is experiencing such difficulties, sends him to hospital. While Del is worrying about what is wrong with him (he fears he has Aids), Robbie finally comes to see him, stating he is now in charge of Del's case, being as he is a former patient. Robbie warns Del that lying to his GP has meant that diagnosing Del's condition (IBS) has taken far longer than it should, and that only because Robbie knows Del (and begrudgingly admires him) has Del's condition been successfully identified.

text: Jumbo Mills[edit]

text: Jumbo Mills (Nick Stringer in Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and Lee Long in Rock & Chips) was Del's old school friend and business partner (they ran a jellied eels stall together) who emigrated to Australia during the 1960s. Jumbo returned to Peckham in the episode Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, and offered Del the chance to restore their old partnership by helping him run his new used car business back in Australia, only for Del to refuse the offer due to Rodney being unable to go because of his drug conviction. Stringer also appeared in an earlier episode, Go West Young Man, playing an Australian man who bought a car with no brakes from Del Boy, which he later accidentally crashed into the back of an E-type Jaguar, which at the time was being driven by Del, who was looking after it for Boycie as a present to his "bit on the side".

text: Don Vincenzo Occhetti[edit]

text: Don Vincenzo Occhetti (David Jason) appeared as the main antagonist in the two-part episode Miami Twice. Ochetti was a Mafia don and an exact doppelgänger for Del Boy. As the episode unfolded it emerged that Ochetti was under FBI surveillance and facing trial for murder, kidnapping and drug-running. After seeing Del's resemblance to his father, Occhetti's son Rico launched a series of unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Del, hoping that the authorities would believe Occhetti himself was dead and thus spare him the prison sentence. Every attempt failed, and Del and Rodney eventually uncovered the Mafia plan, providing the FBI with crucial evidence to send Occhetti to prison for life.

text: Gerald "Jelly" Kelly[edit]

text: Gerald "Jelly" Kelly (Paul Putner) is first mentioned in The Frog's Legacy and later introduced in Rock & Chips, as Freddie Robdal's partner-in-crime and best friend. He accompanies Robdal to Peckham following Robdal's release from prison, but as they are almost out of money, they plan a jewellery robbery while in Margate on a Jolly Boys Outing with Del Boy and his family and friends, and pull it off while the others are elsewhere. Kelly, however, does not approve of Robdal's relationship with Joan Trotter, whom he refers to as "that slag from the cinema", as both Robdal and Kelly display dislike for the abusive, work-shy Reg. In Five Gold Rings, it is shown that Robdal and Kelly were arrested and imprisoned again for the jewellery robbery, but while they both make bail, Kelly only appears in the episode's opening scene. In The Frog and the Pussycat, Robdal and Kelly are temporarily exonerated but later suspected again following the disappearance of their robbery's sole eyewitness, although Robdal exposes the police's fraud. Though Robdal eventually goes to prison on an alternate charge (to protect Joan, who pawned the ring Robdal gave her in order to buy a lambretta for Del), Kelly does not, and shares a drink with Robdal once he is freed. In the final scene, he and Robdal rob an art gallery together.

text: Several years later, Freddie and Kelly break into a post office in Plumstead. Unfortunately, while Kelly sets the explosives and is holding the nitroglycerine, Freddie sits on the detonator and the two men are both killed in the ensuing explosion. In The Frog's Legacy, Rodney sarcastically quips that had Kelly survived, he "wouldn't be any good in a Mexican Wave."

text: Reenie Turpin[edit]

text: Reenie Turpin (Joan Sims in The Frog's Legacy and Emma Cooke in Rock & Chips) only appeared in the episode, The Frog's Legacy but mentioned in Chain Gang. She is Trigger's aunt and Joan Trotter's best friend. She informs Del of the gold legacy that Freddie the Frog left to his mother. She also sparks a debate over who Rodney's real father was after stating that "Joanie was never 100% sure about him".

text: In Rock & Chips, Reenie works alongside her best friend, Joan, as an usherette at the local film house. Like Joan and Del, Reenie loathes Reg Trotter and is unafraid to stand up to him, threatening to reveal that Reg is often violent toward his wife. However, the prequel makes no mention of her relationship with Trigger, and she appears to be a mere family friend. She helps Joan determine her pregnancy in an anonymous clinic following her affair with Freddie Robdal and even submits her name for Joan to use while visiting Freddie in prison.

text: Lady Victoria Marsham-Hales[edit]

text: Lady Victoria "Vicky" Marsham-Hales (Sarah Duncan) is a one-off girlfriend of Rodney's in the 1986 Christmas Special, A Royal Flush. The only daughter of a wealthy and prominent duke, Rodney meets her in the market one day whilst she is (unsuccessfully) trying to sell her artwork. They become close friends and eventually start dating. Del Boy is immediately interested in Vicky's wealth and breeding and sees Rodney's relationship as a way of making them both millionaires, and despite Rodney's firm protests, repeatedly meddles in the relationship with disastrous results. He finally destroys all chances of Rodney and Vicky being together after inviting himself to dinner at the home of Vicky's father, and getting drunk and obscene, insulting the guests and humiliating Rodney. The furious duke throws the Trotters out of his home, and Rodney and Vicky sadly realise that it would be better not to see each other any more. Unknown to Rodney, Del earlier had told the duke to bribe Rodney with £1,000 to get out of Vicky's life, but a pained Rodney turns it down, angering Del.

text: Janice[edit]

text: Janice (Gaynor Ward) appears in the episode A Slow Bus To Chingford, and is one of Rodney's girlfriends. Whilst Rodney is discussing art, Janice tells him her brother paints for the council. They then get intimate, but Del Boy enters and ruins it. Her last appearance is shortly after this, when Del Boy plays on snide joke on Rodney by telling him his whip and other implements have been washed by Grandad. Astonished and worried, she quietly sneaks out, not giving Rodney enough time tell her that Del is joking, causing Rodney to shout "You rotten git, Del!" for ruining his evening. Del later reveals that he is taking Janice out, but for Rodney's sake in order to keep Rodney from getting mad at him. Janice has a Corgi called Nero, which Del gets Rodney to help him patrol the bus garage as a Nocturnal Security Officer, telling Rodney that Nero is an ex-police dog, the morning after Rodney tells Del that he was up all night taking Nero for walks and that Nero ran away scared when he saw a cat.

text: Unseen characters[edit]

text: Albie Littlewood[edit]

text: Albie Littlewood is an unseen character, mentioned in Happy Returns. He was Del's best friend but had an affair with Del's then-fiancée June Snell, something Del only found out years later. However at the same time Del was having an affair with Albie's girlfriend Deidre. Albie is the father of June's daughter Debbie, whom Rodney had dated. While en route to see June one night, Albie took a shortcut across a railway line and was killed when he fell onto the live rail (the railways in Peckham are electrified using third rails rather than overhead wires).

text: Albie also appears in the 2010 prequel drama Rock & Chips, played by Jonathan Readwin. In the prequel, he is shown to be (in secret) taking drugs to lighten his mood at certain times, and notably, Albie and Jumbo Mills trick Roy Slater into taking one and later dancing in a bar until he falls from exhaustion.

text: Monkey Harris, Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron[edit]

text: Kenneth "Monkey" Harris, Paddy the Greek and Sunglasses Ron are Del Boy's friends who are in the same "business" as him. Although they are mentioned regularly, they are never seen on screen. They are often involved in Del's trading deals (although separately), usually sourcing Del's hooky gear, and are often described and mentioned in discussions between other characters in The Nag's Head.

text: Writer John Sullivan (known for his attention to detail) gives even the unseen characters a well-rounded back story. For instance, it is known that Monkey Harris lives in a bungalow, as mentioned in the episode No Greater Love. As such, the characters often play a minor role in plot development, usually as a device of comic resolution. According to The Class of '62, Monkey Harris was also a schoolfriend of Del, Boycie, Denzil, Trigger and Roy Slater.

text: It is suspected that Sunglasses Ron is the man sat at the back of the bus in The Jolly Boys' Outing.


document_title: Bubble Guppies

question_text: who does the voice of mr. grouper on bubble guppies

text: Bubble Guppies

text: Format[edit]

text: The Guppies live in the fictional underwater city of Bubbletucky.[4]

text: All episodes follow a similar format. The episode starts with an introduction by Molly, saying 'Hi: it's me: Molly: and it's time for-' only to be stopped by Gil performing an act related to the episode's subject. One of the two then states 'It's time for Bubble Guppies!', and the theme song plays. After the theme song, the Little Fish say the episode's name.

text: An event may occur when one or more characters is proceeding to school. For example: Avi breaks his tail in "Call a Clambulance!" when Oona was going to school. Afterwards, the school day begins with all the Bubble Guppies saying "Good morning, Mr. Grouper!" Later, a Guppie tells Mr. Grouper about the earlier experience. He suggests, "Let's think about it," and the characters discuss the topic. A song follows, focusing on the episode's main topic. Usually, Molly or Gil sing this song, but there are episodes where Deema or Mr. Grouper sing it instead.

text: One of the Guppies may go to a shop that mostly focuses on the topic (example: a doctor's office in "Call a Clambulance!"). The owner of the shop (usually played by Deema) will ask questions about what he or she needs. Jokes and silly responses will eventually lead to the correct necessity. Mr. Grouper usually ends this segment by asking, "Excuse me, what time is it?" in a call-and-response pattern, with the Guppies responding, "It's time for lunch!" three times.

text: At lunch, three of the characters make a food joke about the subject of the episode (example: Molly gets pizza and a banana, Oona gets a sandwich and a cookie, and Deema gets a sandwich and an ice cream "sun"-dae in "The Moon Rocks!"). (Note: In almost every episode after the lunch segment, the little fish say the transition quote "That's silly!" or "That's ridiculous!" after saying the lunch joke.) After lunch, another Gil and Molly sketch is shown.

text: After the sketch, some classroom activity is shown further reinforcing that episode's theme, or Mr. Grouper talks more about the topic. This is often ended when Mr. Grouper says, "Line up everybody. It's time to go outside," followed by the "outside song". Outside the classroom, the Guppies act out a story about the topic, interfused with Adobe Flash-animated graphics. Once back inside, a second song is typically performed. Afterward, Gil and Molly do another sketch.

text: The Guppies may then go on a field trip that focuses on the topic. This may focus on a problem shown earlier and involves the key characters. The episode concludes with a final sketch by Gil and Molly, followed by a shorter version of the theme song. The credits then roll which include a song played earlier in that episode.

text: The voice cast is based in New York and California and the dialogue is recorded at New York-based Dubway Studios and Rhumba Recorders and Burbank-based Nickelodeon Animation Studio.

text: Heavy metal speaker Ozzy Osbourne guest starred as Sid Fishy in the 2015 episode Super Guppies.[5]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly ("The Natural Born Leader")[6] (voiced by Brianna Gentilella, and Bailey Gambertoglio (speaking for Seasons 3-4)) is a guppy girl with a caring personality. She is a co-host of the show with Gil and is a natural leader of the group.[7][8] She has long pink hair, brown skin, brown eyes, a swirly bikini top, and a blue swirly tail. Molly appears alongside Gil in the transitional segments, where she aids Gil in hopes that problems won't arise.
Gil ("The Turbo-Charged Boy")[6] (voiced by Zachary Gordon, Jacob Bertrand (speaking voice), Teddy Walsh (singing voice), and Jay Gragnani) is a guppy boy with a silly personality.[7] He has blue hair, blue eyes, and a green camouflage tail. Gil gets scared easily, and appears alongside Molly in the transitional segments. In those segments, Gil often attempts to do something but with unexpected results.
Goby ("The Make Believer")[6] (voiced by Jelani Imani, Christopher Borger (singing for Season 1), Marleik "Mar Mar" Walker (2013-2015), Johntae Limpscomb (singing for The Puppy and the Ring!), and Isaac Ryan Brown) is a guppy boy with an imaginative personality.[7] He has indigo hair, brown eyes, and a purple/blue wavy tail.
Deema ("The Drama Queen")[6] (voiced by Angelina Wahler, Selena Ann Gonzalez (singing for Season 1) and Grace Kaufman) is a guppy girl with a zany personality.[7] She has orange/yellow curly hair, blue eyes, orange earrings, which she did wear in "Temple of the Lost Puppy," and an orange/yellow spotted bikini top and tail. Deema has a wild imagination and often plays the role of shopkeeper in the "store" segments.
Oona ("The Sweetie Pie")[6] (voiced by Reyna Shaskan and Tori Feinstein) is a guppy girl with a sweet personality.[7] She has purple hair in two pigtails with a pink star shaped clip, brown eyes, and a purple/pink striped tail. Oona is the only female Bubble Guppy whose tail is attached to her top.
Nonny ("The Neutral One")[6] (voiced by Eamon Pirruccello, and Jet Jurgensmeyer and Eason Rytter (singing for "The Puppy and the Ring!")) is an intelligent guppy boy.[7] He has orange hair, green eyes, a blue scuba mask (his glasses), and a green striped tail. Despite not smiling a lot, he is the most polite and mature member of the group. He is smart and helps Deema pronounce words and helps his friends answer their questions.
Mr. Grouper ("The Teacher")[6] (voiced by Tino Insana (speaking voice), Fred Tatasciore (speaking for 2013-2015) and (Chris Phillips) (singing voice) is the Guppies' teacher. He is an orange and yellow fish. (although most of his body is orange)[7] Mr. Grouper respects the kids' imaginations, ideas, and suggestions. Oddly, Mr. Grouper can also change his body into different colors like red, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink, lime green, olive green, navy blue, magenta, white, turquoise, brown, white, black, gray, and can be able to return to his normal body color orange. In "The Crayon Prix," Mr. Grouper changed his body color more than once. (All other episodes, Mr. Grouper changed his body color once) Whenever Mr. Grouper changes his body color, the Guppies will have almost 100% of the time a lot of fun with him.
Little Fish ("Their Underwater Guides")[6] (voiced by Skai Jackson, Mia Vavasseur and Kayla Erickson) are a trio of fish that look alike and frequently answer questions that are put to the home audience by the main characters.[7]
Bubble Puppy ("Their Rambunctious Pet")[6] (voiced by Frank Welker) is Gil's adopted pet puppy and Gil's best friend.[7] He has orange and white fur and a green collar with a yellow fish license.
Little Danny ("The Green Fish") has made several appearances in different episodes of the show. Voiced by Daniel Carroll , the fish is usually used as a background character but is featured in the episode "Little Danny is Deported" (S2 E12). Little Danny is also an advocate for shapes and symmetry throughout the show in his segment called "Shapes with Little Danny".

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Clam (voiced by Chris Phillips) is a mollusk living in the classroom. "Happy Clam Day"
Mr. Grumpfish (voiced by Glenn Leopold) is a large fish who is almost always frowning.

text: Minor[edit]

text:
Big Blue Fish (voiced by Chris Phillips) is a big blue fish.
Bubble Kitty is a purple kitten.
Bubble Kitty's Owner (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) is the African lobster.
Buddy is a bottle nose dolphin.
Scuba Lobster (voiced by Chris Phillips) is a diver.
Mia is Molly's little sister.
Stylee (voiced by Keke Palmer) is a world-famous pop star.
Crabs, Snails, Lobsters, and Starfish (voiced by Chris Phillips, Candi Milo and Kari Wahlgren) are background characters appearing in many series.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)
October 24, 2011 (2011-10-24)

2
20
November 4, 2011 (2011-11-04)
May 2, 2013 (2013-05-02)

3
26
August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12)
June 19, 2015 (2015-06-19)

4
14[9]
[dead link]
May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21)
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)[10]

text: Home releases[edit]

text:
DVD title
Season(s)
Episode count
Release date
Episodes

Bubble Puppy's Fin-Tastic Fairy Tale
1, 2
4
May 1, 2012
3 ("Bubble Puppy"), 19 ("Bubble Bites") and 24-25 ("Bubble Puppy's Fin-Tastic Fairy Tale")

On the Job
6
February 5, 2013
1 ("Call a Clambulance"), 4 ("Build Me Building"), 6 ("The Grumpfish Special"), 10 ("Fishketball"), 27 ("Firefighter Gil to the Rescue") and 28 ("A Tooth on the Looth")

Sunny Days
May 28, 2013
11 ("The Legend of Pinkfoot!"), 12 ("Gup, Gup, and Away!"), 31 ("The Beach Ball!"), 32 ("The Sizzling Scampinis!"), 35 ("Bubble Duckies!") and 39 ("Bring on the Bugs!")

Animals Everywhere
1–3
May 11, 2014
5 ("Ducks In A Row!"), 14 ("Boy Meets Squirrel!"), 23 ("The Lonely Rhino"), 43 ("The Elephant Trunk-A-Dunk!"), 46 ("The Arctic Life!") and 47 ("Puppy Love!")

Get Ready for School!
July 29, 2014
7 ("The Moon Rocks!"), 30 ("Check It Out!"), 33 ("Construction Psyched!"), 40 ("Good Hair Day!"), 41 ("Get Ready for School!") and 51 ("Good Morning, Mr. Grumpfish!")

The Puppy and the Ring
2, 3
5
June 2, 2015
34 ("Bubble-Cadabra!"), 38 ("Sir Nonny The Nice!"), 45 ("The Wizard Of Oz-tralia!") and 48-49 ("The Puppy And The Ring")

Fun on the Farm
1–3
May 10, 2016
13 ("The Spring Chicken Is Coming!"), 15 ("Have A Cow!"), 26 ("The Cowgirl Parade!"), 55 ("The Bubble Bee-athlon!") and 63 ("Bubble Kitty!")

Super Guppies
May 16, 2017
20 ("Haunted House Party!"), 21 ("X Marks the Spot!"), 42 ("The Police Cop-etition!"), 53 ("The Unidentified Flying Orchestra!") and 64 ("Super Guppies!")

Bubble Puppy's Awesome Adventures
3, 4
May 8, 2018
45 ("The Wizard of Oz-tralia!"), 63 ("Bubble Kitty!"), 69 ("The New Doghouse!"), 72 ("The Temple of the Lost Puppy!") and 75 ("Sheep Doggy!")

text: Changes in seasons 2-4[edit]

text:
The dance song comes after the outside sketch instead of before.
There is no second "Let's think about it" sketch.
All six guppies say "Field trip!" before the said segment happens. This did not happen in season 1.
The bubble pop transition goes from the classroom to a location based on the topic in the shop and lunchtime segments. In season 1, the topic's location is already set up after the lunch song ends.

text: Mobile streaming[edit]

text: In May and September 2017, 20 episodes of the show were made available for streaming on the NOGGIN video service as one of three shows with interactive playalong episodes. Season 3 has the linear TV episodes while Season 4 has the interactive episodes.

text: Production[edit]

text: Season 3 of Bubble Guppies premiered on August 12, 2013, with an episode entitled, Bubble Guppies: Get Ready for School.[11][12] Season 4 of Bubble Guppies premiered on May 21, 2015.

text: On November 15, 2016, Nickelodeon announced the series would not be renewed for a fifth season.[13][better source needed]


document_title: Thunderstorm

question_text: what three conditions are required for thunderstorms to form

text: Thunderstorm

text: Life cycle

text: Warm air has a lower density than cool air, so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom[3] (this effect can be seen with a hot air balloon).[4] Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air. The moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses.[5] When the moisture condenses, it releases energy known as latent heat of vaporization, which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air[6] continuing the cloud's ascension. If enough instability is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning and thunder. Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds.[7] Generally, thunderstorms require three conditions to form:

text:
Moisture
An unstable airmass
A lifting force (heat)

tag: ol

text: All thunderstorms, regardless of type, go through three stages: the developing stage, the mature stage, and the dissipation stage.[8] The average thunderstorm has a 24 km (15 mi) diameter. Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere, each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes.[9]

text: Cumulus stage

text: The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage. During this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be solar illumination, where the heating of the ground produces thermals, or where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude, which appear as cumulus clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection (hence the term convective precipitation). This process creates a low-pressure zone within and beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the Earth's atmosphere.[10]

text: Mature stage

text: In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther. Often this 'cap' is the tropopause. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape. The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus. The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall, they melt to become rain. If the updraft is strong enough, the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as hail. While updrafts are still present, the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it, creating downdrafts as well. The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds. During this stage, considerable internal turbulence can occur within, which manifests as strong winds, severe lightning, and even tornadoes.[11]

text: Typically, if there is little wind shear, the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and 'rain itself out',[8] but, if there is sufficient change in wind speed and/or direction, the downdraft will be separated from the updraft, and the storm may become a supercell, where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours.[12]

text: Dissipating stage

text: In the dissipation stage, the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft. If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development, this stage occurs rather quickly, approximately 20–30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm. The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm, hit the ground and spread out. This phenomenon is known as a downburst. The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm, the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate. Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm, moist air, and kills the thunderstorm's further growth.[13] The downdraft hitting the ground creates an outflow boundary. This can cause downbursts, a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through, as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs, resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft. The stronger the outflow boundary is, the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes.[14]

text: Classification

text: There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line (also called multi-cell line) and supercell. Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere ("wind shear"). Single-cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20–30 minutes.

text: Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters/lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear, normally greater than 25 knots (13 m/s) in the lowest 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the troposphere,[15] which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather. The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms, most commonly associated with large hail, high winds, and tornado formation. Precipitable water values of greater than 31.8 millimetres (1.25 in) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes.[16] Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres (1.45 in).[17] Upstream values of CAPE of greater than 800 J/kg are usually required for the development of organized convection.[18]

text: Single-cell

text: This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft. Also known as air-mass thunderstorms, these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales. They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter. Within a cluster of thunderstorms, the term "cell" refers to each separate principal updraft. Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation, as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development. Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability; hence the term "air mass thunderstorm". When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them, it is known as a pulse severe storm. Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space, making them difficult to forecast. Single-cell thunderstorms normally last 20–30 minutes.[9]

text: Multi-cell clusters

text: This is the most common type of thunderstorm development. Mature thunderstorms are found near the center of the cluster, while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side. Multicell storms form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more squall lines. While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes, the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time. They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries, such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure. These type of storms are stronger than the single-cell storm, yet much weaker than the supercell storm. Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate-sized hail, flash flooding, and weak tornadoes.[9]

text: Multicell lines

text: A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along and/or ahead of a cold front.[19][20] In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for cold front.[21] The squall line contains heavy precipitation, hail, frequent lightning, strong straight line winds, and possibly tornadoes and waterspouts.[22] Severe weather in the form of strong straight-line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a bow echo, within the portion of the line that bows out the most.[23] Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern, or LEWP, where mesoscale low pressure areas are present.[24] Some bow echoes in the summer are called derechos, and move quite fast through large sections of territory.[25] On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines, a wake low can form, which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy, which are sometimes associated with a heat burst.[26] This kind of storm is also known as "Wind of the Stony Lake" (Traditional Chinese:石湖風 – shi2 hu2 feng1, Simplified Chinese: 石湖风) in southern China.[27]

text: Supercells

text: Supercell storms are large, usually severe, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("wind shear"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "mesocyclone"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere, and supercell storms can be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause severe weather.[12] These storms can produce destructive tornadoes, sometimes F3 or higher, extremely large hailstones (10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter), straight-line winds in excess of 130 km/h (81 mph), and flash floods. In fact, research has also shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.[28] Supercells are the strongest type of thunderstorm, even stronger than the most severe thunderstorms.[9]

text: Severe thunderstorms

text: A thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph), hail is 25 millimetres (1 in) in diameter or larger, or if funnel clouds or tornadoes are reported.[29][30][31] Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm, a tornado warning is issued in place of a severe thunderstorm warning. A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe, or will soon turn severe. In Canada, a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres (2 in) in one hour, or 75 millimetres (3 in) in three hours, is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms.[32] Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell. However, multicell, supercell, and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather.[12]

text: Mesoscale convective systems

text: A mesoscale convective system (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones, and normally persists for several hours or more.[33] A mesoscale convective system's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape, and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones, squall lines, lake-effect snow events, polar lows, and Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs), and they generally form near weather fronts. Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day.[8] The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America, Europe, and Asia, with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours.[34][35]

text: Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs, generally within the warm season between spring and fall. More intense systems form over land than over water.[36][37] One exception is that of lake-effect snow bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring.[38] Polar lows are a second special class of MCS. They form at high latitudes during the cold season.[39] Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex (MCV).[40] Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.[41]

text: Motion

text: The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture. Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth's troposphere, the lowest 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of the Earth's atmosphere. Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth's surface than stronger thunderstorms, as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall. Organized, long-lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical wind shear vector. If the gust front, or leading edge of the outflow boundary, races ahead of the thunderstorm, its motion will accelerate in tandem. This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation (HP) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation (LP). When thunderstorms merge, which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other, the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell. The stronger the mean wind, the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion. On weather radar, storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan.[12]

text: Back-building thunderstorm

text: A back-building thunderstorm, commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm, is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Though the storm often appears stationary on radar, or even moving upwind, this is an illusion. The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new, more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side, replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind.[42][43] When this happens, catastrophic flooding is possible. In Rapid City, South Dakota, in 1972, an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area, resulting in devastating flash flooding.[44] A similar event occurred in Boscastle, England, on 16 August 2004.[45]

text: Hazards

text: Each year, many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning. While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer, they can occur at just about any time of the year.

text: Cloud-to-ground lightning

text: Cloud-to-ground lightning frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations. One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the wildfires they are capable of igniting.[46] Under a regime of low precipitation (LP) thunderstorms, where little precipitation is present, rainfall cannot prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat.[47] Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs on occasion.[48] In areas with a high frequency for cloud-to-ground lightning, like Florida, lightning causes several fatalities per year, most commonly to people working outside.[49]

text: Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning. Distilled water has a neutral pH of 7. “Clean” or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.[50] Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena,[51] caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms.[52]

text: Hail

text: Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm.[53] Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration. Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as orographic lifting), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely.[54] One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888.[55] China also experiences significant hailstorms.[56] Across Europe, Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail.[57]

text: In North America, hail is most common in the area where Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming meet, known as "Hail Alley."[58] Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September. Cheyenne, Wyoming is North America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season.[59] In South America, areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá, Colombia.

text: Hail can cause serious damage, notably to automobiles, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers' crops.[59] Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft. When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres (0.5 in) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds.[60] The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage.[55] Hail is one of Canada's most costly hazards.[61] Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund, Uttarakhand, India.[62] The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora, Nebraska, United States.[63]

text: Tornadoes and waterspouts

text: A tornado is a violent, rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud (otherwise known as a thundercloud) or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust.[64] Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph (64 and 177 km/h), are approximately 75 metres (246 ft) across, and travel several kilometers (a few miles) before dissipating. Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than 1,600 metres (1 mi) across, and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres (dozens of miles).[65][66][67]

text: The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused. An EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees but not substantial structures. An EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.[68] Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating.[69]

text: Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes, characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current that form over bodies of water, connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds. Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes, or more specifically, non-supercelled tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water.[70] These spiralling columns of air are frequently developed within tropical areas close to the equator, but are less common within areas of high latitude.[71]

text: Flash flood

text: Flash flooding is the process where a landscape, most notably an urban environment, is subjected to rapid floods.[72] These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding[73] and are frequently (though not always) associated with intense rainfall.[74] Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow-moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it. Flash floods are most common in densely populated urban environments, where few plants and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water. Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure, such as bridges, and weakly constructed buildings. Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water. Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced. Soil erosion can occur as well, exposing risks of landslide phenomena.

text: Downburst

text: Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms. Downburst winds are generally very powerful, and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes,[75] due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight-horizontal characteristic. Downburst winds can be hazardous to unstable, incomplete, or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings. Agricultural crops, and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged. Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash.[8][75] Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds. Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it, due to their higher density. When these downdrafts reach the surface, they spread out and turn into the destructive straight-horizontal winds.[8]

text: Thunderstorm asthma

text: Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm. During a thunderstorm, pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind. While larger pollen grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose, the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs, triggering the asthma attack.[76][77][78][79]

text: Safety precautions

text: Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully; however, any thunderstorm can become severe, and all thunderstorms, by definition, present the danger of lightning.[80] Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before, during, and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage.

text: Preparedness

text: Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm. Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness (as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year).[81] Preparing a family emergency plan, for example, can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and unexpectedly.[82] Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees, which can be blown over in high winds, can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury.[83]

text: The National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur:[81]

text:
Know the names of local counties, cities, and towns, as these are how warnings are described.[81]
Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area.[84]
Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm.
Cancel or reschedule outdoor events (to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits).[84]
Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place.[84]
Get inside a substantial building or hard-topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives.[84]
If you hear thunder, get to the safe place immediately.[84]
Avoid open areas like hilltops, fields, and beaches, and don't be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring.[81][84]
Don't shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms.[84]
If in the woods, put as much distance between you and any trees during thunderstorms.[84]
If in a group, spread out so that you increase the chances for survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a lightning strike.[84]

text: Safety

text: While safety and preparedness often overlap, “thunderstorm safety” generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm. The American Red Cross recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress:[80]

text:
Take action immediately upon hearing thunder. Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning.[83]
Avoid electrical appliances, including corded telephones.[80] Cordless and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm.[83]
Close and stay away from windows and doors, as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind.[80]
Do not bathe or shower, as plumbing conducts electricity.
If driving, safely exit the roadway, turn on hazard lights, and park. Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal.[80]

text: The NWS stopped recommending the "lightning crouch" in 2008 as it doesn't provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike.[84][85][86]

text: Frequent occurrences

text: Thunderstorms occur throughout the world, even in the polar regions, with the greatest frequency in tropical rainforest areas, where they may occur nearly daily. At any given time approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth.[87] Kampala and Tororo in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth,[88] a claim also made for Singapore and Bogor on the Indonesian island of Java. Other cities known for frequent storm activity include Darwin, Caracas, Manila and Mumbai. Thunderstorms are associated with the various monsoon seasons around the globe, and they populate the rainbands of tropical cyclones.[89] In temperate regions, they are most frequent in spring and summer, although they can occur along or ahead of cold fronts at any time of year.[90] They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water. Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures.

text: Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the Southern states. These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes. Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the West Coast of the United States,[91] but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas, particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. In spring and summer, they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the Rocky Mountains as part of the North American Monsoon regime. In the Northeast, storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest, but with less frequency and severity. During the summer, air-mass thunderstorms are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida.

text: Types of lightning

text: Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs in a thunderstorm. It can be seen in the form of a bright streak (or bolt) from the sky. Lightning occurs when an electrical charge is built up within a cloud, due to static electricity generated by supercooled water droplets colliding with ice crystals near the freezing level. When a large enough charge is built up, a large discharge will occur and can be seen as lightning.

text: The temperature of a lightning bolt can be five times hotter than the surface of the sun.[92] Although the lightning is extremely hot, the duration is short and 90% of strike victims survive. Contrary to the popular idea that lightning does not strike twice in the same spot, some people have been struck by lightning over three times, and skyscrapers like the Empire State Building have been struck numerous times in the same storm.[93]

text: The loud bang that is heard is the super heated air around the lightning bolt expanding at the speed of sound. Because sound travels much more slowly than light the flash is seen before the bang, although both occur at the same moment.

text: There are several types of lightning:

text:
In-cloud lightning is the most common. It is lightning within a cloud and is sometimes called intra-cloud or sheet lightning.
Cloud to ground lightning is when a bolt of lightning from a cloud strikes the ground. This form poses the greatest threat to life and property.
Ground to cloud lightning is when a lightning bolt is induced from the ground to the cloud.
Cloud to cloud lightning is rarely seen and is when a bolt of lightning arcs from one cloud to another.
Ball lightning is extremely rare and has several hypothesized explanations. It is seen in the form of a 15 to 50 centimeter radius ball.[94]
Cloud to air lightning is when lightning from a cloud hits air of a different charge.[95]
Dry lightning is a misnomer that refers to a thunderstorm whose precipitation does not reach the ground.
Heat Lightning refers to a lightning flash that is seen from the horizon that does not have accompanying thunder.[96]
Upper-atmospheric lightning occurs above the thunderhead.
Clear-air lightning is used widely to describe lightning that occurs with no apparent cloud close enough to have produced it. In the U.S. and Canadian Rockies, a thunderstorm can be in an adjacent valley and not be observable, (either visually or audibly), from the valley where the lightning bolt strikes. European and Asian mountainous areas experience similar events. Also in clear areas where the storm cell is on the near horizon (within 26 km (16 mi) a strike can occur, and as the storm is so far away, the strike is referred to as clear-air.[citation needed]

text: Energy

text: If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known, then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×108 kg of water vapor are lifted, and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 1015 joules. This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone, and more energy than that released during the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima, Japan in 1945.[10]

text: The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor results show that gamma rays and antimatter particles (positrons) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms.[97] It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGF). TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning. The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays.[98] About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide, but mostly go undetected.

text: Studies

text: In more contemporary times, thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity. Every spring, storm chasers head to the Great Plains of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping.[99] Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms.[100] More organized meteorological projects such as VORTEX2 use an array of sensors, such as the Doppler on Wheels, vehicles with mounted automated weather stations, weather balloons, and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather.[101] Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres (820 ft) of their point of origin.[102]

text: Mythology and religion

text: Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations. Greeks believed that they were battles waged by Zeus, who hurled lightning bolts forged by Hephaestus. Some American Indian tribes associated thunderstorms with the Thunderbird, who they believed was a servant of the Great Spirit.[103] The Norse considered thunderstorms to occur when Thor went to fight Jötnar, with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer Mjölnir. Hinduism recognizes Indra as the god of rain and thunderstorms. Christian doctrine accepted the ideas of Aristotle's original work, called Meteorologica, that winds were caused by exhalations from the Earth and that fierce storms were the work of God. These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century.[104]

text: Martin Luther was out walking when a thunderstorm began, causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk.[105]

text: Outside of Earth

text: Thunderstorms, evidenced by flashes of lightning, on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice, suggesting that a similar mechanism may act as on Earth. (Water is a polar molecule that can carry a charge, so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning.)[106] These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on the Earth.[107] The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.[108] The clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing lightning; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth.[109]


document_title: Playback singer

question_text: who has sung most number of songs in india

text: Playback singer

text: South Asia[edit]

text: South Asian movies produced in the Indian subcontinent are particularly known for using this technique. A majority of Indian movies as well as Pakistani movies typically include six or seven songs. After Alam Ara (1931), the first Indian talkie film, for many years singers made dual recordings for a film, one during the shoot, and later in the recording studio, until 1952 or 1953. Popular playback singers in India enjoy the same status as popular actors, and music directors, such as Rahul Dev Burman (1939–1994),[1][2] Ilaiyaraaja and A. R. Rahman,[3] also receive wide public admiration. Most of the playback singers are initially trained in classical music, but they later often expand their range.[4]

text: Mohammad Rafi and Ahmed Rushdi are regarded as two of the most influential playback singers in South Asia.[5][6][7][8] The sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle, who have mainly worked in Hindi films, are often referred to as two of the best-known and most prolific playback singers in India.[9][10][11][12][13] In 1991, Mangeshkar was cited by the Guinness Book of World Records for having sung more than 30,000 solo, duet and chorus-backed song recordings, more than any other singer in the world.[14][15] However, her name was removed in 1991 and replaced by another Indian playback singer, Dr K J Yesudas in 1991.[citation needed] All India Record. In 2011, Guinness officially acknowledged Lata Mangeshkar's sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history, surpassing her sister.[16]

text: Popular Indian singers include Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammad Rafi, Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, Asha Bhosle, Bhupen Hazarika, KJ Yesudas, Mukesh, Kishore Kumar, Manna Dey, Hemant Kumar, Mahendra Kapoor, Talat Mahmood, Shamshad Begum, Suraiya, Mubarak Begum, Sandhya Mukherjee, Geeta Dutt, Anuradha Paudwal, Amit Kumar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,[9] K. S. Chitra, S. Janaki, Vani Jayaram, P. Leela, Swarnalatha,[17] Shreya Ghoshal, Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sadhana Sargam, Mano, Sujatha Mohan, Sunidhi Chauhan, Aditi Singh Sharma, Anuradha Sriram, Harini, Udit Narayan, Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Arijit Singh, Armaan Malik, Nakash Aziz, Sonu Nigam, Mohit Chauhan, Shaan, K.K., Himesh Reshammiya, Nitin Mukesh, Mika Singh, Rajesh Krishnan, Rekha Bhardwaj, Shweta Subram, Swetha Mohan, Papon, Zubeen Garg.[18][19]

text: Famous Pakistani playback singers include Ahmed Rushdi, Mehdi Hassan, Shafqat Amanat Ali, Nazia Hassan, Alamgir,[20] Masood Rana, Adnan Sami Khan, Noor Jehan, Mala, Atif Aslam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Ali Zafar, Ghulam Ali, Runa Laila, Hadiqa Kiani, Alycia Dias, Saleem Raza, Akhlaq Ahmed, Mujeeb Aalam, Asad Amanat Ali Khan, Bashir Ahmad, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Abrar-ul-Haq, Abida Parveen, Adnan Sami Khan, Ali Azmat, Brian O'Connell, Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, Fariha Pervez, Ghulam Haider, Humera Arshad, Jawad Ahmad, Sajjad Ali, Salma Agha, Muhammad Juman, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Waqar Ali, Zohaib Hassan and A Nayyar.[21]

text: Hollywood[edit]

text: Playback singing is not as common in contemporary Hollywood as musicals are less frequent.[citation needed] It was, however, more widely used in the past. Notable Hollywood performances include Marni Nixon in West Side Story for Natalie Wood's portrayal of Maria, in The King and I for Deborah Kerr's Anna Leonowens and for Audrey Hepburn's Eliza in My Fair Lady; Bill Lee singing for John Kerr's Lieutenant Cable in South Pacific and for Christopher Plummer's Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music,[22] Lindsay Ridgeway for Ashley Peldon's character as Darla Dimple in the animated film Cats Don't Dance, Claudia Brücken providing the singing voice for Erika Heynatz's character as Elsa Lichtmann in L.A. Noire, and Betty Noyes singing for Debbie Reynolds in Singin' in the Rain,[23] a movie in which playback singing is a major plot point.


document_title: Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

question_text: who played mandela in long walk to freedom

text: Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

text: Plot[edit]

text: Based on South African President Nelson Mandela's autobiography of the same name, which chronicles his early life, coming of age, education and 27 years in prison before becoming President of South Africa and working to rebuild the country's once segregated society.[6]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Idris Elba as Nelson Mandela (older adult)
Atandwa Kani as Nelson Mandela (age 16–23)
Siza Pini as Nelson Mandela (age 7–9)
Naomie Harris as Winnie Madikizela
Tony Kgoroge as Walter Sisulu
S'Thandiwe Kgoroge as Albertina Sisulu
Riaad Moosa as Ahmed Kathrada
Zolani Mkiva as Raymond Mhlaba
Simo Mogwaza as Andrew Mlangeni
Tshallo Sputla Chokwe as Oliver Tambo
Fana Mokoena as Govan Mbeki
James Cunningham as George Bizos
Thapelo Mokoena as Elias Motsoaledi
Jamie Bartlett as James Gregory
Deon Lotz as Kobie Coetzee
Terry Pheto as Evelyn Mase
Sello Maake  as Albert Lutuli
Gys de Villiers as F. W. de Klerk
Zenzo Ngqobe as Patrick Lekota
Carl Beukes as Niel Barnard
A.J. van der Merwe as Fanie van der Merwe
Nomfusi Gotyana as Miriam Makeba
Andre Jacobs  as Bram Fischer
Louis van Niekerk as Quartus de Wet
Adam Neill as Percy Yutar
Lindiwe Matshikiza as Zindzi Mandela (age 28–32)
Refilwe Charles as Zindzi Mandela  (age 8–12)
Semuhle Shangasi as Zenani Mandela (age 28–32)
Khumbuzile Maphumulo as Zenani Mandela (age 8–12)
John Herbert as Arthur Goldreich

text: Production[edit]

text: Producer Anant Singh started working on the project after interviewing Mandela while he was still imprisoned two decades prior.[7] Following the publication of Mandela's autobiography, Singh was granted the rights to the film adaptation, which was completed 16 years later by screenwriter William Nicholson. The film is directed by Justin Chadwick.

text: Music[edit]

text: For the film, U2 wrote the song "Ordinary Love".[8][9] Subscribers of the band's official website were able to hear a short snippet first.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film held its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2013.[7][11] It was released on 28 November 2013 in South Africa and on 3 January 2014 in the United Kingdom, a week before and a month after Mandela died, respectively.

text: Long Walk to Freedom premiered in London on 5 December 2013 as a Royal Film Performance, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were in attendance, along with Mandela's daughters Zindzi and Zenani. The announcement of the death of Nelson Mandela occurred while the film was being screened; The Duke and Duchess were immediately informed of Nelson's passing, while producer Anant Singh (alongside Idris Elba) took the stage during the closing credits to inform patrons of Mandela's passing, and held a moment of silence. Prince William made brief comments to the press while exiting the theatre, stating that "I just wanted to say it's extremely sad and tragic news. We were just reminded what an extraordinary and inspiring man Nelson Mandela was. My thoughts and prayers are with him and his family right now." The film was temporarily pulled from theatres in South Africa the next day out of respect, but returned on 7 December 2013.[12][13][14] On 8 December to mark the launch of the film a Gala dinner, private screening and charity auction in aid of the children's charity Onetoonechildrensfund.  Sir Trevor McDonald was Master of Ceremonies for the evening, introducing the auction where one of a limited edition of 6 portrait heads of Nelson Mandela, sculpted from life by  David Cregeen. The head was donated by the sculptor and sold in aid of the charity's work in South Africa.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 61% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It might be too respectful to truly soar, but there's no denying Idris Elba's impressive work in Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom -- or the inspirational power of the life it depicts."[15] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 60 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]

text: Scott Foundas of Variety said the film "never opts for a light touch when a sledgehammer will do", but also praises Elba for "a towering performance, a Mandela for the ages".[17]

text: Claudia Puig of USA Today agreed that Elba's performance was powerful but felt the film was not as strong, stating, "Earnest and ambitious, the film suffers from trying to squeeze in too many milestones of Nelson Mandela's long life as he worked to end the oppressive regime of apartheid in South Africa. But the talent of the lead actors lends it heft, particularly the commanding performance of Idris Elba as Mandela."[18]

text: Jordan Hoffman from Film.com also gave the film a mixed to negative review: "Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom should have been a layup. A slow burn leading to eventual triumph, moving speeches, Idris Elba raging against injustice, the world made a better place because of one man's sacrifice. But as crazy and offensive as it may sound, you'll get more chills from Elba's idiotic speech about canceling the apocalypse in Pacific Rim than you will in this by-the-numbers bore."[19]

text: However, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a generally positive review with 2 and a half out of 4 stars, mostly circling the performances.[20]

text: Screenwriter William Nicholson claimed it didn't do better because of the movie 12 Years a Slave: "12 Years a Slave came out in America and that sucked up all the guilt about black people that was available. They were so exhausted feeling guilty about slavery that I don't think there was much left over to be nice about our film." He also speculated that the death of Mandela resulted in a Mandela "overdose" among people, so that they have had enough of him when the movie finally hit the theatres; "Suddenly the word came through that he died. We were deluged with Mandela stuff and after a week we all thought, please, take it away, we've heard enough about Mandela."[21]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Vincent Hiribarren, a lecturer in world history at King's College London, notes in his review of the film for History Extra, the website of BBC History Magazine: "[The film] clearly depicted Mandela's understanding of the apartheid years. Or, at least, what he wanted to let us know. As the film is not based on Mandela's life but on Mandela's own words, criticism levelled at Mandela's autobiography can also be directed at the film."[22]

text: Turning to the 1976 Soweto uprising, Hiribarren said that the film "did not spend much time evoking this pivotal event, because Mandela did not say much about Soweto in his book. The Soweto uprising was, however, instrumental in creating a new political climate in South Africa that directly led to the politicisation of many young South Africans."[22]

text: Hiribarren awarded the film three stars for historical accuracy, and five for enjoyment.[22]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Awards

Award

Category

Name

Result

86th Academy Awards

Best Original Song

U2 for "Ordinary Love"

Nominated

ABFF Hollywood Awards

Artist of the Year

Idris Elba (also for Pacific Rim and Thor: The Dark World)

Nominated

71st Golden Globe Awards[23][24]

Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama

Idris Elba

Nominated

Best Original Score

Alex Heffes

Nominated

Best Original Song – Motion Picture

U2 and Danger Mouse ("Ordinary Love")

Won

19th Critics' Choice Awards[25]

Best Song

Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards[26][27]

Best Sound Editing: Music Score in a Feature Film

Lewis Morison

Nominated