document_title: Audi A3

question_text: when did the audi a3 have a facelift

question_tokens: when did the audi a3 have a facelift

text: Audi A3

text: First generation (Typ 8L; 1996–2003)[edit]

text:
First generation (A3/8L)

Audi A3 5-door (post-facelift)

Overview

Production
1996–2003

Assembly
Ingolstadt, Germany (1996–2003)
Curitiba, Brazil (Audi Senna, 2000–2006)

Designer
Dirk van Braeckel (1992)[1][2]

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door hatchback
5-door hatchback

Platform
Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34)

Related
Volkswagen Golf Mk4
SEAT León Mk1

Powertrain

Engine
Petrol engine

I4[show]

1.6 L
1.8 L 20v
1.8 L 20v Turbo

Diesel engine

Inline-four[show]

1.9 L TDI

Transmission

Manual transmission[show]

5-speed Manual
6-speed Manual

Automatic transmission[show]

4-speed Automatic
5-speed Automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,513 mm (98.9 in)
quattro: 2,518 mm (99.1 in)

Length
4,152 mm (163.5 in)

Width
1,735 mm (68.3 in)

Height
1,423 mm (56.0 in)

text: The original A3 (or Typ 8L) was introduced in the European market in 1996, marking Audi's return to the production of smaller cars following the demise of the Audi 50 in 1978. This was the first Volkswagen Group model to use the "PQ34" or "A4" platform, bearing a close resemblance to the contemporary Volkswagen Golf Mk4, which arrived a year later. Within three years, this platform was used for total of seven cars.

text: The A3 was initially available only with a three-door hatchback body, to present a more sporty image than the Golf, in both front and four-wheel drive. The inline four-cylinder engines were transversely mounted. After the A4, the Audi A3 was the second model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder.

text: The United Kingdom market first received the Audi A3 in November 1996.

text: In 1999, Audi expanded the range with the introduction of more powerful versions: a 1.8 turbo rated 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp), and a 1.9 TDI diesel engine with unit injector "Pumpe Düse" (PD) technology and variable geometry turbocharger. The four-wheel-drive A3 1.8T quattro used either the 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) or 180 PS (130 kW; 180 hp) engine, and the same Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive system as the Audi S3 and the Audi TT. Also in 1999, Audi also introduced a five-door body.

text: In late 2000, the A3 range was revised with new headlights and rear lamps, other minor cosmetic changes, an improved interior, and the introduction of a six-speed manual gearbox, on the 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) 1.8 Turbo and the new 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) 1.9 TDI.

text: Audi's electronic stability control, traction-control, and brake force distribution computer became standard equipment in some countries.

text: Although the first-generation Audi A3 was replaced in Europe in 2003, the first generation model continued to be sold in some markets. Production of the first generation model stopped in Brazil in 2006.

text:
Audi A3 5-door (pre-facelift)

Audi A3 3-door (pre-facelift)

Audi A3 5-door (post-facelift)

text: Safety[edit]

text:
Euro NCAP test results

Audi A3, 3dr hatchback (1998)[3]

Test
Score
Rating

Adult occupant:
25

Pedestrian:
12

text: Euro NCAP rating of 4 out of 5 stars.[3] Their evaluation concluded "the column lock, adjuster lever and bracket presented hazards in the knee impact area for the driver. These could cause high loads on his upper legs and damage to his knees." The A3 also provides almost no protection to pedestrians, giving it two stars out of a possible four.[3]

text: S3 (1999–2003)[edit]

text: Audi released the A3-derived Audi S3 in 1999, only as a three-door hatchback. The inline-four 20v 1.8 L turbocharged petrol engine came in two versions: 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) and 225 PS (165 kW; 222 hp). Early models (1999–2001) had 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp). Later models (2001–2003) had variable valve timing and 225 PS (165 kW; 222 hp). The engine had a maximum of 280 N⋅m (210 ft⋅lbf) torque. This was the first time a small four-cylinder engine had been used in an Audi S-series car.

text: Although dubbed "quattro", the S3 uses a different four-wheel drive system.[4] The Haldex Traction coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive.

text: The S3 was sold in the Europe, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.

text: The S3 was facelifted in 2002, where it was given one-piece headlights/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim.

text: Standard features include xenon HID headlamps with high pressure washers and auto levelers, front fog lamps, 17" "Avus" alloy wheels with 225/45R17 tyres, electrically adjustable Recaro leather seats, climate control, alarm and electronic stability control with traction control.

text: Options include a Bose sound system, boot/trunk or in-dash mounted 6-disc CD changer, metallic paint, 18-inch 9-spoke RSTT wheels, glass sunroof, centre arm rest, privacy glass (B-pillar backwards), auto-dimming rear-view mirror, parking assist, luggage net, heated front seats, cruise control, aluminium door mirror casings and part leather/alcantara (blue/silver/yellow) combination seat coverings. These items are standard in some export markets.

text: Engines[edit]

text: The engines used are the same as those for many other cars in the Volkswagen Group.

text:
Petrol engines

Name
Type
Engine code
Output@rpm
Torque@rpm
0–100 km/h,s
Top speed
Years

1.6 8v
1,595 cc (97 cu in) I4
AEH/AKL/APF
101 PS (74 kW; 100 hp) @5600 rpm
145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) @3800 rpm
11.0 s
188 km/h (117 mph)
1996–2000

1.6 8v
1,595 cc (97 cu in) I4
AVU/BFQ
102 PS (75 kW; 101 hp) @5600 rpm
148 N⋅m (109 lb⋅ft) @3800 rpm
10.9 s
189 km/h (117 mph)
2000–2003

1.8 20v
1,781 cc (109 cu in) I4
AGN/APG
125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) @6000
170 N⋅m (125 lb⋅ft) @4200
9.6 s
202 km/h (126 mph)
1996–2003

1.8 20vT
1,781 cc (109 cu in) I4 turbo
AGU/ARZ/ARX/AUM
150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) @5700
210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) @1750–4600
8.2 s
217 km/h (135 mph)
1996–2003

1.8 20vT
1,781 cc (109 cu in) I4 turbo
AJQ/APP/ARY/AUQ
180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) @5500
235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft) @1950–5000
7.5 s
228 km/h (142 mph)
1999–2003

1.8 20vT (S3)
1,781 cc (109 cu in) I4 turbo
APY, AMK
210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) @5800
270 N⋅m (199 lb⋅ft) @2100
6.8 s
238 km/h (148 mph)
1999–2001

1.8 20vT (S3)
1,781 cc (109 cu in) I4 turbo
BAM
225 PS (165 kW; 222 hp) @5900
280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) @2200
6.6 s
243 km/h (151 mph)
2001–2003

Diesel engines

Name
Type
Engine code
Output@rpm
Torque@rpm
0–100 km/h,s
Top speed
Years

1.9 8v TDI
1,896 cc (116 cu in) I4 turbo
AGR/ALH
90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @4000
210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) @1900
12.4 s
181 km/h (112 mph)
1996–2001

1.9 8v TDI
1,896 cc (116 cu in) I4 turbo
ATD/AXR
100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) @4000
240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) @1800–2400
11.0 s
188 km/h (117 mph)
2001–2003

1.9 8v TDI
1,896 cc (116 cu in) I4 turbo
AHF/ASV
110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) @4150
235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft) @1900
10.5 s
194 km/h (121 mph)
1997–2000

1.9 8v TDI
1,896 cc (116 cu in) I4 turbo
ASZ
130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) @4000
310 N⋅m (229 lb⋅ft) @1900
9.2 s
205 km/h (127 mph)
2000–2003

text: Second generation (Typ 8P; 2003–2012)[edit]

text:
Second generation (A3/8P)

2005–2008 Audi A3 Sportback

Overview

Production
2003–2013

Assembly
Ingolstadt, Germany[5]
Brussels, Belgium (2004–2005; 2007–May 2010)
Győr, Hungary
Curitiba, Brasil (Audi Senna, CKD; 12/2012–03/2013)

Designer
Gary Telaak[6][7] (2000)

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door hatchback
5-door Sportback (hatchback)
2-door convertible

Platform
Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35)

Related
Volkswagen Golf Mk5
SEAT León Mk2
Volkswagen Gran Lavida

Powertrain

Engine

Inline-four petrol engine[show]

1.2 L I4 Turbo FSI (TFSI)
1.4 L I4 Turbo FSI (TFSI)
1.6 L I4
1.6 L I4 FSI
1.8 L I4 TFSI
2.0 L I4 FSI
2.0 L I4 TFSI

Straight-five petrol engine[show]

2.5 L I5 TFSI

VR6 engine[show]

3.2 L VR6 (petrol)

Inline-four diesel engine[show]

1.6 L I4 TDI
1.9 L I4 TDI
2.0 L I4 TDI

Transmission

Manual transmission[show]

5-speed manual
6-speed manual

Automatic transmission[show]

6-speed automatic

Dual-clutch transmission[show]

6-speed S-Tronic
7-speed S-Tronic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,578 mm (101.5 in)

Length
3-door: 4,215 mm (165.9 in)
5-door: 4,285 mm (168.7 in)

Width
1,765 mm (69.5 in)

Height
1,420 mm (55.9 in)

text: Initial release[edit]

text: At the 2003 Geneva Motor Show, Audi launched the second generation of the A3, the Typ 8P, designed by Gary Telaak during 2000 (however, the final design was frozen in 2001). Originally launched only as a three-door hatchback with four-cylinder engines, it featured a new automobile platform (the PQ35 platform), a redesigned and more spacious interior, new petrol engines with Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), and standard six-speed manual gearboxes (except on the base 1.6).

text: In mid-2003, the line was updated with two sports-oriented models, a 2.0 Turbo-FSI version rated 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp), and a 3.2 L VR6 engine (for the first time) with 250 PS (184 kW; 247 hp). Haldex Traction-based quattro on-demand four-wheel drive, and the S-Tronic semi-auto gearbox were introduced as options (quattro is standard on the VR6) on models with engines over 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp).

text: In 2005, the "S line" trim level, offering new decorative elements, became available and the three-door A3 received the same front end styling features as the Sportback model. For the first time, the A3 became available in the North American market, exclusively with the Sportback body, with the base 2.0 inline-four TFSI introduced in 2005 as a 2006 model, and the 3.2 VR6 quattro following.

text:
Chassis codes
8P1
8PA
8P7

Body type
3-door hatchback
5-door Sportback
Cabriolet

Years
2003–
2004–
2008–

text: A3 Sportback (2004–2012)[edit]

text: The five-door "Sportback" model was introduced in June 2004. The A3 Sportback is 80 mm (3 in) longer than the base three-door body, and includes improved rear cabin space and a larger luggage compartment (370 litres). It also received the new "single frame" front grille originally introduced in the A8 W12, which was later adopted across the whole A3 range.

text: S3 (2006–2012)[edit]

text: In August 2006, Audi announced the second generation S3. Offered in three- and five-door body styles, the second generation—Typ 8P—S3 is powered by a modified and uprated Volkswagen Group-sourced 2.0-litre turbocharged FSI petrol engine, with a maximum output of 195 kW (265 PS; 261 bhp). As with all Audi S models, the design was done in-house by quattro GmbH. The engine features uprated high-performance pistons, revised boost/fuel mapping, increased turbocharger size (KKK K04) and larger intercooler. The most powerful form of this engine, and quattro four-wheel drive, makes for a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 5.5 s, and an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). Audi offers both six-speed manual and six-speed S-Tronic automatic transmissions with the S3.

text: The spring ratings and dampers were revised, along with the body kit. Like its predecessor, although badged a "quattro" model, the S3 does not employ a Torsen centre differential (as in other common quattro models), but instead uses the Swedish Haldex Traction system in its on-demand four-wheel drive transmission, due to the transverse engine layout.

text: Safety[edit]

text:
Euro NCAP test results

Audi A3, RHD 3-dr hatchback (2003)[8]

Test
Score
Rating

Adult occupant:
29

Child occupant:
35

Pedestrian:
8

text: Euro NCAP tested a second generation Audi A3 with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard. Despite Audi increasing the protection inside the car for the driver and passengers, pedestrian safety actually got 33% worse compared to the first generation and Euro NCAP gave criticism for the car offering virtually no protection at all on the front end and scoring just one star from a possible four. "A poor result for a new car" was the verdict given for pedestrian safety after the test.

text:
2003–2005 Audi A3 3-door

2005–2008 Audi A3 3-door

2005–2008 Audi A3 3-door

2005–2008 Audi A3 Sportback

text: 2008 Facelift[edit]

text: Audi introduced a number of changes to the A3 and S3 in 2008. These include revised nose and tail styling, with a modified grille and the new "trademark" daytime running lights, common rail 2.0 TDI engines, seven-speed S tronic dual clutch transmission availability for the smaller non-U.S. engines, and optional "magnetic ride" adaptive shock absorbers. In addition, the range now includes an S3 Sportback model.[9]

text: Also, a cabriolet version was introduced. It was similar dimensions to the 3-door version, with a two-box design.

text:
2008–2010 Audi A3 Sportback

2008–2010 Audi A3 Sportback

2008–2010 Audi A3 3-door

2008–2010 Audi A3 cabriolet

2010–2012 Audi A3 Sportback

2010–2012 Audi A3 Sportback

2010 Audi S3 Sportback

2010 Audi S3 Sportback

Interior

text: Audi A3 TDI Clubsport quattro (2008)[edit]

text: Audi A3 TDI Clubsport quattro is a concept car unveiled in 2008. Based on the Audi A3 three-door, it is an approach by Audi to address both performance and the environment.

text: The engine in the concept car is a turbocharged 2.0-litre diesel producing 224 horsepower (167 kW) and 332 lb⋅ft (450 N⋅m). of torque. It produces 113.8 horsepower (84.9 kW) per litre while meeting Euro 5 Diesel emission standards. It uses the quattro drive system with a six-speed manual transmission.

text: The chassis has Audi's Magnetic Ride Suspension system, lowering the vehicle 1.4 inches (36 mm) from the base model. It also has ceramic front brakes, a four-link rear suspension and electro-mechanical servo assist for the rack and pinion steering.[10]

text: Exterior modifications include the widening of the three-door's grill, modifying the odd, and enlarging air intakes. Bolt-on fender flares and a large rear spoiler have been added. The interior changes include sport seats and a flat-bottomed steering wheel.[10]

text: Audi claims performance of 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 6.6 seconds with a top speed of 149 mph (240 km/h).[11] It is expected to get approximately 40 miles per US gallon (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp).

text: RS 3 Sportback (2011–2012)[edit]

text: The Audi RS 3 is derivative of the A3 Sportback with a 5-cylinder, 2,480 cc (151 cu in) turbocharged engine rated 340 PS (250 kW; 335 hp) and 450 N⋅m (332 lb⋅ft), vermicular-graphite cast iron crankcase, seven-speed S tronic transmission with two automatic modes and one manual mode, Quattro on-demand four-wheel drive system, widened track to 1,564 mm (61.57 in), MacPherson strut in aluminum, lowered body by 25 mm (0.98 in), 19-inch cast aluminum wheels in machine-polished titanium styling (optional black with a red rim flange) with 235/35 front and 225/35 rear tires, 370 mm (14.57 in) front and 310 mm (12.20 in) ventilated brake discs, aluminum brake disk covers, four-piston fixed calipers in high-gloss black with RS logos, electronic stabilization program with Sport mode, flared front fenders made of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP), prominent sill panels and exterior-mirror casings in matte aluminum, roof spoiler, high-gloss black diffuser insert, two elliptical exhaust tailpipes on the left, black interior, sports seats upholstered in Fine Nappa leather with silver contrasting stitching, inlays in Piano black finish or Aluminum Race colour, flat-bottomed leather multifunction sports steering wheel, choice of 5 body colors are available with an unlimited selection of custom paint finishes. It's acceleration is quoted as 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 4.6 seconds, with an electronically limited top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h). Optional features included front bucket seats, roof rails in matte aluminum look, styling packages in black or matte aluminum.[13]

text: First deliveries started in early 2011.[14]

text: A3 Cabriolet Sport and S line Final Edition (2013–)[edit]

text: A3 Cabriolet Sport Final Edition is a version of A3 Cabriolet Sport model for the UK market, commemorating the end of A3 Cabriolet's production run. It included Vienna leather upholstery, front seat heating, rear parking sensors, automatic headlight and wiper activation, cruise control, a Bluetooth mobile phone interface.

text: S line Final Edition is based on the A3 Cabriolet Sport Final Edition model, with 18-inch S line alloy wheel with a new five-segment spoke design, full Vienna leather upholstery, S line safety and entertainment features with xenon plus headlights with LED daytime running lamps, DVD-based satellite-navigation, Audi Music Interface iPod connection, a BOSE sound system.[15]

text: Engines[edit]

text: In January 2007, the normally aspirated (non-turbo) 2.0 FSI was replaced by a new turbocharged 1.8 TFSI engine rated 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp). It is available in front-wheel drive only.

text: In late 2007, Audi introduced a new 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) 1.4 L TFSI engine for the A3, replacing the 1.6 L FSI engine, and a new diesel "e"-model. The "e"-model, Audi's equivalent of Volkswagen's BlueMotion, is available with the 1.9 L TDI engine, and offers a more ecological car, with a CO2 emission below 120 g/km.

text: In June 2009, Audi announced the release of two models of A3 1.6 TDI for European market. The first uses Audi's start/stop and energy recovery system, and will produce 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp). This engine will achieve approximately 4.1 L/100 km (69 mpg‑imp; 57 mpg‑US).[clarification needed] The second engine does not use the same efficiency systems and will produce 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) will get 4.5 L/100 km (63 mpg‑imp; 52 mpg‑US). They went on sale in June 2009.[16]

text: In August 2009, Audi announced that the 1.6 L eight-valve petrol engine would be replaced by a turbocharged 1.2 TFSI engine already found in VW's Polo and Golf models. This engine is rated at 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) and 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft), emitting 127 g/km of CO2.[17] As of April 2010, Audi has yet to release official specifications or prices for the 1.2 TSI model, as the 1.6 model has been made a special clearance model for clearing out 1.6 stock.[citation needed]

text: The A3 2.0 TDI clean diesel is a version of Audi's A3 2.0 TDI for the North American market, making it the second Audi TDI vehicle sold in North America, following the Audi Q7 TDI in 2008. It is a FWD vehicle with S-tronic transmission with Hill-hold assist, Sirius satellite radio, Leather seats and steering wheel, Auxiliary audio input, Dual-zone climate control, 17 in (432 mm) alloy wheels. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. This US model would begin sale in the first quarter of 2010 as a 2010 model year vehicle.[18]

text: In March 2011, the line-up was expanded with the introduction of a more powerful 2.0 TDI with 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp).

text: The 2012 Audi 2.0L I4 TDI produces 140 hp (104 kW) and 236 lb⋅ft (320 N⋅m) of torque[citation needed] and will go from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 8.9 seconds.[19]

text: The 2.0 TDI engine was included in the engines found by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to use software intentionally designed to turn off emission control systems except when undergoing emission testing.[20] Models made from 2009 to 2015 were affected.

text:
Petrol engines

Model
Engine displacement
Engine code
Power@rpm
Torque@rpm
0–100 km/h
acceleration
Years

1.2 TFSI
1,197 cc (73 cu in) I4
CBZB
105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) @5000
175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) @1550–4100
10.6s
2010–2013

1.4 TFSI
1,390 cc (85 cu in) I4
CAXC
125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) @5000
200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) @1500–4000
9.1s
2007–2013

1.6
1,595 cc (97 cu in) I4
BGU / BSE / BSF / CCS
102 PS (75 kW; 101 hp) @5600
148 N⋅m (109 lb⋅ft) @3800
11.5s
2003–2010

1.6 FSI
1,598 cc (98 cu in) I4
BAG / BLF / BLP
115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) @6000
155 N⋅m (114 lb⋅ft) @4000
10.6s
2003–2007

1.8 TFSI
1,798 cc (110 cu in) I4
BYT / BZB
160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) @5000–6200
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @1500–4200
7.7s
2007–2008

CDAA
160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) @4500–6200
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @1500–4500
7.4s
2009–2013

2.0 FSI
1,984 cc (121 cu in) I4
AXW / BLR / BLX / BLY
BVY / BVX / BVZ
150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) @6000
200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) @3250–4250
8.8
2003–2008

2.0 TFSI
AXX / BPY / BWA / CAWB
200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) @5100–6000
280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) @1800–5000
6.8s
2004–2008

CCZA
200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp)
280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) @1700–5000
6.8s
2009–2013

BHZ / CDLA
265 PS (195 kW; 261 hp) @6000
350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) @2500–5000
5.6s
2006–2013
(Audi S3 only)

2.5 TFSI
2,480 cc (151 cu in) I5
CEPA
340 PS (250 kW; 335 hp) @5400–6500
450 N⋅m (332 lb⋅ft) @1600–5300
4.6s
2011–2013
(Audi RS 3 only)

3.2
3,189 cc (195 cu in) V6
BDB / BMJ / BUB
250 PS (184 kW; 247 hp) @6300
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) @2500–3000
6.3s
2003–2009

Diesel engines

Model
Engine displacement
Engine code
Power@rpm
Torque@rpm
0–100 km/h
acceleration
Years

1.6 TDI
1,598 cc (98 cu in) I4
CAYB
90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @4200
230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) @1500–2500
11.4s
2009–2013

CAYC
105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) @4400
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @1500–2500
11.0s
2009–2013

1.9 TDI
1,896 cc (116 cu in) I4
BJB / BKC / BXE / BLS
105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) @4000
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @1900
11.0s
2003–2009

2.0 TDI
1,968 cc (120 cu in) I4
BKD
140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) @4000[21]
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) @1750–2500
9.2s
2003–2008

BMM
140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) @4000[21]
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) @1750–2500
9.2s
2006–2008

BMN
170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) @4200
350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) @1750–2500
7.9s
2006–2008

CBAB
140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) @4200
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) @1750–2500
9.1s
2008–2013

CBBB
170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) @4200
350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) @1750–2500
7.8s (S-Tronic)[22] 8.2s (Manual)[22]
2008–2013

CBEA
140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) @4200[23]
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) @1750–2500
8.6s
2010–2013

text: Third generation (Typ 8V; 2012–present)[edit]

text:
Third generation (MQB/8V)

Audi A3 Sportback

Overview

Production

2012–present
October 2013–present (Convertible)

Model years
2013–present

Assembly

Ingolstadt, Germany
Győr, Hungary
Foshan, China (FAW-Volkswagen
Aurangabad, India (Audi India)

Designer
Dany Garand[24] (2009)
Markus Gleitz (Sedan: 2010)

Body and chassis

Body style

2-door convertible
3-door hatchback
4-door sedan
5-door hatchback

Platform
Volkswagen Group MQB platform

Related
Volkswagen Golf Mk7[25]
SEAT León Mk3[25]
Škoda Octavia Mk3[25]

Powertrain

Engine

Inline-four petrol engine[show]

1.2 L I4 t/c
1.4 L I4 t/c
1.4 L I4 t/c ACDT
1.8 L I4 t/c
2.0 L I4 TFSI

Straight-five engine[show]

2.5 L I5 TFSI

Inline-four diesel engine[show]

1.6 L I4 t/c
2.0 L I4 t/c

Transmission

6-speed manual
6-speed (S-Tronic)
7-speed (S-Tronic)

Dimensions

Wheelbase

3-door: 2,601 mm (102.4 in)
4-door: 2,636 mm (103.8 in)
5-door: 2,636 mm (103.8 in)[26]

Length

3-door: 4,237 mm (166.8 in)
4-door: 4,456 mm (175.4 in)
5-door: 4,310 mm (169.7 in)[26]

Width

3-door: 1,777 mm (70.0 in)
4-door: 1,796 mm (70.7 in)
5-door: 1,785 mm (70.3 in)[26]

Height

3-door: 1,421 mm (55.9 in)
4-door: 1,416 mm (55.7 in)
5-door: 1,421 mm (55.9 in)[26]

Kerb weight
1,150–1,520 kg
(2,535–3,351 lb)[27][28]

text: The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 Geneva Motor Show.[29][30] and went on sale in Europe in September 2012.

text: First vehicle using the flexible modular Volkswagen Group MQB platform, the third generation is available as a three-door hatchback, a five-door "Sportback", a four-door saloon to directly rival the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class, and a two-door Cabriolet.

text: The front suspension is a MacPherson strut set-up while the rear utilizes multi-link rear suspension.[31]

text: The features include:

text:
Multi-collision brake: Emergency braking function stops the car after the first impact, to prevent secondary collisions[32]
Multi Media Interface MMI entertainment system (Tegra 3 processor) with handwriting recognition
4G broadband internet
adaptive cruise control
Pre sense front/basic radar-guided collision avoidance system
active lane assist
side assist

tag: ul

text: Early German models include 1.4 TFSI (122 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).[33] 1.2 TFSI (105 PS), 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI quattro (180 PS), 1.6 TDI (105 PS), and 2.0 TDI quattro (150 PS) were added in 2013.[34]

text: A3 1.2 TFSI (105 PS) was added to the UK market in 2013,[35] followed by A3 1.4 TFSI (140 PS) in 2013.[36]

text: A3 Sedan (2013–present)[edit]

text: The A3 Sedan includes a body 11 mm (0.43 in) wider and 9 mm (0.35 in) lower than that of the A3 Sportback. Other features include 16- to 18-inch-wheels (optional 19-inch wheels via quattro GmbH) and electronic stabilization control with electronic differential lock.

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 New York Auto Show.[37]

text: The German model was set to go on sale in late summer 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).[38]

text: Delivery of the UK models began in autumn of 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).[39]

text: In International markets like Pakistan, Audi has introduced it with a 1.2 TFSI engine. This has allowed Audi to bypass high import duties on larger displacement engine, offer the car at a competitive price and become a leader in imported luxury car segment.[40]

text: A3 Cabrio (2013–present)[edit]

text: The A3 cabriolet model is available from 2014. It has a three-box bodystyle and a larger boot than the previous model (320 litres versus 260).

text: S3 (2013–present)[edit]

text: The third generation Audi S3 is powered by a 2.0-litre TFSI petrol engine, with an output of 221 kW (300 PS; 296 bhp). It features new pistons with stronger bolts and new rings, as well as reinforced connecting rods with new mounts transferring the power to the crankshaft. The cylinder head is made of a new lightweight aluminium alloy designed with high strength and temperature resistance in mind. The engine is capable of delivering 380 Nm (280 ft-lb) from 1,800–5,500 rpm, with its limit being at 6,800 rpm. The 4 cylinder engine has a combined fuel economy of 23 mpg manual (24 mpg S Tronic).

text: The engine weighs in at 148 kilograms (326 lb), 5 kilograms (11 lb) lighter than the previous generation. The S3 is capable of 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 4.9 seconds when equipped with a manual transmission, or 4.7 seconds when using the S tronic, and has an electronically limited top speed of 155 miles per hour (249 km/h).

text: A3 Sportback (2013–present)[edit]

text: The Audi A3 Sportback includes a wheelbase 58 mm (2.28 in) over previous model, 35 mm (1.38 in) longer than that of the A3 and a front axle shifted forward by 40 mm (1.57 in) over the previous model. Other features include a choice of 13 body colours (three solid finishes, eight metallic finishes and two pearl-effect finishes), optional high-gloss package adding accents around the windows (standard with the Ambiente trim line), six-speed manual transmission (optional S tronic) for all engine models, 16 or 17-inch wheels depending on trim line (optional 18-inch wheels), Audi drive select (standard with Ambition) with optional S tronic, and optional electromagnetic damper control system.

text: German models went on sale in February 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (122 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), 1.8 TFSI quattro (180 PS), and 1.6 TDI. 1.2 TFSI (105 PS), 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 2.0 TDI (150 PS), 2.0 TDI quattro (150 PS), and 2.0 TDI (184 PS) were available in later date.

text: A3 Sportback g-tron (2013–present)[edit]

text: It is a version of the A3 Sportback with 1.4 TFSI (110 PS) engine powered by compressed natural gas or Audi e-gas synthetic methane; gas tank made of gas-impermeable polyamide polymer, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, glass fiber reinforced polymer; and an electronic gas pressure regulator. The synthetic methane was produced by waste product from a nearby Werlte biogas plant operated by power utility EWE.[41]

text: A production model was to be available by the end of 2013.[34]

text: A3 Sportback e-tron (2014–present)[edit]

text: The plug-in hybrid concept car was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show.[42] In May 2013 Audi confirmed its decision to produce a plug-in hybrid version of the A3, the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, which was scheduled for retail sales in Europe by late 2013, and by mid 2014 in the U.S. and the UK.[43][44] The A3 e-tron shares the same plug-in hybrid powertrain used in both the Volkswagen Golf GTE and Passat GTE.To charge the A3 e-tron, the Audi four rings logo[45] is pulled along to reveal a charging socket.[46]

text: The A3 Sportback e-tron is powered by a 1.4 L TSI gasoline engine that delivers 148 bhp and 184 lb ft, coupled with a 101 bhp electric motor, which is integrated into the car's six-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, for a total combined output of 201 bhp and 243 lb ft. The plug-in hybrid has an 8.8 kWh battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of 50 km (31 mi) on the NEDC cycle, and a total of 940 km (580 mi). The plug-in hybrid can reach a top speed of 220 km/h (140 mph) and can reach 100 km/h (62 mph) in 7.6 seconds. According to Audi the car has an average fuel efficiency of 188 mpg equivalent and CO2 emissions of 35 g/km.[43][44]

text: In September 2013, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Audi announced the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron would be available in Europe in the second quarter of 2014 at a price of €37,000 Euros (US$45,500, GB£30,500),[47] but it slipped to orders in the second quarter of 2014, with deliveries slated for the third quarter. On August 1, 2014, Audi announced the A3 Sportback e-Tron was on sale across Europe.[48] The first 227 units were registered in Germany in August 2014.[49] As of December 2015[update], global sales totaled 12,994 units, of which, 12,945 units were registered in Europe,[50] and 49 units in the United States, where deliveries began in December 2015.[51]

text: RS 3 Sportback (2015–present)[edit]

text: Details for the RS 3 Sportback were revealed in December 2014.[28] It went on sale in the first quarter of 2015 and featured a 367 PS 2.5 litre inline five cylinder engine with 465 NM of torque. Production ceased in the second quarter of 2016. The RS 3 Sportback had a seven speed S tronic transmission and quattro all-wheel drive system which helped propel the car to 100 km/h in 4.3 seconds. The RS 3 Sportback out-performs BMW's M2 & Mercedes-Benz's A45 AMG in a straight line, thanks to Audi's Quattro feature. Scott Keogh of Audi of America said in April 2015 that he's "confident" we'll see the car come to the United States.[52]

text: In April 2015 the new 2015 RS 3 Sportback was promoted in the UK by a controversial commercial portraying an Audi R8 "giving birth" to it.[53]

text: 2017 Facelift[edit]

text: After four years the third-generation Audi A3 was facelifted for the model year 2017, which also coincided with the 20th anniversary of the A3 name. The facelifted model was first unveiled through a set of official images in April 2016. The new A3 sedan was given significant cosmetic updates, which were in-line with the automaker's new design philosophy. As a result, the 2017 Audi A3 sedan featured the Matrix LED headlamps that were earlier seen in the A8 flagship sedan and the R8 supercar. The front grille was also given a refreshed treatment that made the new A3 look like its elder siblings. Changes on the sides and rear were minimal, with only the taillights getting new LED treatment. There were multiple updates on the interiors as well, with a fully digital 12.3-inch instrument cluster screen placed behind the steering wheel. Currently on sale in Europe and expected to be released in USA and Asia/Pacific 4 QTR 2016[54]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Euro NCAP tested a third generation Audi A3, 3-door hatchback with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard and scored it accordingly:

text:
Euro NCAP test results

Audi A3 LHD, 3-door hatchback (2012)[55]

Test
Points
%

Overall:

Adult occupant:
34
95%

Child occupant:
42
87%

Pedestrian:
27
74%

Safety assist:
6
86%

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Petrol engine[56]

Model
Engine type/code
Power@rpm
Torque@rpm
0–100 km/h
acceleration
Top speed
Transmission

A3 1.2 TFSI
1,197 cc (73 cu in) I4
105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) @ 5,000
175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) @ 1,400–3,500
10.3 s
193 km/h (120 mph)
6-speed manual
7-speed S Tronic (optional)

A3 1.4 TFSI
1,395 cc (85 cu in) I4
125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) @ 5,000–6,000
200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) @ 1,400–4,000
9.3 s
203 km/h (126 mph)
6-speed manual
7-speed S Tronic (optional)

A3 1.4 TFSI
1,395 cc (85 cu in) I4
150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) @ 5,000–6,000
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @ 1,500–3,500
8.3 s
212 km/h (132 mph)
6-speed manual
7-speed S Tronic (optional)

A3 1.8 TFSI
1,798 cc (110 cu in) I4
180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) @ 5,100–6,200
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @ 1,250–5,000
7.2 s
232 km/h (144 mph)
6-speed manual or 6-Speed S-Tronic automatic
7-speed S Tronic (optional)

A3 2.0 TFSI
1,984 cc (121 cu in) I4
223 PS (164 kW; 220 hp) @ 4,500–6,200
350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) @ 1,600–4,400
5.8 s
232 km/h (144 mph)
6-speed S-Tronic automatic S Tronic

S3 2.0 TFSI
1,984 cc (121 cu in) I4
310 PS (228 kW; 306 hp) @ 5,500–6,200
380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) @ 1,800–5,500
4.6 s (S-Tronic)
249 km/h (155 mph)
6-speed manual
7-speed (2017) S Tronic (optional)

RS 3 2.5 TFSI
2,480 cc (151 cu in) I5
367 PS (270 kW; 362 hp) @ 5,550–6,800
465 N⋅m (343 lb⋅ft) @ 1,625–5,550
4.3 s
280 km/h (174 mph)
7-speed S Tronic

RS 3 2.5 TFSI (2017)
2,480 cc (151 cu in) I5
400 PS (294 kW; 395 hp) @ 5,850–7,000
480 N⋅m (354 lb⋅ft) @ 1,700–5,850
3.9 s
280 km/h (174 mph)
7-speed S Tronic

Diesel engine[56]

Model
Engine type/code
Power@rpm
Torque@rpm
0–100 km/h
acceleration
Top speed
Transmission

A3 1.6 TDI
1,598 cc (98 cu in) I4
115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) @ 3,000–4,000
250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) @ 1,500–2,750
9.8 s
202 km/h (126 mph)
6-speed manual
7-speed S Tronic (optional)

A3 2.0 TDI
1,968 cc (120 cu in) I4
150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) @ 3,500–4,000
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750–3,000
8.6 s
213 km/h (132 mph)
6-speed manual
6-speed S Tronic (optional)

A3 2.0 TDI
1,968 cc (120 cu in) I4
184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp) @ 3,500–4,000
380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) @ 1,750–3,250
7.3 s
230 km/h (143 mph)
6-speed manual
6-speed S Tronic (optional)

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text:
(2014) World Car of the Year
(2013) What Car? Small Family Car of the Year
(2013) What Car? Car of the Year[57]
(2006) South African Car of the Year
(2000) Brazilian Car of the Year
(1997, 1999, 2000) Auto Motor und Sport readers' poll Best Car award
(1997) Autozeitung "Auto Trophy" award
(1996) Bild am Sonntag "Golden Steering Wheel" award

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: Münnich Motorsport used an S3 in the FIA World Rallycross Championship and the FIA European Rallycross Championship

text: Robb Holland used an S3 Saloon to compete in the 2014 British Touring Car Championship season under the NGTC regs. Currently AmD Tuning field two S3 Saloon's for Ant Whorton-Eales and Ollie Jackson.

text: In 2016, Audi's motorsports brand, Audi Sport announced that it would be producing a RS3 LMS beginning in 2017. The car is built to TCR International Series regulations.


document_title: Ice sheet

question_text: where is the worlds largest ice sheet located

root

text: Ice sheet

text: Antarctic ice sheet[edit]

text: The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km2 and contains 30 million km3 of ice. Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica,[3] which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.[4] The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.[5]

tag: p

text: The Antarctic ice sheet is divided by the Transantarctic Mountains into two unequal sections called the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) and the smaller West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The EAIS rests on a major land mass but the bed of the WAIS is, in places, more than 2,500 metres below sea level. It would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf, the Ronne Ice Shelf, and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea.

text: Greenland ice sheet[edit]

text: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.[4] Estimated changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometres (57 cubic miles) per year.[7] These measurements came from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC News in August 2006.[8]

text: Ice sheet dynamics[edit]

text: Ice movement is dominated by the motion of glaciers, whose activity is determined by a number of processes.[9] Their motion is the result of cyclic surges interspersed with longer periods of inactivity, on both hourly and centennial time scales.

text: Predicted effects of global warming[edit]

text: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), loss of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet mass contributed, respectively, about 0.21 ± 0.35 and 0.21 ± 0.07 mm/year to sea level rise between 1993 and 2003.[10]

text: The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall. Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting. However, in the words of the IPCC, "Dynamical processes related to ice flow not included in current models but suggested by recent observations could increase the vulnerability of the ice sheets to warming, increasing future sea level rise. Understanding of these processes is limited and there is no consensus on their magnitude." More research work is therefore required to improve the reliability of predictions of ice-sheet response on global warming. In 2018, scientists discovered channels between the East and West Antarctic ice sheets that may allow melted ice to flow more quickly to the sea.[11]

text: The effects on ice sheets due to increasing temperature may accelerate, but as documented by the IPCC the effects are not easily projected accurately and in the case of the Antarctic, may trigger an accumulation of additional ice mass. If an ice sheet were ablated down to bare ground, less light from the sun would be reflected back into space and more would be absorbed by the land. The Greenland Ice Sheet covers 84% of the island and the Antarctic Ice Sheet covers approximately 98% of the continent. Due to the significant thickness of these ice sheets, global warming analysis typically focuses on the loss of ice mass from the ice sheets increasing sea level rise, and not on a reduction in the surface area of the ice sheets.


document_title: Constitution of India

question_text: when was the constitution of india finally signed

text: Constitution of India

text: Background

text: The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930.

text: Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950.[9]

text: Previous legislation used as sources

text: It is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz. Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act 1861, Indian Councils Act 1892, Indian Councils Act 1909, Government of India Act 1919, Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two, with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it, to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution, for the separate states.[citation needed]

text: Constituent assembly

text: It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[10] The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which, it held eleven sessions over 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.[11] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community.[citation needed] Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members.[citation needed]

text: The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly.[10] The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[10]

text: Drafting

text: B. N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[12] This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949.[13]

text: On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented.[10] Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State), N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member) and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice, 1950–54). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). On D P Khaitan's death, T T Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee. A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947, which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years. Finally on 26 November 1949, the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete.[14] This day is celebrated as National Law Day[15] or Constitution Day.[16]

text: The assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The original Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda. It was published in Dehra Dun, and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India. The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India.[17] Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. It has undergone many amendments since its enactment.[18]

text: The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house, New Delhi. There are two original versions of this – one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution can be viewed here.[19]

text: Influence of other constitutions

text:
British Constitution

Parliamentary form of government
The idea of single citizenship
The idea of the Rule of law
Institution of Speaker and his role
Lawmaking procedure
Procedure established by Law

United States Constitution

Charter of Fundamental Rights
Federal structure of government
Electoral College
Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government
Judicial review
President as supreme commander of
armed forces
Equal Protection under law

Irish Constitution

Directive principles of state policy

Australian Constitution

Freedom of trade and commerce within
the country and between the states
Power of the national legislature to make
laws for implementing treaties, even on
matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction
Concurrent List[20]
Terminology for the Preamble

French Constitution

Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Canadian Constitution

A quasi-federal form of government —
a federal system with a strong central government
Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments
Residual powers retained by the central government[21][22]

Constitution of the Soviet Union

Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A
A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission
to oversee the development of the economy

Other Constitutions

Emergency Provision u/a 356, Weimar Constitution (Germany)
Amendment of Constitution, South Africa
Due Procedure of Law, Japan

tag: table

text: Structure

text: The Indian constitution is the world's longest.[Note 1] At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It is made up of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. [23] In its current form (September 2012), it has a preamble, 25[Note 2] parts with 448 [Note 3] articles, 12[Note 4] schedules, 5 appendices[24] and 101 amendments, the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016.[25]

text: Parts

text: The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts:

text:
Preamble[26]

with the words "socialist" and "secular" added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment .[27][28]

Part I[29] – Union and its Territory
Part II[30] – Citizenship.
Part III – Fundamental Rights
Part IV[31] – Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IVA – Fundamental Duties
Part V[32] – The Union
Part VI[33] – The States
Part VII[34] – States in the B part of the First schedule (repealed)
Part VIII[35] – The Union Territories
Part IX[36] – The Panchayats
Part IXA[37] – The Municipalities
Part IXB – The Co-operative Societies.[38]
Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States
Part XIVA – Tribunals
Part XV – Elections
Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes
Part XVII – Languages
Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
Part XIX – Miscellaneous
Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.

text: Schedules

text: Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

text:
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) –  This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)—The official languages.
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[39]
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) –  "Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government).

text: Appendices

text:
Appendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
Appendix II – Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Appendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.

text: The constitution and the government

text: Institutions of governance – the Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Executive, etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it.[40] With the aid of the Constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive, under Articles 52 and 53. The President's duty is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution. Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty. Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75(3).

text: The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. The common features of a federation such as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two government, division of powers, bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, flexible Constitution, a strong Centre, appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India Services, Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[41]

text: Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government. Analogous to President and Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of states) or Lieutenant Governor (in the case of Union territories) and a Chief Minister. Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This power, known as President's rule, was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds, and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre. Post – Bommai judgment,[42][43] such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult, as the courts have asserted their right to review it.[44] Consequently, very few state governments have been disbanded since.

text: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

text: The constitution and the legislature

text: Amendment

text: The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution.[45] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 (with exception to money bills), there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. During recess of Parliament, President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123, Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India.[45]

text: As of September 2015[update], there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament, out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts.[46] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world.[47] The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies. As a result, the document is amended roughly twice a year, and three times every two years.

text: In 2000, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to look into updating the constitution.[48] Government of India, establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law.

text: Limitations

text: The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify, which means, while amending anything in the Constitution, it cannot tinker with the "basic structure" or its framework, which is immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended, nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution. Yet, this "doctrine of basic features" lays down that, the Constitution when "read as a whole", that what comes to be understood as its basic features cannot be abridged, deleted or abrogated. What these "basic features" are, have not been defined exhaustively anywhere,[40] and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a "basic feature" is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case.[49]

text: The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India:[50]

text:
The Supremacy of the Constitution
Republican and Democratic form of the Government
Secular Character of the Constitution
Maintenance of Separation of powers
The Federal Character of the Constitution[50]

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text: This implies that the Parliament, while amending the Constitution, can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters. The Supreme Court/High Court(s) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, by performing Judicial review. This is typical of Parliamentary governments, where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament, which in many respects is supreme.

text: In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[51] Extent of land ownership and practice of profession, in this case, were held to be a fundamental right.[52] The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[52]

text: The constitution and the judiciary

text: The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter.[53] It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution, to be its watchdog, by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive, who otherwise, are free to enact or implement these, from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution.[54] It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people, as enshrined in the Constitution, from infringement by any organ of the state. It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states, as assigned to them by the Constitution.

text: While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate, it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. And crucially, independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution,[55][56] and which being inalienable, has come to mean – that which cannot be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive.[57]

text: Judicial review

text: Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[58] In the Indian constitution, Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13. Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 states that:

text:
All pre-constitutional laws, if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse.[59]
In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio.
In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India.[60]

text: Due to the adoption of the thirty-eighth amendment, the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies.[61] Later with the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, article 31 C was widened and article 368(4) and 368(5) were added, which stated that any law passed by the parliament can't be challenged in the court on any ground. The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore can't be taken away quashing Article 368(4)&(5) as well as 31 C.

text: The constitution – a living document

text: "The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[Note 7][62]

text: The Constitution's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities, though not in vague terms, instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute, so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time, to apply to new and ever-changing and demanding situations, making the Constitution a living and an organic document.[63] Justice Marshall asserts: “It is the nature of (a) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked”. It is a document intended “to endure for ages” and therefore, it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively, in the existing social and political context.

text: For instance, "right to life" as guaranteed under Article 21,[nb 1] has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights[nb 2]

text: In the conclusion of his Making of India's Constitution, Justice Khanna writes:

text: "If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[67]