document_title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

question_text: who plays max one day at a time

question_tokens: who plays max one day at a time

text: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban-American family with each character finding their own journey. Following the story of Penelope Alvarez (Justina Machado) a United States Army Nurse Corps[2] veteran, facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army. She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz (Stephen Tobolowsky). After her husband's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army make it, in Penelope's words, 'unsafe to be in the house', she separates from Victor (James Martínez), taking the children with her. With the help of her Mother, Lydia (Rita Moreno), a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro's rise to power, she is raising her two children: Elena (Isabella Gómez) and Alex (Marcel Ruiz). Apart from planning her daughter's quinceañera, Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest. Elena, resistant to have a quinces, starts dating a teenager from her class; to later realize that she is a lesbian. After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out. Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider (Todd Grinnell) and Lydia. Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto (Tony Plana).

text: Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general. It has dealt with topics such as veterans' struggles with PTSD, depression, and anxiety, as well as sexuality, gender identity, sexism, and religion, amongst others.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez, a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena. She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz. After coming back from army service, she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety. In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben. Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor's visit for Elena's quinceañera. In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner. She begins dating an Army Veteran, now EMT Max Ferraro, but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own, and decides to let him find that chance with someone else, as she believes that she is too old for another child, and has two children of her own.
Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider, the rich landlord of the building. He is a close friend of the family and Penelope's best friend. Schneider is frequently having one-night stands with different women. Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was, while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions. He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen.
Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leytevidal Inclán, the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope. After dating Josh, a classmate, and watching gay porn, she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family. The news doesn't sit well with her father, which upsets Elena. In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay-Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School.
Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro "Alex" Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leytevidal Inclan, the son of Penelope. He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team. He starts a school project about Cuba. In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz's office.
Rita Moreno as Lydia Riera, a faithful Cuban, Penelope's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power. She was a dancer and a performer back in the day. Over the course of the season, she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz, Penelope's boss and Lydia's love interest.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.
Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.
Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)
Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.
Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.
Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.
Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.
Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.
James Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.
Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's boyfriend[14]
Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2): Elena's girlfriend who identifies as non-binary.[15][16]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry
Jay Hayden as Ben
Gabrielle Elyse as Dani
Jolie Jenkins as Nikki
Ivonne Coll as Esme
Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose
Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara
Tim Bagley as Henry
Mindy Sterling as Delia
Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)

2
13
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)

text: Season 1[edit]

text: In the first season Penelope and Lydia are trying to convince Elena to have a quinceañera to honor her Cuban heritage. Elena feels like she isn't being taken seriously at school. Meanwhile, Penelope is struggling to voice her ideas to her co-workers. Lydia gives Elena a makeover so she will get attention from her classmates, while Penelope decides to not let her coworker silence her and implements her plan at Dr. Berkowitz's office.

text: After some time, Penelope decides to start dating again, and goes to Schneider for advice. Lydia tells Penelope that she is suspicious of Carmen and Elena's friendship, calling it queer. Later, Penelope and Lydia learn that Carmen's parents have been deported, and she has been living in Elena's room the whole time.

text: Dr. Berkowitz is going out with Lydia, secretly, as "friends." He is very taken with her, but Lydia is convinced she can never love again after the death many years before of her beloved husband, Berto.

text: Near the end of the season, Elena comes out to her family as a lesbian. Penelope feels weird about it even though everyone, including the Catholic Lydia, are very accepting. Penelope asks for advice, and realizes that she loves and accepts Elena no matter what. However, Elena's father, Victor, doesn't take the news so well. In the season finale, Elena has her quinceañera; and her father publicly abandons her before the father-daughter dance, which results in her mother dancing with her instead, and the rest of her family joining in a group hug on the dance floor.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Season two begins with Penelope worrying about the changes she is seeing in Alex. After discussing the matter, she learns that Alex is being bullied and facing racism at school.

text: Penelope decides to go back to college to become a nurse practitioner, but is failing most of her courses. With the help of her mother and children, after an episode of self-doubt she makes up her mind to keep following her dream.

text: Elena develops a crush on a non-binary friend, while dealing with the fact that her father doesn't accept her.

text: Penelope and Alex are spending time together, going to the movies and working during the summer at Dr. Leslie Berkowitz's office. Alex learns a great deal about his mother's life outside the apartment, and why she does what he does. At the same time, Elena is taken on by Schneider as the deputy building superintendent, and learns there's a lot more to his job than just fixing leaky faucets and broken toilets.

text: Penelope begins dating an old friend from her Army days without telling her family. Eventually she brings Max, a paramedic, to meet her family, who approve of him. Later, she worries that the relationship is not exclusive and that Max is seeing other people.

text: Elena sees Alex texting someone called "P." She assumes that Alex has a girlfriend, but when she follows him one night when he is to meet up with "P," she discovers that "P" is Victor, their father. ("P" actually stood for Papi.) Victor has been meeting and been in contact with Alex since he walked out on Elena's quinceanera. After confronting her father, Elena and Victor's relationship slowly improves.

text: Lydia learns that Dr. Berkowitz is going to the opera with another woman. She and Schneider go to the opera to spy on him to find out if he is dating other woman, and if so, why.

text: Worried about the direction they see the U.S. government taking, Schneider and Lydia decide, after decades of living in the United States as resident aliens, to take their citizenship tests. Hilarity ensues.

text: During the season finale, Lydia and Penelope have a heated argument, and Lydia has a cerebral incident that is the precursor to a stroke. She is hospitalized and placed in a medically-induced coma, with each of the characters visiting her in the hospital, telling what they love and why they care about Lydia. The episode climaxes with Lydia having an out-of-body experience featuring her beloved husband Berto.

text: Theme song and opening credits[edit]

text: The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series, “This is It", was re-recorded for the newer version of the series, with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan. The song was composed by husband-and-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry. Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
97% (29 reviews)
79 (23 reviews)

2
100% (14 reviews)
88 (6 reviews)

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively, sharp, and proudly old-school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado."[18]

text: Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be "lively without being rushed" thanks to the full 30 minute run time.[19] "The show is nicely written ... and the performances [especially Moreno's] are almost universally engaging," according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle.[20] The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as "flat-out terrific" and calls the first season "congenial, good-hearted, easy going, sentimental, old-fashioned and surprisingly new-fashioned. There’s also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical (or tired) beat of a multicamera sitcom."[21]

text: A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena's coming-out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its "unique, realistic and refreshing take on the subject... the depiction of a young, happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many."[22] Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc "mind-blowing" [22] and the show revolutionary because "it centers the family’s brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern-day sitcom."[23]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
One Day at a Time
Nominated
[24]

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
One Day at a Time
Won
[25][26]

Best Actress – Television
Justina Machado
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Rita Moreno
Nominated

Isabella Gomez
Won

Best Young Actor – Television
Marcel Ruiz
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series
Pat Barnett
Nominated
[27]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Supporting Actress
Rita Moreno
Nominated
[28]

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Rita Moreno
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series
One Day at a Time
Pending
[29]


document_title: Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)

question_text: write the number of degrees of freedom of a diatomic gas molecule

root

text: Definition[edit]

text: A degree of freedom of a physical system is an independent parameter that is necessary to characterize the state of a physical system. In general, a degree of freedom may be any useful property that is not dependent on other variables.

tag: p

text: The location of a particle in three-dimensional space requires three position coordinates. Similarly, the direction and speed at which a particle moves can be described in terms of three velocity components, each in reference to the three dimensions of space. If the time evolution of the system is deterministic, where the state at one instant uniquely determines its past and future position and velocity as a function of time, such a system has six degrees of freedom.[citation needed] If the motion of the particle is constrained to a lower number of dimensions, for example, the particle must move along a wire or on a fixed surface, then the system has fewer than six degrees of freedom. On the other hand, a system with an extended object that can rotate or vibrate can have more than six degrees of freedom.

text: In classical mechanics, the state of a point particle at any given time is often described with position and velocity coordinates in the Lagrangian formalism, or with position and momentum coordinates in the Hamiltonian formalism.

text: In statistical mechanics, a degree of freedom is a single scalar number describing the microstate of a system.[1] The specification of all microstates of a system is a point in the system's phase space.

text: In the 3D ideal chain model in chemistry, two angles are necessary to describe the orientation of each monomer.

text: It is often useful to specify quadratic degrees of freedom. These are degrees of freedom that contribute in a quadratic function to the energy of the system.

text: Gas molecules[edit]

text: In three-dimensional space, three degrees of freedom are associated with the movement of a particle. A diatomic gas molecule has 5 degrees of freedom[dubious – discuss]. This set may be decomposed in terms of translations, rotations, and vibrations of the molecule. The center of mass motion of the entire molecule accounts for 3 degrees of freedom. In addition, the molecule has two rotational degrees of motion and one[dubious – discuss] vibrational mode. The rotations occur around the two axes perpendicular to the line between the two atoms. The rotation around the atom–atom bond is not a physical rotation[dubious – discuss]. This yields, for a diatomic molecule, a decomposition of:

text: For a general, non-linear molecule, all 3 rotational degrees of freedom are considered, resulting in the decomposition:

text: which means that an N-atom molecule has 3N − 6 vibrational degrees of freedom for N > 2. In special cases, such as adsorbed large molecules, the rotational degrees of freedom can be limited to only one.[2]

text: As defined above one can also count degrees of freedom using the minimum number of coordinates required to specify a position. This is done as follows:

text:
For a single particle we need 2 coordinates in a 2-D plane to specify its position and 3 coordinates in 3-D space. Thus its degree of freedom in a 3-D space is 3.
For a body consisting of 2 particles (ex. a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5.

tag: ol

text: Let's say one particle in this body has coordinate (x1, y1, z1) and the other has coordinate (x2, y2, z2) with  z2 unknown. Application of the formula for distance between two coordinates

text: results in one equation with one unknown, in which we can solve for z2. One of x1, x2, y1, y2, z1, or z2 can be unknown.

text: Contrary to the classical equipartition theorem, at room temperature, the vibrational motion of molecules typically makes negligible contributions to the heat capacity. This is because these degrees of freedom are frozen because the spacing between the energy eigenvalues exceeds the energy corresponding to ambient temperatures (kBT). In the following table such degrees of freedom are disregarded because of their low effect on total energy. Then only the translational and rotational degrees of freedom contribute, in equal amounts, to the heat capacity ratio. This is why γ=5/3 for monatomic gases and γ=7/5 for diatomic gases at room temperature.

text: However, at very high temperatures, on the order of the vibrational temperature (Θvib), vibrational motion cannot be neglected.

text: Vibrational temperatures are between 103 K and 104 K[1].

text:
Monatomic
Linear molecules
Non-linear molecules

Translation (x, y, and z)
3
3
3

Rotation (x, y, and z)
0
2
3

Total (disregarding Vibration at room temperatures)
3
5
6

Vibration
0
3N − 5
3N − 6

Total (including Vibration)
3
3N
3N

tag: table

text: Independent degrees of freedom[edit]

text: The set of degrees of freedom X1, ... , XN of a system is independent if the energy associated with the set can be written in the following form:

text: where Ei is a function of the sole variable Xi.

text: example: if X1 and X2 are two degrees of freedom, and E is the associated energy:

text:
If

E
=

X

1

4

+

X

2

4

{\displaystyle E=X_{1}^{4}+X_{2}^{4}}

, then the two degrees of freedom are independent.
If

E
=

X

1

4

+

X

1

X

2

+

X

2

4

{\displaystyle E=X_{1}^{4}+X_{1}X_{2}+X_{2}^{4}}

, then the two degrees of freedom are not independent. The term involving the product of X1 and X2 is a coupling term, that describes an interaction between the two degrees of freedom.

tag: ul

text: For i from 1 to N, the value of the ith degree of freedom Xi is distributed according to the Boltzmann distribution. Its probability density function is the following:

text:
In this section, and throughout the article the brackets

⟨
⟩

{\displaystyle \langle \rangle }

 denote the mean of the quantity they enclose.

text: The internal energy of the system is the sum of the average energies associated with each of the degrees of freedom:

text: Quadratic degrees of freedom[edit]

text: A degree of freedom Xi is quadratic if the energy terms associated with this degree of freedom can be written as

text: where Y is a linear combination of other quadratic degrees of freedom.

text:
If

E
=

X

1

4

+

X

1

3

X

2

+

X

2

4

{\displaystyle E=X_{1}^{4}+X_{1}^{3}X_{2}+X_{2}^{4}}

, then the two degrees of freedom are not independent and non-quadratic.
If

E
=

X

1

4

+

X

2

4

{\displaystyle E=X_{1}^{4}+X_{2}^{4}}

, then the two degrees of freedom are independent and non-quadratic.
If

E
=

X

1

2

+

X

1

X

2

+
2

X

2

2

{\displaystyle E=X_{1}^{2}+X_{1}X_{2}+2X_{2}^{2}}

, then the two degrees of freedom are not independent but are quadratic.
If

E
=

X

1

2

+
2

X

2

2

{\displaystyle E=X_{1}^{2}+2X_{2}^{2}}

, then the two degrees of freedom are independent and quadratic.

text: For example, in Newtonian mechanics, the dynamics of a system of quadratic degrees of freedom are controlled by a set of homogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients.

text: Quadratic and independent degree of freedom[edit]

text: X1, ... , XN are quadratic and independent degrees of freedom if the energy associated with a microstate of the system they represent can be written as:

text: Equipartition theorem[edit]

text: In the classical limit of statistical mechanics, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the internal energy of a system of N quadratic and independent degrees of freedom is:

text: Here, the mean energy associated with a degree of freedom is:

text: Since the degrees of freedom are independent, the internal energy of the system is equal to the sum of the mean energy associated with each degree of freedom, which demonstrates the result.

text: Generalizations[edit]

text: The description of a system's state as a point in its phase space, although mathematically convenient, is thought to be fundamentally inaccurate. In quantum mechanics, the motion degrees of freedom are superseded with the concept of wave function, and operators which correspond to other degrees of freedom have discrete spectra. For example, intrinsic angular momentum operator (which corresponds to the rotational freedom) for an electron or photon has only two eigenvalues. This discreteness becomes apparent when action has an order of magnitude of the Planck constant, and individual degrees of freedom can be distinguished.


document_title: List of India national cricket coaches

question_text: who was the coach of indian cricket team in 2011

text: List of India national cricket coaches

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This is a list of all cricketers who have coached Indian national cricket team at the international level. India became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference (now the International Cricket Council) on 31 May 1926. On 25 June 1932 it became the Test nation after England, Australia, South Africa, the West Indies and New Zealand when they took on England at Lord's. They played only seven tests, which were all against England, before the Second World War, losing five matches and drawing twice. Their first game against other opposition came in 1947–49 when they played Australia.

text: The Indian team's greatest successes came in 1983, when they won the Cricket World Cup under the captaincy of Kapil Dev, and 2011, when they won the world cup again under M.S. Dhoni. Also, they won the Under-19 World Cup three times under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif in 2000, 2008 under Virat Kohli and in 2012 under Unmukt Chand . Also, under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, India won the inaugural ICC T20 World Cup. India came runner-up in World Cup 2003 under Saurav Ganguly who has the record of most number of Indian test wins (21) under his leadership. Mithali Raj led India to its best result in Women's ODI cricket when the team advanced to the finals of the 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup. Raj is also one of the three women's captains who have led their side to a victory in women's Test cricket, the others being Shantha Rangaswamy and Mamatha Maben.

text:
Number
Coach
Started Contract
Ended Contract
Country
Assistant Coach

1

Bishen Singh Bedi
(1990–1991)
1990
1991
India

2[1]

Abbas Ali Baig
(1991–1992)
1991
1992
India

3

Ajit Wadekar
(1992–1996)
1992
1996
India

4

Sandeep Patil
(1996)
1996
1996
India

5

Madan Lal
(1996–1997)
1996
1997
India

6

Anshuman Gaekwad
(1997–1999)
1997
1999
India

7

Kapil Dev
(1999–2000)
1999
2000
India

8

John Wright
(2000–2005)
2000
2005
New Zealand

9

Greg Chappell
(2005–2007)
2005
2007
Australia

10

Gary Kirsten
(2007–2011)
2008
2011
South Africa
Venkatesh Prasad
Robin Singh

11

Duncan Fletcher
(2011–2015)
2011
2015
Zimbabwe
Sanjay Bangar
Bharat Arun

12

Ravi Shastri
(2014-2016)
(Team Director)
2014
2016
India
Sanjay Bangar
Bharat Arun

13

Sanjay Bangar
(2016)
(interim coach)
2016
2016
India
Bharat Arun
Abhay Sharma

14

Anil Kumble
(2016–2017)
2016
2017
India
Sanjay Bangar
Abhay Sharma

15

Ravi Shastri
(2017–Present)
2017
Present
India
Bharat Arun
Sanjay Bangar


document_title: Mass number

question_text: where do you write the mass number in the name of an atom

text: Mass number

text: The mass number (symbol A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element. This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus: N=A−Z.[1]

text:
The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or 12C, which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number: 12
6C.[2] This is technically redundant, as each element is defined by its atomic number, so it is often omitted.

text: Mass number changes in radioactive decay[edit]

text:
Different types of radioactive decay are characterized by their changes in mass number as well as atomic number, according to the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy. For example, uranium-238 usually decays by alpha decay, where the nucleus loses two neutrons and two protons in the form of an alpha particle. Thus the atomic number and the number of neutrons each decrease by 2 (Z: 92→90, N: 146→144), so that the mass number decreases by 4 (A = 238→234); the result is an atom of thorium-234 and an alpha particle (4
2He2+):[3]

text:
238
92U
→
234
90Th
+
4
2He2+

text: On the other hand, carbon-14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay, whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino. Thus the atomic number increases by 1 (Z: 6→7) and the mass number remains the same (A = 14), while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 (N: 8→7).[4] The resulting atom is nitrogen-14, with seven protons and seven neutrons:

text:
14
6C
→
14
7N
+
e−
+
ν
e

text: Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus. Since all the protons and neutrons remain in the nucleus unchanged in this process, the mass number is also unchanged.

text: Mass number and isotopic mass[edit]

text: The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units (u). For 12C the isotopic mass is exactly 12, since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of 12C. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885.

text: There are two reasons for the difference between mass number and isotopic mass, known as the mass defect:

text:
The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy, and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. For 35Cl the isotopic mass is less than 35 so this must be the dominant factor.

text: Relative atomic mass of an element[edit]

text: The mass number should also not be confused with the standard atomic weight (also called atomic weight) of an element, which is the ratio of the average atomic mass of the different isotopes of that element (weighted by abundance) to the unified atomic mass unit.[5] This weighted average can be quite different from the near-integer values for individual isotopic masses.

text: For instance, there are two main isotopes of chlorine: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subjected to mass separation there will be roughly 75% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-35 and only 25% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-37. This gives chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.5 (actually 35.4527 g/mol).

text: Moreover, the weighted average mass can be near-integer, but at the same time not corresponding to the mass of any natural isotope. For example, bromine has only two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, naturally present in approximately equal fractions, which leads to the standard atomic mass of bromine close to 80 (79.904 g/mol),[6] even though the isotope 80Br with such mass is unstable.


document_title: Craig of the Creek

question_text: who voices deltron in craig of the creek

text: Craig of the Creek

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The show follows a young boy in the suburban town of Herkleston, Maryland named Craig Williams, his two friends Kelsey and John Paul "J.P.", and their many adventures in the titular creek, described as a kid utopia of untamed wilderness in which tribes of children reign over tree forts and dirt bike ramps.[4]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Craig Williams (voiced by Philip Solomon) – A 10-year-old boy who enjoys playing at the creek with his friends Kelsey and J.P. He is a natural leader and always tries to help other kids when they need it the most. In "Escape from Family Dinner", it was implied that Craig is smart to some degree as he takes advanced math and admits that he likes the class. He also takes on the role of a cartographer at the creek as he usually draws maps and is asked by others to map or plot things for them.
Kelsey Bern (voiced by Georgie Kidder in the pilot and the first 3 episodes, Noël Wells in episode 4-onwards) – A ginger-haired 8-year-old girl who is one of Craig's friends. She is always seen wearing a cape, and has a pet parakeet (which she identifies as a falcon) named Mortimer who is usually perched on top of her head. She is adventurous, and tends to be overly dramatic. She often internally narrates her life, that others are seemingly unaware of. She is raised by her single widower father. In Doorway to Helen, it is revealed that Kelsey is Jewish.
John Paul "J.P." Mercer (voiced by H. Michael Croner) – A tall, Southern accented 13-year-old boy who is one of Craig's friends. He wears a hockey jersey that is too big for him. While not very bright, he is imaginative and kind to those around him. His namesake is short for John Paul, as revealed in "You're It." In "Under the Overpass", Craig stated that he and Kelsey "found" J.P. in a previous adventure.
Jessica Williams (voiced by Dharma Brown in the pilot, Lucia Cunningham in the TV series) – Craig's younger sister who typically likes to keep everything in check by describing her actions out loud. She is very smart for her age and already shows an interest in the stock market.
Bernard Williams (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – Craig's smart, yet cynical, older brother who looks down on Craig and his adventures at the creek. He is obsessed with getting good grades and getting into an Ivy League college. He used to play Bring Out Your Beast and showed interest in teaching it to Craig.
Duane Williams (voiced by Terry Crews) — Craig's understanding father who works as a personal trainer.
Nicole Williams (voiced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory) - Craig's loving mother who works as a school counselor.
Alexis (voiced by Karen Fukuhara) – Bernard's kindhearted girlfriend who, unlike him, finds Craig amusing.
Earl Williams (voiced by Phil LaMarr in the pilot, Phil Morris in the series) – Craig's grandfather and Duane's father whom he looks up to and inherited his adventurous spirit from.
Jojo Williams (voiced by Saundra McClain) – Craig's grandmother who is part of the city council who used to be a civil rights activist back in the 1960s.
Kit (voiced by Dana Davis) – A kid who runs the Trading Tree at the creek, trading food for other items. She shows strong entrepreneurial tendencies.
Mark (voiced by Ben Levin) – One of the Elders of the Creek, a teenage boy who is tall and slim with brown hair, and wears glasses. The character originated from Burnett and Levin's online shorts.
Barry (voiced by Matt Burnett) – One of the Elders of the Creek, a teenage boy who is rather portly and has light brown hair. The character originated from Burnett and Levin's online shorts.
David (voiced by Zachary Steel) – One of the Elders of the Creek, a teenage boy who is short and has a vellus mustache. The character originated from Burnett and Levin's online shorts.
Jason (voiced by Gunnar Sizemore) – A self-important Junior Forest Scout who speaks with a lisp, and gets on everyone's nerves.
Tony (voiced by Ben Levin) – A self-important Junior Forest Scout who wears glasses and has the role as the secretary of the rules.
Boris (voiced by Matt Burnett) – A Junior Forest Scout part of Jason's troupe, who is tall and gets angry easily.
Stacks (voiced by Montse Hernandez) – A girl who hangs out at the library and does other kids' book reports. She is a bibliophile, and is close friends with Kelsey (who loves fantasy novels).
Handlebarb (voiced by Jessica McKenna) – The tomboy leader of the 10 Speeds, a mountain-bike loving group of kids. She praises her bike's capabilities and talks like a typical 90's sports commercial.
Cannonball (voiced by Jeff Trammell) – A member of the 10 Speeds. He is a short stocky boy who has never lost a race until "Creek Cart Racers" where he declares that "the curse has been lifted".
Warpspeed (voiced by Philip Solomon) - A member of the 10 Speeds. In addition to that, he records with his cell phone the tricks his friends make on their bicycles.
Mackenzie (voiced by Lauren Lapkus) – The leader of the Horse Girls, who emulate typical equine behavior and practice dressage. She is bossy and claims to be the most fashionable when it comes to horse accessories.
Melissa (voiced by Erin Whitehead) – A member of the Horse Girls. She is the most excited about horses right down to having eaten grass.
Mangerine "Maney" (voiced by Mary Holland) – A member of the Horse Girls. She looks like a horse compared to the rest and is close friends with Kelsey, acting as her steed. She has a crush on J.P.
Marie (voiced by Stephanie Allynne) – A member of the Horse Girls. She is the least excited about horses to the point she finds her friend's fascination with them confusing.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paintball Mike (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – Leader of the 6th grade paintballers and Paintball Benny's younger brother.
Paintball Benny (voiced by Jon Gabrus) – Leader of the 7th grade paintballers and Paintball Mike's older brother.
Eliza (voiced by Andree Vermeulen) – The leader of the Tea Timers. A posh girl dressed in pink who looks down on others and loves to declare her wealth and status.
Jane (voiced by Noël Wells) – A member of the Tea Timers. A girl dressed in violet and close friends with Eliza.
George (voiced by H. Michael Croner) – A member of the Tea Timers. A boy dressed in blue who is friends with Eliza, but is usually treated like a servant to her.
Tabitha (voiced by Karen Kilgariff) – One of the Witches of the Creek. A mischievous and macabre teen who picks on, but also likes Craig and his friends.
Courtney (voiced by Georgia Hardstark) – One of the Witches of the Creek. A sensible and empathetic teen who picks on, but also likes Craig and his friends.
Sewer Queen (voiced by Karen Fukuhara) – As her name implies, she is the leader of the kids who play in the sewers and is close friends with Craig and his friends. The Sewer Queen has webbed toes, and along with other kids who were self-conscious about going to the local pool found sanctuary at the similarly water-park like sewer system of Herkleston.
Junk Lord (voiced by Wilbur Zaldivar) – The ruler of the junkyard. He has trouble letting other kids borrow his things unless there is something in it for him.
Aaron (voiced by Gunnar Sizemore) - A short boy who in "Ace of Squares" has a secret crush on Kelsey.
Yustice (voiced by Charlet Chung) - The leader of The Ninja Kids, a group of kids that reside at the waterfall in The Creek. They are obsessed with Japanese culture, meaning things like Manga, Anime, and have been seen wielding Bo-staffs and cardboard Shurikens. She stays on some rocks in the waterfall.
Zatch (voiced by Philip Solomon) - A member of The Ninja Kids,he is the most enthusiastic about Japanese culture.
Sailor Boy (voiced by Phil LaMarr) - A fancy dressed boy who often spends time at The Creek.
Zoe (voiced by Brianna Bryan) - a girl who is the creator and possible leader of Cardboard City, who in "The Future is Cardboard" was once friends with Carter Brown.
Wildernessa (voiced by Izabella Alvarez) - A wild girl who roams around in The Creek to help animals in distress, She is accompanied by her Tibetan Mastiff, Cheesesticks.
Laura Mercer (voiced by Fortune Feimster) - JP's older sister who is a nurse and also appears to help care of the family. She has also been shown to be a body-positive person, referring to J.P.'s body as "beautiful" on more than one occasion.
The Scratchless One (voiced by Evan Agos) - a small boy, who’s name implies as he is immune to poison ivy.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot (2017)[edit]

text:
TitleDirected byWritten and storyboarded byOriginal release dateProd.code"Craig of the Creek"Nick Cross (art), and Robert Alvarez (animation)Matt Burnett and Ben LevinDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01) (CN App & Online)TBA
Craig drops his staff into the sewers after getting distracted by his older brother, Bernard, and his girlfriend, Alexis. He teams up with his best friends Kelsey and J.P. and venture to the Creek to look for it, encountering other strange and wild kids along the way.

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleWritten and storyboarded byStory byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"Itch to Explore"Madeline QueripelMatt Burnett and Ben LevinMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)[nb 1]1059-0020.83[5]
Discovering that there's an unmapped part of the Creek in the center of the Poison Ivy Grove, Craig sets out to discover what waits for him there and become a legend among his  peers, only to realize something is stalking him through the ivy.
22"You're It"Matt Burnett and Ben LevinMatt Burnett and Ben LevinMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)[nb 2]1059-0010.83[5]
While out playing at the soda bottle races, the Creek Kids are terrorized by a years long running game of tag. Kelsey is its latest victim and Craig and J.P. resolve to have Kelsey tag someone worthy of carrying the burden. However, Kelsey is too honorable to have someone suffer her fate and threatens to leave the Creek for good.
33"Jessica Goes to theCreek"Tiffany Ford and Michelle XinMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, and Stu LivingstonMarch 31, 2018 (2018-03-31)1059-0030.67[6]
When Craig and Jessica are locked out of the house, Craig has no choice but to bring his little sister to the Creek where he, Kelsey and J.P. have been trying to draw up plans to defend their stump, but Jessica insists that she stick to her schedule. Meanwhile, Jason wants revenge on Craig and his friends for taking the last of the Scouts favorite snacks from the Trading Tree.
44"The Final Book"Carmen Liang and Charmaine VerhagenMatt Burnett and Ben LevinMarch 31, 2018 (2018-03-31)1059-0050.79[6]
The last book of Kelsey's favorite fantasy series, Ythrith of Scriggth, goes missing from the library, so Craig decides to help her solve the mystery of who took it. The kids seemingly hit a dead end, until a book Craig himself has been reading gives him the answers he needs.
55"Too Many Treasures"Katie Aldworth and Jason DwyerMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, and Jeff TrammellMarch 31, 2018 (2018-03-31)1059-0040.85[6]
Craig cannot stop collecting junk which he deems as treasure. His mother insists that he picks things he "wants" and things he "needs". Soon, Craig is put to the challenge when he must get a replacement part for the stump and enlists the bike riding 10 Speeds to take him to the legendary Junk Pile where he encounters the Junk Lord.
66"Wildernessa"Dashawn Mahone and Najja PorterDemi Adejuyigbe, Matt Burnett, Ben Levin,Shauna McGarry, and Jeff TrammellApril 2, 2018 (2018-04-02)[nb 3]1059-0060.90[7]
Due to what was perceived as improperly taking care of a turtle, Craig and his friends are visited by Wildernessa and her Tibetan Mastiff, Cheesesticks, who teach them to properly care for animals. Inspired, Kelsey takes up the cause, but realizes that she may be in over her head.
77"Sunday Clothes"Deena Beck and Angel LorenzanaMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Shauna McGarry, and Jeff TrammellApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)1059-0070.68[8]
J.P. has a terrible habit of dirtying his clothes and his sister, Laura, tells him he should be more cautious about where he goes and what he does. With all of his clothes in the wash, J.P. decides to wear his Sunday clothes, forcing Craig and Kelsey to keep him clean.
88"Escape from FamilyDinner"Tiffany Ford and Michael YatesMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Shauna McGarry, and Jeff TrammellApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)[nb 4]1059-0080.67[9]
While doing advanced math homework, Craig learns that there is an epic water balloon fight at the creek. Unfortunately, his parents have decided to have a barbecue dinner and Craig is forced to stay. He resolves to find a way to get out, but none of his plans seem to work and he feels overwhelmed.
99"Monster in theGarden"Lamar Abrams and Jeff LiuMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Shauna McGarry, and Jeff TrammellApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)[nb 4]1059-0090.74[10]
Craig, Bernard and Jessica are dropped off at their grandparents for the weekend. Grandpa Earl tells Craig about a mysterious creature that breaks into his garden and is eating his vegetables. Craig then resolves to capture this "Vegan Werewolf" by any means necessary.
1010"The Curse"Charmaine Verhagen and Amber CraggMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, and Kate LethApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)[nb 4]1059-0100.57[11]
Craig, Kelsey and J.P. discover that someone is using their stump for witchcraft. They discover the witches (actually two teenage goths named Tabitha and Courtney) who amused by their misconception decide to "curse" them. After receiving a string of bad luck, the trio decide to get the "witches" to undo the curse.
1111"Dog Decider"Deena Beck and Angel LorenzanaMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,and Jeff TrammellApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)1059-0120.65[12]
With his fear of making decisions, Craig decides to join the Fredites, a cult that worship a dog named Fred for his supposed decision making abilities. Craig comes to rely on Fred, which annoys Kelsey, but when he decides to stray from the dog's decision, Fred disappears and the Fredites blame Craig.
1212"Bring Out Your Beast"Jason Dwyer and Tiffany FordMatt Burnett and Ben LevinApril 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)[nb 5]1059-0130.50[13]
Craig wants to play a card game called Bring Out Your Beast. He decides to take Bernard's vintage card collection, due to him not playing it anymore, to play and discovers the powerful Beast Snare card. Due to its infamy, Craig tries to get rid of it, but someone ends up taking it and using it to steal other players' cards.
1313"Lost in the Sewers"Jon Feria and Mark GalezMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Dashawn Mahone, Shauna McGarry,Najja Porter, and Jeff TrammellApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)[nb 5]1059-0140.67[14]
Craig, Kelsey and J.P. head to the sewers at the request of the Sewer Queen to chart a map for it. When the Sewer Queen is washed away by a flood, Craig decides to take the lead in finding her and getting out. However, Craig is really bad at directions as the team gets lost in their maze-like predicament.
1414"The Future IsCardboard"Dashawn Mahone and Najja PorterMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Dashawn Mahone, Shauna McGarry,Najja Porter, and Jeff TrammellApril 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)[nb 5]1059-0110.49[15]
Craig and his friends meet Carter Brown, an eccentric cardboard connoisseur who admires Craig's cardboard making skills and asks him to join his project in making New Cardboard City mobile. When Kelsey and J.P. leave due to frustration, they come across another cardboard city who know of Carter and his dangerous ideas.
1515"The Brood"Kris Mukai and Charmaine VerhagenMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Shauna McGarry, and Jeff TrammellMay 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)1059-0150.57[16]
Craig's Granddad tells him about cicada swarms in Maryland, and how he collects the shells every swarm. After accidentally destroying his cicada shell, Craig, Kelsey and J.P. get another shell, but end up trapped in their stump when a cicada swarm forces them to stay for shelter.
1616"Under the Overpass"Dashawn Mahone and Najja PorterMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Stu Livingston,Dashawn Mahone, Shauna McGarry,Najja Porter, and Jeff TrammellJuly 9, 2018 (2018-07-09)[nb 6]1059-0160.43[17]
</ref>
Craig discovers a honeysuckle that Kit states is very valuable at the trading tree. Craig and his friends venture to where the plant came from: a honeysuckle bush that is directly behind an overpass full of strange markings. However, Craig and his friends come in conflict with a mysterious hooded archer who wants them gone.
1717"The Invitation"Deena Beck and Angel LorenzanaMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Kate Leth,Stu Livingston, Shauna McGarry,and Jeff TrammellJuly 9, 2018 (2018-07-09)[nb 6]1059-0170.49[17]
Craig and his friends are invited by the Tea Timers to an exclusive party along with Mackenzie, Handlebarb and the Junior Forest Scouts to try Tiramisu. However, the contrast between the guests erupts as they are slowly kicked out of the party before the cake is served, which Craig suspects is part of the Timers' intent.
1818"Vulture's Nest"Tiffany Ford and Jason DwyerMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Tiffany Ford, Stu Livingston, Shauna McGarry, and Jeff TrammellJuly 9, 2018 (2018-07-09)[nb 6]1059-0180.61[17]
Craig and his friends meet the garage band Bad Moves (portrayed by themselves) who teach them to be a rock band. Craig continues to have a nightmare about an incident with a vulture in an abandoned barn, but tries to overcome it when Bad Moves gets kicked out of their garage and he suggests that they have their concert in the barn.
1919"Kelsey Quest"Katie Aldworth and Niki YangMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,and Jeff TrammellJuly 9, 2018 (2018-07-09)[nb 6]TBA0.70[17]
The Elders of the Creek have had their precious sword stolen by a boy named Jerry, so Kelsey takes it upon herself to get it back. She continues to train harder than she has ever trained before, until J.P. suggests that her opponent is also powerful causing Kelsey to feel insecure about her abilities.
2020"JPony"Angel Lorenzana and Charmaine VerhagenMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Jason Dwyer,Tiffany Ford, Shauna McGarry, Jeff Trammell, and Charmaine VerhagenJuly 9, 2018 (2018-07-09)[nb 6]TBA0.65[17]
Maney of the Horse Girls invites J.P. to be a horse with them due to having a crush on him. He accepts even though he is clearly out of sync with the rest who nevertheless find his antics charming. This causes the Horse Girls' leader, Mackenzie, to plot a way for J.P. to get kicked out.
2121"Ace of Squares"Dashawn Mahone and Najja PorterMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Dashawn Mahone,Shauna McGarry, Najja Porter, Jeff Trammell,and Zachary ScheerAugust 27, 2018 (2018-08-27)[nb 7]TBA0.56[18]
Craig decides to take on Toman, the master of four square who is notorious for altering the rules of the game. Craig is successful at defeating him, but realizes that there is a heavy burden that comes with it as everyone at the creek desperately seeks to take the title of Ace from Craig who becomes mad with power.
2222"Doorway to Helen"Deena Beck and Angel LorenzanaMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Dashawn Mahone,Shauna McGarry, Najja Porter, Zachary Scheer,and Jeff TrammellAugust 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)[nb 7]1059-0230.48 [19]
Craig discovers a note belonging to a girl named Helen. Helen, much like Craig, loves the creek and begins writing letters back and forth to him. After misinterpreting her explanation about homeschooling, they come to believe she lives in another dimension, so Craig and his friends resolve to create a "dimensional" portal to see her despite her reluctance.
2323"The Last Kid in the Creek"Jason Dwyer and Tiffany FordMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,and Jeff TrammellAugust 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)[nb 7]TBA0.53[20]
Craig refuses to try any of the nasty or dirty snacks the creek has to offer with kids labeling him a picky eater. However, the snacks combined with Kit's sudden cold, result in everyone getting sick minus Craig. Fearing a curse has befallen the creek, leaving him as the only one there, Craig visits the "witches" Tabitha and Courtney for advice.
2424"The Climb"Katie Aldworth and Malcolm PryorMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,and Jeff TrammellAugust 30, 2018 (2018-08-30)[nb 7]TBA0.46[21]
While trying to record a video of the entire creek from above, Craig's cellphone ends up getting stuck in Mt. Sycamore, the tallest tree in the creek. Craig gets advice from the Cliffs, a group of rock climbing teens, and Craig must learn to overcome his fear of heights.
2525"Big Pinchy"Charmaine Verhagen and Niki YangMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,Jeff Trammell, and Niki YangAugust 31, 2018 (2018-08-31)[nb 7]TBA0.45[22]
When Jason doubts J.P.'s story of Big Pinchy, the largest crayfish ever seen, J.P. leads Craig and Kelsey to the whereabouts of the titular creature. The pathway turns out to be harsher than what J.P. remembers, but Craig is willing to push on so as to prove Jason's doubts wrong.
2626"The Kid from 3030"Dashawn Mahone and Najja PorterMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,Jeff Trammell, and Stu LivingstonOctober 1, 2018 (2018-10-01)[nb 8]TBA0.44[23]
The gang encounter a robot boy named Deltron (voiced by Del the Funky Homosapien) who claims to be from the year 3030 where his robot superiors are oppressive against his kind. Deltron asks for the gang's help in getting more music to power him and save the future.
2727"Power Punchers"Jason Dwyer and Tiffany FordMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,Jeff Trammell, and Lamar AbramsOctober 2, 2018 (2018-10-02)[nb 8]TBA0.52[24]
Craig is tired of losing to his dad, Duane, at the game Power Punchers. He ends up getting help from David of the Elders of the Creek in learning how to master his favorite character, Admiral Anchor. However, Duane begins to pick up on Craig's sudden improvement of his skills and challenges him to a rematch.
2828"Creek Cart Racers"Deena Beck and Angel LorenzanaMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,and Jeff TrammellOctober 3, 2018 (2018-10-03)[nb 8]TBA0.49[25]
Sailor Boy announces a race with the winner being allowed to enter his backyard pool with the Tea Timers, Jason and Cannonball entering. Craig and his friends join and build a car with the help of Junk Lord, but when Craig skins his knee, J.P. must take over.
2929"Secret Book Club"Katie Aldworth and Aleth RomanillosMatt Burnett, Ben Levin, Shauna McGarry,Jeff Trammell, and Katie AldworthOctober 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)[nb 8]TBA0.50[26]
Kelsey tries to get Craig and J.P. interested in the fantasy book Baronica and the Time Spoon, so she and Stacks create a secret book club so that they can read it together. Things however get complicated when Craig tries to keep the secret book club a secret from outsiders.
3030"Jextra Perrestrial"TBATBANovember 5, 2018 (2018-11-05)[27]TBATBD
JP believes he may be from another planet, so Craig tries to help him make contact.
3131"The Takeout Mission"TBATBANovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)[28]TBATBD
Kelsey leads her friends on the most important quest ever, picking up takeout for dinner.
3232"Dinner at the Creek"TBATBANovember 7, 2018 (2018-11-07)[29]TBATBD
Bernard is left in charge for the evening, so Craig sets out to find his own dinner at the creek.
3333"Jessica's Trail"TBATBANovember 8, 2018 (2018-11-08)[30]TBATBD
Jessica wanders into an unfamiliar creek, leaving Craig to find her before his Mom notices!

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series made its international debut on Teletoon in Canada on May 3, 2018.[31] Craig of the Creek  premiered on Cartoon Network Australia on August 3, 2018 while Cartoon Network Asia on August 4, 2018.[32] Cartoon Network Italy premiered it on September 24, 2018. It premiered on Cartoon Network UK on October 1, 2018.[33] Cartoon Network Germany and Cartoon Network CEE premiered it on October 15, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

2018

Common Sense Media

Common Sense Seal

Entire series

Won[34]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on February 19, 2018.

Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on March 9, 2018.

Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on March 30, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b c This episode was first released online on April 6, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b c This episode was first released online on April 20, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e This episode was first released online on July 6, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e This episode was first released online on August 17, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b c d This episode was first released online on September 28, 2018.


document_title: Home run

question_text: who hit the longest homerun in mlb history

question_tokens: who hit the longest homerun in mlb history

text: Home run

text: Types of home runs[edit]

text: Out of the park[edit]

text: In modern times a home run is most often scored when the ball is hit over the outfield wall between the foul poles (in fair territory) before it touches the ground (in flight), and without being caught or deflected back onto the field by a fielder. A batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. Additionally, many major-league ballparks have ground rules stating that a batted ball in flight that strikes a specified location or fixed object is a home run; this usually applies to objects that are beyond the outfield wall but are located such that it may be difficult for an umpire to judge.

text: A batted ball that goes over the outfield wall after touching the ground is not a home run, but an automatic double for the batter (often colloquially called a "ground rule double").

text: A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt, and if the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, even if the ball had already passed the vertical plane of the wall. However, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder (including his glove) and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A fielder may not deliberately throw his glove, cap, or any other equipment or apparel to stop or deflect a fair ball, and an umpire may award a home run to the batter if a fielder does so on a ball that, in the umpire's judgment, would have otherwise been a home run (this is rare in modern professional baseball).[3]

text: A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is an automatic home run. The ball is dead, even if it rebounds back onto the field (e.g., from striking a foul pole), and the batter and any preceding runners cannot be put out at any time while running the bases. However, if one or more runners fail to touch a base or one runner passes another before reaching home plate, that runner or runners can be called out on appeal, though in the case of not touching a base a runner can go back and touch it if doing so won't cause them to be passed by another preceding runner and they have not yet touched the next base (or home plate in the case of missing third base). This stipulation is in Approved Ruling (2) of Rule 7.10(b).[3]

text: Inside-the-park home run[edit]

text: An inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with an outside-the-park home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield.

text: In the early days of baseball, outfields were relatively much more spacious, reducing the likelihood of an over-the-fence home run, while increasing the likelihood of an inside-the-park home run, as a ball getting past an outfielder had more distance that it could roll before a fielder could track it down.

text: With outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the game's early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, coupled with an outfielder either misjudging the flight of the ball (e.g., diving and missing) or the ball taking an unexpected bounce. Either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks.

text: If any defensive play on an inside-the-park home run is labeled an error by the official scorer, a home run is not scored; instead, it is scored as a single, double, or triple, and the batter-runner and any applicable preceding runners are said to have taken all additional bases on error. All runs scored on such a play, however, still count.

text: An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10, 2007. Ichiro Suzuki of the American League team hit a fly ball off the right-center field wall, which caromed in the opposite direction from where National League right fielder Ken Griffey, Jr. was expecting it to go. By the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, and led to Suzuki being named the game's Most Valuable Player.

text: Number of runs batted in[edit]

text: Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a "one-run homer", but rather a solo home run, solo homer, or "solo shot". With one runner on base, two runs are scored (the baserunner and the batter) and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot.

text: The term "four-run homer" is seldom used; instead, it is nearly always called a "grand slam". Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the batter's turn at bat and the worst possible result for the pitcher and his team.

text: Grand slam[edit]

text: A grand slam occurs when the bases are "loaded" (that is, there are base runners standing at first, second, and third base) and the batter hits a home run. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the card game of contract bridge. An inside-the-park grand slam is a grand slam that is also an inside-the-park home run, a home run without the ball leaving the field, and it is very rare, due to the relative rarity of loading the bases along with the significant rarity (nowadays) of inside-the-park home runs.

text: On July 25, 1956, Roberto Clemente became the only MLB player to have ever scored a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a 9–8 Pittsburgh Pirates win over the Chicago Cubs, at Forbes Field.

text: On April 23, 1999, Fernando Tatís made history by hitting two grand slams in one inning, both against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers. With this feat, Tatís also set a Major League record with 8 RBI in one inning.

text: On July 29, 2003 against the Texas Rangers, Bill Mueller of the Boston Red Sox became the only player in major league history to hit two grand slams in one game from opposite sides of the plate. In fact, he hit three home runs in that game, and his two grand slams were in consecutive at-bats.

text: On August 25, 2011 the New York Yankees became the first team to hit three grand slams in one game vs the Oakland A's. The Yankees eventually went on to win the game 22–9, after trailing 7–1.

text: Specific situation home runs[edit]

text: These types of home runs are characterized by the specific game situation in which they occur, and can theoretically occur on either an outside-the-park or inside-the-park home run.

text: Walk-off home run[edit]

text: A walk-off home run is a home run hit by the home team in the bottom of the ninth inning, any extra inning, or other scheduled final inning, which gives the home team the lead and thereby ends the game. The term is attributed to Hall of Fame relief pitcher Dennis Eckersley,[4] so named because after the run is scored, the losing team has to "walk off" the field.

text: Two World Series have ended via the "walk-off" home run. The first was the 1960 World Series when Bill Mazeroski of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a 9th inning solo home run in the 7th game of the series off New York Yankees pitcher Ralph Terry to give the Pirates the World Championship. The second time was the 1993 World Series when Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays hit a 9th inning 3-run home run off Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Mitch Williams in Game 6 of the series, to help the Toronto Blue Jays capture their second World Series Championship in a row.

text: Such a home run can also be called a "sudden death" or "sudden victory" home run. That usage has lessened as "walk-off home run" has gained favor. Along with Mazeroski's 1960 shot, the most famous walk-off or sudden-death homer would probably be the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" hit by Bobby Thomson to win the 1951 National League pennant for the New York Giants.

text: A walk-off home run over the fence is an exception to baseball's one-run rule. Normally if the home team is tied or behind in the ninth or extra innings the game ends as soon as the home team scores enough runs to achieve a lead. If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied, the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last. However, this is superseded by the "ground rule", which provides automatic doubles (when a ball-in-play hits the ground first then leaves the playing field) and home runs (when a ball-in-play leaves the playing field without ever touching the ground). In the latter case, all base runners including the batter are allowed to cross the plate.

text: Lead-off home run[edit]

text: A lead-off home run is a home run hit by the first batter of a team, the leadoff hitter of the first inning of the game. In MLB, Rickey Henderson holds the record with 81 lead-off home runs.[5] Craig Biggio holds the National League record with 53, second overall to Henderson.[6]

text: In 1996, Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead-off home run in four consecutive games.

text: Back-to-back[edit]

text:
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text: When two consecutive batters each hit a home run, this is described as back-to-back home runs. It is still considered back-to-back even if both batters hit their home runs off different pitchers. A third batter hitting a home run is commonly referred to as back-to-back-to-back.

text: Four home runs in a row by consecutive batters has only occurred nine times in the history of Major League Baseball. Following convention, this is called back-to-back-to-back-to-back. The most recent occurrence was on July 27, 2017, when the Washington Nationals hit four in a row against the Milwaukee Brewers in Nationals Park as Brian Goodwin (baseball), Wilmer Difo, Bryce Harper and Ryan Zimmerman homered off pitcher Michael Blazek. Blazek became the fourth pitcher to surrender back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs, following Paul Foytack on July 31, 1963, Chase Wright on April 22, 2007, and Dave Bush.

text: On August 14, 2008, the Chicago White Sox defeated the Kansas City Royals 9-2. In this game, Jim Thome, Paul Konerko, Alexei Ramírez, and Juan Uribe hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs in that order. Thome, Konerko, and Ramirez blasted their homers off of Joel Peralta, while Uribe did it off of Rob Tejeda. The next batter, veteran backstop Toby Hall, tried aimlessly to hit the ball as far as possible, but his effort resulted in a strike out.

text: On April 22, 2007 the Boston Red Sox were trailing the New York Yankees 3–0 when Manny Ramirez, J. D. Drew, Mike Lowell and Jason Varitek hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to put them up 4–3. They eventually went on to win the game 7–6 after a three-run home run by Mike Lowell in the bottom of the 7th inning. On September 18, 2006 trailing 9–5 to the San Diego Padres in the 9th inning, Jeff Kent, J. D. Drew, Russell Martin, and Marlon Anderson of the Los Angeles Dodgers hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to tie the game. After giving up a run in the top of the 10th, the Dodgers won the game in the bottom of the 10th, on a walk-off two run home run by Nomar Garciaparra. J. D. Drew has been part of two different sets of back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs. In both occurrences, his homer was the second of the four.

text: On September 30, 1997, in the sixth inning of Game One of the American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians, Tim Raines, Derek Jeter and Paul O'Neill hit back-to-back-to-back home runs for the Yankees. Raines' home run tied the game. New York went on to win 8–6. This was the first occurrence of three home runs in a row ever in postseason play. The Boston Red Sox repeated the feat in Game Four of the 2007 American League Championship Series, also against the Indians.

text: Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs.[7] The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat.[8]

text: Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to "make up for it" by striking out the next batter with some fastballs. Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it. A notable back-to-back home run of that type in World Series play involved "Babe Ruth's called shot" in 1932, which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics, yet the pitcher, Charlie Root, was allowed to stay in the game. He delivered just one more pitch, which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back-to-back shot, after which Root was removed from the game.

text: In Game 3 of the 1976 NLCS, George Foster and Johnny Bench hit back-to-back homers in the last of the ninth off Ron Reed to tie the game. The Series-winning run was scored later in the inning.

text: Another notable pair of back-to-back home runs occurred on September 14, 1990, when Ken Griffey, Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr. hit back-to-back home runs, off Kirk McCaskill, the only father-and-son duo to do so in Major League history.

text: On May 2, 2002, Bret Boone and Mike Cameron of the Seattle Mariners hit back-to-back home runs off of starter Jon Rauch in the first inning of a game against the Chicago White Sox. The Mariners batted around in the inning, and Boone and Cameron came up to bat against reliever Jim Parque with two outs, again hitting back-to-back home runs and becoming the only pair of teammates to hit back-to-back home runs twice in the same inning.[9]

text: On June 19, 2012, José Bautista and Colby Rasmus hit back-to-back home runs and back-to-back-to-back home runs with Edwin Encarnación for a lead change in each instance.[clarification needed]

text: On July 23, 2017 Whit Merrifield, Jorge Bonifacio, and Eric Hosmer of the Kansas City Royals hit back to back to back home runs in the fourth inning against the Chicago White Sox. The Royals went on to win the game 5-4.

text: Consecutive home runs by one batter[edit]

text: The record for consecutive home runs by a batter under any circumstances is 4. Of the sixteen players (through 2012) who have hit 4 in one game, six have hit them consecutively. Twenty-eight other batters have hit four consecutive across two games.

text: Bases on balls do not count as at-bats, and Ted Williams holds the record for consecutive home runs across the most games, 4 in four games played, during September 17–22, 1957, for the Red Sox.[10] Williams hit a pinch-hit homer on the 17th; walked as a pinch-hitter on the 18th; there was no game on the 19th; hit another pinch-homer on the 20th; homered and then was lifted for a pinch-runner after at least one walk, on the 21st; and homered after at least one walk on the 22nd. All in all, he had 4 walks interspersed among his 4 homers.

text: In World Series play, Reggie Jackson hit a record three in one Series game, the final game (Game 6) in 1977. But those three were a part of a much more impressive feat. He walked on four pitches in the second inning of game 6. Then he hit his three home runs on the first pitch of his next three at bats, off of three different pitchers (4th inning- Hooten, 5th inning- Sosa, 8th inning- Hough). He had also hit one in his last at bat of the previous game, giving him four home runs on four consecutive swings. (His home run in game 5 was also hit on the first pitch, although this did not add to any significant streak.) The four in a row set the record for consecutive homers across two Series games.

text: In Game 3 of the World Series in 2011, Albert Pujols hit three home runs to tie the record with Babe Ruth and Reggie Jackson. The St. Louis Cardinals went on to win the World Series in Game 7 at Busch Stadium. In Game 1 of the World Series in 2012, Pablo Sandoval of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs on his first three at-bats of the Series, also tying the record with Pujols, Jackson, and Ruth.

text: Nomar Garciaparra holds the record for consecutive home runs in the shortest time in terms of innings: 3 homers in 2 innings, on July 23, 2002, for the Boston Red Sox.

text: Home run cycle[edit]

text: An offshoot of hitting for the cycle, a "home run cycle" is where a player hits a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam all in one game. This is an extremely rare feat, as it requires the batter to not only hit four home runs in a game (which itself has only occurred 18 times in the Major Leagues[11]), but also to hit those home runs with the specific number of runners already on base. Although it is a rare accomplishment, it is largely dependent on circumstances outside the player's control, such as his preceding teammates' ability to get on base, as well as the order in which he comes to bat in any particular inning.

text: Another variant of the home run cycle would be the "natural home run cycle", which would require a batter to hit a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam in that order.

text: Though multiple home run cycles have been recorded in collegiate baseball,[12][13] the only home run cycle in a professional baseball game belongs to Tyrone Horne, who stroked four long balls for the minor league, Double-A Arkansas Travelers in a game against the San Antonio Missions on July 27, 1998.[14]

text: A major league player has come close to hitting for the home run cycle several times. Recent examples include:

text:
April 2, 1997, Tino Martinez of the New York Yankees, was a grand slam away from accomplishing this feat against his former team, the Seattle Mariners. He hit a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the third inning and a solo shot in the fifth inning; all off starting pitcher Scott Sanders.[15]
April 26, 2005 Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit 3 home runs off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Bartolo Colón. Rodriguez hit a 3-run home run, 2-run home run, and a grand slam in the first, third, and fourth innings, respectively.[16]
May 16, 2008 Jayson Werth of the Philadelphia Phillies hit 3 home runs off Toronto Blue Jays pitchers David Purcey and Jesse Litsch. Werth hit a 3-run home run, a grand slam, and a solo home run in the second, third, and fifth innings, respectively.[17]
June 26, 2009, Andre Ethier of Los Angeles Dodgers hit a three-run home run off Jason Vargas in the second, a two-run home run off Roy Corcoran in the sixth, and a solo home run off Miguel Batista in the eighth inning in a game against Seattle Mariners.[18]
July 7, 2009, Paul Konerko of the Chicago White Sox hit a solo home run in the second inning off Cleveland Indians pitcher Jeremy Sowers, a grand slam in the sixth inning off reliever Chris Perez, and a two-run home run in the seventh inning off reliever Winston Abreu.[19]
August 1, 2009, Andrew McCutchen of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a solo home run in the first inning, a two run home run in the fourth inning, and a three run home run in the sixth inning of a game against the Washington Nationals.[20]
September 17, 2010, Shin-Soo Choo of the Cleveland Indians, hit three home runs against the Kansas City Royals. Choo hit a 2-run homer in the fourth inning, a Grand Slam in the sixth inning and a solo home run in the eighth inning.[21]
June 21, 2015, J.D. Martinez of the Detroit Tigers, hit three home runs against the New York Yankees. Martinez hit a 2-run homer in the first inning, a solo home run in the fifth inning and a 3-run homer in the sixth inning[22]
August 21, 2015, Yoenis Céspedes of the New York Mets, hit three home runs against the Colorado Rockies: a grand slam in the second inning, a solo home run in the fourth inning, and a two-run home run in the sixth inning.[23]
August 29, 2015, Edwin Encarnación of the Toronto Blue Jays hit three home runs against the Detroit Tigers: a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the sixth inning, and a grand slam in the seventh inning.[24]
September 26, 2015, Jarrett Parker of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs against the Oakland Athletics: a solo home run in the second inning, a 2-run home run in the seventh inning, and a grand slam in the eighth inning.[25]
June 6, 2017, Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds hit four home runs against the St. Louis Cardinals: a grand slam in the third inning, a 2-run home run in the fourth inning, a solo home run in the sixth inning, and a 2-run home run in the eighth inning. He had an opportunity for a 3-run home run in the 1st inning, which resulted in a RBI single.[26]

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of the game, when the ball was less lively and the ballparks generally had very large outfields, most home runs were of the inside-the-park variety. The first home run ever hit in the National League was by Ross Barnes of the Chicago White Stockings (now known as the Chicago Cubs), in 1876. The home "run" was literally descriptive. Home runs over the fence were rare, and only in ballparks where a fence was fairly close. Hitters were discouraged from trying to hit home runs, with the conventional wisdom being that if they tried to do so they would simply fly out. This was a serious concern in the 19th century, because in baseball's early days a ball caught after one bounce was still an out. The emphasis was on place-hitting and what is now called "manufacturing runs" or "small ball".

text: The home run's place in baseball changed dramatically when the live-ball era began after World War I. First, the materials and manufacturing processes improved significantly, making the now-mass-produced, cork-centered ball somewhat more lively. Batters such as Babe Ruth and Rogers Hornsby took full advantage of rules changes that were instituted during the 1920s, particularly prohibition of the spitball, and the requirement that balls be replaced when worn or dirty. These changes resulted in the baseball being easier to see and hit, and easier to hit out of the park. Meanwhile, as the game's popularity boomed, more outfield seating was built, shrinking the size of the outfield and increasing the chances of a long fly ball resulting in a home run. The teams with the sluggers, typified by the New York Yankees, became the championship teams, and other teams had to change their focus from the "inside game" to the "power game" in order to keep up.

text: Before 1931, a ball that bounced over an outfield fence during a major league game was considered a home run. The rule was changed to require the ball to clear the fence on the fly, and balls that reached the seats on a bounce became ground rule doubles in most parks. A carryover of the old rule is that if a player deflects a ball over the outfield fence without it touching the ground, it is a home run.

text: Also, until approximately that time, the ball had to not only go over the fence in fair territory, but to land in the bleachers in fair territory or to still be visibly fair when disappearing behind a wall. The rule stipulated "fair when last seen" by the umpires. Photos from that era in ballparks, such as the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium, show ropes strung from the foul poles to the back of the bleachers, or a second "foul pole" at the back of the bleachers, in a straight line with the foul line, as a visual aid for the umpire. Ballparks still use a visual aid much like the ropes; a net or screen attached to the foul poles on the fair side has replaced ropes. As with American football, where a touchdown once required a literal "touch down" of the ball in the end zone but now only requires the "breaking of the [vertical] plane" of the goal line, in baseball the ball need only "break the plane" of the fence in fair territory (unless the ball is caught by a player who is in play, in which case the batter is called out).

text: Babe Ruth's 60th home run in 1927 was somewhat controversial, because it landed barely in fair territory in the stands down the right field line. Ruth lost a number of home runs in his career due to the when-last-seen rule. Bill Jenkinson, in The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs, estimates that Ruth lost at least 50 and as many as 78 in his career due to this rule.

text: Further, the rules once stipulated that an over-the-fence home run in a sudden-victory situation would only count for as many bases as was necessary to "force" the winning run home. For example, if a team trailed by two runs with the bases loaded, and the batter hit a fair ball over the fence, it only counted as a triple, because the runner immediately ahead of him had technically already scored the game-winning run. That rule was changed in the 1920s as home runs became increasingly frequent and popular. Babe Ruth's career total of 714 would have been one higher had that rule not been in effect in the early part of his career.

text: Records[edit]

text: Major League Baseball keeps running totals of all-time home runs by team, including teams no longer active (prior to 1900) as well as by individual players. Gary Sheffield hit the 250,000th home run in MLB history with a grand slam on September 8, 2008.[27] Sheffield had hit MLB's 249,999th home run against Gio González in his previous at-bat.

text: The all-time, verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player, excluding the U. S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation, is held by Sadaharu Oh. Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, later managing the Giants, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team. Oh holds the all-time home run world record, having hit 868 home runs in his career.

text: In Major League Baseball, the career record is 762, held by Barry Bonds, who broke Hank Aaron's record on August 7, 2007, when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik.[28] Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600: Hank Aaron (755), Babe Ruth (714),[28] Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630),[28] Albert Pujols (614)[28] and Jim Thome (612), Sammy Sosa (609).

text: The single season record is 73, set by Barry Bonds in 2001.[28] Other notable single season records were achieved by Babe Ruth who hit 60 in 1927, Roger Maris, with 61 home runs in 1961, and Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998.[28]

text: Negro League slugger Josh Gibson's Baseball Hall of Fame plaque says he hit "almost 800" home runs in his career. The Guinness Book of World Records lists Gibson's lifetime home run total at 800. Ken Burns' award-winning series, Baseball, states that his actual total may have been as high as 950. Gibson's true total is not known, in part due to inconsistent record keeping in the Negro Leagues. The 1993 edition of the MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia attempted to compile a set of Negro League records, and subsequent work has expanded on that effort. Those records demonstrate that Gibson and Ruth were of comparable power. The 1993 book had Gibson hitting 146 home runs in the 501 "official" Negro League games they were able to account for in his 17-year career, about 1 homer every 3.4 games. Babe Ruth, in 22 seasons (several of them in the dead-ball era), hit 714 in 2503 games, or 1 homer every 3.5 games. The large gap in the numbers for Gibson reflect the fact that Negro League clubs played relatively far fewer league games and many more "barnstorming" or exhibition games during the course of a season, than did the major league clubs of that era.

text: Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit "the longest home run ever" at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling[29]), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa[28] (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history.[30][31] The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium.[30][31] Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double-deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.[citation needed]

text: The location of where Hank Aaron's record 755th home run landed has been monumented in Milwaukee.[32] The spot sits outside Miller Park, where the Milwaukee Brewers currently play. Similarly, the point where Aaron's 715th homer landed, upon breaking Ruth's career record in 1974, is marked in the Turner Field parking lot. A red-painted seat in Fenway Park marks the landing place of the 502-ft home run Ted Williams hit in 1946, the longest measured homer in Fenway's history; a red stadium seat mounted on the wall of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, marks the landing spot of Harmon Killebrew's record 520-foot shot in old Metropolitan Stadium.

text: Instant replay[edit]

text: Replays "to get the call right" have been used extremely sporadically in the past, but the use of instant replay to determine "boundary calls"—home runs and foul balls—was not officially allowed until 2008.

text: In a game on May 31, 1999, involving the St. Louis Cardinals and Florida Marlins, a hit by Cliff Floyd of the Marlins was initially ruled a double, then a home run, then was changed back to a double when umpire Frank Pulli decided to review video of the play. The Marlins protested that video replay was not allowed, but while the National League office agreed that replay was not to be used in future games, it declined the protest on the grounds it was a judgment call, and the play stood.[33][34]

text: In November 2007, the general managers of Major League Baseball voted in favor of implementing instant replay reviews on boundary home run calls.[35] The proposal limited the use of instant replay to determining whether a boundary/home run call is:

text:
A fair (home run) or foul ball
A live ball (ball hit fence and rebounded onto the field), ground rule double (ball hit fence before leaving the field), or home run (ball hit some object beyond the fence while in flight)
Spectator interference or home run (spectator touched ball after it broke the plane of the fence).

text: On August 28, 2008, instant replay review became available in MLB for reviewing calls in accordance with the above proposal. It was first utilized on September 3, 2008 in a game between the New York Yankees and the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field.[36] Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees hit what appeared to be a home run, but the ball hit a catwalk behind the foul pole. It was at first called a home run, until Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon argued the call, and the umpires decided to review the play. After 2 minutes and 15 seconds, the umpires came back and ruled it a home run.

text: About two weeks later, on September 19, also at Tropicana Field, a boundary call was overturned for the first time. In this case, Carlos Peña of the Rays was given a ground rule double in a game against the Minnesota Twins after an umpire believed a fan reached into the field of play to catch a fly ball in right field. The umpires reviewed the play, determined the fan did not reach over the fence, and reversed the call, awarding Peña a home run.

text: Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay, replay was used four more times in the 2008 MLB regular season: twice at Houston, once at Seattle, and once at San Francisco. The San Francisco incident is perhaps the most unusual. Bengie Molina, the Giants' catcher, hit what was first called a single. Molina then was replaced in the game by Emmanuel Burriss, a pinch-runner, before the umpires re-evaluated the call and ruled it a home run. In this instance though, Molina was not allowed to return to the game to complete the run, as he had already been replaced. Molina was credited with the home run, and two RBIs, but not for the run scored which went to Burriss instead.

text: On October 31, 2009, in the fourth inning of Game 3 of the World Series, Alex Rodriguez hit a long fly ball that appeared to hit a camera protruding over the wall and into the field of play in deep left field. The ball ricocheted off the camera and re-entered the field, initially ruled a double. However, after the umpires consulted with each other after watching the instant replay, the hit was ruled a home run, marking the first time an instant replay home run was hit in a playoff game.[37]