document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat

question_text: who was the chief minister of gujarat before the 2014 general elections

text: List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat

text:
Chief Minister of Gujarat

Incumbent
Vijay Rupani
since 7 August 2016

Appointer
Governor of Gujarat

Inaugural holder
Jivraj Narayan Mehta

Formation
1 May 1960

text: The Chief Minister of Gujarat is the chief executive of the western Indian state of Gujarat. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: Gujarat was created on 1 May 1960, composed of the Gujarati-speaking districts of Bombay State. Since then sixteen people have served as its chief minister including inaugural office-holder Jivraj Narayan Mehta, one of several Indian National Congress members to serve in the role. Gujarat's longest-serving chief minister is Narendra Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who served for twelve and a half years from 2001 to 2014. After Modi resigned to become the 15th and current Prime Minister of India, his party-mate Anandiben Patel became the state's first woman chief minister. The incumbent chief minister is the BJP's Vijay Rupani, who has served since 7 August 2016.

text: Chief Ministers of Gujarat[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Indian National Congress
  Janata Dal, Janata Dal (Gujarat)
  Janata Morcha, Indian National Congress (O)
  Janata Party
  Rashtriya Janata Party
  N/A (President's rule)

text:
No[a]
Name
Term of office[2]
Party[b]
Days in office
Assembly[3]
Ref

1
Jivraj Narayan Mehta
Amreli
1 May 1960
3 March 1962
Indian National Congress

1238 days
First (1960–61)
[4]

3 March 1962
19 September 1963
Second (1962–66)
[5]

2
Balwantrai Mehta
Bhavnagar
19 September 1963
19 September 1965
733 days

3
Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai
Olpad
19 September 1965
3 April 1967
2062 days

3 April 1967
12 May 1971
Indian National Congress (O)

Third (1967–71)
[6]

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
13 May 1971
17 March 1972
N/A

Dissolved

4
Ghanshyam Oza
Dehgam
17 March 1972
17 July 1973
Indian National Congress

488 days
Fourth (1972–74)
[8]

5
Chimanbhai Patel
Sankheda
17 July 1973
9 February 1974
207 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
9 February 1974
18 June 1975
N/A

Dissolved

6
Babubhai J. Patel
Sabarmati
18 June 1975
12 March 1976
Janata Morcha
(INC (O) + BJS + BLD + SP)

211 days
Fifth (1975–80)
[9]

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
12 March 1976
24 December 1976
N/A

7
Madhav Singh Solanki
Bhadran
24 December 1976
10 April 1977
Indian National Congress

108 days

(6)
Babubhai J. Patel
Sabarmati
11 April 1977
17 February 1980
Janata Party

1042 days
(Total: 1253 days)

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
17 February 1980
6 June 1980
N/A

Dissolved

(7)
Madhav Singh Solanki
Bhadran
7 June 1980
10 March 1985
Indian National Congress

1856 days
Sixth (1980–85)
[10]

11 March 1985
6 July 1985
Seventh (1985–90)
[11]

8
Amarsinh Chaudhary
Vyara (ST)
6 July 1985
9 December 1989
1618 days

(7)
Madhav Singh Solanki
Bhadran
10 December 1989
3 March 1990
85 days
(Total: 2049 days)

(5)
Chimanbhai Patel
Unjha
4 March 1990
25 October 1990
JD + BJP

1445 days
(Total: 1652 days)
Eighth (1990–95)
[12]

25 October 1990
17 February 1994
JD(G) + INC

9
Chhabildas Mehta
Mahuva
17 February 1994
13 March 1995
Indian National Congress

391 days

10
Keshubhai Patel
Visavadar
14 March 1995
21 October 1995
Bharatiya Janata Party

221 days
Ninth (1995–98)
[13]

11
Suresh Mehta
Mandvi
21 October 1995
19 September 1996
334 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
19 September 1996
23 October 1996
N/A

12
Shankersinh Vaghela
Radhanpur
23 October 1996
27 October 1997
Rashtriya Janata Party

370 days

13
Dilip Parikh
Dhandhuka
28 October 1997
4 March 1998
128 days

(10)
Keshubhai Patel
Visavadar
4 March 1998
6 October 2001
Bharatiya Janata Party

1312 days
(Total: 1533 days)
Tenth (1998–2002)
[14]

14
Narendra Modi
Maninagar
7 October 2001
22 December 2002
4610 days

22 December 2002
22 December 2007
Eleventh (2002–07)
[15]

23 December 2007
20 December 2012
Twelfth (2007–12)
[16]

20 December 2012
22 May 2014
Thirteenth (2012–17)
[17]

15
Anandiben Patel
Ghatlodia
22 May 2014
7 August 2016
808 days

16
Vijay Rupani
Rajkot West
7 August 2016
26 December 2017
594 days

26 December 2017
Incumbent
Fourteenth
(2017-)

[18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[7]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Gujarat as well.
Jump up ^ Chief Ministers of Gujarat. Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. Retrieved on 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ List of Duration of Sessions (1 to 12 Vidhansabha) and sittings of Gujarat Legislative Assembly. Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. Retrieved on 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1975, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1980, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1985, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1990, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1995, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1998, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 2002, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2007, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "BJP retains Vijay Rupani as CM in Gujarat, but is undecided in Himachal Pradesh". The Indian Express. 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Chief Ministers of Gujarat

Jivraj Narayan Mehta
Balwantrai Mehta
Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai
Ghanshyam Oza
Chimanbhai Patel
Babubhai J. Patel
Madhav Singh Solanki
Amarsinh Chaudhary
Chhabildas Mehta
Keshubhai Patel
Suresh Mehta
Shankersinh Vaghela
Dilip Parikh
Keshubhai Patel
Narendra Modi
Anandiben Patel
Vijay Rupani

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)

Andhra Pradesh

N. Chandrababu Naidu

Arunachal Pradesh

Pema Khandu

Assam

Sarbananda Sonowal

Bihar

Nitish Kumar

Chhattisgarh

Raman Singh

Delhi

Arvind Kejriwal

Goa

Manohar Parrikar

Gujarat

Vijay Rupani

Haryana

Manohar Lal Khattar

Himachal Pradesh

Jai Ram Thakur

Jammu and Kashmir

Mehbooba Mufti

Jharkhand

Raghubar Das

Karnataka

Siddaramaiah

Kerala

Pinarayi Vijayan

Madhya Pradesh

Shivraj Singh Chouhan

Maharashtra

Devendra Fadnavis

Manipur

N. Biren Singh

Meghalaya

Conrad Sangma

Mizoram

Lal Thanhawla

Nagaland

Neiphiu Rio

Odisha

Naveen Patnaik

Puducherry

V. Narayanasamy

Punjab

Amarinder Singh

Rajasthan

Vasundhara Raje

Sikkim

Pawan Kumar Chamling

Tamil Nadu

Edappadi K. Palaniswami

Telangana

K. Chandrashekhar Rao

Tripura

Biplab Kumar Deb

Uttar Pradesh

Yogi Adityanath

Uttarakhand

Trivendra Singh Rawat

West Bengal

Mamata Banerjee

Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)

text: Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian statesChief Ministers of GujaratGujarat-related lists

text: Use dmy dates from February 2016Use Indian English from February 2016All Wikipedia articles written in Indian EnglishPages using div col with deprecated parametersUse dmy dates from April 2015


document_title: Atmospheric escape

question_text: what keeps the earth's atmosphere from floating away

question_tokens: what keeps the earth 's atmosphere from floating away

root

text: Atmospheric escape

text: Thermal escape mechanisms[edit]

text:
One classical thermal escape mechanism is Jeans escape.[2] In a quantity of gas, the average velocity of any one molecule is measured by the gas's temperature, but the velocities of individual molecules change as they collide with one another, gaining and losing kinetic energy. The variation in kinetic energy among the molecules is described by the Maxwell distribution. The kinetic energy and mass of a molecule determine its velocity by

E

k
i
n

=

1
2

m

v

2

{\displaystyle E_{\mathit {kin}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}

.

tag: p

text: Individual molecules in the high tail of the distribution may reach escape velocity, at a level in the atmosphere where the mean free path is comparable to the scale height, and leave the atmosphere.

text: The more massive the molecule of a gas is, the lower the average velocity of molecules of that gas at a given temperature, and the less likely it is that any of them reach escape velocity.

text: This is why hydrogen escapes from an atmosphere more easily than carbon dioxide. Also, if the planet has a higher mass, the escape velocity is greater, and fewer particles will escape. This is why the gas giant planets still retain significant amounts of hydrogen and helium, which have largely escaped from Earth's atmosphere. The distance a planet orbits from a star also plays a part; a close planet has a hotter atmosphere, with a range of velocities shifted into the higher end of the distribution, hence, a greater likelihood of escape. A distant body has a cooler atmosphere, with a range of lower velocities, and less chance of escape. This helps Titan, which is small compared to Earth but further from the Sun, retain its atmosphere.

text: An atmosphere with a high enough pressure and temperature can undergo a different escape mechanism - "hydrodynamic escape". In this situation the atmosphere simply flows off like a wind into space, due to pressure gradients initiated by thermal energy deposition. Here it is possible to lose heavier molecules that would not normally be lost. Hydrodynamic escape has been observed for exoplanets close-to their host star, including several hot Jupiters (HD 209458b, HD 189733b) and a hot Neptune (GJ 436b).

text: Significance of solar winds[edit]

text: The relative importance of each loss process is a function of the planet's mass, its atmosphere composition, and its distance from its sun. One non-thermal escape mechanism is atmospheric stripping by a solar wind in the absence of a planetary magnetosphere. Excess kinetic energy from solar winds can impart sufficient energy to the atmospheric particles to allow them to reach escape velocity, causing atmospheric escape. The solar wind, composed of ions, is deflected by magnetic fields because the charged particles within the wind flow along magnetic field lines. The presence of a magnetic field thus deflects solar winds, preventing the loss of atmosphere. On Earth, for instance, the interaction between the solar wind and earth's magnetic field deflects the solar wind about the planet, with near total deflection at a distance of 10 Earth radii.[3] This region of deflection is called a bow shock.

text: Depending on planet size and atmospheric composition, however, a lack of magnetic field does not determine the fate of a planet's atmosphere. Venus, for instance, has no powerful magnetic field. Its close proximity to the Sun also increases the speed and number of particles, and would presumably cause the atmosphere to be stripped almost entirely, much like that of Mars. Despite this, the atmosphere of Venus is two orders of magnitude denser than Earth's.[4] Recent models indicate that stripping by solar wind accounts for less than 1/3 of total non-thermal loss processes.[4]

text: While Venus and Mars have no magnetosphere to protect the atmosphere from solar winds, photoionizing radiation (sunlight) and the interaction of the solar wind with the atmosphere of the planets causes ionization of the uppermost part of the atmosphere. This ionized region in turn induces magnetic moments that deflect solar winds much like a magnetic field. This limits solar-wind effects to the uppermost part of the atmosphere, roughly 1.2–1.5 planetary radii away from the planet, or an order of magnitude closer to the surface than Earth's magnetic field creates. Beyond this region, called a bow shock, the solar wind is slowed to subsonic velocities.[3] Nearer to the surface, solar-wind dynamic pressure reaches a balance with the pressure from the ionosphere, in a region called the ionopause. This interaction typically prevents solar-wind stripping from being the dominant loss process of the atmosphere.

text: Comparison of non-thermal loss processes based on planet and particle mass[edit]

text: The dominant non-thermal loss processes depends on the planetary body. The relative significance of each process depends on planetary mass, atmospheric composition, and distance from the sun. The dominant non-thermal loss processes for Venus and Mars, two terrestrial planets neither with magnetic fields, are dissimilar. The dominant non-thermal loss process on Mars is from solar winds, as the atmosphere is not dense enough to shield itself from the winds during peak solar activity.[4] Venus is somewhat shielded from solar winds because of its denser atmosphere and as a result, solar pick-up is not its dominant non-thermal loss process. Smaller bodies without magnetic fields are more likely to suffer from solar winds, as the planet is too small to have sufficient gravity to produce a dense enough atmosphere and stop solar wind pick-up.

text: The dominant loss process for Venus' atmosphere is through electric force field acceleration. Stellar EUV and XUV photoionize molecular and atomic species in the upper atmosphere, producing free electrons. The electrons are less massive than their parent ions, and as a result are more easily accelerated up to and beyond the escape velocity of the planet, leaving the ionosphere of Venus and flowing out into the stellar wind.[4] This charge separation between the escaping, low-mass electrons and significantly heavier, positively-charged ions sets up a polarization electric field. That electric field, in turn, acts to pull the positively charged ions along behind the escaping electrons, out of the atmosphere. As a result, H+ ions are accelerated beyond escape velocity. Other important loss processes on Venus are photochemical reactions driven by Venus's proximity to the Sun. Photochemical reactions rely on the splitting of molecules into constituent atoms, often with a significant portion of the kinetic energy carried off in the less massive particle with sufficiently high kinetic energy to escape. Oxygen, relative to hydrogen, was assumed to not be of sufficiently low mass to escape through this mechanism. However, a Japanese research team in 2017 found ions from earth have been discovered on the moon which matched earth's oxygen profile perfectly.[7]

text: Phenomena of non-thermal loss processes on moons with atmospheres[edit]

text: Several natural satellites in the Solar System have atmospheres and are subject to atmospheric loss processes. They typically have no magnetic fields of their own, but orbit planets with powerful magnetic fields. Many of these moons lie within the magnetic fields generated by the planets and are less likely to undergo sputtering and pick-up[clarification needed]. The shape of the bow shock, however, allows for some moons, such as Titan, to pass through the bow shock when their orbits take them between the Sun and their primary. Titan spends roughly half of its transit time outside of the bow-shock and being subjected to unimpeded solar winds. The kinetic energy gained from pick-up and sputtering associated with the solar winds increases thermal escape throughout the transit of Titan, causing neutral hydrogen to escape.[8] The escaped hydrogen maintains an orbit following in the wake of Titan, creating a neutral hydrogen torus around Saturn. Io, in its transit around Jupiter, encounters a plasma cloud.[9] Interaction with the plasma cloud induces sputtering, kicking off sodium particles. The interaction produces a stationary banana-shaped charged sodium cloud along a part of the orbit of Io.

text: Impact erosion[edit]

text: The impact of a large meteoroid can lead to the loss of atmosphere. If a collision is energetic enough, it is possible for ejecta, including atmospheric molecules, to reach escape velocity. Just one impact such as the Chicxulub event does not lead to a significant loss, but the terrestrial planets went through enough impacts when they were forming for this to matter.[10]

text: Sequestration[edit]

text: Sequestration is not a form of escape from the planet, but a loss of molecules from the atmosphere and into the planet. It occurs on Earth when water vapor condenses to form rain or glacial ice. It also occurs on Earth when carbon dioxide is sequestered in sediments, or cycled through the oceans. The dry ice caps on Mars are also an example of sequestration.

text: One mechanism for sequestration is chemical; for example, most of the carbon dioxide of the Earth's original atmosphere has been chemically sequestered into carbonate rock. Very likely a similar process has occurred on Mars. Oxygen can be sequestered by oxidation of rocks; for example, by increasing the oxidation states of ferric rocks from Fe2+ to Fe3+. Gases can also be sequestered by adsorption, where fine particles in the regolith capture gas which adheres to the surface particles.

text: Dominant atmospheric escape and loss processes on Earth[edit]

text: Hot H atoms had been theorized to exist at very high altitudes, above several thousand kilometers, but our discovery that they exist as low as 250 kilometers was truly surprising...This result suggests that current (Dec 2016) atmospheric models are missing some key physics that impacts many different studies, ranging from atmospheric escape to the thermal structure of the upper atmosphere. — Lara Waldrop, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering University of Illinois[11]

tag: div

text: Earth is too large to lose a significant proportion of its atmosphere through Jeans escape. The current rate of loss is about three kilograms (3 kg) of hydrogen and 50 grams (50 g) of helium per second.[2][clarification needed] The exosphere is the high-altitude region where atmospheric density is sparse and Jeans escape occurs. Jeans escape calculations assuming an exosphere temperature of 1,800 K [12] show that to deplete O+ ions by a factor of e (2.718...) would take nearly a billion years. 1,800 K is higher than the actual observed exosphere temperature; at the actual average exosphere temperature, depletion of O+ ions would not occur even over a trillion years. Furthermore, most oxygen on Earth is bound as O2, which is too massive to escape Earth by Jeans escape.[2]

text: Earth's magnetic field protects it from solar winds and prevents escape of ions, except near the magnetic poles where charged particles stream towards the earth along magnetic field lines. The gravitational attraction of Earth's mass prevents other non-thermal loss processes from appreciably depleting the atmosphere.[specify] Yet Earth's atmosphere is two orders of magnitude less dense than that of Venus at the surface. Because of the temperature regime of Earth, CO2 and H2O are sequestered in the hydrosphere and lithosphere. H2O vapor is sequestered as liquid H2O in oceans, greatly decreasing the atmospheric density. With liquid water running over the surface of Earth, CO2 can be drawn down from the atmosphere and sequestered in sedimentary rocks. Some estimates indicate that nearly all carbon on Earth is contained in sedimentary rocks, with the atmospheric portion being approximately 1/250,000 of Earth's CO2 reservoir.[citation needed] If both of the reservoirs were released to the atmosphere, Earth's atmosphere would be even denser than Venus's atmosphere. Therefore, the dominant “loss” mechanism of Earth's atmosphere is not escape to space, but sequestration.[citation needed] However, in 1 billion years' time, the Sun will be 10% brighter than it is now, making it hot enough for Earth to lose enough hydrogen to space to cause it to lose all of its water (See Future of Earth#Loss of oceans).


document_title: Ross Malinger

question_text: who plays jonah baldwin in sleepless in seattle

text: Ross Malinger

text:
Ross Malinger

Born
Ross Aaron Malinger
(1984-07-07) July 7, 1984 (age 33)
Redwood City, California, U.S.

Occupation
Actor, Business Manager

Years active
1990–2006

tag: table

text: Ross Aaron Malinger[1] (born July 7, 1984) is an American actor and business manager. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless, starring Kirstie Alley. He and Kirstie Alley both co-starred in the 1995 film Peter and the Wolf. He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's "Shiksa appeal", in the Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now".

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative.[1]

text: Malinger co-starred with Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death. Though it was a box office disappointment, he earned $1.1 million,[citation needed] a contrast from Sleepless in Seattle, for which he only earned $24,000,[citation needed] even though it launched his career.

text: He provided the original voice of T.J. Detweiler on the animated series Recess. He did not reprise the role in the next seasons, as he was replaced by Andrew Lawrence. He was a recurring character on the teen drama Party of Five.

text: He also provided the voice for the puppy Spike, part of the "Riley Gang" in Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco; and played the role of Payton Shoemaker in Little Bigfoot.

text: He starred with Shelley Long and Treat Williams on the CBS comedy Good Advice, which lasted two seasons, 1993 to 1994.

text: He was in an episode of Touched by an Angel playing Nick Albright, a troubled teenager after his parents' separation.

text: He appeared in the episode "Shattered" on Without a Trace (which aired on April 27, 2006) as Jason McMurphy.

text: As of 2008, Malinger worked as a general manager at Automotive Legends in Malibu.[2]


document_title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 13)

question_text: when does naruto join the fourth great ninja war

text: Naruto: Shippuden (season 13)

text: Episode listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
English air date

276
"Attack of the Gedo Statue"
"Gedō Mazō no Shūrai" (外道魔像の襲来)
August 23, 2012
January 10, 2015

Black Zetsu finally locates the Feudal Lords' mansion and commences his attack. However, he is stopped by the Fifth Mizukage Mei Terumi and her squad. During the scuffle, Black Zetsu senses Naruto Uzumaki and Bee which he quickly conveys to Madara. At the coastline, Madara appears and summons the Gedo Statue to hold off his enemies while he goes after the Kohaku no Johei and the Benihisago to obtain Kinkaku and Ginkaku's Nine Tails chakra. As the Gedo Statue overwhelms the shinobi forces as their attempts to attack it are unsuccessful, Madara successfully obtains the relics and leaves the coastline. As night falls with Kabuto calling back his reanimated ninja army, the shinobi forces recuperate from the first day of the conflict while evaluating their counterattack.

277
"Unison Sign"
"Wakai no In" (和解の印)
August 30, 2012
January 17, 2015

Making his way to the battlefield with Killer Bee, Naruto is dragged into his subconscious by the Nine Tails, who berates the boy, asking him if he could even bear the hatred the war will bring. The beast then reminds Naruto of Sasuke Uchiha and the hatred the young Uchiha bore even as a child the day he and Naruto first met. Taking offense to the beast telling him anything he could do to stop hatred is futile, Naruto pins the Nine Tails down while telling him that he will manage to do something about the ensuing war, Sasuke's hatred and possibly even the Nine Tails' own hatred.

278
"Medic Ninja in Danger"
"Nerawareta Iryō Ninja" (狙われた医療忍者)
September 6, 2012
January 24, 2015

Neji loses his energy while scouting the company's outskirts for enemies, and Kiba advises him to go seek medical treatment. Meanwhile, at the medical encampment, Shizune and Sakura Haruno are treating numerous injured shinobi, while mysterious killings occur in secret throughout the base. Neji is revealed to be the culprit after slaughtering two more medics, and then goes after Sakura. However, back at the company's base, the real Neji is still resting with Kiba and Akamaru, while Hinata and Shino take over watching the frontlines. Back at the medical center, Sakura tells Neji that Shizune is treating Tonton's sprained leg injury. When Neji comments that it was a good thing Tonton's hands weren't hurt, Sakura discovers the true culprit is him, since the real Neji would know that Tonton does not have hands. She successfully defends herself against his attempted attack; it is revealed that White Zetsu is responsible for the attacks in the medic encampment, by absorbing peoples' chakras and manipulating himself into a perfect clone of everyone he comes in contact with. Sakura quickly relays the information to HQ while Shikaku attempts to come up with a plan to combat the White Zetsu.

279
"White Zetsu's Trap"
"Shiro Zetsu no Torappu" (白ゼツの罠)
September 13, 2012
January 31, 2015

Team 8's Kiba, Shino and Hinata investigate a cave where a barrier that protects them, now had an opening. In the cave, White Zetsus ambush them and they hold off until the Sealing Corps arrive. As the Sealing Corps is about to seal the cave and Team 8 escapes, White Zetsus try to follow and Kiba fights back. The White Zetsu accidentally bumps on an oil lamp and the flame lands on an oil connecting to the Paper bombs triggering an explosion in the process. After the explosion, Team 8 regroups and notices the deaths of the Sealing Corps. Suspicion grows among themselves and decide to play Rock-Paper-Scissors to determine who's the fake among them. Shino somewhat reveals as the "fake" but when Kiba manages to defeat Shino, it was Hinata who is the fake and Shino appears elsewhere. Shino reveals that his Rock-Paper-Scissors is his hand signal and used his insect clone. They defeat the White Zetsu and find Hinata who is safely lying on the ground.

280
"Aesthetics of an Artist"
"Geijutsuka no Bigaku" (芸術家の美学)
September 20, 2012
February 7, 2015

Kurotsuchi pays a visit to the Fifth division where Deidara was held prisoner. Earlier, A White Zetsu in a samurai's clothing approaches Deidara and tries to break Deidara's containment. However Kurotsuchi and Okisuke arrive and White Zetsu suddenly stops, leaving the katana on Deidara's containment. As a frustrated Kurotsuchi continues interrogating Deidara, Okisuke asks the samurai guarding Deidara but the samurai cannot answer properly so Okisuke slashes the imposter and a group of White Zetsu appears on them. Deidara breaks free from his confinement and escapes the area, which makes the entire Fifth division chasing him. Deidara tries to fight back and keeps on moving while thinking how to make his Super Ultimate Art a blast. As he stands on a lagoon, Sasuke appears which Deidara becomes enraged. Sasuke leaves and Deidara chases him then arrives on a valley where Sasuke was only a fake, revealing Kurotsuchi. The Fifth division corners Deidara and as he cannot fight back, they capture him again.

281
"The Allied Mom Force!!"
"Kā-chan Rengōgun!!" (母ちゃん連合軍!!)
September 27, 2012
February 14, 2015

Konohamaru participates in a meeting organized by Ebisu in Konoha of the remaining villagers, mostly including the children and wives. Ebisu attempts to rally everyones' spirits together in the event that rogue ninja should attack the village while their shinobi families are away at war, but the mothers scoff and claim that they will protect the village as they always have while their husbands fought. Suddenly Konohamaru is approached by several children, each claiming to have seen terrifying rogue ninja roaming the east and west forests outside Konoha. He tries to recruit his classmates into hunting them down, but they refuse to believe him. Konohamaru investigates the area alone with Moegi and Udon, only to find a traveling circus troupe in the forest instead of rogue ninja. Heading back, Konohamaru is again alerted that people are attacking the village on the west side, and this time, the rumors are true. A group of rogue Sumo Wrestlers attack the children, but they are saved by the mothers of Konoha, who fight back against the intruders. Konohamaru delivers the final blow with his Rasengan and saves the village.

282
"The Secret Origin of the Ultimate Tag Team!"
"Hiwa: Saikyō Taggu!!" (秘話・最強タッグ!!)
October 4, 2012
February 21, 2015

On their way to the battlefield, Naruto and Killer Bee are hindered by Tsunade and the Fourth Raikage A. While Tsunade watched, Naruto argues to A about his wanting support his friends who are fighting for him. A berates Minato Namikaze and Naruto tells that his father is not a failure, attempting to outrun the more faster A. However, to everyone's shock, A decides to simply kill Naruto with Bee quickly saving the younger Jinchūriki. Bumping fists soon after, Bee asks A why he can't read his soul and recalls their past where Bee became A's brother after passing his Double Lariat test. Their bond improves as they go on missions together prior to A receiving advice from Bee's cousin prior to his death and Bee becoming the Jinchuriki of the Eight Tails. Now a fully grown man, Bee and A encounter Minato. A makes his speedy attack however Minato evades and tries to land an attack on A's back but Bee's tentacle quickly saves A. As the Leaf group retreats, Minato compliments Bee's ability. A berates Minato and charges toward him but Minato teleports to Bee's back pointing at each other with a weapon.

283
"Two Suns"
"Futatsu no Taiyō!!" (二つの太陽!!)
October 11, 2012
February 28, 2015

As he and A exchange blows, Killer Bee lament to A out he is overprotecting him after reminding his foster brother that he urged him to develop his Tail Beast when he became Raikage after his father's death. A explains that both Bee and Naruto, as Jinchuriki, are extremely valuable and intends to keep them safe even if it is against their will. But Bee's determination allowed him to make a connecting Lariat on A, comparing his mindset to a sun and Naruto's own determination to two suns, referring to his parents Minato and Kushina. While Tsunade allows Naruto to enter the war, an unconvinced A makes a final move to take the boy out at lightning speed. However, impressed to see Naruto dodge his attack like his father had, A lets Naruto and Bee continue on their way as Shikaku learns that Naruto's negative sensing capability can give them the edge against the White Zetsu army. As the sun rises in the forest, Tobi summons his personal Six Paths of Pain: The Jinchuriki that Kabuto reanimated for him.

284
"The Helmet Splitter: Jinin Akebino!"
"Kabutowari! Akebino Jinin" (兜割! 通草野餌人)
October 18, 2012
March 7, 2015

During the night, Kakashi Hatake tells his squad to take a rest but maintain their awareness. Two shinobi arrive from HQ bringing an enormous item to Kakashi and then he hands it over to Sai, with Lee assigned to be his bodyguard, to aid in sealing the reanimated ninja. Sai becomes stressed as he recalls a seal variation of his Super Beast Scroll ability that requires emotional energy that can be harmful if not in a controlled state of mind. At dawn, the reanimated ninja sprawl out and resume killing Allied ninja on the field. Among the enemies is Akebino Jinin who is being confronted and slashed by Kakashi as Ensui binds Jinin's body so Sai could perform the Sealing jutsu. However Gari arrives and Lee defends Sai and Ensui. Thinking of his time with Team Kakashi, Sai is able to control his emotions to execute his Sealing Jutsu: Crouched Tiger Bullet to trap Jinin in a scroll.

285
"User of the Scorch Style: Pakura of the Sand!"
"Shakuton Tsukai! Sunagakure no Pakura" (灼遁使い! 砂隠れのパクラ)
October 25, 2012
March 14, 2015

In a flashback, the Hidden Sand Village celebrates Pakura for her victory against the Hidden Stone village. Maki, Pakura's student, wants to train with her despite being tired from the previous skirmish and Pakura praises Maki for her fighting prowess. After their sparring match, Pakura advises Maki to be strong so she can protect her loved ones and the village. Meanwhile, in a meeting of Hidden Sand officials they stress about a truce with the Hidden Mist village despite it is against in their favor and suggest Pakura to solve the issue. However, as Maki was told, Pakura was assassinated by ninjas from the Hidden Stone village. In a present time, Allied ninja struggle to outgun the remaining Ninja Swordsman of the Mist as well as Gari and Pakura. Pakura confronts Maki and reveals that she was actually send as a sacrificial offering from their village to be killed by the Hidden Mist ninja. Though Ruka intervenes their argument that her village discarded its bloody and vicious reputation under the new leadership of the Fifth Mizukage, Pakura refuses to accept it as Maki pleads with her that Allied Shinobi Force will improve its relations and might change the future then she begs to remain a hero. Still skeptic, Pakura attempts to attack but she was stopped by Omoi and Zaji. In their successful coordinated attack, they manage to incapacitate Pakura but Gari arrives. Gari targets Maki but Pakura corners Gari with her fireballs and tells Maki to flee. After the group flee into the forest, with Maki praying by herself, Gari and Pakura have their minds erased by Kabuto again.

286
"Things You Can't Get Back"
"Torimodosenai mono" (取り戻せないもの)
November 1, 2012
March 21, 2015

As Tsunade and A escort Naruto and Killer Bee to the war, Tsunade questions of her faith in Naruto. She remembers a time before she met Naruto when she crossed paths with A. A was in need her medical talents to save a wounded subordinate. This encounter ultimately led up to Tsunade agreeing to help only if A could best her in an arm wrestling match. A wins using his speed to his advantage. After seeing the state of the patient, Tsunade requires that they tell her what had happened.

287
"One Worth Betting On"
"Kakeru ni Ataisuru mono" (賭けるに値する者)
November 1, 2012
March 28, 2015

As she listens on to the events of A and his followers ambushed by a ninja group known as the Nokizaru, Tsunade realizes the nature of the insect as a bomb with another inside A. After explaining this and having A make a promise to her, Tsunade catches and destroys a bug which had been hovering near A for some time — unbeknownst to them that the Nokizaru had been using it as a method to spy on them. Preparing to operate, Tsunade has Shizune lead the surgery while she oversaw it. Though A initially protested, believing that Tsunade should perform the surgery, the Sannin allays his fears somewhat. As Shizune, aided by Amai begins the surgery, blood is splattered on a terrified Tsunade as she excuses herself from the room. Seeking an explanation, Shizune tells the two of Tsunade's two great loves and loss which led up to her current state. Hearing this, the Raikage states that he would not have placed the lives of his subordinates in the hands of someone in that mental state, an indignant Shizune speaks out against his chastisement of her mistress, throwing the extracted exploding bug at his feet. The flashback ends with Naruto and B heading towards the battlefield while A and Tsunade return to headquarters.

288
"Danger: Jinpachi and Kushimaru!"
"Kyōi, Jinpachi - Kushimaru Konbi!!" (脅威、甚八・串丸コンビ!!)
November 8, 2012
April 4, 2015

While en route, Kakashi receives word that Sai had managed to seal one of the Seven Ninja Swordsmen of the Mist. He later receives intel from headquarters on the ninja swordsmen before he rushes towards where he hears a commotion. Upon his arrival, he sees Jinpachi Munashi and Kushimaru Kuriarare, who are affronted that Kakashi was wielding the Kubikiribōchō. As they begin to battle, the two reincarnated Kirigakure shinobi begin to mercilessly cut down one another in order to get to Kakashi. Kakashi is not alone for long as Might Guy comes to his side and together the two take on the swordsmen after Kakashi awakens a kunoichi, who had been knocked unconscious on the battlefield. After telling her to flee, the four begin to battle, and it ends up that Kakashi is left momentarily blinded by Jinpachi's explosion. Despite this, the two men press on, remembering a time they went on a mission together along with Rin. The two are eventually able to stave off the Kiri-nin's attack until Ran returns with the Sealing Team who promptly seal away Kushimaru and Jinpachi.

289
"The Lightning Blade: Ameyuri Ringo!"
"Raitō!! Ringo Ameyuri" (雷刀!! 林檎雨由利)
November 15, 2012
April 11, 2015

As Guy and Kakashi prepare to regroup their forces, they receive word that one of the units were engaged in battle with Ameyuri Ringo and decide to head to that location. Elsewhere, Ameyuri merciless attacks the members of Yurui's unit. With Yurui dead and only a handful of members left, the new leader of the team Nurui decides that they should escape as they were no match for one of the Seven Ninja Swordsmen of the Mist. As they flee, Omoi who believes that they should stand and fight, gets into an argument with Nurui and Kayui tries to quell the argument, but, Omoi unable to take the coward's way out turns and prepares to face Ameyuri. Clashing with the kunoichi, Omoi is soon overpowered until Nurui and Kayui arrive and lure her away as Ameyuri notes that she always saved the best for last. The two shinobi are soon incapacitated by Ameyuri's attack, leaving Omoi to lure her away once again. Using her Lightning Release: Depth Charge once again, Ameyuri is shocked to see the ground beneath her give way as she and Omoi began to sink into quicksand. When the Third Division arrives in time to rescue Omoi, Ameyuri who had seemingly grown to like the young Cloud ninja, gives him the blade Fang as a parting gift.

290
"Power - Episode 1"
(「力-Chikara-」episode1)
November 22, 2012
April 18, 2015

Taking place in the aftermath of the Kage Summit, Team Kakashi is sent out on a mission by Tsunade to a location known as "The Hole" to investigate an incident where its people were killed. Regretting that she could not assign more people to the mission because of recent incidents elsewhere, the team sets out nonetheless. While there, they split up into two teams, with Yamato and Sai encountering officers from the neighboring Hachō Village where Shiseru and her team, after learning they are from Konoha shinobi, escort them to their village leader Disonasu. Elsewhere, Sakura and Naruto, who are at The Hole's water spring, encounter Kabuto Yakushi who reveals that the ninja he reanimated were behind the killing so he can use The Hole's waters to create a clone of the still living Hidan. As a fight ensues, between the two sides as Yamato and Sai rejoin with their team-mates, a flashback of the destruction of the village shows the reincarnated shinobi as the cause. The flashback ends with two young children, Leo and Miina, being rescued by their teacher Dokku and escaping with a few survivors.

291
"Power - Episode 2"
(「力-Chikara-」episode2)
November 29, 2012
April 25, 2015

Team Kakashi has their hands with Kabuto's Hidan clone and the reanimated Hayate Gekou as Naruto gets swallowed by a giant snake, but uses his Shadow Clones to escape while ingesting some of the snakes that were present in the pond. When Naruto surfaced, Kabuto retreats and leaves with his servants, using the reanimated Deidara as diversion, after revealing a village guard corpse in the snake's mouth. Meanwhile, Dokku takes care of the orphans, while Miina, due to trauma, became mute. After the attack, Naruto and Sakura join up with Shiseru, Yamato and Sai going with the rest of the guards. While Yamato and Sai investigate why Kabuto destroyed the village, Sakura and Naruto follow Shiseru to Dokku's house. When Dokku and the orphans see them and seeing Naruto wearing the same forehead protector as the reincarnated shinobi, Leo kicks Naruto and they run until they reach a broken bridge. Leo crosses first and when Dokku and Miina run, they fall down the ravine, but are saved by Naruto. Yamato and Sai ask about information when the nearby village leader showed them a book revealing the origin of The Hole, where Tonika Village resides. Some power resided on the hole many centuries ago. Naruto dreams again, this time inside his subconscious, in front of the Nine-Tails' cage, showing his feet oozing with the snakes he ingested earlier. Naruto and Dokku talk about the latter's failure to save a girl in his prime and all his failures in life, unlike Naruto, who became famous even in the Hachō Village, a rural area. Yamato and Sai discuss what will happen next, including "Saezuri" and an institution that will take care of the orphans. Elsewhere, with Hidan and Deidara nearby, Kabuto converses with some scrolls in a graveyard before putting another talisman in the reanimated Akatsuki member's head.

292
"Power - Episode 3"
(「力-Chikara-」episode3)
December 6, 2012
May 2, 2015

Miina wakes up in the middle of a night after having a nightmare where Naruto is consumed by numerous snakes inside his subconscious while the Nine-Tails looks on and goes to Dokku for consolation. The next morning Naruto wakes up feeling ill but despite this, decides to train the children after being prompted by them. Meanwhile in the wasteland outside of The Hole, the reanimated Deidara and Hidan begin a heated debate after slaughtering some of the village guards. Miina then has another strange dream where the village is attacked by a multiple-eyed creature, however she is saved by Naruto, covered in the golden chakra reminiscent of the Nine-Tails Fox Mode. Back in the wasteland, Deidara and Hidan continue to argue about the flaws of their abilities but are attacked by Yamato and Sai who are accompanied by a squad of village guards. Upon returning to Shiseru's home with Naruto still feeling unwell, Miina has another strange dream where she sees the snakes envelop Naruto's body while being coaxed by an unknown voice. She then rushes to Naruto and begins pounding his stomach. Shiseru then involuntarily hits Miina leaving everyone in shock. Later the village Chief, along with some guards come to the house. He tries to get the location of the remaining pieces of the village treasure entrusted to Dokku, however Miina is able to discern his true nature, revealing him to be a reanimated corpse. Kabuto then reveals himself and summons more reanimated corpses who Naruto and Sakura engage in battle. Although, Naruto is pushed back by the reanimated Hayate Gekou which causes Miina to again run to Naruto and revealed to be shouting at the snakes within him which he regurgitates. The snakes, now enfused with the Nine-Tails' chakra solidfy into a miniaturized four-tailed demon fox form. Kabuto then places a talisman into the creature but finds it difficult to control. The creature then goes on a rampage.

293
"Power - Episode 4"
(「力-Chikara-」episode4)
December 13, 2012
May 9, 2015

The Nine-Tailed Naruto clone tries to attack Dokku and the orphans, when Might Guy and Rock Lee arrive to repel it. While they fight the beast, Kabuto tries to control it, but to no avail. The rest of Konoha 11 arrive. Team Asuma helps Sakura and Kakashi and Team Kurenai helps Naruto. Tenten and Neji arrive, but are cornered by the reincarnated puppets. Kakashi chases Kabuto. The beast grabs Naruto to absorb chakra, which the Nine-Tails gladly shares. Hinata tries to defend Naruto, but is sent flying. After the beast absorbs Naruto's chakra, it grows in size and starts to devastate the Hachō Village, even firing a Tailed Beast Bomb in far away, missing Yamato, Sai, Deidara and Hidan who are fighting outside the village. Dokku tries to save Naruto, who is still unconscious. Moments before the beast tramples them, Kabuto summons a snake to swallow both of them alive and retreats. While inside the underground hall in the Tonika Village, Naruto, unconscious and strangled by snakes, meets the Nine-Tails again in his subconscious. The Konoha-nin investigates Kabuto's intention in the meanwhile. Shiseru remembers an earlier conversation between her and Dokku about the pros and cons of them adopting the kids. While the Nine-Tails tries to control Naruto, Dokku calls him, but gets shouted instead. Dokku asks Naruto what burden a powerful person carries and made Naruto choose the reason why he desires to be powerful, seeing flashbacks of his comrades of Konoha and also Sasuke, leading to the seal inside Naruto to gain strength again. Dokku gives Naruto his forehead protector, stating that he believes in him. Meanwhile, Leo decides to save their teacher by giving the mysterious iron bars which were mentioned earlier by the Tonika Village Head. While inside the hall, Kabuto, along with two reincarnated puppets, approaches with Disonasu, revealing the village leader's betrayal. Disonasu pulls out a scroll, revealing Saezuri, a mysterious light much to Naruto and Dokku's shock.

294
"Power - Episode 5"
(「力-Chikara-」episode5)
December 20, 2012
May 16, 2015

While the Saezuri is revealed, learning that Disonasu employed Kabuto Yakushi to wipe out the residents of Tonika Village, Dokku tried to attack Disonasu, but stopped by a reincarnated puppet and restrained by a resurrected Takigakure shinobi. Disonasu also praised Naruto about defeating Pain, the one who scarred him and left him powerless, before kicking the boy repeatedly. Miina and the orphans came to The Hole to give the iron bars, but Kabuto's clone intercepted them. Meanwhile, the rest of Konoha 11, along with Kakashi, Shiseru, Yamato and Sai moved out to the area. Disonasu prepares the summoning of the "power" by putting the remaining iron bars while Naruto enters Sage Mode. Miina hums to the sound as the Saezuri is activated, causing the area Naruto is on, the Ama no Hoko, to rise above ground. Kakashi arrived on the scene, revealing Disonasu's past as a bloodthirsty murderer and former Akatsuki subordinate whose specialty is the field of Summoning Technique, having researched Impure World Reincarnation with Orochimaru. Kabuto summons his puppets, the Nine-Tailed Naruto Clone, Hidan, and Deidara. Naruto faces off with the clone, while Deidara uses Explosive Clay to create a diversion and chase Naruto. Disonasu escapes and Hidan faces Shikamaru. Deidara activates the Explosive Clay on the bodies of the resurrected individuals, as Hidan uses his ritual against Team Asuma, and Sakura got restrained by Hayate and the others. While Naruto relentlessly attacked the clone, he learned there is more than power. As Yamato restrained Disonasu, he activated the Saezuri, opening the area where Naruto faces the clone, draining the lake as an obelisk rises and creates a storm. After Hidan's clone body breaks down due to the shorten life spans of the snakes composing his body, Deidara is controlled by Kabuto to escape Kakashi. A lightning hit the area where the orphans are running, Miina pointing to the obelisk. When the storm expands towards Konoha, Tsunade goes out as the storm engulfs the Land of Fire. Naruto tried to stop Disonasu from ascending the tower, only to face his clone after he absorbed some of the tower's power and transformed a Hydra-tailed fox monster.

295
"Power - Final Episode"
(「力-Chikara-」episode Final)
January 10, 2013
May 23, 2015

Absorbing the power within the Ama no Hoko, the Nine-Tailed Naruto Clone mutated into a hydra-tailed version of the Nine-Tails while sending Disonasu to his death. Overpowered, Naruto almost gave in to the Nine-Tails' offer for power when Minato's voice urges the boy to control the tailed beast as Naruto is engulfed in a six-tailed chakra cloak in the Nine-Tails' image. Over time, as he starts to lose against the clone, the Nine-Tails begins to take control over Naruto's body and assumes a seven-tailed jinchūriki state with Yamato trying to restrain it. At the same time, though followed by Kakashi Hatake, Kabuto Yakushi manages to take his leave in midst of the ensuing chaos. Dokku and Shiseru decide to deactivate the Ama no Hoko and say good-bye to the children. On their way there, they confess their love for each other and decide to get married if they survive before portions of the ground start to sink, with Dokku keeping Shiseru from falling. By that time, Miina is able to get through Naruto, regaining control as he assumed a new form to save Shiseru after telling Dokku to go forward and stop the Ama no Hoko. As Dokku recalls the tune Miina hummed to change the sounds in the Saezuri to deactivate the tower, Naruto uses his new power to destroy his clone as the Ama no Hoko recedes into the ground. The children celebrate with Naruto.

text: Home releases[edit]

text: Japanese[edit]

text:
Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

1
April 3, 2013
1
276–280
[4]

2
May 1, 2013
1
281–284
[4]

3
June 5, 2013
1
285–289
[4]

text:
Special Edition 【Power-Chikara-】

Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

Black
July 3, 2013
1
290–292
[5]

White
August 7, 2013
1
293–295
[5]

text: English[edit]

text:
Viz Media (North America, Region 1 DVD)

Box set
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

22
April 21, 2015
2
271–283
[6]

23
July 28, 2015
2
284–296
[7]

text:
Madman Entertainment (United Kingdom, Region 2)

Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

22
September 14, 2015
2
271–283
[8]

23
February 8, 2016
2
284–296
[9]

text:
Madman Entertainment (Australia/New Zealand, Region 4)

Collection
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

22
June 10, 2015
2
271–283
[10]

23
September 16, 2015
2
284–296
[11]


document_title: Biff, the Michigan Wolverine

question_text: what is the name of michigan's mascot

question_tokens: what is the name of michigan 's mascot

text: Biff, the Michigan Wolverine

text: Formerly known as Biff, the Wolverine, Michigan's mascot has since been renamed Blue.

text: BLUE, the Wolverine was a live wolverine who served as a team mascot at University of Michigan Wolverines football games and was later kept in a small zoo at the University of Michigan in the 1920s and 1930s. In the mid-1920s, before the acquisition of a live wolverine, the University of Michigan used a mounted and stuffed wolverine, also named "Biff", as the team mascot.

text: In 1923, after seeing the University of Wisconsin football team carry live badgers at games, University of Michigan athletic director and football coach Fielding H. Yost decided to procure a wolverine.[1] Despite writing letters to 68 trappers, Yost was reportedly unable to find a wolverine. The best he could do in 1924 was to obtain a mounted and stuffed wolverine from the Hudson's Bay Company.[1][2] The stuffed wolverine was named “Biff” and was featured on the cover of a 1925 game program, along with team captain Robert J. Brown straining to hold Biff on a leash. The caption to the photograph read: “Capt. Bob Brown and Biff: The Wolverine Mascot of Michigan Athletic Teams Is Noted for Its Ferocity and Gameness in Battle, a Characteristic of Every Team that Wears the Maize and Blue.”[3]

text: Then, in 1927, the Detroit Zoo acquired ten wolverines from Alaska. During the 1927 season, Yost struck a deal with the zoo to have two of the wolverines transported to Ann Arbor on football Saturdays.[1][2] The two wolverines were nicknamed “Biff” and “Bennie” and were paraded around Michigan Stadium during football games.[1] Biff and Bennie’s first appearance came on dedication day for Michigan Stadium in 1927.[4]

text: The University of Michigan Athletic Department reports that Biff and Bennie “grew larger and more ferocious,” leading Yost to conclude, "It was obvious that the Michigan mascots had designs on the Michigan men toting them, and those designs were by no means friendly."[1] Accordingly, the practice of bringing Biff and Bennie into the stadium ended after just one season. One of the Wolverines, Biff, was put in a cage at the University of Michigan Zoo.[1] National Geographic reported that "Yost had not accounted for the rapid growth or the ferocity of the animals, and when his players were no longer willing to carry the wolverines around the stadium, one live mascot, 'Biff,' was turned over to the University of Michigan Zoo so that the students would be able to visit—and be inspired by—him."[2] Though some sources report that Biff and Bennie were paraded in cages around Michigan Stadium for only one year, an article from the Bentley Historical Library states that the two live wolverine mascots were brought to the stadium for “a number of years.”[4] The Bentley account also states that both Biff and Bennie lived for a time at a small zoo near the Natural History Museum, "but eventually became too vicious to remain on campus and were moved to the Detroit Zoo."[4]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Greg Kinney. "The Wolverine". The Regents of the University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wolverines: Beast of the Boreal". National Geographic. June 2002.
Jump up ^ "Yost Wants a Real Wolverine, Dead or Alive". M Victors.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Michigan Stadium Story: Dedication Day, Oct. 22, 1927, UM vs. Ohio State". The Regents of the University of Michigan.