document_title: Timeline of Star Trek

question_text: when does the star trek discovery take place

text: Timeline of Star Trek

text: Series, books and movie settings[edit]

text: This table shows each TV series and movie, its year of release or broadcast, the year it was set in according to the prevailing Okuda chronology (see below) and the stardate range for that year. The designation Enterprise-based series are the series that featured the various incarnations of the starship USS Enterprise. In universe timeline chronological order Star Trek Enterprise (ENT), Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), Star Trek: The Animated Series (TAS), Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) and all 13 of the Star Trek feature films including the three newest J.J. Abrams "reboot" films, or "Kelvin Timeline" based on the original series.

text:
Year

Stardates

Enterprise

Novels and Comics

Deep Space Nine

Voyager

Kelvin Timeline

Discovery

Birth of the Universe

"Death Wish" (1996)

3.5 billion years ago

"All Good Things..." (1994)/primordial Earth

~2840 BC

"All Our Yesterdays" [primary plotline] (1969)

1893

"Time's Arrow" [primary plotline] (1992)

1930

"The City on the Edge of Forever" [primary plotline] (1967)

1944

"Storm Front" [primary plotline] (2004)

1947

"Little Green Men" [primary plotline] (1995)

1957

"Carbon Creek" [primary plotline] (2002)

1968

"Assignment: Earth" [primary plotline] (1968)

1969

"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" [primary plotline] (1967) ("late 1960s" in dialogue, but a radio broadcast states that Apollo 11 will be launched on "Wednesday")

1986

The Voyage Home [primary plotline] (1986)

1992–1996

"Eugenics Wars"

Khan Comics [secondary plotline]

"Future's End" [primary plotline]

2000

"11:59" [primary plotline]

2004

"Carpenter Street" [primary plotline] (2003)

2024

"Past Tense" [primary plotline] (1995)

2032

"One Small Step" [primary plotline] (1999)

2049–2053

World War III

2054–2079

Post-atomic horror

2063

First Contact [primary plotline] (1996)

2112

Jonathan Archer born in Upstate New York

2151–2152

Enterprise season 1 (2001–2002)

2152–2153

Enterprise season 2 (2002–2003)

2153–2154

Enterprise season 3 (2003–2004)

2154–2155

Enterprise season 41 (2004–2005)

2156–2160

Earth–Romulan War

2161

Enterprise series finale: "These are the voyages..." holodeck simulation of the events2 (2005)Founding of the United Federation of Planets

2164

2164 (Reboot Stardate)

USS Franklin goes missing: Star Trek Beyond (2016)

2233

2233 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek (2009)3

2233–2258

2233–2258 (Reboot Stardates)

Nero comics

2245–2250

The Constitution-class USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched under the command of Captain Robert April and begins its first 5 year mission.

2254

"The Cage" (1964)

2256

1207.3

"The Vulcan Hello" (2017)

2258–2259

2258–2259 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek (2009)

2259

2259.246 (Reboot Stardate)

Khan Comics [primary plotline]

2259–2260

2259–2260 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek Into Darkness (2013)

2263

2263.2 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek Beyond (2016)

2265

1000–1499

"Where No Man Has Gone Before" (1965)

2266–2267

1500–3299

Star Trek season 1 (1966–1967)

2267–2268

3300–4799

Star Trek season 2 (1967–1968)

"Trials and Tribble-ations" [primary plotline — taking place within TOS' "The Trouble With Tribbles"] (1996)

2268–2269

4800–5999

Star Trek season 3 (1968–1969)

2269-2270

5221–5683

Star Trek: The Animated Series season 1 (1973–1974)

Killing Time Novel

2270

6000–6146

Star Trek: The Animated Series season 2 (1974)

2273

7410–7599

The Motion Picture (1979)

2275

Spock's World Novel

2278

7818.1

USS Bozeman launched: "Cause and Effect" (1992)

2285

8100–8299

The Wrath of Khan (1982)The Search for Spock (1984)

2286

8300–8399

The Voyage Home (1986)

2287

8400–8499

The Final Frontier (1989)

2293

9500–9999

The Undiscovered Country (1991)Generations (Prologue) (1994)

"Flashback" [flashback taking place within The Undiscovered Country] (1996)

2298–2364

The Lost Era Novels

2333–2355

10000-32999

Stargazer Novels

2354–2381

31000-58999

New Frontier Novels

2364

41000–41999

The Next Generation season 1 (1987–1988)

2365

42000–42999

The Next Generation season 2 (1988–1989)

2366

43000–43999

The Next Generation season 3 (1989–1990)

2367

44000–44999

The Next Generation season 4 (1990–1991)

"Emissary" [flashback to the Battle of Wolf 359] (1993)

2368

45000–45999

The Next Generation season 5 (1991–1992)

2369

46000–46999

The Next Generation season 6 (1992–1993)

Deep Space Nine season 1 (1993)

2370

47000–47999

The Next Generation season 7 (1993–1994)Enterprise series finale4 (2005)

Q-Squared Novel

Deep Space Nine season 2 (1993–1994)

2371

48000–48999

Generations (1994)

Deep Space Nine season 3 (1994–1995)

Voyager season 1 (1995)

2372

49000–49999

Deep Space Nine season 4 (1995–1996)

Voyager season 2 (1995–1996)

2373

50000–50999

First Contact (1996)

Deep Space Nine season 5 (1996–1997)

Voyager season 3 (1996–1997)

2374

51000–51999

Deep Space Nine season 6 (1997–1998)

Voyager season 4 (1997–1998)

2375

52000–52999

Insurrection (1998)

Deep Space Nine season 7 (1998–1999)

Voyager season 5 (1998–1999)

2376

53000–53999

A Stitch in Time Novel

Voyager season 6 (1999–2000)

2377–2378

54000–55599

Voyager season 7 (2000–2001)

2378–2379

55600-56399

A Time to... Novels

2379

56400–56899

Nemesis (2002)

2379–2386

56900-63999

Titan Novels

2387

64000-64999

Star Trek (film) (2009) flashback, also in the Star Trek Comic: Star Trek: Countdown

2395

72000-72999

The Next Generation series finale: "All Good Things..." (1994)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This timeline is based on the Star Trek Chronology model described below, supplemented by data from startrek.com.[1]

text: Note: Many of these dates are rounded-off approximations, as the dialog from which they are derived often includes qualifiers such as "over," "more than," or "less than."

text: Before 0[edit]

text:
The Big Bang
Quinn hides in the big bang to avoid discovery by Q.[2]
c. 6 billion years ago
The Guardian of Forever is formed.[3]
c. 4 billion years ago
A humanoid civilization seeds the oceans of many planets with genetic material, which would lead to the development of humanoids on many planets.[4]
c. 65 to 100 million years ago
The dinosaurs (the Voth civilization) from the episode "Distant Origin" are most likely descendants of Hadrosaurids who lived in the Cretaceous period of Earth's history.
c. 1 million years ago
Sargon's people explore the galaxy and colonize various planets, possibly including Vulcan.[5]
c. 600,000 years ago
The Tkon Empire, an interstellar state consisting of dozens of star systems in the Alpha Quadrant, becomes extinct.
c. 200,000 years ago
The Iconian civilization is destroyed.
c. 8,000 BC
The Dominion may have been founded in the Gamma Quadrant by the shapeshifting race known as the Changelings around this time, possibly in a different form than is known in the modern timeline.[6]
c. 2700 BC
A group of extraterrestrial beings landed on Earth and was eventually known as the Greek gods established in the episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?".

text: 1st millennium[edit]

text:
c. 4th century
The Vulcan Time of Awakening. In the midst of horrific wars on Vulcan, the philosopher Surak leads his people, teaching them to embrace logic and suppress all emotion.[7]
The Dominion may have been founded in the Gamma Quadrant by the shapeshifting race known as the Changelings around this time.[8]
c. 9th century
Kahless the Unforgettable unites the Klingons by defeating the tyrant Molor in battle, and provides his people with teachings based on a philosophy of honor.[9]

text: Pre-20th century[edit]

text:
c. 1570
The ancient Bajorans use solar sail ships to explore their star system, and at least one reaches Cardassia.[10]
18th century
The Suliban homeworld becomes uninhabitable. ("Detained" (ENT))
The Preservers transport various Native Americans to a far-away planet.[11]
c. 1864
The Skagarans abduct humans for use as slaves in their colony world. (as referred to in Enterprise Season 3: North Star)
c. 1871
The Cardassian Union is established.[12]
1888
August 31 – Jack the Ripper's first victim is found murdered and mutilated in East London. (as referred to in Star Trek:  The Original Series Season 2:  "Wolf in the Fold")
c. 1893
"Time's Arrow" (TNG)

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
1930
"The City on the Edge of Forever" (TOS)
February 18 – Pluto discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.
1937
Several hundred humans are secretly abducted by aliens and brought to the Delta Quadrant. Eight are cryogenically frozen, including long-lost pilot Amelia Earhart. "The 37's" (VOY)
1944
"Storm Front"  (ENT)
1947
Three Ferengi (Quark, Rom, and Nog) crash land in the New Mexico desert, and are held by the U.S. government at a secret base for scientific study. "Little Green Men" (DS9)
1957
A Vulcan scout ship visits Earth, according to a story told by T'Pol (presumably a true story as T'Pol examines a purse which was portrayed as used by her great-great-grandmother during the story; see episode entry). "Carbon Creek" (ENT)
1961
April 12 – The first human journeys into outer space: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin.
1967
Captain Braxton's 29th century Federation timeship Aeon crashlands on Earth. "Future's End" (Voyager)
January 27 – A launch pad fire during Apollo program tests at Cape Canaveral, Florida, kills astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Edward H. White II, and Roger B. Chafee.
1968
"Assignment: Earth" (TOS)
October 11 – Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, is launched with astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; Donn F. Eisele; and Walter Cunningham aboard.
1969
"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" (TOS)
1970
April 17 – Apollo 13 returns to Earth.
1971
January 31 – Apollo 14 departs for the moon.
1974
March 29 – The unmanned U.S. space probe Mariner 10 becomes the first spacecraft to visit the planet Mercury, sending back close-up images of a celestial body usually obscured because of its proximity to the sun.
1976
July 20 – the Viking 1 lander, an unmanned U.S. planetary probe, becomes the first spacecraft to successfully land on the surface of Mars.
1986 –
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
December 23 – The experimental aircraft Voyager lands at Edwards Air Force Base in California, completing the first nonstop flight around the globe on one load of fuel.
January 28 – The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes during launch of STS-51-L, killing all 7 on board, including school teacher Christa McAuliffe.
1992
The Eugenics Wars (WWIII) begin.[13] (WWIII is retconned to be in 2050s by TNG's Encounter at Farpoint and Star Trek First Contact; DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" retcons the Eugenics Wars as being in the 22nd century)
1995
June 29 – The American space shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian space station Mir to form the largest man-made satellite ever to orbit the Earth.
1996
The Eugenics Wars end.[13] (WWIII is retconned to be in 2050s by TNG's Encounter at Farpoint and Star Trek First Contact; DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" retcons the Eugenics Wars as being in the 22nd century)
"Future's End" (VOY)
1999
Voyager 6 is launched[14]

text: 21st century[edit]

text:
2000
The past events of "11:59" (VOY).
2002
The interstellar probe Nomad is launched.[1][15]
2003
February 1 – The space shuttle Columbia breaks up while entering the atmosphere over Texas killing all seven crew members.
2004
The past events of "Carpenter Street" (ENT).
2009
The first successful Earth-Saturn probe takes place.[1][16]
2011
July 21 – NASA's space shuttle program completes its final mission when the shuttle Atlantis lands at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
2012
The world's first self-sustaining civic environment, Millennium Gate, which became the model for the first habitat on Mars, completed in Portage Creek, Indiana. ("11:59", Voyager)
2018
Sleeper ships are made obsolete.[17]
2024
A united Ireland is achieved by republican terrorists (TNG "The High Ground")
The past events of "Past Tense" (DS9). Namely the "Bell Riots".
2032
Ares IV, a manned mission to Mars is launched.[18]
Zefram Cochrane is born
2037
The spaceship Charybdis makes an attempt to leave the solar system.[19]
2053
World War III ends and Earth is left devastated, mostly because of nuclear warfare. Scientific advancement continues, however.[20] (In TOS WWIII took place in the 1990s[13] while DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" had the Eugenics Wars in the 22nd century)
2063
The past events of Star Trek: First Contact. Zefram Cochrane makes the first human warp flight with the Phoenix. This attracts the Vulcans and they make first contact with humans.
c. 2065
The SS Valiant is launched.[1][21]
2067
The unmanned interstellar warp probe Friendship 1 is launched[22]
2069
The colony ship SS Conestoga is launched. It would found the Terra Nova colony.[23]
2079
Earth begins to recover from its nuclear war.[24] The recovery is aided and partially organized by a newly established political entity called the European Hegemony.[1]
2088
T'Pol is born

text: 22nd century[edit]

text:
2103
Earth colonizes Mars
2111
Jonathan Archer is born in upstate New York on Earth.[25]
2119
Zefram Cochrane, who now is residing on Alpha Centauri, sets off for parts unknown and disappears. Some thought he was testing a new engine. After an exhaustive search, it is believed that Cochrane has died. He becomes one of the most famous missing people in history.[26]
2129
Hoshi Sato is born.[25]
2142
Warp 2 Barrier broken by Commander Robinson in NX Alpha and Warp 2.5 achieved by Commander Archer in NX Beta
2145
Warp 3 Broken by Commander Duvall in NX Delta
2150
Keel laid for Enterprise (NX-01)
2151–2155
The events of Star Trek: Enterprise take place.[27]
2156–2160
The Earth-Romulan War is fought between United Earth and its allies, and the Romulan Star Empire. The war ends in a stalemate though the Romulans are defeated at the Battle of Cheron. The Romulan Neutral Zone is established.[1]
2161
The United Federation of Planets is founded by Earth, Tellar, Andoria, and Vulcan.[28][29]
2165
Sarek, Federation diplomat and father of Spock, is born on Vulcan.[30]
2160s to 2196
The Daedalus class starship is active.[31]

text: 23rd century[edit]

text:
2222
Montgomery Scott is born in Scotland.[32]
2226
Michael Burnham is born on Earth.[33]
2227
Leonard McCoy is born in Georgia, North America on Earth.[34]
2230
Spock, the son of Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, is born on Vulcan.[35]
Hikaru Sulu is born in San Francisco, North America on Earth.[36]
2233
James T. Kirk is born in Riverside, Iowa on Earth.[37]
2233 (alternate timeline)
James T. Kirk is born aboard a shuttlecraft from the USS Kelvin.
James T. Kirk's father, George Kirk, is killed.
Nyota Uhura is born in the United States of Africa.[38] This fits with the alternate timeline, unlike her alternate birth date of 2239, for the latter would suggest her only being nineteen in the film.
2241 (alternate timeline)
Pavel Chekov born in Russia on Earth
2245–2250
The USS Enterprise, a Constitution class vessel is launched under the command of Robert April, on a five-year mission of exploration.[1] In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, the Enterprise is still under construction in 2255 and is not launched on her maiden voyage until 2258.
2245
Pavel Chekov is born to Russian parents.[39] In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, Chekov is only eight years younger than James T. Kirk, implying a birthdate of 2241.[40]
2250
After a refit, the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on a second five-year mission under Captain Christopher Pike.[1]
2254
The events of "The Cage".[41]
2256
The events of Star Trek: Discovery take place.
2258 (alternate timeline)
The events of Star Trek take place. Nero destroys the planet Vulcan – killing billions, including Spock's mother – as well as 9 Federation starships. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on her maiden voyage under Captain Christopher Pike. James T. Kirk becomes the ship's new captain shortly afterward. Henceforth, a different timeline is required.
2259 (alternate timeline)
The events of Star Trek Into Darkness take place.
2260 (alternate timeline)
The Enterprise is launched on a historic five-year mission.
2263 (alternate timeline)
The events of Star Trek Beyond take place. The USS Enterprise is destroyed – The USS Enterprise-A is commissioned at Starbase Yorktown as its replacement.
Ambassador Spock passes away.
2261–2264
The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) undergoes a major refit, increasing its crew complement from 203 to 430.[1]
2263
Boothby, groundskeeper and counselor at Starfleet Academy, is born.
2265–2270
James T. Kirk is captain of the starship Enterprise on a historic five-year mission.[1]
2265
The events of "Where No Man Has Gone Before".
2266–2269
The events of Star Trek: The Original Series take place.
2269-2270
The events of Star Trek: The Animated Series take place.
2270
The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) returns from its five-year mission under the command of Captain James T. Kirk and enters major refit while Kirk is promoted to Admiral at Starfleet Command.
2273
The events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture.
2273-2278
The upgraded USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) embarks on a five-year mission under the command of Admiral James T. Kirk.[1]
2279
Around this time the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is retired from active duty and assigned as a training vessel in orbit of Earth.[1]
2285
The events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
The events of Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is destroyed to prevent it from falling into Klingon hands.
2286
The events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home.
The newly refit USS Yorktown (NCC-1704) is renamed the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A) and is launched on its maiden voyage.
2287
The events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier. (Note that this film apparently takes place soon after the events of the fourth film, as evidenced by Scotty's complaints about repairing the ship after its shakedown cruise, which was depicted at the end of Star Trek IV. Star Trek V would then take place in early 2287, with the events of Star Trek IV spanning most of 2286, with several months passing after Kirk's return to the future to account for the preparation of the Enterprise-A and Gillian's training for her space assignment.)
2293
The events of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. The Enterprise-A is slated to be decommissioned shortly afterwards.
The opening events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-B) is launched under the command of John Harriman. James T. Kirk is presumed killed.

text: 24th century[edit]

text:
2305
Jean-Luc Picard is born in LaBarre, France on Earth.[42]
2311
The Tomed Incident.[1][43]
2324
Beverly Howard (Crusher) is born in Copernicus City, Luna.[42]
2332
Benjamin L. Sisko is born in New Orleans, Louisiana on Earth.[1]
2333
Jean-Luc Picard becomes captain of the USS Stargazer.[1]
2335
Geordi La Forge is born in the African Federation, Earth[42]
William T. Riker is born in Valdez, Alaska on Earth.[1]
2336
Deanna Troi is born on Betazed.[42]
Kathryn Janeway is born in Bloomington, Indiana on Earth.[citation needed]
2337
Tasha Yar is born in a failed Federation colony on Turkana IV.[1]
2340
Worf, son of Mogh, is born on the Klingon homeworld, Qo'noS.[1][44]
2341
Julian Bashir is born.[45]
2343
The Galaxy class development project is officially given the greenlight by Starfleet Command.[46]
2344
The Enterprise-C, under the command of Captain Rachel Garrett, is destroyed defending a Klingon settlement on Narendra III under attack from Romulans.[1][47]
Due to the Enterprise-C's sacrifice, a new era of more open communication begins between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, leading to a formalized alliance.
2345
Sela (half-romulan/half-human), daughter of Natasha Yar (alternate reality from "Yesterday's Enterprise") is born.
2346
Worf's parents are killed by Romulans in the Khitomer massacre. Worf (age 6) is adopted by human parents.[1][48]
2349
Annika Hansen is born in Tendara Colony, to Magnus and Erin Hansen.
2355
Magnus, Erin, and Annika Hansen are assimilated by the Borg while on a research mission in the Delta quadrant.
2357
Worf is the first Klingon to enter Starfleet Academy.[1]
USS Galaxy (NX-70637), the prototype Galaxy class is launched.[46]
2363
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D), the third Galaxy class starship (Following the Galaxy and Yamato) is launched from the Utopia Planitia shipyards in Mars orbit (under the command of Jean-Luc Picard), and becomes the Federation's new flagship.
2364–2370
The events of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
2367
The Borg assimilate Captain Jean-Luc Picard – the Battle of Wolf 359 is fought 7.7 light years from Earth in Sector 001. The battle results in the loss of 39 Starfleet vessels and over 11,000 lives. Benjamin Sisko aboard the USS Saratoga was a participant in the battle and was one of the few survivors alongside his son Jake Sisko. With the task force lost, the Borg continue to Earth. Picard is rescued and the Borg cube is destroyed via the actions of the crew of the Enterprise-D.
2369–2375
The events of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
2371
The events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) is destroyed – the stardrive section by a warp core breach; the saucer section containing the crew makes a forced landing on Veridian III. The ship is subsequently declared a total loss.  James T. Kirk reappears from the temporal continuum in which he had been since his disappearance in 2293; Kirk is killed on Veridian III (Kirk is resurrected a month later in a subsequent story).
2371–2378
The events of Star Trek: Voyager.
"Caretaker": the USS Voyager is stranded in the Delta Quadrant.
2372
Sovereign-class USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) launched under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard
2373
The events of Star Trek: First Contact. The Battle of Sector 001 occurs with a Starfleet Task Force engaging in a running battle with a Borg cube en-route to Earth. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) follows a Borg sphere through a temporal rift and events shift at that point to 2063.
2373–2375
The Dominion War is fought. After devastating losses on both sides, The Federation, alongside the Romulan and Klingon Empires in 2375 make a final push against the Dominion resulting in the Battle of Cardassia. The Dominion subsequently surrenders to the Federation. With the Klingon military in ruins, and the Cardassian Union shattered, The Federation and Romulan Empire emerge from the conflict as the only major powers with the influence to affect Alpha Quadrant politics.
2375
The events of Star Trek: Insurrection.[49] Dialogue in this film and in the DS9 finale "What You Leave Behind" place the chronology of this film as during that episode, after the final battle of the war but before the treaty signing ceremony. Most notable in the film is Worf's ability to leave the station to join the Enterprise, as well as a line about Federation diplomats being involved in Dominion negotiations, and the Federation's willingness to work with the Son'a, who are established as a Dominion ally during the war.
2378
With the help of a future Admiral Janeway, the USS Voyager returns to the Alpha Quadrant. ("Endgame")
2379
The events of Star Trek: Nemesis, resulting in the death of Lieutenant Commander Data.[50]
Discovery of previously unknown Android named "B-4", a prototype android similar in design to Lt. Commander Data but with a notably less advanced Positronic Network.
2387
A star in the Romulan Empire goes Supernova. Ambassador Spock attempts to counter the resulting shockwave using Red Matter, but is unable to save the planet Romulus from destruction. Spock and a Romulan ship commanded by Nero are dragged into a black hole created by the Red Matter detonation and arrive in the past. Nero's arrival in 2233 and subsequent attack on the USS Kelvin creates the Kelvin Timeline.
Based on pattern of Romulan empire following the Roman Empire the Romulan empire is split into a republic and an empire. The empire, being supported by the Tal Shiar continues with its non trusting nature and the republic opens dialogue with the federation.
2395
The "Future" in the Star Trek: The Next Generation series finale ("All Good Things...")

text: 26th century[edit]

text:
c. 2540–2550
The Starship Enterprise-J (presumably NCC 1701-J) is commissioned and takes part in the Battle of Procyon V against the Spherebuilders as shown in Enterprise episode "Azati Prime".

text: 27th century[edit]

text: Temporal Cold War (With agents from the 31st century) – First established in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Enterprise and recurring until the series' fourth season premiere, it is a struggle between those who would alter history to suit their own ends and those who would preserve the integrity of the original timeline.

text: 29th century[edit]

text: The Aeon-type timeship is in active service during this century, ("Future's End") as is the Wells-class timeship Relativity. ("Relativity")

text: 31st century[edit]

text: Star Trek: Voyager episode "Living Witness" takes place sometime during this century. By Star Trek's  fictional chronology, this is the last episode of all the seven series.

text:
Episodes with time traveler Daniels from Enterprise
"Cold Front", "Shockwave", "Azati Prime"

text: History of the chronology[edit]

text: There have been several efforts to develop a chronology[51] for the events depicted by the Star Trek television series and its spin-offs. This matter has been complicated by the continued additions to the Star Trek canon, and the scarcity of Gregorian calendar dates given in the show (stardates instead being used).

text: Original series[edit]

text: There are few references setting the original series in an exact time frame, and those that exist are largely contradictory. In the episode, "Tomorrow Is Yesterday", a 1960s military officer says that he's going to lock Captain Kirk up "for two hundred years", to which a bemused Kirk says, "That ought to be just about right". Likewise, in the episode "Space Seed", it is said that the 1996 warlord Khan Noonian Singh is from "two centuries" ago. Both these references place the show in the 22nd century. However, in the episode "Miri", it is said that 1960 was around 300 years ago, pushing the show into the 23rd century. Finally, the episode "The Squire of Gothos" implied that the light cone of 19th century Earth has expanded to 900 light years, which seems to set the show in the 28th century, since light would take nine centuries to traverse that distance.

text: According to notes in The Making of Star Trek, the show is set in the 23rd century, and the Enterprise was supposed to be around 40 years old. Roddenberry says in this book that the stardate system was invented to avoid pinning down the show precisely in time frame.[52] Roddenberry's original pitch for the series dated it "'somewhere in the future. It could be 1995, or maybe even 2995".[53]

text: Early chronologies[edit]

text: The Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology and FASA, a publisher of the first licensed Star Trek role-playing game, chose to take the "Space Seed figure", adding a few years to make sure the events of the Original Series were in the 23rd century. This dating system is followed by other spin-off works in the 1980s, including Mr. Scott's Guide to the Enterprise. This timeline system gives the following dates[54][55]

text:
The sub-warp ship the UNSS Icarus makes first contact with Alpha Centauri in 2048, and there meets Zefrem Cochran [sic], who has invented warp drive.[54]
The first Earth warp ship, the Bonaventure makes its first voyage, to Tau Ceti, in 2059.[54]
The first contact with Vulcans is in 2065.[54]
The Federation is formed in 2087.[54]
The Romulan War occurs in the 2100s.[54]
First contact with the Klingon Empire in 2151.[54]
The first Constitution-class starship is launched in 2188.[54]
The USS Enterprise's five-year mission under Captain Kirk lasts from 2207 to 2212.[55]
The events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture occur in 2217.[55]
The events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan occur around 2222 (dialogue in the film says it is set "fifteen years" after the Season One episode "Space Seed").
The events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home occur on September 21, 2222.[55]

text: The Star Fleet Battles game was published in 1979, with a license only covering the original series. It has since diverged into an entirely separate fictional universe, new additions to which continue to be published. It does not tie into the Gregorian calendar, instead using a "Year 1" of the invention of Warp on earth. Its version of the original series backstory is

text:
Y1 – Warp drive is developed on Earth.
Y4 – Federation is formed by Earth, Vulcan, Andoria, Alpha Centauri.
Y40-Y46 – Romulan War.
Y71 – Starfleet is formed.
Y126 – The Constitution-class is launched (an upgrade from the Republic-class).
Y154–159 – The events of the Original Series.

text: See Star Fleet Universe timeline.

text: TNG era and Okuda[edit]

text: Press materials for The Next Generation suggested it was set in the 24th century, seventy-eight years after the existing Star Trek, although the exact time frame had not yet been set in stone. The pilot had dialogue stating Data was part of the Starfleet "class of '78".[56] The pilot episode, "Encounter at Farpoint", also has a cameo appearance by Leonard "Bones" McCoy, who is said to be 137.

text: In the last episode of the first season, the year is firmly established by Data, as 2364.[56] This marked the first time an explicit future calendar date had been attached to a Star Trek storyline, and allowed fans and writers to extrapolate further dates. For example, the established date implies McCoy was born around 2227, ruling out the Spaceflight Chronology-derived dating of the original series to the early 23rd century (though the dating had already been effectively overruled by Star Trek IV, which primarily takes place in 1986, where Kirk tells Gillian Taylor that he is from the late 23rd Century, though he does not give an exact date).

text: A Star Trek Chronology was published in 1993, written by production staff members Denise Okuda and Michael Okuda.[57] A second edition was issued in 1996.[1] Okuda originally drew up a timeline for internal use by writers, based on his own research and assumptions provided by Richard Arnold. The dates in the Chronology are consistent with the earlier Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual.[46]

text: It gives the following dates:

text:
Zephram Cochrane invents warp drive around 2061 (so that the SS Valiant can be constructed and go missing two hundred years before "Where No Man Has Gone Before", dated to 2265; the first edition gives 2061, the second edition moves this to 2063 per Star Trek: First Contact)
the Romulan War takes place in the 2150s (about a hundred years before "Balance of Terror")
the Federation is formed in 2161, after the Romulan War, on the basis that "Balance of Terror" says that it was an Earth-Romulan war, not a Federation-Romulan War
the first Constitution class starship is launched in 2244, followed by the Enterprise in 2245
Kirk's five-year mission lasts from 2264 to 2269, based on the assumption that the original series is set exactly 300 years after its original broadcast.
aired live-action Star Trek episodes are dated from 2266 to 2269. The chronology does not include the events of Star Trek: The Animated Series. This is in keeping also with Gene Roddenberry's concept (discussed in The Making of Star Trek by Roddenberry and Stephen Whitfield) that Star Trek's first season takes place after the mission has been under way for some time.
An episode of Voyager—"Q2"—, aired after the Chronology was published, established that Kirk's five-year mission actually ended in 2270.
the events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture take place in 2271 (Kirk has been Chief of Starfleet Operations for two-and-a-half years, according to dialog from Kirk and Decker)
The "Q2" dating for Kirk's five-year mission, moves the first film to c. 2273.
Numerous sources, including the Chronology, postulate a second five-year mission under now-Admiral Kirk's command began soon after the events of the first movie; in part this is to take into account the unproduced revival series Star Trek: Phase II.
the events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock take place in 2285
The Wrath of Khan is a sequel to the episode "Space Seed", which Okuda dates to 2267. In Okuda's timeline there is a gap of eighteen years rather than the fifteen years established in dialog. The film was released in 1982, fifteen years after the episode's broadcast in 1967. The film begins on Kirk's birthday, which is semi-canonically established as March 22, the same as William Shatner.
the events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home take place in 2286
This places Star Trek III in late 2285, as Kirk states in his log that the Enterprise crew has been on Vulcan for "three months" since bringing Spock home
the events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier take place in 2287
the events Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country take place in 2293, based on McCoy's statement that he had served on the Enterprise for 27 years, and his absence in "Where No Man Has Gone Before"
The Kirk-era part of Star Trek Generations is set 78 years before 2371 (established by way of an on-screen caption), thus is set in 2293 and soon after Star Trek VI

text: The gap between 1986's Star Trek IV: the Voyage Home (2286) and the 1987 first season of The Next Generation (2364) is 78 years by this timeline, matching early press materials.

text: There was a gap of 10 years between the broadcast of the last episode of Star Trek: The Original Series and the release of The Motion Picture. The film skirted round the fact the actors had aged, supposing that only two and a half years had passed since the events of the TV show. For Star Trek II, it was decided to acknowledge the reality of the ageing actors, both by setting the film some 15 years after "Space Seed", and by having Kirk worry about getting old.[58]

text: Within The Next Generation era, episodes and films are easier to date. Stardates correspond exactly with seasons, with the first two digits of the stardate representing the season number. Okuda assumes the start of a season is January 1 and the end of the season is December 31.[1] The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager television series and movies have roughly followed "real time", and are set around 377 years after their release.

text: Since the Chronology was published, it has been generally adhered to by the producers of the show. The film Star Trek: First Contact and prequel series Star Trek: Enterprise both revisit the early era. In First Contact, Zephram Cochrane is confirmed as having invented warp drive on Earth, but the date is moved forward slightly to 2063, and it is revealed that Earth's official first contact with an alien species, the Vulcans, took place immediately afterwards as a result of this.

text: The dating of the final season of Star Trek: Voyager has presented controversy. The standard assumption about stardates, as well as the regular correspondence between seasons and in-universe years, would place the entire season in the year 2377—the season begins with stardate 54014.4 and ends with 54973.4. However, the episode "Homestead" features a celebration of the 315th anniversary of Zefram Cochrane's first contact with the Vulcans, which would set the episode on April 5, 2378. The fansite Memory Alpha thus places the final eight episodes of the season ("Human Error" through "Endgame") in 2378, with other sources following suit.

text: Enterprise is set in the 2150s, and ties into the Cochrane backstory. The show uses the Gregorian calendar instead of Stardates, making tracking the dating easier. Its pilot, "Broken Bow", depicts first contact with the Klingons occurring much earlier than the Okuda chronology anticipated (it suggested a date of 2218, based on a line in "Day of the Dove", noting that dialog in "First Contact" makes this problematic – though the actual line in the episode referred to hostilities between the two, and in Enterprise Human-Klingon relations, while by no means friendly, clearly do not rise to the de facto state of war shown in TOS).  It shows the opening of the Romulan war and the start of a coalition between Earth, Vulcan, Andor and Tellar in the 2150s. The date of the founding year of the Federation, 2161, was revealed in the fifth-season TNG episode "The Outcast," based on an early draft of the Okuda timeline. The final episode of Enterprise, "These Are the Voyages...", is consistent with the establishment of 2161 as the founding year for the Federation.

text: No version of the Chronology or the Encyclopedia has been published since 1999. A 2006 book by Jeff Ayers contains a timeline which attempts to date all of the many Star Trek novels.[59] This timeline has The Motion Picture in 2273, to account for the two-and-a-half-year gap between the end-date of 2270 established in "Q2" and the events of the movie. The official website, StarTrek.com, still gives the date of that movie as 2271.[60]

text: Eugenics Wars and World War III[edit]

text: When the original series of Star Trek was produced, the 1990s were considered the distant future, and so various elements of the backstory to Star Trek are set in that era, particularly the Eugenics Wars. The references to the Eugenics Wars and to a nuclear war in the 21st century are somewhat contradictory.

text: The episode "Space Seed" establishes the Eugenics Wars, and has them lasting from 1992 to 1996. The Eugenics Wars are described as a global conflict in which the progeny of a human genetic engineering project, most notably Khan Noonien Singh, established themselves as supermen and attempted world domination. Spock calls them "the last of your so-called World Wars," and McCoy identifies this with the Eugenics Wars.

text: In the episode "Bread and Circuses" Spock gives a death toll for World War III of 37 million. The episode "The Savage Curtain" features a Colonel Green, who led a genocidal war in the 21st century. The TNG episode "Encounter at Farpoint" further establishes a "post-atomic horror" on Earth in 2079.  However, the movie Star Trek: First Contact put the contact between Vulcans and humans at April 5, 2063.

text: The Star Trek Concordance identifies the "Bread and Circuses" figure as the death toll for a nuclear World War III, in the mid-21st century. Star Trek: First Contact firmly establishes World War III ended, after a nuclear exchange, in 2053, but with a body count of 600 million. The figure of Colonel Green is elaborated on in Star Trek: Enterprise. First Contact also deliberately describes the warring parties in World War III as "factions," not nations per se.

text: The Voyager episode "Future's End" saw the Voyager crew time-travel to Los Angeles in 1996, which, as the Encyclopedia notes, seems entirely unaffected by the Eugenics Wars, which ended that year. The episode acknowledges the issue only by featuring a model of Khan's DY-100-class ship on a 1996 desk.[61] Khan's spaceship is another anomaly for the timeline, which has a variety of long-lost spaceships being launched between 1980 and 2100, with inconsistent levels of technology (caused by the increasing real lifetime and also decreased optimism about the pace of space exploration).

text: A reference in the Deep Space Nine episode "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" suggests that the Eugenic Wars instead took place in the 22nd century. According to writer Ronald D. Moore, this was not an attempt at a retcon, but a mistake – when writing the episode, he recalled the already questionable "two centuries ago" line from "Space Seed" and forgot that DS9 takes place over 100 years later.[62]

text: Season 4 of Star Trek: Enterprise involves a trilogy of episodes ("Borderland" "Cold Station 12", and "The Augments") related to scientist Doctor Arik Soong, ancestor of Doctor Noonien Soong, and his genetic augmentations of Humans. Numerous historical details of the devastating Eugenics Wars are discussed: the death of 35–37 million people; how Earth's governments could not decide on the fate of the 1,800 genetically enhanced embryos; and how Soong had infiltrated the complex and stolen and raised 19 embryos himself. Soong maintained that he himself and humanity in general had learned the lessons of the Eugenics Wars and should not continue to hide behind those events when there was progress to be made now that the technology had matured and was much more practicable. (The actions of his "children" convince him otherwise, and at the end of "The Augments" Soong declares his interest in cybernetics, beginning the work which would one day bring about Data.)

text: Greg Cox's two-book series The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh develops the idea of the Eugenics Wars in the context of real-life history by representing it as a secret history, and that the truth behind the various civil wars and conflicts in the 1990s was not generally known; ironically, Los Angeles, whose appearance in "Future's End" helped bring the war's existence into question, is portrayed as an EW "battlefront", the Rodney King riots being one such calamity.

text: Cochrane[edit]

text: In the episode "Metamorphosis", it is stated that Zefram Cochrane of Alpha Centauri, the discoverer of the space warp, disappeared 150 years ago, at the age of 87. Given Okuda's date of 2267 for that episode, this puts Cochrane's disappearance in 2117 and birth in 2030. 1980s spin-off material such as the Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology posit that Cochrane was from Alpha Centauri originally, and that a sub-warp ship the UNSS Icarus arrived at Alpha Centauri in 2048 to find he had discovered the theory behind warp drive. The Icarus then relayed its findings back to Earth, the first prototype warp ship was launched in 2055.

text: The Star Trek Chronology does not hold with this theory, and asserts that Cochrane was an Earth native, who moved to Alpha Centauri later in life (even in "Metamorphosis", before Cochrane identifying himself to the landing party, Dr. McCoy had taken a tricorder scan and determined him to be human). The first edition Chronology notes that Cochrane's invention of warp drive must have been at least 200 years before "Where No Man Has Gone Before", and suggests a date of 2061, noting that Cochrane would be 31 that year.

text: The film Star Trek: First Contact prominently features Cochrane's first successful warp flight. The film is set in 2063, two years after the Chronology suggestions, and therefore by the timeline Cochrane is 33. The actor who played Cochrane in that movie, James Cromwell, was 56 at the time of the film's release. The Encyclopedia notes the age issue, and claims that the Cromwell Cochrane had suffered from radiation poisoning, causing his aged appearance. Enterprise pins down Cochrane's disappearance to 2119, making Cochrane instead 31 at the time of First Contact.


document_title: 10th BRICS summit

question_text: what is the theme of brics summit 2018

question_tokens: what is the theme of brics summit 2018

root

text: 10th BRICS summit

text:
2018 BRICS summit10th BRICS summitHost country
South AfricaDate
25–27 July 2018Venue(s)
Sandton Convention Centre.Cities
JohannesburgParticipants
BRICSFollows
9th BRICS summitPrecedes
11th BRICS summitWebsite
http://www.brics2018.org.za

tag: table

text: The 2018 BRICS summit is the tenth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, the second time the South Africa has hosted the summit after the 2013 summit.[1][2]This years theme 'BRICS in Africa'.

tag: p

text: Participating leaders[edit]

text:
BrazilMichel Temer, President

 RussiaVladimir Putin, President

 IndiaNarendra Modi, Prime Minister

 ChinaXi Jinping, President

 South AfricaCyril Ramaphosa, President (Host)

tag: ul

text: Guests[edit]

text:
ArgentinaMauricio Macri, President[3]

 TurkeyRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, President[4]


document_title: List of cities and towns in India by nicknames

question_text: which city is called steel city of india

text: List by states[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Kakinada

Pensioner's Paradise[1]

Piduguralla

Lime City[2]

Rajahmundry

Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[3]

Tenali

Andhra Paris[4]

Tirupati

Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[5]

Visakhapatnam

Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[5]
The Jewel of the East Coast[6]
Goa of the East[6]
The City of Destiny[6]

text: Bihar[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Muzaffarpur

The Land of Leechi[7]
Sweet City
Cultural Capital of Bihar

Bhagalpur

Silk City[8][9]

text: Gujarat[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Ahmedabad

INDIA'S first world heritage city
Manchaster City Of India

Surat

Textile City of India
Diamond City of India

Valsad

Mango capital of the world (Alphonso Mangoes)

Baroda (Vadodara)

Banyan City[10]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[11]
Power Hub of India[12]

Unjha

Spice City of India

text: Haryana[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Panipat

[13]

Fatehabad

2nd Pink City of India

text: Jharkhand[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Jamshedpur

Steel City of India[14]

text: Karnataka[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bangalore (Bengaluru)

Silicon Valley of India[15]
Science City of India[16]
Garden City of India[17]

Coorg (Kodagu)

Scotland of India[18]

Mangalore (Mangaluru)

Rome of the East[19]
Ice Cream Capital of India[20]

Mysore (Mysuru)

Sandalwood City[21]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[22]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[23]

Sakleshpur (Sakleshpura)

Poor Man's Ooty[24][25]

text: Kerala[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Kochi (Cochin)

Queen of Arabian Sea[26]

Kozhikode (Calicut)

City of Spices.[27]

Kottayam

City of Letters(Aksharanagari)[citation needed]
City of Murals[citation needed]

Thrissur (Trichur)

Banking City of India[citation needed]
Gold Capital of India[citation needed]
Cultural Capital of Kerala[citation needed]
Land Of Poorams[citation needed]

Kollam

Cashew Capital of the World[28]

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Evergreen City of India[29]

Alappuzha (alleppey)
venice of east

Kasaragod

Land of Seven Languages ( Saptha bhasha sangama bhoomi)[30]
Harkwillia[31]

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bhopal

City of Lakes

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Yavatmal

Cotton City of India[32]

Nagpur

Orange City,[33] tiger city

Pune

Queen of Deccan[34]
Educational city

Kolhapur

City of Wrestlers[35]

Jalgaon

Banana City

Jalna

Steel City , seed Capital Of India

Mumbai

City of Dreams , Financial Capital Of India

text: Meghalaya[edit]

text:
City/Town
Nickname

Shillong

Scotland of East

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Balangir

Cloth City of Orrisa[36]

Berhampur

The Textile City[36]

Bhubaneswar

The Temple City[37]

Cuttack

The Millennium City, The Silver City

text: Punjab[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Patiala

Royal City[38]

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bundi

Little Kashi[39]
City of Stepwells

Jaipur

Pink City[40]

Jodhpur

Blue City[citation needed]
Sun City[citation needed]

Bhilwara

textile City[citation needed]

Udaipur

City of Lakes[41]
Venice of the East (†4)[41][42]

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Chennai (Madras)

Detroit of Asia[43]
Automobile Capital of India[43]
Healthcare Capital of India[44]

Coimbatore

Manchester of South India[45][46]

Madurai

Athens of the East
City of Festivals
City that never Sleeps
Temple City

Tiruchirappalli

Rockfort City
Energy equipment and fabrication capital of India
Temple City

Tiruppur

Knit wear capital of India
Textile City
Dollar City of India
Cotton city
Baniyan city

Salem

Steel City
Mango City

Puducherry (Pondicherry)

Paris of the East (†3)

Tirunelveli

City of paddy fields[47]
Oxford of Southindia

Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

Pearl City[48]

Auroville

City of Dawn

Yercaud

Poor Man's Ooty[49][50]

text: Telangana[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Hyderabad

City of Pearls[51]

Nalgonda

City of Rocks

text: Uttar Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Lucknow

City of Nawabs[52]

text:
City
Nickname

Kanpur

The Leather City Of The World
Manchester Of The East[53]

Varanasi

The City Of Ghats

text: Gorakhpur*Bowl of Sugar and Rice,

text: ALLHABAD*City of Education City of Sangam City of Kumbh Mela

text: West Bengal[edit]

text:
City
Nickname(s)

Calcutta (Kolkata)

City of Joy[54]
City of Palaces(†3)
Cultural Capital of India[55]

Siliguri

Gateway of Northeast India[56]

Gateway to the Dooars[57]

Bishnupur

City of Temples (Mandir Nagari)

Durgapur

Ruhr of India

Asansol

Land of Black Diamond

Siliguri

City of Hospitality

text: Bardhaman - City of Peace

text: Anchors[edit]

text:
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)


document_title: Improved Outer Tactical Vest

question_text: where do the plates go in an iotv

question_tokens: where do the plates go in an iotv

text: Improved Outer Tactical Vest

text: Background[edit]

text: While the Interceptor body armor and the Outer Tactical Vest were considered fairly effective, questions were raised over whether or not they were the best possible armor solution for soldiers of the United States Military. This debate was heightened by controversy over Dragon Skin, produced by the now defunct Pinnacle Armor. Various claims surfaced that Dragon Skin was more effective at protecting soldiers than the then standard issue Interceptor body armor system, with independent studies and reports seeming to back these claims, eventually leading to multiple congressional members asking for further evaluation.[5] In response, the military made public testing that showed widespread failures in the testing of the Dragon Skin armor.[6] Ultimately, Dragon Skin never saw widespread adoption, and many of the perceived shortfalls of the Outer Tactical Vest such as standard of protection or modularity were addressed in the new Improved Outer Tactical Vest and E-SAPI plates.

text: Technical details[edit]

text: A size Medium IOTV weighs 33.6 pounds (15.2 kg), less than a Medium OTV vest, while providing more coverage. However, a fully equipped IOTV, complete with all its components (soft armor panel inserts, four ballistic plate inserts (front and back plates and two side plates), collar, and groin protectors) still weighs 30 pounds (14 kg), with a Large IOTV weighing about 35 pounds (16 kg). The functionality of the enhanced side ballistic inserts, which provide coverage under the arms and down the sides of the torso, is built into the IOTV.

text: The IOTV provides the ability to don the vest in two ways. The first is to simply place the vest over the head and pull down, and the second is to remove fasteners on the wearer's left shoulder, sliding into the vest to the right. To complete the procedure for both methods the wearer then lifts up the front panel of the vest and fastens the waistband, which takes the weight of the vest off the shoulders somewhat, and then fastens the side protection modules.

text: A key design feature for the IOTV is that the entire armor system is able to be released with the pull of a hidden lanyard. The armor then falls apart into its component pieces, providing a means for escape in case the wearer falls into water or becomes trapped in a hazardous environment.[7] The hidden release lanyard also allows medical personnel easier access to a casualty, which was one concern that was not addressed with the old Interceptor armor.

text: It also features a grid of PALS webbing on the front, back, and sides for the attachment of modular pouches and accessories such as neck and throat protection, groin protection, or deltoid protection.[8]

text: Female model[edit]

text: In response to the large numbers of female soldiers in the army, a female-specific version of the IOTV was developed. Previously, standard tactical vests were issued to women in combat. Army soldiers found that women's movement was restricted, in ways such as bending over, getting in and out of tight spaces, or positioning their rifles against their shoulders. The long armor plates inside the vests would also rub against their hips and cut into their thighs when they sat down. Development of a model for women began in 2009. After much testing and measurements, the Army came up with a vest that is shorter to accommodate smaller torsos and has tailoring to fit closer to women’s chests. The new vest eliminates gaps between the material and the body and can be fitted with smaller side ballistic inserts for small waist sizes. The vest has a lighter feel because it doesn’t rest on the female soldier’s shoulders like the normal vest. The first female soldier vests were given to soldiers deploying for Afghanistan in September 2012.[9]

text: Features[edit]

text: Nearly all modern military body armor is designed to prevent penetration from bullets to vital areas of the body, in addition to protection against knives and fragmentation from explosives. Typically this is accomplished through both highly durable woven synthetic fibers such as Kevlar or Dyneema, and either metal or ceramic trauma plates. The IOTV is the standard issue torso protection component to the United States Army.

text: The IOTV is designed to take the weight of the vest off the shoulders and move it to the lower torso. The vest is also equipped with a mesh inner cover that is designed to improve airflow inside of the armor. There is also a back pad in the lower back area of the vest, which is designed to defeat fragmentation impacts to the lower back/kidney areas. However, the back pad does not provide significant ballistic protection. The vest can withstand a direct impact from a 7.62 millimeter (both NATO and ex-Soviet types) on the front or rear if using the older SAPI plates (NIJ standard III). Use of the new E-SAPI plates increase protection to armor-piercing versions of the aforementioned rounds in addition to .30-06 Springfield M2 armor-piercing rounds (NIJ standard IV). The IOTV provides, without the ballistic ceramic plates inserted, protection from small caliber rounds (i.e. 9mm) and fragmentation. The soft kevlar panels have been tested to stop 9 mm 124 grain full metal jacket bullets at 1,400 ft/s (426 m/s) with minimal deformation and has a V-50 of roughly 1,525 ft/s (465 m/s). This means that the bullet has to be traveling faster than 1,525 ft/s for it to have more than a 50% chance of breaking through the soft armor panel. These specifications are similar to the NIJ standard level III-A certification, however, military standards do not require their vests to be NIJ certified as this is primarily a law enforcement standard.

text: The modular design of the vest allows greater tactical flexibility in regards to different situations faced by ground troops. A US Army medical research report concluded that greater modular design leads to the ability to find a more effective balance between projectile protection and the physical endurance of the soldier, preventing losses in agility and mobility, and therefore reducing potential injuries or casualties.[10]

text: E-SAPI Plates[edit]

text: E-SAPI (Enhanced Small Arms Protective Insert) plates and their smaller counterparts E-SBI (Enhanced Side Ballistic Inserts) plates, are ceramic trauma plates that provide the bulk of the protection against projectiles when carried in an Improved Outer Tactical Vest, and are also used as part of many other body armors such as the Modular Tactical Vest. E-SAPI plates are designed to cover the vital front and back torso areas of the torso, while E-SBI plates are designed to protect the sides of the torso. The plate component itself is made of boron carbide, a widely used and extremely hard boron-carbon ceramic. Backing the plate is a layer of Spectra, a woven polymer material with extremely high tensile strength meant to stop any projectile that manages to pass through the ceramic strikeface.[11]

text: When a bullet strikes the E-SAPI plate, the kinetic energy is dispersed throughout the ceramic layer, and the majority of military rounds in common use are stopped or broken up. If the bullet continues through the boron carbide layer, the Spectra backing either stops the bullet, or, if the bullet was powerful enough, allows the bullet to pass through into the IOTV itself, and likely the wearer. Even in the event of the E-SAPI plate failing to prevent penetration, the velocity and energy of the penetrating round is oftentimes reduced to the point where the resulting wound is non lethal. E-SAPI plates are manufactured by Armorworks Enterprises, Ceradyne, Simula, and BAE Systems.[12]

text: Durability standards are high for E-SAPI plates, with Army requirements on environmental condition testing involving the plates being kept 6 hours at both a high temperature and a low temperature in addition to being dropped twice among a variety of other requirements. USSOCOM requirements are even more stringent, involving 24 hours at high and low temperatures.[13]

text: While E-SAPI plates do hold significant defensive advantages over the preceding SAPI plates, the increased protection comes at the cost of increased weight and significantly increased cost. Comparing medium-sized plates, a SAPI plate weighs 1.82 kilograms while an E-SAPI plate weighs 2.5 kilograms, over a 35 percent increase in weight.[14] In regards to cost, E-SAPI plates cost 50 percent more, coming in at approximately $600 per plate.[15] SAPI plates were largely phased out in favor of E-SAPI plates beginning in 2005.

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: The Improved Outer Tactical Vest as a whole is a huge improvement over previous armor systems, with the fragmentation vest from the Vietnam war being limited to fragmentation protection, the PASGT vest being limited to pistol rounds, and the previous Outer Tactical Vest being unable to stop armor piercing rounds.

text: In response to the feedback of soldiers on the effectiveness of the armor system, the Army has continually upgraded the IOTV with new features, with Generation III involving a more intuitive quick release system and the new Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP). Rather than producing entirely new IOTV armor sets, body armor conversion kits have been delivered at a lower cost in order to bring older Generation armor sets up to newer standards.[16]

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: One criticism carried over from the older OTV to the newer IOTV is what is regarded as the excessive weight of the armor, especially by dismounted infantrymen who regard the armor almost as a liability. In response to this, the US Army is looking into supplementing the heavy IOTV with the newer Modular Body Armor Vest (MBAV) and Soldier Plate Carrier System (SPCS) already in service in Ranger and Airborne units. The MBAV and SPCS do provide less soft body armor coverage, but are lighter than the IOTV, thus more suitable for patrol in Afghanistan.[17] The Army plans to introduce the torso and extremity protection (TEP) system beginning in 2018, which includes a modular scalable vest, ballistic combat shirt, blast pelvic protection system, and battle belt to reduce overall weight from 26 to 21 lb (11.8 to 9.5 kg) while maintaining coverage by reducing excess bulk.[18]

text: Users[edit]

text:
United States: US military.[19][20]
 Ukraine: Nearly a thousand vests purchased by Ukraine from private owners between 2014-16, and utilized by Ukrainian soldiers involved in Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine.[citation needed]


document_title: Ruiz

question_text: where does the last name ruiz come from

question_tokens: where does the last name ruiz come from

text: Ruiz

text: The surname Ruiz originates from the Germanic personal name "Hrodric" which is composed of the elements Hrod, meaning "renown", and Ric meaning power. Thus, the name Ruiz means "famous ruler". Ruiz derives from the name of the father of the original bearer. Its roots can be traced back to the Visigoths, the Germanic tribe who ruled in the Iberian Peninsula between the 5th and 8th centuries.[citation needed]

text: People[edit]

text:
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1890–1973), President of Mexico 1952-1958
Alejandro R. Ruiz (1923–2009), U.S. Army recipient of Medal of Honor in World War II
Alexandre Ruiz (born 1987), French rugby union referee
Ashley Ruiz (born 1976), American singer, prior member of the group Menudo
Bartolomé Ruiz (1482–1532), Spanish conquistador
Blas Ruiz, Spanish explorer
Bryan Ruiz (born 1985), Costa Rican football player
Carlos Ruiz (disambiguation), several people
Chela Ruiz (1921–1999), Argentine actress
Chris Ruiz, German electronic DJ and producer, member of band And One
Edgar Humberto Ruiz (born 1971), Colombian road cyclist
Enzo Ruiz (disambiguation), several people
Estanislau Ruiz Ponsetti (1889–1967), Spanish engineer and socialist politician
Estela Ruiz (born 1936), Mexican-American Marian visionary
Félix Ruiz (1940–1993), Spanish footballer
Frankie Ruiz, (1958–1998) Puerto Rican salsa singer
Gabriel Ruiz (disambiguation), several people
Grace Ruiz, actress
Héctor Ruiz (born 1945), Mexican-American businessman, CEO of AMD
Hipólito Ruiz López (1754–1816), Spanish botanist
Israel Ruiz, Jr. (born 1943), New York politician
Iván Ruiz (born 1977), Cuban volleyball player
John Ruiz a.k.a. “The Quiet Man” (born 1972), Puerto Rican boxing champion
José Francisco Ruiz (1795–1840), Texas revolutionary and politician
José Martínez Ruiz, pseudonym Azorin (1873–1967), Spanish poet and writer
José Javier Pomés Ruiz (born 1952), Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament
Juan Ruiz (1283–1350), Spanish priest and poet
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (1581–1639), dramatist from New Spain
Lorenzo Ruiz (c. 1600–1637), Filipino saint
Martha Cecilia Ruiz (born 1972), Nicaraguan poet, writer, journalist and activist
Don Miguel Ruiz (born 1952), Mexican author, shaman, and teacher of the Toltec tradition
Nicholas Ruiz III (a.k.a. Nick Ruiz, Ph.D) (born 1970), American professor of philosophy and humanities, recording artist, author, editor of Kritikos
Óscar Ruiz (born 1969), Colombian football referee
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso (born 1881), Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright
Raoul Ruiz (1941–2011), Chilean filmmaker
Renata Ruiz (born 1984), Chilean model, 2005 Miss Universe contestant
Renato Ruiz (born 1977), Mexican professional wrestler
Rio Ruiz (born 1994), American professional baseball player
Rodrigo Ruiz (born 1972), Chilean football player
Rosie Ruiz (born 1953), woman who finished first in the 1980 Boston Marathon but was later found to have cheated by jumping in during the middle of the race
Samuel Ruiz (born 1924), Mexican bishop from the state of Chiapas
Tracie Ruiz (born 1963), American synchronized swimmer
Yumilka Ruiz (born 1978), Cuban volleyball player

text: Places[edit]

text:
Nevado del Ruiz, volcano in Colombia
Ruiz, Nayarit, in Mexico

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Ruiz. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesPatronymic surnamesSpanish-language surnames

text: All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from February 2017Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles