document_title: World War II casualties

question_text: how many english soldiers died in world war 2

text: World War II casualties

text: Classification of casualties

text: Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II.[15] The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable."[16] The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease.

text: The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.[17][18]

text: The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.

text: Human losses by country

text: Total deaths

text:
Death toll of World War II & military wounded by country

(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)

The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes

Country

Total population1/1/1939

Militarydeaths from all causes

Civilian deaths due tomilitary activity and crimes against humanity

Civilian deaths due towar-related famine and disease

Totaldeaths

Deaths as % of1939 population

Militarywounded

 AlbaniaA
1,073,000[19]
30,000[20]

30,000
2.80
NA

 AustraliaB
6,968,000[19]
39,700[21]
700[22]

40,400
0.58
39,803[23]

 Austria (Unified with Germany)C
6,653,000[19]
Included with Germany
Included with Germany

(see table below)S2
Included with Germany

 BelgiumD
8,387,000[19]
12,000[24]
76,000[24]

88,000
1.05
55,513[25]

 BrazilE
40,289,000[19]
1,000[26]
1,000[27]

2,000
0.00
4,222[28]

 BulgariaF
6,458,000[19]
18,500[26]
3,000[29]

21,500
0.33
21,878[30]

 Burma (British colony)G
16,119,000[19]
2,600[31]
250,000[31]

252,600
1.57
NA

 CanadaH
11,267,000[19]
42,000[32]
1,600[33]

43,600
0.38
53,174[34]

 China I (1937–1945)
517,568,000[19]
3,000,000[35]  to 3,750,000+[36]
7,357,000[37]  to 8,191,000[38]
5,000,000to 10,000,000
15,000,000[39]to 20,000,000[39]
2.90 to 3.86
1,761,335[40]

 CubaJ
4,235,000[19]

100[41]

100
0.00
NA

 Czechoslovakia (in postwar 1945–1992 borders)K
14,612,000[42]
35,000[43] to 46,000[44]
294,000[44] to320,000[43]

340,000 to 355,000
2.33 to 2.43
8,017[45]

 DenmarkL
3,795,000[19]

6,000[46]

6,000
0.16
2,000[47]

 Dutch East IndiesM
69,435,000[19]
11,500[48][49]
300,000[50]
2,400,000[51]to 4,000,000[52]
3,000,000to 4,000,000
4.3 to 5.76
NA

 EgyptMA
16,492,000[19]
1,100[53]

1,100
0.00
NA

 Estonia (within 1939 borders)N
1,134,000[19]
34,000 (in both Soviet & German armed forces)[54]
49,000[55]

83,000
7.3
NA

 EthiopiaO
17,700,000[19]
15,000[56]

85,000

100,000[56]
0.56
NA

 FinlandP
3,700,000[19]
83,000[57] to 95,000[58]

2,000[59]

85,000 to 95,000
2.30 to 2.57
50,000[60]

 FranceQ (including colonies)
41,680,000[59]
210,000[59]
390,000[59]

600,000
1.44
390,000[61]

 French IndochinaR
24,664,000[19]

1,000,000to 2,000,000[62]
1,000,000to 2,200,000
4.05 to 8.11
NA

 GermanyS
69,300,000[63]
4,440,000[64] to 5,318,000[65][66]
1,500,000to 3,000,000S1

6,900,000 to 7,400,000
(see table below)S2
7,300,000[67]

 GreeceT
7,222,000[19]
35,100[68]
171,800[68]
300,000[69]to 600,000[68]
507,000to 807,000
7.02 to 11.17
47,290[70]

 GuamTA
22,800[71]
1,000[72]to 2,000[73]

1,000to 2,000
4.39 to 8.77
NA

 HungaryU (figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938–41)
9,129,000[71]
200,000[74]
264,000[75]

464,000
5.08
89,313[76]

 IcelandV
118,900[77]

200[78]

200
0.17
NA

 IndiaW
377,800,000[79]
87,000[80]

2,100,000[81]
2,200,000
0.58
64,354[82]

 IranX
14,340,000[83]
200[84]

200
0.00
NA

 IraqY
3,698,000[85]
500[84]
200[86]

700
0.01
NA

 IrelandZ
2,960,000[87]
Irish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces
100[88]

100
0.00
NA

 Italy (in postwar 1947 borders)AA
44,394,000[89]
319,200[90] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[91][92]
153,200[93]

492,400 to 514,000
1.11 to 1.16
225,000[94]-320,000[95] (incomplete data)

 JapanAB
71,380,000[96]
2,100,000[97] to2,300,000[98]
550,000[99] to800,000[100]

2,500,000[101]to 3,100,000[102]
3.50 to 4.34
326,000[103]

 Korea (Japanese colony)AC
24,326,000[71]
Included with Japanese military
483,000[104]to 533,000[105]

483,000 to 533,000
1.99 to 2.19
NA

 Latvia (within 1939 borders)AD
1,994,500[71]
30,000[106](in both Soviet and German Armies)
220,000[107]

250,000
12.5
NA

 Lithuania (within 1939 borders)AE
2,575,000[96]
25,000[108](in both Soviet and German Armies)
345,000[109]

370,000
14.36
NA

 LuxembourgAF
295,000[96]
Included with German & Belgian military
5,000[59]

5,000
1.69
NA

 Malaya & SingaporeAG
5,118,000[71]

100,000[110]

100,000
1.95
NA

 Malta (British)AH
269,000[71]
Included with U.K.
1,500[111]

1,500
0.55
NA

 MexicoAI
19,320,000[112]

100[113]

100
0.00
NA

 MongoliaAJ
819,000[114]
300[115]

300
0.04
NA

 Nauru (Australian)AK
3,400[71]

500[116]

500
14.7
NA

 NepalAL
6,087,000[71]
Included with British Indian Army

NA

 NetherlandsAM
8,729,000[71]
6,700[117]
187,300[117]
16,000[117]
210,000
2.41
2,860[118]

 Newfoundland (British)AN
320,000[119]
1,100[120] (included with the U.K. & Canada)
100[121]

1,200
0.03
(included with the/ U.K. & Canada)

 New ZealandAO
1,629,000[71]
11,700[122]

11,700
0.72
19,314[123]

 NorwayAP
2,945,000[124]
2,000[59]
8,200[125]

10,200
0.35
364[126]

 Papua and New Guinea (Australian)AQ
1,292,000[71]

15,000[127]

15,000
1.16
NA

 Philippines (U.S. Territory)AR
16,000,303[128]
57,000[129]
164,000[130]
336,000[130]
557,000
3.48
NA

 Poland (within 1939 borders)AS
34,849,000[131]

240,000[132]
5,620,000[133]to 5,820,000[134]

5,900,000[135] to 6,000,000[136]
16.93 to 17.22
766,606[137]

 Portuguese TimorAT
480,000[71]

40,000[138]to 70,000[138]

40,000to 70,000
8.33 to 14.58
NA

 Romania (in postwar 1945 borders)AU
15,970,000[59]
300,000[44]
200,000[44]

500,000[44]
3.13
332,769[139]

 Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian)AV
3,800,000[140]

36,000[141] and 50,000[142]
36,000–50,000
0.09–1.3
NA

 South AfricaAW
10,160,000[143]
11,900[144]

11,900
0.12
14,363[145]

 South Pacific Mandate (Japanese)AX
127,000[146]

10,000[147]

10,000
7.87
[148]

 Soviet Union (within 1946–91 borders[149])AY
188,793,000[150][151]
8,668,000[152][153][154] to 11,400,000[155][156][157][158]
4,500,000[159] to 10,000,000[160][161][162]
8,000,000 to 9,000,000[163][164][165]

20,000,000[166] to 27,000,000[167][168][169][170][171]
(see table below)AY4
14,685,593[172]

 SpainAZ
25,637,000[173]
Included with the German Army
Included with France,see footnote

NA

 SwedenBA
6,341,000[174]
100[175]
2,000[176]

2,100
0.03
NA

  SwitzerlandBB
4,210,000[177]

100[178]

100
0.00
NA

 ThailandBC
15,023,000[179]
5,600[180]
2,000[180]

7,600
0.05
NA

 TurkeyBD
17,370,000[181]
200[182]

200
0.00
NA

 United KingdomBE including British Colonies
47,760,000[183]
383,700[184]
67,200[185]

450,900
0.94
376,239[186]

 United StatesBF
131,028,000[187]
407,300BF1
12,100BF2

419,400
0.32
671,801[188]

 YugoslaviaBG
15,490,000[189]
300,000[190] to 446,000[191]
581,000[191] to 1,400,000[190]

1,027,000[191] to 1,700,000[190]
6.63 to 10.97
425,000[192]

Other nationsBH
300,000,000

NA

Approx. totals
2,300,000,000[1]
21,000,000to 25,500,000
29,000,000to 30,500,000
19,000,000to 28,000,000
70,000,000to 85,000,000
3.0 to 3.7
NA

text:
Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes.
The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses. For example, Michael Strank is included with American not Czechoslovak war dead.
Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided. For example, German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust.
The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses.
Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited.

tag: ul

text: Nazi Germany

text:
hideHuman losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria.[11][12]^S2

Country

Population1939

Militarydeaths

Civilian deaths due toAllied Strategic Bombing

Civilian deaths due toNazi persecution

Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans

Totaldeaths

Deaths as% of 1939population

Austria
6,653,000[19]
250,000[193] to 261,000[65]
24,000[193][194]
100,000[195]

370,000[195]
5.56

Germany (within 1937 borders)[196]

69,300,000[63]

3,760,000[193] to 4,456,000[65]
353,000(1942 borders)[197] to 410,000[193][198]
300,000[199] to 500,000[200][201]
400,000[202] to 1,225,000[193]
5,700,000[203]
8.23

Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe[204]
7,423,000[205]
430,000[206] to 538,000[65]

200,000[207] to 886,000[208]
738,000[65][207] to 1,316,000[209]
9.96 to 17.76

Foreign nationals in western Europe
215,000[210]
63,000[65]

63,000[65]
29.3

Approx. Totals
83,500,000
4,440,000[211] to 5,318,000[65]
353,000[197] to 434,000[212]
400,000[213][200] to 600,000[200][201][213]
600,000[214] to 2,111,000[215]
6,900,000 to 7,400,000
8.26 to 8.86

text: German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000[216][217]

text: USSR

text: The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead[13]^AY4

text:
Soviet Republic
Population 1940 (within 1946–91 borders)
Military deaths
Civilian deaths due tomilitary activity and crimes against humanity
Civilian deaths due towar related famine and disease
Total
Deaths as % of 1940 population

Armenia
1,320,000
150,000

30,000
180,000
13.6%

Azerbaijan
3,270,000
210,000

90,000
300,000
9.1%

Belarus
9,050,000
620,000
1,360,000
310,000
2,290,000
25.3%

Estonia
1,050,000
30,000
50,000

80,000
7.6%

Georgia
3,610,000
190,000

110,000
300,000
8.3%

Kazakhstan
6,150,000
310,000

350,000
660,000
10.7%

Kyrgyzstan
1,530,000
70,000

50,000
120,000
7.8%

Latvia
1,890,000
30,000
190,000
40,000
260,000
13.7%

Lithuania
2,930,000
25,000
275,000
75,000
375,000
12.7%

Moldova
2,470,000
50,000
75,000
45,000
170,000
6.9%

Russia
110,100,000
6,750,000
4,100,000
3,100,000
13,950,000
12.7%

Tajikistan
1,530,000
50,000

70,000
120,000
7.8%

Turkmenistan
1,300,000
70,000

30,000
100,000
7.7%

Ukraine
41,340,000
1,650,000
3,700,000
1,500,000
6,850,000
16.3%

Uzbekistan
6,550,000
330,000

220,000
550,000
8.4%

Unidentified
–
165,000
130,000

295,000

Total USSR
194,090,000
10,600,000
10,000,000
6,000,000
26,600,000
13.7%

text: The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow, 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. pp. 21–35. Erlikman, a Russian historian,  notes that these figures are his estimates.

text:
The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources. Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million.[218][219]
According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 to 1940: the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million; Lithuania 2.440 million; Latvia 1.951 million; Estonia 1.122 million; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million; less transfers out of (392,000) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi–Soviet population transfers; the Anders Army (120,000); the First Polish Army (1944–45) (26,000) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region (1,392,000) which was returned to Poland in 1945.[218][220][221]
Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of (622,000). The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho-Ukraine 725,000; the Tuvan People's Republic 81,000; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944–47 518,000. The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944–47 (1,529,000) and the post war emigration to the west (451,000)[218][222][223] According to Viktor Zemskov, 3/4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939–40[224]
Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ. According to Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews, Romanians, Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war[225][3] The Polish government-in-exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union  at 13.199 million[226]
Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million, about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated. The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944–47.[227]
Figures for Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland. Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[228] The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945.
According to Erlikman, in addition to the war dead, there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression. (200,000 executed; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died)[229]

text: Holocaust deaths

text: Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust.

text: Jewish deaths

text: The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.[230] Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.[231]

text: Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:

text:
In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers, 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps (500,000 Belzec; 150,000 Sobibor; 850,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 1,100,000 Auschwitz; 80,000 Majdanek).[232] Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps, including Romanian Transnistria, at 3.0 million.[233]
In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million.[233]
Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000.[233]
Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead.[234]

text: The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.[231] The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.

text:
Country

Pre-war Jewish population[231] in 1933

Low estimate deaths[231]

High estimate deaths.[231]

Low %

High %

Average %

Austria

191,000 (see footnote)

50,000

65,000

26.2%

34.0%

30.1%

Belgium

60,000 (see footnote)

25,000

29,000

41.7%

48.3%

45.0%

Czech Republic[235]

92,000

77,000

78,300

83.7%

85.1%

84.4%

Denmark

8,000

60

116

0.8 %

1.5%

1.1%

Estonia

4,600

1,500

2,000

32.6%

43.5%

38.0%

France

260,000 (see footnote)

75,000

77,000

28.8%

29.6%

29.2%

Germany

566,000 (see footnote)

135,000

142,000

23.9%

25.1%

24.5%

Greece

73,000

59,000

67,000

80.8%

91.8%

86.3%

Hungary (borders 1940)[236]

725,000

502,000

569,000

69.2%

78.5%

73.9%

Italy

48,000

6,500

9,000

13.5%

18.8%

16.1%

Latvia

95,000

70,000

72,000

73.7%

75.8%

74.7%

Lithuania

155,000

130,000

143,000

83.9%

92.3%

88.1%

Luxembourg

3,500

1,000

2,000

28.6%

57.1%

42.9%

Netherlands

112,000 (see footnote)

100,000

105,000

89.3%

93.8%

91.5%

Norway

1,700

800

800

47.1%

47.1%

47.1%

Poland (borders 1939)

3,250,000

2,700,000

3,000,000

83.1%

92.3%

87.7%

Romania (borders 1940)

441,000

121,000

287,000

27.4%

65.1%

46.3%

Slovakia

89,000

60,000

71,000

67.4%

79.8%

73.6%

Soviet Union (borders 1939)

2,825,000

700,000

1,100,000

24.8%

38.9%

31.9%

Yugoslavia

68,000

56,000

65,000

82.4%

95.6%

89.0%

Total

9,067,000

4,869,860

5,894,716

50.4% (avg.)

59.7% (avg.)

55.1% (avg.)

text:
The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940. In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, 12,000 in Belgium, 30,000 in France, 2,000 in Denmark, 5,000 in Italy, and 2,000 in Norway[237]
Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939–41.[238] The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220,000.[75] According to Martin Gilbert, the Jewish population inside Hungary's 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths from inside the 1938 borders was 200,000, not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.[239]
Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933.

text: By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees.[237] In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation.[240] However, an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler.[241]

text:
Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.[242]
Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders, which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.[242][243]
According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy, and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya[244]

text: Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces

text: Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.[245][246]

text:
Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people.[247]
According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy.[248]
R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons.[249]
Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions, deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews.[250]
German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis.[251]
Dieter Pohl (de) puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews.[252]
Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000.[247][253] Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead.[254] Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish victims".[255] In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans".[256]

text: The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates".[257]

text:
Country

Pre-war Roma population

Low estimate victims

High estimate victims

Austria

11,200

6,800

8,250

Belgium

600

350

500

Czech Republic[235]

13,000

5,000

6,500

Estonia

1,000

500

1,000

France

40,000

15,150

15,150

Germany

20,000

15,000

15,000

Greece

?

50

50

Hungary

100,000

1,000

28,000

Italy

25,000

1,000

1,000

Latvia

5,000

1,500

2,500

Lithuania

1,000

500

1,000

Luxembourg

200

100

200

Netherlands

500

215

500

Poland

50,000

8,000

35,000

Romania

300,000

19,000

36,000

Slovakia

80,000

400

10,000

Soviet Union (borders 1939)

200,000

30,000

35,000

Yugoslavia

100,000

26,000

90,000

Total

947,500

130,565

285,650

text:
Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed.[258] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000.[259][260]
Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million[261] including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war.[262]
Ethnic Poles: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II."[263] They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war."[264] However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation[265] (see World War II casualties of Poland).
Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death.[266] Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll.[267] The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found".[268] Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated".[269][270] According to Paul Robert Magocsi, between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine.[271] Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews (in pre-war borders).[272] Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million (4.0 million Ukrainians, 2.5 million Belarusians, and 1.7 million Russians).[273]  A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians (including Jews): 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures.[274]
Homosexuals: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps.[275]
Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy,[276] about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses,[277] and an unknown number of Freemasons[278] perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."[279] During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.[280]
Serbs: The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism.[281] The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941–45, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone.[282] According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac.[283] According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons.[284] See also World War II persecution of Serbs.

text: Japanese war crimes

text: Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.

text: R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.

text: Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000.[286]

text:
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[287]
There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease.[288][289]

text: Oppression in the Soviet Union

text: The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression.  The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages.[290] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.[291] Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.[292] The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941–1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives.[293] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era.[294][295] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.[296][297] Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB.[298] Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre.[299] Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941–1945.[300] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.[301]

text: In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[228] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[302] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[303]

text: The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R., 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.[304]

text:
The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.[305]

text:
Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war).

Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842.[306] In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.[307]

Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000.[308]

A total of 2,230,500[309] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.[310]

text: Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069).[311] However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.[312]

text: Military casualties by branch of service

text:
Country

Branch of service

Number served

Killed/missing

Wounded

Prisoners of war Captured

Percent killed

Germany
Army[313]
13,600,000
4,202,000

30.9

Germany
Air Force (including infantry units)[313]
2,500,000
433,000

17.3

Germany
Navy[313]
1,200,000
138,000

11.5

Germany
Waffen SS[313]
900,000
314,000

34.9

Germany
Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces[313]

231,000

Germany
Total (incl. conscripted foreigners)
18,200,000
5,318,000
6,035,000
11,100,000
29.2

Japan[314][315]
Army (1937–1945)
6,300,000
1,326,076
85,600
30,000
24.2

Japan
Navy (1941–1945)
2,100,000
414,879
8,900
10,000
19.8

Japan
POW dead after Surrender.[316][317][318]

381,000

Japan
Imperial Japan Total
8,400,000
2,121,955
94,500
40,000
25.3

Italy
Army
3,040,000
246,432

8.1

Italy
Navy
259,082[319]
31,347

12.0

Italy
Air Force
130,000[320]
13,210

10.2

Italy
Partisan forces
80,000[321] to 250,000[322][323]
35,828

14 to 44

Italy
RSI forces
520,000[324]
13,021 to 35,000

2.5 to 6.7

Italy
Total Italian Forces
3,430,000[325][326]
319,207[327] to 341,000
320,000
1,300,000[328]
9.3 to 9.9

Soviet Union (1939–40)
All branches of service[329]

136,945
205,924

Soviet Union (1941–45)
All branches of service[330]
34,476,700
8,668,400
14,685,593
4,050,000
25.1

Soviet Union
Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below)[331]

500,000

Soviet Union
Civilians in POW camps (see note below)[332]

1,000,000

1,750,000

Soviet Union
Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units[333]

400,000

Soviet Union
Total Soviet Forces
34,476,700
10,725,345
14,915,517
5,750,000
31.1

British Empire and Commonwealth[334][335][336]
All branches of service
17,843,000
580,497
475,000
318,000
3.3

United States[337]
Army[338]
11,260,000
318,274
565,861
124,079[338][339]
2.8

United States
Air Force (included with Army)[338]
(3,400,000)
(88,119)
(17,360)

2.5

United States
Navy
4,183,446
62,614
37,778
3,848[340]
1.5

United States
Maritime Service
215,000
9,400
12,000
663[341]
4.5

United States
Marine Corps
669,100
24,511
68,207
2,274[342][343]
3.7

United States
Coast Guard[344]
241,093
1,917

0.8

United States
Public Health Service Commissioned Corps[345]
2,600
8[346]

0.3

United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps[347]

3

United States
Total U.S. Armed Forces
16,353,639
407,316
671,846
130,201[348][349]

2.5

text: Germany

text:
The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown;[350] 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.[351]
Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) however in fact died in Soviet custody".[352]
Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war.[353]

text: USSR

text:
Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million.[333] There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland.[354]
The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths.[355] 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[356][357][358] Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.[359] Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.[360]
Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).[329]
The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.[361]
The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead).[356][362]
Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.[332]

text: British Commonwealth

text:
Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).[363]
Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies (383,786); India-(British colonial administration) (87,032), Australia (40,464); Canada (45,383); New Zealand (11,929); South Africa (11,903).[364]
Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone(according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606).[365][366]
Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).[335][367][368]
Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).[335][367][368]
The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[369]

text: U.S.

text:
Battle deaths (including POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents)[338] were 292,131: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy 36,950; Marine Corps 19,733; and Coast Guard 574 (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations).[338][370]
During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany).[371]
During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action.[372] During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.[373]

text: Commonwealth military casualties

text: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015[374] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.


document_title: Barrow, Alaska

question_text: how far is barrow alaska from the arctic circle

question_tokens: how far is barrow alaska from the arctic circle

root

text: Barrow, Alaska

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The location has been home to the Iñupiat, an indigenous Inuit ethnic group, for more than 1,500 years. The city's official name, Utqiaġvik, refers to a place for gathering wild roots. It is derived from the Iñupiat word utqiq, also used for "potato".[9] The name was first recorded in 1853 as "Ot-ki-a-wing" by Commander Maguire, Royal Navy,[10]. John Simpson's native map dated 1855, records the name "Otkiawik," which was misprinted on the subsequent British Admiralty Chart as "Otkiovik."[11]

tag: p

text: The name Barrow was derived from Point Barrow, and was originally a general designation, because non-native Alaskan residents found it easier to pronounce than the Inupiat name. A post office established in 1901 helped the name "Barrow" to become dominant. Point Barrow was named after Sir John Barrow of the British Admiralty by explorer Frederick William Beechey in 1825.

text: In an October 2016 referendum, city voters narrowly approved to change its name from Barrow to its traditional Iñupiaq name, Utqiaġvik. The governor had 45 days to rule on the name change and it was officially adopted on December 1, 2016.[12][13][14][15] City Council member Qaiyaan Harcharek described the name change as supporting use of the Iñupiaq language and being part of a process of "decolonization".[16]

text: Another recorded Iñupiaq name is Ukpiaġvik (/ukpiɔʁvik/), which comes from ukpik "snowy owl" and translates to "the place where snowy owls are hunted". A spelling variant of this name was adopted by the Ukpeaġvik Iñupiat Corporation when it was established in 1973.

text: Prehistory to the 20th century[edit]

text: Archaeological sites in the area indicate the Iñupiat lived around Utqiaġvik as far back as AD 500. Remains of 16 sod dwelling mounds, from the Birnirk culture of about AD 800, can be seen on the shore of the Arctic Ocean. Located on a slight rise above the high-water mark, they are at risk of being lost to erosion.

text: Dr. Bill Streever, who chairs the North Slope Science Initiative's Science Technical Advisory Panel, wrote in his 2009 book Cold: Adventures in the World’s Frozen Places:

text: Barrow, like most communities in Alaska, looks temporary, like a pioneer settlement. It is not. Barrow is among the oldest permanent settlements in the United States. Hundreds of years before the European Arctic explorers showed up...Barrow was more or less where it is now, a natural hunting place at the base of a peninsula that pokes out into the Beaufort Sea. ... Yankee whalers sailed here, learning about the bowhead whale from Iñupiat hunters ... Later, the military came, setting up a radar station, and in 1947 a science center was founded at Barrow.[17]

text: British Royal Navy officers came to the area to explore and map the Arctic coastline of North America. The US acquired Alaska in 1867. The United States Army established a meteorological and magnetic research station at Utqiaġvik in 1881.

text: In 1888, a Presbyterian church was built by United States missionaries at Utqiaġvik.

text: In 1889 a whaling supply and rescue station was built. It is the oldest wood-frame building in Utqiaġvik and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The rescue station was converted for use in 1896 as the retail Cape Smythe Whaling and Trading Station. In the late 20th century, the building was used as Brower's Cafe.

text: 20th century to the present[edit]

text: In 1901, a United States Post Office was opened.

text: In 1935, the famous humorist Will Rogers and pilot Wiley Post made an unplanned stop at Walakpa Bay 15 mi (24 km) south of Utqiaġvik while en route to the city. As they took off again, their plane stalled and plunged into a river, killing them both. Two memorials have been erected at the location, now called the Rogers-Post Site. Another memorial is located in Utqiaġvik, where the airport was renamed as the Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport in their honor.[18]

text: In 1940, the indigenous Iñupiat organized as the Native Village of Barrow Iñupiat Traditional Government (previously, Native Village of Barrow), which is a federally recognized Alaska Native Iñupiat "tribal entity", as listed by the US Bureau of Indian Affairs circa 2003. They wrote a constitution and by-laws, under the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934. An IRA corporation was also created.

text: Utqiaġvik was incorporated as a 1st Class City in 1958.

text: Residents of the North Slope were the only Native people to vote on acceptance of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act; they rejected it. The Act was passed in December 1971 and, despite their opposition, became law. The Ukpeaġvik Iñupiat Corporation (UIC) is the for-profit village corporation established under the Act.

text: In 1972, the North Slope Borough was established. With millions of dollars in new revenues from the settlement and later oil revenues, the borough has created sanitation facilities, water and electrical utilities, roads, fire departments, and health and educational services in Utqiaġvik and the villages of the North Slope.

text: In 1986, the North Slope Borough created the North Slope Higher Education Center. Renamed Iḷisaġvik College, it is an accredited two-year college providing education based on the Iñupiat culture and the needs of the North Slope Borough.

text: The Tuzzy Consortium Library, in the Iñupiat Heritage Center, serves the communities of the North Slope Borough and functions as the academic library for Iḷisaġvik College. The library was named after Evelyn Tuzroyluk Higbee, an important leader in the community.

text: Utqiaġvik, like many communities in Alaska, has enacted a "damp" law, prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages. It allows for import, possession and consumption of such beverages.[19]

text: In 1988, Utqiaġvik became the center of worldwide media attention when three California gray whales became trapped in the ice offshore.[20] After a two-week rescue effort (Operation Breakthrough), a Soviet icebreaker freed two of the whales.[21] Journalist Tom Rose details the rescue, and the media frenzy that accompanied it, in his 1989 book Freeing The Whales.[22] The movie Big Miracle is based on the rescue and was released on February 3, 2012.[23][24]

text: In October 2016, a city referendum renamed the city from Barrow to its traditional Iñupiaq name, Utqiaġvik. The name change officially went into effect on December 1, 2016.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Utqiaġvik is the only U.S. city on the continent of North America with an antipodal point on uninhabited dry land (in Antarctica, at 71°17′44″S 23°14′1″E / 71.29556°S 23.23361°E / -71.29556; 23.23361 (Barrow (antip))).[citation needed] Utqiaġvik is roughly 1,300 miles (2,100 km) south of the North Pole. Only 2.6% of the Earth's surface lies as far and farther from the equator as Utqiaġvik.[25]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21 sq mi (54 km2), 18 sq mi (47 km2) of the area being land and 3 sq mi (8 km2) being water. Water makes up 14% of the total area. The predominant land type in Utqiaġvik is tundra, which is formed over a permafrost layer that is as much as 1,300 feet (400 m) in depth.[26]

text: Utqiaġvik is surrounded by the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska.

text: The city of Utqiaġvik has three sections, which can be classified as south, central, and north, and are known to residents as Barrow, Browerville, and NARL, respectively.

text: The southernmost of the sections, known locally as the "Barrow side", is the oldest and second-largest of the three; it serves as downtown. This area includes Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial Airport, Barrow High School, North Slope Borough School District, Fred Ipalook Elementary School, as well as restaurants, hotels, the police station, the Utqiaġvik City Hall, a Wells Fargo bank, and numerous houses.

text:
The Central section is the largest of the three, and is called Browerville. This has traditionally been a residential area for the city of Utqiaġvik, but in recent years many businesses have opened or moved to this area. Browerville is separated from the south section by a series of lagoons, with two connecting dirt roads. This area, in addition to the houses, includes Tuzzy Consortium Library, the US Post Office, Eben Hopson Middle School, Samuel Simmonds Memorial Hospital, the Iñupiat Heritage Center,[27] two grocery stores, one hotel and two restaurants.
The north section is the smallest and most isolated of the three sections, known to the residents as NARL because it was originally the site of the Naval Arctic Research Lab. It is connected to the central section only by Stevenson Street, a two-lane dirt road. The NARL facility was transferred by the federal government to the North Slope Borough, which adapted it for use as Iḷisaġvik College. This area also includes a small broadcasting station, which is run by the college students.[28]

text: An ancient 8 km-sized crater, Avak, is situated near Barrow.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Owing to its location 320 miles (515 km) north of the Arctic Circle, Utqiaġvik's climate is cold and dry, classified as a polar climate (Köppen ET). Winter weather can be extremely dangerous because of the combination of cold and wind, while summers are cool even at their warmest. Weather observations are available for Utqiaġvik dating back to the late 19th century. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring Lab operates in Utqiaġvik. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has a climate observation site in Utqiaġvik as part of its Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility.

text: Despite the extreme northern location, temperatures at Utqiaġvik are moderated by the surrounding topography. The Arctic Ocean is on three sides, and flat tundra stretches some 200 miles (300 km) to the south. There are no wind barriers or protected valleys where dense cold air can settle or form temperature inversions in the lower atmosphere, as commonly happens in the interior between the Brooks and the Alaska ranges.[29]

text: Utqiaġvik has the lowest average temperatures of cities in Alaska. Although it is rare for Utqiaġvik to record the lowest temperatures statewide during cold waves, extremely low wind chill and "white out" conditions from blowing snow are very common. Temperatures remain below freezing from early October through late May.

text: The high temperature is above freezing on an average of only 120 days per year, and there are 160 days of sub-0 °F (−18 °C).[30] Freezing temperatures and snowfall can occur during any month of the year.[29]

text: In terms of precipitation, Utqiaġvik has a desert climate, and averages less than 5 inches (127 mm) "rainfall equivalent" per year. One inch of rain possesses approximately equal water content to 12 inches (30 cm) of snow. According to 1971−2000 normals, this includes 29 inches (74 cm) of snow, [19][31] compared to 101 inches (257 cm) for Kuujjuaq in Nunavik, Quebec[32] or 84 inches (213 cm) and 77 inches (196 cm) for much warmer Juneau and Kodiak, Alaska, respectively. Even Sable Island, at around 44 degrees latitude and under the influence of the Gulf Stream, receives 44 inches (112 cm), or 52 percent more snowfall than Utqiaġvik.

text: The first snow (defined as snow that will not melt until next spring) generally falls during the first week of October, when temperatures cease to rise above freezing during the day. October is usually the month with the heaviest snowfall, with measurable amounts occurring on nearly half the days and an average total accumulation of 8.8 inches (22 cm).[30]

text: The sun sets on November 18 or 19, and it remains below the horizon for about 65 days. This creates a polar night that lasts until the Sun returns to lightly touch the horizon (due to the refraction and scattering of the atmosphere) by January 22 or January 23. The sun then rises again completely over the horizon by January 27 or 28. During the first half of the polar night, there is a decreasing amount of twilight each day, and on the winter solstice (around December 21 or December 22), civil twilight in Utqiaġvik lasts for a mere 3 hours.[30][33]

text: In addition to its low temperatures and polar night, Utqiaġvik is one of the cloudiest places on Earth. Owing to the prevailing easterly winds off the Arctic Ocean, Utqiaġvik is completely overcast slightly more than 50% of the year. It is at least 70% overcast some 62% of the time. Cloud types are mainly low stratus and fog; cumuli forms are rare. Peak cloudiness occurs in August and September when the ocean is ice-free. Dense fog occurs an average of 65 days per year, mostly in the summer months. Ice fog is very common during the winter months, especially when the temperature drops below −30 °F (−34 °C).[34]

text: Serious cold weather usually begins in January, and February is generally the coldest month, averaging −14.2 °F (−25.7 °C). By March 1, the sun is up for 9 hours, and temperatures begin to warm, though winds are usually higher. April brings less extreme temperatures, with an average of 1.8 °F (−16.8 °C), and on April 1 the sun is up for more than 14 hours. In May, the temperatures are much warmer, averaging 21.2 °F (−6.0 °C). Beginning around May 11 or 12, the sun remains above the horizon the entire day, and the phenomenon known as the midnight sun is observed. The sun does not set for about 80 days, until around July 31 or August 1. In June, the average temperature rises above freezing, to 35.7 °F (2.1 °C), and average daily temperatures remain above freezing until mid- or late September.

text: July is the warmest month of the year, with an average high of 47 °F (8 °C) and an average low temperature of 35 °F (2 °C). Beginning in late July, the Arctic Ocean is relatively ice-free, and remains so until late October.[30] The highest temperature recorded in Utqiaġvik was 79 °F (26 °C) on July 13, 1993, while the lowest is −56 °F (−49 °C) on February 3, 1924; the highest minimum is 53 °F (12 °C), while the lowest maximum is −47 °F (−44 °C).[30][33][35] Utqiaġvik records an average 24 days per year where the high reaches at least 50 °F (10 °C). Even in July and August, the low falls to or below the freezing mark on 24 days.[30]

text: Variation of wind speed during the year is limited, with the fall months being windiest. Extreme winds from 40 to 60 miles per hour (60 to 100 km/h) have been recorded for all months.[29] Winds average 12 mph (20 km/h) and are typically from the east.[19][31]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Utqiaġvik, Alaska (Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport, 1981−2010 normals,[36] extremes 1901–present)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
36
(2)
38
(3)
34
(1)
42
(6)
47
(8)
72
(22)
79
(26)
76
(24)
62
(17)
44
(7)
39
(4)
34
(1)
79
(26)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
17.9
(−7.8)
16.2
(−8.8)
16.6
(−8.6)
27.3
(−2.6)
38.2
(3.4)
57.6
(14.2)
65.6
(18.7)
61.4
(16.3)
50.2
(10.1)
34.3
(1.3)
24.6
(−4.1)
20.3
(−6.5)
67.5
(19.7)

Average high °F (°C)
−7.3
(−21.8)
−8
(−22)
−6.1
(−21.2)
8.5
(−13.1)
25.8
(−3.4)
40.5
(4.7)
46.9
(8.3)
43.9
(6.6)
35.8
(2.1)
21.8
(−5.7)
6.2
(−14.3)
−1.8
(−18.8)
17.3
(−8.2)

Average low °F (°C)
−19.5
(−28.6)
−20.4
(−29.1)
−19.2
(−28.4)
−4.9
(−20.5)
16.5
(−8.6)
30.8
(−0.7)
34.8
(1.6)
34.1
(1.2)
28.5
(−1.9)
12.6
(−10.8)
−4.8
(−20.4)
−13.8
(−25.4)
6.3
(−14.3)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−39.3
(−39.6)
−41.2
(−40.7)
−37.1
(−38.4)
−24.5
(−31.4)
−1.9
(−18.8)
23.5
(−4.7)
28.9
(−1.7)
27.5
(−2.5)
17.4
(−8.1)
−8.4
(−22.4)
−23.5
(−30.8)
−33.2
(−36.2)
−44.7
(−42.6)

Record low °F (°C)
−53
(−47)
−56
(−49)
−52
(−47)
−42
(−41)
−19
(−28)
4
(−16)
22
(−6)
20
(−7)
1
(−17)
−32
(−36)
−40
(−40)
−55
(−48)
−56
(−49)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.13
(3.3)
0.14
(3.6)
0.09
(2.3)
0.16
(4.1)
0.18
(4.6)
0.32
(8.1)
0.98
(24.9)
1.05
(26.7)
0.72
(18.3)
0.41
(10.4)
0.21
(5.3)
0.14
(3.6)
4.53
(115.1)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
2.6
(6.6)
2.6
(6.6)
2.1
(5.3)
3.2
(8.1)
2.7
(6.9)
0.7
(1.8)
0.2
(0.5)
0.9
(2.3)
4.4
(11.2)
9.1
(23.1)
5.7
(14.5)
3.5
(8.9)
37.7
(95.8)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inches or 0.25 millimetres)
4.6
4.6
4.1
5.1
5.1
5.8
9.1
11.5
12.7
12.2
7.1
5.7
87.6

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inches or 0.25 centimetres)
6.4
6.4
5.7
7.7
6.4
1.7
0.6
2.3
8.9
15.6
10.6
8.2
80.5

Average relative humidity (%)
72.7
70.0
70.9
76.8
87.0
88.5
87.9
91.1
90.6
85.6
79.4
74.0
81.2

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[30][37][38]

tag: table

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1880
200

—

1890
152

−24.0%

1910
446

—

1920
322

−27.8%

1930
330

2.5%

1940
363

10.0%

1950
951

162.0%

1960
1,314

38.2%

1970
2,104

60.1%

1980
2,207

4.9%

1990
3,469

57.2%

2000
4,581

32.1%

2010
4,212

−8.1%

Est. 2016
4,335
[4]
2.9%

source:[39][40]

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 4,212 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 60.5% Alaska Native, 16.2% Caucasian, 0.9% African, 8.9% Asian, 2.3% Pacific Islander and 8.1% from two or more races. 3.1% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

text: As of the census[41] of 2000, there were 4,683 people, 1,399 households, and 976 families residing in the city. The population density was 249.0 people per square mile (96.1/km2). There were 1,620 housing units at an average density of 88.1 per square mile (34.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city is 57.19% Alaska Native, 21.83% White, 9.41% Asian, 1.00% Black or African American, 1.35% Pacific Islander, 0.70% from other races, and 8.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.34% of the population.

text: There were 1,399 households out of which 56.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 4.80.

text: In Utqiaġvik, the age distribution of the population shows 27.7% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 107.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.5 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $63,094.09, and the median income for a family was $68,223. Males had a median income of $51,959 versus $46,382 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,902. About 7.7% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under the age of 18 and 13.12% of those 65 and older.

text: As of March 3, 2009, the town's website wrote of the population: "The largest city in the North Slope Borough, Utqiaġvik has 4,429 residents, of which approximately 61% are Iñupiat Eskimo."[28]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Utqiaġvik is the economic center of the North Slope Borough, the city's primary employer. Numerous businesses provide support services to oil field operations. State and federal agencies are employers. The midnight sun has attracted tourism, and arts and crafts provide some cash income. Because transporting food to the city is very expensive, many residents continue to rely upon subsistence food sources. Whale, seal, polar bear, walrus, waterfowl, caribou, and fish are harvested from the coast or nearby rivers and lakes.[42] Utqiaġvik is the headquarters of the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, one of the Alaska Native corporations set up following the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971 to manage revenues and invest in development for their people in the region.

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text: Special events[edit]

text:
Kivgiq, The Messenger Feast. In more recent times this has been held almost every year, but "officially" is held every two or three years in late January or early February. It is called at the discretion of the North Slope Borough Mayor. Kivgiq is an international event which attracts visitors from around the Arctic Circle.
Piuraagiaqta, The Spring Festival. This celebrates breaking a path in the ice for boats to hunt whales. Held in mid-April and includes many outdoor activities.
Nalukataq, The Blanket Toss Celebration. Held on multiple days beginning in the third week of June to celebrate each successful spring whale hunt.
July 4, Independence Day. In Utqiaġvik, this is time for Eskimo games, such as the two-foot high kick and ear pull, with the winners going on to compete at the World Eskimo Indian Olympics.
Whaling. Generally happens during the second week of October.
Qitik, Eskimo Games. Also known as Christmas Games, these are held from December 26 through January 1.

text: Depictions in popular culture[edit]

text: Utqiaġvik (then called Barrow) is the setting for a series of horror comic books titled 30 Days of Night. The stories center on vampires who take advantage of month-long annual polar night in the town to openly kill and feed at will, massacring most of the townspeople. A commercially successful film, named after and based upon the comic, was released on October 19, 2007, followed by a straight-to-video sequel on July 23, 2010.

text: Karl Pilkington is sent to Utqiaġvik (then called Barrow) in the second season of An Idiot Abroad.

text: On the Ice, a film released in 2011 about teenagers dealing with a tragic accidental death, was filmed entirely in Utqiaġvik with locals acting in most roles.

text: Big Miracle, a 2012 film starring Drew Barrymore, is based on the true story of whales trapped under ice near Point Barrow, and features scenes in and characters from Utqiaġvik.

text: The Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "T.R.A.C.K.S." has Phil Coulson threaten Ward with a transfer to Utqiaġvik (then called Barrow) to guard Emil Blonsky's cryo-cell.

text: Stephen Fry visited the town and its people during the last segment of his documentary Stephen Fry in America.

text: In 2015, the NFL Network began an 8-part documentary series focusing on the Barrow Whalers football team.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Football[edit]

text: This section only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject. Please help improve this article by adding more general information. The talk page may contain suggestions. (March 2016)

text: On August 19, 2006, the Barrow Whalers of Barrow High School[43] played the first official football game in the Arctic against Delta Junction High School.[44] Barrow High School recorded its first win two weeks later; the coaches and players celebrated the historic win by jumping into the Arctic Ocean, just 100 yd (91 m) from the makeshift dirt field.

text: On August 17, 2007, the Whalers football team played their first game of the season on their new artificial-turf field. The historic game, attended by former Miami Dolphins player Larry Csonka, was the first live Internet broadcast of a sporting event in the United States from north of the Arctic Circle.[45]

text: Since the team's formation, it has gathered a record of 33-24, and most recently, the team reached the semi-final round of the Alaskan State Small School Football Championship.[46]

text: Basketball[edit]

text: In 2015, the Barrow High School boys' basketball team won the Alaska Class 3A State Championship with a 50-40 victory over two-time defending state champion, Monroe Catholic. The Whalers' team was led by 5-star recruit Kamaka Hepa.[47] As a 6'7" freshman he was regarded as one of the top basketball recruits in the country. He was ranked as the #21 ranked basketball recruit in the country by ESPN for the class of 2018.[48] Hepa transferred to Jefferson High School in Portland, Oregon, for his junior year. By October 2017, at 6'8" tall, he had committed to go to the University of Texas.[49]

text: The Whalers' boys' basketball team finished the 2014-2015 season with a 24-3 record, the highest win percentage in school history. Guard Travis Adams was a standout as well. Coach Jeremy Arnhart's teams won 186 games in 10 seasons.[50] Also in 2015, the Barrow High School girls' team easily won the ACS tournament.[51]

text: Education[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)

text: Utqiaġvik is served by the North Slope Borough School District. The schools serving the city are Ipalook Elementary School, Hopson Middle School, and Barrow High School.

text: Iḷisaġvik College, a two-year tribal college, is located in Utqiaġvik.

text: Media[edit]

text: Radio[edit]

text: KBRW (AM)/KBRW-FM[52] radio station broadcasts in Utqiaġvik on 680 kHz AM and 91.9 MHz FM. KBRW is also broadcast via FM repeaters in all of the North Slope Borough villages, from Kaktovik to Point Hope.

text: Newspaper[edit]

text: The Arctic Sounder[53] is a newspaper published weekly by Alaska Media, LLC, which covers news of interest to the North Slope Borough, which includes Utqiaġvik, and the Northwest Arctic Borough, which includes Kotzebue, in northwestern Alaska.

text: Television[edit]

text: Appeared in Channel 4 from Alaska Rural Communications Service. The stations are K04KS and K11NN.

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The roads in Utqiaġvik are unpaved due to the permafrost, and no roads connect the city to the rest of Alaska.[54] Utqiaġvik is served by Alaska Airlines with passenger jet service at the Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport from Anchorage and Fairbanks. New service between Fairbanks and Anchorage began from Era Aviation on June 1, 2009. Freight arrives by air cargo year round and by ocean-going marine barges during the annual summer sealift.[55]

text: Utqiaġvik is the transportation hub for the North Slope Borough's Arctic coastal villages. Multiple jet aircraft, with service from Deadhorse (Prudhoe Bay), Fairbanks and Anchorage, provide daily mail, cargo, and passenger services, which connect with smaller single- and twin-engine general aviation aircraft that provide regular service to other villages, from Kaktovik in the east to Point Hope in the west.[42] The town is also served by several radio taxi services, most using small four-wheel drive vehicles.

text: Health care[edit]

text: Samuel Simmonds Memorial Hospital, located in the city of Utqiaġvik, is the primary healthcare facility for the North Slope region of Alaska. Individuals in need of medical care in the city of Utqiaġvik are able to access the hospital by road. However, because no roads lead in or out of Utqiaġvik, individuals in surrounding communities and towns (such as Point Hope, Prudhoe Bay, and Wainwright) must be airlifted in by plane, helicopter, or air ambulance. The hospital underwent construction and was relocated across the city in 2013. It is now nearly four times larger than it was before. The facility operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and is the northernmost hospital/medical facility in the United States.[56]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Country
City

 Argentina
Ushuaia (southernmost city in the world)


document_title: Chemical change

question_text: list three types of evidence that indicate a chemical reaction

text: Chemical change

text: Types

text: Chemists categorize chemical changes into three main classes: inorganic chemical changes, organic chemical changes and biochemical changes.

text: Inorganic changes

text: Inorganic chemistry describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in laboratories, or on a larger scale in heavy industries.

text: Typical types of change include neutralization (mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt), oxidization including combustion, redox reactions etc.

text: Organic changes

text: Organic chemistry is concerned with the chemistry of carbon and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents, cosmetics, fuels etc. Typical examples of organic chemical changes include cracking heavy hydrocarbons at an oil refinery to create more gasoline from crude oil, as gasoline is in higher demand than the heavier hydrocarbons, such as residual fuel oils. Other reactions include, methylation, condensation reactions, polymerisation, halogenation etc.

text: Biochemical change

text: Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called enzymes and are moderated and limited by hormones. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood. Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity of fungi, bacteria and other micro-organisms that is involved. Typical types of change include all the process involved in photosynthesis, a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars and oxygen by plants, digestion in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, Krebs cycle which liberates energy from stored reserves, protein synthesis which enable organisms to grow using processes controlled by RNA etc.

text: Evidence of a chemical change

text: The following can indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is not conclusive:

text:
Change of odor.
Change of color (for example, silver to reddish-brown when iron rusts).
Change in temperature or energy, such as the production (exothermic) or loss (endothermic) of heat.
Change of composition - paper turning to ash when burned.
Light and/or heat given off.
Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles in liquids.
Formation of a precipitate (insoluble particles).
The decomposition of organic matter (for example, rotting food).
The change is difficult or impossible to reverse.


document_title: Willian (footballer, born 1988)

question_text: how many goals did willian scored last season

text: Willian (footballer, born 1988)

text: Club career[edit]

text: Corinthians[edit]

text: In 2007, after coming through their youth system, Willian started playing for the Corinthians first team, where he wore the number 10. He made five league appearances during his first season with the senior side as Corinthians finished mid-table. He made his breakthrough with Corinthians in the following campaign, featuring in 11 league matches, scoring twice, and made 29 appearances in all competitions for the club, as they finished 17th in the Série A and were relegated.[3]

text: Shakhtar Donetsk[edit]

text: 2007–08 season[edit]

text: On 23 August 2007, Wilian signed a five-year contract with Shakhtar Donetsk for a transfer fee of €14 million.[4] Willian's debut for the club came in a 2–1 league victory over Chornomorets Odesa on 15 September.[citation needed] He came on as a 57th-minute substitute, replacing fellow Brazilian Jádson. His first goal for the club came on 31 October in a 4–1 victory over Arsenal Kyiv in the Ukrainian Cup.[citation needed] He made his European debut in a 3–0 Champions League defeat to Italian side A.C. Milan on 6 November, coming on as a 73rd minute replacement for Răzvan Raț.[5] He ended his first season with 28 total appearances, 20 of which came in the league, and 1 goal. He helped Shakhtar to a Premier League and Ukrainian Cup double.[6] They won the league by three points over Dynamo Kyiv and also beat them 2–0 in the Ukrainian Cup Final.

text: 2008–09 season[edit]

text: He played in the Super Cup Final penalty shoot-out victory over Dynamo Kyiv on 15 July, being replaced by Brandão after 46 minutes.[7] On 27 August, he scored a goal in a 3–1 victory over Dinamo Zagreb in the Champions League.[8] On 1 November, he scored his first league goal for Shakhtar in a 3–1 win against Zorya Luhansk.[9] On 16 November, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Dynamo Kyiv.[10] He scored the goal of the match in a 1–0 victory against Chornomorets Odesa on 25 April.[11]

text: Willian played in Shakhtar's UEFA Cup Final 2–1 extra time victory against Werder Bremen,[12] helping Shakhtar to lift the last UEFA Cup title before it was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League. He made 52 appearances in the 2008–09 season, scoring eight goals. He appeared in all but one league match, scoring five goals, and also netted a goal in a Ukrainian Cup round of 16 tie against Zakarpattia Uzhhorod, which Shakhtar won 4–1.

text: 2009–10 season[edit]

text: Willian's first goal of the season came in a 6–1 Ukrainian Cup round of 32 victory against Dniester Ovidiopol on 15 August.[13] He made an appearance in Shakhtar's 1–0 extra time defeat to Spanish side Barcelona in the UEFA Super Cup on 28 August, being replaced by Julius Aghahowa in the 90th minute of the match.[14] On 17 September, he netted the second goal in a 4–1 win against Belgian side Club Brugge in a group stage match in the Europa League.[15] He ended the season with 7 goals in 39 appearances, including 22 appearances and five goals in the league. He helped Shakhtar to victory in the Premier League. They finished the league with 77 points, six ahead of nearest rivals Dynamo Kyiv.[16]

text: 2010–11 season[edit]

text: Willian started the season with a goal in Shakhtar's emphatic 7–1 victory against Tavriya Simferopol in the Super Cup on 4 July.[17] He followed that up on 10 July with the second goal in the first league match of the season, a 2–0 victory over Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih.[18] On 15 August, he netted the only goal in a 1–0 victory against Karpaty Lviv, scoring in first half stoppage time.[19] He also scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Illichivets Mariupol on 29 August.[20] On 8 March, he scored two goals in a Champions League last 16 tie against Roma, with Shakhtar winning 3–0 on the night and progressing to the quarter-final after winning 6–2 on aggregate.[21] He played in the 2–0 victory over Dynamo Kyiv in the Ukrainian Cup Final on 25 May, being replaced by Alex Teixeira after 77 minutes.[22] He ended the season with eight goals from 43 appearances, including 23 league appearances and three league goals. Shakhtar retained their league title with a score of 72 points, seven points ahead of second placed team, Dynamo Kyiv. They added the Ukrainian Cup and Super Cup titles to clinch a domestic treble.[23]

text: 2011–12 season[edit]

text: The following season, Willian played the full 90 minutes in the Super Cup match against Dynamo Kyiv on 5 July, however Shakhtar lost the match 3–1.[24] On 19 October, he scored the opening goal in a 2–2 draw with Zenit Saint Petersburg in the Champions League.[25] He scored the second goal in a 2–1 win over Illichivets Mariupol on 10 March.[26] On 6 May, he played the full match in a 2–1 extra time victory against Metalurh Donetsk in the Ukrainian Cup Final.[27] He finished the season with six goals, five in the league, from 37 appearances, 27 of which came in the league. Shakhtar secured the Premier League title for the third year in a row and the Ukrainian Cup title for a second time in a row.[28]

text: 2012–13 season[edit]

text: Shakhtar opened the season with a 2–0 win against Metalurh Donetsk in the Super Cup, however Willian failed to make the squad for the match.[29] He had to wait until the fourth league match of the season, on 6 August, before making his first appearance of the season in a 4–0 win against Volyn Lutsk.[30] He replaced goalscorer Alex Teixeira after 46 minutes. On 19 August, he scored his first goal and made two assists in a comprehensive 5–1 victory against Chornomorets Odesa.[31] Willian scored both of Shakhtar's goals in their 3–2 loss over European champions Chelsea in the group stage of the Champions League on 7 November.[32]

text: Anzhi Makhachkala[edit]

text: On 31 January 2013, Willian moved to Anzhi Makhachkala for a fee thought to be in the region of €35 million.[33][34] He originally chose to wear the number 10, however due to UEFA restrictions that states a player must wear a number used in the Champions League for the remainder of the season, he was forced the wear the number 88 he had chosen at Shakhtar.[35] After moving to Russia, Willian said he was happy to join Anzhi and wished Shakhtar Donetsk great success in the future. On his debut, Willian sustained an injury against Newcastle United in a Europa League match.[36] He scored his only Anzhi goal on 14 April 2013 in a 3–0 victory against Volga Nizhny Novgorod.

text: In August 2013, following restructuring at business level, Anzhi chose to transfer list their whole squad, including recent signing Willian.[37]

text: Chelsea[edit]

text: 2013–14 season[edit]

text: On 25 August 2013, English Premier League club Chelsea agreed a deal to sign Willian for a fee of £30 million, subject to a work permit hearing on 28 August 2013.[38] The deal was made official on 28 August 2013 and Willian signed a five-year contract, receiving the number 22 shirt.[39] Although regulations usually state that non-EU players must be regular internationals, Willian was given a work permit despite only having two caps at the time, as an FA panel deemed that if were he not Brazilian he would be a regular.[40]

text: Willian made his debut on 18 September against Basel in the Champions League in a 1–2 home defeat.[41] After featuring in wins against Swindon Town and Steaua București in the League Cup and Champions League respectively, he made his league debut on 6 October away to Norwich City,[42] and scored in a 3–1 win.[43] He scored his second Chelsea goal on 1 January 2014 in a 3–0 victory at Southampton.[44] On 27 April 2014, Willian scored in Chelsea's 2–0 away victory against Liverpool.[45]

text: 2014–15 season[edit]

text: Willian scored his first goal of the new Premier League season in a 3–0 win over Aston Villa on 27 September.[46] On 25 November, he scored his first Champions League goal for the club in a group stage match against Schalke 04 in Gelsenkirchen.[47]

text: In extra time in a League Cup semi-final against Liverpool on 28 January 2015, he took the free-kick which was headed in by Branislav Ivanović to put Chelsea into the final.[48] On 1 March, Willian was selected to start against Tottenham Hotspur in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, a match which Chelsea won 2–0 to win the trophy for the fifth time.[49]

text: Willian ended the 2014–15 season having appeared in 36 of Chelsea's 38 league matches as the club won its fifth league title.[50]

text: 2015–16 season[edit]

text: On 16 September, Willian scored directly from a free kick to open the scoring as Chelsea defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv in the club's first game of the Champions League group stage.[51] He went on to score from free kicks in the team's next three matches; Premier League matches against Newcastle United and Southampton and a 2–1 loss at Porto in the Champions League.[52] On 4 November, Willian scored his fifth free-kick of the season to give Chelsea a 2–1 win over Dynamo Kyiv,[53] and 20 days later he recorded a sixth in a 4–0 triumph at Maccabi, making him Europe's top free-kick scorer of the season.

text: On 9 December, Willian scored his fifth Champions League goal of the season in a 2–0 victory over Porto in Chelsea's final group match, ensuring the team qualified for the knockout stage as group winners.[54] He was subsequently named by UEFA as one of the top XI players of the Champions League group stage.[55][56]

text: On 13 May 2016, Willian was named Chelsea's Fans' Player of the Year and Players' Player of the Year for 2015–16.[57]

text: 2016–17 season[edit]

text: Wikinews has related news: Willian signs contract extension with Chelsea

text: On 12 July 2016, Willian signed a new four-year contract.[58] On 27 August 2016, he scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 win over newly promoted Burnley.[59]

text: On 22 April 2017, Willian scored twice in Chelsea's 4–2 FA Cup semi-final victory over rivals Tottenham Hotspur at Wembley Stadium.[60]

text: International career[edit]

text: As a member of the under-20 Brazil team, Willian made his debut in the 2007 South American Youth Championship against Chile on 7 January 2007, which Brazil went on to win.[61] In 2007, he was also selected for the FIFA U-20 World Cup, but Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Spain.

text: On 10 November 2011, Willian made his senior debut for Brazil in a friendly match against Gabon.[62] On 16 November 2013, he scored his first international goal in a 5–0 win over Honduras in Miami, Florida.[63]

text: On 7 May 2014, Willian was selected as part of the 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[64] He came on at half-time in extra time of the round of 16 match against Chile in Belo Horizonte for his Chelsea teammate Oscar, and took a penalty in the shootout which he put wide of the goal, although Brazil nonetheless advanced.[65]

text: At the 2015 Copa América, Willian assisted Roberto Firmino's decisive goal in the 2–1 win over Venezuela in Santiago, a result which sent Brazil into the quarter-finals as group winners.[66]

text: Style of play[edit]

text: A fast, agile, hard-working and technically gifted player, Willian is known for his quick feet, acceleration, and explosive style of play, which allows him to dribble past opponents at speed whilst keeping close control of the ball; in typically Brazilian style, he has also been known to pull off feints and tricks, such as the elastico, in order to confuse and beat defenders.[67][68][69][70] He primarily plays as a winger or as an attacking midfielder,[71][72][73] and his high stamina, vision and creativity enables him to link-up play between the deeper midfielders and the forwards, and create goalscoring chances.[69][72] During the 2015–16 season, while at Chelsea, he showed his prowess at direct free-kicks,[74] with almost all his goals coming from set pieces.[72] In his third season, however, with the usually effective Eden Hazard not scoring any goals, Willian improved the statistics of his attacking game, which led many to call him Chelsea's top performer of the season.[71][75]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Willian is married to Vanessa Martins. They have twin daughters, Valentina and Manuella.[76][77][78]

text: In April 2016, Willian was named in the Panama Papers.[79]

text: On 13 October 2016, Willian's mother, Borges, died at the age of 57. During the game against the Premier League champions, Leicester City, his teammates Diego Costa and Eden Hazard dedicated their goals to Willian and his mother.[80] Along with his teammates, his manager, Antonio Conte also dedicated their victory to Willian and his family.[81]

text: Career statistics[edit]

text: Club[edit]

text:
Club
Season
League
National Cup
League Cup
Continental
Other
Total

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Corinthians
2006
5
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
—
8
0

2007
15
2
4
0
14
0
0
0
—
33
2

Total
20
2
4
0
17
0
0
0
—
41
2

Shakhtar Donetsk
2007–08
20
0
6
1
—
2[a]
0
—
28
1

2008–09
29
5
5
1
—
17[b]
2
1[c]
0
52
8

2009–10
22
5
4
1
—
13[d]
1
0
0
39
7

2010–11
28
3
4
2
—
10[a]
2
1[c]
1
43
8

2011–12
27
5
3
0
—
6[a]
1
1[c]
0
37
6

2012–13
14
2
2
1
—
6[a]
4
0
0
22
7

Total
140
20
24
6
—
54
10
3
1
221
37

Anzhi Makhachkala
2012–13
7
1
3
0
—
3[e]
0
—
13
1

2013–14
4
0
0
0
—
0
0
—
4
0

Total
11
1
3
0
—
3
0
—
17
1

Chelsea
2013–14
25
4
3
0
3
0
11[a]
0
—
42
4

2014–15
36
2
2
1
4
0
7[a]
1
—
49
4

2015–16
35
5
4
1
1
0
8[a]
5
1[f]
0
49
11

2016–17
34
8
6
4
1
0
—
—
41
12

2017–18
11
0
0
0
1
1
4[a]
0
1[f]
0
8
1

Total
141
19
15
6
10
1
30
6
2
0
196
32

Career total
312
42
46
12
27
1
85
16
5
1
475
72

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Appearances in UEFA Champions League
Jump up ^ Eight appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League, nine appearances in UEFA Cup
^ Jump up to: a b c Appearance in Ukrainian Super Cup
Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in UEFA Champions League, ten appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League
Jump up ^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
^ Jump up to: a b Appearance in FA Community Shield

tag: ol

text: International[edit]

text:
Brazil national team

Year
Apps
Goals

2011
2
0

2013
2
1

2014
14
3

2015
14
2

2016
11
1

2017
6
1

Total
49
8

text: International goals[edit]

text:
No
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition

1.
16 November 2013
Sun Life Stadium, Miami, United States
 Honduras

4–0

5–0

Friendly

2.
3 June 2014
Estádio Serra Dourada, Goiânia, Brazil
 Panama

4–0

4–0

3.
9 September 2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, United States
 Ecuador

1–0

1–0

4.
12 November 2014
Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Istanbul, Turkey
 Turkey

3–0

4–0

5.
13 October 2015
Estádio Castelão, Fortaleza, Brazil
 Venezuela
1–0

3–1

2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

6.
2–0

7.
11 October 2016
Estadio Metropolitano de Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
 Venezuela
2–0
2–0

8.
5 September 2017
Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez, Barranquilla, Colombia
 Colombia
1–0
1–1

text: Honours[edit]

text: Club[edit]

text: Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2005

text:
Ukrainian Premier League: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
Ukrainian Cup: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
Ukrainian Super Cup: 2008, 2010, 2012
UEFA Cup: 2008–09

text:
Premier League: 2014–15, 2016–17
League Cup: 2014–15

text: International[edit]

text: South American Youth Championship: 2007

text: Superclásico de las Américas: 2014

text: Individual[edit]

text:
UEFA Champions League Team of the Group Stage: 2015[84]
Chelsea Player of the Year: 2015–16[85]
Chelsea Players' Player of the Year: 2015–16[86]