document_title: College basketball

question_text: when did college basketball change from quarters to halves

root

text: College basketball

text: History[edit]

text: The history of basketball can be traced back to a YMCA International Training School, known today as Springfield College, located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The sport was created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891.[1][2][3] Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893.[4]

tag: p

text: Collegiate firsts[edit]

text: The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on February 7, 1893.[4] The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College's game against the New Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, which Geneva won 3–0.[4]

text: The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on February 9, 1895, when Hamline University faced Minnesota A&M (which later became a part of the University of Minnesota).[4][5] Minnesota A&M won the game, which was played under rules allowing nine players per side, 9–3.[5] The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, on January 18, 1896.[4][6] The Chicago team won the game 15-12, under the coaching of Amos Alonzo Stagg, who had learned the game from James Naismith at the Springfield YMCA.[5][6] However, some sources state the first "true" five-on-five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn, because although the Iowa team that played Chicago in 1896 was composed of University of Iowa students, it reportedly did not officially represent the university, rather it was organized through a YMCA.[5] By 1900, the game of basketball had spread to colleges across the country.

text: Tournaments[edit]

text: The Amateur Athletic Union's annual U.S. national championship tournament (first played in 1898) often featured collegiate teams playing against non-college teams. Four colleges won the AAU tournament championship: Utah (1916), NYU (1920), Butler (1924) and Washburn (1925). College teams were also runners-up in 1915, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1932 and 1934.

text: The first known tournament featuring exclusively college teams was the 1904 Summer Olympics, where basketball was a demonstration sport, and a collegiate championship tournament was held.[7] The Olympic title was won by Hiram College.[7] In March 1908, a two-game "championship series" was organized between the University of Chicago and Penn, with games played in Philadelphia and Bartlett, Illinois. Chicago swept both games to win the series.[8][9]

text: In March 1922, the 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament was held in Indianapolis – the first stand-alone post-season tournament exclusively for college teams. The champions of six major conferences participated: Pacific Coast Conference, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Western Pennsylvania League, Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The Western Conference and Eastern Intercollegiate League declined invitations to participate.[10] Wabash College won the 1922 tournament.

text: The first organization to tout a regularly occurring national collegiate championship was the NAIA in 1937, although it was quickly surpassed in prestige by the National Invitation Tournament, or NIT, which brought six teams to New York's Madison Square Garden in the spring of 1938.[5] Temple defeated Colorado in the first NIT tournament championship game, 60–36.[5]

text: NCAA tournament[edit]

text: In 1939, another national tournament was implemented by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The location of the NCAA Tournament varied from year to year, and it soon used multiple locations each year, so more fans could see games without traveling to New York. Although the NIT was created earlier and was more prestigious than the NCAA for many years, it ultimately lost popularity and status to the NCAA Tournament. In 1950, following a double win by the 1949–50 CCNY Beavers men's basketball team (when the NIT comprised 12 and the NCAA 8 teams), the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments, and effectively indicated that a team eligible for the NCAA tournament should play in it.[11] Not long afterward, assisted by the 1951 scandals based in New York City, the NCAA tournament had become more prestigious than before, with conference champions and the majority of top-ranked teams competing there.[12] The NCAA tournament eventually overtook the NIT by 1960. Through the 1960s and 1970s, with UCLA leading the way as winner of ten NCAA Tournament championships, a shift in power to teams from the west amplified the shift of attention away from the New York City-based NIT. When the NCAA tournament expanded its field of teams from 25 to 32 in 1975, to 48 in 1980, to 64 in 1985, and to 68 teams in 2011, interest in the NCAA tournament increased again and again, as it comprised more and more teams, soon including all of the strongest ones. (Expansion also improved the distribution of playing locations, which number roughly one-third the number of teams in the field.)

text: In 2011, the NCAA field expanded to 68 teams and the last 8 teams playing for four spots making the field into 64, which is called the first round and so on. The former first round is called the second round, the second round is called the third round, and the Sweet Sixteen is the same, but it is technically the fourth round in the current format, etc.[13]

text: In 2016, the field did not expand, but the round numbers changed again. The first four games containing the last 8 teams is now referred to as the first four. Consequently, the first round does not start until the first four games are out of the way and the field is narrowed to 64 teams. So after the first four games the first round starts instead of that being the second round. The Second is now when there are 32 teams left, the sweet sixteen is the third round, and so on.[14]

text: Original rules[edit]

text: The original rules for basketball were very different from today's modern rules of the sport, including the use of 8 players per side. In the beginning James Naismith established 13 original rules:

text:
The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.
A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, with allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed.
The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.
No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking, or tripping in any way of an opponent is allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
A foul will be called when a player is seen striking at the ball with the fist, or when violations of rules 3 and 4 and such as described in rule 5 have been made.
If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents ("consecutive" means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).
A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to rule 5.
The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.
The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner.

tag: ol

text: History of NCAA Basketball Rule Changes[edit]

text: The following is a list of some of the major NCAA Basketball rule changes with the year they went into effect.[15][16]

text:
Season
Rule Change

1891–92
The first set of women's rules is created.

1900–01
A dribbler may not shoot for a field goal and may dribble only once, and then with two hands.

1908–09
A dribbler is permitted to shoot. The dribble is defined as the "continuous passage of the ball," making the double dribble illegal.
Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul (women).

1910–11
Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul (men).
No coaching is allowed during the progress of the game by anybody connected with either team. A warning is given for the first violation and a free throw is awarded after that.

1917–18
Players are disqualified upon committing their fifth personal foul (women only).

1920–21
The basket is moved to two feet from the baseline. Previously the players could climb the padded wall to get closer to the basket (with the new rule the wall is out of bounds).
A player can re-enter a game once. Before this rule, if a player left the game, he could not re-enter for the rest of the game.

1921–22
Running with the ball was changed from a foul to a violation.

1923–24
The player fouled must shoot his own free throws. Before this rule, one person usually shot all the free throws for a team.

1928–29
The charging foul by the dribbler is introduced.

1930–31
A held ball may be called when a closely guarded player is withholding the ball from play for 5 seconds.

1932–33
The 10-second (mid-court) line is introduced to reduce stalling (men only).
No player with the ball may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.

1933–34
A player may re-enter a game twice.

1935–36
No offensive player (with or without the ball) may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.

1937–38
The center jump after every made basket is eliminated.

1938–39
The ball will be thrown in from out of bounds at mid-court by the team shooting a free throw after a technical foul. Previously, the ball was put into play by a center jump after the technical free throw.

1939–40
Teams have the option of taking a free throw or taking the ball at midcourt.

1942–43
Any player who has yet to foul out, will be allowed to receive a fifth foul in overtime.

1944–45
Defensive goaltending is banned.
Five personal fouls disqualifies a player; no extra foul is permitted in overtime (men).
Unlimited substitution is allowed.
Offensive players cannot stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.

1948–49
Coaches are allowed to speak to players during a timeout.

1951–52
Games are to be played in four 10-minute quarters. Previously it was two 20-minute halves.

1952–53
Teams can no longer waive free throws and take the ball at midcourt.

1954–55
The one-and-one free throw is introduced allowing a player to take a second free throw if the first one is made.
Games return to two 20-minute halves.

1955–56
The two-shot penalty in existence for the last 3 minutes of each half is eliminated; the one-and-one free throw exists for the whole game.

1956–57
The free-throw lane is increased from 6 feet to 12 feet in width.
On the lineup for a free throw, the two spaces adjacent to the end line must be occupied by opponents of the shooter. In the past, one space was marked 'H' for the home team, and one 'V' for the visitors.
Grasping the rim is ruled unsportsmanlike conduct.

1957–58
Offensive goaltending is now banned.
One free throw for each common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half, and the one-and-one is used thereafter.

1967–68
The dunk is made illegal during the game and during warmups.

1969–70
Women's basketball introduces the five-player full-court game on an experimental basis.

1971–72
The five-player full-court game becomes mandatory for women's basketball.
The 30-second shot clock is introduced (women only).

1972–73
The free throw on the common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half is eliminated.
An official can charge a technical foul on a player for unsportsmanlike conduct if the official deems the player 'flopped' to get a charging call.
Freshmen are now eligible to play varsity basketball.

1973–74
Officials can now penalize players away from the ball for fouls for acts such as holding, grabbing and illegal screens.

1976–77
The dunk is made legal again.

1981–82
The jump ball is eliminated except for the start of the first and second half, and overtime if necessary. An alternating arrow will indicate possession of the ball in jump-ball situations in a game (men only).

1982–83
When a closely guarded player is guarded for 5 seconds, a jump ball is no longer required. Instead a turnover is created and the ball goes to the other team.

1983–84
Two free throws are issued if a foul occurs in the last two minutes of a half or in overtime (men only). This rule was rescinded a month into the season, before the start of conference play.

1984–85
A new, smaller ball ("size 6"; 28.5 inches circumference, 18 ounces) is introduced for women's play.

1985–86
The 45-second shot clock is introduced for men's play.
If a shooter is intentionally fouled and the basket is missed, the shooter will get two free throws and the team will get possession of the ball.

1986–87
A three-point shot was introduced, with the line a uniform 19′ 9″ from the center of the basket. Mandatory for men's basketball; experimental for women's.
The men's alternating possession rule is extended to the women's game.

1987–88
The men's three-point line was made mandatory for women's basketball.
Each intentional personal foul gives the non-fouling team two free throws and possession of the ball (men only).
The NCAA adopts a single rule book for men's and women's basketball for the first time, although some rules differ between the sexes to this day.

1988–89
The men's rule regarding intentional fouls is extended to the women's game.

1990–91
Beginning with a team's 10th foul in a half, two free throws (the so-called "double bonus") are to be awarded for each non-shooting personal foul on the defense, and each loose-ball foul (men only).
Three free throws are awarded when a shooter is fouled from three-point range and misses the shot (both men and women).

1993–94
The men's shot clock is reduced from 45 seconds to 35 seconds.
The game clock will be stopped with successful baskets in the last minute of each half and in the last minute of overtime, with no substitution permitted.The 5-second rule regarding closely guarded players is eliminated.

1994–95
Scoring is restricted to a tap-in when 0.3 seconds or less remains on the game clock (men and women).

1997–98
The 5-second rule regarding closely guarded players is reinstated.
Timeouts can be made be players on the court or the head coach.
The "double bonus" introduced to the men's game in 1990 is extended to the women's game.

1998–99
In a held ball situation initiated by the defense, the defense shall gain possession of the ball regardless of the possession arrow.

1999–2000
The held ball rule from 1998–99 was rescinded.
Maximum of five players occupying lane spaces during free throws in women's play (two from the shooting team, three from the defending team).

2000–01
In women's play only, if the defending team commits a foul during a throw-in after a made basket or free throw, the team putting the ball in play retains the right to run the end line during the subsequent throw-in.

2001–02
In women's play, six players now allowed in lane spaces (four defenders, two offensive players). Additionally, the defensive players nearest the basket are now required to line up in the second space from the basket.

2005–06
Kicked balls will no longer reset the shot clock. If the violation occurs with less than 15 seconds, the clock will be reset to 15 seconds.

2006–07
A timeout called by an airborne player falling out of bounds will not be recognized.

2007–08
The women's rule regarding lane alignment during free throws (maximum of four defenders and two offensive players, with the nearest defenders on the second space from the basket) is extended to the men's game.

2008–09
Three-point arc extended to 20′ 9″ from the center of the basket for men's play only.
Referees may use instant replay to determine if a flagrant foul has been committed and who started the incident.
When the entire ball is over the level of the basket during a shot and touches the backboard, it is a goaltending violation if the ball is subsequently touched, even if still moving upward.

2011–12
Women's three-point arc extended to match men's arc.
Restricted area arc created 3 feet from the center of the basket (men and women). When an offensive player makes contact with a defender who establishes position within this area, the resulting foul is blocking on the defender.

2013–14
10-second backcourt rule introduced (women only).
Any timeout called within the 30 seconds preceding a scheduled media timeout break replaces the media timeout (women only).

2015–16
The men's shot clock changed to 30 seconds, making it identical to the women's shot clock.
Coaches prohibited from calling timeouts from the bench in live-ball situations; players remain free to do so.
Restricted area arc extended from 3 feet to 4 feet from the center of the basket (men only).
Dunks are permitted during warm-ups.
Number of timeouts for each team reduced from 5 to 4.
Women's basketball changed from 20-minute halves to 10-minute quarters.
In women's basketball, bonus free throws come into effect on the fifth team foul in a quarter; all bonus free throw situations result in two free throws.
The women's rule regarding timeouts within 30 seconds of a scheduled media timeout was extended to the men's game.

2016–17
Coaches allowed to call timeouts from the bench during inbounds plays before the pass is released.

2017–18
Men only: The shot clock will be reset to 20 seconds, or the amount remaining on the shot clock if greater, when the ball is inbounded in the frontcourt after (1) a defensive foul or (2) a deliberate kick or fisting of the ball by the defense.
Men only: If an injured player is unable to shoot free throws as the result of a flagrant foul, or if the player is bleeding, only his substitute can shoot the ensuing free throws.
Men only: When the ball is legally touched inbounds and an official immediately signals a clock stoppage, a minimum of 0.3 seconds must elapse on the game clock.
Men only: A player dunking the ball may hold onto the rim to prevent injury to himself or another player, even if it would result in another violation.
Women only: No new 10-second backcourt count awarded if the team in possession is granted and charged a timeout.
Women's basketball adopted the men's 4-foot restricted area arc.
Women only: Abandoned the "flagrant-1" and "flagrant-2" foul designations in favor of the FIBA standard of "unsportsmanlike" and "disqualifying" fouls. The new "unsportsmanlike" designation now includes contact dead-ball technicals.

tag: table

text: One-and-Done Rule[edit]

text: The One-and-Done rule has been a part of the Collegiate Basketball since 2006, the first NBA draft it affected. The rule was created by NBA Commissioner, David Stern, which changed the draft age from 18 years old to 19 years old. This age change made it to where players could not be drafted into the NBA straight out of high school. Instead, however, they usually went to a college to play only one season before entering the following NBA draft when they are eligible, hence the name One-and-Done.[citation needed] The first player to be drafted during this "one-and-done era" was Tyrus Thomas, a forward out of Louisiana State, who was drafted fourth overall in 2007.[citation needed]

text: Conferences[edit]

text: NCAA Division I[edit]

text: In 2017–18, a total of 351 schools are playing men's basketball in 32 Division I basketball conferences. All of these schools also sponsor women's basketball except The Citadel and VMI, two military colleges that were all-male until the 1990s and remain overwhelmingly male today.

text: The conferences for 2017–18 are:

text:
America East Conference
American Athletic Conference
Atlantic 10 Conference
Atlantic Coast Conference
Atlantic Sun Conference
Big 12 Conference
Big East Conference
Big Sky Conference
Big South Conference
Big Ten Conference
Big West Conference
Colonial Athletic Association
Conference USA
Horizon League
Ivy League
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
Mid-American Conference
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
Missouri Valley Conference
Mountain West Conference
Northeast Conference
Ohio Valley Conference
Pac-12 Conference
Patriot League
Southeastern Conference
Southern Conference
Southland Conference
Southwestern Athletic Conference
Sun Belt Conference
Summit League
West Coast Conference
Western Athletic Conference

text: In the early decades of college basketball, and well into the 1970s, many schools played as independents, with no conference membership. However, the rise of televised college sports in the 1980s led to the formation of many new conferences and the expansion of previously existing conferences. The last Division I school to play as an independent in basketball was NJIT, which was forced to go independent in 2013 after the collapse of its former all-sports league, the Great West Conference. NJIT joined the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2015, leaving no Division I basketball independents.

text: NCAA Division II[edit]

text: There are 24 Division II basketball conferences. The conferences are as follows:

text:
California Collegiate Athletic Association
Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association
Conference Carolinas
East Coast Conference
Great American Conference
Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Great Lakes Valley Conference
Great Midwest Athletic Conference
Great Northwest Athletic Conference
Gulf South Conference
Heartland Conference
Lone Star Conference
Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association
Mountain East Conference
Northeast-10 Conference
Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference
Pacific West Conference
Peach Belt Conference
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference
Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference
South Atlantic Conference
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Sunshine State Conference

text: There are 2 independent Division II schools without conference affiliations for the 2016–17 season.

text: The most recent change in the list of Division II conferences came after the 2012–13 season, when the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC) folded. In June 2012, the conference's nine football-playing members announced a split from the six non-football schools. Eight of the nine schools that announced the split eventually joined with one WVIAC non-football member and three other institutions to form the Mountain East Conference, which began play in the 2013–14 season. Of the remaining schools, three joined the Great Midwest Athletic Conference and two joined the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference, with one becoming independent.

text: NCAA Division III[edit]

text:
Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference
American Collegiate Athletic Association
American Southwest Conference[a]
Capital Athletic Conference
Centennial Conference[a]
City University of New York Athletic Conference
College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin[a]
Colonial States Athletic Conference
Commonwealth Coast Conference[a]
Empire 8 Conference[a]
Great Northeast Athletic Conference
Great South Athletic Conference
Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference[a]
Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[a]
Landmark Conference
Liberty League[a]
Little East Conference
MAC Commonwealth Conference[b]
MAC Freedom Conference[b]
Massachusetts State Collegiate Athletic Conference[a]
Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association[a]
Midwest Conference[a]
Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[a]
New England Collegiate Conference
New England Small College Athletic Conference[a]
New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference[a]
New Jersey Athletic Conference[a]
North Atlantic Conference
North Coast Athletic Conference[a]
North Eastern Athletic Conference
Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference[a]
Northwest Conference[a]
Ohio Athletic Conference[a]
Old Dominion Athletic Conference[a]
Presidents' Athletic Conference[a]
St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[a]
Skyline Conference
Southern Athletic Association[a]
Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[a]
Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference
State University of New York Athletic Conference
University Athletic Association[a]
Upper Midwest Athletic Conference[a]
USA South Athletic Conference[a]
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[a]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Conference sponsors football.
^ Jump up to: a b This is one of the three leagues operated by the Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC). It does not sponsor football, but several of its members play football in the MAC's Middle Atlantic Conference.

text: NAIA Division I and II[edit]

text:
American Midwest Conference (AMC)
Appalachian Athletic Conference (AAC)
California Pacific Conference (CAL-PAC)
Cascade Collegiate Conference
Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC)
Crossroads League (CL)
Frontier Conference
Golden State Athletic Conference (GSAC)
Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC)
Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC)
Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC)

Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC)
Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference
Mid-South Conference (MSC)
Midwest Collegiate Conference (MCC)
North Star Athletic Association (NSAA)
Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC)
River States Conference (RSC)
Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC)
Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC)
The Sun Conference (TSC)
Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC)

text: National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Divisions I and II[edit]

text:
Central Region
East Region
Mid-East Region
Mid-West Region
North Central Region
South Region
Southwest Region
West Region

text: National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Divisions I,II, and III[edit]

text:
Alabama Community College Conference
Arizona Community College Athletic Conference
Arrowhead Conference
Bi-State Conference
Carolinas Junior College Conference
Colorado Community College Athletic Conference
Eastern Pennsylvania Collegiate Conference
Garden State Athletic Conference
Georgia Junior College Athletic Association
Great Rivers Athletic Conference
Illinois N4C Conference
Illinois Skyway Conference
Iowa Community College Athletic Conference
Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference
Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference
Massachusetts Community College Athletic Association
Metro Athletic Conference
Michigan Community College Athletic Association
Mid-Florida Conference
Mid Hudson Conference
Mid-State Athletic Conference
Mid-West Athletic Conference
Minnesota College Athletic Conference
Mississippi Association of Community & Junior Colleges
MISS-LOU Junior College Conference
Missouri Community College Athletic Conference
Mon-Dak Conference
Mountain Valley Conference
NJCAA Region 9
North Texas Junior College Athletic Conference
Northeast JC Football Conference
Ohio Community College Athletic Conference
Panhandle Conference
Pennsylvania Collegiate Athletic Association
Scenic West Athletic Conference
Southern Conference
Southwest Junior College Conference
Southwest Junior College Football Conference
Suncoast Conference
Tennessee Junior and Community College Athletic Association
Western Junior College Athletic Conference
Western New York Athletic Conference
Western Pennsylvania Collegiate Conference
Western States Football League
Wyoming Community College Athletic Conference

text: California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA)[edit]

text:
Bay Valley Conference
Big 8 Conference (California)
Central Valley Conference
Coast Conference
Foothill Athletic Conference
Golden Valley Conference
Orange Empire Conference
Pacific Coast Athletic Conference (CCCAA)
South Coast Conference
Western State Conference

text: United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)[edit]

text:
Penn State University Athletic Conference
Yankee Small College Conference

text: Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC)[edit]

text:
Northern Region
Southern Region
Eastern Region
Western Region

text: Association of Christian College Athletics (ACCA)[edit]

text: Midwest Christian College Conference

text: Independent conferences[edit]

text:
Liga Atlética Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico
Manitoba Colleges Athletic Conference
Northern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Pacific Christian Athletic Conference
Wisconsin Collegiate Conference

text: Relationship to professional basketball[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In past decades, the NBA held to tradition and drafted players who had graduated from college. This was a mutually beneficial relationship for the NBA and colleges—the colleges held onto players who would otherwise go professional, and the NBA did not have to fund a minor league. As the college game became commercialized, though, it became increasingly difficult for "student athletes" to be students. A growing number of poor and under-educated, but highly talented, teenage basketball players found the system exploitative—they brought in funds to schools where they learned little and played without income.

text: The American Basketball Association began to employ players who had not yet graduated from college. After a season of junior college, a season at the University of Detroit, and an Olympic gold medal, Spencer Haywood played the 1969–70 season with the ABA's Denver Rockets. He signed with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics in 1970, before his college class graduation, defying NBA rules. Haywood pleaded that, as his family's sole wage earner, he should be allowed to earn a living in the NBA or else his family would face destitution. The ensuing legal battle went to the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled in 1971 that the NBA does not have the same antitrust exemption enjoyed by Major League Baseball. Thereafter, collegiate players demonstrating economic hardship were allowed early entry into the NBA draft. The hardship requirement was eliminated in 1976.

text: In 1974, Moses Malone joined the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (which became part of the NBA after the ABA–NBA merger in 1976) straight out of high school and went on to a Hall of Fame career. The past 30 years have seen a remarkable change in the college game. The best international players routinely skip college entirely, many American stars skip college (Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, and LeBron James) or only play one year (Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, Kevin Durant, and John Wall), and only a dozen or so college graduates are now among the 60 players selected in the annual NBA draft. Fewer high schoolers have progressed directly to the NBA without at least one year of college basketball beginning in 2006; citing maturity concerns after several incidents involving young players, the labor agreement between players and owners now specifies that players must turn 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft to be eligible. Additionally, U.S. players must be at least one year removed from their high school graduation.[17]

text: The pervasiveness of college basketball throughout the nation, the large population of graduates from "major conference" universities, and the NCAA's marketing of "March Madness" (officially the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship), have kept the college game alive and well. Some commentators have argued that the higher turnover of players has increased the importance of good coaches. Many teams have been highly successful, for instance, by emphasizing personality in their recruiting efforts, with the goal of creating a cohesive group that, while lacking stars, plays together for all 4 years and thus develops a higher level of sophistication than less stable teams could achieve.

text: College basketball remains more popular than the NBA in some regions of the United States, such as in North Carolina and the Midwest (where traditionally strong programs at Louisville, Kentucky, and Indiana are found).

text: Distinctions with NBA and WNBA play[edit]

text: The NCAA Men's Basketball Rules Committee, consisting of coaches from all three divisions of the NCAA, sets the rules for college men's basketball play. A parallel committee sets rules for college women's play. Although many of the NBA and WNBA rules apply in NCAA play, there are differences that make NCAA play unique.[18]

text: As of the most recent 2017–18 season, NCAA men's games are divided into two halves, each 20 minutes long; NBA games are played in four quarters of 12 minutes each; and WNBA and NCAA women's games are played in 10-minute quarters. The NCAA shot clock gives teams of both sexes 30 seconds to shoot, while the shot clock used in both the NBA and WNBA gives teams 24 seconds. Also, NCAA teams are allowed 10 seconds to move the ball past the halfcourt line (with this rule only having been added to the women's college game in the 2013–14 season), while NBA and WNBA rules allow only 8 seconds. However, like the NBA and WNBA (and high school basketball), during the last minute of each period, the game clock keeps time remaining in the period measured in tenths of a second, rather than full seconds.

text: Prior to the 2015–16 season, NCAA men's basketball used a 35-second shot clock, while NCAA women's basketball was played with the same 20-minute halves as the men's game.

text: Though the height of the basket, the foul line's distance from the backboard, and the court dimensions are the same, the distance between the three-point line and the backboard is different. The NBA three-point line measures 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) at the top of the circle, or 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners or baseline.[19] On the NCAA court, the three-point line had been a constant 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m), but the NCAA Rules Committee voted in May 2007 to extend it a foot more to 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m), which became effective beginning the 2008–09 season for men[20] and the 2011–12 season for women. The WNBA's three-point line was 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), which FIBA used before it extended its three-point arc to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 1⁄2 in) at the top of the circle and 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) at the corners and baseline. The NCAA lane measures 12 feet (3.7 m) in width, while the NBA and WNBA lane is 16 feet (4.9 m); the FIBA lane is marginally wider than the NBA/WNBA lane at exactly 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in).

text: NCAA players are allowed five personal fouls before fouling out, as opposed to their NBA counterparts, who are allowed six. This maintains the same ratio of minutes of play per foul allowed, eight. However, the WNBA allows players six personal fouls despite playing the same number of minutes as the NCAA. The number of team fouls allotted is also different. In all three competitions, team fouls can be categorized as shooting or non-shooting. A shooting foul occurs when a player gets fouled in the act of shooting (while airborne), giving him the chance to shoot free throws. A common foul (non-shooting foul) consists of all other fouls, including making contact with the opposing player while "reaching in" to steal the ball.

text: A team may make a certain number of non-shooting fouls per period before the opposing team is awarded free throws. In the NBA, WNBA, and (since 2015–16) NCAA women's basketball, the fifth team foul in a quarter places the team in penalty. For every foul starting with the fifth, whether it's shooting or non-shooting, the opposing team receives two free throws. In addition, if an NBA team has not entered the penalty in the last two minutes of a period, its team foul count is reset; the second team foul in the last two minutes triggers the penalty. The WNBA has the same rule, except that the "reset" does not occur until the final minute of a period. In the NCAA men's game, the penalty begins with the seventh team foul in a half. However, the fouled player must make the first free throw in order to get the second. This is called a "one-and-one" or "one and the bonus" situation. On the tenth team foul, the "double bonus" situation comes into play, meaning that every subsequent team foul results in two free throws for the opposing team. No free throws are shot at either level for a player control foul, which is an offensive foul (usually a charge). Unlike NBA/WNBA rules, the team foul count does not reset in the last one or two minutes of a half (men's) or quarter (women's). Overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half under NCAA men's rules and the fourth quarter under NCAA women's rules, but not under NBA/WNBA rules; in those leagues, the fourth team foul in any overtime period, or the second in the last one (WNBA) or two minutes (NBA), triggers the penalty.

text: When a dispute over ball possession arises, the jump ball is used in the NBA and WNBA. In the NCAA, once the first possession has been established from the opening tip, no further jump balls occur except to begin an overtime period. Since 1981, a possession arrow on the scorer's table has dictated which team should possess the ball, with the arrow switching directions after each use.

text: NCAA teams can call a timeout after they made a basket (Indiana scores a 3-point field goal and calls a timeout); in the NBA and WNBA, only the opposing team can call a timeout after a basket is made. Since the 2015–16 season, NCAA men's coaches have been banned from calling timeouts from the bench while the ball is live, although players remain free to do so.

text: In addition, the NBA limits what types of defense a team can play, primarily in an effort to prevent coaches from slowing down the pace of the game by using zone defenses. Zone defense is permitted in the NBA and WNBA; however, players cannot stand in the lane for more than three seconds if they are not guarding anyone. In NCAA basketball, no such restriction exists, and coaches are free to design a variety of defensive techniques.

text: In college basketball, it is required by rule that the home team wears their white or light-colored jerseys while the visiting team wears their darker jersey color. The NBA, like most other professional sports leagues, lets the home team decide which uniform to wear, but with a few exceptions the home team has continued the tradition of the college game and wears white (or in the case of the Los Angeles Lakers for non-Sunday home games, gold) at home. This is for regular season play only; home teams always wear white during the playoffs. The WNBA, however, follows the college rule for all games.

text: The NBA introduced a new dress code rule in 2005. Now players are required to wear business casual attire whenever they are engaged in team or league business. This includes a long or short-sleeved dress shirt (collared or turtleneck), and/or a sweater; dress slacks, khaki pants, or dress jeans, and appropriate shoes and socks, including dress shoes, dress boots, or other presentable shoes, but not including sneakers, sandals, flip-flops, or work boots. The WNBA has a similar dress code, adjusted for standard women's attire. NCAA rules have no set dress code rule, leaving it up to individual teams or conferences.

text: The organizations also have different rules for jersey numbers. While the NBA and WNBA allow players to wear any number from 0 to 99, including 00, so long as it is available, the NCAA disallows any jersey number with a 6, 7, 8, or 9 in it. This is done to allow the referee to report fouls using hand signals with one hand, as each hand has only five fingers. High school basketball, whose rules are set by the National Federation of State High School Associations, also follows the NCAA's convention on jersey numbering.

text: Other divisions[edit]

text: While less commercialized than Division I, Division II and Division III are both highly successful college basketball organizations. Women's Division I is often televised, but to smaller audiences than Men's Division I. Generally, small colleges join Division II, while colleges of all sizes that choose not to offer athletic scholarships join Division III. Games other than NCAA D-I are rarely televised by national media, although CBS televises the Championship Final of NCAA Division II, while CBS College Sports Network televises the semifinals as well as the Division III Final.

text: The NAIA also sponsors men and women's college-level basketball. The NAIA Men's Basketball National Championship has been held annually since 1937 (with the exception of 1944), when it was established by James Naismith to crown a national champion for smaller colleges and universities. Unlike the NCAA Tournament, the NAIA Tournament features only 32 teams, and the entire tournament is contested in one week instead of three weekends. Since 2002 the NAIA National Tournament has been played in Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. (in 1994–2001 it was held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and 1937–1999 it was held at Municipal then Kemper Arena in Kansas City). Media coverage has sporadically been provided by CBS, the Victory Sports Network, and various lesser-known media.

text: Since 1992, the NAIA has sponsored a Division II championship, similar to the NCAA Division I and II. There is also an NAIA Women's Basketball Championship.

text: The only school to have won national titles in both the NAIA and NCAA Division I is Louisville; the Cardinals have also won the NIT title. Southern Illinois has won NAIA and NIT titles. Central Missouri and Fort Hays State have won NAIA and NCAA Division II national titles.

text: National Invitation Tournament (NIT)[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Men's college basketball awards
Women's college basketball awards
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame
Sporting News College Basketball Athlete of the Decade (2000–09)

text: Records and lists[edit]

text: Men's[edit]

text:
List of teams with the most victories in NCAA Division I men's college basketball
List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by school
List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by school
NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament all-time team records
NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament bids by school
NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament bids by school and conference
NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament records
NAIA Men's Basketball Championships
NIT all-time team records
NIT bids by school and conference
NIT championships and semifinal appearances
NCAA Division I Men's basketball statistical leaders
List of current NCAA Division I men's basketball coaches

text: Women's[edit]

text:
NCAA Division I Women's Tournament bids by school
NAIA Women's Basketball Championships
AIAW Women's Basketball Champions
List of NCAA Division I women's basketball career scoring leaders


document_title: Diamond color

question_text: which color is among the most common for diamonds

text: Diamond color

text: Possible colors[edit]

text: Diamonds occur in a variety of colors—steel gray, white, blue, yellow, orange, red, green, pink to purple, brown, and black.[1][2] Colored diamonds contain interstitial impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, whilst pure diamonds are perfectly transparent and colorless. Diamonds are scientifically classed into two main types and several subtypes, according to the nature of impurities present and how these impurities affect light absorption:

text: Type I diamonds have nitrogen atoms as the main impurity, commonly at a concentration of 0.1%. If the nitrogen atoms are in pairs they do not affect the diamond's color; these are Type IaA. If the nitrogen atoms are in large even-numbered aggregates they impart a yellow to brown tint (Type IaB). About 98% of gem diamonds are type Ia, and most of these are a mixture of IaA and IaB material: these diamonds belong to the Cape series, named after the diamond-rich region formerly known as Cape Province in South Africa, whose deposits are largely Type Ia. If the nitrogen atoms are dispersed throughout the crystal in isolated sites (not paired or grouped), they give the stone an intense yellow or occasionally brown tint (Type Ib); the rare canary diamonds belong to this type, which represents only 0.1% of known natural diamonds. Synthetic diamond containing nitrogen is Type Ib. Type I diamonds absorb in both the infrared and ultraviolet region, from 320 nm (3.2×10−7 m). They also have a characteristic fluorescence and visible absorption spectrum (see Optical properties of diamond).[3]

text: Type II diamonds have no measurable nitrogen impurities. Type II diamonds absorb in a different region of the infrared, and transmit in the ultraviolet below 225 nm (2.25×10−7 m), unlike Type I diamonds. They also have differing fluorescence characteristics, but no discernible visible absorption spectrum. Type IIa diamond can be colored pink, red, or brown due to structural anomalies[4] arising through plastic deformation during crystal growth—these diamonds are rare (1.8% of gem diamonds), but constitute a large percentage of Australian production. Type IIb diamonds, which account for 0.1% of gem diamonds, are usually light blue due to scattered boron within the crystal matrix; these diamonds are also semiconductors, unlike other diamond types (see Electrical properties of diamond). However, a blue-grey color may also occur in Type Ia diamonds and be unrelated to boron.[5] Also not restricted to type are green diamonds, whose color is caused by GR1 color centers in the crystal lattice produced by exposure to varying quantities of radiation.[3]

text: Pink and red are caused by plastic deformation of the crystal lattice from temperature and pressure. Black diamonds are caused by microscopic black or gray inclusions of other materials such as graphite or sulfides and/or microscopic fractures. Opaque or opalescent white diamonds are also caused by microscopic inclusions.[6] Purple diamonds are caused by a combination of crystal lattice distortion and high hydrogen content.[7]

text: Grading white diamonds[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The majority of diamonds that are mined are in a range of pale yellow or brown color that is termed the normal color range. Diamonds that are of intense yellow or brown, or any other color are called fancy color diamonds. Diamonds that are of the very highest purity are totally colorless, and appear a bright white. The degree to which diamonds exhibit body color is one of the four value factors by which diamonds are assessed. Diamonds have a color grading system that refers to the absence of color. This system goes from D to Z. The more colorless a diamond is, the rarer and more valuable it is because it appears white and brighter to the eye.[8]

text: History of color grading[edit]

text: Color grading of diamonds was performed as a step of sorting rough diamonds for sale by the London Diamond Syndicate.

text: As the diamond trade developed, early diamond grades were introduced by various parties in the diamond trade. Without any co-operative development these early grading systems lacked standard nomenclature, and consistency. Some early grading scales were; I, II, III; A, AA, AAA; A, B, C. Numerous terms developed to describe diamonds of particular colors: golconda, river, jagers, cape, blue white, fine white, gem blue, brown, etc.

text: Grading the normal color range[edit]

text: Refers to a grading scale for diamonds in the normal color range used by internationally recognized laboratories (GIA & IGI for example). The scale ranges from D which is totally colorless to Z which is a pale yellow or brown color. Brown diamonds darker than K color are usually described using their letter grade, and a descriptive phrase, for example M Faint Brown. Diamonds with more depth of color than Z color fall into the fancy color diamond range.

text: Diamond color is graded by comparing a sample stone to a master stone set of diamonds. Each master stone is known to exhibit the very least amount of body color that a diamond in that color grade may exhibit. A trained diamond grader compares a diamond of unknown grade against the series of master stones, assessing where in the range of color the diamond resides. This process occurs in a lighting box, fitted with daylight equivalent lamps. Accurate color grading can only be performed with diamond unset, as the comparison with master stones is done with diamond placed on its table facet and pavilion side facing upwards ( i.e.  "upside down"— resting on the face one normally looks at). When color grading is done in the mounting, the grade is expressed as an estimated color grade and commonly as a range of color. Grading mounted diamonds involves holding the mounted diamonds table close to the table facet of the master stone and visually comparing the diamond color under the same color conditions as unmounted diamond grading. The resulting grade is typically less accurate, and is therefore expressed as a range of color. While a grading laboratory will possess a complete set of master stones representing every color grade, the independent grader working in a retail environment works with a smaller subset of master stones that covers only the typical grade range of color they expect to encounter while grading. A common subset of master stones would consist of five diamonds in two grade increments, such as an E, G, I, K, and M. The intermediate grades are assessed by the graders judgement.

text: Diamonds in the normal color range are graded loose (for example F–G).

text:
Diamond color grading scales[9]

GIA
Status: current
AGS
Status: current
AGS
Status: historical: pre 1995
CIBJO
Status: current
IDC
Status: current
Scan. D.N.
Status: current
Old World Terms
Status: historical

grade and description[10]
grade and electronic colorimeter scale[11]
grade and electronic colorimeter scale[11]
grade[12]
grade and description[12]
grade for .50ct and over[13]
grade for under .50ct
series 1 scale[12]
series 2 scale[12]

D
Colorless
0
0–0.49
0
0–0.75
Exceptional white +
Exceptional white +
Colorless
River
White
Finest White
Jager

E
0.5
0.5–0.99
Exceptional white
Exceptional white
River

1
0.76–1.35

F
1.0
1.0–1.49
Rare white +
Rare white +
Colorless when viewed through the crown
Top Wesselton
Fine White

2
1.36–2.00

G
Near Colorless
1.5
1.5–1.99
Rare white
Rare white
Top Wesselton

H
2.0
2.0–2.49
3
2.01–2.50
White
White
Wesselton
White
Wesselton

I
2.5
2.5–2.99
4
2.51–3.0
Slightly tinted white
Slightly tinted white
Slightly colored
Top Crystal
Slightly tinted white
Commercial White
Top Crystal

J
3.0
3.0–3.49
5
3.01–3.75
Crystal
Top silver cape
Crystal

K
Faint Yellow
3.5
3.5–3.99
Tinted white
Tinted white
Top cape
Tinted white
Top cape

6
3.76–4.5
Silver cape

L
4.0
4.0–4.49

M
4.5
4.5–4.99
7
4.51–5.50
Tinted color 1
Tinted color
Slightly colored to colored
Cape
Tinted color
Light cape
Cape

N
Very Light Yellow
5.0
5.0–5.49
Tinted color 2
Low Cape

O
5.5
5.5–5.99
8
5.51–7.0
Light yellow
Cape
Very light yellow

P
6.0
6.0–6.49
Light yellow

Q
6.5
6.5–6.99

R
7.0
7.0–7.49
9
7.01–8.5

Dark cape

S
Light Yellow
7.5
7.5–7.99
Tinted color 3
Yellow

T
8.0
8.0–8.49

U
8.5
8.5–8.99
10
8.51–10

V
9.0
9.0–9.49

W
9.5
9.5–9.99

X
10
10+
10+

Y

Z

text: Grading fancy color diamonds[edit]

text: Yellow or brown color diamonds having color more intense than "Z", as well as diamonds exhibiting color other than yellow or brown are considered fancy colored diamonds. These diamonds are graded using separate systems which indicate the characteristics of the color, and not just its presence. These color grading systems are more similar to those used for other colored gemstones, such as ruby, sapphire, or emerald, than they are to the system used for white diamonds.[14]

text: Colored diamond grading system[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Diamond colors more saturated than this scale are known as "fancy color" diamonds. Any light shade of diamond other than Light Yellow or Light Brown automatically falls out of the scale. For instance, a pale blue diamond won't get a "K", "N", or "S" color grade, it will get a Faint Blue, very Light Blue or Light Blue grade.

text: Laboratories use a list of 27 color hues that span the full spectrum for colored gems and diamonds (Red, Orangish-Red, Reddish-Orange, orange, Yellowish-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Orange-Yellow, Orangish-Yellow, Yellow, Greenish-Yellow, Green-Yellow, Yellow-Green, Yellowish-Green, Green, Bluish-Green, Blue-Green, Green-Blue, Greenish-Blue, Blue, Violetish-Blue, Bluish-Violet, Violet, Purple, Reddish-Purple, Red-Purple, Purple-Red, Purplish-Red). A modifying color combination can also be added (e.g., Olive or Brown-Olive) for stones without the purest hues. Additionally, for diamonds the following colors are used: White (which are milky), Black (which are opaque), Gray, Pink, Brown.

text: The saturation of these hues is then described with one of nine descriptors: Faint, Very Light, Light, Fancy Light, Fancy, Fancy Dark, Fancy Intense, Fancy Deep, Fancy Vivid.

text: The terms "Champagne", "Cognac" and "Coffee" refer to different types of brown diamonds. In the diamond processing/dealing industry, the word "Brown" is considered a killer as far as diamond value goes. Even though champagne is a light yellow color, champagne diamonds are Light Brown. Cognac is usually used to describe a diamond that is Orangish-Brown because cognac is a deep golden-orange color. Coffee is usually used to describe a diamond that is a Deep Brown or Vivid Brown color. Some grading agencies may also describe brown stones as Fancy Yellowish-Brown, Fancy Light Brown, Fancy Intense Brown, etc.

text: Value of colored diamonds[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Diamonds that enter the Gemological Institute of America's scale are valued according to their clarity and color. For example, a "D" or "E" rated diamond (both grades are considered colorless) is much more valuable than an "R" or "Y" rated diamond (light yellow or brown). This is due to two effects: high-color diamonds are rarer, limiting supply; and the bright white appearance of high-color diamonds is more desired by consumers, increasing demand. Poor color is usually not enough to eliminate the use of diamond as a gemstone: if other gemological characteristics of a stone are good, a low-color diamond can remain more valuable as a gem diamond than an industrial-use diamond, and can see use in diamond jewelry. Furthermore, it is much more cost effective to purchase a near-colorless grade diamond (e.g. "G" rated) instead of a colorless grade diamond (e.g. "D" rated), as they are nearly indistinguishable to the naked untrained eye, especially when mounted on a ring setting.[15]

text: Fancy diamonds are valued using different criteria than those used for regular diamonds. When the color is rare, the more intensely colored a diamond is, the more valuable it becomes. Another factor that affects the value of Fancy-Colored diamonds is fashion trends. For example, pink diamonds fetched higher prices after Jennifer Lopez received a pink diamond engagement ring.[citation needed] Traditional industrial use and low-grade quality has not stopped creative merchants, such as Le Vian, from marketing dark brown diamonds as so-called "chocolate diamonds".[16]

text: Fancy-colored diamonds such as the deep blue Hope Diamond are among the most valuable and sought-after diamonds in the world. In 2009 a 7-carat (1.4 g) blue diamond fetched the then highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (US$9.5 million at the time) which is in excess of US$1.3 million per carat.[17] This record was broken in 2013 when an orange diamond sold for US$35 million or US$2.4 million per carat.[18] It was again broken in 2016 when the Oppenheimer Blue, a 14.62-carat (2.924 g) vivid blue diamond became the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction.[19] It is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million. The record was broken again by the pink star diamond On 3 April 2017, the Pink Star was sold at an auction in Hong Kong for USD 71.2 m (553 million Hong Kong dollars including fees) to Chow Tai Fook Enterprises.(GBP 34.7m; 56.83m SFr).[20]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by home state

question_text: how many us presidents were born in texas

text: Birth places[edit]

text: Twenty-one states claim the distinction of being the birthplace of a president. One president's birth state is in dispute; North and South Carolina (British colonies at the time) both lay claim to Andrew Jackson, who was born in 1767, in the Waxhaw region along their common border. Jackson himself considered South Carolina as his birth state.[1] Born on December 5, 1782, Martin Van Buren was the first president born an American citizen (and not a British subject).[2]

text: The term Virginia dynasty is sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five U.S. presidents were from Virginia. The number of presidents born per state, counting Jackson as being from South Carolina, are:

text:
One: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina
Two: North Carolina, Texas, and Vermont
Four: Massachusetts
Five: New York
Seven: Ohio
Eight: Virginia

tag: ul

text:
Date of birth
President
Birthplace
State of birth
In office

February 22, 1732
George Washington
Westmoreland County
Virginia
(1st) April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797

October 30, 1735
John Adams
Braintree
Massachusetts
(2nd) March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801

April 13, 1743
Thomas Jefferson
Shadwell
Virginia
(3rd) March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809

March 16, 1751
James Madison
Port Conway
Virginia
(4th) March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817

April 28, 1758
James Monroe
Monroe Hall
Virginia
(5th) March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825

March 15, 1767
Andrew Jackson
Waxhaws Region
South/North Carolina
(7th) March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837

July 11, 1767
John Quincy Adams
Braintree
Massachusetts
(6th) March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829

February 9, 1773
William Henry Harrison
Charles City County
Virginia
(9th) March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841

December 5, 1782
Martin Van Buren
Kinderhook
New York
(8th) March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841

November 24, 1784
Zachary Taylor
Barboursville
Virginia
(12th) March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850

March 29, 1790
John Tyler
Charles City County
Virginia
(10th) April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845

April 23, 1791
James Buchanan
Cove Gap
Pennsylvania
(15th) March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861

November 2, 1795
James K. Polk
Pineville
North Carolina
(11th) March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849

January 7, 1800
Millard Fillmore
Summerhill
New York
(13th) July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853

November 23, 1804
Franklin Pierce
Hillsborough
New Hampshire
(14th) March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857

December 29, 1808
Andrew Johnson
Raleigh
North Carolina
(17th) April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869

February 12, 1809
Abraham Lincoln
Sinking Spring
Kentucky
(16th) March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865

April 27, 1822
Ulysses S. Grant
Point Pleasant
Ohio
(18th) March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877

October 4, 1822
Rutherford B. Hayes
Delaware
Ohio
(19th) March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881

November 19, 1831
James A. Garfield
Moreland Hills
Ohio
(20th) March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881

October 5, 1829
Chester A. Arthur
Fairfield
Vermont
(21st) September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885

August 20, 1833
Benjamin Harrison
North Bend
Ohio
(23rd) March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893

March 18, 1837
Grover Cleveland
Caldwell
New Jersey
(22nd) March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889

(24th) March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

January 29, 1843
William McKinley
Niles
Ohio
(25th) March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901

December 28, 1856
Woodrow Wilson
Staunton
Virginia
(28th) March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921

September 15, 1857
William H. Taft
Cincinnati
Ohio
(27th) March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

October 27, 1858
Theodore Roosevelt
New York City
New York
(26th) September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909

November 2, 1865
Warren G. Harding
Blooming Grove
Ohio
(29th) March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923

July 4, 1872
Calvin Coolidge
Plymouth
Vermont
(30th) August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929

August 10, 1874
Herbert Hoover
West Branch
Iowa
(31st) March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933

January 30, 1882
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Hyde Park
New York
(32nd) March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945

May 8, 1884
Harry S. Truman
Lamar
Missouri
(33rd) April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

October 14, 1890
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Denison
Texas
(34th) January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961

August 27, 1908
Lyndon B. Johnson
Stonewall
Texas
(36th) November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969

February 6, 1911
Ronald Reagan
Tampico
Illinois
(40th) January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989

January 9, 1913
Richard Nixon
Yorba Linda
California
(37th) January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974

July 14, 1913
Gerald Ford
Omaha
Nebraska
(38th) August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977

May 29, 1917
John F. Kennedy
Brookline
Massachusetts
(35th) January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

June 12, 1924
George H. W. Bush
Milton
Massachusetts
(41st) January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993

October 1, 1924
Jimmy Carter
Plains
Georgia
(39th) January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981

June 14, 1946

Donald Trump

Queens, New York City

New York

(45th) January 20, 2017 – Incumbent

July 6, 1946
George W. Bush
New Haven
Connecticut
(43rd) January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009

August 19, 1946
Bill Clinton
Hope
Arkansas
(42nd) January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001

August 4, 1961

Barack Obama

Honolulu

Hawaii

(44th) January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017

Note:  = Colony, pre–1776, rather than state.

text: Presidential birthplace and early childhood historic sites[edit]

text: The birthplaces and early childhood residences of many U.S. presidents have been preserved or replicated. In instances where a physical structure is absent, a monument or roadside marker has been erected to denote the site's historic significance. All sites in the table below are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

text: A dramatic shift in childbirth from home to hospital occurred in the United States in the early 20th century (mid–1920s to 1940).[3] Reflective of this trend, all presidents born after World War II (Bill Clinton and every president since) have been born in a hospital, not a private residence.

text:
President

Image

Historic site

George Washington

George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Colonial Beach, Virginia

John Adams

John Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts

James Madison

Belle Grove Plantation, Port Conway, Virginia

James Monroe

James Monroe Family Home Site, Colonial Beach, Virginia

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts

William Henry Harrison

Berkeley Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia

John Tyler

Greenway Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia

James Buchanan

Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, Cove Gap, Pennsylvania

James K. Polk

President James K. Polk Historic Site, Pineville, North Carolina

Franklin Pierce

Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hillsborough, New Hampshire

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park, Hodgenville, Kentucky

Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Birthplace, Point Pleasant, Ohio

Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site, Fairfield, Vermont

Grover Cleveland

Grover Cleveland Birthplace, Caldwell, New Jersey

William McKinley

McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center, Niles, Ohio

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia

William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft National Historic Site, Cincinnati, Ohio

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, New York City, New York

Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge Homestead District, Plymouth, Vermont

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, West Branch, Iowa

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York

Harry S. Truman

Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site, Lamar, Missouri

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site, Denison, Texas

Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, Stonewall, Texas

Ronald Reagan

Birthplace of Ronald Reagan, Tampico, Illinois

Richard Nixon

Birthplace of Richard Nixon, Yorba Linda, California

Gerald R. Ford

Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens, Omaha, Nebraska

John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site, Brookline, Massachusetts

Bill Clinton

President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site, Hope, Arkansas

text: States of primary affiliation[edit]

text: A list of U.S. Presidents including the state with which each was primarily affiliated, due to residence, professional career, and electoral history. This is not necessarily the state in which the president was born. Nineteen Presidents (denoted with an asterisk) primarily resided in states other than their respective birth states, which are listed above.

text:
State
#
Presidents (in order of presidency)

 New York

7

Martin Van Buren (8), Millard Fillmore (13), Chester A. Arthur* (21), Grover Cleveland* (22, 24), Theodore Roosevelt (26), Franklin D. Roosevelt (32), Donald Trump (45)

 Ohio

6

William Henry Harrison* (9), Rutherford B. Hayes (19), James A. Garfield (20), William McKinley (25), William Howard Taft (27), Warren G. Harding (29)

 Virginia

5

George Washington (1), Thomas Jefferson (3), James Madison (4), James Monroe (5), John Tyler (10)

 Massachusetts

4

John Adams (2), John Quincy Adams (6), Calvin Coolidge* (30), John F. Kennedy (35)

 California

3

Herbert Hoover* (31), Richard Nixon (37), Ronald Reagan*  (40)

 Tennessee

3

Andrew Jackson* (7), James K. Polk* (11), Andrew Johnson* (17)

 Texas

3

Lyndon B. Johnson (36), George H. W. Bush*  (41), George W. Bush*  (43)

 Illinois

3

Abraham Lincoln* (16), Ulysses S. Grant* (18), Barack Obama* (44)

 Arkansas

1

Bill Clinton (42)

 Georgia

1

Jimmy Carter (39)

 Indiana

1

Benjamin Harrison* (23)

 Kansas

1

Dwight D. Eisenhower* (34)

 Kentucky

1

Zachary Taylor* (12)

 Michigan

1

Gerald Ford* (38)

 Missouri

1

Harry S. Truman (33)

 New Hampshire

1

Franklin Pierce (14)

 New Jersey

1

Woodrow Wilson* (28)

 Pennsylvania

1

James Buchanan (15)


document_title: Hard Knocks (TV series)

question_text: when does the new season of hard knocks start

text: Hard Knocks (TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was created by Marty Callner in 2001.

text: The series has been narrated by Liev Schreiber since 2001, with the only exception being the 2007 season which was narrated by Paul Rudd, a fan of the Kansas City Chiefs.[4]

text: The San Francisco 49ers, Atlanta Falcons, Seattle Seahawks, Houston Texans, and Washington Redskins each declined to be the show's featured team for the 2013 season, while the Cincinnati Bengals accepted, marking their second appearance on the show. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell subsequently said that he wanted more teams to be featured on the series, on "some kind of formal rotation."[5][6]

text: Despite the difficulty each year in finding a team willing to participate, NFL Films announced on July 18, 2013, that it had signed a "multiyear" contract extension with HBO to continue producing the show.[7]

text: In October 2013 the NFL announced that, in the absence of a team volunteering to participate in Hard Knocks, the league could force a team to participate. Teams are exempt from being forced to participate in three circumstances: (1) they have appeared in the past ten years, (2) they have a first-year head coach, or (3) they reached the playoffs in either of the two preceding seasons.[8] These rules eliminated 24 teams from airing on the 2017 season. The remaining 8 teams included for mandatory inclusion into the show include: Bears, Buccaneers, Browns, Colts, Eagles, Ravens, Saints, and Titans. [9]

text: On March 23, 2016, it was announced the Los Angeles Rams will be the team featured for the 2016 season premiering on August 9, 2016.[10][11]

text: Hard Knocks 2017 followed the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

text: On May 17, 2018, the Cleveland Browns were announced as the team to be featured for the 2018 season.[12] The other eligible teams were the Broncos, Chargers, 49ers, Ravens and Redskins.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Baltimore Ravens (2001)[edit]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2001 Ravens season include:

text:
The team looking to repeat as Super Bowl winners.
Rookies Todd Heap and Dwayne Missouri's adjustment to professional football.
The team's adjustment after a season-ending injury to Jamal Lewis.
The veterans on the team in the final years of their careers (Shannon Sharpe, Rod Woodson, Qadry Ismail, and Tony Siragusa).
The quarterback competition between Elvis Grbac and Randall Cunningham.
Ozzie Newsome and Brian Billick's management of the team.

text: Dallas Cowboys (2002)[edit]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2002 Cowboys season include:

text:
Quincy Carter's pressure to stay the consistent starting quarterback and the acquisition of Chad Hutchinson as a backup quarterback.
Rookie Roy Williams's adjustment to professional football.
Emmitt Smith beginning his final season in Dallas, and his pursuit to become the NFL's all-time rushing yards leader.
Dave Campo heading into his third (and eventually, final) season as Dallas's head coach.

text: Kansas City Chiefs (2007)[edit]

text: The series returned on August 8, 2007, featuring the Kansas City Chiefs and their preparations for the 2007 season.[13] It is the only season of the series not narrated by Liev Schreiber; instead, actor and Chiefs fan Paul Rudd was the narrator.[14]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2007 Chiefs season include:

text:
The battle for the starting quarterback job between veteran Damon Huard and second-year player Brodie Croyle following the trade of Trent Green.
Star running back Larry Johnson's contract holdout.
Priest Holmes's attempted return to football after missing all of 2006 after a career-threatening neck injury.
The contract holdout and later development of rookie wide receiver Dwayne Bowe, the Chiefs' first-round draft pick of 2007.
Boomer Grigsby's switch from linebacker to fullback.
The development of rookie defensive linemen Tank Tyler and Turk McBride.
The competition between two undrafted cornerbacks - Tyron Brackenridge and Dimitri Patterson.
Arena Football League star Bobby Sippio's attempt to catch on with an outdoor team.

text: Dallas Cowboys (2008)[edit]

text: The Dallas Cowboys were chronicled for the second time on the television series' fourth season, which premiered on August 6, 2008.

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2008 Cowboys season include:

text:
Cornerback Adam "Pacman" Jones' reinstatement into the NFL.
Cameron Fegreus (free agent from Woodhaven, Michigan) attempting to make the team.
Keon Lattimore, a younger brother of Ray Lewis, competing for a job.
Todd Lowber, a very athletic wide receiver new to the game of football, trying to make the team.
Undersized wide receiver Danny Amendola competing for a job.
Rookies Felix Jones and Martellus Bennett adjusting to NFL camp for the first time.

text: Cincinnati Bengals (2009)[edit]

text: The Cincinnati Bengals season premiered on August 12, 2009.[15]  Its ratings were higher than any previous season of Hard Knocks,[16] and it won two Sports Emmy Awards: one for Outstanding Edited Sports Series or Anthology, and one for Outstanding Post Produced Audio / Sound.[17]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2009 Bengals season include:

text:
The battle for the starting fullback position between Jeremi Johnson, Chris Pressley, Fui Vakapuna, and J.D. Runnels.
The injuries of tight ends Reggie Kelly and Ben Utecht, and the adjustment of rookie tight end Chase Coffman to the NFL.[18][19]
The contract holdout of offensive tackle Andre Smith, the Bengals' first-round draft pick of 2009.
The battle for the starting strong safety position between veteran Roy Williams and Chinedum Ndukwe.
The recovery effort of starting quarterback Carson Palmer from an injury-plagued 2008 season.
The antics and catchphrases of wide receiver Chad Ochocinco (who is now Chad Johnson).
The development and maturation of wide receiver Chris Henry.

text: New York Jets (2010)[edit]

text: The New York Jets were chronicled in the series' sixth season.  An official announcement was made on March 25, 2010,[20] and HBO began airing it on August 11, 2010.  It won the series' second consecutive Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Edited Sports Series or Anthology.[21]  The Jets declined another opportunity to appear in the series in 2011.[22]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2010 Jets season include:

text:
The vocal coaching style of head coach Rex Ryan, highlighted by several sound bites that became popular after the season, such as "That's being a jackass!" and "Let's go eat a goddamn snack!"[19][23]
Cornerback Darrelle Revis's contract holdout.[19][24]
The battle for the starting fullback position between veteran Tony Richardson, journeyman Jason Davis and rookie John Conner.
Second-year starting quarterback Mark Sanchez's development as the "face" of the franchise.
Kris Jenkins's return after ACL surgery.
Running back Danny Woodhead's attempt to make the team.
Cornerback Antonio Cromartie attempting (and failing) to name all 9 of his children.[19][25]

text: At the end of July 2011, NFL Films announced it would not be producing Hard Knocks for the 2011 season.[26] No team wanted to commit to the series due to uncertainty with the NFL's labor situation.  A retrospective on the series titled Hard Knocks: A Decade Of NFL Training Camps was made featuring clips from every episode made to that point, and including comments looking back on the series from Brian Billick, Shannon Sharpe, Mike Westhoff, and others.

text: Miami Dolphins (2012)[edit]

text: On May 29, 2012, Miami Dolphins head coach Joe Philbin announced that the team would participate in the 2012 season of Hard Knocks.[27]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2012 Dolphins season include:

text:
The contract negotiation of Ryan Tannehill, followed by his development as a rookie quarterback in the NFL.
The quarterback position battle between Matt Moore, David Garrard and Ryan Tannehill, with Tannehill winning the starting job after week 2 of the pre-season.[28]
The health issues of David Garrard, especially after undergoing knee surgery during training camp.[29] He was released from the team the same day this season's final episode aired.[30]
The difficulty of Les Brown in adjusting from former college basketball player to NFL tight end, and his subsequent release from the team.
The meeting in which Philbin informs Chad Johnson (formerly Chad Ochocinco) of his release from the team following his arrest for allegedly headbutting his wife of 41 days.[19][31][32]
The meeting in which general manager Jeff Ireland informs cornerback Vontae Davis that he was traded to the Indianapolis Colts for two future draft picks.[19][33][34]

text: Cincinnati Bengals (2013)[edit]

text: The Cincinnati Bengals were featured in the 2013 season, which was the team's second appearance on the show.  The first episode of the season premiered on August 6, 2013.[35]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2013 Bengals season include:

text:
Rookie defensive lineman Larry Black's season-ending injury
Linebacker James Harrison's dislike of the camera crew at training camp
The back-up quarterback position battle between Josh Johnson and John Skelton
Estonian rookie defensive end Margus Hunt's adjustment to the NFL and life in the U.S.
The fullback position battle between veteran John Conner and converted tight end Orson Charles
The linebacker position battle between undrafted rookies Jayson DiManche and Bruce Taylor
Linebacker Aaron Maybin's struggle to stay on the team and his pursuit of painting.

text: Atlanta Falcons (2014)[edit]

text: On June 12, 2014, the Atlanta Falcons announced that the team would participate in the 2014 season of Hard Knocks premiering on August 5, 2014.[36]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2014 Falcons season include:

text:
The Falcons attempt to build more toughness into the team after a disappointing 2013 season.
Veteran Kroy Biermann's attempt to return from a major injury and switch positions.
Rookies Tyler Starr and Jaques Smith's attempt to make the team.[37]

text: Houston Texans (2015)[edit]

text: On May 27, 2015, it was announced the Houston Texans would be the team featured for the 2015 season premiering on August 11, 2015.[38][39]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2015 Texans season include:

text:
Head coach Bill O'Brien trying to lead the team to the playoffs after finishing just short in 2014.
The quarterback battle between Ryan Mallett and Brian Hoyer.
Vince Wilfork bringing leadership and experience to Houston.
Jadeveon Clowney returning from a torn meniscus.
Reigning Defensive Player of the Year J. J. Watt trying to become an even better player.
Rookies Kevin Johnson and Jaelen Strong adjusting to life in the NFL.
David Quessenberry recovering from cancer.
Kourtnei Brown, Uzoma Nwachukwu, and Charles James trying to make the team.

text: Los Angeles Rams (2016)[edit]

text: On March 23, 2016, it was announced the Los Angeles Rams would be the team featured for the 2016 season premiering on August 9, 2016.[40]

text: Some of the issues covered in the 2016 Rams season include:

text:
The team moving back to Los Angeles after spending 21 years in St. Louis
Head coach Jeff Fisher releasing the previous season's starting quarterback Nick Foles over the telephone
#1 overall draft pick Jared Goff's first experiences in the NFL
Eric Kush fighting for a spot on the roster
William Hayes' unconventional beliefs about the existence of mermaids and dinosaurs.

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2017)[edit]

text: On April 19, 2017, it was announced the Tampa Bay Buccaneers will be the team featured for the 2017 season premiering on August 8, 2017[41].

text: Cleveland Browns (2018)[edit]

text: On May 17, 2018, it was announced the Cleveland Browns will be the team featured for the 2018 season premiering on August 7, 2018.

text: Some of the issues to be covered in the 2018 Browns season include:

text:
#1 overall draft pick Baker Mayfield's first experiences in the NFL
Josh Gordon's first start to a season since his second substance abuse policy violation in 2014
Hue Jackson's position as Head coach and its dependency on winning more games

text: Similar productions[edit]

text: Inside Training Camp: Jaguars Summer[edit]

text: In 2004, NFL Films produced a training camp documentary series, similar to Hard Knocks, that featured the Jacksonville Jaguars.  Called Inside Training Camp: Jaguars Summer,[42] it aired on the NFL Network, not HBO, and was narrated by frequent NFL Films narrator Robb Webb.[43]

text: Some of the issues covered in this 2004 series include:

text:
Jack Del Rio's second season as a head coach
The development of rookie wide receiver Reggie Williams, the Jaguars' first-round draft pick of 2004
The relationship between rookie placekicker Josh Scobee and legendary special teams coach Pete Rodriguez