document_title: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

question_text: where is the bethlehem star in bethlehem pa

question_tokens: where is the bethlehem star in bethlehem pa

text: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

text: History[edit]

text: The areas along the Delaware River and its tributaries in eastern Pennsylvania were long inhabited by indigenous peoples of various cultures. By the time of European contact, these areas were the historic territory of the Algonquian-speaking Lenape Nation, which had three main divisions, the Unami, Unalachtigo, and Munsee. They traded with the Dutch and then English colonists in the mid-Atlantic area.

text: On Christmas Eve in 1741, David Nitschmann and Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf, leading a small group of Moravians, founded the mission community of Bethlehem along the banks of the Monocacy Creek by the Lehigh River in the colony of Pennsylvania. They came to set up missionary communities among the Native Americans and unchurched German-speaking Christians. They named the settlement after the Biblical town Bethlehem of Judea, the birthplace of Jesus. "Count Zinzendorf said, 'Brothers, how more fittingly could we call our new home than to name it in honor of the spot where the event we now commemorate took place. We will call this place Bethlehem.' And so was Bethlehem named after the birthplace of the Man of Peace.'" (from a letter by Gordon Dent to Mr. T. Donald Bain March 3, 1965 quoting from "Story of Bethlehem Steel" by Arundel Cotter, more details are given in this article) Originally it was a typical Moravian Settlement Congregation, where the Church owned all the property. Until the 1850s, only members of the Moravian Church were permitted to lease land plots in Bethlehem. The historic Brethren's House, Sisters' House, Widows' House and Gemeinhaus (Congregation House) with the Old Chapel are remnants of this period of communal living.[6]

text: The Moravians ministered to regional Lenape Native Americans through their mission in the area, as well as further east in the New York colony. In the historic Bethlehem God's Acre cemetery, converted Lenape lie buried alongside the Moravians.

text: In 1762, Bethlehem built the first water-works in America to pump water for public use. While George Washington and his troops stayed in Valley Forge, Washington stored his personal effects at the farm of James Burnside in Bethlehem – as of 1998[update] a historical museum (Burnside Plantation).[7]

text: The prosperous village was incorporated into a free borough in the County of Northampton in 1845. After the Unity Synod of 1848, Bethlehem became the headquarters of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church in North America.[8]

text: On March 27, 1900, the Bach Choir of Bethlehem presented the United States debut of German Lutheran Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B Minor in the city's Central Moravian Church.

text: Boroughs merge[edit]

text: After the Civil War the Borough of South Bethlehem was formed. In 1886 the Borough of West Bethlehem (in Lehigh County) was formed. In 1904, the Boroughs of West Bethlehem (in Lehigh County) and Bethlehem (in Northampton County) merged. In 1917, the Borough of South Bethlehem and Bethlehem merged to become the City of Bethlehem, with Archibald Johnston (1865-1948) selected as the new city's first mayor. Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania has remained a separate political entity. Even after the merger of the two boroughs, the bureau initially provided a count for the original sections.

text:
Populations of the Municipalities named Bethlehem

Census
All Three
boroughs
South
Bethlehem
Original
Bethlehem
West
Bethlehem
Bethlehem &
West Bethlehem
Bethlehem
Township

1850

-----
1,516
-----

-----

1860

-----
2,868
-----

-----

1870

3,556
4,512
-----

2,230

1880

4,925
5,193
-----

2,282

1890
19,823
10,302
6,762
2,759
9,521
2,397

1900
23,999
13,241
7,293
3,465
10,758
3,090

1910
32,810
19,973
8,365
4,472
12,837
3,414

text: Bethlehem Steel[edit]

text: Bethlehem became a center of heavy industry and trade during the industrial revolution. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation (1857–2003), founded and based in Bethlehem, was once the second-largest steel producer in the United States, after Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based U.S. Steel. Bethlehem Steel was also one of the largest shipbuilding companies in the world and one of the most powerful symbols of American industrial manufacturing leadership.

text: Bethlehem Steel began producing the first wide-flange structural shapes made in the United States and they pioneered the production of the now-ubiquitous "I-beam" used in construction of steel-framed buildings, including skyscrapers. It manufactured construction materials for numerous New York and other city skyscrapers, as well as for major bridges.

text: The company became a major supplier of armor plate and ordnance products during World War I and World War II, including the manufacture of 1,100 warships. After roughly 140 years of metal production at its Bethlehem plant, Bethlehem Steel ceased operations there in 1995, in the face of overseas competition and declining demand.

text: Christmas star[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On December 7, 1937, at a grand ceremony during the Great Depression, Mrs. Marion Brown Grace pulled a large switch to turn on the new Christmas street lights and a large wooden star. Mrs. Grace was the daughter of former South Bethlehem burgess, Charles F. Brown, and wife of Eugene Grace, President of Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Hundreds of citizens attended the ceremony and thousands more listened to the speeches and musical performances on the radio. This was the first year the Bethlehem Chamber of Commerce adopted the nickname "Christmas City, USA".

text: The Hotel Bethlehem was chosen for the ceremony because it was built on the site of the first building in Bethlehem – a two-room log house – where on Christmas Eve 1741, the original settlers conducted their evening worship. As their benefactor, Count Zinzendorf, observed the farm animals that shared the space and listened to them sing the hymn, "Not Jerusalem, But Lowly Bethlehem", he proclaimed the name of the settlement to be Bethlehem. The people gathered at the 1937 ceremony heard the same words when the Bach Choir sang the old German hymn, "Jesu, Rufe Mich (Jesus, Call Thou Me)", by Adam Drese.

text: The Bethlehem Globe-Times paid for the large wooden star erected on the top of South Mountain, at a cost of $460. The original star was created with four wooden planks, overlapped to create an eight-point star, 60 feet high by 51 feet wide, mounted on two wooden poles, and lit by 150 50-watt light bulbs. The installation of the star was done by Pennsylvania Power and Light and the Bethlehem Water Department. The star was erected on the top of South Mountain, on property owned by the Water Department, located in Lower Saucon Township.

text: In 1939, the wooden star was replaced with a star made of Bethlehem steel, at a cost of $5,000. It had eight rays, with the main horizontal ray 81 feet wide and the main vertical ray 53 feet high. In 1967, the current star, 91 feet high, was installed on the old steel frame and set in a concrete base 25 feet wide by 5 feet deep. Plexiglas was installed to protect the 250 50-watt light bulbs. In the summer of 2006, the city repaired the base. A crew of municipal electricians changes the bulbs every two years. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the star was lit from 4:30 p.m. until midnight, every day of the year.

text: During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, none of the Christmas decorations in Bethlehem were lit. City officials said the lit star made "too good of an air raid target"[citation needed] and "during the global strife it didn't seem right for the lights to be all lit up when our boys were out in the darkness fighting for us".[citation needed] When lit, the star can be seen from as far as Wind Gap, 20 miles (32 km) away. The star has become an important symbol for Bethlehem.

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.4 square miles (50 km2), of which, 19.3 square miles (50 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (0.88%) is water. Bethlehem is about 50 miles (80 km) north of Philadelphia and about 80 miles (130 km) west of New York City.

text: Because large volumes of water were required in the steelmaking process, the city purchased 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) of land in the Pocono Mountains, where its water is stored in reservoirs.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Bethlehem's climate falls in the humid continental or minimal criteria of the humid subtropical climate zone, depending on the preferred January isotherm. Summers are typically hot and humid, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with thunderstorms in the summer, showers in spring and fall, and snow in winter. The average high temperature varies widely, from 36 °F (2 °C) in January to 84 °F (29 °C) in July. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C), while the lowest recorded temperature was −16 °F (−27 °C).

text: Bethlehem falls under the USDA 6b Plant Hardiness zone.[9]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Bethlehem

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
72
(22)
76
(24)
87
(31)
94
(34)
97
(36)
100
(38)
105
(41)
105
(41)
99
(37)
93
(34)
81
(27)
72
(22)
105
(41)

Average high °F (°C)
36
(2)
40
(4)
49
(9)
61
(16)
72
(22)
80
(27)
84
(29)
82
(28)
75
(24)
64
(18)
53
(12)
41
(5)
61.4
(16.3)

Average low °F (°C)
19
(−7)
22
(−6)
29
(−2)
39
(4)
48
(9)
58
(14)
63
(17)
61
(16)
53
(12)
41
(5)
33
(1)
24
(−4)
40.8
(4.9)

Record low °F (°C)
−16
(−27)
−12
(−24)
−5
(−21)
12
(−11)
29
(−2)
39
(4)
38
(3)
41
(5)
31
(−1)
19
(−7)
3
(−16)
−9
(−23)
−16
(−27)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.03
(77)
2.80
(71.1)
3.39
(86.1)
3.56
(90.4)
4.14
(105.2)
4.31
(109.5)
4.95
(125.7)
3.69
(93.7)
4.62
(117.3)
3.88
(98.6)
3.50
(88.9)
3.58
(90.9)
45.45
(1,154.4)

Source: The Weather Channel[10]

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text: Bethlehem is divided into four main areas: Center City, West Side, East Side, and South Side. The West Side is located in Lehigh County, while the other three neighborhoods are located in Northampton county.

text:
Center City is bounded by the Monocacy Creek to the west, Hanover and Bethlehem townships (both Northampton County) to the north, and Stefko Boulevard to the east.
The West Side begins at the city's western border with Allentown and continues east to the Monocacy Creek and north to Hanover Township (Lehigh County).

The Mount Airy Neighborhood is bounded by Pennsylvania Ave to the west, W. Broad St to the north, 2nd Ave to the east and the Lehigh River to the south.

The East Side is bordered to the west by Center City and to the east by Bethlehem Township and Freemansburg. The East Side includes the Pembroke Village area.
The South Side's borders are Fountain Hill to the west, the Lehigh River to the north, South Mountain to the south, and Hellertown to the east.

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1850
1,516

—

1860
2,866

89.1%

1870
4,512

57.4%

1880
5,193

15.1%

1890
6,762

30.2%

1900
7,293

7.9%

1910
12,837

76.0%

1920
50,358

292.3%

1930
57,892

15.0%

1940
58,490

1.0%

1950
66,340

13.4%

1960
75,408

13.7%

1970
72,686

−3.6%

1980
70,419

−3.1%

1990
71,428

1.4%

2000
71,329

−0.1%

2010
74,982

5.1%

Est. 2016
75,293
[3]
0.4%

Sources:[11][12][13]

text: As of the census[12] of 2010, there were 74,982 people residing in the city. There were 31,221 housing units, with 5.9% vacant. The racial makeup of the city was 76.4% White, 6.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 10.0% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24.4% of the population.

text: As of the census[12] of 2000, there were 71,329 people residing in the city, including 17,094 families and 28,116 households. The population density was 3,704.4 people per square mile (1,429.9/km²). There were 29,631 housing units at an average density of 1,538.8 per square mile (594.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.85% White, 3.64% African American, 0.26% Native American, 2.22% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 9.44% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.23% of the population. There were 28,116 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95.

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 14.4% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $35,815, and the median income for a family was $45,354. Males had a median income of $35,190 versus $25,817 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,987. About 11.1% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

text: The city is served by Lehigh Valley International Airport, which also serves Allentown, Pennsylvania and the greater Lehigh Valley.

text: Economy[edit]

text: In December 2006, Las Vegas Sands Corp was awarded a Category 2 Slot Machine License by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board. LVSC began work on the site, categorized as both the largest brownfield redevelopment project in the nation and the largest casino development investment made to date in the Commonwealth. Its mission was to create reinvestment and urbanization in the area. At a projected cost of $743 million, the historic Bethlehem Steel plant is being redeveloped as a fully integrated resort, to include 3,000 slot machines, over 300 hotel rooms, 9 restaurants, 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) of retail outlet shopping, and 46,000 square feet (4,300 m2) of flexible multi-purpose space.[14] In 2007, the casino resort company of Las Vegas Sands began the construction of Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem. The Sands Casino has been projected to bring in approximately one million dollars in revenue per day as of 2009.

text: Another major economic anchor to the city is St. Luke's Hospital located in neighboring Fountain Hill. That Hospital and Health Network is the second largest of its type in the Lehigh Valley. Other major employers include B. Braun, Lehigh University, and the Guardian Life Insurance Company of America.[15]

text: Other companies in Bethlehem include the candy company Just Born.

text: Shopping[edit]

text: Over the past two decades, many shops and restaurants have opened in the city's downtown and South Side.[16] In the mid-1970s, West Broad Street between New and Guetter Streets in center city was converted to a pedestrian plaza. The buildings on the south side of the block were torn down and replaced by an enclosed mall and 11-story office tower.[17] The tower, at One Bethlehem Plaza on the corner of Broad and New, continues to operate, but the 80,000-square-foot mall, which was erected in response to the development of suburban shopping malls, failed. Since then, the block has been reopened to traffic, and the mall has been converted into offices for PowerSchool, a major software company based in California, and the Internal Revenue Service.[18][17]

text: In recent years, retail business in downtown Bethlehem, particularly along Main Street south of Broad, has experienced a renaissance, based on the city's historic character.[19] The two-block shopping area is anchored by Moravian College's Main Street Campus and Central Moravian Church at the southern end and The Bethlehem Commons indoor mall and historic Sun Inn (1758) at its northern end. In between, numerous boutiques have opened, selling artwork, gifts, clothing, antiques, crafted beverages, gourmet foods, jewelry, hand cut crystal, holiday decorations, and other specialties.[20] Among the blocks' additional attractions are the Moravian Book Shop (1745), the country's oldest continuously operating bookstore, and the historic Hotel Bethlehem (1922).[20][21] Meanwhile, on the city's South Side, stores and restaurants have sprung up on Third and Fourth Streets, largely because of the presence of Lehigh University but also tied to the opening of the Sands Casino and the development of the SteelStacks Arts and Cultural campus.[16][22]

text: Outside the center city there are several shopping centers:

text:
Westgate Mall, on Schoenersville Road, is an enclosed mall anchored by The Bon-Ton department store and Weis Markets.
Lehigh Center Shopping Center, on Union Boulevard near the Allentown border, includes Marshalls/HomeGoods, Staples, Giant supermarket, and Big Lots.
Martin Court Shopping Center, on Eighth Avenue near Rt. 378, has Lowe's and PriceRite.
Stefko Boulevard Shopping Center, between Washington and Easton Avenues, includes Valley Farm Market, Dollar Tree, VIA Thrift Store, Pennsylvania Wine and Spirits, J's Steaks and Subs, and The Meadows Frozen Custard.
Bethlehem Squares shopping center, on the edge of the city in Bethlehem Township, has Giant supermarket, TJMaxx, Wal-Mart, and The Home Depot.

text: Politics and government[edit]

text: The city government is composed of a mayor and a seven-person city council.

text: Mayor Robert Donchez was sworn in on January 6, 2014. The previous mayor of Bethlehem was John B. Callahan, who was elected to his second term in November 2005. His election marked the 10th consecutive year a Democrat has held the city's highest office.[23]

text: Callahan is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[24] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition was founded by former Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

text: Federally, Bethlehem is part of Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district, represented by Republican Charlie Dent, elected in 2004.

text: Crime[edit]

text:
Bethlehem

Crime rates* (2009)

Violent crimes

Homicide
1.4

Forcible rape
22.1

Robbery
132.7

Aggravated assault
146.5

Total violent crime
302.7

Property crimes

Burglary
504.5

Larceny-theft
1,994.5

Motor vehicle theft
171.4

Arson
18.0

Total property crime
2,670.4

Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

2009 population: 72,349

Source: 2009 FBI UCR Data

text: Bethlehem has a significantly lower crime rate than that of Allentown and Easton. In 2008, Bethlehem had an overall crime index of 244.4,[25] while Allentown's crime index was 510.4[26] and Easton's crime index was 379.2.[27] The United States' average was 320.9.

text: Education[edit]

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Bethlehem is home to three institutes of higher education. Lehigh University, located on South Mountain on the city's South Side, has 5,000 undergraduates and 2,100 graduate students.[28] The university, which was founded in 1865, was ranked No. 44 in U.S. News & World Report's 2017 ratings of America's best colleges.[29]

text: Moravian College, located in the center city area, is a small, highly respected liberal arts college. Founded in 1742 as Bethlehem Female Seminary, Moravian is the sixth oldest college in the nation.[30] Besides undergraduate programs, the college also includes the Moravian Theological Seminary, a graduate school with approximately 100 students from more than a dozen religious denominations.[31]

text: The International Institute for Restorative Practices is a graduate school dedicated to the advanced education of professionals and to the conduct of research that can develop the growing field of restorative practices.[32] The IIRP offers two master's degrees: the Master of Restorative Practices and Education (MRPE) and the Master of Restorative Practices and Youth Counseling (MRPYC). The IIRP also offers an 18-credit Graduate Certificate in Restorative Practices.[33]

text: The main campus of Northampton Community College is located in neighboring Bethlehem Township, but it does have a satellite campus within the city.

text: Primary and secondary education[edit]

text: Bethlehem is home to the Bethlehem Area School District (BASD), which covers a 40-square-mile (100 km2) area that includes the city, the boroughs of Fountain Hill and Freemansburg, and Bethlehem and Hanover Townships.[34] The district operates two high schools for grades 9–12: Liberty High School near center city and Freedom High School in neighboring Bethlehem Township.

text: The district also has four public middle schools for grades 6–8: Broughal Middle School, East Hills Middle School, Nitschmann Middle School, and Northeast Middle School. In addition, BASD maintains 16 public elementary schools for grades K-5: Asa Packer Elementary School, Calypso Elementary School, Clearview Elementary School, Donegan Elementary School, Farmersville Elementary School, Fountain Hill Elementary School, Freemansburg Elementary School, Governor Wolf Elementary School, Hanover Elementary School, James Buchanan Elementary School, Lincoln Elementary School, Marvine Elementary School, Miller Heights Elementary School, Spring Garden Elementary School, Thomas Jefferson Elementary School, and William Penn Elementary School. Lehigh Valley Charter High School for the Arts is also operated by the district, though it accepts students in grades 9–12 from throughout Northampton and surrounding counties.

text: Bethlehem has two private high schools: Bethlehem Catholic High School, which serves grades 9–12, and Moravian Academy, which serves all primary and secondary school grades. Notre Dame High School, located just north of the city, also serves grades 9 through 12.

text: Bethlehem Catholic, Freedom and Liberty all compete athletically in Pennsylvania's Eastern Pennsylvania Conference.

text: Media[edit]

text: Bethlehem's daily newspaper, The Globe-Times, ceased publication in 1991. The Morning Call, based in Allentown, and The Express-Times, based in Easton, are now the city's dominant newspapers. Other smaller newspapers include the Bethlehem Press; an award-winning weekly, Pulse Weekly, based in Allentown; Eastern Pennsylvania Business Journal, based in Bethlehem; and Lehigh Valley Sports Extra, an all-sports monthly newspaper founded in 2001.

text: Religious broadcaster WBPH is the only television station licensed in Bethlehem, though WLVT Channel 39, a PBS affiliate, has its operations in the city. WFMZ Channel 69, an independent station, is based in neighboring Allentown. Bethlehem is part of the Philadelphia DMA and its cable systems also receive select radio and television broadcasts from New York City.

text: Bethlehem has two licensed commercial radio stations, variety WGPA AM, and hard rock WZZO FM (though the latter's facilities are in Whitehall Township). There is also one non-commercial station, WLVR FM, operated by Lehigh University. In addition, public radio station WDIY FM, while licensed in Allentown, maintains its facilities in Bethlehem. There are numerous other stations broadcast from Allentown and Easton representing a variety of commercial formats, as well as several translators of public stations from Philadelphia and New Jersey.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Radio stations in the Allentown–Bethlehem, Pennsylvania market

By AM frequency

790
1100
1160
1230
1320
1400
1470
1600
1640

By FM frequency

88.1
89.3
89.5
90.3
91.3
91.7
92.1
92.7
93.1
93.7
93.9
94.7
95.1
96.1
96.9
97.1
99.3
99.5
99.9
100.7
103.5
104.1
104.9 (Easton) 104.9 (North Whitehall Township)
105.7
106.5
107.1

NOAA Weather Radio
frequency

162.4

Digital radio
by frequency & subchannel

89.5-1
95.1-1
95.1-2
99.9-1
99.9-2
100.7-1
100.7-2
100.7-3
100.7-4

By callsign

W221CU
W224AU
W226AA
W229AO
W230AG
W234AX
W245AC
W246AA
W257AI
W258BM
W278AI
W285DH
W289AH
W293BW
WAEB
WAEB-FM
WBYN
WCTO
WDIY
WEEX
WEST
WGPA
WHOL
WJCS
WJRH
WLEV

HD2
HD3
HD4

WLHI
WLVR-FM
WMUH
WODE-FM

HD2

WPNX700
WSAN
WTKZ
WWPJ
WWYY
WXL39
WZZO

HD2

Nearby radio markets
Middlesex-Somerset-Union
Morristown
Philadelphia
Reading
Stroudsburg
Sussex
Trenton
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton

See also
List of radio stations in Pennsylvania

text: Sports[edit]

text:
Club
League
Venue
Established
Championships

Bethlehem Steel FC
USL, Soccer
Goodman Stadium
2016
0

text: Lehigh Valley Storm, Lehigh Valley Steelhawks and Philadelphia Eagles[edit]

text: A semi-professional football team, the Lehigh Valley Storm, is based in the city. Bethlehem is also home to the Lehigh Valley Steelhawks, a Professional Indoor Football League team who played their home games at Stabler Arena in Bethlehem till they moved to PPL Center in Allentown for 2014.

text: From 1996 to 2012, the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League held their pre-season training camp each summer at the football facilities of Bethlehem's Lehigh University. As of 2013, the contract expired with the Philadelphia Eagles choosing to hold pre-season camp closer to home in South Philadelphia.[35]

text: Stabler Arena[edit]

text: Bethlehem also is home to Lehigh University's Stabler Arena, which hosts numerous athletic and music events. Stabler is home to the Professional Indoor Football League's Lehigh Valley Steelhawks and to Lehigh University collegiate basketball.

text: High school athletics[edit]

text: Bethlehem-area high schools, including Bethlehem Catholic High School, Freedom High School and Liberty High School, compete athletically in the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference.

text: Other[edit]

text: In the early part of the 20th century, Bethlehem had a corporate soccer team, the Bethlehem Steel F.C., which won the 1918–19 championship in the National Association Football League (NAFL), and then won what amounted to national championships three more times during the next decade (1920–21 in the NAFL; 1926–27 in the American Soccer League I; and in 1928–29 winning the EPSL II). The Bethlehem Steel sides consisted largely of British imported players and also had the distinction of being the first American professional soccer team to play in Europe, which it did during its tour of Sweden in 1919. The team also won the National Challenge Cup, now called the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup after billionaire sports franchise owner Lamar Hunt, five times beginning in 1915, and for the last time in 1926.

text: The Lehigh Valley RFC rugby union team play their home matches at Monocacy Park.

text: Recreation and entertainment[edit]

text: The city is famous for its annual Musikfest, a largely free, ten-day music festival that draws over a million people to the city each August. Since its founding in 1898, The Bach Choir of Bethlehem has been attracting thousands of visitors to the annual Bethlehem Bach Festival,[36] now held largely on the campus of Lehigh University and on the historic grounds of the Moravian Community. Other festivals include The Celtic Classic, which celebrates Celtic culture, food and music,[37] and the SouthSide Film Festival, a non-competitive, not-for-profit film festival. The city has also been the past, and current host of the North East Art Rock Festival, or NEARFest, a popular 3-day Progressive rock music event.

text: The Bethlehem Area Public Library is a popular destination for recreation and entertainment.[38] The Banana Factory houses studios of area artists and is open to the public every first Friday of the month.[39] Touchstone Theatre, also on the SouthSide, houses the Valley's only professional resident theatre company, producing and presenting original theatre performances.[40]

text: Historic Bethlehem features many specialized boutiques, spas and nightclubs along its main streets.

text: On the first Friday of the month, the businesses of the Southside Shopping District hosts First Friday,[41] a celebration of arts and culture. Stores, restaurants and art galleries stay open late and offer special discounts, refreshments, gallery openings and more.

text: Lehigh University's Zoellner Arts Center offers a variety of musical and dramatic events through the year.

text: The city is the location of Pennsylvania's largest casino, the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem, located on the former Bethlehem Steel property.

text: The Lehigh Canal provides hiking and biking opportunities along the canal towpath which follows the Lehigh River in Bethlehem. Both the Lehigh Canal and the Monocacy Creek are popular for sport fishing, and both are stocked annually with trout.

text: The western part of the former Bethlehem Steel site was selected as a filming location for the movie Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, which was released in 2009. In the film, the Steel's blast furnaces and surrounding area are used for the opening sequence of the film to represent Shanghai.

text: In spring 2011, the city opened Steel Stacks, a ten-acre campus that showcases music, art, festivals, films and educational programming throughout the year.[42] It is located in the backdrop of the blast furnaces of the former Bethlehem Steel plant.

text: City parks[edit]

text: Bethlehem owns 39 park sites, encompassing 568 acres (2.3 km2). Among the city's parks are Buchannan Park, Elmwood Park, Illick's Mill Park, Johnston Park, Monocacy Park, Rockland Park, Rose Garden, Sand Island, Saucon Park, Sell Field, South Mountain Park, Triangle Park, West Side Park, and Yosko Park.[43][44]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Jeff Andretti, professional race car driver.
John Andretti, professional race car driver, raced in NASCAR and IndyCar Series.
Michael Andretti, professional racing team owner, former professional race car driver.
David A. Bader, Georgia Tech professor.
Chuck Bednarik, former professional football player, Philadelphia Eagles, Pro Football Hall of Fame member.
Michael Behe, biochemist at Lehigh University, advocate of intelligent design.
Stephen Vincent Benét, writer.
Pete Carril, former professional and collegiate basketball coach.
Alexandra Chando, actress, As the World Turns.
H.D., writer, poet.
Russell Davenport, publisher and writer.
Jimmy DeGrasso, drummer, Alice Cooper band, former drummer, Megadeth.
Richard Diehl, archaeologist, academic and Mesoamericanist scholar.
Edwin Drake, oil driller.
Jonathan Frakes, director and actor, Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Mark Wayne Glasmire, singer.
Murray H. Goodman (born 1925), real estate developer[45]
Eugene Grace, industrialist, President of Bethlehem Steel, 1916–1945.
John Valentine Haidt, German-born American painter and lay Moravian preacher.
Mel Harris, actress, ABC's thirtysomething.
Mike Hartenstine, former professional football player.
Darrun Hilliard, professional basketball player, San Antonio Spurs
George Hrab, musician.
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, professional wrestler and actor.
Archibald Johnston, industrialist, mayor, and civic leader.
Steve Kimock, freeform rock guitarist.
Gelsey Kirkland, ballerina.
Nathan Homer Knorr, religious leader and 3rd president, Jehovah's Witnesses.
Joe Kovacs, world champion, Olympic silver medalist in shot put.
Noel LaMontagne, former professional football player, Cleveland Browns.
Gary Lavelle, former professional baseball player, Oakland Athletics, San Francisco Giants and Toronto Blue Jays.
Barry W. Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State.
John E. Madden, thoroughbred trainer in National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.
Zach Makovsky, mixed martial artist fighting in UFC's flyweight division.
John E. McGlade, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Air Products & Chemicals.
Alix Olson, spoken word poet.
Bob Parsons, football player for Penn State and Chicago Bears.
Billy Packer, CBS basketball analyst.
Daniel Roebuck, actor, ABC's Lost.
Thom Schuyler, country music singer and songwriter.
Charles M. Schwab, industrialist, former President of U.S. Steel, later founded and was first Chairman of Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Sheetal Sheth, actress, Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World.
John Spagnola, former professional football player, Green Bay Packers, Philadelphia Eagles and Seattle Seahawks.
Donald Smaltz, lawyer.
Sarah Strohmeyer, novelist, creator of Bubbles.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas, actor, ABC's Home Improvement.
Melissa VanFleet, singer/songwriter and musician.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the comic strip Dennis the Menace, Dennis' grandfather lives in Bethlehem. A three-part holiday story, "Dennis in the Christmas City," has been reprinted frequently since its original appearance in 1963.[46]

text: Related communities[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Murska Sobota, Slovenia
 Tondabayashi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
 Corfu, Greece[47]

text: Twin cities[edit]

text:
Allentown, Pennsylvania
 Easton, Pennsylvania


document_title: Long John Silver's

question_text: who is the owner of long john silvers

question_tokens: who is the owner of long john silvers

root

text: Long John Silver's

text: History[edit]

text: The first restaurant was opened on August 18, 1969, in Lexington, Kentucky.[1] The original location, on 301 Southland Drive just off Nicholasville Road, was previously a seafood carry out restaurant named the Cape Codder. The original Cape Codder concrete block building was redesigned by Architect Druce Henn, who created the New England style of LJS's early chain restaurants. That original location is now a styling salon.[2][3]

tag: p

text: Earlier restaurants were known for their Cape Cod style buildings, blue roofs with square cupolas, wood benches/tables, lobster pots, and ship's wheels. Later, more nautically themed decorations were added such as seats made to look like nautical flags.

text: Those early restaurants also featured separate entrance and exit doors, a corridor like waiting line area, deep fryer with food heaters that were transparent so customers could see the food waiting to be served, and wrought iron 'sword' door handles. A major exterior theme of these buildings had dock-like walkways lined with pilings and thick ropes. Somewhat newer restaurants retained the basic structural design and theme but eliminated most of the interior features.

text: Citing poor sales for both divisions, the company plans to focus on its international expansion plans for its other brands, with particular emphasis on its growth in China.[4] With the announcement of the intent to sell by Yum! Brands, a group consisting of Long John Silver's franchisees and other private investors made a successful bid to buy the LJS Brand and in September 2011, Yum! announced the impending sale to LJS Partners LLC.[5]

text: In March 2015, James O'Reilly, who had previously worked for KFC, was appointed as the CEO. In an interview, he said that he intended to strengthen the core business and solidify the brand. He expected the chain to maintain its 1,132 stores during the year with the possibility of future expansion.[6]

text:
A co-branded Long John Silver's and A&W in Gillette, Wyoming

A co branded KFC and Long John Silver's restaurant in Lafayette, Tennessee

A former co branded Long John Silver's and Taco Bell in Kent, Ohio before becoming a Taco Bell store

tag: ul

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In July 2013, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nutrition and health policy watchdog group, named Long John Silver's "Big Catch" meal the worst restaurant meal in America, noting that it contained 33 grams of trans fat, 19 grams of saturated fat, 1,320 calories, and almost 3,700 milligrams of sodium.[7] In January 2014, the company announced that it had eliminated trans fats from its menu.[8]


document_title: United States one hundred-dollar bill

question_text: when did they start putting watermarks on 100 dollar bills

text: United States one hundred-dollar bill

text: Large size note history[edit]

text: (approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)

text:
1861: Three-year 100-dollar Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 7.3% interest per year. These notes were not primarily designed to circulate and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill. The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General Winfield Scott.
1862: The first $100 United States Note was issued. Variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording (obligations) on the reverse; the note was issued again in Series of 1863.
1863: Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5% interest. The one-year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of George Washington in the center, and allegorical figures representing "The Guardian" to the right and "Justice" to the left. The two-year notes featured a vignette of the U.S. treasury building in the center, a farmer and mechanic to the left, and sailors firing a cannon to the right.
1863: The first $100 Gold Certificates were issued with a bald eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse. The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time.
1864: Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6% interest compounded semi-annually. The obverse is similar to the 1863 one-year Interest Bearing Note.
1869: A new $100 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE.
1870: A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton on the left side of the obverse was issued. The note was one-sided.
1870: One hundred dollar National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks. The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the USS St. Lawrence and an allegorical figure to the right; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins.
1875: The reverse of the Series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned. Also, TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse. This note was issued again in Series of 1878 and Series of 1880.
1878: The first $100 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of James Monroe on the left side of the obverse. The reverse was printed in black ink, unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued bill.
1882: A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued. The obverse was partially the same as the Series 1870 gold certificate; the border design, portrait of Thomas H. Benton, and large word GOLD, and gold-colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained. The reverse featured a perched bald eagle and the Roman numeral for 100, C.
1890: One hundred dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The note featured a portrait of Admiral David G. Farragut. The note was also nicknamed a "watermelon note" because of the watermelon-shaped 0's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.
1891: The reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the Treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.
1891: The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed. The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink.
1914: The first $100 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor, plenty, America, peace, and commerce on the reverse.
1922: The Series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom-left serial number on the obverse.

text: Small size note history[edit]

text: (6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 157 × 66 mm)

text:
1929: Under the Series of 1928, all U.S. currency was changed to its current size and began to carry a standardized design. All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin, same border design on the obverse, and the same reverse with a vignette of Independence Hall. The $100 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers.
1933: As an emergency response to the Great Depression, additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under Series of 1929. This was the only small-sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse. The serial numbers and seal on it were brown.
1934: The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard.
1934: Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public, Federal Reserve bank-to-bank transactions. These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small-sized notes. The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW.
1950: Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed. Most noticeably, the treasury seal, gray numeral 100, and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller; also, the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it.
1963: Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver, beginning with Series 1963A, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note and the obligation was shortened to its current wording, THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. Also, IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse.
1966: The first and only small-sized $100 United States Note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers. It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin. Like the Series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes, it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse. The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation. Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued, the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop, thus warranting the issuing of this note.
1990: The first new-age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under Series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill.
March 25, 1996: The first major design change since 1929 took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout. The main intent of the new design was to deter counterfeiting. New security features included a watermark of Franklin to the right side of the bill, optically variable ink (OVI) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles, a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin, and hard-to-reproduce fine line printing around Franklin's portrait and Independence Hall. Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers, microprinting, and a plastic security thread (which now glows pink [nominally red] under a black light) were kept. The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number, w. The first of the Series 1996 bills were produced in October 1995.[7]
February 2007: The first $100 bills (a shipment of 128,000 star notes from the San Francisco FRB) from the Western Currency Facility in Fort Worth, Texas are produced, almost 16 years after the first notes from the facility were produced. The shipment makes the $100 bill the most recently added production to the facility's lineup. 4.6 billion notes were produced at the facility with series 2006 and Cabral and Paulson signatures, including about 4.15 million star notes.[8]
October 8, 2013: The newest $100 bill was announced on April 21, 2010, and entered circulation on October 8, 2013.[4] In addition to design changes introduced in 1996, the obverse features the brown quill that was used to sign the Declaration of Independence; faint phrases from the Declaration of Independence; a bell in the inkwell that appears and disappears depending on the angle at which the bill is viewed; teal background color; a borderless portrait of Benjamin Franklin; a blue "3D security ribbon" (trademarked "Motion" by Crane Currency[9]) on which images of Liberty Bells shift into numerical designations of "100" as the note is tilted; and to the left of Franklin, small yellow 100s whose zeros form the EURion constellation. The reverse features small yellow EURion 100s and has the fine lines removed from around the vignette of Independence Hall. These notes were issued as Series 2009A with Rios-Geithner signatures. Many of these changes are intended not only to thwart counterfeiting but to also make it easier to quickly check authenticity and help vision impaired people.[10]

text:
Both views (obverse and reverse) of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate.

Front of a Series 1966 $100 United States note.

Obverse of a Series 2006A $100 note.

Joseph-Siffred Duplessis portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill from 1929 until 1996.

H.B.Hall engraving of Joseph-Siffred Duplessis portrait of an older Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill 1996 onward.

Comparison between a Series 1990 note with a 2013 note (1996 design not shown).

text: Removal of large denomination bills ($500 and up)[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve announced the removal of large denominations of United States currency from circulation on July 14, 1969. The one-hundred-dollar bill was the largest denomination left in circulation. All the Federal Reserve Notes produced from Series 1928 up to before Series 1969 (i.e. 1928, 1928A, 1934, 1934A, 1934B, 1934C, 1934D, 1950, 1950A, 1950B, 1950C, 1950D, 1950E, 1963, 1966, 1966A) of the $100 denomination added up to $23.1708 billion.[11] Since some banknotes had been destroyed, and the population was 200 million at the time, there was less than one $100 banknote per capita circulating.

text: As of June 30, 1969, the U.S. coins and banknotes in circulation of all denominations were worth $50.936 billion of which $4.929 billion was circulating overseas.[12] So the currency and coin circulating within the United States was $230 per capita. Since 1969, the demand for U.S. currency has greatly increased. The total amount of circulating currency and coin passed one trillion dollars in March 2011.

text: Despite the degradation in the value of the U.S. $100 banknote (which was worth more in 1969 than a U.S. $500 note would be worth today), and despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes (most notably, the 500 euro banknote), there are no plans to re-issue banknotes above $100. The widespread use of electronic means to conduct high-value transactions today has made large-scale physical cash transactions obsolete and therefore, from the government's point of view, unnecessary for the conduct of legitimate business. Quoting T. Allison, Assistant to the Board of the Federal Reserve System in his October 8, 1998 testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Committee on Banking and Financial Services:

text: There are public policies against reissuing the $500 note, mainly because many of those efficiency gains, such as lower shipment and storage costs, would accrue not only to legitimate users of bank notes but also to money launderers, tax evaders and a variety of other lawbreakers who use currency in their criminal activity. While it is not at all clear that the volume of illegal drugs sold or the amount of tax evasion would necessarily increase just as a consequence of the availability of a larger dollar denomination bill, it no doubt is the case that if wrongdoers were provided with an easier mechanism to launder their funds and hide their profits, enforcement authorities could have a harder time detecting certain illicit transactions occurring in cash.[13]


document_title: Wizards of Waverly Place (season 3)

question_text: when does mason come to wizards of waverly place

text: Wizards of Waverly Place (season 3)

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The opening sequence is the same as it was for the previous seasons. The characters in the opening sequence still remain in Standard Definition, only the background being converted to high definition.

text: The sequence begins with Alex (Selena Gomez) waking up in the morning with her alarm clock buzzing off. She uses a spell to make the time 6:30. She then goes into the bathroom where Justin (David Henrie) is observing himself in the mirror where Alex pushes him to the side. He gets annoyed and then uses magic to put her into the mirror. In the kitchen, Max (Jake T. Austin) has an orange which turns into a vanilla cupcake. Meanwhile, Harper (Jennifer Stone) meets Alex at the front door while pointing at her watermelon shirt. Back at the kitchen, Max is about to put his cupcake into his backpack when his mother, Teresa (Maria Canals Barrera), makes him turn it back into an orange. Alex tells her mother that she is late for school. In the lair, Jerry (David DeLuise) has his spellbook fly away. He then goes to retrieve it. In the sub shop, Alex opens her book bag and the spellbook goes in. Jerry lectures her as the main title card appears. Then the four friends walk to school.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Justin is now a graduated wizard and no longer needs to take wizard training classes with his fellow siblings. Alex now feels the need to step her training skills with a little help from Harper who now lives with the Russos. Justin also continues his relationship with a vampire named Juliet (Bridgit Mendler) and Alex starts a new one with a werewolf named Mason (Gregg Sulkin). Both relationships end badly, with Juliet being transformed to look her real age and Mason turned permanently into a wolf. However, Justin has moved on with help from Harper and Alex, who has resumed her relationship with Mason after "country magic" restores him to human form. Justin attempts to fulfill a number of achievements he thinks make up a successful senior year at high school, including joining the basketball team, being elected student body president, hosting a big party, and winning the science fair with a water powered engine. Meanwhile, Alex meets a teenage wizard named Stevie Nichols (Hayley Kiyoko), who generals the same personality as Alex. Alex and Stevie become friends, much to Harper's dismay. Then, Stevie begins a wizard revolution and Alex tricks her into joining the revolution to freeze Stevie and transport her powers to her brother, Warren. Max then destroys Stevie by accident. Alex has romance going off and on in this season. Max falls for his first girlfriend. The season finale has the family kidnapped by government agents for being wizards. Tricked into believing an alien invasion is coming, Justin tells the agents magic exists, leading to most wizards being captured. The Russos manage to escape with Alex declaring they need to tell the world the truth to save the wizard world.

text: Guest stars and recurring cast include: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Dan Benson as Zeke Beakerman, Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols, Bridgit Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen, Moisés Arias as Conscience, Bella Thorne as Nancy Lukey, Fred Willard as Mr. Stuffleby, Austin Butler as George, Shakira as Herself, Ted McGinley as Magroder, John O'Hurley as Captain Jim Bob Sherwood, Wilmer Valderrama as Uncle Ernesto, Kate Flannery as Elaine Finkle, and Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Selena Gomez as Alex Russo
David Henrie as Justin Russo
Jake T. Austin as Max Russo
Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo
David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
This season consists of 28 episodes.
Filmed in July 2009 to January 2010.

text:
Wizards of Waverly Place Season 3 episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Franken Girl"
Bob Koherr
Peter Murrieta
October 9, 2009 (2009-10-09)
301
4.6[1]

As Justin is continuously getting annoyed by Alex breaking into his room and stealing things, he decides to create a female Frankenstein's monster to act as a 'body guard' and names her "Franken Girl". However, when Alex beats the monster and still manages to break into Justin's room, he tries to get revenge by casting a spell to make Franken Girl Alex's best friend but also casts a "spell lock" to stop Alex from reversing the spell. Although initially annoyed by Franken Girl's obsession with her, Alex soon takes a liking to her, which just makes Justin more mad and more eager to seek revenge. He soon thinks up a rather elaborate (and somewhat demented) revenge plan to make Franken Girl love cheerleading (the sport that Alex hates the most) and she forces Alex to join the squad when she sees a flyer of a "cheerleaders wanted" sign. The episode ends with Franken Girl accidentally launching Alex out of the school when Alex mentions "I'll be late for Algebra."
Guest stars: Perry Mattfeld as Franken Girl, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate
Notes: This is the first episode of the series to be broadcast in high definition, and the show now utilizes a 'filmized' appearance (though it is still shot on videotape, as is standard with Disney Channel sitcoms beginning with Sonny with a Chance). This episode aired on September 27, 2009 on Disney Channel Middle East. It was the first of two times that Frankengirl appeared. This is the final season playing the original version of the series theme song. Starting in the fourth season, the theme song will be remixed and sung by Selena Gomez.

53
2
"Halloween"
Bob Koherr
Todd J. Greenwald
October 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)
302
4.5[2]

The Russos' haunted house has been lame every year, mostly because Justin insists that they focus on safety and making the right decisions to avoid being "haunted" by them later in life. The person in charge of the haunted house, Mr. Evans, threatens to take the Russos' contribution away if it is not scarier this Halloween. Alex then goes to the wizard world and gets three real (but only mildly scary) ghosts, following her father's orders. However, they aren't scary enough, as at first, Teresa thinks they're just people in masks. Alex and Harper go back to the wizard world and get "Mantooth", the scariest ghost from the wizard world who used to scare Justin at night. Mantooth does something with his face that scares the children so badly that they flee the house. Mr. Evans immediately declares that their haunted house is too scary and takes it away anyway.
Guest stars: Bo Foxworth as Coach, Scott Freeburg as Doug, Daniel Roebuck as Mr. Evans, Sean Whalen as Mantooth, Hilary Hacker as Mrs. Chenowith, Stephen A.F. Day as Frank, Shannon McClung as Doug's Body, Keith Allan as Wally

54
3
"Monster Hunter"
Bob Koherr
Richard Goodman
October 23, 2009 (2009-10-23)
303
4.3[3]

Justin signs up for Monster Hunting after he masters his 5,000th spell. Knowing that Justin could become the family wizard, Alex studies with help from Harper. Meanwhile, Max performs a spell that separates his conscience from himself. Then, he performs another spell to make monsters go all over the city to sabotage Justin's training even though his conscience tells him not to. Later, Alex, Max and his conscience go to help Justin with the monsters and Alex performs two spells successfully and saves Justin.
Special guest stars: Moisés Arias as Max's Conscience, Fred Willard as Mr. Stuffleby

55
4
"Three Monsters"
Victor Gonzalez
Justin Varava
October 30, 2009 (2009-10-30)
304
4.4[4]

Justin begins his Monster Hunting course and senses that there are three unregistered monsters on Waverly Place. Forgetting that Juliet and her family live there, he tells the professionals, and they come looking for her. Realizing his mistake, Justin tries to fix it by trying to find three other monsters. In the end, the monster hunters take away Franken Girl and Justin's robot. Meanwhile, Max tries to separate himself from his conscience because he thinks that he is trying to steal his mother.
Special guest star: Moisés Arias as Max's Conscience
Guest stars: Bridgit Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen, Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie, Pat Finn as Luxor, Wendi McLendon-Covey as Dr. Ice
Absent: David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

56
5
"Night at the Lazerama"
Victor Gonzalez
Peter Murrieta
November 6, 2009 (2009-11-06)
306
4.7[5]

For his first official monster hunting assignment, Justin is dispatched to capture a mind controlling mummy after all of the other monster hunters are apparently killed in action. Arriving at the museum, Justin and Juliet end up getting trapped in an exhibit with a soundproof plastic window, leaving them unable to call for help and the window itself immune to Justin's magic. Justin believes that they can wait until morning for a worker to let them out, but quickly realizes otherwise when he remembers that exposure to sunlight will incinerate Juliet. Justin ultimately decides that Juliet needs to look in the mummy's eyes and become his slave in order to leave so she will not be destroyed, though he promises to hunt down the mummy and save Juliet one day.
Meanwhile, Alex, in an attempt to sabotage Max's increasingly good behavior and gain a better chance at winning the wizard competition, has Harper separate Conscience from Max, and Max's behavior becomes increasingly horrific; however, she quickly rushes to fix the problem when Jerry informs her that Conscience will become his own person if he is separated from Max for too long. After reuniting Max and his conscience, Alex discovers Justin's plight and rushes to save him, but arrives too late to save Juliet from the mummy.
Special guest star: Moisés Arias as Max's Conscience
Guest stars: Bridgit Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen, John Eric Bentley as Mummy, Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie

57
6
"Doll House"
Jean Sagal
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
November 20, 2009 (2009-11-20)
305
4.1[6]

After Harper finds out that her parents are moving to Pittsburgh, the Russos offer to clear out their basement so she can live with them and stay in New York. While Alex and Harper clean out the basement to make room for Harper's things, they find Alex's old doll house. Alex shrinks herself down to fit in the doll house to use as her own art studio, but Jerry and Theresa give the doll house away to a little girl named Olive, with Alex still in it. Unable to use magic to get out, as she had dropped her wand, Alex gets Harper's attention and begs her not to tell Justin. However, Harper tells him and then the pair help Alex, when she makes him buy the doll house back. Meanwhile, Justin tries to sell his "Captain Jim-Bob Sherwood Farmhouse Space Command Module" which is worth $400.
Guest stars: Yara Shahidi as Olive, Gregg Binkley as Randy

58
7
"Marathoner Harper"
Victor Gonzalez
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
December 4, 2009 (2009-12-04)
307
4.2[7]

After Harper wins a marathon, she discovers that Alex used magic to help her win every competition since they were very young, including the marathon. Upset that she never really won anything on her own, Alex decides to let Harper do all the contests again from the past in order to have the opportunity to win without the aid of magic, though things go wrong when Harper proves to be completely incompetent in everything. Meanwhile Justin decides to enter the marathon so he can be the first Russo to win an athletic trophy.
Guest star: Dan Benson as Zeke

59
8
"Alex Charms a Boy"
Bob Koherr
Peter Murrieta
January 15, 2010 (2010-01-15)
313
3.9[8]

Alex meets and falls for Mason, a transfer student from the United Kingdom. After they start dating, she finds him perfect in every way, except for his view of art, which is dogs and parts of American history. Alex tries to make him more American, by throwing water balloons at people (being rude) and laughing in appreciation (making fun of Mr. Laritate and Harper's clothes). In order to make him a better artist, Alex takes matters into her own hands by putting a spell on Mason to make her his new artistic inspiration,which ends up on Mason kissing Alex in the rain. Meanwhile, Justin trains for finding the mummy that took away Juliet, so Jerry gives Justin goggles where you can see behind you so Justin wouldn't have to look into the mummy's eyes and get turned to his minion. During this, it is discovered that, when Max cast the spell that set monsters running loose in an idiotic attempt to sabotage Justin's monster hunting, one of the escaped monsters is said mummy, thus making Max himself indirectly responsible for both Juliet's kidnapping and the deaths of all of the other monster hunters.
Guest stars: Gregg Sulkin as Mason Greyback, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo

60
9
"Wizards vs. Werewolves"
Victor Gonzalez
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
and
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
January 22, 2010 (2010-01-22)
314/315
6.2[9]

In this episode, Justin and Max continue to search for Juliet. Meanwhile, Mason and Alex continue dating and Mason gives her a glowing necklace. However, Mason keeps running away from Alex before the evening. She becomes suspicious and follows him one night. Alex and Harper discover that Mason is actually a werewolf. She confesses that she is a wizard and they continue to date. Mason then reveals that the necklace only glows when someone is in love with the person who put it on the other person. When Justin and Max find out that Mason is a werewolf, Justin thinks that Mason can help track down Juliet. He tracks her scent to Transylvania, where the mummy has been holding Juliet prisoner and expecting Justin, though they destroy the mummy after a brief face-off.
The Russo's happiness at saving Juliet is cut short when it is discovered that Juliet and Mason dated one another three centuries ago, and the situation worsens when Mason impulsively blurts out that he still loves her. Alex throws away the True Love Necklace and breaks up with Mason. Juliet then says that she used to love Mason, but her soulmate is Justin. Alex is heartbroken the next day, and Mason goes to the substation to talk to Alex, but she won't let him explain, and Harper decides to set up an "Alex-watch" to keep the two separate. Later, Mason meets Max, who manages to take him to Alex. Mason is able to persuade Alex to go back to Transylvania with him to search for the True Love Necklace, so that Mason can prove his feelings for her. Justin, Max, and Juliet follow them. At odds with Justin, Mason transforms into a full Werewolf and starts to attack Justin, which results in being attacked by Juliet. During the fight, Juliet bites Mason and is scratched by him in turn: as a result, Juliet loses her vampire powers and quickly ages into a white-haired, wrinkly old lady, and Mason transforms into an actual wolf. Before this happens, however, Alex successfully locates the necklace and puts it on Mason, which proves that he does indeed love her. Realizing that they can no longer be together, Juliet and Mason reluctantly break up with Justin and Alex. They then depart, leaving both Russos completely heartbroken.
Guest stars: Bridgit Claire Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen, Gregg Sulkin as Mason, John Eric Bentley as Mummy

61
10
"Positive Alex"
Victor Gonzalez
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
February 26, 2010 (2010-02-26)
308
3.6[10]

Alex has a crush on George, the school's bandleader, but is unable to get his attention because he is turned off by her sour attitude and unenergetic cheers at the school basketball games. Determined to get George to ask her to the school dance, she casts a spell on herself to become a positive person. Unfortunately, the spell backfires when, during the next game, Alex's newfound optimism turns out to be too much when she starts cheering for the opposing team, ultimately leading Tribeca Prep to squander a huge lead and lose the game. Meanwhile, Justin has joined the basketball team and is trying to get a big senior moment captured on video. During the game, Justin gets to play and scores 3 three pointers. However, Max, tasked with capturing the game on videotape, is too fascinated with the camera, conducting somewhat embarrassing zoom-in shots of Theresa and Jerry, and forgets all about the action on the court.
Guest stars: Austin Butler as George, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Dan Benson as Zeke

62
11
"Detention Election"
Bob Koherr
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
March 19, 2010 (2010-03-19)
309
3.3[11]

Justin and Zeke are running against each other to become Student Body President. Justin soon finds his efforts put in jeopardy after someone wallpaper's Principal Laritate's office with posters of his campaign and he is accused of masterminding the prank. In Saturday detention, Alex befriends a rebellious new girl at school named Stevie. On their trip to Coney Island, Jerry, Max and Harper are stuck on a Ferris wheel and Max drops his wand in an attempt to get them off. Harper is flashed off the Ferris wheel by Alex, and they both try to help Justin out of trouble. Meanwhile, Justin has gained newfound popularity by taking credit for the prank and also to get more votes for his campaign. But his friendship with Zeke may be strained when he chooses his popularity over his best friend. In the end, Justin wins the race but he is disqualified because of the prank. Alex takes the blame so Justin can become president but Stevie confesses that she pulled off the prank. Justin becomes Student Body President by six votes, but Zeke withdrew his vote when he found out that Justin did not vote. However, Justin gained his friendship with Zeke back and lost his popularity. Harper is sent back on the Ferris wheel by Alex, who was banned and wanted revenge because Jerry, Max and Harper went without her, where Jerry and Max are still stuck on, but luckily she grabbed her jacket made of spicy and teriyaki jerky.
Guest stars: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Dan Benson as Zeke, Grant Alan as Eddie, Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo

63
12
"Dude Looks Like Shakira"
Victor Gonzalez
Peter Murrieta
April 16, 2010 (2010-04-16)
317
3.5[12]

Theresa and Jerry go on vacation and leave Uncle Kelbo to watch the kids. When Uncle Kelbo comes he is not him, he is Shakira. He confess to them that there is no Shakira and that he made her up years ago. Uncle Kelbo tells them that there is a strict law against using magic for fame and fortune, Max and Alex try to find a cure so that Uncle Kelbo can stay his real self. Max finds a spell and has the same problem as Uncle Kelbo, except he turns into a garbage can.
Special guest star: Shakira as herself
Guest stars: Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo, Michael Monken as MacGruder
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

64
13
"Eat to the Beat"
Guy Distad
Richard Goodman
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)
310
3.3[13]

After Harper's lunchtime Shakespeare impressions are a total bust, Alex and Stevie ask Justin to hire a rock band to play at lunchtime. Justin agrees, feeling that he owes Stevie since she got him elected to become Student Body President. However, Justin hires a smooth jazz band instead of a rock band, which angers Alex. Harper later finds out that Stevie is a wizard, but instantly forgets it after Stevie uses a spell to erase Harper's short-term memory.
Guest stars: Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols, Aaron Hendry as Guitarist, Beau Billingslea as Burt Parks
Absent: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo, Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo, David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

65
14
"Third Wheel"
Robbie Countryman
Justin Varava
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)
311
3.6[14]

Harper tells Alex that Stevie is a wizard after Harper sees Stevie use a wand, with Stevie erasing her memory, which Alex helps Harper regain. Alex then confronts Stevie about her secret and the two bond even more because of their magical abilities making Harper feel left out. Meanwhile, Justin and Zeke come with the idea to build a float for the school's homecoming festivities.
Guest stars: Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols, Dan Benson as Zeke, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate
Absent: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo, Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo

66
15
"The Good, the Bad, and the Alex"
Victor Gonzalez
Todd J. Greenwald
May 7, 2010 (2010-05-07)
312
3.5[15]

Alex is caught off guard when she discovers that Stevie is leading a wizard revolution. To the dismay of Justin and Harper, she decides to help Stevie with her quest to make sure no wizard ever has to give up their powers again. Alex agrees to Stevie shortly after Stevie barricades the wizard portal with a broom stick. Alex and Stevie also ask Max to join in their revolution, to which Max agrees. Max also declares himself as king, so the two girls have to obey his commands. Justin, knowing his sisters antics, orders a Chinese meal that comes with magic fortune cookies that possess the ability to give a glimpse into the future, thus allowing Justin to find out what Alex will end up doing. Alex is seen telling Harper that after it was all over, they would still be friends. Justin tries to stop her, thinking that she would go through with Stevie's plan, but Alex ends up tricking Stevie, using her wand to turn Stevie into a rock-type substance, freezing her body, and transporting all of Stevie's magical powers to her brother. Shortly after this sequence, Max curiously pokes Stevie's frozen body, accidentally tipping her over. Upon impact with the floor, Stevie's frozen body breaks into hundreds of pieces. To Alex it does not matter, because she still has her only true friend Harper, who was, is, and will always be there for Alex until the very end.
Guest stars: Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols, Richard Chiu as Warren Nichols, Ezra Weisz as Jack Clown
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo

67
16
"Western Show"
Bob Koherr
Justin Varava
May 14, 2010 (2010-05-14)
316
3.5[16]

After Superintendent Clanton fires Mr. Laritate (because of Alex's Rollerskate and Pie Day and Max's carelessness) and takes over his school responsibilities and tortures Alex, Justin and Max, They go to Mr. Laritate where he already has a western themed job. So Alex uses a spell that takes Mr. Laritate back in time to the Old West to convince him to fight for his job. After Mr. Laritate learned a lesson back in the western days, he goes back to the school and asks Clanton to give his job as a principal again.
Guest stars: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Ted McGinley as Superintendent Clanton
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

68
17
"Alex's Logo"
David DeLuise
David Henrie
May 21, 2010 (2010-05-21)
318
3.7[17]

When Alex's newly designed T-shirts become wildly popular at school, Justin demands that she turn over a fee to the Student Council for selling them on school property. With her generous donation, Alex becomes the winner of the Citizenship award and when Justin puts the truth spell on her to find if she used magic to get the award, he purposefully leaves it on causing her to tell the truth about everyone during her award ceremony speech and then causing everyone to hate her.
Guest star: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

69
18
"Dad's Buggin' Out"
Guy Distad
Todd J. Greenwald
June 4, 2010 (2010-06-04)
319
3.4[18]

Justin and Zeke are preparing for the Alien Language League banquet which will be hosted at the Sub Station. Alex carelessly leaves the portal to the Wizard World open, and a pocket elf and fairy escape as well as a Wizard bug, which bites Jerry, and he transforms into a huge insect. He interferes with the Alien Language League Banquet and Justin's hopes of getting a Lifetime Achievement Award by scaring away Joey the Crepe kid and eating all the homemade crepes Theresa was forced to make after Joey ran away, but things take a turn for the better when Alex helps Justin by presenting Jerry in his bug form, as an alien from another planet, knowing how important getting the award is to Justin. In the end Justin is given the Lifetime Achievement Award trophy after all, but Jerry, who is still a giant insect, accidentally melts it.
Guest stars: Dan Benson as Zeke, Paulie Litt as Joey the Crepe Kid and Michael Monken as McGruder, Rachel Cannon as Flutter, Al Madrigal as Spanish Pocket Elf

70
19
"Max's Secret Girlfriend"
Bob Koherr
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
June 11, 2010 (2010-06-11)
321
3.2[19]

Alex and Harper find out that Max has a girlfriend named Nancy Lukey, but has been keeping it a secret so not to get embarrassed by his family. Later Theresa finds out about it and admonishes him for lying. Since he took his mother's advice, he tells Nancy his secret about being a wizard. The Russos then make up another lie to cover the truth, and Nancy breaks up with him because Max keeps on lying to get her to like him.
Guest star: Bella Thorne as Nancy Lukey

71
20
"Alex Russo, Matchmaker?"
David DeLuise
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
July 2, 2010 (2010-07-02)
322
3.3[20]

Alex sets Harper up with Justin's best friend Zeke for the school science fair. But Alex becomes frustrated when she sees that Harper and Zeke are actually interested in their science project than sharing romantic feelings for each other. She then casts a spell to make sparks fly between them, which literally happens when they touch. Meanwhile, Justin creates a water-powered engine, while Max "creates life" by finding items under his bed and putting in a barbecue grill.
Guest star: Dan Benson as Zeke

72
21
"Delinquent Justin"
Mary Lou Belli
Justin Varava
July 16, 2010 (2010-07-16)
323
3.6[21]

When Justin is about to graduate high school, Alex tells him that she made a duplicate Justin and put him through four years of college. Justin is revolted, however, to discover that the college version of himself has become a free-spirited hippie who does not care about studying or about life. Soon Alex recombines the two Justins, but the duplicate Justin takes over the mind of the regular Justin, leaving Alex to fix the problem. Meanwhile, Jerry and Theresa try to be better parents.
Guest stars: Dan Benson as Zeke, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate
Absent: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo

73
22
"Captain Jim Bob Sherwood"
Jean Sagal
Richard Goodman
July 23, 2010 (2010-07-23)
320
3.6[22]

Alex and Justin are chosen to create an issue of the Captain Jim Bob Sherwood comic book, with Justin writing the story and Alex doing the illustrations. But when they can't agree on their ideas, Alex uses magic and displaces Captain Jim Bob from the comic book, leaving him loose out in the city.
Guest star: John O'Hurley as Captain Jim Bob Sherwood

74
23
"Wizards vs. Finkles"
Victor Gonzalez
Peter Dirksen
July 30, 2010 (2010-07-30)
325
3.7[23]

Harper's parents comes to town to audition for a gig as a train vaudeville act in Romania. Harper is completely embarrassed by them, while Alex is won over by them and agrees to join their act, while Harper gets to be in the annual Russo family photo, as both Alex and Harper take on roles in each other's families that they refused to fill themselves—Alex had objected to being in the family photo, and Harper had objected to joining the vaudeville act. However, Alex learns that being in the act is not all fun and games and soon wants out.
Guest stars: Dan Benson as Zeke, Kate Flannery as Elaine, Scot Robinson as Marty Finkle, Alan Safier as the Romanian producer
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo

75
24
"All About You-Niverse"
Bob Koherr
Marcus Alexander Hart
August 20, 2010 (2010-08-20)
326
3.7[24]

After Alex is punished for one of her schemes in order to go on the class trip to Europe, she defiantly steps into a magical mirror and her world instantly becomes all about her. Alex enjoys how everyone listens to her, but when her mother tries to call her back, mirror-Harper breaks the mirror and could possibly be trapped in that world forever. Justin and Zeke hold an e-waste drive for old electronics in order to save themselves for the "Robot Revolution".
Guest star: Dan Benson as Zeke
Absent: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo, David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

76
25
"Uncle Ernesto"
Bob Koherr
Todd J. Greenwald
August 27, 2010 (2010-08-27)
327
3.4[25]

Justin, Alex and Max promise a magic-free night for their mother's birthday. When they invite their Uncle Ernesto over, they must stow away magical gifts from Uncle Kelbo. After opening the presents, chaos breaks out as the kids try to hide magic from their mother and uncle. In the end of the episode, Alex proves that she loves her mother more than magic by discarding the egg of a FuChicken (see "Magical objects" section below) which would have told who would win the wizard competition.
Special guest star: Wilmer Valderrama as Uncle Ernesto
Guest star: Michael D. Cohen as Swiss Army Elf

77
26
"Moving On"
Robbie Countryman
Peter Murrieta
September 10, 2010 (2010-09-10)
324
4.5[26]

When Justin fails to get over Juliet, Alex transforms Harper into a young version of Juliet. Justin is delighted to see her again, until Harper, as Juliet, tries to make him move on. She does convince him to move on after revealing herself. The episode ends with Justin on a date with his new girlfriend and the real Juliet watching him from afar, with a smile on her face.
Special guest star: Bridgit Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen
Guest star: Laura Samuels as Sara

78
27
"Wizards Unleashed"
"Alex Saves Mason (Alternative) / Puppy Love (United Kingdom)"
Victor Gonzalez
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio (Part 1)
Justin Varava (Part 2)
October 1, 2010 (2010-10-01)
328-329
4.8[27]

After Alex sees on the news a feature about a painting wolf in the Pocono Mountains, she automatically believes that it is Mason. Justin, Max, and Alex flash to the location of the wolf, and learn that it is indeed Mason. However, they then learn that Mason is being held against his will by a family of hillbilly wizards who will agree to give Mason back to Alex in exchange for the Russos' wizard world portal. Alex agrees to make the exchange, unbeknownst to her brothers. The hillbilly family arrive at the Russos' lair for the exchange but Alex fools them by concealing their portal with an anti-magic realm. Because of that, Mason, who had transformed to his human form, reverts back to a wolf as a form of revenge from the hillbillies. The Russos figure out about the transforming hillbilly music and use it on Mason, but he is turned to a half wolf/half human. Until then, they have to find the missing instrument for the hillbilly song; Mason is stuck in his half wolf/half human form, leaving Alex embarrassed to be seen with him in public. Meanwhile, Zeke and Harper take care of the Sub Station and Harper tries to make Zeke kiss her all the while. At Zeke's party, Mason's cover is blown and Alex is humiliated, leaving Mason heartbroken and he leaves her. Harper tells Alex about how she always wore eccentric, flashy clothing but Alex wasn't afraid to be seen with her at all and the same should go for Mason. Alex flashes herself into the elevator where Mason is scratching his neck and apologizes and says she loves him and kisses him. They go back to Zeke's apartment, unaffected by everyone's stares and gawks and they dance, laughing at all their good memories when they were an art couple at Tribeca Prep. In the end, Justin finds the missing instrument, the mouth harp, and plays it and Mason is back to his human form. In the meantime, Theresa and Jerry go on an anniversary trip to Connecticut and stay in a cheap motel, using a camera concealed in a teddy bear to check on the Sub Station. This is a one-hour special.
Special guest star: Gregg Sulkin as Mason
Guest stars: Dan Benson as Zeke, Mary-Pat Green as Ma, Gary Grubbs as Pa

79
28
"Wizards Exposed"
Bob Koherr
Richard Goodman
October 15, 2010 (2010-10-15)
330
4.3[28]

The government finds out that the Russo family are wizards, and takes them into custody to find out more. Max and Alex are both interrogated by Agent Lamwood and Scientist One, but both refuse to say anything. When Justin is interrogated, he is tricked into thinking that aliens are going to attack so he reveals that he is a wizard and that they have a wizard lair. Meanwhile, Harper is trying to find out how to contact the wizard world to inform them of the Russo's abduction; she tells Mason who decides to go through the portal to find help. The government raids the wizard world and arrests many wizards, including Professor Crumbs and Chancellor Rudy Tootietootie, as well as Mason along with the Russo family. The Russo family escape the prison and learn that all magic has been switched off. With the help of a magic cootie catcher given by Professor Crumbs, Alex casts a spell duplicating their family three times so they can think of a plan to escape. Scientist One helps the Russo family, Mason, and Rooty Tootietootie escape telling them that Agent Lamwood is crazy because they are supposed to be researching lizards not wizards. The episode ends on a cliffhanger as the Russo family wonder what to do and whether Alex is right in saying they should reveal to the world that wizards exist to save their fellow wizards.
Special guest star: Gregg Sulkin as Mason
Guest stars: Dan Benson as Zeke, Jonathan Kite as Agent Lamwood, Daryl "Chill" Mitchell as Scientist One, Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs, Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie
Note: This episode ends on a cliffhanger and is resumed in the season 4 opener, "Alex Tells The World".

tag: table


document_title: Soil fertility

question_text: which layer of soil is the most fertile

question_tokens: which layer of soil is the most fertile

text: Soil fertility

text: Soil fertilization[edit]

text: Bioavailable phosphorus is the element in soil that is most often lacking. Nitrogen and potassium are also needed in substantial amounts. For this reason these three elements are always identified on a commercial fertilizer analysis. For example, a 10-10-15 fertilizer has 10 percent nitrogen, 10 percent (P2O5) available phosphorus and 15 percent (K2O) water-soluble potassium. Sulfur is the fourth element that may be identified in a commercial analysis—e.g. 21-0-0-24 which would contain 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfate.

text: Inorganic fertilizers are generally less expensive and have higher concentrations of nutrients than organic fertilizers. Also, since nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium generally must be in the inorganic forms to be taken up by plants, inorganic fertilizers are generally immediately bioavailable to plants without modification.[3] However, some have criticized the use of inorganic fertilizers, claiming that the water-soluble nitrogen doesn't provide for the long-term needs of the plant and creates water pollution. Slow-release fertilizers may reduce leaching loss of nutrients and may make the nutrients that they provide available over a longer period of time.

text: Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as mineralization. Those nutrients may then undergo further transformations which may be aided or enabled by soil micro-organisms. Like plants, many micro-organisms require or preferentially use inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium and will compete with plants for these nutrients, tying up the nutrients in microbial biomass, a process often called immobilization. The balance between immobilization and mineralization processes depends on the balance and availability of major nutrients and organic carbon to soil microorganisms.[4][5] Natural processes such as lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to (NO2). Denitrification may occur under anaerobic conditions (flooding) in the presence of denitrifying bacteria. Nutrient cations, including potassium and many micronutrients, are held in relatively strong bonds with the negatively charged portions of the soil in a process known as cation exchange.

text: In 2008 the cost of phosphorus as fertilizer more than doubled, while the price of rock phosphate as base commodity rose eight-fold. Recently the term peak phosphorus has been coined, due to the limited occurrence of rock phosphate in the world. Nathai

text: Light and CO2 limitations[edit]

text: Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants use light energy to drive chemical reactions which convert CO2 into sugars. As such, all plants require access to both light and carbon dioxide to produce energy, grow and reproduce.

text: While typically limited by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, low levels of carbon dioxide can also act as a limiting factor on plant growth. Peer-reviewed and published scientific studies have shown that increasing CO2 is highly effective at promoting plant growth up to levels over 300 ppm. Further increases in CO2 can, to a very small degree, continue to increase net photosynthetic output.[6]

text: Soil depletion[edit]

text: Soil depletion occurs when the components which contribute to fertility are removed and not replaced, and the conditions which support soil's fertility are not maintained. This leads to poor crop yields. In agriculture, depletion can be due to excessively intense cultivation and inadequate soil management.

text: Soil fertility can be severely challenged when land use changes rapidly. For example, in Colonial New England, colonists made a number of decisions that depleted the soils, including: allowing herd animals to wander freely, not replenishing soils with manure, and a sequence of events that led to erosion.[7] William Cronon wrote that "...the long-term effect was to put those soils in jeopardy. The removal of the forest, the increase in destructive floods, the soil compaction and close-cropping wrought by grazing animals, plowing--all served to increase erosion."[7]

text: Karl Marx wrote of the role of capitalism in soil depletion. In Capital, Volume I, he wrote:

text: One of the most widespread occurrences of soil depletion as of 2008[update] is in tropical zones where nutrient content of soils is low. The combined effects of growing population densities, large-scale industrial logging, slash-and-burn agriculture and ranching, and other factors, have in some places depleted soils through rapid and almost total nutrient removal.

text: Topsoil depletion occurs when the nutrient-rich organic topsoil, which takes hundreds to thousands of years to build up under natural conditions, is eroded or depleted of its original organic material.[9] Historically, many past civilizations' collapses can be attributed to the depletion of the topsoil. Since the beginning of agricultural production in the Great Plains of North America in the 1880s, about one-half of its topsoil has disappeared.[10]

text: Depletion may occur through a variety of other effects, including overtillage (which damages soil structure), underuse of nutrient inputs which leads to mining of the soil nutrient bank, and salinization of soil.

text: Irrigation water effects[edit]

text: The quality of irrigation water is very important to maintain soil fertility and tilth, and for using more soil depth by the plants.[11] When soil is irrigated with high alkaline water, unwanted sodium salts build up in the soil which would make soil draining capacity very poor. So plant roots can not penetrate deep into the soil for optimum growth in Alkali soils. When soil is irrigated with low pH / acidic water, the useful salts ( Ca, Mg, K, P, S, etc.) are removed by draining water from the acidic soil and in addition unwanted aluminium and manganese salts to the plants are dissolved from the soil impeding plant growth.[12] When soil is irrigated with high salinity water or sufficient water is not draining out from the irrigated soil, the soil would convert into saline soil or lose its fertility. Saline water enhance the turgor pressure or osmotic pressure requirement which impedes the off take of water and nutrients by the plant roots.

text: Top soil loss takes place in alkali soils due to erosion by rain water surface flows or drainage as they form colloids (fine mud) in contact with water. Plants absorb water-soluble inorganic salts only from the soil for their growth. Soil as such does not lose fertility just by growing crops but it lose its fertility due to accumulation of unwanted and depletion of wanted inorganic salts from the soil by improper irrigation and acid rain water (quantity and quality of water). The fertility of many soils which are not suitable for plant growth can be enhanced many times gradually by providing adequate irrigation water of suitable quality and good drainage from the soil.

text: Global distribution[edit]