document_title: Only Fools and Horses

question_text: who sings theme tune for only fools and horses

text: Only Fools and Horses

text: Plot[edit]

text: Derek "Del Boy" Trotter (played by David Jason), a fast-talking, archetypal South London 'fly' trader, lives in a council flat in a high-rise tower block, Nelson Mandela House, in Peckham, South London, with his much younger brother, Rodney Trotter (Nicholas Lyndhurst), and their elderly Grandad (Lennard Pearce).[1] Their mother, Joan, died when Rodney was young, and their father Reg absconded soon afterwards, so Del became Rodney's surrogate father and the family patriarch. Despite the difference in age, personality, and outlook, the brothers share a constant bond throughout.[2]

text: The situation focuses primarily on their attempts to become millionaires through questionable get rich quick schemes and by buying and selling poor-quality and illegal goods. They have a three-wheeled Reliant Regal van and trade under the name of Trotters Independent Traders, mainly on the black market.[2]

text: Initially, Del Boy, Rodney and Grandad were the only regulars, along with the occasional appearances of roadsweeper Trigger (Roger Lloyd-Pack) and pretentious used car salesman Boycie (John Challis). Over time, the cast expanded, mostly in the form of regulars at the local pub The Nag's Head. These included pub landlord Mike Fisher (Kenneth MacDonald), lorry driver Denzil (Paul Barber), youthful spiv Mickey Pearce (Patrick Murray) and Boycie's flirtatious wife Marlene (Sue Holderness).[2]

text: As the series progressed, the scope of the plots expanded. Many early episodes were largely self-contained, with few plot-lines mentioned again, but the show developed a story arc and an ongoing episodic dimension. After Grandad died following the death of actor Lennard Pearce, his younger brother Uncle Albert (Buster Merryfield) emerged and moved in with Del and Rodney.[1] After years of searching, both Del and Rodney find long-term love, in the form of Raquel (Tessa Peake-Jones) and Cassandra (Gwyneth Strong) respectively; Del also has a son with Raquel, Damien (played by five actors, most recently Ben Smith). Rodney and Cassandra marry, separate and then get back together again. Cassandra miscarries, but then she and Rodney eventually have a baby. Rodney finds out who his real father was. The Trotters finally become millionaires, lose their fortune, and then regain some of it.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast and characters[edit]

text: Derek Edward "Del Boy" Trotter (David Jason) — Del was an archetypal South London market trader, willing to sell anything to anyone to make money. Del was devoted to his family, taking care of Rodney and Grandad on his own from the age of 16. Del was also known for his penchant for his cultural faux pas, in particular his misuse of French phrases. Del never settled down with a woman until he met Raquel, with whom he had a son, Damien.[4][5]

text:
Rodney Charlton Trotter (Nicholas Lyndhurst) — Rodney is Del's younger brother, and is more academically gifted, although only to the extent of two GCEs.[8] Orphaned when young, Rodney was raised by Del. His principal role throughout the show was as Del's lackey and sidekick. Much of the conflict between the two came from Rodney's dislike of his reliance on Del, and his unsuccessful attempts to gain greater independence through girlfriends or by setting up his own businesses; he was only partially successful after marrying Cassandra and briefly going to work for her father.[9] In contrast to Del Boy, the part of Rodney was cast early, with Lyndhurst settled on quickly. Sullivan partly based Rodney on his own experiences; he, too, had a much older sibling and, like Rodney, claims to have been a dreamer and an idealist in his youth.[10]
Grandad (Lennard Pearce) — Del and Rodney's elderly grandad was added to the cast to balance the three distinct generations, adding the voice of experience to the situation.[10] In casting the role of Grandad, Sullivan had in mind an actor similar to Wilfrid Brambell, who had played Albert Steptoe in Steptoe and Son, but chose not to use Brambell himself, thinking him too closely associated with Steptoe.[6] After seeing Pearce's audition, Sullivan settled on casting him immediately.[11] Scruffy and daft, although sometimes displaying a razor sharp wit, Grandad rarely left the flat or even moved from his armchair in front of two television sets. Despite his age he was invariably treated as a dogsbody by Del and Rodney, often being assigned mundane jobs around the flat such as cooking meals.[12] Pearce died in 1984 whilst filming the series four episode "Hole in One" (several scenes were subsequently re-shot with Buster Merryfield)[13] and Sullivan wrote a new episode, "Strained Relations", which featured Grandad's funeral.[14]
Uncle Albert (Buster Merryfield) — Shortly after the death of Lennard Pearce, it was decided that a new older family member should be brought in, which eventually led to "Uncle Albert", Grandad's long-lost younger brother. Merryfield was an inexperienced amateur actor at the time, but was selected because he appeared to fit the description of an old sailor, especially with his distinctive white "Captain Birdseye" beard.[15] Albert first appeared at Grandad's funeral, and soon moved in with Del and Rodney.[16] His wartime experiences with the Royal Navy became one of the show's running gags,[16] usually begun with the words "During the war...".[17] Merryfield died in 1999 and Albert's death was written into the next episode.[18][19]

text: Supporting cast and characters[edit]

text:
Trigger (Roger Lloyd-Pack) — Trigger, apparently so called because he looks like a horse, was the principal supporting character earlier in the show's run, although his importance lessened as the series progressed.[20] Lloyd Pack was cast by pure chance: Ray Butt, who hired him to portray Trigger after seeing him in a stage play, had only attended that play to observe potential Del Boy actor Billy Murray.[21] A daft road sweeper most frequently seen in the Nag's Head, Trigger was initially portrayed as a small-time thief, supplying Del with dubious goods.[20] In later episodes he came to adopt the 'village idiot' role, and believes that Rodney's real name is Dave.[22]
Boycie (John Challis) — A shady used car salesman and a frightful snob. Boycie, a freemason, was very self-centred and prone to boasting about his high social status.[23][24] Challis had played a similar character in an episode of Citizen Smith. Sullivan liked him, and promised to cast him in a future series, which led to Boycie.[23] Boycie later featured in a spin-off series, The Green Green Grass, starting in 2005, in which he and his wife Marlene fled from a criminal gang.[25]
Raquel Turner (Tessa Peake-Jones) — Raquel was introduced because Sullivan wanted more female characters and for Del to start meeting more mature women. Her first appearance, in "Dates", was intended to be a one-off, but she was written in again a year later and thereafter became a permanent cast member.[26] An ambitious trained singer and actress whose career never took off, she met Del through a dating agency, but they fell out over her part-time job as a stripper, before getting together again. This time she moved in with Del, helping to mellow him, and they had a son together, named Damien. As the character unfolded, it was revealed that she was previously married to Del's nemesis, DCI Roy Slater.[27][28]
Cassandra Trotter (Gwyneth Strong) — Cassandra first met Rodney in "Yuppy Love". Their relationship blossomed, and by the end of series six the two had married. But her high career ambitions caused conflict with Rodney, and their troubled marriage was one of the main storylines later in the show's run.[29]
Marlene Boyce (Sue Holderness)  — Marlene was initially just an unseen character, occasionally mentioned by her husband, Boycie. She was a cheerful woman who desired a child. Details were occasionally revealed about Marlene's prior reputation as being popular with the local men.[30] She did finally have a son, Tyler.[31]
Denzil Tulser (Paul Barber) — An easy-going Liverpudlian lorry driver,[32] Denzil was often on the receiving end of Del's scams. His inability to say no to Del's business deals frequently led to conflict with his domineering wife, Corrine (Eva Mottley), who was only sighted once, in "Who's a Pretty Boy?".[33] Sullivan had planned to bring Corrine back for more episodes, but after Mottley's death in 1985, he opted to make her an unseen character rather than use another actress.[34]
Mickey Pearce (Patrick Murray) — Mickey was a young, obnoxious spiv and friend of Rodney's, known for his exaggerated boasts about his success in business or with women. Despite their friendship, Mickey often took advantage of Rodney's gullibility by stealing his girlfriends or making off with all the money from their business partnership.[35]
Mike Fisher (Kenneth MacDonald) — The landlord of the Nag's Head, although not from the very beginning; his predecessor was never seen, with just a succession of barmaids providing service. Good natured and somewhat gullible, he was often targeted by Del as a potential customer for any goods he was selling. When Kenneth MacDonald died in 2001, a storyline involving Mike's imprisonment for attempting to embezzle the brewery was written, and cafe owner Sid took over as interim pub landlord.[36]
Damien Trotter (various) — Damien was Del and Raquel's son. It was Rodney's mocking suggestion that he be named Damien. Six actors played Damien: Patrick McManus (1991), Grant Stevens (1991), Robert Liddement (1992), Jamie Smith (1993–96), Douglas Hodge (1996, as adult), and Ben Smith (2001–03).[29]
Sid (Roy Heather) — Sid made sporadic appearances throughout the show's run, mainly as the proprietor of the run-down and unhygienic local cafe. Sid fought in the war and it is revealed in the episode "The Jolly Boys' Outing" that he was captured and imprisoned. After Nag's Head landlord Mike was imprisoned, Sid took over and kept that role for the remainder of the series.[37]

text: Minor cast and characters[edit]

text: The most frequent roles for guest actors in Only Fools and Horses were as Del or Rodney's once-seen girlfriends, barmaids at the Nag's Head, or individuals the Trotters were doing business with. Del and Rodney's deceased mother, Joan, though never seen, cropped up in Del's embellished accounts of her, or in his attempts to emotionally blackmail Rodney. Her grave – a flamboyant monument – was seen occasionally.[38] Their absent father, Reg, appeared once in "Thicker Than Water" (played by Peter Woodthorpe), before leaving under a cloud, never to be seen again.[39] Other members of the Trotter family were rarely sighted, the exceptions being the woman they believe to be Auntie Rose (Beryl Cooke) in "The Second Time Around",[40] and cousins Stan and Jean (Mike Kemp and Maureen Sweeney), who attended Grandad's funeral.[41] When Rodney met Cassandra, her father Alan Parry (Denis Lill) became a recurring character.[42] Raquel's parents, James and Audrey (Michael Jayston and Ann Lynn), appeared in "Time On Our Hands", and it was James who discovered the antique watch which made the Trotters millionaires.[43]

text: In some episodes, a guest character was essential to the plot. Del's ex-fiancée Pauline (Jill Baker) dominated Del's libido in "The Second Time Around",[44] prompting Rodney and Grandad to leave. In "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", Del's old business partner Jumbo Mills (Nick Stringer) wanted Del to return to Australia with him and restore their partnership, forcing Del to make a decision.[45] An attempt by Lennox (Vas Blackwood) to rob a local supermarket set-up the "hostage" situation in "The Longest Night".[46] Del and Rodney spent the whole of "Tea for Three" battling each other for the affections of Trigger's niece Lisa (Gerry Cowper).[47] Abdul (Tony Anholt) in "To Hull and Back" and Arnie (Philip McGough) in "Chain Gang" were responsible for setting up dubious enterprises involving the Trotters in their respective episodes.[48] Tony Angelino (Philip Pope), the singing dustman with a speech impediment, was the key to the humour and the storyline of "Stage Fright" and EastEnders actor Derek Martin guest starred in Fatal Extraction.[49]

text: Del's nemesis from his school days, corrupt policeman DCI Roy Slater (played by Jim Broadbent), made three appearances, in "May The Force Be With You", "To Hull and Back" and "Class of '62".[50] Feared local villains, the Driscoll Brothers (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan) featured once, in "Little Problems", but were mentioned in two previous episodes ("Video Nasty" and "The Frog's Legacy"),[51] and are important in the story of The Green Green Grass.[52] A grown-up Damien (Douglas Hodge) appeared in "Heroes and Villains".[53] Rodney and Mickey's friends, the smooth-talking Jevon (Steven Woodcock) and then, briefly, Chris (Tony Marshall), a ladies' hairdresser, featured sporadically during the sixth and seventh series and the intervening Christmas specials.[54] The two-part 1991 Christmas special, "Miami Twice", saw Richard Branson and Barry Gibb make cameo appearances.[55] Mike Read appeared as himself, hosting an episode of "Top Of The Pops", in "It's Only Rock and Roll" and Jonathan Ross appeared as himself in "If They Could See Us Now".[56][3]

text: While their characters were less significant, well-known actors who played cameos in the programme included Joan Sims, best known for her numerous roles in the Carry On films,[38] who guest-starred in the feature-length episode "The Frog's Legacy" as an aunt of Trigger and old friend of Del's late mother;[38] Hollywood star David Thewlis, who played a young wannabe musician in "It's Only Rock and Roll";[57] John Bardon, who played the role of Jim Branning in the soap opera "EastEnders", as the supermarket security officer in "The Longest Night".[58] Walter Sparrow, who appeared as Dirty Barry in "Danger UXD", went on to appear in several Hollywood films.[59]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1980, John Sullivan, a scriptwriter under contract at the BBC, was already well known as the writer of the successful sitcom Citizen Smith. It came to an end that year and Sullivan was searching for a new project. An initial idea for a comedy set in the world of football was rejected by the BBC, as was his alternative idea, a sitcom centring on a cockney market trader in working class, modern-day London. The latter idea persisted.[60] Through Ray Butt, a BBC producer and director whom Sullivan had met and become friends with when they were working on Citizen Smith, a draft script was shown to the Corporation's Head of Comedy, John Howard Davies. Davies commissioned Sullivan to write a full series. Sullivan believed the key factor in its being accepted was the success of ITV's new drama, Minder, a series with a similar premise and also set in modern-day London.[11]

text: Sullivan had initially given the show the working title Readies. For the actual title he intended to use, as a reference to the protagonist's tax and work-evading lifestyle, Only Fools and Horses. That name was based on a genuine, though very obscure, saying, "only fools and horses work for a living", which had its origins in 19th-century American vaudeville.[61] Only Fools and Horses had also been the title of an episode of Citizen Smith, and Sullivan liked the expression and thought it was suited to the new sitcom.[62] He also thought longer titles would attract attention.[61] He was first overruled on the grounds that the audience would not understand the title, but he eventually got his way.[63]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming of the first series began in May 1981, and the first episode, "Big Brother", was transmitted on BBC1 at 8.30 pm on 8 September that year. It attracted 9.2 million viewers. The costumes for the first series were designed by Phoebe De Gaye. Del's attire was inspired by her going to car boot sales. De Gaye took David Jason shopping in Oxford Street, and had him try a variety of suits. De Gaye purchased some gaily coloured Gabicci shirts, which were fashionable at the time and she thought "horrible".[64] Del's rings and bracelet were made of fake gold and came from Chapel Market. Rodney's combat jacket came from the BBC's Costume Department, and De Gaye added a Yasser Arafat scarf purchased from Shepherd's Bush Market. De Gaye used Vaseline, make-up, and food to make Grandad's costume look dirty. The idea was that he never had his hat off, never dressed properly, usually had pyjamas underneath his clothes, which would be dirty.[64]

text: A second series was commissioned for 1982. The second series fared a bit better, and the first and second series had a repeat run in June 1983 in a more low-key time slot, but attracted a high enough viewing figure for Davies to commission a third series.[65] From there, the show began to top the television ratings. Viewing figures for the fourth series were double those of the first.[66] In early December 1984,[67] during the filming of Series 4, Lennard Pearce suffered a heart attack and was taken to hospital.[68] He died on 16 December, the day he was due to resume.[68] Sullivan got to work with the episode "Strained Relations" which featured their goodbye to Grandad.[69] According to Sullivan, recasting Grandad was considered disrespectful to Pearce by the team, so it was decided that another older family member was to be cast. Buster Merryfield was then cast as Grandad's brother Albert.[70] The scenes of "Hole in One" that featured Pearce were re-filmed with Merryfield.[71]

text: Midway through the filming of the fifth series, Jason told Sullivan that he wished to leave the show in order to further his career elsewhere. Sullivan thus wrote "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", which was intended to be the final episode and would see Del accepting a friend's offer to set up business in Australia, leaving Rodney and Albert behind. Plans were made for a spin-off entitled Hot-Rod, which would have followed Rodney's attempts to survive on his own with help from Mickey Pearce, but leaving open the prospect of Del's return. Jason then changed his mind, and the ending of the episode was changed to show Del rejecting the offer.[72]

text: Sullivan had a tendency to write scripts that were too long, meaning a lot of good material had to be cut. Shortly before filming of the sixth series began, he and Jason requested that the show's time slot be extended and it was agreed to extend its running time to 50 minutes.[73] This required a 40 per cent increase in the show's budget,[74] and coincided with the show becoming one of the BBC's most popular programmes, according to producer Gareth Gwenlan.[75] Robin Stubbs became the costume designer for the sixth series, and was responsible for getting Del's attire to match his new yuppy image. His new suits cost around £200 each and were purchased from Austin Reed in Regent Street. The rest came from stores such as Tie-Rack and Dickins and Jones. His jewellery was replaced each series because it was very cheap (the rings with "D" cost 50p each).[64]

text: The seventh series aired in early 1991.[3] Jason and Sullivan were involved with other projects, and it was confirmed that there were no plans for a new series.[76] Despite this, the show continued in Christmas specials until 1993.[76] Sullivan nonetheless wanted a final episode to tie up the show.[76] In late 1996, three more one-hour episodes were filmed,[76] to be broadcast over Christmas 1996.[3] All three were well received and, due to the ending, were assumed to be the last.[77] The show made a return in Christmas 2001 with the first of three new episodes which were shot together but ultimately broadcast over three consecutive Christmases from 2001 to 2003.[78][3] Despite rumours of further episodes,[79] in a 2008 interview, Sullivan was quoted as saying: "There will not be another series of Only Fools And Horses. I can say that. We had our day, it was wonderful but it is best to leave it now".[80] Though Sullivan died in 2011, it returned for a special Sport Relief episode in 2014.[81]

text: Theme music and titles[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses has separate theme songs for the opening and closing credits, "Only Fools and Horses" and "Hooky Street", respectively.[82] The original theme tune was produced by Ronnie Hazlehurst and recorded on 6 August 1981 at Lime Grove Studios. Alf Bigden, Paul Westwood, Don Hunt, John Dean, Judd Proctor, Eddie Mordue, and Rex Morris were hired to play the music. The tune was changed after the first series, and the new one was written by John Sullivan (he disliked the tune for the first series, and his new one explained the show's title[83]), and Hazlehurst conducted it. It was recorded at Lime Grove on 11 May 1982, with musicians John Horler, Dave Richmond, Bigden, and Proctor. Sullivan wanted the band Chas & Dave singing, but this was not possible due to their single Ain't No Pleasing You being successful in the charts.[84] Sullivan had intended for Chas & Dave to sing it because they had enjoyed success with the "Rockney" style, a mixture of rock n' roll and traditional Cockney music.[85] Sullivan was persuaded to do it himself by Ray Butt.[84] Despite the creation of a new theme tune, the original one remained in occasional use.[83] Chas & Dave did later contribute to the show, performing the closing credits song for the 1989 episode "The Jolly Boys' Outing".[86] Both songs are performed by Sullivan himself, and not – as is sometimes thought – by Nicholas Lyndhurst.[87]

text: The opening credits see images of the three principal actors peel on and off the screen sequentially. These appear over a background of still photographs of everyday life in South London. The sequence was conceived by graphic designer, Peter Clayton, as a "metaphor for the vagaries of the Trotters' lifestyle", whereby money was earned and quickly lost again. Clayton had also considered using five-pound notes having Del's face. The action was shot manually frame by frame, and took around six weeks to complete. Clayton knew that it was important to have the characters established in the titles, and prepared a storyboard depicting his ideas using drawings. He photographed various locations with a photographer, and the titles were shot using a rostrum camera and not edited. Brian Stephens, a professional animator, was hired to create the labels' movement.[88]

text: Clayton returned to the show when the titles were changed: for "Christmas Crackers," he re-cut the entire sequence, and added Christmas items. Another change was made necessary by Lennard Pearce's death and Buster Merryfield joining the cast, so the pictures of David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst were updated too. The sequence was shot on motor drive.[88]

text: The closing credits for the programme varied series by series. The first series used peeling labels featuring the names of the cast and crew, mirroring the opening sequence, but these had to be updated with every new episode, making the process very time-consuming; from the second series the credits switched to a standard rolling format. The third series featured additional symbols. For the fourth series, these designs were replaced with white lettering on a black background. The fifth series had a black and white background, but the sixth series reverted to the black one. For the seventh series, the credits scrolled against a freeze frame of the final scene.[88]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The original "Nelson Mandela House" in the titles was Harlech Tower, Park Road East, Acton, London, and since 1988, was filmed at Whitemead House, Duckmoor Road, Ashton, Bristol.[89]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Sixty-four episodes of Only Fools and Horses, all written by John Sullivan, were broadcast on BBC One from 8 September 1981 until 25 December 2003.[90][91] The show was aired in seven series (1981–83, 1985–86, 1989 and 1990–91), and thereafter in sporadic Christmas special editions (1991–93, 1996, 2001–03).[3] All earlier episodes had a running time of 30 minutes, but this was extended after Series Six (1989), and all subsequent episodes had a running time ranging from 50 to 95 minutes.[3]

text: Several mini-episodes were produced.[92] An eight-minute episode aired on 27 December 1982 as part of a show hosted by Frank Muir, The Funny Side of Christmas, and attracted 7.2 million viewers.[92] A 5-minute spoof BBC documentary was shown on Breakfast Time on 24 December 1985, with Del being investigated by a BBC consumer expert.[92] An educational episode named "Licensed to Drill", in which Del, Rodney and Grandad discuss oil drilling, was recorded in 1984 but only shown in schools.[93] A 5-minute 1990–91 Persian Gulf War special (dated 1 December 1990) has Del, Rodney, and Albert convey a message to British troops serving in the conflict.[92] It has never been broadcast commercially, but a copy exists at the Imperial War Museum, London.[94] A Comic Relief special showing Del, Rodney and Albert making an appeal for donations was shown on 14 March 1997, with 10.6 million viewers.[95] A Sport Relief special was aired on 21 March 2014.[96]

text: Only Fools and Horses had two producers: Ray Butt from 1981 to 1987,[97] and Gareth Gwenlan thereafter.[98] Seven directors were used: Martin Shardlow directed all episodes in series one,[99] Bernard Thompson directed the 1981 Christmas special,[100] Susan Belbin series four,[101] and Mandie Fletcher series five.[102] Butt directed series three and five, as well as the 1985, 1986 and 1987 Christmas specials.[97] Tony Dow became the established director after 1988, directing all subsequent episodes, bar the first part of Miami Twice, which was directed by Gareth Gwenlan.[103] John Sullivan was executive producer on seven of the final eight episodes.[104]

text: Documentaries[edit]

text: A six-part documentary series titled "The Story of Only Fools and Horses", began on 29 August 2017 on Gold and finished on 3 October 2017. The series features rare and unseen footage from the Trotter archives and specially re-created moments from Del Boy's family and friends.[105]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The Green Green Grass[edit]

text: A spin-off of Only Fools and Horses entitled The Green Green Grass, also written by John Sullivan and directed by Tony Dow, was first aired in the UK in September 2005.[106] Sullivan had considered writing a sitcom around the popular characters of Boycie and Marlene (John Challis and Sue Holderness) since the mid-1980s, but it was not until the series finally ended that the idea came to fruition. The Green Green Grass sees Boycie and Marlene forced to leave Peckham by one-time Only Fools and Horses villains, the Driscoll Brothers, and has included guest appearances by Denzil (Paul Barber) and Sid (Roy Heather). A second series of The Green Green Grass was broadcast in the UK in October 2006,[107] a third in November 2007[108] and a fourth in January 2009.[109]

text: Rock & Chips[edit]

text: In 2003, it was reported that Sullivan was developing a prequel to the original series, Once Upon a Time in Peckham, which would feature Del as a youngster in the 1960s, and have a prominent role for his parents.[110] In 2009, it was again reported that the BBC were considering commissioning the show, although nothing was confirmed.[111] On 5 April 2009, Sullivan told The Mail on Sunday that he was planning a prequel to Only Fools and Horses which would star Nicholas Lyndhurst as Freddie "The Frog" Robdal, a local criminal and Rodney's biological father; Robdal was the focus of the episode "The Frog's Legacy".[112]

text: On 3 July 2009, the BBC revealed that the title of the spin-off would be Sex, Drugs & Rock ‘n’ Chips, and would be a 90-minute comedy drama.[113] The title was subsequently changed to Rock & Chips.[114] Filming began in August 2009, and it was shown on BBC One at 9pm on 24 January 2010.[115] In October 2009 it was confirmed that Lyndhurst would star as Robdal.[116] The Inbetweeners and Off The Hook actor James Buckley played the role of the young Del Boy.[116]

text: Home media[edit]

text: It has been released on VHS, DVD and audio CD in several guises. A DVD collection containing every episode was issued, along with various other special edition box-sets, such as a tin based on their Reliant Regal. Videos and DVDs of Only Fools and Horses continue to be among the BBC's biggest-selling items, having sold over 6 million VHS copies and 1 million DVDs in the UK.[117][118]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Audio[edit]

text: Four episodes ("The Long Legs of the Law", "A Losing Streak", "No Greater Love" and "The Yellow Peril") were re-edited for audio purposes and released on audio cassette on 12 October 1998. The cassette was re-released in October 2000.[119]

text: Theatre[edit]

text: A 4-minute show named "Royal Variety Performance" was shown on 27 November 1988 (viewed by 18.14 million people) and had Del, Rodney, and Albert appear on the Royal Variety Show.[92] It was staged on 24 November 1986, and the plot saw David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst and Buster Merryfield appear on stage in character, thinking that they are delivering boxes of alcohol to an associate of Del's, only later realising where they actually are.[120] They also mistake the Duchess of York for Del's associate.[121]

text: An idea of an Only Fools and Horses stage show was mooted by Ray Butt, following the success of other sit-com crossovers such as Dad's Army and Are You Being Served?. Sullivan wasn't keen, owing to his work on Just Good Friends as well as Only Fools and Horses, and inexperience with the theatre, so nothing came of it.[65]

text: Books[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses spawned many merchandising spin-offs. Several books have been published, such as "The Only Fools and Horses Story" by Steve Clark[122] and "The Complete A-Z of Only Fools and Horses" by Richard Webber,[123] both of which detail the history of the series. The scripts have been published in a three-volume compendium, "The Bible of Peckham".[124]

text: In October 2015, He Who Dares..., a fictional autobiography, was released by Ebury Press. The book was written with the backing of John Sullivan's estate.[125][126][127]

text: Board games[edit]

text: Two board games based on the show were released: a Monopoly-style game, the "Trotters Trading Game", in which participants attempt to emulate the Trotters and become millionaires,[128] and another game set in their local pub, entitled the "Nag's Head Board Game".[129]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses is one of the UK's most popular sitcoms. It was among the ten most-watched television shows of the year in the UK in 1986,[130] 1989,[131] 1990,[132] 1991,[133] 1992,[134] 1993,[135] 1996,[136] 2001,[137] 2002[138] and 2003.[139] The 1996 Christmas trilogy of "Heroes and Villains", "Modern Men" and "Time On Our Hands" saw the show's peak. The first two attracted 21.3 million viewers,[140][141] while the third episode – at the time believed to be the final one – got 24.3 million,[142] a record audience for a British sitcom.[143] Repeat episodes also attract millions of viewers,[144] and the BBC has received criticism for repeating the show too often.[145][146]

text: Only Fools and Horses won the BAFTA award for best comedy series in 1985,[147] 1988[148] and 1996,[149] was nominated in 1983,[150] 1986,[151] 1989,[152] 1990[153] and 1991,[154] and won the audience award in 2004. David Jason received individual BAFTAs for his portrayal of Del Boy in 1990[155] and 1996.[156] The series won a National Television Award in 1997 for most popular comedy series;[157] Jason won two individual awards, in 1997 and 2002.[157] At the British Comedy Awards, the show was named best BBC sitcom for 1990,[158] and received the People's Choice award in 1997.[159] It also won the Royal Television Society best comedy award in 1997 and two Television and Radio Industries Club Awards for comedy programme of the year, in 1984 and 1997.[160] John Sullivan received the Writers' Guild of Great Britain comedy award in 1997.[161]

text: The show regularly features in polls to find the most popular comedy series, moments and characters. It was voted Britain's Best Sitcom in a 2004 BBC poll,[162] and came 45th in the British Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes.[163] It was 3rd on a subsequent viewers' poll on the BFI website.[164] Empire magazine ranked Only Fools and Horses #42 on their list of the 50 greatest television shows of all time.[165] It was also named the funniest British sitcom of all time through a scientific formula, in a study by Gold.[166] Scenes such as Del Boy's fall through a bar flap in "Yuppy Love" and the Trotters accidentally smashing a priceless chandelier in "A Touch of Glass" are both recognisable British comedy moments, invariably topping polls of comedy viewers.[167][168][169][170] Del Boy was voted the most popular British television character of all time in a survey by Open....[171] and came fourth in a Channel 4 list of Britain's best-loved television characters.[172] A Onepoll survey found that Only Fools and Horses was the television series Britons would most like to see return.[173]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: In addition to its mainstream popularity, Only Fools and Horses has also developed a cult following. The Only Fools and Horses Appreciation Society, established in 1993, has a membership of around 7,000,[174] publishes a quarterly newsletter, Hookie Street, and organises annual conventions of fans, usually attended by cast members. The Society has also organised an Only Fools and Horses museum, containing props from the series, including Del's camel-hair coat and the Trotters' Ford Capri.[175] It was named one of the top 20 cult television programmes of all-time by TV critic Jeff Evans. Evans spoke of:

text:
“
"[shows] such as Only Fools and Horses, which gets tremendous viewing figures but does inspire conventions of fans who meet in pubs called the Nag's Head and wander round dressed as their favourite characters"[176]
”

text: Only Fools and Horses – and consequently John Sullivan – is credited with the popularisation in Britain of several words and phrases used by Del Boy regularly, particularly "Plonker",[177] meaning a fool or an idiot, and two expressions of delight or approval: "Cushty"[177] and "Lovely jubbly". The latter was borrowed from an advertising slogan for a popular 1960s orange juice drink, called Jubbly, which was packaged in a pyramid shaped, waxed paper carton. Sullivan remembered it and thought it was an expression Del Boy would use; in 2003, the phrase was incorporated into the new Oxford English Dictionary.[178]

text: Owing to its exposure on Only Fools and Horses, the Reliant Regal van is now often linked with the show in the British media.[179][180][181] The one used by the Trotters has attained cult status and is currently on display at the Cars of the Stars exhibition at the National Motor Museum, alongside many other vehicles from British and American television and movies, such as the Batmobile and the DeLorean from Back to the Future.[182] Boxer Ricky Hatton, a fan of the show, purchased one of the original vans in 2004.[183] Another of the vans used in the series was sold at auction in the UK for £44,000 in February 2007.[184]

text: During the media frenzy surrounding The Independent's revelations that the new bottled water Dasani, marketed by Coca-Cola, was in fact just purified tap water from Sidcup, mocking parallels were made with the Only Fools and Horses episode, "Mother Nature's Son", in which Del sells tap water as "Peckham Spring".[185] In the closing ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics, the Trotters' yellow Reliant van appeared on stage, along with two characters dressed as Batman and Robin, a reference to the Only Fools and Horses episode "Heroes and Villains".[186]

text: Rose Tyler's Father Pete Tyler is referred to as "a bit of a Del Boy" in the Doctor Who episode "Father's Day".[187]

text: International remakes[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses was sold to countries throughout the world. Australia, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Malta, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, South Africa, Spain and Yugoslavia are among those who purchased it.[188] In all former Yugoslav countries in which Serbo-Croatian is spoken the title was Mućke (or Мућке in Cyrillic script), which can roughly be translated as "shady deals." In Macedonia, it's Spletki (Сплетки in Cyrillic). In Slovenia, however, the show was coined Samo bedaki in konji, which is a literal Slovenian translation of the original English title. The show has enjoyed particular popularity in the former Yugoslavia, and is regarded as a cult series in Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.[189]

text: A number of overseas re-makes have also been produced. A Dutch version aired for one series in 1995, entitled Wat schuift't? (What's it worth?). The Trotters were renamed the Aarsmans and it starred Johnny Kraaykamp jnr. as Stef (Del), Sacco Van der Made as Grandad and Kasper van Kooten as Robbie (Rodney), and was shown on RTL 4.[190] A Portuguese re-make, O Fura-Vidas, a local expression for someone who lives outside the law, ran for three series from 1999 to 2001. It was a literal translation of the British version, with all episodes based on the originals. It centred on the Fintas family, who live in Sapadores, a neighbourhood in Lisbon, and starred Miguel Guilherme as Quim (Del), Canto e Castro as Grandad, and Ivo Canelas as Joca (Rodney). In this Portuguese version the Reliant's equivalent was a 1988 Suzuki Super Carry.[191] A Slovenian re-make, called Brat bratu (Brother to Brother), was broadcast from 2008 to 2009. All episodes were based on the original British storylines, and it was made in co-operation with John Sullivan. It featured brothers Brane (Brane Šturbej) and Bine (Jure Drevenšek), who moved from Maribor to Ljubljana. The series also stars Peter Ternovšek as Grandad. It was directed by Branko Đurić. The series was cancelled after just thirteen episodes due to poor ratings.[192]

text: There have been several plans to produce an American version. One was to be a star vehicle for former M*A*S*H actor Harry Morgan, with Grandad rather than Del becoming the lead character.[193] The other, entitled This Time Next Year..., would have seen the Trotters renamed the Flannagans. A draft script was written for the latter,[194] but neither show materialised. In 2010 Steve Carell, star of the US version of The Office, expressed an interest in making an American version of the series, with him to star as Del Boy.[195] In January 2012 US network ABC commissioned a pilot of an Only Fools and Horses remake titled "King of Van Nuys", written by Scrubs writers Steven Cragg and Brian Bradley.[196] It was developed, rejected and then redeveloped – only to be rejected again later in the year. The pilot starred John Leguizamo as Del, Dustin Ybarra as his brother Rodney and Christopher Lloyd as Grandad.[197]

text: A parody called Only Jerks and Horses was written by David Walliams and Matt Lucas and directed by Edgar Wright in 1997.[198]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewisohn, Mark. "Only Fools and Horses". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Darren. "Only Fools and Horses (1981-96)". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. pp. 290–316.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 211, 212.
Jump up ^ "Del's Lingo". BBC. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Webber (2003). "History of the sitcom". A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 96–102.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Xan (26 November 2014). "Jim Broadbent – the actor who rejected an OBE. And Only Fools and Horses". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rodney". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 215.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 212, 213.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 52, 104–106.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 185.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 102–103.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 209, 210.
Jump up ^ "Uncle Albert". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 136.
Jump up ^ Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. p. 254.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 207, 208.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 60.
Jump up ^ "Trigger". BBC. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 39, 40.
Jump up ^ "Boycie". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. pp. 271, 273.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 102.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 217, 218.
Jump up ^ "Raquel". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 210.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 38.
Jump up ^ "Marlene". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Denzil". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 55, 56, 63, 64.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 98.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 155, 156.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 73,74,129–131.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 176.
^ Jump up to: a b c Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 214.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 214, 215.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 169.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 110, 184.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 150.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 217.
Jump up ^ BBC Comedy Greats (12 March 2010), There's No Calories in Weed Killer – Only Fools and Horses – BBC, retrieved 13 May 2016
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 235, 236.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 126, 127.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 192, 193.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 47,202,204.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 71,182,183.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 178.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 66, 67.
Jump up ^ "Sue Holderness Interview". Gold. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 50,111.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 137.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 108.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 194.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 182.
Jump up ^ Clark, Steve (1998). The Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 12.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. p. 52.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. pp. 52–55.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 84.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 92–93.
Jump up ^ Webber, Richard; Dr John Sullivan (2003). The Complete A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. Orion. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 100.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 102.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 102–104.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 104.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 116–118.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 120, 121.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 121.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 136–139.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 140–143.
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^ Jump up to: a b "BBC ONE celebrates 21st birthday of Only Fools and Horses". BBC. 3 September 2002. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 193, 194.
Jump up ^ "Rockney geezers: A knees-up with Chas & Dave". The Independent. London. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Trotter Trivia". UKTV Gold. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 202.
Jump up ^ Clark, Steve (1998). The Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 52.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 146–158.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. p. 312.
Jump up ^ "Specials". The Nag's Head. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 95.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. pp. 312, 313.
Jump up ^ "Sport Relief TV revealed". Sport Relief. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 45.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 85.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 175.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 195.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 32.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 74.
Jump up ^ For the full production team, see Webber (2003), p. 161
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 187.
Jump up ^ "Gold commissions two Sir David Jason Specials". UKTV. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Green Green Grass Series 1". The British Sitcom Guide. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Green Green Grass Series 2". The British Sitcom Guide. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Green Green Grass Series 3". The British Sitcom Guide. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Green Green Grass Series 4". The British Sitcom Guide. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Fools and Horses' to get 60s spin-off". UK TV. 6 September 2003. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Andrew (11 January 2009). "Lovely jubbly! Del Boy's back – as a teenager". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Rollo, Sarah (6 April 2009). "Television – News – 'Only Fools and Horses' prequel planned". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Press Office – BBC One brings back the Trotters in Sex, Drugs & Rock 'n' Chips". BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Press Office – Network TV Programme Information BBC Week 4 Sunday 24 January 2010". BBC. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Parker, Robin (3 July 2009). "Trotters to return in Only Fools and Horses prequel". Broadcastnow.co.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2009. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Lyndhurst returns as Rodney's dad". BBC News. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Only Fools and Horses – Strangers on the Shore". 7 October 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Only Fools And Horses Lvly Jbly with 'text' generation". BBC. 1 November 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 118, 119.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. p. 190.
Jump up ^ Steve Clark. "A tribute to Only Fools and Horses producer Gareth Gwenlan". Steve Clark. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Richard Webber". Hilary Johnson Authors' Advisory Service. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Sullivan". Penguin Books Limited. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Rigby, Sam (28 May 2015). "Del Boy is releasing his autobiography He Who Dares in October". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Myall, Steve (12 October 2015). "'Del Boy' Trotter's autobiography released: "It's got everything: pictures, words, birds, violence, adventure"". Mirror Online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Trotter, Derek 'Del Boy' (8 October 2015). "He Who Dares". Ebury Press – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Only Fools and Horses Trotters Trading Game (1990)". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
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tag: ol


document_title: Body of water

question_text: what is a large body of water that flows through land

root

text: Body of water

text: Waterbody types[edit]

text: Note that there are some geographical features involving water that are not bodies of water, for example waterfalls, geysers and rapids.

tag: p

text:
Arm of the sea - also sea arm, used to describe a sea loch.
Arroyo - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. See also wadi.
Artificial lake or artificial pond - see Reservoir (impoundment).
Barachois - a lagoon separated from the ocean by a sand bar.
Basin - see Drainage basin.
Bay - an area of water bordered by land on three sides, similar to, but smaller than a gulf.
Bayou - a slow-moving stream or a marshy lake.
Beck - a small stream.
Bight - a large and often only slightly receding bay, or a bend in any geographical feature.
Billabong - an oxbow lake in Australia; a pond or still body of water created when a river changes course and some water becomes trapped.
Boil - see Seep
Brook - a small stream.
Burn - a small stream.
Canal - an artificial waterway, usually connected to (and sometimes connecting) existing lakes, rivers, or oceans.
Channel - the physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks. See also stream bed and strait.
Cove - a coastal landform. Earth scientists generally use the term to describe a circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance, though colloquially the term is sometimes used to describe any sheltered bay.
Basin - a region of land where water from rain or snowmelt drains downhill into another body of water, such as a river, lake, or dam.
Creek - a small stream.
Creek (tidal) - an inlet of the sea, narrower than a cove.
Delta - the location where a river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir.
Distributary or distributary channel - a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel.
Draw - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. See also wadi.
Estuary - a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea
Firth - a regional term of Scotland used to denote various coastal waters, such as large sea bays, estuaries, inlets, and straits.
Fjord (fiord) - a narrow inlet of the sea between cliffs or steep slopes.[4]
Glacier - a large collection of ice or a frozen river that moves slowly down a mountain.
Glacial pothole - a kettle
Gulf - a part of a lake or ocean that extends so that it is surrounded by land on three sides, similar to, but larger than a bay.
Headland - an area of water bordered by land on three sides.
Harbor - an artificial or naturally occurring body of water where ships are stored or may shelter from the ocean's weather and currents.
Impoundment - an artificially-created body of water, by damming a source. Often used for flood control, as a drinking water supply (reservoir), recreation, ornamentation (artificial pond), or other purpose or combination of purposes. Note that the process of creating an "impoundment" of water is itself called "impoundment."
Inlet - a body of water, usually seawater, which has characteristics of one or more of the following: bay, cove, estuary, firth, fjord, geo, sea loch, or sound.
Kettle (or kettle lake) - a shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.
Kill - used in areas of Dutch influence in New York, New Jersey and other areas of the former New Netherland colony of Dutch America to describe a strait, river, or arm of the sea.
Lagoon - a body of comparatively shallow salt or brackish water separated from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral reef, or similar feature.
Lake - a body of water, usually freshwater, of relatively large size contained on a body of land.
Loch - a body of water such as a lake, sea inlet, firth, fjord, estuary or bay.
Mangrove swamp - Saline coastal habitat of mangrove trees and shrubs.
Marsh - a wetland featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. See also Salt marsh.
Mediterranean sea (oceanography) - a mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds
Mere - a lake or body of water that is broad in relation to its depth.
Mill pond - a reservoir built to provide flowing water to a watermill
Moat - a deep, broad trench, either dry or filled with water, surrounding and protecting a structure, installation, or town.
Ocean - a major body of salty water that, in totality, covers about 71% of the Earth's surface.
Oxbow lake - a U-shaped lake formed when a wide meander from the mainstem of a river is cut off to create a lake.
Phytotelma - a small, discrete body of water held by some plants.
Pool - various small bodies of water such as a swimming pool, reflecting pool, pond, or puddle.
Pond - a body of water smaller than a lake, especially those of artificial origin.
Pothole - see Kettle
Puddle - a small accumulation of water on a surface, usually the ground.
Reservoir - a place to store water for various uses, especially drinking water, which can be a natural or artificial (see Lake and Impoundment above)
Rill - a shallow channel of running water. These can be either natural or man-made.
River - a natural waterway usually formed by water derived from either precipitation or glacial meltwater, and flows from higher ground to lower ground.
Roadstead - a place outside a harbor where a ship can lie at anchor; it is an enclosed area with an opening to the sea, narrower than a bay or gulf (often called a "roads").
Run - a small stream or part thereof, especially a smoothly flowing part of a stream.
Salt marsh - a type of marsh that is a transitional zone between land and an area, such as a slough, bay, or estuary, with salty or brackish water.
Sea - a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea. In common usage, often synonymous with ocean.
Sea loch - a sea inlet loch.
Sea lough - a fjord, estuary, bay or sea inlet.
Seep - a body of water formed by a spring.
Slough - several different meanings related to wetland or aquatic features.
Source - the original point from which the river or stream flows. A river's source is sometimes a spring.
Sound - a large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land.
Spring - a point where groundwater flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface
Strait - a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses.
Stream - a body of water with a detectable current, confined within a bed and banks.
Subglacial lake - a lake that is permanently covered by ice and whose water remains liquid by the pressure of the ice sheet and geothermal heating. They often occur under glaciers or ice caps. Lake Vostok in Antarctica is an example.
Swamp - a wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions.
Tarn - a mountain lake or pool formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier.
Tide pool - a rocky pool adjacent to an ocean and filled with seawater.
Tributary or affluent - a stream or river that flows into a main stem (or parent) river or a lake.
Vernal pool - a shallow, natural depression in level ground, with no permanent above-ground outlet, that holds water seasonally.
Wadi - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. See also Arroyo (creek).
Wash - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. See also wadi.
Wetland - an environment "at the interface between truly terrestrial ecosystems and truly aquatic systems making them different from each yet highly dependent on both".[5]

tag: ul


document_title: The Doodlebops

question_text: who plays bus driver bob on the doodlebops

text: The Doodlebops

text: Characters[edit]

text: The Doodlebops[edit]

text:
Deedee Doodle (Keyboards, piano, vocals) – Deedee is dressed in purple and pink with a pink "bob" haircut and a purple headband. She plays the keytar and the keyboard and is a lead vocalist for songs called "Different Things", "Tick Tock", Jump Up and "You Are My Friend" including some of her solo performances like "Tap, Tap, Tap" and "When The Lights Go Out". She is portrayed by Lisa Lennox. Deedee is the only female Doodlebop throughout the series.
Rooney Doodle (Guitar, vocals) – Rooney is dressed in all blue. He also plays the guitar. Like his outfit, both his hair and ukulele are blue. He has a red beret on his head with his matching shoes. He is an inventor and likes to watch demolition derbies.[1] In one of the episodes, he struggles to play his invention called the Honkophone which is a mix of. He is portrayed by Chad McNamara.
Moe Doodle (Drums, vocals) – Moe is dressed in yellow and orange and has orange, shaggy hair. He plays the drums, and is known for his loud and messy antics. Moe likes to watch silent films.[citation needed] In the segment called "Don't Pull the Rope", in each episode, he always pulls the rope and the water falls on him. He is portrayed by Jonathan Wexler.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Bus Driver Bob – Bob drives the Doodlebop bus. He is portrayed by John "Giovanni" Catucci. He knows how to play the guitar, but is shy about it and only plays for himself.[2] He is also a big fan of trains.[3] Bob has an identical twin brother named Rob and another off-screen brother named Obear.[4]
Jazzmin – The manager of the Doodlebops at the start of season two. She is portrayed by Jackie Richardson. Jazzmin aspires to be a stage actress, and is able to play the harp.[2] She can disappear by snapping her fingers.
Jumping Judy – Mazz's cousin who bounces when she moves. She was portrayed by dancer Stacey Bafi-Yeboa (billed as Stacey Martin).[5]
Mazz – The Doodlebops manager during season one. She was portrayed by Kim Roberts.
Audio Murphy – Audio Murphy is a blue dog who acts as the Doodlebops' video producer. He is voiced by Jason Hopley and is a puppet. Murphy claims that his middle name is "A Surprise" although this may just be a common expression.[2] Murphy also loves to knit.[2]
Mudge – Mudge is a purple cat who is often the victim of Deedee's knock-knock jokes. He lives in a cupboard and he is voiced by Rob Stefaniuk.
Mr. Moosehead – Mr. Moosehead is the head of a moose which hangs on the wall of the Doodlebops' clubhouse and he is voiced also by Rob Stefaniuk.

text: Recurrent themes[edit]

text:
Where's Moe? – Deedee and Rooney enter through a door and introduce themselves, and subsequently can't find Moe, Deedee or Rooney whenever each of them says either "Uh-oh, where's Moe?" as a rhyme. This initiates the recurring "Where's Moe?" theme, in which the two Doodlebops search for Moe, sometimes acquiring help from Moosehead or Mudge. Eventually, Moe reveals himself, after the Doodlebops are not successful in finding him. However, sometimes, the two Doodlebops find him.
The Pledge – The Doodlebops all line up together and recite the Doodlebop pledge, waving their flags in the process (and the lights going dark in the studio). Once they finish, they all engage in acrobatic activities for a few seconds.
It's Jazzmin! – After the Doodlebops pledge, their manager Jazzmin appears from behind a bookshelf, scat singing before speaking in rhyme to the Doodlebops. She departs by snapping her fingers and disappearing, which the Doodlebops then try to copy and wonder how she does it.
Don't Pull the Rope! – Just before the Doodlebops head into the recording studio to meet with Audio Murphy, a rope falls from the ceiling, which Moe pulls down, regardless of the others warnings of pulling the rope. When Moe tells something related to the episode’s topic while managing to pull the rope anyway, he is drenched in water and subsequently shakes it off.
Get on the Bus! – The Doodlebops each join Bus Driver Bob on his bus after their session at the recording studio ends. Bob honks the bus' horn, the Doodlebops board, and dance and sing their way to the Doodlebops concert.

text: Changes from Season one to Season two[edit]

text: There were several production and design changes that occurred on the TV show between season one and season two. Among them:

text:
Most episodes in season 1 were processed, by using Film look, but, in season 2, the episodes were filmized.
The opening montage ends with a computer generated version of the Doodlebops play room. In season one a jib arm was used for a real shot of the room.
Doodlebops wore a Spandex hood that matched their makeup with fake ears attached to make them appear more cartoon like. In season two, the stick out style ears were removed as was the head/neck wrap. Slight makeup alterations were also made to Rooney and Deedee in season two.[citation needed]
In season one, there was at least two songs performed in the concert segment, sometimes three or even four. In season two, the concert is two songs maximum, and in five episodes, only one song was performed.
Deedee's bouffant hair style became slightly bigger, and more stylish between season one and two. Her dress also appears to be less hoop style and slightly more form fitting.
Deedee's keytar is different and so is Rooney's guitar. Moe sometimes uses a portable version of his drums during the video.
Moe frequently shrinks himself in order to hide from his fellow Doodlebops (as is the custom "Where's Moe?" sequence). In season one, Moe did not display his shrinking ability, opting to hide behind props, inside of boxes, etc.
"The Pledge" on season two has a longer introduction, including a playful acrobatic sequence at the end.
In season two, the Doodlebops manager, Jazzmin, is able to snap her fingers then disappear when she leaves, only to have the Doodlebops to ask, "How does she do that?" at every occurrence. In season one, the manager was Mazz, an entirely different character, who left the scene the way she came in which was through a secret passage on the wall, while singing a jazzy scat style lyric.
"Don't Pull the Rope" Although not a very big change, the splash that hits Moe's head after he pulls the ropes is a much bigger splash in season two than in season one.
After Moe pulls the rope, the Doodlebops head straight to their recording studio where they record and shoot the video for their upcoming concert with Audio Murphy. In season one, no recording studio was used and the Doodlebops would normally head outdoors to play and go about having fun.
The "Get on the Bus" sequence underwent several changes from season one to season two. The bus itself was increased in size (from the outside), slight artistic alterations in the interior, the dance music was re-recorded adding in more instruments, such as horns or percussion; the Doodlebops no longer performed a "musical break" in the middle of the song.
In season two, while on stage the Doodlebops each have an article of clothing that is more sparkly than their usual everyday attire. However, when they are backstage and about to run onto the stage and start singing, they still have their casual costumes on. It is only when the curtains go up that their concert outfits have seemed to magically appear on them when they ran onstage.
"Knock, knock" - Deedee performs the joke in every episode with Mudge, and it takes place at a hot dog stand where Mudge is the hot dog attendant. In season one, this skit was performed in front of Deedee's mirror.
The ending song is cut down in most episodes for timing reasons.

text: Changes made in Season three[edit]

text:
Deedee's keyboard on the concert stage is now more like a benchtop.
The "Knock Knock" joke goes back to taking place in front of the mirror, and has shifted the emphasis off the "knock-knock" variety. Also, the curtain doesn't come down during this segment anymore. Two or three episodes, all in the second half of the season, don't even have the joke due to time constraints.
A lower proportion of the season's episodes than those in season two have a second song on stage, with only two of the first seven episodes having two songs at the end before the joke. If one episode has two songs, one of them is always "Floating Like a Feather".
The Doodlebops do the dance they did in Audio Murphy's studio again on stage. The dance is known as the Dance of the Day and is shown to the kids before the concert.
To change into their tour jackets and their concert gear, the Doodlebops spin around. On the later costume change, they say "We're the Doodlebops!" while changing.
The bookcase spins around instead of sliding outwards when Jazzmin comes in.
The "Get on the Bus" song is sometimes cut down to save time.
The background during the credits is changed to one of the Doodlebops meeting and greeting their fans before the show. In a few episodes, this is instead one of the ending song.

text: Character changes from Season one to Season two[edit]

text:
Two talking mannequin heads, who looked and sounded like a mocked up version of British royalty, were gone after season one.
Mazz, the band manager who rhymed every sentence, was no longer on the show after the second season. Jazzmin replaced Mazz as the Doodlebops manager in season two.
Occasional appearances from a chicken, a small alien and other smaller creatures during the search for Moe, have disappeared from the show.
Audio Murphy appeared in the recording studio starting in season two as the band's engineer.

text: Rockin' Road Show[edit]

text: Although The Doodlebops TV series was cancelled, the Doodlebops have a new TV series called Doodlebops Rockin' Road Show, and is rated TV-Y. Jazzmin, Audio Murphy, Mr. Moosehead and Mudge no longer appear, for the Doodlebops are on tour. The only characters seen in every episode are Bus Driver Bob, Deedee, Rooney, Moe and a small pink dog. In each episode, Mail Snail delivers the Doodlebops a DVD sent by a child in need of help. The child is then turned into an animated character and sent to the bus to be a "Doodle for a Day".

text: The Doodlebops: Together Forever Tour[edit]

text: A live theatrical show entitled The Doodlebops: Together Forever Tour has been developed and toured Canada in early 2009. The show includes musical performances of signature favorites as well as new songs. The live version incorporates giant screens and original sets and costumes. This production features a new cast of performers portraying the Doodlebops.[6]

text: The show was produced by Koba Entertainment,[7] and presented by Paquin Entertainment.[8]

text: Exposure[edit]

text:
The Doodlebops began releasing CDs and DVDs in 2004. See Doodlebops Discography for more information.
The Doodlebops toured America from August 2006 through March 2007.[9]
The Doodlebops second American tour began in September 2007, and finished in April 2008.[citation needed]
The Doodlebops has been professionally dubbed into Irish and is broadcast as part of the children's afternoon package Cúla 4 on the Irish Language television station TG4 (including the songs).[citation needed]

text: The Doodlebops Together Forever World Tour[edit]

text: The Doodlebops performed in these cities in 2011-2012

text:
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Singapore City, Singapore
Bangkok, Thailand
Copenhagen, Denmark
Kingston, Jamaica
Moscow, Russia
San José, Costa Rica
Athens, Greece
Cape Town, South Africa
Tokyo, Japan
Kyoto, Japan
Kobe, Japan
Nagoya, Japan
Osaka, Japan
Niigata, Japan
Chiba, Japan
Fukuoka, Japan
Caracas, Venezuela
Munich, Germany
Berlin, Germany
Shanghai, China
Guadalajara, Mexico
Beijing, China
Madrid, Spain
Barcelona, Spain
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Stockholm, Sweden
Oslo, Norway
Mexico DF, Mexico
Rome, Italy
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Monterrey, Mexico
La Paz, Bolivia
Seoul, South Korea
São Paulo, Brazil
Paris, France
Melbourne, Australia
Sydney, Australia
New York City, United States
Los Angeles, United States
Dallas, United States
Houston, United States
Miami, United States
Orlando, United States
Chicago, United States
Washington, D.C., United States
London, United Kingdom
New Delhi, India
Bogota, Colombia
Santiago, Chile
Auckland, New Zealand
Lima, Peru


document_title: 78th Academy Awards

question_text: who won the oscar for best actor in 2006

text: 78th Academy Awards

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: The nominees for the 78th Academy Awards were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino.[9] Brokeback Mountain earned the most nominations with eight total; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each.[10] All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films).[11]

text: The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006.[12] Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. Crash was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's Rocky to win only three Oscars.[13] Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category.[14] For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees.[15][16] Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films.[17] By virtue of his nominations for both Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich, composer John Williams earned a total of 45 nominations tying him with Alfred Newman as the second most nominated individual in Oscar history.[a][18] "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony.[19]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().[20]

text:
Best Picture

Crash – Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman, producers

Brokeback Mountain – Diana Ossana and James Schamus, producers
Capote – Caroline Baron, William Vince and Michael Ohoven, producers
Good Night, and Good Luck – Grant Heslov, producer
Munich – Kathleen Kennedy, Steven Spielberg and Barry Mendel, producers

Best Director

Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain

Bennett Miller – Capote
Paul Haggis – Crash
George Clooney – Good Night, and Good Luck
Steven Spielberg – Munich

Best Actor

Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote as Truman Capote

Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow as DJay
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain as Ennis Del Mar
Joaquin Phoenix – Walk the Line as Johnny Cash
David Strathairn – Good Night, and Good Luck as Edward R. Murrow

Best Actress

Reese Witherspoon – Walk the Line as June Carter Cash

Judi Dench – Mrs Henderson Presents as Laura Henderson
Felicity Huffman – Transamerica as Sabrina "Bree" Osbourne / Stanley Schupak
Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice as Elizabeth Bennet
Charlize Theron – North Country as Josey Aimes

Best Supporting Actor

George Clooney – Syriana as Bob Barnes

Matt Dillon – Crash as Officer John Ryan
Paul Giamatti – Cinderella Man as Joe Gould
Jake Gyllenhaal – Brokeback Mountain as Jack Twist
William Hurt – A History of Violence as Richie Cusack

Best Supporting Actress

Rachel Weisz – The Constant Gardener as Tessa Quayle

Amy Adams – Junebug as Ashley Johnsten
Catherine Keener – Capote as Nelle Harper Lee
Frances McDormand – North Country as Glory Dodge
Michelle Williams – Brokeback Mountain as Alma Beers Del Mar

Best Original Screenplay

Crash – Paul Haggis and Robert Moresco

Good Night, and Good Luck – George Clooney and Grant Heslov
Match Point – Woody Allen
The Squid and the Whale – Noah Baumbach
Syriana – Stephen Gaghan

Best Adapted Screenplay

Brokeback Mountain – Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana based on the short story by Annie Proulx

Capote – Dan Futterman based on the book by Gerald Clarke
The Constant Gardener – Jeffrey Caine based on the novel by John le Carré
A History of Violence – Josh Olson based on the graphic novel by John Wagner and Vince Locke
Munich – Tony Kushner and Eric Roth based on the book Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team by George Jonas

Best Animated Feature Film

Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit – Nick Park and Steve Box

Howl's Moving Castle – Hayao Miyazaki
Corpse Bride – Mike Johnson, Tim Burton

Best Foreign Language Film

Tsotsi (South Africa) in Afrikaans – Gavin Hood

Don't Tell (Italy) in Italian – Cristina Comencini
Joyeux Noël (France) in French – Christian Carion
Paradise Now (Palestine) in Arabic – Hany Abu-Assad[b]
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days (Germany) in German – Marc Rothemund

Best Documentary Feature

March of the Penguins – Luc Jacquet and Yves Darondeau

Darwin's Nightmare – Hubert Sauper
Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room – Alex Gibney and Jason Kliot
Murderball – Henry-Alex Rubin and Dana Adam Shapiro
Street Fight – Marshall Curry

Best Documentary Short Subject

A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin – Corinne Marrinan and Eric Simonson

The Death of Kevin Carter: Casualty of the Bang Bang Club – Dan Krauss
God Sleeps in Rwanda – Kimberlee Acquaro and Stacy Sherman
The Mushroom Club – Steven Okazaki

Best Live Action Short Film

Six Shooter – Martin McDonagh

Ausreißer (The Runaway) – Ulrike Grote
Cashback – Sean Ellis and Lene Bausager
The Last Farm – Rúnar Rúnarsson and Thor S. Sigurjónsson
Our Time is Up – Rob Pearlstein and Pia Clemente

Best Animated Short Film

The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation – John Canemaker and Peggy Stern

Badgered – Sharon Colman
The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello – Anthony Lucas
9 – Shane Acker
One Man Band – Andrew Jimenez and Mark Andrews

Best Original Score

Brokeback Mountain by Gustavo Santaolalla

The Constant Gardener by Alberto Iglesias
Memoirs of a Geisha by John Williams
Munich by John Williams
Pride & Prejudice by Dario Marianelli

Best Original Song

"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle & Flow – Music and Lyrics by Jordan Houston, Cedric Coleman and Paul Beauregard

"In the Deep" from Crash – Music by Kathleen "Bird" York and Michael Becker; Lyrics by Kathleen "Bird" York
"Travelin’ Thru" from Transamerica – Music and Lyrics by Dolly Parton

Best Sound Editing

King Kong – Mike Hopkins and Ethan Van der Ryn

Memoirs of a Geisha – Wylie Stateman
War of the Worlds – Richard King

Best Sound Mixing

King Kong – Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Terry Porter, Dean A. Zupancic and Tony Johnson
Memoirs of a Geisha – Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, Rick Kline and John Pritchett
Walk the Line – Paul Massey, Doug Hemphill and Peter Kurland
War of the Worlds – Andy Nelson, Anna Behlmer and Ron Judkins

Best Art Direction

Memoirs of a Geisha – Art Direction: John Myhre; Set Decoration: Gretchen Rau

Good Night, and Good Luck – Art Direction: Jim Bissell; Set Decoration: Jan Pascale
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Art Direction: Stuart Craig; Set Decoration: Stephenie McMillan
King Kong – Art Direction: Grant Major; Set Decoration: Dan Hennah and Simon Bright
Pride & Prejudice – Art Direction: Sarah Greenwood; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer

Best Cinematography

Memoirs of a Geisha – Dion Beebe

Batman Begins – Wally Pfister
Brokeback Mountain – Rodrigo Prieto
Good Night, and Good Luck – Robert Elswit
The New World – Emmanuel Lubezki

Best Makeup

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Howard Berger and Tami Lane

Cinderella Man – David Leroy Anderson and Lance Anderson
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith – Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley

Best Costume Design

Memoirs of a Geisha – Colleen Atwood

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – Gabriella Pescucci
Mrs Henderson Presents – Sandy Powell
Pride & Prejudice – Jacqueline Durran
Walk the Line – Arianne Phillips

Best Film Editing

Crash – Hughes Winborne

Cinderella Man – Mike Hill and Dan Hanley
The Constant Gardener – Claire Simpson
Munich – Michael Kahn
Walk the Line – Michael McCusker

Best Visual Effects

King Kong – Joe Letteri, Brian Van’t Hul, Christian Rivers and Richard Taylor

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Dean Wright, Bill Westenhofer, Jim Berney and Scott Farrar
War of the Worlds – Dennis Muren, Pablo Helman, Randal M. Dutra and Daniel Sudick

tag: table

text: Academy Honorary Award[edit]

text: Robert Altman — In recognition of a career that has repeatedly reinvented the art form and inspired filmmakers and audiences alike.[21]

text: Multiple nominations and awards[edit]

text:
The following 19 films received multiple nominations:

Nominations
Film

8

Brokeback Mountain

6
Crash

Good Night, and Good Luck

Memoirs of a Geisha

5
Capote

Munich

Walk the Line

4
King Kong

Pride & Prejudice

The Constant Gardener

3
Cinderella Man

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

War of the Worlds

2
A History of Violence

Hustle & Flow

Mrs Henderson Presents

North Country

Syriana

Transamerica

The following four films each received multiple awards:

Awards
Film

3
Brokeback Mountain

Crash

King Kong

Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Presenters and performers[edit]

text: The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[22][23][24]

text: Presenters[edit]

text:
Name(s)
Role

Kane, TomTom Kane[25]
Announcer for the 78th annual Academy Awards

Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman
Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor

Stiller, BenBen Stiller
Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects

Witherspoon, ReeseReese Witherspoon
Presenter of the award for Best Animated Feature

Watts, NaomiNaomi Watts
Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "Travelin' Thru"

Wilson, LukeLuke Wilson and
Owen Wilson
Presenters of the award for Best Live Action Short Film

Chicken Little Chicken Little (voiced by Zach Braff) and
Abby Mallard (voiced by Joan Cusack)
Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film

Aniston, JenniferJennifer Aniston
Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design

Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe
Presenter of the biographical films montage

Carell, SteveSteve Carell and
Will Ferrell
Presenters of the award for Best Makeup

McAdams, RachelRachel McAdams
Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award

Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman
Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress

Bacall, LaurenLauren Bacall
Presenter of the film noir montage

Howard, TerrenceTerrence Howard
Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Short Subject

Theron, CharlizeCharlize Theron
Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Feature

Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez
Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "In the Deep"

Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock and
Keanu Reeves
Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction

Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson
Presenter of the political films montage

Ganis, SidSid Ganis (AMPAS president)
Special presentation regarding activities funded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Hayek, SalmaSalma Hayek
Introducer of the special instrumental solo performance to the tune of Best Original Score nominees and presenter of the award for Best Original Score

Gyllenhaal, JakeJake Gyllenhaal
Presenter of the epic films montage

Alba, JessicaJessica Alba and
Eric Bana
Presenters of the award for Best Sound Mixing

Streep, MerylMeryl Streep and
Lily Tomlin
Presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to Robert Altman

Ludacris, Ludacris
Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"

Latifah, QueenQueen Latifah
Presenter of the award for Best Original Song

Garner, JenniferJennifer Garner
Presenter of the award for Best Sound Editing

Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney
Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute

Smith, WillWill Smith
Presenter of the award for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

Zhang, ZiyiZiyi Zhang
Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing

Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Presenter of the award for Best Actor

Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta
Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography

Foxx, JamieJamie Foxx
Presenter of the award for Best Actress

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
Presenter of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay

Thurman, UmaUma Thurman
Presenter of the award for Best Original Screenplay

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Presenter of the award for Best Director

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
Presenter of the award for Best Picture

text: Performers[edit]

text:
Name(s)
Role
Performed

Conti, BillBill Conti
Musical arranger and Conductor
Orchestral

Parton, DollyDolly Parton
Performer
"Travelin' Thru" from Transamerica

York, KathleenKathleen York
Performer
"In the Deep" from Crash

Perlman, ItzhakItzhak Perlman
Performer
Performed musical selections for Best Original Score nominees

Three 6 Mafia, Three 6 Mafia and
Taraji P. Henson
Performers
"It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle & Flow

text: Ceremony information[edit]

text: Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala.[4] However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was stated that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show.[26] According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road."[26] Furthermore, many media outlets speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire.[27][28] Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again. However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays.[29][30]

text: In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast.[31] Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night. Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny."[32] In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program, jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice. It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal."[33]

text: Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical supervisor for the telecast.[34] Media firm The Ant Farm produced a thirty-second trailer promoting the broadcast featuring clips highlighting past Oscar winners to the tune of the song "Our Lives" by The Calling.[35] Previous Oscar hosts such as Whoopi Goldberg and Steve Martin, and actors Mel Gibson, George Clooney, Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch.[36] Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches.[37] Stephen Colbert narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections.[38] Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score.[39]

text: Box office performance of nominated films[edit]

text: When the nominations were announced on January 31, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters.[40][41] The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37.3 million per film.[42] Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53.4 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51.7 million), Munich ($40.8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25.2 million), and finally Capote ($15.4 million).[42]

text: Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting.[43] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th).[43]

text: Critical reviews[edit]

text: Some media outlets received the broadcast positively. St. Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison."[44] Film critic Roger Ebert said that Stewart was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson."[45] Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness."[46]

text: Others media publications were more critical of the show. Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that Stewart was more "amusing than funny". He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome."[47] Tom Shales from The Washington Post commented, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by." Moreover, he derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony.[48] Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore remarked, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host...His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar." He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious."[49]

text: Ratings and reception[edit]

text: The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38.94 million people over its length, which was a 8% decrease from the previous year's ceremony.[50] Additionally, the show earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23.0% of households watching over a 35 share.[51] Furthermore, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 13.9 rating among viewers in that demographic.[51]

text: In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys.[52] The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J. Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari).[53]

text: In Memoriam[edit]

text: The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor George Clooney. The montage featured an excerpt of the theme from Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner.[54]

text:
Teresa Wright
Pat Morita
Robert Newmyer
Dan O'Herlihy
Vincent Schiavelli
Joe Ranft
Moira Shearer
Fayard Nicholas
Stu Linder
Sandra Dee
John Fiedler
Anthony Franciosa
Joel Hirschhorn
Guy Green
Barbara Bel Geddes
Robert Knudson

Moustapha Akkad
Chris Penn
John Mills
Onna White
Debra Hill
Simone Simon
Robert Schiffer
Brock Peters
Ernest Lehman
Shelley Winters
Anne Bancroft
John Box
Eddie Albert
Ismail Merchant
Robert Wise
Richard Pryor