document_title: List of Linux distributions

question_text: what linux distribution is considered a cutting-edge distribution

text: List of Linux distributions

text: RPM-based[edit]

text: Red Hat Linux and SUSE Linux were the original major distributions that used the .rpm file format, which is today used in several package management systems. Both of these were later divided into commercial and community-supported distributions. Red Hat Linux was divided into a community-supported but Red Hat-sponsored distribution named Fedora, and a commercially supported distribution called Red Hat Enterprise Linux, whereas SuSE was divided into openSUSE and SUSE Linux Enterprise

text:
Distribution
Description

Red Hat Linux
Split into Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The last official release of the unsplit distribution was Red Hat Linux 9 in March 2003.

CentOS
Community-supported Linux distrubution designed as an OpenSource version of RHEL and well suited for servers.

Fedora
Community-supported Linux distribution sponsored by Red Hat. It usually features cutting-edge Linux technologies.

openSUSE
A community-developed Linux distribution, sponsored by SUSE. It maintains a strict policy of ensuring all code in the standard installs will be from FOSS solutions, including Linux kernel Modules. SUSE's enterprise Linux products are all based on the codebase that comes out of the openSUSE project.

Mandrake Linux
The first release was based on Red Hat Linux (version 5.1) and KDE 1 in July 1998. It had since moved away from Red Hat's distribution and became a completely separate distribution. The name was changed to Mandriva, which included a number of original tools, mostly to ease system configuration. Mandriva Linux was the brainchild of Gaël Duval, who wanted to focus on ease of use for new users.

text: CentOS/RHEL-based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

Asianux
A Linux distribution co-developed between Red Flag Software Co., Ltd., Miracle Linux Corp. and Haansoft, INC., focused on Chinese, Japanese and Korean support.

ClearOS
Small Business Server. File, Print, Messaging, UTM, VPN.

Fermi Linux LTS
Based on Scientific Linux.[1]

Miracle Linux
Developed by Japanese software vendor Miracle Linux Co., Ltd

Oracle Linux
Supported by Oracle. Aims to be fully compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Red Flag Linux
A Linux distribution developed in China and optimized for the Chinese market. Based on Asianux.

Rocks Cluster Distribution
A Linux distribution for building a High-Performance Computing computer cluster, with a recent release supporting Cloud computing. It is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux but with extensions to support large multi-node heterogeneous systems for clusters (HPC), Cloud, and Data Warehousing (in development).

Scientific Linux
A Linux distribution co-developed by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), which aims to be compatible with and based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

SME Server
Based on CentOS and targeting Small and Medium Enterprises.

text: Fedora-based[edit]

text: Fedora is a community supported distribution. It aims to provide the latest software while maintaining a completely Free Software system.[2]

text:
Distribution
Description

Aurora SPARC Linux
For Sun's SPARC architecture

Berry Linux
A medium-sized Fedora-based distribution that provides support in Japanese and English.

BLAG Linux and GNU
A completely free software distribution listed by the Free Software Foundation.[3]

EduLinux
For educational purposes

EnGarde Secure Linux
Server-only Linux distribution designed to be secure.[4]

Fuduntu
Designed to fit in somewhere between Fedora and Ubuntu.

Hanthana
Designed to cater the needs of Sri Lankan computer users who are unable to access Internet frequently, with many most-wanted applications built in.

K12LTSP
A distribution for educational purpose. Comes with LTSP support.

Korora
Initially aimed at easy installation of a Gentoo system by using install scripts instead of manual configuration. Now based on Fedora.

Linpus Linux
Focused on the Chinese market, along with Linpus Lite focused on the netbook market.

MeeGo
Built by Intel and Nokia, intended for mobile phones (mainly Nokia N9) and tablets. It is based on Moblin together with Maemo.

Moblin
Built around the Intel Atom processor; supplanted by Meego when Intel and (temporarily) Nokia combined activities

MythDora
Specialized Linux distribution for easy setup of the MythTV PVR software, similar to KnoppMyth, based on Fedora.

Network Security Toolkit
A Live CD/DVD with security and networking tools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks.

Ojuba Linux
Focused on providing the best Arabic support, as well as some Islamic tools such as Hijra (Hijri calendar) and Minbar (prayer time indicator).

Qubes OS
Focused on security for desktop users. Based on an "ancient" Fedora release which we are somewhere said it to upgrade under YUM.

Russian Fedora Remix
A remix of Fedora.

Sugar-on-a-Stick Linux
An educational operating system for the children of the OpenMandriva world, originally designed for the One-Laptop-Per-Child project.

Trustix
A Linux distribution focused on security.[5]

Yellow Dog Linux
For the PowerPC platform.

text: openSUSE-based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
Previously branded Novell Linux Desktop. A desktop-oriented Linux distribution supplied by SUSE and targeted at the enterprise market.

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
A server-oriented Linux distribution supplied by SUSE and targeted at the business market.

SUSE Studio
SuSE studio is the html5 frontend over KIWI of creating your operating systems, but NO SuSE derivatives are WELL KNOWN TO OUTSIDE the SuSE communities.

text: urpmi-based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

Mandriva Linux
Easy to use system through its unique Control Center.

Mageia
A community Linux distribution initially forked from Mandriva Linux in response to the discontinuation of free versions of Mandriva Linux.

ROSA Linux
A Russian distribution available in three different editions: ROSA Desktop Fresh, ROSA Enterprise Desktop and ROSA Enterprise Linux Server, with the latter two aiming at commercial users. Its desktop editions come bundled with proprietary software such as Adobe Flash Player, multimedia codecs and Steam.

OpenMandriva
The last release of Mandriva Linux was in August 2011. Most developers who were laid off went to Mageia.[5] Later on, the remaining developers teamed up with community members and formed OpenMandriva, a continuation of Mandriva.

Annvix
A security-focused server Linux distribution. Originally based on Mandrake 9.2 but has diverged a lot. Discontinued.

TinyMe
Based on Unity Linux, targeted to be as lightweight as possible.

Trinity Rescue Kit
Aimed specifically at offline operations for Windows and Linux systems such as rescue, repair, password resets and disk cloning

Unity Linux
Meant to be a base for custom distributions.

text: apt-rpm based[edit]

text:
PCLinuxOS
A rolling release Linux Live CD distribution. Originally based on Mandrake 9.2. Later rebased on Mandriva 2007.

Vine Linux
A Japanese distribution originally based on Red Hat Linux.

ALT Linux
ALT Linux is a set of RPM-based operating systems built on top of the Linux kernel and Sisyphus packages repository. ALT Linux has been developed collectively by ALT Linux Team developers community and ALT Linux Ltd.

text: Independent RPM distributions[edit]

text: This list is about the distributions using the .rpm packages but NOT belonged to derivatives over zypp OR Fedora OR urpmi OR apt-rpm.

text:
Distribution
Description

Caldera OpenLinux
A Linux distribution originally introduced by Caldera and later developed by its subsidiary Caldera Systems. It was later developed by Caldera International (which bought SCO and was renamed The SCO Group). The distribution is no longer produced. Last release: 3.1.1 – Jan. 30, 2002

cAos Linux
A general purpose Linux distribution. Designed to have low overhead, run on older hardware, and be easily customizable.

Turbolinux
Originally based on Red Hat Linux.

YOPER
A rolling release desktop distribution from New Zealand that focuses on optimizing system performance for workstation use. Discontinued.

text: Debian-based[edit]

text: Debian is a distribution that emphasizes free software. It supports many hardware platforms. Debian and distributions based on it use the .deb package format[6] and the dpkg package manager and its frontends.[7]

text: Sid-based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

Xanadu
Rolling release Linux distribution based on Debian SID

LinuxBBQ
LinuxBBQ is a plethora of releases for various targets and goals based on Debian Sid GNU/Linux.

text: Testing based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

Ubuntu
A distribution sponsored by Canonical Ltd. and receiving major funding from South African Mark Shuttleworth. Aims to offer a complete and polished desktop on a single DVD.[8]

Kali Linux
Made to be a completely customizable OS, used for penetration testing. It is based on Debian GNU/Linux[9]

Parsix
Optimized for personal computers and laptops. Built on top of Debian testing branch and comes with security support.[10]

BackTrack
Developed by Offensive Security and designed for penetration testing.[11]

text: Ubuntu-based[edit]

text: Ubuntu is a distribution based on Debian, designed to have regular releases, a consistent user experience and commercial support on both desktops and servers.[12]

text: Official distributions[edit]

text: These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them.[13]

text:
Distribution
Description

Edubuntu
A complete Linux based operating system targeted for primary and secondary education. It is freely available with community based support. The Edubuntu community is built on the ideas enshrined in the Edubuntu Manifesto: that software, especially for education, should be available free of charge and that software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any disabilities.[14]

Kubuntu
An official derivative of Ubuntu Linux using KDE instead of the GNOME or Unity interfaces used by default in Ubuntu.[15]

Ubuntu GNOME
An official Ubuntu variant[16] that uses Gnome Shell as its default desktop and GDM as its display manager.[17]

Ubuntu MATE
An official derivative of Ubuntu using MATE, a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the desktop metaphor.[18]

Ubuntu Budgie
An official derivative of Ubuntu using Budgie.

Lubuntu
Lubuntu is a project that is an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the LXDE desktop environment.[19][20][21]

Xubuntu
An official derivative of Ubuntu using Xfce. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly GTK+ applications.[22]

Ubuntu Kylin
An official derivative aimed at the Chinese market.

Ubuntu Server
An official derivative made for use in servers. Ubuntu Server handles mail, controls printers, acts as a fileserver, can host LAMP and more.[23]

Ubuntu Studio
Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors.[24]

Ubuntu Touch
Designed for use with touchscreen devices.

Ubuntu TV
Designed for use with TVs.[25]

text: Discontinued official distributions[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

Gobuntu
Gobuntu was an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system, aiming to provide a distribution consisting entirely of free software. It was officially announced by Mark Shuttleworth on July 10, 2007, and daily builds of Gobuntu 7.10 began to be publicly released. The project ended around the release of 8.04 and has since merged into mainline Ubuntu as a 'free software' option.[26]

Ubuntu for Android
Designed for use with Android phones.[27] No longer under active development.

Ubuntu JeOS
"Just Enough OS" – was described as "an efficient variant [...] configured specifically for virtual appliances".[28] Since the release of Ubuntu 8.10 it has been included as an option as part of the standard Ubuntu Server Edition.

Ubuntu Mobile
An embedded operating system designed for use on mobile devices. The operating system will use Hildon from maemo as its graphical frontend. Ubuntu Touch is a successor to Ubuntu Mobile.

Ubuntu Netbook Edition
Netbook Edition was an official derivative of Ubuntu designed for netbooks using the Intel Atom processor. Starting from Ubuntu 11.04, Ubuntu Netbook Edition has been merged into the desktop edition.[29]

Mythbuntu
Based on Ubuntu and MythTV, providing applications for recording TV and acting as a media center.[30] On 4 November 2016 the development team announced the end of Mythbuntu as a separate distribution, citing insufficient developers.

text: Third-party distributions[edit]

text: Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical Ltd. and generally have different goals in mind.

text:
Distribution
Description

Aurora
Specifically for the Eee PC range of netbooks, based on Debian. Previously named Eeebuntu and based on Ubuntu.[31]

Baltix
Ubuntu-based distribution for Lithuanian and Latvian people. Supported languages are Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, English, Norwegian and other around Baltic region. Main language is Lithuanian.[32]

BackBox
BackBox is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It has been developed to perform penetration tests and security assessments. Designed to be fast, easy to use and provide a minimal yet complete desktop environment, thanks to its own software repositories, always being updated to the latest stable version of the most used and best known ethical hacking tools.[33]

BackSlash Linux
BackSlash Linux is an Ubuntu and Debian-based Operating system for AMD64 and Intel x64 based Personal Computers developed in India. It is based on free software and every release of the Operating System is named after the characters of the Disney blockbuster, Frozen.[34]

BlankOn
Ubuntu-based distribution for users in Indonesia[35]

Buildix
An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution, developed by Global IT professional services firm, ThoughtWorks. For agile developers.

Bodhi Linux
An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution featuring the Moksha Desktop environment and targeting users who want a minimum of preinstalled software or low system requirements.[36]

dyne:bolic
Live CD geared toward multimedia (audio and video) production, but comes with other non-media specific application (e.g. word processor, desktop publisher)[37]

EasyPeasy
Fork of Ubuntu designed for netbooks[38]

Element OS
Based on Xubuntu, made for Home theater PCs[39]

elementary OS
A powerful, user-friendly distribution known for its well received user interface and devoted community of developers and artists.[40]

Emmabuntüs
Based on Xubuntu designed to facilitate the repacking of computers donated to Emmaüs Communities.[41]

Galsoft Linux
A Linux distribution derived from Lubuntu that is made to be installed from a DVD or a USB flash drive. The distribution is specially optimized to run efficiently with limited hardware resources.

GendBuntu
A version adapted for use by France's National Gendarmerie.

Goobuntu
An Ubuntu-based distribution used internally by Google; not available outside of Google

gOS
Uses the GNOME desktop environment with user interface enhancements to make it work more like Mac OS X, it also features Google Apps, Picasa, Google Gadgets and other web-based applications, and comes with Wine 1.0 pre-installed.

Guadalinex
Ubuntu-based distribution promoted by the local government of Andalucia, Spain, for home users and schools.[42]

Impi Linux
South African and focuses on the enterprise and government sector.[43]

Iskolinux
A Linux distribution packaged and maintained by UP Manila's (UPM) Information Management System as part of University of the Philippines' thrust to migrate to Linux.

Joli OS
Joli OS (formerly named Jolicloud) is in development and Pre-beta testing. Joli OS is built upon Debian and Ubuntu 9.10, but is tweaked to be more suitable for computers that have weaker specifications in terms of disk storage, memory and screen size. It is designed to run on relatively low-powered netbook computers.[44]

Karoshi
A formerly PCLinuxOS-based distribution designed for use in schools.[45]

Kuki Linux
Lightweight Ubuntu-based Linux distribution founded by João Ferro, built to be a replacement for the Linpus Linux Lite distribution on the Acer Aspire One.[46]

LiMux
A project by the city council of Munich, Germany

Linux Lite
The purpose of Linux Lite is to introduce Windows users to Linux, and provide them with a comfortable and useful user experience. It is designed to be simple and suitable for new Linux users who want a lightweight, highly responsive, and fully functional environment.[47]

Ubuntu Mint
Ubuntu Mint synchronizes its release-cycle with Ubuntu's long term support (not to be confused with LMDE), and is tailored to user-friendliness for desktop users.[48]

LinuxMCE
Linux Media Center Edition, a Kubuntu-based distribution that provides in-depth HTPC functionality as well as home automation.[49]

LinuxTLE
A Thai Linux distribution[50]

LliureX
A distribution by the Generalitat Valenciana[51]

LOUD
LCSEE Optimized Ubuntu Distribution, an Ubuntu distribution used at West Virginia University. It contains several specialized educational packages as well as its own themes and login manager.[52]

MAX
Stands for Madrid LinuX[53]

Molinux
Ubuntu based initiative to introduce the Castile-La Mancha community in Spain to the information society.[54]

Nova
Cuban state-sponsored distribution developed at the University of Information Science, Havana. Formerly based on Gentoo.

Netrunner
Kubuntu based distribution with complete software and codecs installed, developed by Blue Systems (also sponsoring Kubuntu and LinuxMintKDE).[55]

OpenGEU
Ubuntu based distribution with Enlightenment window manager, previously known as Geubuntu.[56]

Peppermint OS
A light-weight LXDE distribution for cloud applications through its own Ice Framework using Chromium Web Browser. Based on Lubuntu[57]

Pinguy OS
An Ubuntu-based distro for people that have never used Linux before or for people that want an out-of-the-box working OS without having to tweak a fresh installation of Ubuntu or other Ubuntu-based distro.[58]

Poseidon Linux
For academic and scientific use. Based on Ubuntu, but enhanced by GIS/maps, numerical modelling, 2D/3D/4D visualization, statistics, tools for creating simple and complex graphics, programming languages.

PUD
A small distribution, aimed at being simple and usable

Qimo 4 Kids
Educational games for children aged three and up. Ubuntu-based with easy-to-use interface.[59]

Sabily
Ubuntu based distribution for Muslims (formerly Ubuntu Muslim Edition)[60]

SharkLinux
SharkLinux is a virtual env focused OS & Desktop environment that is 100% cloud compatible[61]

Trisquel GNU/Linux
Fully free-software system without proprietary software or firmware and uses the Linux-libre kernel, based on Ubuntu LTS Releases[62]

UberStudent
For higher education and advanced secondary students, those who teach them, and lifelong learners[63]

Ututo
Ututo UL ("Ubuntu-Libre") Distributes Simusol, a system to simulate Solar Energy projects, returned to the heart of the project.[64]

Vinux
A Linux distribution designed for visually impaired users[65]

text: Stable based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

grml
Live CD for system recovery[66]

Knoppix
The first Live CD (later DVD) version of Debian[67]

MEPIS
Focuses on ease of use. Also includes a lightweight variant called antiX. antiX is meant to be used on older computers with limited hardware.[68] There is also a Xfce distro called MX Linux that's based on Debian Stable.[69]

RXART
Desktop-oriented distribution. Focused on providing proprietary software.[70]

Raspbian
Desktop-oriented distribution. Developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation as the official OS for their family of low-power single-board computers.[71]

SteamOS
Debian-based and gaming-focused distribution developed by Valve Corporation and designed around the Steam digital distribution platform.

Astra Linux
OS developed for Russian Army with raised security.[72]

Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS)
Indian Linux distribution

Canaima
A Venezuelan Linux distribution.[73]

Corel Linux
Commercial. Short-lived desktop Linux distribution, bought by Xandros Linux.[74]

CrunchBang Linux
A small Linux Distro and Live CD based on Debian Stable, featuring the Openbox window manager and tint2 panel with GTK+ applications.[75] Development has ended for CrunchBang as of February, 2015.[76]

Devuan
A fork of Debian begun in 2014 with the primary goal of allowing user choice in init systems, by decoupling software packages from systemd.[77]

Dreamlinux
A Brazilian Linux distribution (not active anymore)

Daylight Linux
An ultra light-weight linux distribution with fluxbox desktop for computers and Raspberry Pi.

Elive
A Belgian Linux distribution that is lightweight but still provides an attractive Graphical User Interface. Ideal for older devices.[78]

Emdebian Grip
A small-footprint Linux distribution based on and compatible with Debian, intended for use on resource-limited embedded systems.[79]

Finnix
A small system-administration Live CD that is available for multiple architectures[80]

gNewSense
Originally based on Ubuntu and later upon Debian, and developed with sponsorship from the Free Software Foundation. Its goal is user-friendliness, but with all proprietary (e.g. binary blobs) and non-free software removed.

HandyLinux
Designed for senior citizens running old computers for which Windows has become too slow[81]

Instant WebKiosk
Live, browser-only operating system for use in web kiosks and for digital signage[82]

Kanotix
An installable live DVD/CD for desktop usage using KDE and LXDE, focusing on convenient scripts and GUI for ease of use.[83]

Kurumin
Earlier, it was a version of the Knoppix distribution, modified with Debian and designed for Brazilian users.

LEAF Project
The Linux Embedded Appliance Framework. A tiny primarily floppy-based distribution for routers, firewalls and other appliances.[84]

LiMux
An ISO 9241 industry workplace certified Linux distribution, deployed at the City of Munich, Germany.[85]

Maemo
A development platform for hand held devices such as the Nokia N800, N810, and Nokia N900 Internet Tablets and other Linux kernel–based devices.[86]

MintPPC
For PowerPC computers. Although MintPPC uses some Mint LXDE code, it is not Linux Mint.[87]

Musix GNU+Linux
Intended for music production, graphic design, audio, video editing, and other tasks. It is built with only free software.[88]

NepaLinux
A Debian- and Morphix-based distribution focused for desktop usage in Nepali language computing.[89]

OpenZaurus
Debian packages and ROM image for the Sharp Zaurus PDA. Replaced by Ångström distribution.[90]

Pardus
Developed by Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology. Prior to 2013 it used PISI as the package manager, with COMAR as the configuration framework. Starting with Pardus 2013, it is Debian-based.

PelicanHPC
Dedicated to setting up a computer cluster.[91]

Sacix
A Debian Pure Blend originally created to support the educational and free software diffusion goals of the Telecentres project of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.[92]

Skolelinux
A Linux distribution from Norway, now the basepoint for and now synonymous to Debian EDU. It provides as a thin client distribution for schools.[93]

SolydXK
Xfce and KDE desktop focused on stability, security and ease of use.[94]

SparkyLinux
SparkyLinux is a Debian-based Linux distribution which provides ready to use, out of the box operating system with a set of slightly customized lightweight desktops. Sparky is targeted to all the computer’s users who want replace existing, proprietary driven OS to an open-sourced..

Sunwah Linux
A Chinese Linux distribution[95]

Symphony OS
Includes the Mezzo desktop environment. Previous versions were based on Knoppix.[96]

SalineOS
Lean, stable and easy-to-use distribution with XFCE as graphical interface.[97]

The Amnesic Incognito Live System (TAILS)
The Amnesic Incognito Live System' or Tails is aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity, with all outgoing connections forced to go through Tor.[98]

TurnKey GNU/Linux
Open source project developing a family of free, Debian-based appliances optimized for ease of use in server-type usage scenarios.[99] Based on Debian since 2012; previously based on Ubuntu.

Univention Corporate Server
Enterprise distribution with integrated IT infrastructure and identity management system by the company Univention GmbH, Germany. A full version for up to 5 users for tests and for private use can be downloaded for free.[100]

Webconverger
Debian Live based browser only distribution, similar to Google Chrome OS. However based on Firefox and dwm, with no user sign-in, no special hardware required and designed for public places.[101]

Vyatta
Commercial open source network operating system includes routing, firewall, VPN, intrusion prevention and more. Designed to be an open source Cisco replacement.[102]

text: MEPIS-based[edit]

text:
Distribution
Description

antiX
It is comparatively lightweight and suitable for older computers, while also providing cutting edge kernel and applications, as well as updates and additions via the Aptitude and Debian-compatible repositories.

MX Linux
A midweight OS based on Debian Stable with core components from antiX and using Xfce, offering simple configuration, high stability, solid performance and medium-sized footprint.[103]

text: Knoppix-based[edit]

text: Knoppix, itself, is based on Debian. It is a live distribution, with automated hardware configuration and a wide choice of software, which is decompressed as it loads from the drive.[104]

text:
Distribution
Description

Damn Small Linux
A small Linux distro designed to run on older hardware. It is commonly used on virtual machines due to low memory requirements.[105]

Feather Linux
Boots from either a CD or a USB flash drive. Uses Knoppix-based hardware detection and the Fluxbox window manager.[106]

Hikarunix
A Linux distribution solely for studying and playing the game of Go. Based on Damn Small Linux.[107]

text: Pacman-based[edit]

text: pacman is a package manager that is capable of resolving dependencies and automatically downloading and installing all necessary packages. In theory, a user need only run a single command to completely update the system.

text:
Distribution
Description

Arch Linux
An x64- and i686-optimized distribution targeted at experienced users. Arch runs on a rolling release system and uses the pacman utility for package management.

Antergos
Derived from Arch Linux with GUI installer and multiple choices of Desktop Environments, but Xfce by default.

ArchBang
Based on Arch Linux, but also provides LiveCDs with working system and graphical installation scripts; uses Openbox as default window manager

Chakra Linux
Originally derived from Arch Linux, with the latest KDE. For now uses the pacman utility for package management. Strives to be Qt-only.

Frugalware Linux
A general purpose Linux distribution designed for intermediate users. Has some influences from Slackware, and uses a heavily modified version of pacman, Pacman-G2, a fork of a cvs version of the complete rewrite of Pacman-G1 by Aurelien Foret (the old monolithic Pacman-G1 is written by Judd Vinet). The packages are tar archives compressed using xz.[108]

LinHES
LinHES (Linux Home Entertainment Server) designed for use on Home Theater PCs (HTPCs), providing applications for recording TV and acting as a sound and video center

Manjaro Linux
Based on Arch Linux, using its own repositories and ships with Xfce (as the default desktop environment), KDE, Openbox, a net edition without GUI, and also an Xfce netbook edition

Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
An Arch derivartive without any blobs, plus various added packages. Packages are also built for ARMv7 in addition to i686 and x64. MATE and text-mode distributions available.

text: Gentoo-based[edit]

text: Gentoo is a distribution designed to have highly optimized and frequently updated software.[109] Distributions based on Gentoo use the Portage package management system with emerge[110] or one of the alternative package managers.

text:
Distribution
Description

Funtoo Linux
A distribution developed by Gentoo founder and former project leader, Daniel Robbins. It has its own Portage tree and unlike Gentoo (which uses rsync) uses git, by default, to sync the user's local copy of the Portage tree.

Chromium OS[111]
Chrome OS[112] is used on various Chromebooks, Chromeboxes and tablet computers. It is primarily Internet-based, launching each app within the Chrome browser. The OS features a user interface that is very similar-looking to Chrome instead of GNOME, Cinnamon, LXQt, Xfce, etc.

Argent
A Romanian distro based on Gentoo and developed for servers and security

Calculate Linux
Calculate Linux is a family of distributions.

Container Linux
Linux distribution by CoreOS designed for clustered and containerized deployments with update subscription

Gentoox
An adaptation of Gentoo for the Xbox

Knopperdisk
A Linux distribution aimed at USB sticks.

Pentoo
Penetration-testing Live CD.

Sabayon Linux
Made in Italy. It is a European Linux distribution based on Gentoo. However, it follows the "out of the box" philosophy, aiming to give the user a wide number of applications ready to use and a self-configured operating system. Like Gentoo, Sabayon uses the rolling release model; it uses a customized version of Red Hat's Anaconda Installer and includes a Media Center application.

SystemRescueCD
System rescue Live CD version of Gentoo.

Tin Hat Linux
Based on hardened Gentoo, this distribution is based primarily on security.

Ututo
Made in Argentina. An FSF Approved Free Distribution.[3]

text: Also, the Gentoo project maintains its own list of distributions based on Gentoo.

text: Slackware-based[edit]

text: Slackware is known as a highly customizable distribution that stresses ease of maintenance and reliability over cutting-edge software and automated tools. Generally considered a distribution for advanced users, it is often suggested to those who want to learn the inner workings of a Linux operating system.

text:
Distribution
Description

Austrumi Linux
A 108 MB bootable live CD as of version 1.9.3

Frugalware Linux
A general-purpose Linux distribution designed for intermediate users who are familiar with command-line operations. Early versions were based on Slackware, but it is now an independently developed distribution.

HostGIS
A Slackware-based distribution specifically made for handling GIS information

KateOS
A desktop distribution aimed at intermediate users. It uses Xfce as its default desktop environment. No longer in development.

MuLinux
Floppy-based Linux distribution with replaceable modules

NimbleX
Completely customizable through the NimbleX website. Now no longer producing new versions.

Platypux
A French Linux distribution of the Slackware family

Salix OS
Originally a fork of Zenwalk, Salix is a complete Linux distribution fully backwards compatible with Slackware.
Uses Xfce, KDE, LXDE, Fluxbox or Ratpoison as its default desktop environment. 32 and 64bits version. Live versions are also available.

Sentry Firewall
A firewall, server, or intrusion detection system distribution

simpleLinux
simpleLinux uses LZMA compression to compress its system files. The project started on year 2007 by a group of Malaysian developer. simpleLinux is a Slackware-based distribution that comes in both Live CD or Persistence version that can be installed to a medium. simpleLinux comes to be a multi-tasking operating system that runs the X Window System.

Slackintosh
An unofficial port of Slackware to the PowerPC architecture

Slamd64
An unofficial port of Slackware to the x86-64 architecture

Slax
A live CD which aims to provide a complete desktop for general use. Permanent installation of Slax is not recommended or supported; it is designed for "live" use only. Also can be run from a USB flash drive.

SuperGamer
A Live DVD distribution focused on gaming

Topologilinux
Designed to run from within Microsoft Windows, Topologilinux can be installed without any changes to the user's hard disk. Outdated.

VectorLinux
A lightweight Linux distribution designed to be easy to use even for new users. Generally considered well-suited for older hardware.

WinLinux
A Linux distro that runs on a FAT32 filesystem

Wolvix
A desktop-oriented Linux distribution based on Slackware, mainly targeted at home users, featuring Xfce. No longer available.

Zenwalk
Originally a minimal version of Slackware, Zenwalk has evolved into a very different operating system; however, compatibility with Slackware is still maintained.

ZipSlack
A lightweight and portable version of Slackware

text: Slax-based[edit]

text: Slax's modularity and reputation of quality have made it a popular base for other live CD projects.

text:
Distribution
Description

DAVIX
A Linux Live CD for data analysis and visualisation.

DNALinux
A small Linux distribution designed for running bioinformatics software, including BLAST and EMBOSS.

Porteus
A small Linux distro based on Sector

text: Independent[edit]

text: The following distributions can not be categorized under the preceding sections.

text:
Distribution
Description

Alpine Linux
A security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox.

Billix
A live CD or live USB system administration toolkit and multi-boot distribution with the ability to install any of the included distributions.

Coyote Linux
A router and firewall Linux distribution

CRUX
CRUX is a lightweight, x86-64-optimized Linux distribution targeted at experienced users. The focus is "keep it simple", which is reflected in a simple tar.xz-based package system, BSD-style initscripts, and a relatively small collection of trimmed packages

DD-WRT
Embedded firewall Linux distribution

Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre
A Linux distribution written entirely from scratch[113] and sharing some similarities with Slackware. Approved by the GNU Project as a free operating system.[114]

DSLinux
Version of Linux designed for the Nintendo DS.

ELinOS
Linux distribution for embedded systems by SYSGO. ELinOS focuses on industrial application and provides real-time extensions.

Familiar Linux
Linux distribution for iPAQ handhelds.

fli4l
A router and firewall Linux distribution[115]

Foresight Linux
A rolling release Linux distribution built around the Conary package manager.

GeeXboX
Live CD media center Linux distribution, mainly to play special-encoded video files (e.g.: .ogg, XVID) on home theater.

Guix System Distribution (GuixSD)
Declarative Linux distribution with atomic upgrades and rollbacks built on top of the GNU Guix package manager. Supports amongst others unprivileged package management and per-user profiles.

GoboLinux
An alternative Linux distribution which redefines the file system hierarchy by installing everything belonging to one application in one folder under /Programs, and using symlinks from /System and its subfolders to point to the proper files.

IPCop
A router and firewall Linux distribution

Jlime
Linux distribution for the HP Jornada 6xx and 7xx and NEC MobilePro 900(c) handhelds.

Lightweight Portable Security (LPS)[116]
A distribution created by the United States Department of Defense that boots entirely in RAM

Lunar Linux
A source code-based Linux distribution descended from Sorcerer.

MCC Interim Linux
Possibly the first Linux distribution, created by the Manchester Computing Centre in February 1992

MkLinux
A legacy Linux distribution for PowerPC systems that runs the Linux kernel as a server on top of the Mach microkernel.

Mobilinux
By Montavista for smartphones

MontaVista Linux
Embedded distribution by MontaVista Software

NASLite
A floppy-based Linux designed to turn an old computer into a simple Network Attached Storage device.

Nitix
Developed by Net Integration Technologies Inc., Nitix claims to be the first autonomic Linux kernel–based server operating system.

NixOS
Declarative Linux distribution with atomic upgrades and rollbacks built on top Nix package manager

OpenTV 5
Developed by Nagra, next generation television middleware for connected media convergence platform

OpenWrt
A router and firewall Linux distribution, also other embedded systems, a lot of routing options via opkg available

paldo
Independently developed desktop operating system and package manager (upkg) with a rolling release format and standard Gnome environment.

PS2 Linux
Sony Computer Entertainment Linux distribution released officially for the PlayStation 2 video game console.

Prevas Industrial Linux
Embedded systems customizable Linux distribution by Prevas.

Puppy Linux
A mini Linux distribution which runs well under low-end PCs – even under 32 MB RAM.

rPath
A distribution built around the Conary package manager. Discontinued.

SliTaz
With less than 40 MB a very small Live-Distribution, which uses 256 MB RAM (or with a special edition only 24 MB[117]) for a complete GUI.

Smallfoot
Developed by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO UNIX / SCO Group), formerly Caldera International and Caldera Systems – based on Caldera OpenLinux 3.x and 4.x binaries.

SmoothWall
A router and firewall Linux distribution

Softlanding Linux System
One of the earliest Linux distributions, developed from 1992–1994; Slackware was originally based on it.

Solus
Desktop Linux distribution using Budgie as desktop environment, eopkg for package management. The roots in package management and configuration can be seen in Clear Linux[118]

Sorcerer
A source code-based Linux distribution.

Source Mage
A source code-based Linux distribution, descended from Sorcerer.

Stable Hybrid Release
For smartphones, offering Enlightenment's Illume user interface. It is based on FSO.

Thinstation
Thin client Linux distribution supporting all major connectivity protocols.

Tinfoil Hat Linux
Bootable floppy Linux distribution focusing on extreme security

Tiny Core Linux
Tiny Core Linux is a minimalist (around 10 MB) Linux system focusing on providing a base system with BusyBox, FLTK and other minimalist software.

tomsrtbt
Root boot disk.

Tor-ramdisk
An i686 uClibc-based micro Linux distribution (about 5 MB) that runs in system memory and whose only purpose is to host a Tor server in an environment that maximizes security and privacy.

Void Linux
Void is a general purpose operating system, based on the monolithic Linux kernel. Its package system allows you to quickly install, update and remove software; software is provided in binary packages or can be built directly from sources with the help of the XBPS source packages collection.

Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X
One of the oldest Linux distributions, not updated since 1995.


document_title: Nitrogenous base

question_text: in rna the nitrogenous base that replaces thymine is

root

text: Nitrogenous base

text: A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.

tag: p

text: Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine.[1] They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity, planar. Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.[2]

text: Role in nucleic acids[edit]

text: In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). These nitrogenous bases hydrogen bond between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the "twisted ladder" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure.[3]


document_title: List of multiple Olympic medalists

question_text: what american has won the most winter olympic gold medals

text: List of multiple Olympic medalists

text: List of Olympic medals over career[edit]

text: This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists, listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.

text: In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals, the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals, then the number of silver medals. Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals, the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3
Bjorgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

4
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3

5
Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

6
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2

7
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2

8
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4

9
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

10
Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer
 East Germany
 Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0

12
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1

Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1

14
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3

15
Torres, DaraDara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4

16
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6

17
Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
3
4
5

18
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

19
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1

20
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0

21
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1

22
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1

23
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2

24
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

25
Gerevich, AladarAladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2

26
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0

27
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2

28
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4

29
Keleti, AgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2

Hall Jr., GaryGary Hall Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2

31
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3

32
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1

33
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
3
6
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
5

35
Almsick, FranziskaFranziska van Almsick
 Germany
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
0
4
6

36
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0

Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0

39
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2

40
Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1

42
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2

43
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3

44
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0

45
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2

Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2

47
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3

48
Charlotte Kalla
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
6
0

49
Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1992–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

Jones, LeiselLeisel Jones
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

51
Gaudini, GiulioGiulio Gaudini
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
4
2

52
Swahn, AlfredAlfred Swahn
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
3
3

53
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
6
1

54
Disl, UschiUschi Disl
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
F
2
4
3

55
Savolainen, HeikkiHeikki Savolainen
 Finland
Gymnastics
1928–1952
Summer
M
2
1
6

56
Titov, YuriYuri Titov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
1
5
3

57
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
3
6

58
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0

60
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1

61
Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2

Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2

63
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0

64
Lipa, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
F
5
2
1

65
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

67
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0

Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0

69
Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1

Gross, RicoRicco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1

Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1

73
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2

Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2

Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndreKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Fischer, SvenSven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2

Lezak, JasonJason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2

80
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3

81
Kovacs, KatalinKatalin Kovács
 Hungary
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
0

82
Ducret, RogerRoger Ducret
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
3
4
1

Cattiau, PhilippePhilippe Cattiau
 France
Fencing
1920–1936
Summer
M
3
4
1

Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

Thomas, PetriaPetria Thomas
 Australia
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
3
4
1

87
Campbell-Brown, VeronicaVeronica Campbell-Brown
 Jamaica
Athletics
2000–2016
Summer
F
3
3
2

88
Babashoff, ShirleyShirley Babashoff
 United States
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
2
6
0

89
Oneill, SusieSusie O'Neill
 Australia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
F
2
4
2

90
Korondi, MargitMargit Korondi
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
2
2
4

Muratova, SofiaSofia Muratova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1960
Summer
F
2
2
4

Sautin, DmitriDmitri Sautin
 Unified Team
 Russia
Diving
1992–2008
Summer
M
2
2
4

Ohno, ApoloApolo Ohno
 United States
Short track speed skating
2002–2010
Winter
M
2
2
4

94
Fontana, AriannaArianna Fontana
 Italy
Short track speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
1
2
5

95
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0

97
Kovacs, PalPál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1

98
Endo, YukioYukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0

Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0

101
Lee, Willis AugustusWillis Augustus Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1

Winkler, Hans GunterHans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1

Jager, TomTom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1

Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
5
1
1

Wu, MinxiaMinxia Wu
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1

109
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0

110
Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1

Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

112
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2

Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2

Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2

116
Carlberg, VilhelmVilhelm Carlberg
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
4
0

Uchimura, KōheiKōhei Uchimura
 Japan
Gymnastics
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
4
0

118
Hakulinen, VeikkoVeikko Hakulinen
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1952–1960
Winter
M
3
3
1

119
Mantyranta, EeroEero Mäntyranta
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1960–1968
Winter
M
3
2
2

Szewinska, IrenaIrena Szewińska
 Poland
Athletics
1964–1976
Summer
F
3
2
2

Andersson, AgnetaAgneta Andersson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
2
2

Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
2
2

123
Strickland, ShirleyShirley Strickland
 Australia
Athletics
1948–1956
Summer
F
3
1
3

Amanar, SimonaSimona Amânar
 Romania
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
1
3

Gottwald, FelixFelix Gottwald
 Austria
Nordic combined
2002–2010
Winter
M
3
1
3

126
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
4

Valbe, YelenaYelena Välbe
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
4

128
Marzi, GustavoGustavo Marzi
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
2
5
0

Gorokhovskaya, MariaMaria Gorokhovskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
2
5
0

130
Beard, AmandaAmanda Beard
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Khorkina, SvetlanaSvetlana Khorkina
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

133
Ujlaki-Rejto, IldikoIldikó Újlaky-Rejtő
 Hungary
Fencing
1960–1976
Summer
F
2
3
2

Janz, KarinKarin Janz
 East Germany
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
F
2
3
2

135
Miller, ShannonShannon Miller
 United States
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
F
2
2
3

Di Centa, ManuelaManuela Di Centa
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
2
2
3

137
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

138
Smirnov, VladimirVladimir Smirnov
 Kazakhstan
Cross-country skiing
1988–1998
Winter
M
1
4
2

tag: table

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Medal count
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record medal event
Earlier medal events

1
6 April 1896[1]
James Connolly
 United States
Athletics
Triple jump G
–

Alexandre Tuffère
 France
Triple jump S

Ioannis Persakis
 Greece
Triple jump B

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Discus G

Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
 Greece
Discus S

Sotirios Versis
 Greece
Discus B

2
7 April 1896[1]
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Long jump S
See above

James Connolly
 United States
Long jump B

3
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Shot put G
1896 – 1 G, 2 S

9 April 1896[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics
Vault G
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Vault B
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

4
Gymnastics
Pommel horse S

5
Rings S

6
Horizontal bar G

16 July 1900
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump B
1896 – 1 G, 2 S, 3 G, 4 S
1900 – 5 B

3 September 1904
Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump G
1900 – 1 G, 2 G, 3 G
1904 – 4 G, 5 G

7
20 July 1908
Athletics
Standing long jump G

8
23 July 1908
Standing high jump G

29 July 1920
Carl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle, prone G
1912 – 1 B, 2 S, 3 S, 4 G
1920 – 5 B, 6 S, 7 G

9
30 July 1920
300 m military rifle, standing G

10
31 July 1920
Team free rifle G

11
27 June 1924
Shooting
600 m free rifle S

3 August 1928
Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
5000 m S
1920 – 1 S, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G
1924 – 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G, 9 G
1928 – 10 G

12
4 August 1928
3000 m steeplechase S

2 September 1960
Edoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
Team foil S
1936 – 1 G
1948 – 2 S, 3 S, 4 B
1952 – 5 S, 6 S, 7 G, 8 G
1956 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 B

13
9 September 1960
Team épée G

21 October 1964
Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
Team G
1956 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 S
1960 – 7 G, 8 G, 9 S, 10 S, 11 B, 12 G

14
All-around S

15
22 October 1964
Vault S

16
Uneven bars B

17
23 October 1964
Balance beam B

18
Floor exercise G

31 July 2012
Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
200 m butterfly S
2004 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 B, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G
2008 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 G, 12 G, 13 G, 14 G, 15 G, 16 G
2012 – 17 S

19
4 × 200 m freestyle G

20
2 August 2012
200 m individual medley G

21
3 August 2012
100 m butterfly G

22
4 August 2012
4 × 100 m medley relay G

23
7 August 2016
4 × 100 m freestyle relay G

24
9 August 2016
200 m butterfly G

25
4 × 200 m freestyle relay G

26
11 August 2016
200 m individual medley G

27
12 August 2016
100 m butterfly S

28
13 August 2016
4 × 100 m medley relay G

text: Legend: G = Gold, S = Silver, B = Bronze.

text: List of most career medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list contains only medals won in individual events, no relays or team events count for this section.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Sex
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

3
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

4
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

5
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2

6
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
3
3
4

7
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5

8
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0

10
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1

Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1

Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1

13
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4

14
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1

15
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

16
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0

Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0

18
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

21
Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

23
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
2
5
1

24
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1

Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

28
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0

29
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

30
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1

31
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
4
1

Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
2

35
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
2
2
3

36
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

37
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
2
5

text: Athletes with medals in different disciplines[edit]

text: In the Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text:
Athlete (Nation)
Summer Games
Winter Games
Ref

Year
Medal
Event
Year
Medal
Event

 Eddie Eagan (USA)
1920 Antwerp
01 ! Gold
Boxing (light heavyweight)
1932 Lake Placid
01 ! Gold
Bobsleigh (four-man)
[2]

 Jacob Tullin Thams (NOR)
1936 Berlin
02 ! Silver
Sailing (8-metre)
1924 Chamonix
01 ! Gold
Ski jumping (individual large hill)
[3]

 Christa Luding-Rothenburger (GDR)
1988 Seoul
02 ! Silver
Cycling (sprint)
1984 Sarajevo
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (500 m)
[4]

1988 Calgary
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (1000 m)

02 ! Silver
Speed skating (500 m)

1992 Albertville
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (500 m)

 Clara Hughes (CAN)
1996 Atlanta
03 ! Bronze
Cycling (road race)
2002 Salt Lake City
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)
[5]

2006 Turin
02 ! Silver
Speed skating (team pursuit)

03 ! Bronze
Cycling (time trial)
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (5000 m)

2010 Vancouver
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)

 Lauryn Williams (USA)
2004 Athens
02 ! Silver
Athletics (100 m)
2014 Sochi
02 ! Silver
Bobsleigh (two-woman)
[6]

2012 London
01 ! Gold
Athletics (4 × 100 m relay)

text:
Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics, winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.
Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events. He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events.
Christa Luding-Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. (This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years). She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa.
Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games.

tag: ul

text: In the Summer Games[edit]

text: Swimming and water polo[edit]

text:
Paul Radmilovic (GBR)
 Johnny Weissmuller (USA)
 Gérard Blitz (BEL)
 Tim Shaw (USA)

text: Others in Summer Games[edit]

text:
Morris Kirksey (USA) (athletics and rugby)
 Edwin Flack (AUS) (athletics and tennis)
 Karch Kiraly (USA) (indoor volleyball and beach volleyball)
 Otto Herschmann (AUT) (swimming and fencing)
 Carl Schuhmann (GER) (gymnastics and wrestling)
 Rebecca Romero (GBR) (cycling and rowing)
 Roswitha Krause (GER) (swimming and handball)
 Walter W. Winans (USA) (shooting and sculpture)
 Alfréd Hajós (HUN) (swimming and architecture)
 Conn Findlay (USA) (rowing and sailing)
 Magnus Wegelius (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Veli Nieminen (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Daniel Norling (SWE) (gymnastics and equestrian)
 Fritz Hofmann (GER) (gymnastics and athletics)
 Oswald Holmberg (SWE) (gymnastics and tug of war)
 Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) (modern pentathlon and fencing)

text: In the Winter Games[edit]

text: Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined[edit]

text:
Thorleif Haug (NOR)
 Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
 Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
 Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
 Heikki Hasu (FIN)

text: Others in Winter Games[edit]

text:
Anfisa Reztsova (URS) (biathlon and cross-country skiing)
 Susi Erdmann (GER) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Eric Flaim (USA) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Jorien ter Mors (NED) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Ester Ledecká (CZE) (alpine skiing and snowboarding)


document_title: Pueblo Revolt

question_text: the pueblo man that in 1680 led a successful rebellion against the spanish

text: Pueblo Revolt

text: Background[edit]

text: For more than 100 years beginning in 1540, the Pueblo Indians of present-day New Mexico were subjected to successive waves of soldiers, missionaries, and settlers. These encounters, referred to as the Entradas, were characterized by violent confrontations between Spanish colonists and Pueblo peoples. The Tiguex War, fought in the winter of 1540–41 by the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen pueblos of Tiwa Indians, was particularly destructive to Pueblo and Spanish relations.

text: In 1598 Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan Catholic priests plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico. There were at the time approximately 40,000 Pueblo Indians inhabiting the region. Oñate put down a revolt at Acoma Pueblo by killing and enslaving hundreds of the Indians and sentencing all men 25 or older to have their foot cut off. The Acoma Massacre would instill fear of the Spanish in the region for years to come, though Franciscan missionaries were assigned to several of the Pueblo towns to Christianize the natives.[2]

text: Spanish colonial policies in the 1500s regarding the humane treatment of Indians were difficult to enforce on the northern frontier. With the establishment of the first permanent colonial settlement in 1598, the Pueblos were forced to provide tribute to the colonists in the form of labor, ground corn and textiles. Encomiendas were soon established by colonists along the Rio Grande, restricting Pueblo access to fertile farmlands and water supplies and placing a heavy burden upon Pueblo labor.[3] Especially egregious to the Pueblo was the assault on their traditional religion. Franciscan priests established theocracies in many of the Pueblo villages. The priests converted the Pueblos to build the Spanish empire in New Mexico. In 1608, it looked as though Spain might abandon the province, the Franciscans baptized seven thousand Pueblos to try to convince the Crown otherwise.[4] Although the Franciscans initially tolerated manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray Alonso de Posada (in New Mexico 1656–1665) outlawed Kachina dances by the Pueblo Indians and ordered the missionaries to seize and burn their masks, prayer stick, and effigies.[5] The Franciscan missionaries also forbade the use of entheogenic drugs in the traditional religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. Several Spanish officials, such as Nicolas de Aguilar, who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the Inquisition.

text: In the 1670s drought swept the region, causing a famine among the Pueblo and increased raids by the Apache, which Spanish and Pueblo soldiers were unable to prevent. Fray Alonso de Benavides wrote multiple letters to the King, describing the conditions, noting "the Spanish inhabitants and Indians alike to eat hides and straps of carts".[6] The unrest among the Pueblos came to a head in 1675. Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing "sorcery".[7][8] Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño was forced to accede to the Pueblo demand for the release of the prisoners. Among those released was a San Juan ("Ohkay Owingeh" in the Tewa Language) Indian named "Popé".[7]

text: Rebellion[edit]

text: Following his release, Popé, along with a number of other Pueblo leaders (see list below), planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt. Popé took up residence in Taos Pueblo far from the capital of Santa Fe and spent the next five years seeking support for a revolt among the 46 Pueblo towns. He gained the support of the Northern Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Tano, and Keres-speaking Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley. The Pecos Pueblo, 50 miles east of the Rio Grande pledged its participation in the revolt as did the Zuni and Hopi, 120 and 200 miles respectively west of the Rio Grande. The Pueblos not joining the revolt were the four southern Tiwa (Tiguex) towns near Santa Fe and the Piro Pueblos south of the principal Pueblo population centers near the present day city of Socorro. The southern Tiwa and the Piro were more thoroughly integrated into Spanish culture than the other groups.[9] The Spanish population of about 2,400, including mixed-blood mestizos, and Indian servants and retainers, was scattered thinly throughout the region. Santa Fe was the only place that approximated being a town. The Spanish could only muster 170 men with arms.[10] The Pueblos joining the revolt probably had 2,000 or more adult men capable of using native weapons such as the bow and arrow. It is possible that some Apache and Navajo participated in the revolt.

text: The Pueblo revolt was typical of millenarian movements in colonial societies. Popé promised that, once the Spanish were killed or expelled, the ancient Pueblo gods would reward them with health and prosperity.[9] Popé's plan was that the inhabitants of each Pueblo would rise up and kill the Spanish in their area and then all would advance on Santa Fe to kill or expel all the remaining Spanish. The date set for the uprising was August 11, 1680. Popé dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords. Each morning the Pueblo leadership was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison. On August 9, however, the Spaniards were warned of the impending revolt by southern Tiwa leaders and they captured two Tesuque Pueblo youths entrusted with carrying the message to the pueblos. They were tortured to make them reveal the significance of the knotted cord.[11]

text: Popé then ordered the revolt to begin a day early. The Hopi pueblos located on the remote Hopi Mesas of Arizona did not receive the advanced notice for the beginning of the revolt and followed the schedule for the revolt.[12] On August 10, the Puebloans rose up, stole the Spaniards' horses to prevent them from fleeing, sealed off roads leading to Santa Fe, and pillaged Spanish settlements. A total of 400 people were killed, including men, women, children, and 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. Survivors fled to Santa Fe and Isleta Pueblo, 10 miles south of Albuquerque and one of the Pueblos that did not participate in the rebellion. By August 13, all the Spanish settlements in New Mexico had been destroyed and Santa Fe was besieged. The Puebloans surrounded the city and cut off its water supply. In desperation, on August 21, New Mexico Governor Antonio de Otermín, barricaded in the Palace of the Governors, sallied outside the palace with all of his available men and forced the Puebloans to retreat with heavy losses. He then led the Spaniards out of the city and retreated southward along the Rio Grande, headed for El Paso del Norte. The Puebloans shadowed the Spaniards but did not attack. The Spaniards who had taken refuge in Isleta had also retreated southward on August 15, and on September 6 the two groups of survivors, numbering 1,946, met at Socorro. About 500 of the survivors were Indian slaves. They were escorted to El Paso by a Spanish supply train. The Puebloans did not block their passage out of New Mexico.[13][14]

text: Popé's world[edit]

text: The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico in the power of the Puebloans.[15] Popé was a mysterious figure in the history of the southwest as there are many tales among the Puebloans of what happened to him after the revolt. Later testimony to the Spanish by Pueblo Indians was probably colored by anti-Popé sentiments and a desire to tell the Spanish what they wanted to hear.[16]

text: Apparently, Popé and his two lieutenants, Alonso Catiti from Santo Domingo and Luis Tupatu from Picuris, traveled from town to town ordering a return "to the state of their antiquity." All crosses, churches, and Christian images were to be destroyed. The people were ordered to cleanse themselves in ritual baths, to use their Puebloan names, and to destroy all vestiges of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees.[17] Popé, it was said, forbade the planting of wheat and barley and commanded those Indians who had been married according to the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives and to take others after the old native tradition.[18]

text: The Puebloans had no tradition of political unity. Each pueblo was self-governing, and some, or all, apparently resisted Popé's demands for a return to a pre-Spanish existence. The paradise Popé had promised when the Spanish were expelled did not materialize. A drought continued, destroying Puebloan crops, and the raids by Apache and Navajo increased. Initially, however, the Puebloans were united in their objective of preventing a return of the Spanish.[19][20]

text: Popé was deposed as the leader of the Puebloans about a year after the revolt and disappears from history.[21] He is believed to have died shortly before the Spanish reconquest in 1692.[22][23]

text: Spanish attempt to return[edit]

text: In November 1681, Otermin attempted to return to New Mexico. He assembled a force of 146 Spanish and an equal number of Indian soldiers in El Paso and marched north along the Rio Grande. He first encountered the Piro pueblos, which had been abandoned and their churches destroyed. At Isleta pueblo he fought a brief battle with the inhabitants and then accepted their surrender. Staying in Isleta, he dispatched a company of soldiers and Indians to establish Spanish authority. The Puebloans feigned surrender while gathering a large force to oppose Otermin. With the threat of a Puebloan attack growing, on January 1, 1682 Otermin decided to return to El Paso, burning pueblos and taking the people of Isleta with him. The first Spanish attempt to regain control of New Mexico had failed.[14]

text: Some of the Isleta later returned to New Mexico, but others remained in El Paso, living in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. The Piro also moved to El Paso to live among the Spaniards, eventually forming part of the Piro, Manso, and Tiwa tribe.[24]

text: The Spanish were never able to re-convince some Puebloans to join Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and the Spanish often returned seeking peace instead of reconquest. For example, the Hopi remained free of any Spanish attempt at reconquest; though they did, at several non-violent attempts, try for unsuccessful peace treaties and unsuccessful trade agreements.[25] For some Puebloans, the Revolt was a success in its objective to drive away European influence.

text: Reconquest[edit]

text: The Spanish return to New Mexico was prompted by their fears of French advances into the Mississippi valley and their desire to create a defensive frontier against the increasingly aggressive nomadic Indians on their northern borders.[26][27] In August 1692, Diego de Vargas marched to Santa Fe unopposed along with a converted Zia war captain, Bartolomé de Ojeda. De Vargas, with only sixty soldiers, one hundred Indian auxiliaries, seven cannons (which he used as leverage against the Pueblo inside Santa Fe), and one Franciscan priest, arrived at Santa Fe on September 13. He promised the 1,000 Pueblo people assembled there clemency and protection if they would swear allegiance to the King of Spain and return to the Christian faith. After a while the Pueblo rejected the Spaniards. After much persuading, the Spanish finally made the Pueblo agree to peace. On September 14, 1692,[28] de Vargas proclaimed a formal act of repossession. It was the thirteenth town he had reconquered for God and King in this manner, he wrote jubilantly to the Conde de Galve, viceroy of New Spain.[28] During the next month de Vargas visited other Pueblos and accepted their acquiescence to Spanish rule.

text: Though the 1692 agreement to peace was bloodless, in the years that followed de Vargas maintained increasingly severe control over the increasingly defiant Pueblo. De Vargas returned to Mexico and gathered together about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe in December 1693. This time, however, 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town opposed his entry. De Vargas and his forces staged a quick and bloody recapture that concluded with the surrender and execution of the 70 Pueblo warriors and with their families sentenced to ten years' servitude.[29]

text: In 1696 the Indians of fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the murders of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the Indians over the years; de Vargas's retribution was unmerciful, thorough and prolonged.[29][30] By the end of the century the last resisting Pueblo town had surrendered and the Spanish reconquest was essentially complete. Many of the Pueblos, however, fled New Mexico to join the Apache or Navajo or to attempt to re-settle on the Great Plains.[26] One of their settlements has been found in Kansas at El Quartalejo.[31]

text: While the independence of many pueblos from the Spaniards was short-lived, the Pueblo Revolt gained the Pueblo Indians a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts. The Franciscan priests returning to New Mexico did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their traditional religion.[27]

text: In the arts[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1995, in Albuquerque, La Compañía de Teatro de Albuquerque produced the bilingual play Casi Hermanos, written by Ramon Flores and James Lujan. It depicted events leading up to the Pueblo Revolt, inspired by accounts of two half-brothers who met on opposite sides of the battlefield.

text: A statue of Po'Pay was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the US Capitol Building in 2005 as one of New Mexico's two statues.[32]

text: In 2005, in Los Angeles, Native Voices at the Autry produced Kino and Teresa, an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet written by Taos Pueblo playwright James Lujan. Set five years after the Spanish Reconquest of 1692, the play links actual historical figures with their literary counterparts to dramatize how both sides learned to live together and form the culture that is present-day New Mexico.

text: In 2010, students Clara Natonabah, Nolan Eskeets, Ariel Antone, members of the Santa Fe Indian School Spoken Word Team wrote and performed their spoken word piece telling the story of the Pueblo Revolt, "Po'pay" to critical acclaim in New Mexico and the US. The team performed in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The track can be found on iTunes.

text: The Pueblo Revolt is referred to in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Journey's End," in which Capt. Jean-Luc Picard learns that an ancestor of his, Javier Maribona Picard, helped suppress the uprising. In 2370, Capt. Picard is ordered to forcibly remove the American Indian inhabitants by Starfleet Command to begin a peace treaty between the Federation and the Cardassians. The Indians believe Picard was chosen after 700 years for the removal to give him a chance to atone for his ancestor. Starfleet Cadet Wesley Crusher stops the removal when the Indian Medicine Man (The Traveler) permanently takes Wesley away from humanity.

text: Pueblo revolt leaders and their home pueblos[edit]

text:
Ku-htihth (Cochiti): Antonio Malacate
Galisteo (Galisteo): Juan El Tano
Walatowa (Jemez): Luis Conixu
Nambé (Nambé): Diego Xenome
Welai (Picuris): Luis Tupatu (Ciervo Blanco)
Powhogeh (San Ildefonso): Francisco El Ollito and Nicolas de la Cruz Jonv
Ohkay (San Juan): Po'pay and Tagu
San Lazaro: Antonio Bolsas and Cristobal Yope
Khapo (Santa Clara): Domingo Naranjo and Cajete
Kewa (Santo Domingo): Alonzo Catiti
Teotho (Taos): El Saca
Tehsugeh (Tesuque): Domingo Romero [33]


document_title: Keel (bird anatomy)

question_text: what part of a chicken is the keel

question_tokens: what part of a chicken is the keel

text: Keel (bird anatomy)

text: A keel or carina (plural carinae) in bird anatomy is an extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs. The keel provides an anchor to which a bird's wing muscles attach, thereby providing adequate leverage for flight. Keels do not exist on all birds; in particular, some flightless birds lack a keel structure.

text: Historically, the presence or absence of a pronounced keel structure was used as a broad classification of birds into two orders: Carinatae (from carina, "keel"), having a pronounced keel; and ratites (from ratis, "raft" — referring to the flatness of the sternum), having a subtle keel structure or lacking one entirely. However, this classification has fallen into disuse as evolutionary studies have shown that many flightless birds have evolved from flighted birds. The current definition of Carinatae now includes all extant birds.


document_title: Fort Wagner

question_text: what famous african american regiment fought bravely at fort wagner

text: Fort Wagner

text: Construction[edit]

text: Named for deceased Lt. Col. Thomas M. Wagner, Fort Wagner measured 250 by 100 yards (91 m), and spanned an area between the Atlantic on the east and an impassable swamp on the west. Its walls, composed of sand and earth, rose 30 feet (9.1 m) above the level beach and were supported by palmetto logs and sandbags. The fort's arsenal included fourteen cannons, the largest a 10-inch (250 mm) Columbiad that fired a 128-pound shell. It was a large structure capable of sheltering nearly 1,000 of the fort's 1,700-man garrison and provided substantial protection against naval shelling. The fort's land face was protected by a water-filled trench, 10 feet (3.0 m) wide and 5 feet (1.5 m) deep, surrounded by buried land mines and sharpened palmetto stakes.[1]  The fort itself was supported by defenses throughout Morris Island.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The First Battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863. Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to 339 losses for the U.S. side.[1]

text: The Second Battle of Fort Wagner, a week later, is better known. This was the U.S. attack on July 18, 1863, led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers. Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged, and was killed in the assault.[1]

text: Although a tactical defeat, the publicity of the battle of Fort Wagner led to further action for black U.S. troops in the Civil War, and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the U.S. Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South.[1]

text: U.S. forces besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault. By August 25, U.S. entrenchments were close enough to attempt an assault on the Advanced Rifle Pits, 240 yards in front of the Battery, but this attempt was defeated. A second attempt, by the 24th Mass. Inf., on August 26 was successful. After enduring almost 60 days of heavy U.S. shelling, the Confederates abandoned it on the night of September 6–7, 1863. withdrawing all operable cannons and the garrison.[1][3]

text: The main reason the fort was abandoned was a concern about the loss of the garrison due to artillery fire and the threat of imminent assault.  On September 6, the garrison commander, Colonel Keitt, wrote to his superiors that "The garrison must be taken away immediately after dark, or it will be destroyed or captured. It is idle to deny that the heavy Parrott shells have breached the walls and are knocking away the bomb-proofs. Pray have boats immediately after dark at Cummings Point to take away the men. I say deliberately that this must be done or the garrison will be sacrificed. I am sending the wounded and sick now to Cummings Point, and will continue to do so, if possible, until all are gone. I have a number of them now there. I have not in the garrison 400 effective men, including artillery. The engineers agree in opinion with me, or, rather, shape my opinion. I shall say no more."  A council of war in Charleston on the 4th had already reached the same conclusion, and the evacuation was carried out as planned.[4]

text: After the war a revisionist story arose concerning access to fresh water. The claim was made that bodies of the U.S. troops (54th Massachusetts and many white troops) were buried close to the fort and the decomposition of the bodies poisoned the fresh water well within the fort. Continuing bombardment and interception of food/water supplies by boat from Charleston made holding the fort difficult.[3] This version of the story is directly contradicted by official Confederate correspondence at the time of the evacuation.

text: Within twenty years of the Civil War, the remnants of the fort had been washed away by erosion on Morris Island. A group of three ex-servicemen traveled to the fort in May 1885 and reported that the entire fort and approaches to it had washed away into the ocean.[5]

text: The fall of Battery Wagner would have considerable strategic significance. With its loss and that of Fort Gregg, Morris Island too fell to the United States. Although Charleston remained in the hands of the rebels its port was effectively closed.  At the end of the year Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles could report that "the commerce of Charleston has ceased."[6]  The impact also showed directly in rebel customs receipts, which fell drastically from 1863 to 1864.[7]  The labors and sacrifices of the United States forces during the storms and siege had in the end shut down a vital lifeline to the rebellion.

text: 54th Massachusetts[edit]

text: The most famous regiment that fought for the U.S. side in the battle of Fort Wagner was the 54th regiment, which was one of the first African-American regiments in the war. The 54th was controversial in the North, where many people supported the abolition of slavery, but still treated African-Americans as lesser or inferior to whites. Though some claimed blacks could not fight as well as whites, the actions of the 54th Massachusetts demonstrated once again the fallacy in that argument, as this was not the first time blacks ever fought in war or even for the United States.

text: William Carney, an African-American and a sergeant with the 54th, is considered the first black recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner in recovering and returning the unit's American flag to U.S. lines.[1] After the battle, the Confederates buried the regiment's commanding officer, Robert Gould Shaw, in a mass grave with the African-American soldiers of his regiment, viewing this as an insult to him. Instead, his family were grateful to them for burying Shaw with his men.

text: Morris Island is smaller than 1,000 acres and is subject to extensive erosion by storm and sea. Much of the previous site of Fort Wagner has been eroded away, including the place where the Union soldiers had been buried. However, by the time this had happened, the soldiers' remains were no longer there because soon after the end of the Civil War, the Army disinterred and reburied all the remains—including, presumably, those of Col. Shaw—at the Beaufort National Cemetery in Beaufort, South Carolina, where their gravestones were marked as "unknown."[8]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This fort plays a major part in the film Glory. One of the final scenes portrays Colonel Shaw and the men of the 54th Massachusetts leading the attack and storming the fort unsuccessfully.[1]

text: Preservation[edit]

text: Although the Atlantic Ocean consumed Fort Wagner in the late 1800s and the original site is now offshore, the Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 118 acres (0.48 km2) of historic Morris Island, which had gun emplacements and other military installations during the war.[9]


document_title: Nilgiri tahr

question_text: nilgiri himalayan and arabic are type of what

text: Nilgiri tahr

text: Etymology[edit]

text: In the Tamil language it is called varaiaadu (வரையாடு), the term being composed of two Tamil words, wurrai a precipice, and aadu, a goat.In Malayalam it is pronounced as "Varayaadu" (വരയാട്).[2] The ancient word in classical Tamil was "varudai" (வருடை: Natrinai, 359; Ainkurunuru, 287; Pattinappalai, 139). It was previously named Capra warryato by Gray.[3]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: Its closest relatives are sheep (genus Ovis). Until 2005, it was placed with the Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and the Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) in the genus Hemitragus. However, it has recently been transferred to a new genus Nilgiritragus because it is genetically more similar to members of the genus Ovis than to other tahrs.[4]

text: Description[edit]

text: The Nilgiri tahr is a stocky goat with short, coarse fur and a bristly mane. Males are larger than females and of darker color when mature. Both sexes have curved horns, reaching up to 40 centimetres (16 in) for males and 30 centimetres (12 in) for females. Adult males weigh 80 to 100 kilograms (180 to 220 lb) and stand about 100 centimetres (39 in) tall at the shoulder. Adult males develop a light grey area on their backs and are thus called "saddlebacks".[2]

text: Habitat and distribution[edit]

text: The Nilgiri tahr inhabits the open montane grassland habitat of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion. At elevations from 1,200 to 2,600 metres (3,900 to 8,500 ft), the forests open into grasslands interspersed with pockets of stunted forests, locally known as sholas. These grassland habitats are surrounded by dense forests at the lower elevations. The Nilgiri tahrs formerly ranged over these grasslands in large herds, before but hunting and poaching in the nineteenth century reduced their population.[1][5]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: As few as 100 Nilgiri tahrs were left in the wild by the early 20th century. Since that time their numbers have inceased somewhat; in a comprehensive study of the Nilgiri tahr population in Western Ghats, the WWF-India has put the population at 3,122.[6] Their range extends over 400 kilometres (250 mi) from north to south, and Eravikulam National Park is home to the largest population. As per the Wildlife census conducted by Kerala forest department in association with volunteers from College of Forestry & Veterinary Science under Kerala Agricultural University, from April 24-28, 2014, number of animals in Eravikulam National Park has increased to 894 individuals. This is the highest ever count recorded in the national park, with the first census in 1996 finding only 640 tahrs.[5] The other significant concentration is in the Nilgiri Hills, with smaller populations in the Anamalai Hills, Periyar National Park, Palni Hills and other pockets in the Western Ghats south of Eravikulam, almost to India's southern tip. A small populations of tahr numbering around 200 are known to inhabit the Boothapandi, Azhakiyapandipuram, Velimalai, Kulasekaram and Kaliyal Ranges in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu [7] and another small herd of less than 30 animals is known to inhibit Ponmudi hills in Trivandrum district of Kerala [8]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
In Rajamala, Munnar

Nilgiri tahrs making their way down the mountain

An adult male Nilgiri tahr, with a pallid harrier (female)