document_title: List of last survivors of historical events

question_text: who's the last survivor of the battle of lexington

question_tokens: who 's the last survivor of the battle of lexington

text: Before 1701[edit]

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Aristodemus of Sparta

c. 479 BC (aged c. 49)

Last Spartan of the Battle of Thermopylae

August or September 480 BC

Ankhmakis

c. 185 BC

Last Native Egyptian Pharaoh

c. 185 BC

John the Apostle

c. 100 (aged 93–94)

Last Apostle and the last known witness to the Crucifixion (Unconfirmed)

3 April 33

Romulus Augustulus

507 (As late as)

Last Western Roman Emperor

4 September 476

Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania

11 January 1266 (aged c. 66-76)

Last member of the Gąsawa massacre

24 November 1227

Sophia Palaiologina

7 April 1503 (aged c. 54-63)

Last member of the Imperial Byzantine court

29 May 1453

Don Mancio Serra de Leguízamo[1][2]

18 September 1589 (aged 78)

Last known conquistador who participated in the capture of Atahualpa

16 November 1532

Mary Allerton

28 November 1699 (aged 83)

Last passenger of the Mayflower

11 November 1620

John Alden

12 September 1687 (aged 88)

Last living signer of the Mayflower Compact

11 November 1620

Richard Bellingham

7 December 1672 (aged 80)

Last signer of the Massachusetts Colonial Charter

4 March 1629

tag: table

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

John Fortescue[3][4]

9 May 1808 (aged 87)

Last sailor who took part in George Anson's voyage around the world

15 June 1744

Isaac Smith

2 July 1831(1831-07-02) (aged 78–79)

Last survivor of James Cook's first voyage

12 July 1771

George Robert Twelves Hewes

5 November 1840(1840-11-05) (aged 98)

Last survivor of the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea party

5 March 1770; 16 December 1773

Ephraim Bowen[5][6]

2 September 1841(1841-09-02) (aged 88)

Last individual involved in the Gaspée Affair

10 June 1772

Amos Baker[7]

16 July 1850(1850-07-16) (aged 94)

Last Concord veteran of the Battle of Lexington and Concord

19 April 1775

Jonathan Harrington[8][9]

26 March 1854(1854-03-26) (aged 95)

Last Lexington veteran of the Battle of Lexington and Concord

19 April 1775

John Hatley

12 December 1832(1832-12-12) (aged 69–70)

Last survivor of James Cook's second voyage

30 July 1775

Charles Carroll

14 November 1832(1832-11-14) (aged 95)

Last signer of the United States Declaration of Independence

4 July 1776

William Henry Harrison

4 April 1841(1841-04-04) (aged 68)

Last President of the United States to be born a British subject

4 July 1776

Samuel Downing[10][11]

18 February 1867(1867-02-18) (aged 102)

Last veteran of the Battles of Saratoga

7 October 1777

Andrew Jackson

8 June 1845(1845-06-08) (aged 78)

Last President of the United States to have served in the American Revolution

25 April 1781

Elijah Churchill

11 April 1841(1841-04-11) (aged 85)

Last recipient of the Badge of Military Merit

2 October 1781

John Gray

29 March 1868(1868-03-29) (aged 104)

Last veteran of the Siege of Yorktown

19 October 1781

John Jay

17 May 1829(1829-05-17) (aged 83)

Last signer of the Treaty of Paris

3 September 1783

David Whitney[12]

24 March 1867(1867-03-24) (aged 99)

Last veteran of Shays' Rebellion

June 1787

James Madison

28 June 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85)

Last signer of The United States Constitution

17 September 1787

Elizabeth Thackery

7 August 1856 (aged 89)

Last survivor of the First Fleet

20 January 1788

Barthélemy de Lesseps[13]

4 June 1834(1834-06-04) (aged 68)

Last survivor of the scientific expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse

1788

John Adams

5 March 1829(1829-03-05) (aged 61)

Last mutineer of HMS Bounty

28 April 1789

Arthur Dardenne[14]

8 September 1872(1872-09-08) (aged 95–96)

Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille

14 July 1789

Ludovico Manin

24 October 1802(1802-10-24) (aged 77)

Last Doge of Venice

12 May 1797

Augusta Hejnek

1 March 1908(1908-03-01) (aged 108)

Last known person born in the 1700s

31 December 1799

Salome Sellers

9 January 1909(1909-01-09) (aged 109)

Last known person born in the 18th century

31 December 1800

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Aaron Burr

14 September 1836(1836-09-14) (aged 80)

Last participant of the Burr–Hamilton duel

11 July 1804

Pedro Antonio Martinez Zia[15][16]

1 February 1898(1898-02-01) (aged 108–109)

Last veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar

21 October 1805

Francis II

2 March 1835(1835-03-02) (aged 67)

Last Holy Roman Emperor

6 August 1806

Patrick Gass

2 April 1870(1870-04-02) (aged 98)

Last member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

23 September 1806

John Rice[17]

10 February 1880(1880-02-10) (aged 90–91)

Last veteran of the Battle of Lake Erie

10 September 1813

James Madison

28 June 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85)

Last President of the United States to lead American troops in battle

24 August 1814

James Buchanan

1 June 1868(1868-06-01) (aged 77)

Last former President of the United States to have served in the War of 1812

14 September 1814

André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin

11 August 1865(1865-08-11) (aged 82)

Last surviving delegate to the Congress of Vienna

June 1815

Charles Booth[18]

2 March 1896(1896-03-02) (aged 97)

Last living rebel of the Pentrich rising

10 June 1817

John W. Stainer[19]

3 March 1907(1907-03-03) (aged 99)

Last veteran of the Battle of Navarino

20 October 1827

Benedetto Barberini

10 April 1863(1863-04-10) (aged 74)

Last cardinal created by Pope Leo XII and last participant in the conclaves that elected Popes Pius VIII and Gregory XVI

31 March 1829; 2 February 1831

Cesare Nembrini Pironi Gonzaga

5 December 1837(1837-12-05) (aged 69)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius VIII

30 November 1830

Jean-Philippe Lavallé[20]

19 February 1913(1913-02-19) (aged 104)

Last Belgian veteran of the Belgian Revolution

21 July 1831

William Carroll Crawford[21]

3 September 1895(1895-09-03) (aged 90)

Last signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence

2 March 1836

Alijo Perez Jr.

21 October 1918(1918-10-21) (aged 83)

Last living Texian survivor of the Battle of the Alamo

6 March 1836

Alfonso Steele[22]

8 July 1911(1911-07-08) (aged 94)

Last survivor of the Battle of San Jacinto

21 April 1836

William Physick Zuber[23][24]

22 September 1913(1913-09-22) (aged 93)

Last veteran of the Texas Revolution

21 April 1836

Thomas Patrickson[25]

15 October 1914(1914-10-15) (aged 85–86)

Last participant of the Second voyage of HMS Beagle

2 October 1836

Rebecca Tickaneesky Neugin[26]

15 July 1932(1932-07-15) (aged 97–98)

Last survivor of the Trail of Tears

1839

Nelson Traux[27][28]

25 January 1915(1915-01-25) (aged 96)

Last survivor of the Battle of the Windmill

16 November 1838

Milvern Harrell[29][30]

10 August 1910(1910-08-10) (aged 86)

Last Texian survivor of the Dawson Massacre

17 September 1842

François X. Matthieu

4 February 1914(1914-02-04) (aged 95)

Last participant at the Champoeg Meetings

2 May 1843

Friedrich Schwarzenberg

27 March 1885(1885-03-27) (aged 75)

Last cardinal created by Pope Gregory XVI and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius IX

16 June 1846

Walter T. Avery[31]

10 June 1904(1904-06-10) (aged 90)

Last participant in the first official baseball game

19 June 1846

Margaret Isabella Breen McMahon[32]

25 March 1935(1935-03-25) (aged 89)

Last survivor of the Donner Party

29 April 1847

Ulysses S. Grant

23 July 1885(1885-07-23) (aged 63)

Last former President of the United States to have served in the Mexican-American War

3 February 1848

Charlotte L. Woodward Peirce[33][34]

15 March 1924(1924-03-15) (aged 94)

Last surviving participant in the Seneca Falls Convention and last signer of the Declaration of Sentiments

20 July 1848

József Fischl[35]

March 1929 (aged 102)

Last Honvéd (hu) veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848

4 October 1849

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Thomas Kelly[36]

14 April 1932(1932-04-14) (aged 83)

Last survivor of the Birkenhead disaster

26 February 1852

Edwin Hughes

18 April 1927(1927-04-18) (aged 96)

Last participant in the Charge of the Light Brigade

25 October 1854

William Edward Atherdon[37]

19 May 1934(1934-05-19) (aged 98)

Last veteran of the Eureka Rebellion

3 December 1854

Horace F. Sisson[38]

10 March 1942(1942-03-10) (aged 98)

Last member of the Perry Expedition

11 January 1855

Teodolfo Mertel

11 July 1899(1899-07-11) (aged 93)

Last non-priest cardinal

15 March 1858

John Winchell Cullen[39][40]

14 December 1939(1939-12-14) (aged 101)

Last veteran of the Yakima War

23 September 1858

George Chrystie[41][42]

14 June 1939(1939-06-14) (aged 97)

Last British Army veteran of the Indian Mutiny

8 July 1859

Pressley Corbin Hyman[43][44]

20 June 1912(1912-06-20) (aged 81)

Last witness to the Broderick–Terry duel

13 September 1859

Owen Brown[45][46]

8 January 1889(1889-01-08) (aged 64)

Last abolitionist present at John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

18 October 1859

George Pilson[47]

22 April 1916(1916-04-22) (aged 73–74)

Last witness at Harpers Ferry

18 October 1859

Cudjoe Lewis

26 July 1935(1935-07-26) (aged 95)

Last passenger of the Clotilde

9 July 1860

Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli[48]

1 November 1934(1934-11-01) (aged 90)

Last member of the Expedition of the Thousand

17 March 1861

James Hard

12 March 1953(1953-03-12) (aged 109)

Last veteran of the First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam and Battle of Chancellorsville

21 July 1861; 17 September 1862; and 6 May 1863

John Ambrose Driscoll[49]

13 June 1921(1921-06-13) (aged 82)

Last crew member of the USS Monitor during its engagement with the CSS Virginia (aka USS Merrimack)

9 March 1862

John Reed Porter

15 October 1923(1923-10-15) (aged 84)

Last surviving raider of the Great Locomotive Chase and the last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of that raid

12 April 1862

James Marion Lurvey[50]

7 April 1950(1950-04-07) (aged 102)

Last verified veteran of the Battle of Gettysburg

3 July 1863

Otto Richard Gellette[51]

1 June 1944(1944-06-01) (aged 98)

Last soldier to participate in Pickett's Charge

3 July 1863

Eli G. Biddle[52][53]

8 April 1940(1940-04-08) (aged 93–94)

Last member of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry that assaulted Fort Wagner

18 July 1863

William Sickles

26 September 1938(1938-09-26) (aged 93)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the American Civil War

31 March 1865

Samuel J. Seymour[54]

12 April 1956(1956-04-12) (aged 96)

Last witness present at Ford's Theater during the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

14 April 1865

John Henry Coghill[55]

Possibly 1942 (aged 90)

Last surviving witness to the death of John Wilkes Booth

26 April 1865

Charles M. Eldridge[56]

8 September 1941(1941-09-08) (aged 96)

Last survivor of the Sultana disaster

27 April 1865

William McKinley

14 September 1901(1901-09-14) (aged 58)

Last former President of the United States to have served in the American Civil War

9 May 1865

John Henninger Reagan

6 March 1905(1905-03-06) (aged 86)

Last surviving cabinet member of the Confederate States of America

10 May 1865

Agustín de Iturbide y Green

3 March 1925(1925-03-03) (aged 61)

Last member of the Imperial Court of the Second Mexican Empire

19 June 1867

Charles Tupper

30 October 1915(1915-10-30) (aged 94)

Last Canadian father of Confederation

1 July 1867

Samuel Speed[57][58]

8 November 1938 (aged 95)

Last living British convict sent to Australia

10 January 1868

Pedro Angleró[59]

16 October 1931(1931-10-16) (aged 109–110)

Last participant of El Grito de Lares

23 September 1868

Matthew Jackson

4 February 1947 (aged 88)[60]

Last surviving participant involved in the escape of John Boyle O'Reilly

2 March 1869

George H. Large

15 August 1939(1939-08-15) (aged 88)

Last participant of the first American football game

6 November 1869

William F. Lukes

13 December 1923(1923-12-13) (aged 76)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Korean Expedition

10 June 1871

Reginald Courtenay Welch

4 June 1939(1939-06-04) (aged 87)[61]

Last participant of the first English FA Cup Final

16 March 1872

James Wilson

6 November 1921 (aged 85)

Last surviving Fenian prisoner who escaped the British penal colony of Western Australia on the Catalpa

19 April 1876

Charles Windolph

11 March 1950(1950-03-11) (aged 97)

Last U.S. soldier from the Battle of the Little Bighorn

26 June 1876

Dewey Beard

2 November 1955(1955-11-02) (aged 96–97)

Last Indian veteran of the Battle of the Little Bighorn

26 June 1876

James Robert Cummins

9 July 1929(1929-07-09) (aged 82)

Last member of the James-Younger Gang

7 September 1876

Tom Garrett

6 August 1943(1943-08-06) (aged 85)

Last player from the first official cricket test match

19 March 1877

Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano

7 December 1913(1913-12-07) (aged 85)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius IX and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII

20 February 1878

Frank Bourne

8 May 1945(1945-05-08) (aged 91)

Last survivor of the defense of Rorke's Drift during the Anglo-Zulu War

23 January 1879

Wyatt Earp

13 January 1929(1929-01-13) (aged 80)

Last survivor of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral

26 October 1881

Danny Ryan

31 December 1966(1966-12-31) (aged 96)

Last survivor of the Tipperary hurling team that won the first All-Ireland Championship

1 April 1888

Frank Shomo[62]

20 March 1997(1997-03-20) (aged 108)

Last survivor of the Johnstown Flood

31 May 1889

Louisa Yellow Shield Motley[63]

1 May 1979 (aged 95)

Last survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre

29 December 1890

Dr. Ernest Gotthold Hildner[64][65]

1 July 1968(1968-07-01) (aged 94)

Last living participant of the first basketball game ever played

21 December 1891

Michael Shonsey[66]

5 August 1954(1954-08-05) (aged 89)

Last veteran of the Johnson County War

24 May 1893

Arthur Sherman Phillips[67]

18 March 1941(1941-03-18) (aged 75)

Last participant in Lizzie Borden's murder trial

20 June 1893

Nawi[68][69]

November 1979 (aged 103-104)

Last of the Dahomey Amazons that fought against the French in 1892

15 January 1894

Dimitrios Loundras[70]

15 February 1970(1970-02-15) (aged 84)

Last known living competitor at the 1896 Summer Olympics

15 April 1896

Manu Ruma[71]

April 1961 (aged 87)

Last survivor of the Dog Tax War

5 May 1898

George Fox[72]

27 December 1964(1964-12-27) (aged 86)

Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Maine

15 February 1898

John Davis

9 June 1970(1970-06-09) (aged 91)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Spanish–American War

11 May 1898

Ralph Waldo Taylor[73]

15 May 1987(1987-05-15) (aged 105)

Last survivor of the Battle of San Juan Hill

1 July 1898

Jesse Langdon[74][75]

29 June 1975(1975-06-29) (aged 94)

Last surviving member of the Rough Riders

15 September 1898

Bruno A. Forsterer

13 June 1957(1957-06-13) (aged 87)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Second Samoan Civil War

1 April 1899

Emma Morano

15 April 2017(2017-04-15) (aged 117)[76]

Last verified living person born in the 1800s and last known survivor of the reign of King Umberto I

31 December 1899; 29 July 1900

William Seach

24 October 1978(1978-10-24) (aged 101)

Last living Medal of Honor recipient of the Boxer Rebellion

22 June 1900

Maude Conic[77]

14 November 2004(2004-11-14) (aged 105–106)

Last survivor of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900

12 September 1900

Lucien Démanet

16 March 1979(1979-03-16) (aged 104)

Last participant in the 1900 Summer Olympics

28 October 1900

Nabi Tajima

21 April 2018 (aged 117)

Last living person born in the 19th century

31 December 1900

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Violet Brown[78]

15 September 2017(2017-09-15) (aged 117)

Last known surviving subject of Queen Victoria[79]

22 January 1901

Laura Bullion

2 December 1961(1961-12-02) (aged 85)

Last member of the Wild Bunch gang

1901

Léon Compère-Léandre

1936 (aged 62)

Last survivor on the shore of Saint-Pierre during the eruption of Mount Pelée

8 May 1902

Irénise Moulonguet

28 May 2013(2013-05-28) (aged 112)

Last surviving witness of the eruption of Mount Pelée

8 May 1902

Roscinda Nolasquez[80]

4 February 1987(1987-02-04) (aged 94)

Last speaker of Cupeño and last survivor of the removal of the Cupeño to Pala, California, the last of the Federal Indian Removals

13 May 1903

Gladys Verquin (née Ennis)[81]

20 March 1993(1993-03-20) (aged 91)

Last survivor of the Frank Slide

29 April 1903

Lev Skrbenský z Hříště

24 December 1938(1938-12-24) (aged 75)

Last cardinal created by Pope Leo XIII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius X

4 August 1903

Jennings J. Dunlap[82]

20 September 1964(1964-09-20) (aged 84–85)

Last survivor of the Wreck of the Old 97

27 September 1903

Freddy Parent

2 November 1972(1972-11-02) (aged 96)

Last living player of the 1903 World Series

13 October 1903

Johnny Moore[83][84]

28 February 1952(1952-02-28) (aged 66)

Last living witness of the Wright Brothers' first heavier than air flight

17 December 1903

Verde Clark Graff[85]

3 July 1989(1989-07-03) (aged 97)

Last survivor of the Iroquois Theatre fire

30 December 1903

Adella Wotherspoon

26 January 2004(2004-01-26) (aged 100)

Last and youngest survivor of the General Slocum Disaster

15 June 1904

Michael Barne

31 May 1961(1961-05-31) (aged 83)

Last survivor of the Discovery Expedition

10 September 1904

Ivan Beshoff[86]

25 October 1987(1987-10-25) (aged 103–104)

Last sailor that participated in the Potemkin Mutiny of 1905

8 July 1905

Ellen Adelaide Brandenborg

22 July 2017(2017-07-22) (aged 111)

Last known surviving subject of Christian IX of Denmark

29 January 1906

Bill Del Monte[87]

11 January 2016(2016-01-11) (aged 109)

Last known survivor of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

18 April 1906

Dorsie Williams Willis[88]

24 August 1977(1977-08-24) (aged 91)

Last living soldier accused in the Brownsville Affair

13 August 1906

Brian Evans-Lombe[89]

31 January 1994(1994-01-31) (aged 100)

Last surviving member of the Brownsea Island Scout camp, the founding event of the Scout movement

8 August 1907

Francesca Nato[90]

16 April 2017(2017-04-16) (aged 110)[91]

Last known survivor of the 1908 Messina earthquake

28 December 1908

John T. Kennedy

22 September 1969(1969-09-22) (aged 84)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Philippine–American War

4 July 1909

Philip Brocklehurst

28 January 1975(1975-01-28) (aged 87)

Last member of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition

23 March 1909

Mary Jo Estep

19 December 1992(1992-12-19) (aged 82–83)

Last survivor of the Battle of Kelley Creek

25 February 1911

Rose Freedman[92]

15 February 2001(2001-02-15) (aged 107)

Last survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

25 March 1911

Zhang Rentian[93][94]

29 April 1995(1995-04-29) (aged 107)

Last surviving Scholar of Imperial China

12 February 1912

Sid Daniels

25 May 1983(1983-05-25) (aged 89)

Last surviving crew member of the RMS Titanic

15 April 1912

Millvina Dean

31 May 2009(2009-05-31) (aged 97)

Last and youngest survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic

15 April 1912

Elma S. Damrell[95]

17 March 2005(2005-03-17) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the Italian Hall disaster

24 December 1913

Mary Benich-McCleary[96]

28 June 2007(2007-06-28) (aged 94)

Last survivor of the Ludlow Massacre

20 April 1914

George M. Lowry

25 September 1981(1981-09-25) (aged 91)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Veracruz

22 April 1914

Grace Hanagan (Martyn)[97][98]

15 May 1995(1995-05-15) (aged 87)

Last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland

29 May 1914

Vaso Čubrilović

11 June 1990(1990-06-11) (aged 93)

Last participant in the conspiracy to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand

28 June 1914

Alexander Bernard Heron[99]

24 January 2000(2000-01-24) (aged 105)

Last worker involved in the construction of the Panama Canal

15 August 1914

Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte

16 February 1948(1948-02-16) (aged 96)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius X and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Benedict XV

3 September 1914

Paul Kley[100][101][102]

11 May 1992(1992-05-11) (aged 97)

Last German veteran of the Siege of Tsingtao

7 November 1914

Alfred Anderson

21 November 2005(2005-11-21) (aged 109)

Last soldier who could remember the Christmas truce of 1914 and last veteran of the battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos

24 December 1914; 13 March 1915; and 14 October 1915

Audrey Warren Lawson-Johnston (née Pearl)[103][104]

11 January 2011(2011-01-11) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania

7 May 1915

Carlo Orelli

22 January 2005(2005-01-22) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the First and Second Battles of the Isonzo

7 July 1915; 3 August 1915

Marion Eichholz[105]

24 November 2014(2014-11-24) (aged 102)

Last survivor of the capsizing of the SS Eastland

24 July 1915

Smedley Butler

21 June 1940(1940-06-21) (aged 58)

Last recipient to receive two Medals of Honor for two different actions

17 November 1915

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Percy Goring

27 July 2001 (aged 106)

Last British veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign

9 January 1916

Alec Campbell[106]

16 May 2002(2002-05-16) (aged 103)

Last Australian veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign

9 January 1916

Lilly Kempson[107]

22 January 1996(1996-01-22) (aged 99)

Last Irish participant in the Easter Rising

30 April 1916

Henry Allingham

18 July 2009(2009-07-18) (aged 113)

Oldest member of any of the British Armed Forces, last member of the RNAS, last founding member of the Royal Air Force, and last veteran of the Battle of Jutland

1 June 1916

Roswell Winans

7 April 1968(1968-04-07) (aged 80)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic

3 July 1916

Marcel Caux

22 August 2004(2004-08-22) (aged 105)

Last survivor of the Battle of Pozières

7 August 1916

Claude-Marie Boucaud[108]

17 May 2005(2005-05-17) (aged 109)

Last survivor of the Battle of the Somme

18 November 1916

George Perman[109]

24 May 2000(2000-05-24) (aged 99)

Last survivor of the sinking of the HMHS Britannic

21 November 1916

René Marie-Martial Moreau[110]

26 October 2005(2005-10-26) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Battle of Verdun

18 December 1916

Mark Matthews

6 September 2005(2005-09-06) (aged 111)

Oldest and last surviving pre-World War II Buffalo Soldier and last veteran of the Pancho Villa Expedition

7 February 1917

Yakup Satar

2 April 2008(2008-04-02) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Second Battle of Kut

23 February 1917

Alfred Finnigan

11 May 2005(2005-05-11) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Battle of Vimy Ridge

12 April 1917

Louis de Cazenave[111]

20 January 2008(2008-01-20) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Battle of Chemin des Dames

9 May 1917

Albert Marshall[112]

16 May 2005(2005-05-16) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Battle of Arras and the Battle of Cambrai

16 May and 8 December 1917

Richard W. Richards

8 May 1985(1985-05-08) (aged 91)

Last surviving member of the British Trans-Antarctic Expedition

29 May 1917

Edward Smout

22 June 2004(2004-06-22) (aged 106)

Last veteran of the Battle of Messines and last witness to the death of the Red Baron

14 June 1917; 21 April 1918

Alois Vocásek[113]

9 August 2003(2003-08-09) (aged 107)

Last Czechoslovakian veteran of World War I and of the Battle of Zborov

2 July 1917

Puyi

17 October 1967(1967-10-17) (aged 61)

Last Emperor of China

12 July 1917

Peter Casserly

24 June 2005(2005-06-24) (aged 107)

Last member of the First Australian Imperial Force and last veteran of the Battle of Amiens

September 1917; 11 August 1918

Lúcia Santos

13 February 2005(2005-02-13) (aged 97)

Last of the three children who claimed to have spoken to Our Lady of Fátima

13 October 1917

Lazar Kaganovich

25 July 1991(1991-07-25) (aged 97)

Last Old Bolshevik who took part in the Russian October Revolution

8 November 1917

Boris Gudz[114]

27 December 2006(2006-12-27) (aged 104)

Last survivor of the October Revolution and of the Russian Civil War

8 November 1917; 16 June 1923

Harry Patch

25 July 2009(2009-07-25) (aged 111)

Last British Army veteran of World War I and last veteran of the Battle of Passchendaele

10 November 1917

Delfino Borroni

26 October 2008(2008-10-26) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Battle of Caporetto

19 November 1917

Antonio Todde

3 January 2002(2002-01-03) (aged 112)

Last veteran of the Battle of Mount Grappa

23 December 1917

Aarne Arvonen[115]

1 January 2009(2009-01-01) (aged 111)

Last veteran of the Finnish Civil War

15 May 1918

Edouard Izac

18 January 1990(1990-01-18) (aged 98)

Last World War I Medal of Honor recipient and World War I United States Navy recipient

21 May 1918

Franz Künstler[116]

27 May 2008(2008-05-27) (aged 107)

Last veteran of the Battle of the Piave River

23 June 1918

Albert Wagner

20 January 2007(2007-01-20) (aged 107)

Last veteran of the Battle of Belleau Wood and last U.S. Marine of World War I

26 June 1918

Thomas A. Pope[117]

14 June 1989(1989-06-14) (aged 94)

Last United States Army World War I Medal of Honor recipient

4 July 1918

Jean Grelaud

25 February 2007(2007-02-25) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Second Battle of the Marne

6 August 1918

Antonio Pierro

8 February 2007(2007-02-08) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive

15 September and 11 November 1918

Eddie Rickenbacker

23 July 1973(1973-07-23) (aged 82)

Last Air Service, United States Army Medal of Honor recipient and service's last surviving World War I recipient

25 September 1918

John J. Kelly

20 November 1957(1957-11-20) (aged 59)

Last recipient to be awarded two Medals of Honor

3 October 1918

Robert G. Robinson

5 October 1974(1974-10-05) (aged 78)

Last United States Marine Corps World War I recipient of the Medal of Honor

8 October 1918

Juan Filloy[118]

15 July 2000(2000-07-15) (aged 105)

Last student who took part in the Argentine university reform of 1918

12 October 1918

Wilhelm Gisbert Groos[119]

1997 (aged 102-103)

Last surviving member of Jasta 11 and possibly last surviving German flying ace of World War I

29 October 1918

James William Pearson

26 January 1993(1993-01-26) (aged 97)

Last American World War I flying ace, served with the Royal Air Force

1 November 1918

Francesco Domenico Chiarello

27 June 2008(2008-06-27) (aged 109)

Last veteran of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto

3 November 1918

Arthur Raymond Brooks

17 July 1991(1991-07-17) (aged 95)

Last Air Service, United States Army flying ace of World War I

11 November 1918

Alexander P. de Seversky

24 August 1974(1974-08-24) (aged 80)

Last Russian Empire flying ace of World War I

11 November 1918

Alfred Pugh[120]

7 January 2004(2004-01-07) (aged 108)

Last U.S. combat wounded veteran of World War I

11 November 1918

Florence Green

5 February 2012(2012-02-05) (aged 110)

Last participant of World War I and last member of the original WRAF

11 November 1918

Harry Truman

26 December 1972(1972-12-26) (aged 88)

Last former President of the United States to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Harold Macmillan

29 December 1986(1986-12-29) (aged 92)

Last former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Charles De Gaulle

9 November 1970(1970-11-09) (aged 79)

Last former President of France to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Ludwig Erhard

5 May 1977(1977-05-05) (aged 80)

Last former Chancellor of Germany to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Gustav Heinemann

7 July 1976(1976-07-07) (aged 76)

Last former President of Germany to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Otto von Habsburg

4 July 2011(2011-07-04) (aged 98)

Last surviving member of the Imperial Habsburg Court

11 November 1918

Cecil Arthur Lewis

27 January 1997(1997-01-27) (aged 98)

Last British flying ace of World War I

11 November 1918

Raul Fernandes[121][122]

6 January 1968(1968-01-06) (aged 90)

Last surviving signer of the Treaty of Versailles

28 June 1919

Harold Gunnes[123]

11 March 2003(2003-03-11) (aged 104)

Last member of the Polar Bear Expedition

5 August 1919

Swede Risberg

13 October 1975(1975-10-13) (aged 81)

Last person involved in the Black Sox Scandal

9 October 1919

Herman H. Hanneken

23 August 1986(1986-08-23) (aged 93)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Haiti

1 November 1919

Olivia Hooker

Living (age 103)

Last survivor of the Tulsa race riot

1 June 1921

Michael von Faulhaber

12 June 1952(1952-06-12) (aged 83)

Last cardinal created by Pope Benedict XV and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius XI

6 February 1922

Waldemar Levy Cardoso

13 May 2009(2009-05-13) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Tenente revolts

July 1922; February 1927

Vasco Bruttomesso[124]

2 January 2009(2009-01-02) (aged 105)

Last surviving veteran of the March on Rome

29 October 1922

Gene Bruce[125]

6 December 2005(2005-12-06) (aged 98)

Last surviving sailor of the Honda Point Disaster

8 September 1923

Emil Klein[126]

22 February 2010(2010-02-22) (aged 104)

Last surviving member of Adolf Hitler's unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch

9 November 1923

Dürrüşehvar Sultan

7 February 2006(2006-02-07) (aged 92)

Last survivor of the Imperial Ottoman Court

3 March 1924

Ivo Pavelić

22 February 2011(2011-02-22) (aged 103)

Last surviving participant in the 1924 Summer Olympics

27 July 1924

Edgar Nollner[127][128]

15 January 1999(1999-01-15) (aged 94)

Last living musher of the 1925 serum run to Nome

2 February 1925

Thomas J. Brewer[129]

16 August 2003(2003-08-16) (aged 82–83)

Last surviving participant in the Scopes Trial

21 July 1925

Francisco Núñez Olivera

29 January 2018(2018-01-29) (aged 113)

Last veteran of the Rif War

27 May 1926

Louis de Broglie

19 March 1987(1987-03-19) (aged 94)

Last attendee of the Fifth Solvay Conference

29 October 1927

Tsien Tsuen-hsuin

9 April 2015(2015-04-09) (aged 105)

Last participant of the Northern Expedition

8 June 1928

Carla Marangoni

18 January 2018(2018-01-18) (aged 102)

Last surviving participant in the 1928 Summer Olympics

12 August 1928

Janet Gaynor

14 September 1984(1984-09-14) (aged 77)

Last surviving winner of the 1st Academy Awards

16 May 1929

Binod Bihari Chowdhury[130]

10 April 2013(2013-04-10) (aged 102)

Last revolutionary of the Chittagong armoury raid

18 April 1930

Norman D. Vaughan

23 December 2005(2005-12-23) (aged 100)

Last survivor of Richard Byrd's 1928 expedition to Antarctica

18 June 1930

Francisco Varallo[131]

30 September 2010(2010-09-30) (aged 100)

Last surviving player from the 1930 FIFA World Cup in Uruguay

30 July 1930

Rachel Johnson[132]

7 April 2016(2016-04-07) (aged 93)

Last St. Kildan

29 August 1930

Alfred Cook[133]

7 November 1998(1998-11-07) (aged 91)

Last known survivor of the R101 disaster

5 October 1930

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Alf Howard[134][135]

4 July 2010(2010-07-04) (aged 104)

Last member of the BANZARE expedition to Antarctica

19 March 1931

Clarence Norris[136]

27 January 1989(1989-01-27) (aged 75–76)

Last Scottsboro Boy

25 March 1931

Albert H. Wolff

21 March 1998(1998-03-21) (aged 95)

Last member of the Untouchables

1931

Simone Schaller

20 October 2016(2016-10-20) (aged 104)

Last participant in the 1932 Summer Olympics

14 August 1932

Josef Felder

28 October 2000(2000-10-28) (aged 100)

Last individual to vote against the Nazi Enabling Act of 1933

23 March 1933

Moody E. Erwin[137]

20 October 1989(1989-10-20) (aged 85)

Last survivor of the USS Akron disaster

3 April 1933

Donald L. Truesdell

23 September 1993(1993-09-23) (aged 87)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Nicaragua

24 April 1934

Edd L. Miller[138]

18 September 2000(2000-09-18) (aged 87)

Last witness to the shooting of Bonnie and Clyde

23 May 1934

Thomas J. Conner[139]

14 April 1997(1997-04-14) (aged 90–91)

Last member of the FBI team that gunned down John Dillinger

22 July 1934

Jerry Edgerton[140]

14 September 2013(2013-09-14) (aged 99)

Last survivor of the SS Morro Castle disaster

8 September 1934

Lü Zhengcao

13 October 2009(2009-10-13) (aged 105)

Last witness of the Xi'an Incident

26 December 1936

Werner Franz[141]

13 August 2014(2014-08-13) (aged 92)

Last crew member to survive the Hindenburg disaster

6 May 1937

Werner Doehner[142]

Living (age 89)

Last passenger to survive the Hindenburg disaster

6 May 1937

Walter Walsh

29 April 2014(2014-04-29) (aged 106)

Last member of the FBI teams that captured Arthur Barker and killed Al Brady

12 October 1937

Fon Huffman

4 September 2008(2008-09-04) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the USS Panay incident

12 December 1937

Jules Paivio

4 September 2013(2013-09-04) (aged 97)

Last member of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion

21 September 1938

Con Shiels[143]

3 January 2013(2013-01-03) (aged 96)

Last participant in the Jarrow March

31 October 1938

Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira

2 August 1977(1977-08-02) (aged 88)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius XI and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius XII

2 March 1939

Gunther Scholz

24 October 2014(2014-10-24) (aged 102)

Last member of the Condor Legion

March 1939

Moon Mullen

28 February 2013(2013-02-28) (aged 96)

Last surviving member of the 1938–39 Oregon Webfoots men's basketball team, the first winner of the NCAA March Madness

27 March 1939

Delmer Berg

28 February 2016(2016-02-28) (aged 100)

Last surviving member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade

1 April 1939

Geoffrey Servante

Living (age 99)

Last surviving British Spanish Civil War veteran

1 April 1939

José/Joseph Almudéver

Living (age 98)

Last surviving French Spanish Civil War veteran

1 April 1939

Manuel Gallego-Nicasio

Living (age 101)

Last surviving "La quinta del biberón" fighter

1 April 1939

Arthur Smith[144]

10 December 2016(2016-12-10) (aged 93–94)

Last survivor of the sinking of the HMS Royal Oak

14 October 1939

Emilio Ochoa

27 June 2007(2007-06-27) (aged 99)

Last signer of the 1940 Constitution of Cuba

1 July 1940

Daniel Paul Nevot[145][146]

Living (age 98)

Last veteran of the Battle of Kufra

1 March 1941

Ted Briggs

4 October 2008(2008-10-04) (aged 85)

Last survivor of the sinking of the HMS Hood

24 May 1941

Bernhard Heuer[147]

8 March 2018(2018-03-08) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the sinking of the Bismarck

27 May 1941

Donald "Nick" Clifford[148]

Living (age 97)

Last worker on the construction of Mount Rushmore

31 October 1941

John William Finn

27 May 2010(2010-05-27) (aged 100)

Last Medal of Honor recipient from the attack on Pearl Harbor and last United States Navy recipient of World War II

7 December 1941

Joseph Langdell[149]

4 February 2015(2015-02-04) (aged 100)

Last surviving commissioned officer of the USS Arizona

7 December 1941

Lamar Crawford Sr.[150]

22 December 2011(2011-12-22) (aged 91)

Last surviving United States Marine of USS Arizona Marine Corps detachment

7 December 1941

Gerhard Klopfer

29 January 1987(1987-01-29) (aged 81)

Last individual to attend the Wannsee Conference

20 January 1942

David Stoliar

1 May 2014(2014-05-01) (aged 91)

Last survivor of the Struma disaster

24 February 1942

Bill Bower

10 January 2011(2011-01-10) (aged 93)

Last pilot of the Doolittle Raid in World War II

18 April 1942

Richard E. Cole[151]

Living (age 102)

Last participant of the Doolittle Raid in World War II

18 April 1942

Frank Losonsky

Living (age 97)

Last surviving member of the Flying Tigers

4 July 1942

Rudolf Brazda

3 August 2011(2011-08-03) (aged 98)

Last concentration camp survivor deported by Nazi Germany on charges of homosexuality

8 August 1942

Tuomas Gerdt

Living (age 96)

Last recipient of the Mannerheim Cross

8 September 1942

Orrel Glenn Cecil[152]

4 November 2010(2010-11-04) (aged 90)

Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Juneau

13 November 1942

Havala Laula[153]

Living (age 93)

Last known member of the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels during the Kokoda Track campaign

16 November 1942

Bill Sparks

1 December 2002(2002-12-01) (aged 80)

Last member of the Cockleshell Heroes

12 December 1942

Joachim Rønneberg

Living (age 98)

Last officer of Operation Gunnerside

16 February 1943

Marek Edelman

2 October 2009(2009-10-02) (aged 86–87)

Last leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

16 May 1943

Les Munro

4 August 2015(2015-08-04) (aged 96)

Last pilot of Operation Chastise in World War II

17 May 1943

Jay Zeamer Jr.

22 March 2007(2007-03-22) (aged 88)

Last surviving Army Air Force Medal of Honor recipient and service's last surviving World War II recipient

16 June 1943

Samuel Willenberg

19 February 2016(2016-02-19) (aged 93)

Last participant in the revolt at the Treblinka extermination camp

2 August 1943

Gerard Zinser[154]

21 August 2001(2001-08-21) (aged 83)

Last surviving crewman of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109

2 August 1943

Frank Ellis Sublett[155]

27 September 2006(2006-09-27) (aged 86)

Last member of the Golden Thirteen

March 1944

Richard Sidney Albion Churchill[156]

Living (age 98)[157]

Last surviving prisoner who took part in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III

25 March 1944

Clifford Brewer[158]

29 April 2017(2017-04-29) (aged 104)

Last surviving surgeon of the Normandy landings

6 June 1944

David Wood

12 March 2009(2009-03-12) (aged 86)

Last surviving officer of Operation Deadstick during the Normandy landings

6 June 1944

Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin

8 March 2013(2013-03-08) (aged 90)

Last participant of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler

20 July 1944

Miep Gies

11 January 2010(2010-01-11) (aged 100)

Last member of the group which hid Anne Frank in the Secret Annex

4 August 1944

John Cruickshank

Living (age 98)

Last Victoria Cross recipient for action in World War II

1 September 1944

Bill Leibold[159]

Living (age 94-95)

Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Tang

25 October 1944

Charles W. Lindberg

24 June 2007(2007-06-24) (aged 86)

Last Marine in the Iwo Jima Flag Raisings

23 February 1945

Hershel W. Williams

Living (age 94)

Last Medal of Honor recipient from the battle of Iwo Jima and last United States Marine Corps recipient of World War II

26 March 1945

Rochus Misch

5 September 2013(2013-09-05) (aged 96)

Last surviving occupant of the Führerbunker

2 May 1945

Noel Jacob Wiener[160]

2015 (aged 99–100)

Last witness to the German Surrender ceremony

7 May 1945

Rudolf Hess

17 August 1987(1987-08-17) (aged 93)

Last surviving cabinet member of the Third Reich

8 May 1945

Walter Scheel

24 August 2016(2016-08-24) (aged 97)

Last former German president to have served in World War II

8 May 1945

Helmut Schmidt

10 November 2015(2015-11-10) (aged 96)

Last former Chancellor of Germany to have served in World War II

8 May 1945

Harold Stassen

4 March 2001(2001-03-04) (aged 93)

Last signer of the United Nations Charter

26 June 1945

Theodore Van Kirk

28 July 2014(2014-07-28) (aged 93)

Last crew member of the Enola Gay

6 August 1945

Russell Gackenbach[161][162]

Living (age 93)

Last crew member of Necessary Evil

9 August 1945

Chester Nez

4 June 2014(2014-06-04) (aged 93)

Last original Navajo code talker

2 September 1945

Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape

12 February 1981(1981-02-12) (aged 93)

Last signer of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender

2 September 1945

Claude Choules

5 May 2011(2011-05-05) (aged 110)

Last veteran of both World War I and World War II

2 September 1945

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

Living  (age 92)

Last former French President to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Giorgio Napolitano

Living (age 93)

Last former Italian President to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

George H. W. Bush

Living (age 94)

Last former United States President to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Edward Heath

17 July 2005(2005-07-17) (aged 89)

Last former British Prime Minister to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Ninian Stephen

29 October 2017(2017-10-29) (aged 94)

Last former Governor-General of a Commonwealth Realm to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

John Paul Stevens

Living (age 98)

Last former United States Supreme Court Justice to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Edward Shames

Living (age 96)

Last surviving officer of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion in World War II

30 November 1945

Joe Medicine Crow

3 April 2016(2016-04-03) (aged 102)

Last war chief of the Crow Nation

1945

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Kenneth Mayhew

Living (age 101)

Last recipient of the Military William Order for World War II

24 April 1946

Umberto II

18 March 1983(1983-03-18) (aged 78)

Last surviving King of Italy

12 June 1946

Benjamin Ferencz

Living (age 98)

Last prosecutor during the Nuremberg Trials

1 October 1946

Knut Haugland

25 December 2009(2009-12-25) (aged 92)

Last crew member on the Kon-Tiki expedition

7 August 1947

Ring Lardner Jr.

31 October 2000(2000-10-31) (aged 85)

Last member of the Hollywood Ten

25 November 1947

Clarence Beavers

4 December 2017(2017-12-04) (aged 96)

Last surviving member of the Triple Nickles

15 December 1947

Michael I

5 December 2017(2017-12-05) (aged 96)

Last surviving King of Romania

30 December 1947

Brajraj Mahapatra

30 November 2015(2015-11-30) (aged 94)

Last royal to sign the merger agreement with the Indian state

1947

Maharaja Tej Singh Prabhakar

15 February 2009(2009-02-15) (aged 97)

Last recipient of the Order of the Star of India

1947

Mayurdwajsinhji Meghrajji III

1 August 2010(2010-08-01) (aged 87)

Last recipient of the Order of the Indian Empire

1947

Gopal Godse[163]

26 November 2005(2005-11-26) (aged 86)

Last conspirator involved in the assassination of Gandhi

30 January 1948

Arieh Handler

20 May 2011(2011-05-20) (aged 95)

Last witness to the signing of the Israeli Declaration of Independence

14 May 1948

Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

27 August 1979(1979-08-27) (aged 79)

Last surviving Governor-General of India

26 January 1950

Tony Rolt

6 February 2008(2008-02-06) (aged 89)

Last driver in the 1950 British Grand Prix, the first World Championship Grand Prix

13 May 1950

Alcides Ghiggia

16 July 2015(2015-07-16) (aged 88)

Last player in the Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)

16 July 1950

Andor Lilienthal

5 August 2010(2010-08-05) (aged 99)

Last of the original FIDE chess grandmasters

1950

Bill Speakman

20 June 2018(2018-06-20) (aged 90)

Last Korean War Victoria Cross recipient

4 November 1951

George Lowe

20 March 2013(2013-03-20) (aged 89)

Last member of the 1953 British Everest Expedition

29 May 1953

William Kelly Harrison, Jr.

29 May 1987(1987-05-29) (aged 91)

Last signer of the Korean Armistice Agreement

27 July 1953

Paik Sun-yup

Living (age 97)

Last South Korean commander in the Korean War

27 July 1953

Rafael Cancel Miranda

Living (age 88)

Last living perpetrator in the 1954 United States Capitol shooting incident

1 March 1954

Zelma Henderson

20 May 2008(2008-05-20) (aged 88)

Last living plaintiff in the Brown v. Board of Education case

17 May 1954

Horst Eckel

Living (age 86)

Last living player of the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final

4 July 1954

Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington[164]

9 July 2018(2018-07-09) (aged 99)

Last member of Sir Winston Churchill's government

7 April 1955

Maurice Faure[165]

6 March 2014(2014-03-06) (aged 92)

Last signer of the Treaty of Rome

25 March 1957

Paul-Émile Léger

13 November 1991(1991-11-13) (aged 87)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius XII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope John XXIII

28 October 1958

Bill Hastie[166]

Living (age 98)

Last survivor of the Knox Mine Disaster

22 January 1959

Kurt Diemberger

Living (age 86)

Last living person who has made the first ascents on two mountains over 8,000 metres

25 May 1960

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Antonio Imbert Barrera

31 May 2016(2016-05-31) (aged 95)

Last participant in the assassination of Rafael Trujillo

30 May 1961

John Glenn

8 December 2016(2016-12-08) (aged 95)

Last astronaut from Project Mercury

16 May 1963

Franz König

13 March 2004(2004-03-13) (aged 98)

Last cardinal created by Pope John XXIII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Paul VI

21 June 1963

John Lewis

Living (age 78)

Last member of the Big Six and last living speaker at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

28 August 1963

Clint Hill

Living (age 86)

Last passenger of John F. Kennedy's presidential limousine after Kennedy was shot

22 November 1963

James Ramsden

Living (age 94)

Last living former Secretary of State for War

1 April 1964

Gerald Ford

26 December 2006(2006-12-26) (aged 93)

Last member of the Warren Commission

24 September 1964

Alexey Leonov

Living (age 84)

Last member of the Voskhod programme

19 March 1965

Stylianos Pattakos

8 October 2016(2016-10-08) (aged 103)

Last leader of the 1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent military junta

21 April 1967

Walter Cunningham

Living (age 86)

Last crew member of Apollo 7

22 October 1968

Joe Engle

Living (age 85)

Last living X-15 pilot

24 October 1968

Thomas P. Stafford

Living (age 87)

Last crew member of Apollo 10

26 May 1969

Keith Payne

Living (age 84)

Last Vietnam War Victoria Cross recipient and last Australian to be awarded original medal

19 September 1969

Alan Bean

26 May 2018(2018-05-26) (aged 86)

Last crew member of Apollo 12

24 November 1969

Edgar Mitchell

4 February 2016(2016-02-04) (aged 85)

Last crew member of Apollo 14

9 February 1971

Harrison Schmitt

Living (age 83)

Last crew member of Apollo 17

19 December 1972

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

29 September 2001(2001-09-29) (aged 78)

Last former President of South Vietnam

30 April 1975

Khamtai Siphandon

Living (age 94)

Last Pathet Lao leader in the Vietnam War

30 April 1975

Yao Wenyuan[167]

23 December 2005(2005-12-23) (aged 74)

Last member of China's Gang of Four

6 October 1976

Larry Newman

20 December 2010(2010-12-20) (aged 63)

Last crew member of the Double Eagle II

17 August 1978

Pope Benedict XVI

Living (age 91)

Last cardinal created by Pope Paul VI and last participant in the conclaves that elected Popes John Paul I and Saint John Paul II

26 August and 16 October 1978

Luz Isabel Cuevas

6 May 2014(2014-05-06) (aged 91)[168]

Last witness to the assassination of El Salvadorian bishop Óscar Romero

24 March 1980

Robert Crippen

Living (age 80)

Last crew member of STS-1, first operational flight of the Space Shuttle program

14 April 1981

Jack R. Lousma

Living (age 82)

Last crew member of STS-3

30 March 1982

Ken Mattingly

Living (age 82)

Last crew member of STS-4

4 July 1982

Stanisław Kania

Living (age 91)

Last living leader of the Polish United Workers' Party

29 January 1990

Egon Krenz

Living (age 81)

Last living Chairman of the State Council of East Germany

5 April 1990

Dmitri Yazov

Living (age 93)

Last living Marshal of the Soviet Union

28 April 1990

Helmut Kohl

16 June 2017(2017-06-16) (aged 87)

Last Chancellor of West Germany

3 October 1990

Stanislav Hurenko

14 April 2013(2013-04-14) (aged 76)

Last First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR

1 September 1991

Mikhail Gorbachev

Living (age 87)

Last living Head of State of the Soviet Union

25 December 1991

Václav Havel

18 December 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)

Last former President of Czechoslovakia

31 December 1992

Cornelius Botha

6 February 2014(2014-02-06) (aged 81)

Last administrator of the Natal Province

27 April 1994

F. W. de Klerk

Living (age 82)

Last leader of the apartheid government of South Africa, last State President, and most recent head of state from the white minority

10 May 1994


document_title: Trollhunters

question_text: who voices jim lake in trollhunters season 3

root

text: Trollhunters

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Part 1[edit]

text: Beneath the town of Arcadia lives a secret civilization of trolls, which humans are oblivious to. The trolls' common enemy are the Gumm-Gumms, evil trolls from the Darklands. The trolls' chosen warrior, known as the "Trollhunter", is supposed to protect them from the Gumm-Gumms along with other dark miscreants from the Darklands.

tag: p

text: Fifteen-year-old James "Jim" Lake Jr. and his friend Toby find a mystical amulet which grants him the Trollhunter mantle. He is shortly approached by his new troll mentors, Blinky and AAARRRGGHH!!!. Despite his initial reluctance to lead a double life, he eventually accepts his role after discovering that attempting to discard the amulet will cause it to return to him on its own. During his visits to Heartstone Trollmarket, the presence of the first human Trollhunter stirs resentment, but he quickly gains their acceptance. Throughout his training and missions, he befriends a gnome (who Toby dubs "Gnome Chompsky") and discovers that goblins and Changelings (human-morphing trolls that replace humans to spy) are gathering for the completion of the Killahead Bridge, a portal through which the Gumm-Gumms from the Darklands will arrive and invade. The project is being led by Bular, Gumm-Gumm leader Gunmar's son, and Walter Strickler, a Changeling who is Jim's high school teacher.

text: While discovering more mysteries, Jim is forced to reveal the truth about his life to Claire Nuñez when she becomes a target of the goblins. Jim and his allies launch a surprise attack on Bular and his henchmen, destroying the bridge and closing the portal. Jim is forced to battle Bular. They fight and with aid from AAARRRGGHH!!!, Jim succeeds in slaying him. He returns to Trollmarket, where the citizens celebrate Bular's defeat.

text: Shortly afterward, Claire proposes a quest into the Darklands to rescue her baby brother Enrique, who has been replaced by a Changeling who they dub NotEnrique. The spirits of past Trollhunters inform Jim that the only way to get out of the Darklands alive is to kill Gunmar. Blinky discovers that the only way to kill Gunmar is with the three Triumbric Stones. Meanwhile, Strickler has freed ancient troll assassin Angor Rot from his bonds. Using Angor's ring, he forces Angor to obey him. Jim and the gang hunt for the Stones while Strickler has Angor create a binding spell that ties Strickler's fate to Jim's mother in order to ensure that Jim cannot kill Strickler. During one particular confrontation with Angor Rot, Angor manages to take one of the Triumbric Stones, although Claire takes his Shadow Staff in the process. While trying to steal the stone from Angor, Jim indirectly causes Angor's ring to break. Angor Rot goes on a rampage, attempting to kill Strickler and Jim. In the process, Strickler and Jim's mother are both injured. Trollmarket's leader, Vendel, informs Jim that the only way to save his mother is to break the binding spell that ties her and Strickler's fates together. However, his mother's memories of the troll world, including the fact that her son is the Trollhunter, are erased. Meanwhile, Strickler coaches Jim on cutting Angor Rot's removable stone-like eye, which they acquired, into a Triumbric-like stone to help him defeat Angor. Strickler also reveals to Jim that he had the last Triumbric Stone all along; he gives it to Jim before leaving town.

text: Angor Rot invades Trollmarket after stealing a key from Claire. Jim and his allies defeat him, but not before AAARRRGGHH!!! takes a hit from his poison dagger and turns to stone. The group is in mourning. Believing that he is responsible for the death of AAARRRGGHH!!! and the ongoing endangerment of his friends, Jim sets off to the Darklands alone, not wanting to lose any more of them.

text: Part 2[edit]

text: Jim returns Enrique, but ends up trapped in the Darklands. He is rescued by his friends along with former antagonist Nomura. AAARRRGGHH!!! is revived with a potion, and is welcomed back by his friends. Gunmar also escapes the Darklands with Dictatious, Blinky's presumed-dead brother, and a couple soldiers. They meet up with the Janus Order, an organization dedicated to Gunmar's return. Blinky finds out Dictatious is supportive of Gunmar, much to his dismay. Meanwhile, the fact that Gunmar is out from his prison makes Jim guilty in the eyes of Troll Law. Gunmar battles and enslaves Draal, as a means of torturing Jim. Jim is guided by Merlin's spirit imbued in the amulet he carries. Queen Usurna, who leads the Troll Tribunal, kills Vendel in secret, but is unaware that Vendel secretly records it in a special troll device. It is revealed that Usurna is faithful towards Gunmar rather than the welfare of Troll society and that she schemes with Gunmar's counsel to bring about Gunmar's return. Gunmar invades Trollmarket and closes off the underground city. Gunmar drains energy from the Heartstone and regains his strength. He forcibly converts many of the Trolls into his soldiers. Jim and his cohorts retreat from the city to Arcadia with as many Trolls as they can save using Claire's magic staff. With the excessive use of dark magic, Claire comes under the spell of Morgana and secretly brings to her Angor Rot's damaged head.

text: Part 3[edit]

text: Merlin is awakened, and Morgana is released from her prison by the Staff of Avalon. Barbara recovers her memories of knowing about Trolls, forcing Jim and his friends to reveal the truth to their families. Angor Rot is resurrected by Morgana. To better fight against Gunmar and Morgana, Jim is irreversibly transformed into a half-troll. Morgana brings forth the Eternal Night so that she and Gunmar can freely invade the world. Jim and his allies fight and win the battle, Jim killing Gunmar and Claire trapping Morgana in the Shadow Realm with help from Angor Rot, who sacrifices himself to help defeat the witch. Merlin leads the Trolls of Arcadia to a new home in New Jersey. Jim and Claire say goodbye to their families and friends (including Toby) as they leave with the Trolls.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Anton Yelchin and Emile Hirsch as James "Jim" Lake Jr. / Trollhunter,[1][2] the first human Trollhunter and a reluctant hero dealing with the pressures of leading a double life. He has a talent for cooking and eventually sword-fighting, and cares deeply for his mother and friends. Yelchin provided the voice for Jim from Part 1, through portions of Part 3 before he passed away. Hirsch assumed the role following Yelchin's passing.
Charlie Saxton as Tobias "Toby" Domzalski,[16] Jim's best friend and confidant. Dorky and excitable, he fully embraces the secret world of trolls and aids Jim in his quests. His weapon of choice is a warhammer.
Jonathan Hyde as Walter Strickler,[16] Jim's history teacher who is actually a Changeling. When Jim discovers the truth, he loses all respect for him and the two become bitter enemies. However, he remains affable toward Jim and has redeeming qualities.
Kelsey Grammer as Blinkous "Blinky" Galadrigal,[2] Jim's six-eyed troll mentor. A wise and scholarly troll with a heart of gold, he serves as the brains of the Trollhunters and eventually becomes a sort of father figure to Jim.
Fred Tatasciore as Aarghaumont "AAARRRGGHH!!!",[16] a burly troll and close companion of Blinky who forms a deep bond with Toby. He was kidnapped by the Gumm-Gumms as a child, which stunted his vocabulary. Tormented by the atrocities they committed, he deserted Gunmar to live a life of peace. However, he will still fight to protect those he cares about.
Lexi Medrano as Claire Nuñez,[16] Jim's girlfriend. She is a feisty, kind, jolly, sarcastic, curious, and intelligent tomboy who enjoys books and is a talented martial artist and gymnast. She obtains the Shadowstaff, a staff capable of creating portals activated by the user's emotions.
Victor Raider-Wexler as Vendel, the leader of Trollmarket. An ancient and wizened troll, Vendel is at first suspicious of Jim and often comes across as a pessimist, but shows a softer side and eventual faith in Jim. At the end of Part 2, he is killed by Usurna after she revealed herself to be working for Gunmar, but not before recording the act to warn the Trollhunters.
Ron Perlman as Bular,[2] the son of Gunmar. A brutish and powerful troll warrior, he's obsessed with freeing his father from the Darklands. He holds a special disdain for Changelings, whom he considers "impure", putting him at odds with Strickler and other Changelings who seek to free Gunmar. He is killed by Jim in the first half of season 1, but later makes appearances in the season 1 episode "Where Is My Mind" and the season 2 episode "Unbecoming".
Amy Landecker as Barbara Lake,[16] Jim's protective and overworked mother. Her husband left the family when Jim was five years old. Her doctor job means she's often away from home, which lets Jim pursue his Trollhunter duties.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Steven Yeun as Steve Palchuk,[1] a narcissistic bully who frequently harasses Jim. Suspicious of Jim's unusual behavior, he eventually discovers the truth and teams up with Eli Pepperjack to help Jim in Part 2.
Matthew Waterson as Draal, the son of previous Trollhunter, Kanjigar. He is originally jealous and suspicious of Jim but later befriends him – acting as Jim's fighting tutor. During a battle in the museum, Draal sacrifices his lower right arm while removing the Trollhunter amulet from the Killahead Bridge to close the portal, and later obtains a mechanical prosthetic. Draal explains that his father kept a distance from him as he grew up, and he had hoped to become the next Trollhunter that he might earn his father's approval.
Lauren Tom as Nomura, the Changeling museum curator and a colleague of Strickler. Originally an antagonist, she was pulled into the Darklands and imprisoned by Gunmar for her failures. When Jim is captured in the Darklands, the two form a connection and escape together.
Jimmie Wood as NotEnrique, the Changeling swapped with Claire's baby brother Enrique. While troublesome and self-serving, he isn't actively malicious and even helps the Trollhunters from time to time (usually after being bribed). He forms a rocky but brotherly connection with Claire.
Clancy Brown as Gunmar, the iron-fisted leader of the Gumm-Gumms who reside in the Darklands. He is powerful and ruthless, and will readily dispose of loyal minions and allies who can no longer serve him. He has no qualms about enslaving or killing his fellow trolls to accomplish his goals.
Tom Hiddleston and James Purefoy as Kanjigar the Courageous, Draal's father and the noble Trollhunter prior to Jim. His ghost tutors Jim, often worrying about Jim's team fighting style, believing that the Trollhunter must work alone to avoid endangering those he cares about – this leads to Jim's guilt and decision to venture into the Darklands alone. Hiddleston provided the voice acting for Kanjigar during the series premiere, while Purefoy was cast to assume the role for the rest of the series.
Ike Amadi as Angor Rot, an ancient troll warlock-assassin who hunts down Trollhunters and takes their souls. In medieval times, Angor made a deal with Morgana, surrendering his own soul in return for his mystical powers.
Rodrigo Blaas as Gnome Chompsky, a Gnome adopted by Toby. He started out as a "rogue Gnome" causing trouble, but after he was finally defeated by Jim he became friendly when he was given a dollhouse to live in and a plastic doll to be his companion. He later helped locate Enrique in the Darklands and also helped rescue Jim from the Darklands.
Mark Hamill as Dictatious Galadrigal, Blinky's brother. Presumed dead, he helps Gunmar in his quest to conquer the surface lands. He is blinded by Blinky during a struggle in the Darklands.
Anjelica Huston as Queen Usurna, the queen of the Krubera, AAARRRGGHH!!!'s race who lives in the Deep Caverns, and a member of a council of troll leaders known as the Tribunal. She initially seems to be a kind queen concerned for AAARRRGGHH!!!'s well-being. As a Tribunal member, she is strict and judgmental and leads the Tribunal to act against Jim and his friends. Late in Part 2, she reveals herself to be a traitor who works for Gunmar and helps him take over Trollmarket.
Cole Sand as Eli Pepperjack, a nerdy classmate of Jim who believes in the paranormal. In Part 2, he teams up with Steve Palchuk to investigate the strange creatures they both have seen and to help Jim.
Lena Headey as Morgana / The Pale Lady, an ancient and seemingly malevolent entity and the patron of Angor Rot.
Tom Kenny as Otto Scaarbach, a Changeling Polymorph who can change into the form of anyone. He is the Grand Commandant of the Janus Order, a secret society of Changelings who assist the Gumm-Gumms.
David Bradley as Merlin, the wizard who created the Trollhunter's amulet.
Colin O'Donoghue as Douxie "Big D", a charming English teen from Arcadia Oaks Academy whose band, "Ash Dispersal Pattern," is an entrant in the Battle of the Bands in Part 3.
Tatiana Maslany as Aja, a "foreign exchange student" from "Cantaloupia" older sister to Krel. Jim is tasked to show them around and acclimate them to Arcadia late in Part 3.
Diego Luna as Krel, younger brother to Aja.

text: Production[edit]

text: Initially, del Toro envisioned the idea as a live-action television series; however this was deemed impractical due to budgetary concerns, and as a result he instead turned the idea into a book. DreamWorks then planned to turn the book into an animated feature film. The feature film was going to be directed by Guillermo del Toro and Rodrigo Blaas. Eventually Dreamworks decided to instead turn it into a TV series with Netflix. Rodrigo Blaas became an Executive Producer and Supervising Director on the series. [17].

text: Del Toro modeled the show's sensibilities after shows he grew up with such as Johnny Quest, identifying them as "really earnest and emotionally beautiful".[18] To this end, he sought to make the main character of Jim "in that '70s mold," and "really a very good boy" with del Toro noting that this was a constant struggle for him to express to both writers and actors.[19] Eventually he came across Anton Yelchin, who embodied those qualities although by del Toro's estimate it still took him a few sessions to fully understand the character.[19]

text: When creating the show's narrative, del Toro noted that he wanted a "bittersweet journey" for the main character dealing with issues that most such "power fantasies" failed to address, telling indiewire "I wanted to say, 'Look, you can be in high school and you can have your problems. Then you get all these powers and then you have a different set of problems. There is not such a thing as a final, great outcome.'"[18]

text: The show serves as one of Yelchin's final projects as he died shortly after recording most of his character's dialogue.[20] Producer del Toro refused to replace his recordings,[21] which del Toro noted was a challenge for the show's recording engineers.[19] Of his decision del Toro stated that the actor "was proud of what he did, and we were so proud of how he did it." Del Toro added that his experience as a father and Yelchin's young age were also factors that led to the decision.[17]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released126December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)213December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)313May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25)

text: Release[edit]

text: The two-episode pilot of the series premiered on October 8, 2016 at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] The first season consisted of 26 half-hour episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The second season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on December 15, 2017.[5][6] The third and final season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on May 25, 2018.[7][8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season of Trollhunters was released on DVD on November 7, 2017.[22][23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Trollhunters has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.81/10 based on 16 reviews for the first season. The website's consensus reads, "Trollhunters manages to capture del Toro's enthusiasm for telling monster stories, in a youthful and more colorful fashion that may well earn him a new generation of fans."[24] On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 69 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[25]

text: In 2017, it received six Daytime Emmys, more than any other television program, animated or live action, that year.[26]

text: On January 30, 2017, Trollhunters writers Kevin and Dan Hageman stated that the series is the most successful Netflix original show to date that is targeted at a younger audience.[27]

text: The second season of Trollhunters was nominated for six 2018 Annie Awards, tied for the most nominations of any television program in 2018.[28]  It was also nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, including Best Children’s Animated Series, and won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2017

Annie Awards

Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

Mike Chaffe for character Blinky in "Becoming, Part 1"

Won

[29]

Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Victor Maldonado, Alfredo Torres and Jules Rigolle, "Win, Lose or Draal"

Won

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Alexandre Desplat and Tim Davies, "Becoming, Part 1"

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Hyunjoo Song, "Win, Lose or Draal"

Won

Saturn Awards

Best Animated Series or Film on Television

Trollhunters

Nominated

[30]

Behind the Voice Actors Awards

Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series

Anton Yelchin, for Jim Lake Jr.

Won

[31]

Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series

Lexi Medrano, for Claire Nuñez

Nominated

Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role

Laraine Newman, for Miss Janeth

Nominated

Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role

Anjelica Huston, for Queen Usurna

Nominated

Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Animation

Mike Chaffe, "Becoming, Part 1"

Won

[32][33]

Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Design

Victor Maldonado, "Win, Lose Or Draal"

Won

Outstanding Special Class Animated Program

Guillermo del Toro, Rodrigo Blaas, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas

Nominated

Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program

Kelsey Grammer, for Blinky

Won

Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special

Mary Hidalgo, Ania O'Hare, CSA

Won

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program

Marc Guggenheim

Won

Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program

Rodrigo Blaas, Guillermo del Toro

Won

Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design

Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, John Laus, David M.V. Jones

Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation

Matthew Thomas Hall and Carlos Sanches, CAS

Nominated

2018

Annie Awards

Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

Bruno Chiou, Yi-Fan Cho, Kevin Jong, Chun-Jung Chu, "Homecoming"

Won

[34]

Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

Jules Rigolle, Alfredo Torres, Linda Chen, Rustam Hasanov, Alfonso Blaas, "Escape from the Darklands"

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

Andrew Schmidt, "Unbecoming"

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

David Woo, "Hero with a Thousand Faces"

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

Hyunjoo Song, "In the Hall of the Gumm-Gumm King"

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production

A.C. Bradley, Kevin Hageman, Dan Hageman, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, "Escape from the Darklands"

Nominated

Kidscreen Awards

Best New Series, Kids Category

Trollhunters

Won

[35]

Best Writing

Trollhunters

Won

Best Animation

Trollhunters

Won

Golden Reel Award

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing, Animation Short Form

Matthew Hall, Jason Oliver, Goeun Lee, MPSE, James Miller, Carlos Sanches, Aran Tanchum, Vincent Guisetti

Nominated

[36]

Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Children's Animated Series

Guillermo del Toro, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Rodrigo Blaas, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas

Nominated

[37][38]

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program

Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, AC Bradley

Won

Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation

Matt Hall, Goeun Lee, James Miller, James Oliver, Aran Tanchum, Stacey Michaels, Vincent Guilsetti, Alex Ulrich

Nominated

Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design

Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, David M.V. Jones, John Laus

Nominated

text: Tales of Arcadia[edit]

text: On November 6, 2017, show creator Guillermo del Toro announced that Trollhunters will be expanded into a trilogy of animated series known as Tales of Arcadia.[39] The trilogy will be continued by a sci-fi animated series known as 3 Below, which will center on two royal aliens and their bodyguard who escape from their home planet and crash-land on Earth in Arcadia, where Trollhunters also takes place. There, the aliens adjust to human culture and try to fix their spaceship to return and take back their home planet, which is being taken over by an evil dictator. 3 Below will premiere on Netflix in 2018. The trilogy will then be concluded with the animated series Wizards, which brings together the three disparate worlds of trolls, aliens and wizards who have found themselves drawn to Arcadia, "...culminating in an apocalyptic battle for the control of magic that will ultimately determine the fate of these supernatural worlds that have now converged."  Wizards is scheduled to premiere on Netflix in 2019.[39]


document_title: Spring Creek (Fort Collins, Colorado)

question_text: when did the flood on spring creek occur

text: Spring Creek (Fort Collins, Colorado)

text: Spring Creek Flood of 1997[edit]

text: From July 27 to July 28, 1997, 14.5 inches of rain fell within the City of Fort Collins, causing Spring Creek to flow over its banks and into surrounding communities. The flash flood transformed this tiny creek into a torrent, killing 5 people and causing an estimated $200 million worth of damage to public and private property, making this event the city's worst natural disaster.[3] The campus and academic buildings of Colorado State University was also severely damaged. Soon after the floods, President Clinton issued disaster declarations for 13 counties affected by the flood event, including Larimer County, which received $5.2 million in aid from FEMA for individual assistance. Colorado State University received $1.2 million in aid from FEMA to pay for repairs to damaged buildings.[4] A hydrometeorological study revealed that the Horsetooth reservoir, which rose 50 cm in response to the flood, produced a significant flood reduction benefit.[5]

text: The Spring Creek Flood spawned a national weather-watcher program called CoCoRaHS, the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network, which uses volunteers to measure rain, hail and snow.


document_title: History of the British salt tax in India

question_text: when was the salt tax imposed by the british government

text: Taxation of salt[edit]

text: Salt taxation originated in ancient China. Guanzi, a book written in around 300 BC recommends taxation of salt and propounds different methods for this purpose.[3] The recommendations of Guanzi became the official salt policy of early Chinese Emperors. At one point of time, salt taxes constituted over one half of China's revenues and contributed to the construction of the Great Wall of China.

text: Salt was also important in the ancient Roman Empire. The first of the great Roman roads, the Via Salaria, or Salt Road, was built for transporting salt.[3] However, unlike the Chinese, Romans did not monopolize salt.[3]

text: In Britain, there are references to salt taxes in the Domesday Book but they had died out before patents were given in Tudor times. Reintroduced in 1641 in the Commonwealth period there was such outcry that they were withdrawn on the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and not reinstated till 1693 under William III, with duty set at two shillings a bushel on foreign salt, one shilling on native salt with exemption for fishery salt. In 1696 the tax was doubled and remained in force till abolished in 1825. There were probably 600 full-time officials employed in the collection of the taxes.[4]

text: Taxation of salt in India[edit]

text: Salt-producing areas in India[edit]

text: Salt has been produced all along the Rann of Kutch on the west coast of India for the past 5,000 years.[3] The Rann of Kutch is an extensive marshland which is cut off from the rest of the Indian subcontinent during monsoons when the seas inundate the low-lying areas. However, when the sea water evaporates during summer, it leaves behind a crust of salt which accumulate as salt pans.[3] This salt is collected by laborers called malangis.[3]

text: On the east coast, salt could be obtained extensively along the coast of Orissa.[3] The salt produced by the salt pans called khalaris in Oriya is of the finest quality in all India.[3] There has always been a demand for Orissa salt in Bengal.[3] When the British took over the administration of Bengal, they too felt its need and traded for salt. Gradually they monopolized Orissa salt all over Bengal.[3] To check smuggling and illegal transportation, they sent armies into Orissa, resulting in the conquest of Orissa in 1803.[3]

text: Taxation of salt before British rule[edit]

text: Salt is a commodity which had been taxed in India ever since the time of the Mauryas. Taxes on salt have been prevalent even during the time of Chandragupta Maurya. The Arthashastra, which describes the different duties of the people, says that a special officer called lavananadhyaksa was appointed to collect salt tax. Taxes were also imposed on imported salt. However, they accounted for 25 percent of the total value of the salt.[5]

text: In Bengal, there was a salt tax in vogue during the era of the Mughal Empire, which was 5% for Hindus and 2.5% for Muslims.[5]

text: Taxation of salt by the British East India Company[edit]

text: In 1759, two years after its victory at the Battle of Plassey, the British East India Company came into possession of land near Calcutta where there were salt works.[5] Utilizing this opportunity to make money, they doubled the land rent and imposed transit charges on the transportation of salt.[5]

text: In 1764, following the victory at the Battle of Buxar, the British began to control all the revenues of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Robert Clive, who returned as Governor-General in 1765, made the sale of tobacco, betel nut, and salt (apart from other accessories and essential spices and condiments), the monopoly of the senior officers of the British East India Company. Contracts were given to deliver salt to depots,[5] and merchants were required to buy from these depots.[5]

text: Outrage was expressed by the authorities in England who declared:

text: We consider it too disgraceful, and below the dignity of the present situation, to allow such a monopoly.

text: Clive responded by offering the Company 1,200,000 per annum from the profits made.

text: However, the authorities in England were stubborn, and due to the pressure they exerted, the monopoly of tobacco and betel nut was stopped on 1 September 1767, followed by the annulment of the salt monopoly on 7 October 1768.

text: In 1772, the then Governor-General Warren Hastings brought the salt trade once again under the Company's control. The salt works were leased out to farmers who agreed to deliver salt at a fixed rate to the Company, and sold the leases to the highest bidders. Corruption dealt a severe blow to the Company and the revenue from salt trade fell to 80,000 rupees by 1780. This, along with the exploitation of the malangis or salt workers by their landlords, forced Hastings to introduce a new system for controlling the salt trade in India.

text: In 1780 Hastings brought the salt trade once again under government control, dividing the infrastructure into Agencies each under the control of an agent and governed by a Controller. This system persisted, with minor modifications, until India's independence in 1947. Under this new system, the malangis sold the salt to the agents at a particular price, initially fixed at 2 rupees a maund with a tax of 1.1 to 1.5 rupees a maund. This new system was a success, and in 1781-82, the salt revenue was 2,960,130 rupees. The Company received salt revenue of 6,257,750 rupees in 1784-85.

text: From 1788 onwards, the Company began selling salt wholesalers by auction. As a result, the British East India Company increased the tax to 3.25 rupees a maund, and the wholesale price of salt increased from 1.25 to about 4 rupees a maund. This was an exorbitant rate that few could afford.

text: In 1804, the British monopolized salt in the newly conquered state of Orissa. In return, they advanced money to the malangis against future salt production, resulting in the malangis becoming debtors to the British, virtually becoming economic slaves. The Orissa Zamindars, who had earlier controlled the local salt trade, were alarmed at the sudden loss of income, and tried to persuade the malangi not to work for the British, but to no avail.

text: In the early 19th century, to make the salt tax more profitable and reduce smuggling, the East India Company established customs check points throughout Bengal. Mr. G. H. Smith established a "Customs Line", which was the boundary across which salt transportation involved payment of high customs duties. In the 1840s a thorn fence was erected along the western frontiers of Bengal province to prevent salt smuggling. Eventually, after 1857, the thorn fence grew to be 2,500 miles long, following India's eastern frontier and Orissa.

text: A customs line was established, which stretched across the whole of India, which in 1869 extended from the Indus to the Mahanadi in Madras, a distance of 2,300 miles; and it was guarded by nearly 12,000 men and petty officers... it consisted principally of an immense impenetrable hedge of thorny trees and bushes, supplemented by stone wall and ditches, across which no human being or beast of burden or vehicle could pass without being subject to detention or search.

text: Taxation of salt by the British authorities[edit]

text: The taxation laws introduced by the British East India Company were in vogue during the ninety years of British Raj which followed the demise of the Company. The construction of a fence to prevent smuggling of salt, which was commenced during the Company's rule, was completed during this period. Sources indicate that by 1858, British India derived 10% of its revenues from its monopoly of salt.[6] However, by the end of the century, the tax on salt had been considerably reduced.[6] In 1880, income from salt amounted to 7 million pounds.[7]

text: In 1900 and 1905, India was one of the largest producers of salt in the world, with a yield of 1,021,426 metric tons and 1,212,600 metric tonnes respectively.

text: In 1923, under the viceroyalty of Lord Reading, a bill was passed doubling the salt tax. However, another proposal made in 1927 was subsequently vetoed. It was one of Finance Member Basil Blackett's first deeds when producing his first budget in February 1923.

text:
Annual Tax Revenue[8]

Year
Rs (million)
£ (million)

1929-30
67
5.025

1930-31
68
5.1

1931-32
87
6.525

1932-33
102
7.65

text: Salt laws[edit]

text: The first laws to regulate the salt tax were made by British East India Company.

text: In 1835, the Government appointed a salt commission to review the existing salt tax. It recommended that Indian salt should be taxed to enable the sale of imported English salt. Consequently, salt was imported from Liverpool, resulting in the increase of salt rates. Subsequently, the Government set up a monopoly on the manufacture of salt by the Salt Act. Production of salt was made an offense punishable with six months' imprisonment. The committee also recommended that Indian salt be sold in maunds of 100. However, they were sold in much lesser quantities. In 1888, the salt tax was enhanced by Lord Dufferin as a temporary measure. Cheshire salt imported from the United Kingdom was available at a much cheaper rate. However, Cheshire salt was of an inferior quality compared to India's salt. India's salt imports reached 2,582,050 metric tons by 1851.

text: In 1878, a uniform salt tax policy was adopted for the whole of India, both British India as well as the princely states. Both production as well as possession of salt was made unlawful by this policy. The salt tax, which was one rupee and thirteen annas per maund in Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, and the princely states of South India, was increased to two rupees and eight annas, and decreased from three rupees and four annas in Bengal and Assam to two rupees and fourteen annas, and from three rupees to two rupees and eight annas in North India.

text: Section 39 of the Bombay Salt Act, which was the same as Section 16-17 of the Indian Salt Act, empowered a salt-revenue official to break into places where salt was being illegally manufactured and seize the illegal salt being manufactured. Section 50 of the Bombay Salt Act prohibited the shipping of salt overseas.

text: The India Salt Act of 1882 included regulations enforcing a government monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt. Salt could be manufactured and handled only at official government salt depots, with a tax of Rs1-4-0 on each maund (82 pounds).

text: In 1944 the Central Legislative Assembly passed the Excises and Salt Act (Act No. I of 1944), which though modified in India and Pakistan, remain in force in Bangladesh.

text: A new salt tax was introduced, to the Republic of India, via the Salt Cess, 1953, which received the assent of the President on the 26th December, 1953, and was brought into force on the 2nd January, 1954.[2]

text: Effects of the salt tax[edit]

text: The high price of salt made it unaffordable resulting in a number of diseases arising due to iodine deficiency.

text: Abhay Charan Das, in his The Indian Ryot published in 1881, wrote:

text: Then again there is a still more wretched creature, who bears the name of labourer, whose income may be fixed at thirty-five rupees per annum. If he, with his wife and three children, consumes twenty-four seers [49 lb] of salt, he must pay a salt duty of two rupees and seven annas, or in other words 7 ½ per cent income tax. Now we leave it to our readers to judge, whether the ryots and the labourers can procure salt in the quantities they require. We can positively state from our own experience, that an ordinary ryot can never procure more than two-thirds of what he requires, and that a labourer not more than half.[9]

text: Early protests against the British salt tax[edit]

text: Since the introduction of the first taxes on salt by the British East India Company, the laws were subjected to fervent criticism. The Chamber of Commerce in Bristol was one of the first to submit a petition opposing the salt tax:

text: The price to the consumer here [in England] is but about 30s per ton instead of 20 pounds per ton as in India; and if it were necessary to abolish the Salt tax at home some years since it appears to your petitioners that the millions of her Majesty's subjects of India have a much stronger claim for remission in their case, wretchedly poor as they are, and essentially necessary as salt is to their daily sustenance, and to the prevention of disease in such a climate.[10]

text: The salt tax was criticized at a public meeting at Cuttack in February 1888. In the first session of the Indian National Congress held in 1885 in Bombay, a prominent Congress member, S. A. Saminatha Iyer pleaded against the tax.[11][12][13]

text: It would be unjust and unrighteous if the tax on salt should be increased. It is a necessary article both for human as well as animal well-being... it would be bad policy and a retrograde movement to raise the tax, especially at a time when the poor millions of India are anxiously looking forward for a further reduction of the tax.... As any increase, therefore, of this tax will fall heavily upon the masses of the people of the land, I would strongly urge upon the attention of this Congress the necessity of its entering its strong protest against any attempt on the part of Government to raise the tax on salt.[1]

text: At the Allahabad session of the Indian National Congress in 1888, Narayan Vishnu, a delegate from Poona vehemently opposed the Indian Salt Act. A resolution was passed wherein the delegates present declared 'That this Congress do put on record its disapproval of the recent enhancement of the salt tax as involving a perceptible increase to the burden of the poorer classes, as also the 'partial adoption, in a time of peace and plenty, of the only financial reserve of the Empire.' The 1892 session at Allahabad concluded thus: '... We do not know when the tax will be reduced. So that there is every necessity for our repeating this prayer in the interests of the masses, and we earnestly hope that it will he granted before long'. A similar sort of protest was also issued at the Congress session at Ahmedabad.

text: The salt tax was also protested by eminent people like Dadabhai Naoroji. On 14 August 1894, he thundered in the House of Commons:

text: Then the Salt Tax, the most cruel Revenue imposed in any civilised country provided Rs.8,600,000/- and that with the opium 'formed the bulk of the revenue of India, which was drawn from the wretchedness of the people.... It mattered not what the State received was called - tax, rent, revenue, or by any other name they liked - the simple fact of the matter was, that out of a certain annual national production the State took a certain portion. Now it would not also matter much about the portion taken by the State if that portion, as in this country, returned to people themselves, from whom it was raised. But the misfortune and the evil was that much of this portion did not return to the people, and that the whole system of Revenue and the economic condition of the people became unnatural and oppressive, with dangers to the rulers. So long as the system went on, so long must the people go on, living wretched lives. There was a constant draining away of India's resources, and she could never therefore, be a prosperous country. Not only that, but in time India must perish, and with it perish the British Empire.[1]

text: In 1895, George Hamilton stated at a session of the House of Commons that:

text: Time has, however, now come when the Government finds itself in possession of larger surpluses and it is, therefore, its duty as guardian of public exchequer, to reduce taxation on salt.

text: When the salt tax was doubled in the year 1923, it was sharply criticized in a report by the Taxation Enquiry Committee which was published two years later. This raise also evoked sharp reactions from Indian nationalists. In 1929, Pandit Nilakantha Das demanded the repeal of the salt tax in the Imperial Legislature but his pleas fell on deaf ears. In 1930, Orissa was close to open rebellion.

text: Mahatma Gandhi and the salt tax[edit]

text: Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi had written his first article on the salt tax in 1891 in the periodical The Vegetarian. While in South Africa, he wrote in The Indian Opinion:

text: 'The tax levied on salt in India has always been a subject of criticism. This time it has been criticized by the well-known Dr. Hutchinson who says that 'it is a great shame for the British Government in India to continue it, while a similar tax previously in force in Japan has been abolished. Salt is an essential article in our dietary. It could be said that the increasing incidence of leprosy in India was due to the salt tax. Dr. Hutchinson considers the salt tax a barbarous practice, which ill becomes the British Government.

text: In 1909, Mahatma Gandhi wrote in his Hind Swaraj from South Africa, urging the British administration to abolish the salt tax.

text: Gandhi Salt March[edit]

text: At the historic Lahore session of the Indian National Congress on 26 December 1929 in which Purna Swaraj was declared, a passing reference was made to the infamous and oppressive salt law and resolved that a way should be found to oppose it. In the first week of March 1930, Gandhi wrote to Lord Irwin apprising him of the prevailing social, economic and political conditions in the country.

text: On 12 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi embarked on a sathyagraha with 79 followers from Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi on the Arabian Sea coast. This march, known as the Dandi March, was sensationalized by the international press; film clippings and pictures of Mahatma Gandhi were relayed to distant corners of the world. Gandhi reached Dandi on 6 April 1930. After his morning bhajan, he waded in to the sea shore and picked up a handful of salt, proclaiming that with the handful of salt he was proclaiming the end of the British Empire. The police arrived and arrested thousands of national leaders including Gandhi. Gandhi's bold defiance of the salt law encouraged other Indians to break the law as well.[14]

text: Other salt satyagrahas[edit]

text: Soon after the conclusion of the Salt sathyagraha at Dandi, Gandhi intended to lead a pack of sathyagrahis to the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat, but was arrested by the police. A few days later, Congress leader Abbas Tyabji was also arrested. So the mantle fell upon Sarojini Naidu to lead the sathyagrahis at Dharasana. The sathyagrahis marched to Dharasana, where they were stopped by a deportment of the police. The non-violent sathyagrahis proceed to confront the police and were beaten down. American journalist Webb Miller, who witnessed the gruesome scene, counted around 320 bodies. Miller's reporting of the violence at the Dharasana Salt Works was later credited for helping turn world opinion against British colonial rule of India.

text: In April 1930, Congress leader Chakravarti Rajagopalachari led a salt sathyagraha in Vedaranyam, Madras province. The satyagrahis reached Vedaranyam on the east coast of India on 28 April, where they prepared salt illegally on 30 April.[15][16]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The British authorities turned deaf ears to the massive protests against the salt tax which rocked India during the early 1930s. The Dandi March was only partially successful. Though it forced the British rulers to come to the discussion table, the salt tax continued. It was only on 6 April 1946 that Mahatma Gandhi made a formal request to Sir Archibald Rowlands, the finance member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, to remove the oppressive salt tax.[7] Rowlands formally issued an order abolishing the salt tax, but the order was vetoed by the Viceroy, Lord Wavell.[7] The salt tax continued in force until March 1947, when it was abolished by the Interim Government of India headed by Jawaharlal Nehru , by the then-Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.

text: A modified salt tax was later introduced, to the Republic of India, via the Salt Cess Act, 1953, which received the assent of the President on the 26th December,1953, and was brought into force on the 2nd January, 1954.[2]