document_title: Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)

question_text: how many oil rigs are off the coast of louisiana

text: History of Gulf oil production[edit]

text: As technology has progressed over the years, oil companies have extended drilling and production farther and farther from shore, and into deeper and deeper waters. In 1937 Superior Oil of California and Pure Oil constructed a platform just over a mile from the shore at a depth of 13 feet. A year later, Humble Oil built a mile-long wooden trestle with railway tracks into the sea at McFadden Beach on the Gulf of Mexico, placing a derrick at its end - this was later destroyed by a hurricane.[2] A platform was installed in a hundred feet of water for the first time in 1955; in two hundred feet of water in 1962; and in a thousand feet of water in 1979.[3] "By 1970, the technology existed to drill in 2,000 feet of water and actual exploratory drilling was taking place at 1,400 feet."[4] By 2009, more than 70% of Gulf of Mexico oil production came from wells drilled in depths greater than 1,000 feet (300 m), almost double from the percentage ten years ago.[5]

text: The deepest water depth in which a discovery has been made is 9,975 feet (3,040 m), at Lloyd Ridge 370 (Diamond).[6]

text: The federal government has not allowed drilling in federal waters in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Florida and part of offshore Alabama, since 1995. In March 2010, President Barack Obama announced plans to allow drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, in federal waters greater than 125 miles (201 km) from the coasts of Alabama and Florida.[7] In December 2010, following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Obama administration reversed its plans to open the eastern Gulf, and imposed a moratorium on new drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico for at least seven years.[8]

text: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill[edit]

text: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. Killing eleven people,[9][10][11][12] it is considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill.

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2016)

text: In 2012, federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico produced 463 million barrels (73.6×10^6 m3) of oil, which made up 19.5% of all U.S. oil production that year, and more than that of any U.S. state other than Texas. The 2012 production was less than the 570 million barrels (91×10^6 m3) in 2009;[13] however, due to new deep-water discoveries, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement projects that oil production from the Gulf of Mexico will increase to 686 million barrels (109.1×10^6 m3) per year by 2013.[14]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: The state of Louisiana issued its first offshore oil and gas lease in 1936, and the following year the Pure Oil Company discovered the first Louisiana offshore oil field, the Creole Field, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from the shore of Cameron Parish, from a platform built on timber pilings in 10-to-15-foot-deep (3.0 to 4.6 m) water.[15][16] Today, there are more than 4,000 production platforms and drilling rigs off the coast of Louisiana.[citation needed]

text: Texas[edit]

text: The first offshore well in Texas was drilled in 1938, but the first oil discovery was not made until 1941, off of Jefferson County.[17] Through 2007, Texas state waters have produced 39 million barrels (6.2×10^6 m3) of oil and 4.0 trillion cubic feet (110 km3). In 2007, Texas state waters produced 600,000 barrels (95,000 m3) of oil and condensate and 26 billion cubic feet (0.74 km3) gas.[18][19]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: The first oil test in offshore Alabama was made in Mobile Bay in 1951. The first discovery in state waters of offshore Alabama was made in 1979. By 2005 a total of 80 wells have been drilled in state water, and production in Alabama state water provided 154 billion cubic feet (4.4 km3) per year, half the state's gas production.[20]

text: Florida[edit]

text: The eastern Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Gulf Coast Florida, has never been a petroleum-producing area. From the 1950s to the 1990s, oil companies drilled exploratory wells off the Gulf Coast of Florida.[21] Nineteen wells were drilled in state waters, and forty were drilled in federal waters.

text: Gulf Oil drilled the first offshore Florida oil exploration wells in 1947, in state waters in Florida Bay south of Cape Sable, Monroe County.[22] In 1956 Humble Oil drilled an exploratory well in state waters of Pensacola Bay, Santa Rosa County.[23] In 1959 Gulf Oil drilled the first offshore Florida well drilled from an offshore platform, off the Florida Keys.[24] All the wells drilled in state waters were dry holes.

text: The first federal lease sale offshore Florida was in 1959. In the 1980s the state of Florida objected to further federal lease sales in offshore Florida, and the last one was held in 1985. Because of state objections, the federal government agreed to pay $200 million to nine oil companies to buy back leases south of 26 degrees north latitude.[25]

text: In the 1970s and early 1980s, oil companies drilled 16 wells on and around the Destin Dome, in federal waters off the Florida Panhandle; none were successful. Then from 1987 to 1995 Chevron made commercial gas discoveries on the Destin Dome 25 miles (40 km) off the coast. The discovery extended the Norphlet productive trend, which is highly productive in Alabama state waters in Mobile Bay. However, the state of Florida objected to plans to produce the deposits, and in May 2002, the US government agreed to buy back 7 leases from Chevron, Conoco, and Murphy Oil for $115 million.[26]

text: In 1947, the state of Florida issued a long-term oil and gas lease for state waters in the Gulf, stretching from Apalachicola Bay in the north to Naples in the south. The lease, which now belongs to Coastal Petroleum, was renegotiated in 1975 to leave Coastal with partial rights from 0–7.4 miles (0.0–11.9 km) from the shore, and full rights to state waters from 7.4–10.4 miles (11.9–16.7 km) from the shore.[27] Florida has since banned offshore drilling in state waters, and has a long-running legal dispute with Coastal over Coastal's efforts to drill the offshore lease.

text: Florida banned drilling in state waters in 1992, and has also opposed additional drilling in federal waters off Florida. However, in April 2009 three committees of the Florida House of Representatives approved a bill that would allow offshore drilling in state waters more than 3 miles (4.8 km) from shore. Because state waters extend only 3 miles (4.8 km) from shore on the east coast of Florida, the legislation would have affected only state waters on the Gulf coast of the state, where state waters extend out to 10.5 statute miles (16.9 km) from shore. The bill passed the Florida House in April 2009, but died soon after in the Florida Senate.[28]

text: Natural gas hydrates[edit]

text: Natural gas hydrates have long been known to exist in sediments beneath the Gulf of Mexico. In May 2009 the US Geological Survey announced the discovery of thick natural gas hydrate deposits beneath the Gulf of Mexico that are recoverable by current technology.[29] To date, natural gas from hydrates has not been produced from the Gulf of Mexico.


document_title: J. R. D. Tata

question_text: in india which businessman had pilot license number one

root

text: J. R. D. Tata

text: Early life[edit]

text: JRD Tata was born as Jehangir on 29 July 1904 into a Parsi family. He was the second child of businessman Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his French wife, Suzanne "Sooni" Brière.[3] His father was a first cousin of Jamsetji Tata, a pioneer industrialist in India. He had one elder sister Sylla, a younger sister Rodabeh and two younger brothers Darab and Jamshed (called Jimmy) Tata. His sister, Sylla, was married to Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, the third baronet of Petits. His sister's sister in-law, Rattanbai Petit, was the wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who later became the founder of Pakistan in August 1947. Their daughter, Dina Jinnah, was married to Neville Wadia, a notable businessman.

tag: p

text:
As his mother was French, he spent much of his childhood in France and as a result, French was his first language. He attended the Janson De Sailly School in Paris.[4] One of the teachers at that school used to call him L'Egyptian for some strange reason.[5] Tata also served for one year in a Spahis regiment during the Second World War.[6][7]
After he left the service the whole regiment perished on an expedition in Morocco.[6][8]

text: He attended the Cathedral and John Connon School, Bombay. Tata got educated in London, Japan, France and India.[9] When his father joined the Tata company he moved the whole family to London. During this time, J.R.D's mother died at an early age of 43 while his father was in India and his family was in France.

text: After his mother's death, Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata decided to move his family to India and sent J.R.D to England for higher studies in October 1923. He was enrolled in a Grammar school, and was interested in studying Engineering at Cambridge. Just as the Grammar course was ending and he was hoping to enter Cambridge, a law was passed in France to draft into the army, for two years, all French boys at the age of 20.

text:
As a citizen of France J.R.D had to enlist in the army for at least 1 year. In between the Grammar school and his time in the army, he spent a brief spell at home in Bombay.
After joining the French Army he was posted into the regiment called Spahis (The Sepoys). Soon the Colonel of the regiment found that there was a member of his Squadron who could not only read and write French and English,[10] but could type as well; so he assigned him as a secretary in his office.

text: Tata was once again transferred to the more luxurious office of a colonel. After a 12-month period of conscription in the French Army he wanted to proceed to Cambridge for further education, but his father decided to bring him back to India and he joined the Tata Company.

text:
In 1929, JRD renounced his French citizenship and became an Indian citizen, and started working at Tata.
In 1930 JRD married Thelma Vicaji, the niece of Jack Vicaji, a colourful lawyer whom he hired to defend him on a charge of driving his Bugatti too fast along Bombay's main promenade, Marine Drive. Previously he had been engaged to Dinbai Mehta, the future mother of The Economist editor Shapur Kharegat.

text: Career[edit]

text:
When J. R. D. Tata was in tour, he was inspired by his friend's father, pioneer Louis Blériot, the first Man to fly across the English Channel, and took to flying. On 10 February 1929, Tata obtained the first pilot licence issued in India.[11]
He later came to be known as the father of Indian civil aviation. He founded India's first commercial airline, Tata Airlines in 1932, which became Air India in 1946, now India's national airline. He and Nevill Vintcent worked together in building Tata Airlines. They were also good friends. In 1929, J. R. D became one of the first Indians to be granted a commercial pilot's license. In 1932 Tata Aviation Service, the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India, took to the skies.

text: The first flight in the history of Indian aviation lifted off from Drigh Road in Karachi with J. R. D at the controls of a Puss Moth. J. R. D nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953, when the government of Jawaharlal Nehru nationalized Air India. It was a decision J. R. D had fought against tooth and nail.

text: He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925. In 1938, at the age of 34, JRD was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India. He took over as Chairman of Tata Sons from his second cousin Nowroji Saklatwala. For decades, he directed the huge Tata Group of companies, with major interests in steel, engineering, power, chemicals and hospitality. He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining high ethical standards – refusing to bribe politicians or use the black market.

text: Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100 million to over US$5 billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest.

text: He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia's first cancer hospital, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, in Bombay in 1941. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS, 1936), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, 1945), and the National Center for Performing Arts.

text: In 1945, he founded Tata Motors. In 1948, JRD Tata launched Air India International as India's first international airline. In 1953, the Indian Government appointed JRD Tata as Chairman of Air India and a director on the Board of Indian Airlines – a position he retained for 25 years. For his crowning achievements in aviation, he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India.

text: JRD Tata cared greatly for his workers. In 1956, he initiated a programme of closer 'employee association with management' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company. He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight-hour working day, free medical aid, workers' provident scheme, and workmen's accident compensation schemes, which were later, adopted as statutory requirements in India.

text: Tata was also controversially supportive of the declaration of emergency powers by Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, in 1975.  He is quoted to have told a reporter of the New York Times, "things had gone too far. You can’t imagine what we’ve been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn’t walk out of my office into the street. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."[12]

text: He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956. In 1968, he founded Tata Consultancy Services as Tata Computer Centre. In 1979, Tata Steel instituted a new practice: a worker being deemed to be "at work" from the moment he leaves home for work till he returns home from work. This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work. In 1987, he founded Titan Industries. Jamshedpur was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life, conditions of sanitation, roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel.[13]

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text:
JRD Tata received a number of awards. He was conferred the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force in 1948, was promoted to the Air Commodore rank (equivalent to Brigadier in army), and was further promoted on 1 April 1974 to the Air Vice Marshal rank. Several international awards for aviation were given to him – The Tony Jannus Award in March 1979, the Gold Air Medal of the Federation Aeronautique International in 1985, the Edward Warner Award of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Canada in 1986 and the Daniel Guggenheim Medal in 1988.[14] He received the Padma Vibhushan in 1955. The French Legion of Honour was bestowed on him in 1983. In 1992, because of his selfless humanitarian endeavours, JRD Tata was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna. In the same year, JRD Tata was also bestowed with the United Nations Population Award for his crusading endeavours towards initiating and successfully implementing the family planning movement in India,[15] much before it became an official government policy.
In his memory, the Government of Maharashtra named its first double-decker bridge the Bharatratna JRD Tata Overbridge at Kasarwadi Phata, Pune.

text: Death[edit]

text: JRD Tata died in Geneva, Switzerland on 29 November 1993 at the age of 89 of a kidney infection.[16] Upon his death, the Indian Parliament was adjourned in his memory – an honour not usually given to persons who are not members of parliament. He was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.


document_title: Tongue

question_text: where does the tongue attach to the mouth

text: Tongue

text: Structure[edit]

text: The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity. The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum. This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is the remnant of median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development. The anterior oral part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat, roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their embryological development and nerve supply.

text: The anterior tongue is, at its apex (or tip), thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. The posterior part is, at its root, directed backward, and connected with the hyoid bone by the hyoglossi and genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane, with the epiglottis by three glossoepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches, and with the pharynx by the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the mucous membrane. It also forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx.

text: The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm.[3] The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 70g and for adult females 60g.[citation needed]

text: In phonetics and phonology, a distinction is made between the tip of the tongue and the blade (the portion just behind the tip). Sounds made with the tongue tip are said to be apical, while those made with the tongue blade are said to be laminal.

text: Surface of the tongue[edit]

text: The upper surface of the tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus. The foramen cecum marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the terminal sulcus. The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the descent of the thyroid diverticulum in embryonic development.

text: The terminal sulcus is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a V shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue. The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and the oral part is suppled by the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve) for somatosensory perception and by the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve) for taste perception.

text: Both parts of the tongue develop from different pharyngeal arches.

text: Muscles[edit]

text: The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone.

text: Extrinsic[edit]

text: The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. They are the genioglossus, the hyoglossus (often including the chondroglossus) the styloglossus, and the palatoglossus. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement.[4]

text: The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels the tongue forward.

text: The hyoglossus, arises from the hyoid bone and retracts and depresses the tongue. The chondroglossus is often included with this muscle.

text: The styloglossus arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and draws the sides of the tongue up to create a trough for swallowing.

text: The palatoglossus arises from the palatine aponeurosis, and depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing.

text: Intrinsic[edit]

text: Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. They are the superior longitudinal muscle, the inferior longitudinal muscle, the vertical muscle, and the transverse muscle. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as in tongue rolling, and flattening and rounding its surface. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating.[4]

text: The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the upper surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and elevates, assists in retraction of, or deviates the tip of the tongue. It originates near the epiglottis, at the hyoid bone, from the median fibrous septum.

text: The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is joined to the styloglossus muscle.

text: The vertical muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles.

text: The transverse muscle divides the tongue at the middle, and is attached to the mucous membranes that run along the sides.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. The lingual veins, drain into the internal jugular vein. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery.[4] There is also a secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

text: An area in the neck sometimes called the Pirogov triangle is formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve.[5][6] The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrhage from the tongue.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: Innervation of the tongue consists of motor fibers, special sensory fibers for taste, and general sensory fibers for sensation.[4]

text: Motor supply for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue is supplied by efferent motor nerve fibers from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), with the exception of the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).[4]

tag: ul

text: Innervation of taste and sensation is different for the anterior and posterior part of the tongue because they are derived from different embryological structures (pharyngeal arch 1 and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, respectively).[7]

text:
Anterior two thirds of tongue (anterior to the vallate papillae):

Taste: chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) via special visceral afferent fibers
Sensation: lingual branch of the mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) via general somatic afferent fibers

Posterior one third of tongue:

Taste and sensation: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via a mixture of special and general visceral afferent fibers

Base of tongue

Taste and sensation: internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (itself a branch of the vagus nerve, CN X)

text: Histology[edit]

text: The upper surface of the tongue is covered in masticatory mucosa a type of oral mucosa which is of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Embedded in this are numerous papillae that house the taste buds and their taste receptors.[8] The lingual papillae consist of filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae.[4] and only the filiform papillae are not associated with any taste buds.

text: The tongue can also divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae.[9] The lingual papillae covers the dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove . The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth.[10]

text: Development[edit]

text: The tongue begins to develop in the fourth week of embryogenesis from a median swelling, the median tongue bud known as the tuberculum impar, of the first pharyngeal arch.[11]

text: In the fifth week a pair of lateral swellings, the lateral lingual swellings (distal tongue buds) one on the right side and one on the left, form on the first pharyngeal arch. These lingual swellings quickly expand and cover the tuberculum impar and continue to develop through prenatal development. They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two thirds of the length of the tongue. The line of their fusion is marked by the median sulcus.[11]

text: In the fourth week a swelling appears from the second pharyngeal arch, in the midline, called the copula. During the fifth and sixth weeks the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence, and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus.[11] The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen caecum, which is the point where the embryological thyroid begins to descend.[4]

text: Function[edit]

text: Taste[edit]

text: Chemicals that stimulate taste receptor cells are known as tastants. Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva, it can make contact with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste transduction.[12]

text: The tongue is equipped with many taste buds on its dorsal surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of umami.[13] Umami receptor cells are the least understood and accordingly are the type most intensively under research.[14]

text: Mastication[edit]

text: The tongue is an important accessory organ in the digestive system. The tongue is used for crushing food against the hard palate, during mastication and manipulation of food for softening prior to swallowing. The epithelium on the tongue’s upper, or dorsal surface is keratinised. Consequently, the tongue can grind against the hard palate without being itself damaged or irritated.[15]

text: Speech[edit]

text: The intrinsic muscles of the tongue enable the shaping of the tongue which facilitates speech.

text: Intimacy[edit]

text: The tongue has a role in physical intimacy and sexuality. The tongue is part of the erogenous zone of the mouth and can be employed in intimate contact as in the French kiss.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: A congenital disorder of the tongue is that of ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tie. The tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth by a very short and thickened frenulum and this affects speech, eating, and swallowing.

text: The tongue is prone to several pathologies including glossitis and other inflammations such as geographic tongue, and median rhomboid glossitis; burning mouth syndrome, oral hairy leukoplakia, oral candidiasis (thrush) and black hairy tongue.

text: There are several types of oral cancer that mainly affect the tongue. Mostly these are squamous cell carcinomas.[16][17]

text: Food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating.[18] This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath (halitosis),[18] which can be managed by using a tongue cleaner.[19]

text: Medication delivery[edit]

text: The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the administration of certain medications into the body. The oral mucosa is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy) of nitroglycerin to a patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris.

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Figures of speech[edit]

text: The tongue can be used as a metonym for language, as in the phrase mother tongue. Many languages[20] have the same word for "tongue" and "language".

text: A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The expression tongue in cheek refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition, "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue" is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip. The "gift of tongues" refers to when one is uncommonly gifted to be able to speak in a foreign language, often as a type of spiritual gift. Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia, which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue, and a smooth-talking person said to have a silver tongue.

text: Gestures[edit]

text: Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness and/or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting.[21] In 2009, a farmer from Fabriano, Italy was convicted and fined by the country's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing. Proof of the affront had been captured with a cell phone camera.[22] Blowing a raspberry can also be meant as a gesture of derision.[citation needed]

text: Body art[edit]

text: Being a cultural custom for long time, tongue piercing and splitting has become quite common in western countries in recent decades. In one study, one-fifth of young adults were found to have at least one type of oral piercing, most commonly the tongue.[23]

text: As food[edit]

text: The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes considered delicacies. Hot tongue sandwiches are frequently found on menus in kosher delicatessens in America. Taco de lengua (lengua being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with beef tongue, and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. As part of Colombian gastronomy, Tongue in Sauce (Lengua en Salsa), is a dish prepared by frying the tongue, adding tomato sauce, onions and salt. Tongue can also be prepared as birria. Pig and beef tongue are consumed in Chinese cuisine. Duck tongues are sometimes employed in Szechuan dishes, while lamb's tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried cod "tongue" is a relatively common part of fish meals in Norway and Newfoundland. In Argentina and Uruguay cow tongue is cooked and served in vinegar (lengua a la vinagreta). In the Czech Republic and Poland, a pork tongue is considered a delicacy, and there are many ways of preparing it. In Eastern Slavic countries, pork and beef tongues are commonly consumed, boiled and garnished with horseradish or jelled; beef tongues fetch a significantly higher price and are considered more of a delicacy. In Alaska, cow tongues are among the more common.

text: Tongues of seals and whales have been eaten, sometimes in large quantities, by sealers and whalers, and in various times and places have been sold for food on shore.[24]

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge, which comes from Proto-Germanic *tungōn.[25] It has cognates in other Germanic languages — for example tonge in West Frisian, tong in Dutch/Afrikaans, Zunge in German, tunge in Danish/Norwegian and tunga in Icelandic/Faroese/Swedish. The ue ending of the word seems to be a fourteenth-century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic".[25] Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century.

text: In the Bible[edit]

text: In the New Testament, in the Book of Acts of the Apostles, it is recorded of Jesus' disciples on the Day of Pentecost speaking with the gift of tongues, a type of spiritual gift. It states in verses 3 and 4 of Acts chapter 2 "there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues...." It is recorded in verses 5 through 11 that Jewish people in Jerusalem that were from various parts of the Roman Empire were amazed that they could understand what was being preached about God.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Most vertebrate animals have tongues. In mammals such as dogs and cats, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body by licking. The tongues of these species have a very rough texture which allows them to remove oils and parasites. Some dogs have a tendency to consistently lick a part of their foreleg which can result in a skin condition known as a lick granuloma. A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow.[26][27]

text: Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleons, frogs, and anteaters have prehensile tongues.

text: Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods.[28][29]

text: Other animals may have organs that are analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly's proboscis or a radula on a mollusc, but these are not homologous with the tongues found in vertebrates, and often have little resemblance in function, for example, butterflies do not lick with their proboscides; they suck through them, and the proboscis is not a single organ, but two jaws held together to form a tube.[30]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
The human tongue

Spots on the tongue

Exclusive Lines on the tongue

An okapi cleaning its muzzle with its tongue


document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: name of the scientist in back to the future

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #20.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family. Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm. In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather). Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty (Jr.) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory. The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955. Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley. He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen. Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud with. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty. In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School. Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards. Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: Incredicoaster

question_text: how tall is the drop on california screamin

text: Incredicoaster

text: History[edit]

text: California Screamin' was designed by Ingenieur Büro Stengel GmbH and was built by Intamin. It is the eighth-longest rollercoaster in the world (and third-longest steel coaster in the United States), at 6,072 feet (1,851 m) long. It took 5,800,000 pounds (2,600,000 kg) of steel to build the ride. It is also the longest ride with an inversion (since Son of Beast became defunct). When the loop for Son of Beast at Kings Island was removed in 2006, California Screamin' became the longest looping coaster in the world. Its highest point is 120 feet (37 m) followed by a 108-foot (33 m) drop. The steel structure was designed to visually mimic the features of a wooden coaster.[citation needed]

text: The coaster uses Linear Induction Motors (LIMs) to launch the train up the first hill as well as on the main lift midway through the ride.[2] These motors replaced the traditional lift hill chain. This coaster is one of Disney Parks fastest attractions, accelerating guests from zero to 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) in four seconds at the launch.[citation needed] The ride's launch system uses 5,000 horsepower (3.7 MW) linear induction motors.[2]

text: Like most other coasters in Disney Parks, California Screamin' played a soundtrack during the ride, created by Gary Hoey and George Wilkins.[3]

text: The original safety spiels were recorded by Dee Bradley Baker.[citation needed] On November 5, 2010, the attraction's original recorded safety spiels were updated with the voice of actor Neil Patrick Harris.[4] Harris also recorded audio for the launch, counting down for guests. There are 108 acoustic devices to play the "Synchronized On-Board Audio Track" (S.O.B.A.T.) onboard each train, including high-rangers in the headrests, mid-rangers near riders' ears, and subwoofers underneath each rider's seat.[citation needed]

text: After the refurbishment of Disney California Adventure, from 2007-2012, the Mickey Mouse head located behind the vertical loop was replaced with a large sun icon along with the name "Paradise Pier" above the sun.

text: Disney announced a complete renovation of Paradise Pier on November 2, 2017, into Pixar Pier. With it, would come the transformation of California Screamin' into Incredicoaster, which would be re-themed to and inspired by Pixar Animation Studios' The Incredibles.[1]

text: On January 8, 2018, the attraction officially closed and reopened to the public as Incredicoaster on June 23, 2018.

text: Preshow and ride[edit]

text: Guests enter as TV screens display footage of the Incredibles and Edna Mode being interviewed for the ride's rechristening as the Incredicoaster. While they are being interviewed, Jack-Jack begins using his unpredictable super powers much to his family's frustration and Edna's amusement. As the riders board the cars and take off from the station, Elastigirl asks Edna to look after Jack-Jack. The riders pass by the VIP room showing Edna with Jack-Jack as he teleports around. Moments later Edna announces that Jack-Jack has escaped. The Incredibles then take off throughout the ride trying to catch Jack-Jack as he uses his vast array of super powers to "attack" certain points on the ride. Dash tries to use his super speed to catch Jack-Jack in the first tunnel while Jack-Jack shoots lasers from his eyes. In the second tunnel, Elastigirl tries using her stretching powers to grab Jack-Jack while he is phasing in and out of the tunnel wall. Mr. Incredible has used his super strength to smash through the wall and is trying to catch Jack-Jack by offering him a cookie. Violet then tries to catch the mischievous little baby in the third tunnel, but Jack-Jack has set himself a blaze with his fire powers, forcing Violet to put an invisible force field around the tunnel to put out the flames and keep the riders safe. Things get worse when Jack-Jack begins using his ability to multiply and dozens of Jack-Jacks begin popping up everywhere. Eventually, Jack-Jack makes it back to the station safely. This time he has increased in size, but Edna manages to keep him calm by giving him a cookie.

text: Incidents[edit]

text: On July 29, 2005, 25 guests were injured when the purple train rear-ended the red train. Of the 48 guests aboard the two trains, 15 were taken to the hospital for treatment of minor injuries. The accident occurred on the section of track about 30 feet (9.1 m) short of the loading station. A full ride stop was activated with the red train stopped. The brake segment that was supposed to have stopped the purple train failed, and the purple train continued until it collided with the stopped red train.[5] An investigation showed that a faulty brake valve, installed a few days earlier by Disney (not by the ride manufacturer Intamin), was the cause.[6]

text: On July 22, 2011, 23 people were rescued from California Screamin' by firefighters when a rider's backpack fell out of a train and landed on the track, causing the orange train to stop just after the loop but before the next block brake and make it continuously roll back and forth. It reopened two days later after the train was winched up the next hill, had its damaged wheels replaced and was allowed to complete the circuit.[7][8]

text: On May 2, 2016, the coaster was halted when a passenger used a selfie stick. The ride was evacuated after a 20-minute stop.[9]

text: On August 6, 2016, passengers on the ride were stranded for 45 minutes before being rescued when a fallen purse triggered an automatic stop.[10]

text: Rockin' California Screamin'[edit]

text: On January 3, 2007, the standard onboard audio track for California Screamin' was temporarily replaced with a remixed version of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' "Around the World," and the attraction was renamed Rockin' California Screamin'. This was promoted alongside Rockin' Space Mountain, a similar change made to Space Mountain in Disneyland, though that ride's audio was changed to the Red Hot Chili Peppers' cover version of "Higher Ground". These changes were part of the "Rockin' Both Parks" campaign. The standard audio track was restored when the campaign ended.[11][12]

text: Attraction facts[edit]

text: This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (June 2018)

tag: table

text:
Riders are secured by over-the-shoulder restraints.
Totaling 6,072 feet (1,851 m) of track, It is the third-longest steel roller coaster on the American continents.
It contains over 36 miles (58 km) of electrical wire, and 167 miles (269 km) of individual conductors.
There are 11,500,000 pounds (5,200,000 kg) of concrete in the foundations, and the deepest foundation is a pile of 48 feet (15 m).
Because Disney California Adventure is located adjacent to a residential zone and must adhere to certain noise restriction guidelines, special scream tubes were designed for Screamin to keep riders' screams directed back into the park. Those scream tubes now have the Incredibles characters in them.
The ride's previous name is a play on the 1965 song "California Dreamin'" by The Mamas & the Papas.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
California Screamin' roller coaster

A detailed look at the roller coaster's loop with the former Mickey Mouse head

California Screamin' launching area

Overview of Paradise Pier with the Mickey Mouse head removed and the renovated Mickey's Fun Wheel

California Screamin' roller coaster during World of Color in 2010


document_title: The Orville

question_text: who does the voice for isaac on the orville

text: The Orville

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville (ECV-197), a mid-level exploratory space vessel in the Planetary Union, a 25th-century interstellar alliance of Earth and many other planets.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer, the captain of the Orville.[9][10][11] Mercer was an up-and-coming officer, believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40. However, he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien. Over the course of the following year, he is cited for becoming lax in his duties, including six instances of reporting to duty while hung over, but is informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain, the Orville, a mid-level exploratory ship, was in need of a new commanding officer.[10]
Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson, the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer's ex-wife.[9][11] The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien. Unbeknownst to Mercer, Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command, stating that despite some personal setbacks, he deserved his own command. She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville. Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside, to work together as a team and stay as friends.[10]
Penny Johnson Jerald[11] as Doctor Claire Finn, the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville, holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander. A physician of exceptional credentials, she has expertise in molecular surgery, DNA engineering and psychiatry, which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice. She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because, as she explains to Mercer in the pilot, she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed, as she feels more stimulated by such assignments. When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command, he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence, though she denies this.[10] Having never found the ideal opportunity to marry, she chose to become a single mother, and her two sons, Marcus and Ty, travel aboard the Orville with her.[12] She repeatedly rebuffs Lt. Yaphit's advances,[13][14] though they become physically intimate in "Cupid's Dagger" after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone.[15]
Scott Grimes as Lieutenant Gordon Malloy, the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer's best friend.[9][11] Considered the best helmsman in the fleet, he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking, losing cargo in the process. He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey, who harbors concern over Malloy's history of crude and juvenile pranks.[10]
Peter Macon[11] as Lieutenant Commander Bortus, the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville. Bortus is from Moclus, a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing,[13] and whose inhabitants, the Moclans, are a single-gender species. Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year.[10][11]
Halston Sage[11] as Lieutenant Alara Kitan, the Orville's young Chief of Security. She is a member of the Xelayan race, which inhabits a high-gravity planet, giving her greater-than-human strength, allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them,[10] or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands.[13]
J. Lee as Lieutenant Commander John LaMarr.[11] He is navigator of the Orville for most of the first season. He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the first episode.[10] Though intellectually gifted, he learned to hide his intelligence and settle for modest ambitions growing up. When Grayson discovers his high aptitude in "New Dimensions", she encourages him to fulfill his potential. As a result, he acquits himself so well during that episode's crisis that he replaces the outgoing Lt. Commander Newton as the Orville's Chief Engineer.[16]
Mark Jackson[11][17] as Isaac, the Orville's Science and Engineering Officer. Isaac is a member of the artificial, non-biological race from Kaylon-1 that views biological lifeforms, including humans, as inferior. Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it, as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers. Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior. During the course of his time with the crew, he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior, such as sarcasm, slang,[7][10] and practical jokes. Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body's internal sensors, and not with the two glowing blue "eyes" on his face, which are purely aesthetic.[18]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey, Mercer's superior and an old friend of Grayson's father[10][15]
Chad Coleman as Klyden, Bortus' mate and father of their child[19]
Norm Macdonald as the voice of Lt. Yaphit, an amorphous, gelatinous, shapeshifting engineer on the Orville,[20] who repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn,[13][14] and frequently flirts with other females on the ship.[18] Despite telling her in "Cupid's Dagger" that he is in love with her, she does not reciprocate his attraction, but they become physically intimate in that episode after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone.[15]
Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander[19] Steve Newton, Chief Engineer of the Orville[18] until episode 1.11, when he leaves take a new job designing space stations, and is replaced by LaMarr[16]
Gavin Lee as Nurse Park[15]
Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer[21][22]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Brian George as Doctor Aronov, the leader of the Epsilon II science station[10]
Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker[19][23]
Jeffrey Tambor as Ben, Captain Mercer's father (appears as hologram)[19]
Holland Taylor as Jeannie, Captain Mercer's mother (appears as hologram)[19]
Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator[13]
Rena Owen as Heveena[13]
Robert Knepper as Hamelac[14]
Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl, Captain of the derelict multi-generation ship[14]
Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque[18]
James Horan as Sazeron, the Krill high priest on the Krill destroyer Yakar[24]
Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa[24]
Michaela McManus as Teleya, a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar[24]
Steven Culp as Wilks[23]
Brian Thompson as Drogen, a survivalist on a planet on which Finn, Isaac and Finn's children crash in "Into the Fold"[25]
Rob Lowe as Darulio, the Retepsian archeologist whose affair with Kelly ended her marriage with Mercer[10][15]
Ralph Garman as Kanoot, a Karaoke announcer on The Orville.[15]
Mike Henry as Dann, a member of the Engineering staff[15]
Robert Picardo as Ildis Kitan, father of Alara Kitan[26]
Molly Hagan as Drenala Kitan, mother of Alara Kitan[26]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Old Wounds"
Jon Favreau
Seth MacFarlane
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1LAB01
8.56[27]

25th-century Union command officer Ed Mercer divorces his wife, Kelly Grayson, after catching her cheating on him. A year later, he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville, a mid-level research vessel, and learns to his dismay that his ex-wife has been assigned as his First Officer. During the Orville's first mission, the hostile alien Krill captain (Joel Swetow) attempts to steal a device that accelerates time, which has both beneficial and dangerous applications. Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel.

2
"Command Performance"
Robert Duncan McNeill
Seth MacFarlane
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1LAB03
6.63[28]

The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit. Alara is left in command of the Orville, as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it. Alara is unsure of herself, but gains confidence with the help of Claire's mentorship. Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work, but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long-term romantic relationship, despite their strong camaraderie. Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson, along with an alien child, by trading an archive of Earth's reality television for them. Mercer presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination. A female offspring hatches from Bortus' egg, stunning him and Klyden, as Moclan females are extremely rare.

3
"About a Girl"
Brannon Braga
Seth MacFarlane
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
1LAB04
4.05[29]

When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery, which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born, the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure. Mercer refuses, as he (and the rest of the crew) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant, so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel. Gordon and John change Bortus' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, but Klyden still wants to proceed, revealing that he was born female. The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet, Moclus, where Grayson represents Bortus; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid. Mercer locates a female Moclan of advanced years, Heveena, who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion, and reveals that under the pseudonym "Gondus Elden," she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus. But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced, and the baby undergoes the surgery. Despite their disagreement, Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son, Topa, a good life.

4
"If the Stars Should Appear"
James L. Conway
Seth MacFarlane
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
1LAB02
3.70[30]

The Orville encounters an immense, 2000-year-old derelict ship drifting into a star. Mercer, Grayson, Kitan, Finn, and Isaac enter, discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl, and do not know they are on a ship. Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac, who imposes a death penalty on "Reformers" who believe anything exists beyond the known world. While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack, Grayson's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship's bridge. An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl (played by Liam Neeson) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm. Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull's window, enabling the populace to see stars for the first time, moving even Hamelac. Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship. Meanwhile, Klyden is frustrated that Bortus' duties leave him little time for family.

5
"Pria"
Jonathan Frakes
Seth MacFarlane
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
1LAB05
3.43[31]

The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship. Grayson is suspicious of their new guest, Pria Lavesque (Charlize Theron), to whom Mercer is clearly attracted. Grayson's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time-traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century. Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all, mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time. Meanwhile, Malloy's attempt to teach Isaac the concept of practical jokes backfires when Isaac anesthetizes Malloy and amputates his leg.

6
"Krill"
Jon Cassar
David A. Goodman
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
1LAB06
3.37[32]

After recovering a Krill shuttle intact, Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana, a sacred religious text. They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony. Rather than destroy the bomb, and therefore the ship, they exploit the Krill's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members, with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya, who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill's hatred for the Union.

7
"Majority Rule"
Tucker Gates
Seth MacFarlane
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
1LAB07
4.18[33]

An undercover team led by Grayson lands on Sargas 4, an Earth-like planet with a culture similar to that of 21st-century human civilization, to locate two missing anthropologists. There, LaMarr is arrested after a video of him dancing with a beloved statue receives more than a million "down" votes, and must convince the public to pardon him or be subjected to "treatment" for his actions. Alara and Claire locate one of the missing, but find him in an irreversible lobotomized state. With LaMarr facing a final vote to determine his guilt, Mercer brings one of the planet's inhabitants, Lysella, aboard the Orville and learns about the "Master Feed", which Isaac is able to hack and upload doctored images of John, narrowly swinging the vote in his favor. Now free, John and the others return to the ship and depart. The next day, Lysella decides against taking part in a public vote.

8
"Into the Fold"
Brannon Braga
Brannon Braga & André Bormanis
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
1LAB08
3.83[34]

While traveling to a recreational planet in a shuttle, Isaac, Finn, and her sons Marcus and Ty fall into a spatial fold, and crash on a planet devastated by famine and disease, and populated by cannibals. Finn is separated from the other three and captured by a survivalist named Drogen. While she works to escape, Isaac, who is unfamiliar with the care of human children, is forced to protect her sons while he tries to fix the shuttle's communication systems in order to send a distress signal. Ty becomes ill with the planet's indigenous disease. After Finn kills Drogen and reunites with the others, Isaac and Marcus hold off a large attack by the cannibals long enough for the Orville to rescue them. After Finn cures Ty's infection, Isaac tells her that, for all the faults he sees in the children, he still thinks of them fondly.

9
"Cupid's Dagger"
Jamie Babbit
Liz Heldens
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
1LAB09
3.69[35]

The Orville is dispatched to mediate talks between two alien species, the Navarians and the Bruidians, who have been at a centuries-old stalemate over which race lays proper claim over the planet Lapovius. Also assigned to the matter is Darulio (Rob Lowe), the Retepsian whose affair with Grayson a year prior ended her marriage to Mercer, to scan an ancient artifact from the planet for DNA to reveal which species was the original inhabitant. Unbeknownst to the crew, Darulio secretes a sex pheromone as part of his mating cycle, which affects the crew resulting in trysts between Darulio and Grayson, Darulio and Mercer, and Finn and Yaphit. This incapacitates the affected officers, resulting in the Navarian and Bruidian delegates canceling the mediation, and a full-scale battle in orbit around the planet. The crisis is resolved when Darulio and Alara expose the ambassadors to a modified version of the pheromone, resulting in a temporary infatuation that prompts a ceasefire. DNA test results from the artifact reveal that the planet's inhabitants were common ancestors to both species, legitimizing a mutual claim to the planet. When Grayson asks Darulio if he was in heat a year ago, he only answers "maybe".

10
"Firestorm"
Brannon Braga
Cherry Chevapravatdumrong
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
1LAB10
3.32[36]

When Lt. Payne is trapped beneath debris during a plasma storm, Alara's pyrophobia causes her to hesitate, and after he dies, she blames herself. Mercer declines her resignation and suggests she discover the cause of her pyrophobia. She learns from her parents (Robert Picardo and Molly Hagan) that, as an infant, her mother fell asleep cradling her when a fire broke out in the kitchen. Alara's cries woke her up just in time to save them both. Soon, the Orville encounters strange phenomena, including a scary clown, a giant spider that eats Malloy, and murderous versions of Finn and Isaac. It is revealed that Alara is in the holographic simulator, in a program she ordered Isaac to create to simulate any other potential fears she may have, and having Finn erase her short-term memory of having made the request to ensure an authentic reaction to the program. She completes the program, after which Mercer threatens to court martial her for invoking Directive 38 (allowing the Chief of Security to override the captain's clearance) so that no one could abort the simulation early, but decides to let Alara off easy, saying he was impressed by her ability to overcome every obstacle.

11
"New Dimensions"
Kelly Cronin
Seth MacFarlane
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
1LAB11
3.63[37]

With Lt. Newton leaving the Orville, Mercer must find a new Chief Engineer. Although Yaphit is next in line for the position, Cmdr. Grayson discovers that LaMarr has been hiding intellectual gifts, stemming from wanting to be better accepted as a child growing up in his community. Grayson convinces Mercer to assign LaMarr to lead an engineering team assignment, in order to evaluate him as a candidate, but when Mercer learns that Grayson similarly pushed for Admiral Halsey to consider him for the Orville's captaincy, he becomes wracked with doubt and resentment, despite Grayson's insistence that he was granted his position on merit, and Halsey's confirmation that Mercer's performance on the ship has borne this out. Meanwhile, the Orville encounters a thief with a cache of plasma rifles stolen from the Krill, who is killed when he passes into a region of two-dimensional space. To elude the thief's Krill pursuers, the Orville takes refuge in that region. When the protective quantum bubble around the ship begins to fail, LaMarr, initially daunted by being placed in a leadership position, rises to the occasion, and works with Yaphit to help the ship escape the realm, for which LaMarr is made Chief Engineer and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander.

12
"Mad Idolatry"
Brannon Braga
Seth MacFarlane
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)[38]
1LAB13
3.54[39]

In uncharted space, Grayson leads a shuttle team that crashes on a suddenly appearing planet with a Bronze Age society. Before the team returns to the Orville, Grayson interacts with a young native girl which results in a cultural contamination. The crew discovers the planet phases in to our universe for a short time every 11 days as 700 years passes in the planet's main universe. When the planet reappears they discover the contamination has led to a religion that worships Grayson and has grown into a theocracy that practices torture and execution of heretics. Admiral Ozawa reprimands Mercer for omitting mention of the contamination, and orders no further contact with the planet. Mercer and Grayson defy this order by returning to the planet to inform the society's religious leader, the Valondis, of the truth, but a subordinate conspires to continue the lie. As a result, by the time of its next visit to our universe, the planet's society is comparable to that of early 21st century Earth complete with religious bickering and strife. Resolving to finish their mission of removing the false religion, Isaac stays on the planet till its next visit, spending what for the planet is 700 years. When the planet emerges again, it has progressed to its age of interstellar space travel, and two of its representatives return Isaac to the Orville where they inform the crew that despite the tumultuous effect of his arrival on the planet, its society evolved away from religion naturally and suggested that when they progress millennia ahead of the Orville's universe, they may come to study its people.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script, which was given a 13-episode order by Fox on May 4, 2016, making it the first live-action television series created by MacFarlane, as well as his first live-action starring role on television.[40]

text: Following the project's greenlight, MacFarlane stated, “I've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid, and the timing finally feels right. [...] I think this is gonna be something special.”[5]

text: According to MacFarlane, The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek.[41] He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool.[42]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On July 29, 2016, MacFarlane's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer, the captain of the Orville, while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson, Ed's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville, and Scott Grimes, who voices Steve Smith on American Dad! (another show created by MacFarlane), was cast as Gordon Malloy, Ed's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville.[9] On August 19, Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars.[43][44] On October 31, Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast.[45] On December 8, Mark Jackson was cast.[17] On April 3, 2017, Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role.[46]

text: At San Diego Comic Con, MacFarlane said that Charlize Theron would guest-star in an episode.[47] The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West.

text: Filming[edit]

text: On August 24, 2016, Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot.[48] Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016, and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27, 2017.[40] Production wrapped on August 23, 2017.[49]

text: Star Trek veterans Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill have each directed an episode of The Orville, having directed episodes of the Star Trek franchise.[50]

text: On November 15, 2017, it was reported that episode thirteen of season one would be held back and instead air during the second season due to a gap in broadcast dates caused by the broadcaster's lengthy Christmas programming.[51] Filming for the second begins in February 2018.[52]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show uses a 75-piece orchestra for the music in each episode, alongside several different composers. MacFarlane said "We score it like a movie" and "We really put as much into that as we do into the effects."[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 21% approval rating, with an average rating of 4.61/10 based on 39 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity, homage and satire, The Orville never quite achieves liftoff."[54] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 36 out of 100, based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[55]

text: Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek, calling it a rip-off and "Creatively, Morally, and Ethically Bankrupt". She criticized the lack of creativity, the blatant imitation, and was surprised that the show is "uninterested in being a comedy".[50]

text: Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that "All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here, and in many ways it's kind of wonderful. I'm honestly surprised something like this exists." He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor.[56]

text: Audience response[edit]

text: In the October 15, 2017 "The Orville Mid-Season Angry Review" episode of The Angry Joe Show, host Joe Vargas noted the gulf between the response to the series among critics and viewers, contrasting the Rotten Tomatoes' 19% approval rating from professional critics to the 91% viewer approval rating. Vargas compared this to Star Trek: Discovery, which received an 83% rating from critics, and stated "Star Trek fans—at least the ones that watch my show—like The Orville way more than they like Star Trek: Discovery".[57] Tim Surette of TV Guide also wrote about the critic-to-viewer Rotten Tomatoes rating, noting the balance had shifted to 21/93, and that its Metacritic score was 36% approval from critics, and 82% from viewers. As a critic himself, Surette notes that as a throwback, The Orville is an anomaly in modern television, and found showrunner David A. Goodman's admission that MacFarlane wants to vary between dramatic and comedic episodes a potentially dangerous strategy, but concedes that the show's viewers appear to like it for that reason.[58]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The Orville has performed well in ratings. After its premiere on Sunday, September 10, 2017, the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 p.m. In its first broadcast in the new time slot, The Orville became Fox's highest rated Thursday 9 p.m. broadcast in two years.[59]

text: After taking into account DVR and VOD, The Orville was Fox's most-viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015.

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Old Wounds"
September 10, 2017
2.7/9
8.56[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"Command Performance"
September 17, 2017
2.2/8
6.63[28]
0.9
2.42
3.1
9.05[60]

3
"About a Girl"
September 21, 2017
1.1/4
4.05[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"If the Stars Should Appear"
September 28, 2017
1.1/4
3.70[30]
1.0
3.11
2.1
6.81[61]

5
"Pria"
October 5, 2017
0.9/3
3.43[31]
1.2
3.35
2.1
6.79[62]

6
"Krill"
October 12, 2017
1.0/4
3.37[32]
1.1
3.32
2.1
6.69[63]

7
"Majority Rule"
October 26, 2017
1.2/5
4.18[33]
1.1
3.11
2.3
7.29[64]

8
"Into the Fold"
November 2, 2017
1.0/4
3.83[34]
1.0
2.89
2.0
6.72[65]

9
"Cupid's Dagger"
November 9, 2017
1.0/4
3.69[35]
1.1
3.01
2.1
6.70[66]

10
"Firestorm"
November 16, 2017
0.9/3
3.32[36]
1.0
2.83
1.9
6.13[67]

11
"New Dimensions"
November 30, 2017
0.9/3
3.63[37]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Mad Idolatry"
December 7, 2017
0.9/4
3.54[39]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD