document_title: Severus Snape

question_text: what does it mean snape is the half blood prince

text: Severus Snape

text: Character development

text: In an interview,[3] Rowling described Snape's character as an "antihero". She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood,[4] and described Snape as a horrible teacher,[5] saying the "worst, shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students."[6] However, she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher.[7] Although Rowling has said that Gilderoy Lockhart is her only character that she "deliberately based on a real person",[8] Snape was reportedly based, at least in part, on John Nettleship, who taught Rowling chemistry and employed her mother as an assistant at Wyedean School near Chepstow.[9][10][11] For Snape's surname, Rowling borrowed the name of the village of Snape, Suffolk.[12] In a 1999 interview[13] and again in 2004,[8] Rowling singled out Snape as one of her favourite characters to write.

text: Rowling was less forthcoming about Snape than she was for other characters, because his true loyalties and motivations were not revealed until the final book.[14] However, she hinted numerous times at Snape's important role, suggesting that people should "keep their eye on Snape".[4][15] In 1999, answering a question regarding Snape's love life and the redemptive pattern to his character, Rowling expressed her surprise at the foresight.[16] Rowling also disclosed that after the publication of Prisoner of Azkaban, there was one female fan who guessed Snape loved Lily Potter, making Rowling wonder how she had given herself away.[17]

text: After the completion of the series, Rowling began to speak openly about Snape, discussing the contrast between his character arc and that of Albus Dumbledore.[18] Rowling said "the series is built around [the Dumbledore and Snape storylines]", and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to be at the end and that she carefully plotted his storyline throughout the series. "I had to drop clues all the way through because as you know in the seventh book when you have the revelation scene where everything shifts and you realise...what Snape's motivation was. I had to plot that through the books because at the point where you see what was really going on, it would have been an absolute cheat on the reader at that point just to show a bunch of stuff you've never seen before."[17] Rowling further said in an interview that she wanted Snape to find redemption and forgiveness: "Snape is a complicated man...he was a flawed human being, like all of us. Harry forgives him...Harry really sees the good in Snape ultimately... I wanted there to be redemption."[19]

text: Appearances

text: Snape first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, shortly after Harry arrives at Hogwarts. He is the school's Potions Master, though he is widely rumoured to covet the Defence Against the Dark Arts post.[20] Snape himself confirms the rumour in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.[21] Snape is a sinister and malicious teacher who makes frequent snide and disparaging remarks at Harry's expense. He quickly becomes the primary antagonist of the book, as Harry suspects him of plotting to steal the philosopher's stone, and of attempting to kill him. Only the climax of the book reveals that Professor Quirrell, in league with Lord Voldemort, is the real enemy; Snape, suspicious of Quirrell, had been looking out for Harry throughout the book. In the final chapter, Dumbledore suggests that because Harry's father James had saved Snape's life when they were both students, even though the two detested each other, Snape felt responsible for Harry in return.[22] As the final book reveals, this is not the full story. In any case, even after Quirrell's true role is revealed, Harry retains feelings of suspicion and resentment towards Snape, and their relationship remains tense. Snape's behaviour and attitude towards Harry also remain unchanged.

text: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets

text: Snape has a minor role in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, where he helps Gilderoy Lockhart oversee Hogwarts' short-lived Duelling Club,[23] but he has little interaction with the main plot. It is while attending the Duelling Club that Harry learns the Expelliarmus spell, which plays a significant role in later books, by seeing Snape use it.

text: In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Snape demonstrates his expertise with potions by brewing the complex Wolfsbane potion for the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Remus Lupin.[24] Throughout the third book, Snape suspects that Lupin may be helping Harry's godfather Sirius Black enter Hogwarts castle; Sirius had been convicted (wrongly, as it is later revealed) of murdering Peter Pettigrew and innocent bystanders, and betraying the Potter family's hiding place to Voldemort. This suspicion stems from Lupin's friendship with Sirius and Harry's father, James, while they were all at Hogwarts as students.[25] Near the climax of the book, Snape attempts to apprehend Sirius, but Sirius escapes with Harry's aid. Snape informs Dumbledore of this circumstance, and when Harry and Lupin are not punished, Snape retaliates by revealing to the entire school that Lupin is a werewolf, forcing the latter to resign his post.[26]

text: Prisoner of Azkaban reveals more details about the connection between Snape and James. While in school together, Sirius once tricked Snape into almost entering the Shrieking Shack while Lupin was there, transformed into a werewolf. James realised the danger and stopped Snape, saving his life; this is the incident Dumbledore referred to at the end of the first book. Snape, however, believes James' actions were self-serving, to avoid being expelled.[27]

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Snape's role in the fourth novel, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, is not substantially different from that of the previous three books. He is apoplectic when Harry is unexpectedly entered into the Triwizard Tournament. Later Harry accidentally falls into Dumbledore's Pensieve and views memories of several Death Eater trials from years before. At one point, Snape is named as a Death Eater by Igor Karkaroff, but Dumbledore comes to Snape's defence, claiming that although Snape had indeed been a Death Eater, he changed sides before Voldemort's downfall and turned spy against him. Later, Dumbledore assures Harry that Snape's reformation is genuine, though he refuses to tell Harry how he knows this, saying the information "is a matter between Professor Snape and myself".[28]

text: At the end of the book, Dumbledore attempts to convince a disbelieving Minister for Magic, Cornelius Fudge, that Voldemort has returned. As proof, Snape willingly shows Fudge the restored Dark Mark on his arm. He is subsequently sent on a secret mission by Dumbledore. This mission, as had been implied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and revealed in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was to rejoin the Death Eaters and spy on Voldemort as a re-doubled agent, while pretending to spy on Dumbledore on behalf of Voldemort.

text: In the fifth novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Snape returns to a more prominent role. With Voldemort having returned to a fully corporeal body, Snape continues working as a re-doubled agent for Dumbledore.[29] He is seen prior to the start of school at Number 12, Grimmauld Place giving reports to the Order of the Phoenix.[30] He has a very strained relationship with Sirius, who owns Grimmauld Place and must remain there in hiding. The two trade frequent snide remarks and at one point almost begin a duel. Snape taunts Sirius about the latter's not being able to take an active role in the Order's missions because of his fugitive status. Harry feels later that this taunting contributed to Sirius' willingness to take unsafe risks.[31] Back at school, Snape's allegiance to the Order has no effect on his dislike for Harry.

text: Later in the book, Dumbledore has Snape teach Harry Occlumency, the protection of the mind from outside intrusion or influence.[31] The sessions are made difficult by their mutual hostility and end prematurely when Harry uses Dumbledore's Pensieve to view one of Snape's worst childhood memories without the latter's permission. He sees the memory of Snape being bullied by James and Sirius, and of calling Harry's mother Lily a Mudblood (a highly offensive term).[25] Only in the final book is it revealed that, prior to this confrontation, Snape and Lily had been close friends.

text: Towards the end of the novel, Dolores Umbridge – the school's politically appointed headmistress – captures Harry and interrogates him about Dumbledore's whereabouts. She sends for Snape, demanding that he provide the magical truth serum Veritaserum in order to force Harry to reveal any information he may be hiding. Snape claims that his supplies of the serum have been exhausted after Umbridge tries to use the drug previously on Harry. It is later revealed that Snape had in fact supplied Umbridge with fake Veritaserum on the prior attempt. Snape then carries Harry's cryptic warning about Sirius' capture to the other Order members, allowing them to come to the rescue in the Department of Mysteries.[32] Harry still holds Snape partly responsible for Sirius' death, believing Snape's goading spurred Sirius into joining the battle.

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

text: In the second chapter of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy visit Snape at his home in Spinner's End. Narcissa's son Draco has been given a difficult task by Voldemort, and Narcissa swears Snape to an Unbreakable Vow that he will protect Draco, help him complete Voldemort's task, and finish the task himself if Draco fails. When questioned by Bellatrix about his loyalties, Snape says he has been working for Voldemort ever since Voldemort's return, and explains his actions in the previous books in that light. He points out that gaining Dumbledore's trust and protection has kept him out of Azkaban and free to operate on Voldemort's behalf.[33]

text: At the start-of-term feast at Hogwarts, Dumbledore announces Snape as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. Horace Slughorn, a retired Hogwarts teacher, replaces Snape as Potions Master. With Snape no longer teaching Potions, Harry enrolls in Slughorn's class and is lent an old textbook until his new one arrives. Harry finds marginalia, including a variety of hexes and jinxes seemingly invented by an unknown student, and substantial improvements to the book's standard potion-making instructions. The text is inscribed as being "the Property of the Half-Blood Prince". The notes greatly bolster Harry's performance in Potions, so much so that he impresses Slughorn. Snape, who maintains that he "never had the impression that [he] had been able to teach Potter anything at all", is suspicious of Harry's newfound Potions success.[34]

text: Later, during a fight with Draco, Harry casts one of the Prince's spells marked "For Enemies," and is horrified by the devastating wounds it inflicts to Draco's face and chest. Snape rushes to the scene and heals Draco, then interrogates Harry regarding the spell, using Legilimency to extract the source of Harry's knowledge (the Potions textbook) from Harry's mind. When Snape insists that Harry show him his Potions textbook, Harry hides the Prince's book and gives him Ron Weasley's book instead. As punishment for the attack and knowing Harry is lying about the textbook, Snape assigns Harry detention during the final Quidditch match of the year.[35]

text: Before leaving Hogwarts to accompany Dumbledore in locating another horcrux –part of Voldemort's soul– Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort, resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents. Despite this and Harry's angry questions, Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape. Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort's Horcrux, Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school's astronomy tower. Gravely weakened by the horcrux's protective potion, Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape, but before Harry can leave, Draco suddenly arrives, intending to carry out Voldemort's order to assassinate Dumbledore, closely followed by other Death Eaters (followers of Voldemort), and Snape. Snape interrupts the planned murder, killing the headmaster himself.[36] Harry, who is paralysed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection, witnesses the kill, and is released upon Dumbledore's death. Enraged, he pursues Snape, Draco, and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle. Snape easily blocks Harry's spells and jeeringly points out Harry's mistakes, but never strikes back. During the confrontation, Snape reveals himself as the eponymous "Half-Blood Prince" (being the half-blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince). Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow at the book's end.[37] The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape's actions remain unknown until the final book. In an interview, Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series, the Harry–Snape relationship has become "as personal, if not more so, than Harry–Voldemort."[38]

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Voldemort and his Death Eaters have tightened their grip on the wizarding world. Snape is named Headmaster of Hogwarts, while Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow are appointed as Hogwarts staff. The novel focuses largely on Harry and his friends and events outside the school; therefore Snape plays a limited role at the start. In the course of the book, Harry and his friends find out that a few students attempted to steal the Sword of Godric Gryffindor, and that Snape subsequently sent it to be stored at Gringotts Wizarding Bank; however, that sword was only a copy. Later on, Harry and Ron are led to find the real sword by a Patronus taking the form of a doe.[39] (Towards the end of the book, Harry learns that this was Snape's Patronus, taking the same shape as Harry's mother Lily's Patronus, a visible sign of his lifelong love for Harry's mother, and that Dumbledore had asked Snape to ensure that Harry gained possession of the sword.[40] The novel also reveals that Snape had covertly used his position as Headmaster to protect the students and to contain the Carrows.[40])

text: Towards the end of the school year, Professors McGonagall, Flitwick, and Sprout force Snape to flee the school.[41] Voldemort summons Snape to the Shrieking Shack. Erroneously believing Snape is the master of the Elder Wand and that Snape's death will make him the master of the Wand, Voldemort kills Snape by having his pet snake Nagini bite him through the neck.[42] The dying Snape releases a cloud of memories and tells Harry, who has watched the entire scene from a hidden spot, to take and view them.

text: From these memories, Harry sees Snape's childhood and learns his true loyalties. In this vision, Harry learns that Snape befriended Lily as a child when they lived near each other. Upon their arrival at Hogwarts, the Sorting Hat placed Snape and Lily into Slytherin and Gryffindor Houses, respectively. They remained friends for the next few years until they were driven apart by Snape's interest in the Dark Arts; the friendship finally ended following the bullying episode that Harry had briefly seen in the fifth book, in which Snape calls Lily "Mudblood". Despite this separation and Snape's enduring animosity toward Lily's eventual husband James Potter, Snape continued to love Lily for the rest of his life.

text: The memories also show that as a Death Eater, Snape had revealed to Voldemort a prophecy made by Sybill Trelawney, causing Voldemort to attempt to prevent it by killing Harry and his parents. Snape, who had not realised until too late that the prophecy was referring to Lily and her family, asked Voldemort to spare Lily. Still in terror for her life, he also approached Dumbledore, admitted his actions, and begged him to protect the Potters. Dumbledore chided him for thinking only of himself and not of Lily's husband and child, but agreed and ensured that they were placed under the Fidelius Charm. In return, Snape secretly allied himself with Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix as a double agent against Voldemort, using his powers of Occlumency to hide his betrayal from Voldemort. However, Snape demanded of Dumbledore that his love for Lily (his reason for switching sides) be kept a secret, especially from Harry, because of the deep animosity he felt towards Harry's father and his mixed feelings towards Harry (who reminded him of both his love for Lily Potter and her death, and his animosity towards James Potter). Dumbledore agreed and kept the secret throughout his life, although questioning Snape's request to "never reveal the best of you". Even with his efforts to protect her, Snape felt responsible for Lily's death at Voldemort's hands.

text: Snape's memories then reveal that Dumbledore had impetuously tried to use the Gaunt ring, which had been cursed by Voldemort, and had been suffering from a powerful curse. Snape's knowledge of the Dark Arts enabled him to slow the spread of the curse from Dumbledore's hand through his body, but he would have died within a year. Dumbledore, aware that Voldemort had ordered Draco to kill him, had asked Snape to kill him instead as a way of sparing the boy's soul and of preventing his own otherwise slow, painful death. Although Snape was reluctant, even asking about the impact of such an action on his own soul, Dumbledore implied that this kind of coup de grâce would not damage a human's soul in the same way murder would.[40] Snape agreed to do as the Headmaster requested. Snape's memories also provide Harry with the information he needs to ensure Voldemort's final defeat, in the form of conversations Snape had with Dumbledore.[40]

text: Rowling noted in an interview that because Snape abandoned his post before dying or officially retiring, a portrait of him does not immediately appear in the Headmaster's office following his death. She adds, however, that she would like to think Harry made Snape's true loyalty and heroism known in the Wizarding world, and that he lobbied to ensure that a portrait be installed in the office.[43] In a separate interview, Rowling discussed Snape's back story, saying she had planned it ever since she wrote the first book because the whole series is built around it and she considers him one of the most important characters of the seventh book.[17]

text: Epilogue

text: In the epilogue to Deathly Hallows, set nineteen years after Harry defeats Voldemort, Harry has named his second-born son Albus Severus, after Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape. As Albus is about to enter his first year at Hogwarts, he expresses concern that he will be sorted into Slytherin. Harry tells his son, "you were named for two headmasters of Hogwarts. One of them [Snape] was a Slytherin and he was probably the bravest man I ever knew."[44]

text: Appearances in other material

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

text: When Draco and Astoria Greengrass' son Scorpius Malfoy finds himself in an alternate timeline in which Voldemort won the Battle of Hogwarts, killed Harry and his allies and instituted a terrible reign of terror, he desperately searches for help in restoring history to its original course. He finds that in this reality Snape is still alive and still teaches at Hogwarts, and asks for his help. At first Snape is suspicious of him, since this timeline's version of Scorpius is a bully and a Voldemort stalwart. But when Scorpius shows that he knows of Snape having been in love with Lily, Harry's mother - Snape's most closely guarded secret - Snape becomes convinced that he does indeed come from a different timeline where Harry and his friends won. Snape then reveals that he, together with the fugitive Ron and Hermione Granger, maintain the last remnants of Dumbledore's Army - still waging hopeless resistance against the all-powerful Voldemort. In talking with Scorpius, Snape had learned that Harry would name his son "Albus Severus" and would regard Snape as "probably the bravest man I ever knew" - and is deeply moved. Though having guessed that in the other timeline he would die, Snape nevertheless willingly helps Scorpius recreate this timeline - and being discovered by Dementors, Snape sacrifices himself in order to cover Scorpius' escape.

text: Portrayal in films

text: Severus Snape appears in all eight Harry Potter films,[45] portrayed by British actor Alan Rickman. Rickman was Rowling's personal choice to portray the character.[46] He had conversations with Rowling about his character and is one of the few Harry Potter actors that she spoke to prior to the completion of the book series about the future direction of the character.[47] "He knew very early on that he'd been in love with Lily," said Rowling. "He needed to understand […] where this bitterness towards this boy who's the living example of her preference for another man came from."[48]

text: Rickman used this knowledge of Snape's ultimate loyalties throughout the films to decide how to play certain scenes, deliver specific lines, or use body language to convey specific emotions.[49] When the directors of the films would ask him why he was doing a scene a certain way or delivering a line in a specific manner, Rickman would simply reply that he knew something they didn't.[49]

text: Rickman himself refrained from talking about Snape, asking readers to wait and "see what unfolds" in the course of the novels; however, he did say Snape is a complicated person, very rigid and full of himself; in an interview he went further, saying: "Snape isn't one who enjoys jokes and I strongly fear that his sense of humour is extremely limited... But in his defence, I will add that he didn't have an easy adolescence, particularly during his studies at Hogwarts."[50] He also said Snape is a fascinating character, and that he takes immense pleasure in playing such an ambiguous person.[51]

text: Rickman's performance as Snape was widely acclaimed by critics, fans and Rowling herself. Entertainment Weekly listed Rickman as one of the most popular movie stars in 2007 for his performance as Snape, saying: "As the icy, humourless magic instructor Severus Snape, Rickman may not be on screen long—but he owns every minute."[52] Rickman also noted fans' reactions; in an interview, he said he found "that people in general adore Snape. He is sarcastic, stubborn, etc, etc. But he is also fascinating. I have a lot of fun impersonating him."[51] Rickman was nominated for several awards for his portrayal of Snape, and in 2011, was elected the best character portrayal in all the Harry Potter films series.[53]

text: In 2011, Empire magazine published an open letter from Rickman to J.K. Rowling, ruminating on the ten years of working on the Potter films and thanking her for telling the story.[54]

text: In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the fifteen-year-old Snape (portrayed by Alec Hopkins) makes a brief appearance in a flashback to Snape’s youth. In the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the younger Snape, perhaps ten or eleven, is played by Benedict Clarke. In 2016, a fan film prequel, Severus Snape and the Marauders, was released online and Snape was played by Mick Ignis.[55]

text: Before Alan Rickman was offered the role of Severus Snape, the role was originally offered to Tim Roth,[56] who turned the role down in favour of portraying General Thade in Planet of the Apes.[57]

text: Characterisation

text: Outward appearance

text: Snape is described as a thin man with sallow skin, a large, hooked nose, and yellow, uneven teeth. He has shoulder-length, greasy black hair which frames his face, and cold, black eyes. He wears black, flowing robes which give him the appearance of "an overgrown bat".[58] The youthful Snape had a "stringy, pallid look", being "round-shouldered yet angular", having a "twitchy" walk "that recalled a spider" and "long oily hair that jumped about his face".[25]

text: In the chapter illustrations by Mary GrandPré in the American editions of The Prisoner of Azkaban, The Order of the Phoenix, and The Half-Blood Prince, Snape is depicted with a moustache and goatee, long black hair, and a receding hairline.

text: Personality

text: Snape is generally depicted as being cold, calculating, precise, sarcastic, and bitter. He strongly dislikes Harry and often insults him by insulting his father James. As the series progresses, it is revealed that his treatment of Harry stems from Snape's bitter rivalry with James when they were in school together. In particular, James and Sirius bullied Snape, which according to Alan Rickman caused the already lonely boy to further "shut himself in".[51] Rowling further described the young Snape as insecure and vulnerable: "Given his time over again [Snape] would not have become a Death Eater, but like many insecure, vulnerable people he craved membership of something big and powerful, something impressive.[...] [He] was so blinded by his attraction to the dark side he thought [Lily] would find him impressive if he became a real Death Eater."[3]

text: The adult Snape, on the other hand, is portrayed as very self-assured and confident of his abilities, to a degree that Rickman described as "full of himself."[50] Director David Yates said Snape is a character with gravitas, authority and power.[59] Snape typically displays a very calm and collected demeanour, rarely at a loss for words or taken off guard. His temper, however, is sometimes short where Harry is concerned and positively flares when dealing with his erstwhile tormentor Sirius, or when accused of cowardice. His otherwise impassive and aloof attitude seems to stem from his belief that people who cannot control their emotions are weak.[31]

text: Like some other prominent members of Slytherin house, Snape is shown to be a clever and cunning wizard.[42][60] He is intelligent and has a keen, analytical mind. In an interview, Rowling adds that Snape is immensely brave,[19] and when asked if she considers Snape a hero, replied: "Yes, I do; though a very flawed hero. An anti-hero, perhaps. He is not a particularly likeable man in many ways. He remains rather cruel, a bully, riddled with bitterness and insecurity—and yet he loved, and showed loyalty to that love and, ultimately, laid down his life because of it. That's pretty heroic!"[3]

text: Magical abilities and skills

text: All seven novels show Snape to be a very powerful wizard and to have been outstanding while a student. He specialises in potion making and has talent and passion for the Dark Arts. Sirius claimed that Snape knew more hexes and curses as a first-year student at Hogwarts than most seventh-years knew.[60] Particularly gifted in potion making, Snape added major improvements to his Potions textbook while still a student. Also as a student, Snape shows a rare gift for discovering new spells. Lupin describes Sectumsempra as Snape's "speciality" in Deathly Hallows.[61] Snape is shown using this spell as a teenager against Harry's father James[25] and in the aerial battle in the last novel when he accidentally hits George Weasley (acting as a Potter decoy) with it while actually aiming for a Death Eater who was trying to attack Lupin, causing George's right ear to be severed off permanently. Despite Sectumsempra's deadly power, Snape can also heal the wounds it causes.[35] Snape is adept at reversing or containing fatal damage from other dark curses as well, due to his vast knowledge of Dark Arts, as he does when Dumbledore[40] and then Katie Bell[62] are cursed. Skilful in the arts of Legilimency and especially Occlumency, Snape is able to both access the minds of others and protect his own thoughts—indeed, though Snape does not care for the term himself, Harry forms the uncomfortable impression early in the series that the Potions Master is able to "read minds." Being an Occlumens, Snape is able to keep his betrayal from Voldemort, who is himself described as being "the greatest Legilimens" in history.[33] According to Rowling, Snape is the only Death Eater capable of producing a full Patronus, which, like Lily's, is a doe.[3] Snape is a talented duellist, able to hold off by himself (if only briefly) a group of three Hogwarts professors that included former duelling champion Filius Flitwick. Professor McGonagall later implies that Snape learned to fly without the use of a broom, a rare skill previously displayed only by Voldemort.[41]

text: Family

text: Snape's family background is mostly shown in flashbacks during the course of the last three novels. Snape was born to Eileen Prince, a witch, and Tobias Snape, a Muggle, making him a half-blood (hence the name, "Half-Blood Prince"). This is rare for a Death Eater, as remarked in the last book, though Voldemort himself also had a Muggle father. Snape spent his early childhood living with his parents in a small house in Spinner's End. Snape's family was a poor one and he is described as wearing ill-fitting clothes "that were so mis-matched that it looked deliberate". As a child, Snape was apparently neglected and his parents often fought with one another. Snape was very eager to leave his home to go to Hogwarts.[40] Towards the end of the last novel, Harry draws parallels between his childhood, Snape's, and Voldemort's.[63]

text: Loyalties

text: Snape's true loyalty was one of the most significant questions in the series up until the end of the final instalment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Although the first five novels depict him as unfair and vindictive towards Harry and his friends, he invariably ends up protecting or otherwise helping them when they or their allies are in danger. Several characters express doubts about his loyalty, but Dumbledore's trust in him is generally taken to be the final word. The sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, departs from that model. In the second chapter, Snape claims to have been working for Voldemort ever since the latter's return, and only pretending to help Dumbledore.[33] By killing Dumbledore toward the end of the novel, Snape seems to place himself firmly in Voldemort's camp.[36] Rowling maintains this impression through the early chapters of the seventh novel. However, near the climax of the book, Snape leaves Harry his dying thoughts (to be viewed in the Pensieve) and ultimately reveals to Harry that he had been loyal to Albus Dumbledore throughout the series.[40] Snape's fierce devotion to and love of his childhood friend Lily, Harry's mother, is the foundation of that loyalty.[40]

text: After Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Snape's loyalty was a matter of intense debate among the fans. The issue was given special attention in the marketing campaigns on behalf of the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. "Is Snape Good or Evil?" was one of the questions in Scholastic Inc.'s seven-question series, part of its marketing campaign for the book.[64] As part of the Waldenbooks marketing campaign, two free stickers, one that said "Trust Snape" and another that stated "Snape Is A Very Bad Man" were available with the book. Borders Group published a separate book on the topic, The Great Snape Debate, containing essays and arguments from both sides of the debate.[65][66]

text: Reception

text: The secretive attitude and gradual unfolding of Snape's character was broadly admired, with Stephen Fry, the UK audio books narrator, saying in 2003: "Most characters like Snape are hard to love but there is a sort of ambiguity—you can’t quite decide—something sad about him—lonely and it’s fascinating when you think he’s going to be the evil one..., then slowly you get this idea he’s not so bad after all."[67] David Yates, who directed the final four films of the series, also expressed his views on the character, saying: "A character like Snape, where you're not really sure if he's a good guy or a bad guy, that gives you a latent tension... I think the coolest thing you can do with an audience is deny them a little bit of information."[59] Despite being less than kind, the character quickly gained popularity within fandom to a level that surprised Rowling herself.[8] Joyce Millman suggests in her essay "To Sir with Love" in the book Mapping the World of Harry Potter, that Snape is derived from a tradition of Byronic heroes such as Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff.[68] Jenny Sawyer from The Christian Science Monitor commented on the character's development in the series.[69] She claimed that Snape is the only protagonist who genuinely has a choice to make and who struggles to do the right thing, hence the only one to face a "compelling inner crisis". She believed the popularity of the character is due to the moral journey and inner conflict that Snape undergoes within the series, as it is the hero's struggle and costly redemption that really matter: "[Snape's] character ached for resolution. And it is precisely this need for resolution—our desire to know the real Snape and to understand his choices—that makes him the most compelling character in the Potter epic."

text: The final revelation of Snape's loyalty in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was viewed positively by fans and critics alike. Daniel Radcliffe, who portrays Harry Potter in the movie series, expressed his delight, saying he was pleased to see that his theory that Snape would end up being a sort of tragic hero came through.[70] Elizabeth Hand from The Washington Post wrote, "The much-maligned loner Snape does not come onstage until the latter part of "Deathly Hallows," but when he does the book becomes his: Snape's fate, more than Voldemort's, perhaps more even than Harry's, is the most heartbreaking, surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling's achievements."[2]

text: IGN listed Snape as their 4th top Harry Potter character, saying that he makes "quite an impact in the Harry Potter series",[71] and IGN's Joe Utichi called Snape his favourite Harry Potter character and praised his character development.[72] Shortly after the release of the final film, MTV held a public poll for fans to vote for the best character in the series, and Snape was voted #1.[73] Around the same time, Empire magazine held a public poll for fans to vote for the 25 greatest characters in the series, and Snape once again came in at #1.[74] In May 2011, Snape was again voted as the #1 favourite Harry Potter character in a public poll held by the Bloomsbury publishing house.[75] In 2014, Watchmojo.com ranked him #1 on their "Top 10 Harry Potter Characters" list (beating Harry Potter; who is ranked #2) while they ranked him #3 on their "Top 10 Most Gut-Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths" list two years later.

text: In popular culture

text: The character of Severus Snape has appeared in various animated parodies of Harry Potter. He is a starring character in Neil Cicierega's online Potter Puppet Pals parodies, and has a centric episode titled Bothering Snape. Also, the video The Mysterious Ticking Noise with the chorus "Snape, Snape, Severus Snape" was the winner for "Best Comedy" of the year 2007 at YouTube; it currently has over 170 million views.[76] Snape is also parodied as Professor Santory Snapekin in Sluggy Freelance's webcomic entitled Torg Potter. In the first parody, Torg defeats a plot by Professor Snapekin to achieve ultimate power.[77]

text: In a 2004 sketch on Saturday Night Live in which Lindsay Lohan appears as Hermione Granger, Snape is portrayed by Will Forte.[78] Snape has also been parodied in UK television. Comic Relief released a story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan, in which Snape is played by Jeremy Irons.[79][80] Snape appeared in a Harry Potter parody named "Louis Potter and the Philosopher's Scone" in Alistair McGowan's Big Impression show, played by Alistair McGowan himself.[81][82] In the Harry Bladder sketches in All That, Snape appears as Professor Chafe (portrayed by Jeremy Rowley), whose legs were badly chafed, causing him to be unnecessarily mean. Many sketches feature students brewing potions that did silly things, like enlarge students' behinds, give males large breasts, or change people into bras. In a sketch comedy named "Cooking With..." on Australian TV series The Wedge, Snape catches Harry and Hermione making love.[83] In A Very Potter Musical, Snape is played by actor Joe Moses.


document_title: Britain's Got Talent (series 11)

question_text: who was the wild card britains got talent 2017

root

text: Britain's Got Talent (series 11)

text: Changes[edit]

text: It was announced on 27 May 2017 on Britain's Got More Talent that, for the first time in the show's 11-year history, there would be no judge vote during the live shows. This meant that the two highest acts voted by the public would go through to the live final. The judges’ vote would be replaced by a judges' wild card, where the judges would get their own wild card to send an act through to the live final.[5]

tag: p

text: As part of the move to Elstree Studios, the show underwent a revamp of its design. The new look studio is set on Stage 1 (also known as The George Lucas Stage), which is the largest studio at Elstree Studios. The studio is much bigger and seats more people. The seating plan is now in a semi-circle shape where the audience sits around the side and opposite the stage. The studio has a colour-changing chandelier at the centre of the roof, along with an LED circle screen with the Britain's Got Talent logo displayed in gold. Britain's Got More Talent also underwent a revamp, with the studio getting a colour change. The Britain's Got More Talent studio still has the window looking onto the main studio as normal.[6]

text: Golden buzzer[edit]

text: Simon Cowell was the first to press his golden buzzer at the London Palladium; both David Walliams and Amanda Holden pressed their golden buzzers at the Birmingham auditions. Alesha Dixon pressed her golden buzzer during the Manchester auditions. Presenters Ant and Dec pressed the golden buzzer during the Blackpool auditions.[7]

text: Simon Cowell pressing his golden buzzer for singer Sarah Ikumu was broadcast on the series premiere on 15 April. Alesha Dixon pressed the buzzer for MerseyGirls (who were known as "Just Us" in their audition) aired in the second episode which aired on 22 April. Amanda Holden pressed the buzzer in the third episode for comedian Daliso Chaponda. Ant and Dec pressed the buzzer during the fifth episode for magician Matt Edwards. David Walliams pressed the buzzer for singer Kyle Tomlinson during the sixth episode.

text: For the first time in Britain's Got Talent history, all five Golden Buzzer acts qualified to the Grand Final.

text: Auditions[edit]

text: The open auditions were held from 29 October to 18 December 2016 in Peterborough, Cardiff, London, Blackpool, Edinburgh, Kingston upon Hull, Lincoln, Reading, Manchester and Luton.[8]

text:
Judges' auditions

City
Date[9]
Venue

Blackpool
18 January 2017
The Blackpool Opera House

London
28–30 January 2017
The London Palladium

Birmingham
1–4 February 2017
Birmingham Hippodrome

Salford
9–10 February 2017
The Lowry

tag: table

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: The semi-finals ran from 29 May to 2 June 2017. As in previous years, the performance show aired from 7.30pm to 9pm, and the results show aired at 9.30pm after Coronation Street. However this year (unlike previous years) only eight acts performed in each semi-final, and there were no judges' vote; instead the two acts with the most amount of public votes in each semi-final advanced to the final.

text: Each results show featured a guest performance. Alfie Boe performed on 29 May, followed by Camila Cabello on 30 May. The cast of Bat Out of Hell: The Musical performed on 31 May, followed by Richard Jones on 1 June. 5 After Midnight performed on 2 June. Diversity performed during the final on 3 June.[10]

text: It was announced on 2 June that, due to the final being brought forward to 3 June to avoid interfering with the One Love Manchester benefit concert, Little Mix would be unable to perform.[11]

text:
Judges' wildcard (previously eliminated act reinstated into the final by the judges)

Golden buzzer

text:
Name of act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Semi-final
Result

Angelicus Celtis
12-17
Singing
Choir
Llanelli, Wales
4
Eliminated

Code 3
14-16
Dance
Dance Trio
Dartford
5
Eliminated

Daliso Chaponda
37
Comedy
Stand-up comedian
Manchester
(Originally From Malawi)
5
Third place

David Geaney
22
Dance
Dancer
Ireland
3
Eliminated

Destiny Chukunyere
14
Singing
Singer
Birkirkara, Malta
2
Eliminated

Dizzy Twilight
65
Variety
DJ
Wiltshire
2
Eliminated

DNA
29 & 43
Magic
Mentalists
London
1
Finalist

Empire Dance Crew
15-27
Dance
Street Dance Troupe
London
1
Eliminated

Grace & Ali
17 & 16
Dance
Dancing Duo
Hartlepool & Middlesbrough
2
Eliminated

Harry Gardner
16
Singing
Singer/Pianist
Essex
2
Eliminated

Issy Simpson
8
Magic
Magician
Blackpool
2
Runner-up

Jamie Lee Harrison
24
Singing
Singer
Newcastle
5
Eliminated

Jay Wynn
36
Singing
Singing Robot
Gloucester
3
Eliminated

Jess Robinson
34
Comedy
Impressionist
London
5
Eliminated

John Parnell
63
Variety
Hula-Hoop Artist
Nuneaton
4
Eliminated

Jonny Awsum
39
Singing
Comic Singer
Croydon
4
Eliminated

Josephine Lee
30
Magic
Illusionist
London
3
Eliminated

Kyle Tomlinson
15
Singing
Singer
Sheffield
1
Finalist

Leah Barniville
14
Singing
Classical Singer
Ireland
2
Eliminated

London School of Bollywood
18-27
Dance
Bollywood Dance Troupe
London
3
Eliminated

Lords Of Strut
35 & 36
Dance
Comic Dance Duo
Cork
5
Eliminated

Martin & Faye
47 & 10
Singing
Singing Duo
Warrington
3
Eliminated

Matt Edwards
34
Magic
Comic Magician
Suffolk
2
Finalist

MerseyGirls
14-17
Dance
Dance Group
Wirral
4
Finalist

Miss Treat Vibe
19-24
Singing
Girl Group
Sheffield, South London, Swindon, Birmingham
1
Eliminated

Missing People Choir
32-71
Singing
Choir
London
5
Finalist

Ned Woodman
9
Comedy
Stand-up Comedian
Maidstone
3
Finalist

Niels Harder
26
Magic
Comic Magician
Amsterdam, Netherlands
1
Eliminated

Paws With Soul
24-29
Dance
Dance Troupe
London
4
Eliminated

PC Dan
33
Dance
Dancer
Kingston
1
Eliminated

Perfect Pitch Creation
8-14
Singing
Choir
Derbyshire
5
Eliminated

Reuben Gray
16
Singing
Singer/Guitarist
Surrey
4
Eliminated

Ryan Tracey
35
Variety
Balloonist
Omagh
4
Eliminated

Sarah Ikumu
16
Singing
Singer
Milton Keynes
3
Finalist judges' wildcard

St. Patrick's Junior Choir Drumgreenagh
8-12
Singing
Choir
Rathfriland
1
Eliminated

TapTastik
19-62
Dance
Tap Dance Troupe
Brighton
2
Eliminated

The Pensionalities
84 & 75
Singing
Singing Duo
Doncaster
4
Finalist

TNG Characters
16-25
Dance
Dance Troupe
West London
5
Eliminated

Tokio Myers
32
Music
Pianist/Drummer/Remixer
London
3
Winner

Tyrone & Mina
36 & 35
Danger
Knife Throwing Duo
Argentina & Spain
1
Eliminated

text: Semi-finals summary[edit]

text: Buzzed out

text: Semi-final 1 (29 May)[edit]

text: Guest performer: Alfie Boe & Dame Vera Lynn ("We'll Meet Again")[12]

tag: ul

text:
Contestant
Order
Act
Buzzes
Finished
Percentage[13]
Result

0  ! Cowell
0  ! Holden
0  ! Dixon
0  ! Walliams

St. Patrick's Junior Choir Drumgreenagh
1
Choir

4th
12.3%
Eliminated

PC Dan
2
Dancer

5th
6.7%
Eliminated

Niels Harder
3
Comic Magician

8th
0.9%
Eliminated

Kyle Tomlinson
4
Singer

2nd
28.1%
Advanced

Empire Dance Crew
5
Street Dance Troupe

7th
2.4%
Eliminated

DNA
6
Mentalists

1st
32.0%
Advanced

Tyrone & Mina
7
Knife Throwing Duo

6th
3.0%
Eliminated

Miss Treat Vibe
8
Girl Group

3rd
14.6%
Eliminated

text: Semi-final 2 (30 May)[edit]

text: Guest performer: Camila Cabello ("I Have Questions"/"Crying in the Club")[14]

text:
Contestant
Order
Act
Buzzes
Finished
Percentage[13]
Result

0  ! Cowell
0  ! Holden
0  ! Dixon
0  ! Walliams

Destiny Chukunyere
1
Singer

6th
4.2%
Eliminated

Dizzy Twilight
2
DJ

8th
1.6%
Eliminated

Harry Gardner
3
Singer and Pianist

4th
12.9%
Eliminated

Issy Simpson
4
Magician

1st
26.6%
Advanced

Matt Edwards
5
Comic Magician

2nd
23.4%
Advanced

Leah Barniville
6
Classical Singer

5th
12.1%
Eliminated

Grace & Ali
7
Dancing Duo

3rd
17.3%
Eliminated

TapTastik
8
Tap Dance Troupe

7th
1.9%
Eliminated

text: Semi-final 3 (31 May)[edit]

text: Guest performer: The cast of Bat Out of Hell: The Musical ("I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)"/"Dead Ringer for Love")[15]

text:
Contestant
Order
Act
Buzzes
Finished
Percentage[13]
Result

0  ! Cowell
0  ! Holden
0  ! Dixon
0  ! Walliams

Josephine Lee
1
Illusionist

4th
8.9%
Eliminated

London School of Bollywood
2
Bollywood Dance Troupe

6th
4.2%
Eliminated

Martin & Faye
3
Opera Duo

5th
6.2%
Eliminated

Ned Woodman
4
Stand-up Comedian

2nd
21.8%
Advanced

Jay Wynn
5
Singing Robot

8th
1.3%
Eliminated

Sarah Ikumu
6
Singer

3rd
16.8%
Advanced (Wildcard)

David Geaney
7
Dancer

7th
4.1%
Eliminated

Tokio Myers
8
Pianist

1st
36.7%
Advanced

text: Semi-final 4 (1 June)[edit]

text: Guest performer: Richard Jones[10]

text:
Contestant
Order
Act
Buzzes
Finished
Percentage[13]
Result

0  ! Cowell
0  ! Holden
0  ! Dixon
0  ! Walliams

Paws With Soul
1
Dance Troupe

7th
2.6%
Eliminated

Angelicus Celtis
2
Operatic Choir

5th
7.5%
Eliminated

John Parnell
3
Hula-Hoop Artist
1

8th
2.5%
Eliminated

Reuben Gray
4
Singer And Guitarist

3rd
11.5%
Eliminated

Ryan Tracey
5
Balloonist

6th
2.8%
Eliminated

The Pensionalities
6
Singing Duo

1st
33.0%
Advanced

Jonny Awsum
7
Comic Singer

4th
10.5%
Eliminated

MerseyGirls
8
Dance Group

2nd
29.6%
Advanced

text: ^1 Cowell removed his buzzer after Parnell's performance.

text: Semi-final 5 (2 June)[edit]

text: Guest performer: 5 After Midnight ("Up In Here")[16]

text:
Contestant
Order
Act
Buzzes
Finished
Percentage[13]
Result

0  ! Cowell
0  ! Holden
0  ! Dixon
0  ! Walliams

Jess Robinson
1
Impressionist

5th
7.7%
Eliminated

Perfect Pitch Creation
2
Choir

7th
4.7%
Eliminated

Code 3
3
Dance Trio

8th
3.7%
Eliminated

Daliso Chaponda
4
Stand-up Comedian

1st
41.1%
Advanced

Missing People Choir
5
Choir

2nd
13.0%
Advanced

TNG Characters
6
Dance Troupe

6th
5.8%
Eliminated

Jamie Lee Harrison
7
Singer

3rd
12.8%
Eliminated

Lords of Strut
8
Comic Dance Duo

4th
11.2%
Eliminated

text: Final (3 June)[edit]

text: The final took place on 3 June[17] from 7.30pm until 10.00pm. Originally planned to take place on 4 June, the final was moved to avoid clashing with the One Love Manchester concert. Little Mix were unable to do Saturday's final due to Glory Days tour date in Amsterdam.[citation needed]

text: Guest performers:Diversity[10][18]

text:
Contestant
Order
Act
Finished
Percentage[13]

The Pensionalities
1
Singing Duo
5th
6.9%

MerseyGirls
2
Dance Group
9th
5.1%

Kyle Tomlinson
3
Singer
6th
6.7%

Ned Woodman
4
Stand-up Comedian
10th
3.2%

DNA
5
Mentalists
11th
3.0%

Matt Edwards
6
Comic Magician
4th
7.9%

Missing People Choir
7
Choir
8th
5.2%

Sarah Ikumu
8
Singer
7th
5.6%

Daliso Chaponda
9
Stand-up Comedian
3rd
14.7%

Issy Simpson
10
Magician
2nd
17.5%

Tokio Myers
11
Pianist
1st
24.2%

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Professional acts[edit]

text: During the auditions, several acts were found to be professional, including Chinese Acrobatics Gao Lin and Liu Xin, who had already performed in China's Got Talent season 5 and the inaugural season of Asia's Got Talent where they received the golden buzzer for their performance, as well as having performed in several Chinese TV shows.[19] Another singer act Sian Pattison had been discovered to be a professionally trained singer.[20] Also Tanba from Japan, who was a magician, was also disclosed to be a professional magician in Japan. None of these acts appeared in the episode of Judges Cut or in the Top 40. Some reports said these acts were axed by Simon Cowell, as he did not want 'Second Chance Charlies'; however, this was not verified by BGT or ITV.[21]

text: St. Patrick's Junior Choir[edit]

text: When the choir first began their performance of "Roar", Ant & Dec almost immediately stopped them for technical difficulties. Viewers on Twitter and other social media websites complained, accusing the choir of miming because they were out of sync with the backing track. However, it was denied by the crew who said that it was an accident and they had played the recording of the rehearsal of the choir for the semi-final.[22]

text: Most googled David Walliams question[edit]

text: In More Talent, Stephen Mulhern had the judges play a game in which they guessed the most googled questions about them. He revealed that the most common google search question about David Walliams was "is David Walliams dating Simon Cowell", which Stephen claimed was a "verified" fact. A number of viewers took to Twitter and Facebook to accuse the show of lying, providing screenshots showing that the actual top question was "is David Walliams dead?".[23]

text: Ned Woodman[edit]

text: During his audition, child comedian Ned Woodman compared Amanda to previous act Marc Métral & Wendy, asking why everyone was "excited by the talking dog" when "Amanda Holden has been on the show for years". The comment caused outrage from a number of viewers over its "misogynist" nature.[24] During More Talent Amanda also criticized Ned's audition stating that, she doesn't like kids who "are inappropriate and say stuff that's wrong for their age", adding "He did call me a dog in his first audition, which is unacceptable, but he was brilliant tonight." She also accused him of not writing his own material, stating that she'd "like to know what jokes Ned wrote himself". She further praised his semi-final performance, describing it as less hurtful, and funny.[25]

text: Issy Simpson[edit]

text: After the audition of child magician Issy Simpson, it was revealed that her grandfather (and magic instructor) Russ Stevens had previously been a consultant for the show to help coach magicians. In response to criticism of this connection, a spokesman for the show said Simpson went through the same audition process as any other contestant.[26][27]

text: Magician Carl Leek claims that Issy Simpson's trick that ended with a T-shirt containing Cowell's image and a picked card was a "carbon copy" of a trick he had performed in an audition for the show one week before. He claims to have received four yesses, but the show chose not to air his audition. Leek said he was not criticizing Simpson herself. The show denied any copying.[28][29][30]

text: Amanda Holden's dress[edit]

text: On the fourth semi-final, judge Amanda Holden wore a dress (by designer Julien Macdonald) with a plunging neckline which revealed a large part of her chest and breasts. This was widely criticised as inappropriate for a family show.[31][32][33] During the show, fellow judge David Walliams made a joke about his colleague's risqué outfit.[34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Episode
Air date
Duration1
Official rating
(millions)[35]2
Official rating
(millions inc. HD)[35]3
Official rating
(millions inc. HD & +1)[35]4
ITV Weekly rank[35]5

Auditions 1
000000002017-04-15-000015 April
85
8.26
10.50
11.35
1

Auditions 2
000000002017-04-22-000022 April
80
8.52
10.82
11.62
2

Auditions 3
000000002017-04-29-000029 April
80
7.89
10.13
10.79
1

Auditions 4
000000002017-05-06-00006 May
75
8.80
11.12
11.69
1

Auditions 5
000000002017-05-13-000013 May
80
8.04
10.46
10.97
1

Auditions 6
000000002017-05-20-000020 May
80
8.15
10.78
11.39
1

Auditions 7
000000002017-05-27-000027 May
80
7.84
10.13
10.69
1

Semi-final 1
000000002017-05-29-000029 May
90
7.09
9.26
9.75
2

Semi-final 1 results
30
5.45
6.91
7.19
12

Semi-final 2
000000002017-05-30-000030 May
90
5.69
7.46
7.90
10

Semi-final 2 results
30
4.64
6.13
6.44
16

Semi-final 3
000000002017-05-31-000031 May
90
6.05
7.84
8.24
8

Semi-final 3 results
30
4.95
6.45
6.78
14

Semi-final 4
000000002017-06-01-00001 June
90
5.40
7.16
7.54
11

Semi-final 4 results
30
5.20
6.73
7.09
13

Semi-final 5
000000002017-06-02-00002 June
90
5.84
7.71
8.10
9

Semi-final 5 results
30
4.74
6.21
6.51
15

Final
000000002017-06-03-00003 June
150
7.13
9.56
10.07
1


document_title: List of United States Representatives from Arizona

question_text: who represents arizona in the house of representatives

text: Current members[edit]

text: Updated December 2017.[1]

text:
1st district - Tom O'Halleran (D) (since 2017)
2nd district - Martha McSally (R) (since 2015)
3rd district - Raúl Grijalva (D) (since 2003)
4th district - Paul Gosar (R) (since 2011)
5th district - Andy Biggs (R) (since 2017)
6th district - David Schweikert (R) (since 2011)
7th district - Ruben Gallego (D) (since 2015)
8th district - Vacant
9th district - Kyrsten Sinema (D) (since 2013)

text: List of representatives[edit]

text:
Representative / Delegate
Party
District
Years
Note

Barber, RonRon Barber
Democratic
8th
June 12, 2012 – January 3, 2013
Elected to finish Gabrielle Giffords's term

2nd
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015

Bashford, ColesColes Bashford
Independent
Delegate
March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869

Bean, Curtis CoeCurtis Coe Bean
Republican
Delegate
March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887

Andy Biggs
Republican
5th
January 3, 2017 – present
Incumbent

Cameron, Ralph HenryRalph Henry Cameron
Republican
Delegate
March 4, 1909 – February 18, 1912
Arizona achieved statehood

Campbell, John GoulderJohn Goulder Campbell
Democratic
Delegate
March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1881

Conlan, John BertrandJohn Bertrand Conlan
Republican
4th
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1977

Coppersmith, Samuel G.Samuel G. Coppersmith
Democratic
1st
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995

Douglas, Lewis W.Lewis W. Douglas
Democratic
At-large
March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1933
Resigned to become Director of the Budget

English, KaranKaran English
Democratic
6th
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995

Flake, JeffJeff Flake
Republican
1st
January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003

6th
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013

Franks, TrentTrent Franks
Republican
2nd
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013

8th
January 3, 2013 – December 8, 2017
Resigned

Gallego, RubenRuben Gallego
Democratic
7th
January 3, 2015 – present
Incumbent

Giffords, GabrielleGabrielle Giffords
Democratic
8th
January 3, 2007 – January 25, 2012
resigned to focus on her recovery from an assassination attempt

Goodwin, John NobleJohn Noble Goodwin
Republican
Delegate
March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867

Gosar, PaulPaul Gosar
Republican
1st
January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013

4th
January 3, 2013 – present

Incumbent

Greenway, Isabella SelmesIsabella Selmes Greenway
Democratic
At-large
October 3, 1933 – January 3, 1937
Elected to finish Lewis W. Douglas's term

Grijalva, Raúl M.Raúl M. Grijalva
Democratic
7th
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013

3rd
January 3, 2013 – present

Incumbent

Harless, Richard F.Richard F. Harless
Democratic
At-large
January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1949

Hayden, CarlCarl Hayden
Democratic
At-large
February 19, 1912 – March 3, 1927
Arizona achieved statehood

Hayworth, J. D.J. D. Hayworth
Republican
6th
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003

5th
January 3, 2003 –January 3, 2007

Kirkpatrick, AnnAnn Kirkpatrick
Democratic
1st
January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011

January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017

Kolbe, JimJim Kolbe
Republican
5th
January 3, 1985 – January 3, 2003

8th
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007

Kyl, JonJon Kyl
Republican
4th
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995

McCain, JohnJohn McCain
Republican
1st
January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987

McCormick, Richard CunninghamRichard Cunningham McCormick
Unionist
Delegate
March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875

McNulty, Jr., James FrancisJames Francis McNulty, Jr.
Democratic
5th
January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985

McSally, MarthaMartha McSally
Republican
2nd
January 3, 2015 – present
Incumbent

Mitchell, HarryHarry Mitchell
Democratic
5th
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011

Murdock, John R.John R. Murdock
Democratic
At-large
January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1949

1st
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953

Murphy, Nathan OakesNathan Oakes Murphy
Republican
Delegate
March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897

O'Halleran, TomTom O'Halleran
Democratic
1st
January 3, 2017 – present

Incumbent

Oury, Granville HendersonGranville Henderson Oury
Democratic
Delegate
March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1885

Pastor, EdEd Pastor
Democratic
2nd
October 3, 1991 – January 3, 2003

Elected to finish Mo Udall's term

4th
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013

7th
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015

Patten, Harold A.Harold A. Patten
Democratic
2nd
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1955

Poston, Charles DebrilleCharles Debrille Poston
Republican
Delegate
December 5, 1864 – March 3, 1865

Arizona becomes Territory

Quayle, BenBen Quayle
Republican
3rd
January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013

Renzi, RickRick Renzi
Republican
1st
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2009

Rhodes, John JacobJohn Jacob Rhodes
Republican
1st
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1983

Rhodes, John Jacob, III !John Jacob Rhodes III
Republican
1st
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1993

Rudd, Eldon D.Eldon D. Rudd
Republican
4th
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1987

Salmon, MattMatt Salmon
Republican
1st
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001

5th
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017

Schweikert, DavidDavid Schweikert
Republican
5th
January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013

6th
January 3, 2013 – present
Incumbent

Senner, Jr., George FrederickGeorge Frederick Senner, Jr.
Democratic
3rd
January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967

Shadegg, John B.John B. Shadegg
Republican
4th
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003

3rd
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2011

Sinema, KyrstenKyrsten Sinema
Democratic
9th
January 3, 2013 – present
Incumbent

Smith, Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius Smith
Democratic
Delegate
March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1895

Delegate
March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899

Delegate
March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903

Delegate
March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1909

Steiger, SamSam Steiger
Republican
3rd
January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1977

Stevens, Hiram SanfordHiram Sanford Stevens
Democratic
Delegate
March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1879

Stump, BobBob Stump
Democratic
3rd
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1982

Republican
January 3, 1982 – January 3, 2003

Udall, MoMo Udall
Democratic
2nd
May 2, 1961 – May 4, 1991
Elected to finish his brother Stewart Udall's term
Resigned due to failing health

Udall, Stewart LeeStewart Lee Udall
Democratic
2nd
January 3, 1955 – January 21, 1961
Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior

Wilson, John FrankJohn Frank Wilson
Democratic
Delegate
March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1901

Delegate
March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905

text: Living former Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona[edit]

text: As of December 2017[update], there are eighteen former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. State of Arizona who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was Sam Steiger (1967-1977) on September 26, 2012. The most recently serving representative to die was Bob Stump (1977-2003) on June 20, 2003.

text:
Representative
Term of office
District
Date of birth (and age)

John Bertrand Conlan
1973–1977
4th
(1930-09-17) September 17, 1930 (age 87)

John McCain
1983–1987
1st
(1936-08-29) August 29, 1936 (age 81)

Jim Kolbe
1985–2007
5th (1985–2003)
8th (2003–2007)
(1942-06-28) June 28, 1942 (age 75)

Jon Kyl
1987–1995
4th
(1942-04-25) April 25, 1942 (age 75)

Ed Pastor
1991–2015
2nd (1991–2003)
4th (2003–2013)
7th (2013–2015)
(1943-06-28) June 28, 1943 (age 74)

Sam Coppersmith
1993–1995
1st
(1955-05-22) May 22, 1955 (age 62)

Karan English
1993–1995
6th
(1949-03-23) March 23, 1949 (age 68)

J. D. Hayworth
1995–2007
6th (1995–2003)
5th (2003–2007)
(1958-07-12) July 12, 1958 (age 59)

John Shadegg
1995 - 2011
4th (1995–2003)
3rd (2003–2011)
(1949-10-22) October 22, 1949 (age 68)

Matt Salmon
1995–2001
2013-2017
1st (1995–2001)
5th (2013–2017)
(1958-01-21) January 21, 1958 (age 59)

Jeff Flake
2001–2013
1st (2001–2003)
6th (2003–2013)
(1962-12-31) December 31, 1962 (age 55)

Rick Renzi
2003–2009
1st
(1958-06-11) June 11, 1958 (age 59)

Trent Franks
2003–2017
2nd (2003–2013)
8th (2013–2017)
(1957-06-19) June 19, 1957 (age 60)

Harry Mitchell
2007–2011
5th
(1940-07-18) July 18, 1940 (age 77)

Gabrielle Giffords
2007–2012
8th
(1970-06-08) June 8, 1970 (age 47)

Ann Kirkpatrick
2009–2011
2013-2017
1st
(1950-03-24) March 24, 1950 (age 67)

Ben Quayle
2011–2013
3rd
(1976-11-05) November 5, 1976 (age 41)

Ron Barber
2012–2015
8th (2012–2013)
2nd (2013–2015)
(1945-08-25) August 25, 1945 (age 72)


document_title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

question_text: who plays the robot in unbreakable kimmy schmidt

text: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in 8th grade when she was kidnapped for fifteen years by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm). The Reverend held Kimmy and three other women hostage in an underground bunker, and convinced them that doomsday had come, gone, and had left them the sole survivors of humanity.

text: In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City. After the show, Kimmy finds herself not wanting to return to Indiana, but instead to start a new life in New York City. Roaming around the city, Kimmy comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane). Kaushtupper offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment. However, Kimmy has to seek a job in order to get the apartment. Returning a child who has tried to steal candy, Kimmy encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and who Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult. Soon after, Jacqueline hires Kimmy to be a nanny for her 10-year-old son.[6][7] As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with a Vietnamese man, named Dong (Ki Hong Lee) from her G.E.D. class, goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was locked up.

text: In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and acquires a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver. She tries to get over Dong who enters a green card marriage with another G.E.D. student and eventually is deported. As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends. Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jaqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross). Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own. When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters on her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from The Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
March 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)

2
13
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)

3
13
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character. Armed with only unflagging optimism, a childlike sense of wonder and an 8th-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life.[8]
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's flamboyantly gay roommate and an aspiring actor and singer. Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy. Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business.[8]
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady. A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights tooth and nail against the possible gentrification of her ghetto neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology). Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants.[9]
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny. Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage. She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white. As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture.[10]

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Sara Chase as Cyndee Pokorny, Kimmy's best friend from the cult.
Lauren Adams as Gretchen Chalker, a willing member of the cult, who believes everything she was told.
Sol Miranda as Donna Maria Nuñez, a cult member who pretends to not speak English during her time in the bunker, and is revealed to be using the "Mole Woman" name to advertise products.
Dylan Gelula as Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees, the pretty, popular, and bratty stepdaughter of Jacqueline, who is later revealed to be hiding her high achieving, 'good girl' personality. After her father divorces Jacqueline, she is sent to Connecticut to move back in with her mother, and only appears in one episode in season 2. She returns in season 3, attending Columbia University, where Kimmy starts college.[11]
Ki Hong Lee (Seasons 1 & 2) as Dong Nguyen, Kimmy's GED study buddy and love interest. An undocumented immigrant from Vietnam, he spends much of the show hiding from the authorities under the name "Richard Pennsylvania". He was deported in season 2 of the show.
Adam Campbell (Season 1) as Logan Beekman, a wealthy acquaintance of Julian's, who becomes intrigued by Kimmy after discovering she has no idea he is from one of New York's richest families. They briefly date before his jealousy over Dong spoils their romance.
Mike Britt as Walter Bankston, a witness to the raid on the Bunker, whose remixed interview (set to music by The Gregory Brothers) serves as the series' theme song. Walter Bankston is loosely based on Charles Ramsey, one of the rescuers of the captives of the Ariel Castro kidnappings.[12][13]
Tanner Flood as Buckley Voorhees, Jacqueline's hyperactive, violent son.[14]
Andy Ridings (Season 1) as Charles, Buckley's tutor, who has a crush on Kimmy.
Susanna Guzman as Vera, Jacqueline's housekeeper in season 1 and thus, Kimmy's co-worker. She believes Kimmy looks like "Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers".
Tim Blake Nelson (Season 1) as Randy, Kimmy's stepfather, a very incompetent state trooper who met Kimmy's mother while searching for and failing to locate the missing Kimmy.[15]
Jon Hamm as Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne, the man who imprisoned Kimmy, Cyndee, Gretchen and Donna Maria in an underground bunker for fifteen years and led them to believe that they had survived the end of the world.
Tina Fey and Jerry Minor (Season 1) as Marcia and Chris, incompetent prosecutors in the case against Richard Wayne. They are heavily implied to be Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden, the lead prosecutors in the OJ Simpson murder case.[16]
Tina Fey (Seasons 2 & 3) as Dr. Andrea Bayden, an alcoholic psychiatrist who begins treating Kimmy for her experiences in the bunker.
Sheri Foster and Gil Birmingham as Fern and Virgil White, Jacqueline's Lakota parents.
Amy Sedaris as Mimi Kanasis, an acquaintance of Jacqueline's who is desperate to regain social status after her divorce.
Fred Armisen as Robert "Bobby" Durst, a former flame of Lillian's. This character is a humorous representation of accused serial killer Robert Durst.
Mike Carlsen as Mikey Politano, a construction worker who started questioning his sexuality after receiving an unexpected answer when he hit on Kimmy in season 1. In season 2, he starts dating Titus.
Anna Camp as Deirdre Robespierre, a wealthy, intelligent and dangerously bored trophy wife who becomes Jacqueline's rival.
Chris Northrop as Meth-Head Charlie, Kimmy and Titus' neighbor.
Doug Plaut (Season 2) as Terry, Kimmy's boss at the year round Christmas Store.
Brandon Jones (Seasons 1 & 2) as Brandon Yeagley, Cyndee's childhood crush and later ex-fiancée.
Julie Tice-Bubolz as Yuko, a humanoid robot.
James Monroe Iglehart as Coriolanus Burt, Titus' rival.
Jason Kravits (Season 1) as Gary Dubbin, Jacqueline's divorce lawyer.
David Cross/Billy Magnussen (Seasons 2 & 3) as Russ Snyder, a pro-bono attorney that Jacqueline pursues.
John Ellison Conlee as Rick, a cast member at Professor Dracula's, a Times Square theme restaurant where Titus works.
Suzan Perry (Seasons 1 & 2) as Sonja, an old and unusual student at Kimmy's GED class. At the end of season 1, she marries Dong so that he can stay in the United States.
Derek Klena (Season 2 & 3) as Doug / DJ Fingablast / Douglas, a dog masseuse hired by Jacqueline to become her trophy boyfriend.
Daveed Diggs (Season 3) as Perry, a philosophy student whom Kimmy meets and helps her realize that she needs to go on a different path in her life, and later becomes her love interest.
Peter Riegert (Season 3) as Artie Goodman, an upscale grocery chain owner who initially engages in a feud with Lillian, before they begin a relationship.
Kenan Thompson (Seasons 2 & 3) as Roland Peacock, Lillian's deceased husband.
Josh Charles (Seasons 2 & 3) as Duke Snyder, Russ' more-favored brother, who tries to seduce Jacqueline.
Judah Friedlander (Season 3) as Gordy, a controversial musician that helps produce Titus' song "Boobs in California".

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
John McMartin as Grant, a friend of the Voorhees' and a war veteran ("Kimmy Goes on a Date!")
Martin Short as Dr. Grant (pronounced "Franff"), Jacqueline's plastic surgeon ("Kimmy Goes to the Doctor!").
Pat Battle as herself, providing a report on the news, advertising the play Titus wishes to audition for ("Kimmy Goes to the Doctor!")
Richard Kind as Mr. Lefkovitz, Kimmy's GED teacher ("Kimmy Goes to School!")
Mark Harelik as Julian Voorhees, Jacqueline's adulterous husband ("Kimmy Goes to a Party!")
Kiernan Shipka as Kymmi, Kimmy's half-sister ("Kimmy Has a Birthday!")
Christine Ebersole as Helene, Xanthippe's biological mother ("Kimmy's in a Love Triangle!")
Dean Norris as M. Le Loup, a coach who helps Titus pass as a straight man in order to improve his casting chances ("Kimmy's in a Love Triangle!")
Zosia Mamet and Evan Jonigkeit as Sue and Bob Thompstein, a pair of hipsters from Austin ("Kimmy Drives a Car!")
Samuel Page as Keith Habersohl ("Kimmy Walks Into a Bar!")
Joshua Jackson as Purvis ("Kimmy Goes to a Hotel!")
Billy Eichner as himself ("Kimmy Meets a Drunk Lady!")
Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Dave, a talk show host ("Kimmy Meets a Celebrity!")
Ice-T as himself ("Kimmy Sees a Sunset!")
Judy Gold as Judy ("Kimmy Sees a Sunset!")
Lisa Kudrow as Lori-Ann Schmidt, Kimmy's mother. ("Kimmy Finds Her Mom!")
Laura Dern as Wendy Hebert, a woman who wants to marry the Reverend ("Kimmy Can't Help You!")
Adrienne C. Moore as Black Cindy from Orange Is the New Black, whom Gretchen meets when she is sent off to prison. ("Kimmy Steps on a Crack!")
Scott Adsit as Dale Bortz, an impressionist that impersonates Titus for a bladder commercial. ("Kimmy Learns About Weather!")
Maya Rudolph as Dionne Warwick ("Kimmy Does a Puzzle!")
John Lutz as Ricky Earl, the stage manager of the cruise ship Titus works on. ("Kimmy Does a Puzzle!")
Ray Liotta as Paulie Fucillo ("Kimmy Pulls off a Heist!)
Rachel Dratch as Leonora and Dianne ("Kimmy Googles the Internet!")
Andrea Martin as Linda P. ("Kimmy Googles the Internet!")
Andy Cohen as himself ("Kimmy and the Trolley Problem!")

text: Production and development[edit]

text: The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper.[17] Fey stated that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted there was a "strength" to it.[17] One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline.[17]

text: The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken.[18] However, this was later changed to the current title.[19] Eventually NBC sold the series to Netflix.[1] Fey has stated that this was in part due to NBC "not feeling confident about watching comedies". Prior to the network switch, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements for the remaining roles were held in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as the role of Kimmy's roommate, Titus Andromedon. Titus is a talented singer who works odd entertainment jobs such as dressing up like a robot in Times Square or as a singing waiter at a theme restaurant.[8] Also cast was Carol Kane as Kimmy and Titus' landlord Lillian Kaushtupper.[20]

text: Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase and Lauren Adams joined the series. Chase signed on for the role of Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; Adams was cast in the role of Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything that she is told.[21] Jane Krakowski was later cast in the role of Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny. Megan Dodds was originally cast before she was replaced with Krakowski.[10]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond.[22] It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers’ YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became viral videos. Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 of the series.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast.[3][24][25][26]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious."[27] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[24]

text: Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone.[4] Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing."[28] TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015".[29] IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8.3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog. Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role."[30]

text: The series' first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, including one for Outstanding Comedy Series.[31]

text: Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive."[32] BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters. It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years."[33] The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired.” [34]

text: In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey retorted: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves. There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that."[35]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast."[36] On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[25]

text: The series' second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards, including a second nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series.[31]

text: There was a significant amount of controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face. The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R.A.P.E" for short. The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons. Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R.A.P.E. acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech. Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters. [...] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist.” [37]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 96% approval rating, based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 8.18/10.[38] On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[26]

text: The series' third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards, including a third nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series.[31]