document_title: Adam Warlock

question_text: who is the guy who gives thanos the soul stone

text: Adam Warlock

text: Publication history[edit]

text: 1960s to 1970s[edit]

text: The character's origin was shown in Fantastic Four #66 (Sept 1967) in a story written by Stan Lee and pencilled and co-plotted by Jack Kirby.[1] The character also appeared in Fantastic Four #67 (Oct 1967) and Thor #165-166 (June–July 1969). Because his role in the Fantastic Four story was minor, sources disagree on which issue is the character's true first appearance.[2] Writer and then Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas and penciler Gil Kane significantly revamped Him as the allegorical Messiah Adam Warlock in Marvel Premiere #1 (April 1972).[3]

text: In 2009, Thomas explained he had been a fan of the soundtrack to the musical Jesus Christ Superstar and sought to bring the story to comic books in a superhero context: "Yes, I had some trepidation about the Christ parallels, but I hoped there would be little outcry if I handled it tastefully, since I was not really making any serious statement on religion... at least not overtly."[4]

text: Choosing to use a preexisting character while keeping the series locale separate from mainstream Marvel Earth, Thomas created Counter-Earth, a new planet generated from a chunk of Earth and set in orbit on the opposite side of the sun.[5] Thomas and Kane collaborated on the costume, with the red tunic and golden lightning bolt as their homage to Fawcett Comics' 1940s-1950s character Captain Marvel.[5]

text: The story continued in the series The Power of Warlock, which ran eight issues (Aug. 1972 - Oct. 1973),[6] with some plotlines concluded in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #176-178 (June-Aug. 1974).[7]

text: In a 2009 retrospective survey of the character, writer Karen Walker said the series

text: ... continued the story of Adam's attempts to drive the Man-Beast [a fallen-angel figure] out of Counter-Earth, but drifted toward standard superhero stories with pseudo-Biblical references injected into them. Warlock spends much of his time trying to convince the High Evolutionary not to destroy the planet, and the rest of his time battling the Man-Beast and his minions. Although the concept of a superhero savior was still present, it often came across as forced, and certainly contradictory to the idea of a pacifistic savior. It is questionable whether the concept could really work in a medium driven by physical conflict.[8]

text: Writer-artist Jim Starlin revived Warlock in Strange Tales #178-181 (Feb.-Aug. 1975).[9] Warlock's adventures became more cosmic in scope as Starlin took the character through an extended storyline referred to as "The Magus Saga".[10]

text: The reimagined title continued the numbering of The Power of Warlock and began with Warlock #9 (Oct. 1975) and ran seven issues. The bimonthly series was initially written and drawn by Starlin, but was eventually co-penciled and inked by Steve Leialoha. Some plot threads were concluded in Marvel Team-Up #55 (March 1977), Avengers Annual #7 (Nov. 1977) and Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2 (Dec. 1977).[11]

text: Starlin, in a 2009 interview, recalled,

text: I had quit [the cosmic superhero series] Captain Marvel over a dispute at that point,  but I settled the dispute with Marvel and I was going to come back [to that title]. But [a different team was in place]. So Roy [Thomas] asked me [what character] I wanted to do. So I went home that night and pulled out a bunch of comics. I came across, in the Fantastic Four, Him, and came back the next day and said that's who I wanted to do, and that night I started working on it... I had basically taken Captain Marvel, a warrior, and turned him into sort of a messiah-type character. So when I got to Warlock, I said to myself, 'I got a messiah right here to start off with; where do I go from there?' And I decided a paranoid schizophrenic was the route to take.[12]

text: Artist Alan Weiss recalled in a 2006 interview there was a "lost" Adam Warlock story, which if completed would have been reminiscent of the Jonathan Swift novel Gulliver's Travels.[13] Portions of it were printed in the second volume of Marvel Masterworks: Warlock.  The remainder of the artwork was lost in a New York City taxicab in 1976.[14]

text: Warlock's adventures were reprinted, with new Starlin covers, in the six-issue limited series Special Edition Warlock (Dec. 1982 - May 1983).[15] This reprint series was itself reprinted, with yet another set of new Starlin covers, as Warlock vol. 2 (May-Oct. 1992).[16]

text: Although regarded as deceased at the time, Warlock made a brief appearance in Marvel Two-in-One #63 (May 1980).[17]

text: Modern iterations[edit]

text: Eleven years later, Starlin revived the character and two members of his supporting cast in the miniseries Infinity Gauntlet #1-6 (July-Dec. 1991).[18][19] This plot development was a continuation of a larger storyline that began with the resurrection of Thanos in Silver Surfer vol. 3, #34 (Feb. 1990).

text: Following the events of The Infinity Gauntlet, Warlock and several compatriots starred in the series Warlock and the Infinity Watch. Initially written by Starlin and drawn by Angel Medina, it ran 42 issues (Feb. 1992 - Aug. 1995). Its plots tied directly into the limited series Infinity War (June-Nov. 1992) and Infinity Crusade (June-Dec. 1993).

text: Warlock starred in several limited series, including Silver Surfer/Warlock: Resurrection #1-4 (March–June 1993); The Warlock Chronicles #1-8 (July 1993 - Feb.1994); and Warlock vol. 3, #1-4 (Nov. 1998 - Feb. 1999), by writer-penciler Tom Lyle.[20] The character was featured in the intercompany crossovers between Marvel Comics and the Malibu Comics "Ultraverse" in the one-shot Rune / Silver Surfer (April 1995 in indicia, June 1995 on cover); Rune vol. 2, #1-7 (Sept. 1995 - April 1996), and the two-issue Ultraverse Unlimited (June and Sept. 1996).

text: Following the unrelated, 1999-2000 series Warlock vol. 4, featuring the alien cybernetic character Warlock of the New Mutants team,[21] Adam Warlock co-starred with Thanos in the limited series The Infinity Abyss #1-6 (Aug.-Oct. 2002); Marvel Universe: The End #1-6 (May-Aug. 2003; first four issues biweekly); and Thanos #1-6 (Dec. 2003 - April 2004). A version of the character starred in the four-issue limited series Warlock vol. 5 (Nov. 2004 - Feb. 2005), by writer Greg Pak and artist Charles Adlard. After appearances in Annihilation Conquest: Quasar #1-4 (Sept.-Dec. 2007) and Annihilation Conquest # 1-6 (Nov. 2007 - April 2008), he was a key character in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2, #1-25 (July 2008 - April 2010), The Thanos Imperative #1 (June 2010) and the Ignition one-shot (May 2010).

text: The character appeared in Thanos Annual #1 (July 2014),[22] and in the original graphic novels Thanos: The Infinity Revelation (August 2014)[23] and Thanos: The Infinity Relativity (June 2015),[24] written by Jim Starlin; Warlock appeared in the graphic novel Thanos: The Infinity Finale as well as in the connected mini-series The Infinity Entity (both published in 2016), also written by Starlin.[25]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Creation, metamorphosis, and death[edit]

text: Scientists on Earth calling themselves the Enclave created an artificial, perfect human, who initially calls himself "Him".[26] After rebelling against his creators,[27] and having a conflict with Thor, Him decides to leave Earth and travels into space.[28]

text: He encounters the High Evolutionary, who gives him the name "Warlock". The High Evolutionary requests Warlock's help in saving the artificially created planet Counter-Earth from the evil Man Beast[29] and gives Warlock the green Soul Gem (also referred to as the "Soul Jewel"), which allows Warlock to capture souls of other beings. When he arrives on Counter-Earth,[30] Warlock is given the name Adam by four teenagers who befriend him. After the Man Beast's defeat, Warlock leaves Counter-Earth to find a new purpose.[31]

text: In his travels through space, Warlock encounters the Universal Church of Truth, an intergalactic religious organization led by the corrupt Magus.[32] Warlock allies with Pip the Troll,[33] the assassin Gamora,[34] and Gamora's employer and adoptive father, Thanos of Titan, to oppose the Magus. Eventually, Warlock discovers that the Magus is a future version of himself who traveled back in time after being driven insane by the use of his Soul Gem.[35] Warlock chooses to alter his timeline by visiting himself a few months into the future and steals his own soul to prevent the Magus from ever existing.[36] Warlock then continues his journeys, knowing he has seen his own death but not knowing exactly when it will happen.

text: When the Stranger attempts to steal Warlock's Soul Gem, Warlock learns about five other related gems.[37] Thanos gains possession of these gems with the intention of destroying Earth's sun. When Thanos causes mortal harm to Pip and Gamora, Warlock takes their souls to end their suffering. Warlock then enlists the aid of the Avengers, Captain Marvel, and Moondragon to stop Thanos. During the battle, Warlock's younger self appears and takes the older Warlock's soul. Inside the gem, Adam is reunited with Pip, Gamora and others in a utopia known as Soul World.[38] Warlock's soul is temporarily freed from the Soul Gem, allowing him to turn Thanos to stone and save Earth.[39]

text: Rebirth[edit]

text: After being resurrected, Thanos once again collects the Infinity Gems, forming them into the Infinity Gauntlet.[40] When the Silver Surfer and Drax the Destroyer oppose Thanos, he captures them in the Soul Gem.[41] In the world of the Soul Gem, the Surfer meets Adam Warlock and convinces him that his help is needed again to defeat Thanos.[42][43] Warlock agrees and Pip and Gamora decide to accompany him. Warlock transmits himself and his two friends into new bodies and leads a group of Earth's superheroes, defeating Thanos.[44]

text: Warlock obtains the Gauntlet, becoming a near-supreme being of the universe.[45] The cosmic Living Tribunal, whose power and authority exceeds Warlock's, decides that Warlock cannot be trusted to keep the Infinity Gauntlet and instructs him to divide the gems among other beings of Warlock's choosing.[46] Warlock keeps the soul gem for himself and gives one gem each to Pip, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, Moondragon, and a reformed Thanos. Warlock dubs the group the Infinity Watch.[47][48]

text: During Warlock's temporary possession of the Gauntlet, he purged good and evil from his being, leaving him entirely a creature of logic. His good and evil aspects take on lives as two new physical beings — the evil half becomes a new incarnation of the Magus, while the good half is a woman calling herself the Goddess. When they threaten the universe, Warlock defeats them with the aid of the Watch and other superheroes, absorbing them into the Soul Gem.[49][50]

text: The Infinity Watch disbands when the infinity gems are stolen by Rune, a vampire from a parallel universe.[51][52] Warlock pursues Rune,[53] recovering the gems and returning to his native universe.[54][55]

text: Warlock plays a role in protecting the universe several more times, including threats from clones of Thanos,[56] the Heart of the Universe,[57] and the interdimensional being Hunger.[58]

text: "Annihilation: Conquest"[edit]

text: In the 2007-8 "Annihilation: Conquest" storyline, Moondragon and Phyla-Vell later seek Warlock's help to free the alien Kree from the invading Phalanx.[59] Once the Phalanx is defeated,[60] Warlock joins the newly formed Guardians of the Galaxy.[61] While with the Guardians, Warlock attempts to repair damage to the spacetime continuum, which causes him to become the Magus.[62] Once again leading the Universal Church of Truth,[62] the Magus allies himself with Lord Mar-Vell, but is killed when he fails a mission.[63] The Universal Church of Truth resurrects the Magus as a child, but he is quickly captured and imprisoned by the Annihilators.[63] His cocoon remains under the watch of the Annihilators.[64]

text: The Infinity Revelation[edit]

text: While on a new quest, Thanos encounters Warlock's soul in Death's domain. It follows Thanos back to the living world, where it regains human form. Warlock accompanies Thanos on a journey as their universe merges with another one. Due to the convergence, Warlock is retroactively replaced by his counterpart from the other universe.[65]

text: Extremely disgruntled by the experience, the new Warlock left Thanos to ponder his situation, and he eventually ended up on "New Krall" acting as a gladiator in a fighting pit. Thanos receives a message through time/space from his omnipotent former self to seek this new Adam Warlock who is now unnaturally more powerful than before. Agreeing, Thanos first seeks Pip the Troll to teleport to New Krall and then contacts Gamora to also go to Adam, as they both are his closest friends and can keep him from doing any damage to the universe. During this time Annihilus begins a re-invasion of the Positive Zone searching for an immense power source that turns out to be Adam himself and launches a devastating siege on New Krall. The Shi'ar, led by Gladiator (also looking for the power source), appear and Annihilus, now with the power of the Hulk and a new fear projection ability, defeats them. Pip swiftly teleports Adam, Gamora, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and himself back to the Guardians' ship to safety and are joined by Thanos, where they discover the universe that Adam created was not destroyed, but became a part of him and has given him the power of Eternity and Infinity.[66]

text: Thanos enhances Pip's abilities to teleport the ship to Annihilus' empire to stop Annihilus once and for all, but are overwhelmed by Annihilus, who teleports Thanos into limbo and takes Adam prisoner (by placing a neural disruptor on him), forcing the Guardians to retreat. Pip stays behind, stating Adam is his only friend and he will not abandon him. The comatose Adam is placed into Annihilus' ship's power source to use him as battery. Pip, after hiding on Annihilus' ship for three months, finds the comatose Adam and launches a rescue mission, killing his guards and striking Adam repeatedly to waken him. Finally awakening, Adam unconsciously destroys the universe and is left floating in a void. Panicking, Adam calls out for Thanos and wills the Titan back into existence. Thanos then proposes to Adam a plan to beseech the One Above All to recreate the universe. The One Above All agrees, on the condition Adam act as the universe's new Living Tribunal. Adam and Thanos restore the universes and immediately kill Annihilus and his fleet, ending his threat once and for all. Finally, on Thanos' request, the "new" Living Tribunal resurrects the original Adam Warlock from the point he was killed moments before the convergence took place.[67]

text: The true Adam, alive again, decides to take Thanos' advice to go back to "the existence that is his". He immediately goes to Pip the Troll, who runs to his friend with open arms, and they return to their old life of adventure.[68]

text: Infinity Quest[edit]

text: For reasons unknown, Adam finds himself within the Soul World where he is approached by an aspect of himself that reveals that the Infinity Stones are coming together once more which will ensure a calamity. This encounter is soon revealed to be one of many nightmares that are plaguing Adam so he travels to the Soul World again where he meets an aspect of Gamora's soul that remained trapped there after she left long ago. Despite her pleas for him to release her from it, Adam denied being capable of doing so claiming he does not recognize her altogether and that he no longer possesses the Soul Gem. Escaping the Soul World, Warlock emerged from his cocoon in the world of the living, where he was greeted by Kang the Conqueror.[69]

text: Infinity Countdown[edit]

text: During the "Infinity Countdown" storyline, Adam Warlock realizes that he's at an unspecified time with Kang the Conqueror, whom, with some convincing, shows a recap of Warlock’s history until finally revealing that the Infinity Stones are once more being gathered and shows a vision of the future - which Kang calls "Infinity's End" - in which an unseen calamity has befallen the universe after the Infinity Stones were reunited. Kang also reveals to Adam that they had tried to prevent the current outcome 112 times, but now Kang decides another course of action: he will send Warlock to retrieve the Soul Stone in exchange for Warlock giving him the Time Stone. Warlock reluctantly agrees as he explains that he hopes keeping the two gems apart will prevent disaster. Warlock arrives in ancient Egypt, where he meets the pharaoh Rama Tut, an earlier version of Kang. Rama Tut shows Warlock where he can find the Soul Stone in the future, in the hands of Warlock’s “dark reflection” the Magus. Rama Tut then seals Warlock in a tomb where he’ll awaken thousands of years in the future with a chance to claim the Soul Stone. Rama Tut's guards, under his orders, commit suicide by poisoning, as Rama Tut claims that no one can know of the plot.[70] Adam Warlock and Kang the Conqueror ambush the Guardians of the Galaxy during their trip to the planet Oblitus. Gamora attempted to take the Soul Gem from Adam Warlock. When Drax the Destroyer held onto the Soul Gem, he discovered that the Soulworld inside is corrupted. Drax knocked out Gamora and made off with Adam Warlock and Kang the Conqueror. As the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy don't want to help Gamora pursue Adam Warlock and Kang the Conqueror, she went off on her own. Adam Warlock is among the Infinity Gem holders contacted by Doctor Strange who states that they must reform the Infinity Watch to safeguard the Infinity Gems from such calamities like Thanos.[71]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: In all of his incarnations, the character possessed superhuman strength; speed; durability; stamina; agility and the ability to manipulate cosmic energy for energy projection, flight and recuperation (e.g., creating a cocoon for self-preservation and regeneration), and immortality (although he can be killed, he cannot truly die as Death cannot claim his soul).[65][29] However, for a time, Warlock (during his Him incarnation) sacrificed the majority of these powers by prematurely emerging from his cocoon in order to defend the High Evolutionary. In compensation, the High Evolutionary gave Him the Soul Gem.[29]

text: Warlock's power increased with each resurrection. He can manipulate energy and manifest matter.[72] He later could use "quantum magic" and manipulate quantum energy to create force fields; teleport; travel faster than light, and detect or produce wormholes and other irregularities in space.[73] Additionally, Warlock also possesses spiritual powers independent from the Soul Gem, and is capable of resurrecting himself and other beings by taking deceased bodies and transmuting them.[74] The character also can perform exorcisms, and view the aura and soul of an individual. He is highly resistant to the soul-manipulating powers of others.[75] As a cosmic being, he possess acute "ultra senses" (enhanced perceptions that allows cosmic awareness and can perceive both cosmic and mystic occurrences) and is considered an "astral outsider", a position that prevents other cosmic beings from fully understanding and accurately perceiving his next actions.[76]

text: Soul Gem[edit]

text: The Gem possesses a consciousness of its own and demonstrates a vampiric hunger for the life energies of organic beings. It contains an idyllic pocket universe that hosts all the souls the Gem has ever taken. With it, Adam Warlock also has the power to devolve the followers of Man-Beast into the animals from which they evolved,[77] as well as revert the Brute into Counter-Earth Reed Richards.[78] This power comes from his soul gem.[79]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: The Magus[edit]

text: There have been three incarnations of the Magus (/ˈmeɪɡəs/), all of whom are the dark aspect of Adam Warlock.

text: The original Magus is an older, evil Adam Warlock who has traveled to the past and rules a religious empire called the Universal Church of Truth. To ensure his own creation, he guides his younger self through a series of actions that will result in him becoming the Magus.[32][33][34][80] With the aid of Thanos, Warlock alters his future and destroys the Magus's timeline, erasing him from existence.[36]

text: When Warlock acquires the Infinity Gauntlet,[45] he expels good and evil from his soul, unintentionally giving them corporeal forms. The evil half names himself the Magus and attempts to gain the Infinity Gauntlet for himself. He fails, and Warlock traps him in the Soul Gem. Since he is only part of a soul, he cannot interact with the other inhabitants of Soul World and exists only as a phantom.[49] The Magus escapes the Soul Gem in an immaterial form, absorbing the life energies of others to regain tangibility. He is defeated by Genis-Vell and reverts to an ethereal entity.[81][82][83] The Magus retaliates by wounding Genis' friend Moondragon and claiming she is destined to become his slave.[84]

text: Warlock becomes the third Magus when he repairs damage to the spacetime continuum. This Magus works for the evil Lord Mar-Vell and is killed when he fails a mission.[85] The Universal Church of Truth resurrects him as a child,[86] who is then imprisoned by the Annihilators.[64]

text: After Warlock's rebirth, he learns the Magus is gathering the Infinity Stones with the intention of destroying the universe and has already found the Soul Stone.[70] After finding it on the surface of Ego the Living Planet with help from Contemplator's head, Magus did not get to enjoy his success for long as the Ultron/Hank Pym ambushed and apparently killed him so he could claim the gem for himself.[87]

text: The Goddess[edit]

text: The Goddess is the embodiment of Adam Warlock's goodness, created when he uses the Infinity Gauntlet to remove the quality from himself.[45][88] She appears as a central figure in the 1993 limited series Infinity Crusade. She assembles a collection of Cosmic Cubes and forges them into a Cosmic Egg. Using its power, she recreates Counter-Earth, dubbing it Paradise Omega.[89] Embarking on a crusade to eliminate sin, the Goddess uses telepathy to control spiritual beings across the universe, recruiting them to her cause. When Warlock and Earth's other heroes learn of her plan to destroy all sin by destroying anything capable of sin, they rally against her. She is defeated when her followers learn her true goal, and is absorbed into the soul gem.[90]

text: Earth X[edit]

text: In the Earth X limited series, Mar-Vell is reincarnated as the child of the synthetic Adam Warlock/Him and Kismet/Her.[91]

text: This alternate reality is similar to that of Earth-616, up to the point when a cosmic event of great proportions took place and destroyed Earth-19141 which was then replaced by a new reality commanded by Thanos until it was eventually restored by Adam Warlock, who defeated Thanos and absorbed this reality's energies into himself moments before of being merged into Earth-616. Adam Warlock was then able to resurrect the original version of himself, and proceeded to become the new Living Tribunal as part of the deal he struck with the Above-All-Others.[92]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Adam Warlock appeared in the Silver Surfer animated series, voiced by Oliver Becker.[93] This version was a genetically engineered superhero during a war with Kree, trapped in a time prison due to paranoia. He is seen in the episode "The Forever War". The Silver Surfer frees him. When they go to the Kree for answers, they meet the Supreme Intelligence who seeks to use Adam to genetically enhance Kree troops. But the Surfer frees himself and Adam. Upon learning about a civil war destroying his planet, Adam goes back to his time prison, much to the Silver Surfer's sorrow who viewed him as a brother by spirit.
Adam Warlock is featured in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Dave Boat.[94] He is seen in the episode "Fate of Destiny".
Adam Warlock appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes,[95] voiced by Kirk Thornton. As seen in the episode "Michael Korvac", he appears as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.
Adam Warlock appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy animated series, voiced by Eric Bauza (adult and baby), and by Tara Strong (toddler and child).[citation needed] It was said that the Nova Centurions would be loyal to Warlock if he was good and would destroy him if he turns bad. Warlock was kept in the sarcophagus that the Universal Believers wanted to use to issue a new Golden Age. By the episode "Rock Your Baby", the sarcophagus hatches as Warlock emerges as a baby. With help from Cosmo the Spacedog, the Guardians of the Galaxy were able to get away from Mantis and the Universal Believers. Warlock went from baby to toddler after helping to get the Guardians of the Galaxy away from the Universal Believers' flagship. When Titus escapes from the Nova Corps prison upon the Nova Centurion helmet going berserk and causing a prison break, Titus claims the Nova Centurion helmet and heads to the Milano to claim the Toddler Warlock from the Guardians of the Galaxy. During the fight, Warlock goes from toddler to kid as the fight escalates to the planet Onateyac. Upon Warlock's forehead gem going dark after making some Nova Corps ships disappear, he manages to make Titus disappear leaving the Nova Centurion helmet behind. Thanks to Star-Lord's persuasion to use his powers for good, Warlock's gem goes light and he matures to an adult just as Irani Rael and the Nova Corps arrive. Upon taking the name Adam Warlock, he fixes the Nova Centurion helmet, returns the Nova Corps ship he made disappear, and leaves to find his own destiny.

text: Film[edit]

text:
Adam Warlock makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the animated direct-to-video film Planet Hulk.[96]
A large cocoon can be seen inside the Collector's museum in Thor: The Dark World and Guardians of the Galaxy; director and writer James Gunn confirmed that the cocoon was inspired by the character's design.[97]
Adam Warlock's cocoon appears briefly in an end-credit sequence of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Ayesha states that he is the next step in the Sovereign race's evolution. Originally an integral part of the film, director James Gunn decided there were already too many characters, and It was decided Warlock will appear in a future film in the franchise.[98]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Adam Warlock and the Magus appear in the video game Marvel Super Heroes: War of the Gems.[99]
Magus appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2.[100]
Adam Warlock was a playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance while his Magus personality also appeared as a villain character.[101]

text: Collected editions[edit]

text:
Marvel Masterworks Warlock (hardcover):
Volume 1 (collects Marvel Premiere #1-2, Warlock #1-8 and The Incredible Hulk #176-178), 273 pages, January 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2411-X
Volume 2 (collects Strange Tales #178-181, Warlock #9-15, Marvel Team-Up #55, The Avengers Annual #7, Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2), 320 pages, June 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3511-1
Essential Warlock Volume 1 (collects Marvel Premiere #1-2, Warlock #1-15, The Incredible Hulk #176-178, Strange Tales #178 - 181, Marvel Team-Up #55, Avengers Annual #7, and Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2), 567 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6331-X
Warlock by Jim Starlin: The Complete Collection (collects Strange Tales #178-181, Warlock #9-15, Avengers Annual #7, Marvel Two-In-One Annual #2), 328 pages, February 2014, ISBN 978-0785188476
Infinity Gauntlet (collects Infinity Gauntlet limited series), 256 pages, September 2011, ISBN 978-0785156598
Infinity Gauntlet Aftermath (Silver Surfer (1987) #60-66, Dr. Strange: Sorcerer Supreme #36, Warlock & the Infinity Watch #1-6, material from Silver Surfer Annual #5), 352 pages, September 2013, ISBN 978-0785184867
The Infinity War (collects Infinity War limited series; Warlock and the Infinity Watch #7–10; Marvel Comics Presents #108–111), 400 pages, April 2006, ISBN 0-7851-2105-6
Infinity War Aftermath (collects Warlock & The Infinity Watch #11-17, Silver Surfer/Warlock: Resurrection #1-4, Quasar #41-43; Material From Marvel Comics Presents (1988) #112, Marvel Holiday Special #2, Marvel Swimsuit Special #2), 368 pages, November 2015, ISBN 978-0785198147
Infinity Crusade:
Volume 1 (collects Infinity Crusade #1-3, Warlock Chronicles #1–3, Warlock and the Infinity Watch #18–19), 248 pages, December 2008, ISBN 0-7851-3127-2
Volume 2 (collects Infinity Crusade #4–6, Warlock Chronicles #4–5, Warlock and the Infinity Watch #20–22), 248 pages, February 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3128-0
Thor: Blood and Thunder (collects Thor #468–471, Silver Surfer #86–88, Warlock Chronicles #6–8, Warlock and the Infinity Watch #23–25), 336 pages, July 2011, ISBN 978-0-7851-5094-7
Infinity Watch:
Volume 1 (collects Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1–22), 512 pages, April 2016, ISBN 978-0785195276
Volume 2 (collects Warlock Chronicles 6, Warlock and the Infinity Watch #26-42), 432 pages, June 2016, ISBN 978-1302900625
The Infinity Entity (collects: The Infinity Entity #1-4, Marvel Premiere #1), 116 pages, June 2016, ISBN 978-0785194217


document_title: Ship prefix

question_text: what does s s stand for on a boat

question_tokens: what does s s stand for on a boat

root

text: Ship prefix

text: Generic (merchant navy) prefixes[edit]

text: These prefixes are generally used for merchant vessels of any nationality.

tag: p

text:
Prefix

  Meaning

AE

Ammunition ship

AFS

Combat stores ship

AHT

Anchor Handling Tug

AHTS

Anchor Handling Tug Supply vessel[2]

AO

United States Navy oiler

AOG

Gasoline tanker

AOR

Auxiliary, Replenishment Oiler

AOT

Transport Oiler

ATB

Articulated Tug Barge

CRV

Coastal Research Vessel

C/F

Car Ferry

CS

Container Ship,[2] Cable Ship

DB

Derrick Barge

DEPV

Diesel Electric Paddle Vessel

DLB

Derrick Lay Barge

DCV

Deepwater Construction Vessel

DSV

Diving Support Vessel/ Deep Submergence Vehicle

DV

Dead vessel[3][4]

ERRV

Emergency Response Rescue Vessel[4]

FPSO

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Vessel[2]

FPV

Free Piston Vessel

FPV

Fishery Protection Vessel[2]

FT

Factory Stern Trawler

FV

Fishing Vessel

GTS

Gas Turbine Ship

HLV

Heavy lift vessel

HMT

Hired Military Transport (not currently in use)

HSC

High Speed Craft[2]

HSF

High Speed Ferry

HTV

Heavy Transport Vessel

IRV

International Research Vessel

ITB

Integrated Tug barge

LB

Liftboat

LNG/C

Liquefied natural gas carrier

LPG/C

Liquefied petroleum gas carrier

MF

Motor Ferry

MFV

Motor Fishing Vessel (mainly UK Royal Naval Reserve)

MS (M/S)

Motor Ship[2] (interchangeable with MV)

MSV

Multipurpose support/supply vessel

MSY

Motor Sailing Yacht

MT

Motor Tanker

MTS

Marine Towage and Salvage/Tugboat

MV (M/V)

Motor Vessel[2] (interchangeable with MS)

MY

Motor Yacht

NB

Narrowboat

NRV

NATO Research Vessel

NS

Nuclear Ship

OSV

Offshore supply vessel

PS

Paddle Steamer

PSV

Platform Supply Vessel

QSMV

Quadruple Screw Motor Vessel[2]

QTEV

Quadruple Turbo Electric Vessel

RMS

Royal Mail Ship[2] or Royal Mail Steamer

RNLB

Royal National Lifeboat

RRS

Royal Research Ship

RV / RSV

Research Vessel

SB

Sailing Barge

SS (S/S)

Single-screw Steamship[2] (also usage as generic term for any steamship)

SSCV

Semi-Submersible Crane Vessel

SSS

Sea Scout Ship

SSV

Sailing School Vessel, Submarine and Special Warfare Support Vessel[5]

ST

Steam Tug or Steam Trawler

STS

Sail Training Ship

STV

Sail Training Vessel or Steam Turbine Vessel

SV (S/V)

Sailing Vessel

SY

Sailing Yacht or Steam Yacht

TB

Tug boat

TEV

Turbine Electric Vessel

TIV

Turbine Installation Vessel

TrSS

Triple-Screw Steamship or steamer[2]

TS

Training Ship or Turbine Steamship or Turbine steam ship

Tr.SMV

Triple-Screw Motor Vessel

TSMV

Twin-Screw Motor Vessel[6]

TSS

Twin-Screw Steamship or steamer[2]

TST

Twin-Screw Tug

TV

Training vessel

VSS

Virgin SpaceShip, (space-going experimental air planes by Virgin Galactic)

YD

Yard Derrick

YW

Water Barge, self-propelled

YOS

Concrete vessel

tag: table

text: National or military prefixes[edit]

text:
Country
Service
Prefix
Meaning

 Argentina

Argentine Navy

ARA

Navy of the Argentine Republic (Spanish: Armada de la República Argentina)

Argentine Coast Guard

GC

Argentine Coast Guard Ship (Spanish: Guardacostas)

 Australia

Royal Australian Navy

HMAS

His/Her Majesty's Australian Ship/Submarine/Station

NUSHIP

New Ship/Submarine (Yet to be commissioned)

ADV

Australian Defence Vessel (non-commissioned naval-operated ships)

MSA

Minesweeper Auxiliary[7]

Australian Customs and Border Protection Service

ACV

Australian Customs Vessel

Australian Border Force

ABFC

Australian Border Force Cutter

Australia (pre-Federation)

Colonial navies of Australia

HMCS

His/Her Majesty's Colonial Ship

HMQS

His/Her Majesty's Queensland Ship (Queensland Maritime Defence Force)

HMVS

His/Her Majesty's Victorian Ship (Victorian Naval Forces)

 Austria-Hungary

Austro-Hungarian Navy

SMS

Seiner Majestät Schiff (English: His Majesty's Ship)

 Bahamas

Royal Bahamas Defence Force

HMBS

His/Her Majesty's Bahamian Ship

 Bangladesh

Bangladesh Coast Guard

CGS

Coast Guard Ship

Bangladesh Navy

BNS

Bangladesh Navy Ship

 Barbados

Barbados Defence Force

HMBS

His/Her Majesty's Barbadian Ship

 Belgium

Belgian Navy

BNS

Belgium Naval Ship (NATO prefix)

 Brunei

Royal Brunei Navy

KDB

Kapal Di-Raja Brunei – Royal Brunei Ship

 Burma

Myanmar Navy

UMS

Myanmar Sit Yay Yin – Union of Myanmar Ship

 Bulgaria

Bulgarian Navy

–none–

 Canada

Royal Canadian Navy, formerly Canadian Forces Maritime Command

HMCS/NCSM

His/Her Majesty's Canadian Ship/Navire canadien de Sa Majesté (French)

CFAV/NAFC

Canadian Forces Auxiliary Vessel/Navire auxiliaire des Forces canadiennes (French)

Canadian Coast Guard

CCGS/NGCC

Canadian Coast Guard Ship/Navire de Garde côtière canadienne (French)

CCGC/CGCC

Canadian Coast Guard Cutter/Cotre de Garde côtière canadienne (French) (no longer used)

Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Department of Transport, and predecessor departments

CGS

Canadian Government Ship (no longer used)

CSS

Canadian Survey Ship (no longer used)

DGS

Dominion Government Ship (no longer used)

Royal Canadian Sea Cadets

SCTS/NECM

Sea Cadet Training Ship/Navire école des cadets de la Marine (French)

 China

People's Liberation Army Navy

—

No official prefix; some authors use "CNS" (Chinese Navy Ship) or "PLANS" (People's Liberation Army Navy Ship)

 Colombia

Armada Nacional

ARC

Armada de la República de Colombia

 Confederate States

Confederate States Navy

CSS

Confederate States Ship

 Cook Islands

Cook Islands Police

CIPPB

Cook Islands Police Patrol Boat

 Denmark

Royal Danish Navy

HDMS (Danish: KDM)

His/Her Danish Majesty's Ship (Danish: Kongelige Danske Marine)

 Ecuador

Armada Ecuatoriana

BAE

Buque de la Armada de Ecuador

 Estonia

Estonian Navy

ENS (Estonian: EML)

Estonian Naval Ship (NATO designation)

Estonian Coast Guard

ECGS

Estonian Coast Guard Ship (NATO designation)

 Fiji

Republic of Fiji Navy

RFNS

Republic of Fiji Naval Ship

 Finland

Finnish Navy

FNS

Finnish Navy Ship. Prefixes are not used in Finnish-language communications.

 France

French Navy

OF

Okręt Francuski (Polish French Ship); used in 1940–41 for French destroyer Ouragan

FS

French Ship (NATO designation); France does not use prefixes internally

 German Empire

Kaiserliche Marine

SM U##

Seiner Majestät Unterseeboot (English: His Majesty's Submarine)

SMS

Seiner Majestät Schiff (English: His Majesty's Ship)

 Nazi Germany

Kriegsmarine

—

(no prefix; some authors use "DKM" for "Deutsche Kriegsmarine" and "KMS" for "Kriegsmarine Schiffe")

 West Germany

Bundesmarine

FGS

Federal German Ship (NATO designation; West Germany did not use prefixes internally)[citation needed]

 Germany (reunited)

German Navy

FGS

Federal German Ship (NATO designation, German ships do not use prefixes internally)[citation needed]

 Kingdom of Greece

Royal Hellenic Navy

ΒΠ (VP)

Βασιλικόν Πλοίον (Vassilikón Ploíon), "Royal Ship"; RHS (Royal Hellenic Ship) or HHMS (His Hellenic Majesty's Ship) in use by English-language authors and contemporary foreign navies.

 Greece

Hellenic Navy

HS

Hellenic Ship: NATO designation, used in international communications; internally the Hellenic Navy uses prefixes indicating ship type.

 Guyana

Guyanese Coast Guard[8]

GDFS

Guyanese Defence Forces Ship

 Kingdom of Hawaii

Hawaiian Navy

HHMS

His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship; the only one being Kaimiloa

 Iceland

Icelandic Coast Guard

ICGV (Icelandic: VS)

Icelandic Coast Guard Vessel, (Icelandic:Varðskip)

 India

Indian Navy (pre-Republic)

HMIS

His/Her Majesty's Indian Ship

 India

Indian Coast Guard

ICGS

Indian Coast Guard Ship

Indian Navy

INS

Indian Naval Ship

 Indonesia

Indonesian Navy

KRI

Kapal Republik Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia Ship)

Republic of Indonesia

KL

Kapal Layar (Sailing Ship)

Republic of Indonesia

KM

Kapal Motor (Motor Ship)

Republic of Indonesia

KN

Kapal Negara (State Ship)

 Iran

Imperial Iranian Navy

IIS

Imperial Iranian Ship (Persian: ناو شاهنشاهی ایران)

 Iran

Islamic Republic of Iran Navy

IRIS

Islamic Republic of Iran ship (Persian: ناو جمهوری اسلامی ایران)

 Ireland

Irish Naval Service

LÉ

Long Éireannach — Irish ship

 Israel

Israeli Sea Corps

INS

Israeli Naval Ship (Internally Hebrew acronym אח"י (A.Ch.Y.) is used standing for אניית חיל הים (Oniyat Heyl HaYam – Sea Corps Ship)

 Kingdom of Italy(until 1946)

Regia Marina

RN

Regia Nave – Royal Ship

Regia Marina

R.Smg.

Regio Sommergibile – Royal Submarine

 Italy

Marina Militare

ITS

Italian Ship (NATO designation); Italy no longer uses prefixes

 Jamaica

Jamaica Defence Force

HMJS

His/Her Majesty's Jamaican Ship

 Empire of Japan

Imperial Japanese Navy

—

(no prefix; some authors use "HIJMS" for "His Imperial Japanese Majesty's Ship" and "IJN" for "Imperial Japanese Navy")

 Japan

Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

JDS or JS

Japanese Defense Ship or Japanese Ship

 Kenya

Kenyan Navy

KNS

Kenyan Naval Ship

 Kiribati

Kiribati Police Force

RKS

Republic of Kiribati Ship

 North Korea

Korean People's Navy

—

(currently unknown)

 Kuwait

Kuwait Naval Force

KNS

Kuwait Navy Ship

 South Korea

Republic of Korea Navy

ROKS

Republic of Korea Ship

 Latvia

Latvian Navy

LVNS

Latvian Naval Ship (NATO designation)

 Lithuania

Lithuanian Navy

LKL
LNS

Lietuvos Karinis Laivas – Lithuanian Military Ship
Lithuanian Ship (NATO designation)

 Malaysia

Royal Malaysian Navy

KD

Kapal Di-Raja — His Majesty's Ship, literal: Royal Ship.

Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency

KM

Kapal Maritim — Maritime Ship

 Marshall Islands

Marshall Islands Police

RMIS

Republic of the Marshall Islands Ship

 Federated States of Micronesia

FSM National Police

FSM

Federated States of Micronesia

 Mexico

Armada de México

ARM

Armada de la República Mexicana

 Myanmar

Tatmadaw Yay

UMS

Myanma Sit Yay Yin – Union of Myanmar Ship

 Namibia

Namibian Navy

NS

Namibian Ship

 Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Navy

HNLMS (Dutch: Zr.Ms./Hr.Ms.)

His/Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship (Dutch: Zijner/Harer Majesteits, archaic Dutch language genitive, lit. "His/Her Majesty's")

 New Zealand

Royal New Zealand Navy

HMNZS

His/Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship

 Nigeria

Nigerian Navy

NNS

Nigerian Naval Ship

 Norway

Royal Norwegian Navy

HNoMS (Norwegian: KNM), in use since 1946

His Norwegian Majesty's Ship (Norwegian: Kongelige Norske Marine)

Norwegian Coast Guard

NoCGV (Norwegian: KV)

Norwegian Coast Guard Vessel (Norwegian: Kystvakten)

 Oman

Royal Navy of Oman

SNV

Sultanate Naval Vessel

 Pakistan

Pakistan Navy

PNS

Pakistani Naval Ship

 Palau

Palau Police

PSS

Palau State Ship

 Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea Defence Force

HMPNGS

His/Her Majesty's Papua New Guinea Ship

 Peru

Peruvian Navy

BAP

Peruvian Navy Ship (Spanish: Buque Armada Peruana)

BIC

Scientific Research Ship (Spanish: Buque de Investigación Científica)

 Philippines

Philippine Navy

BRP

Barko ng Republika ng Pilipinas; in use since 1 July 1980  (Ship of the Republic of the Philippines)

RPS

Republic of the Philippines Ship (Obsolete); before 1 July 1980

 Poland

Polish Navy

ORP

Ship of the Republic of Poland(Polish: Okręt Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)

 Portugal

Marinha Portuguesa

NRP

Navio da República Portuguesa – Ship of the Portuguese Republic

PNS

Portuguese Navy Ship (NATO designation, not used internally)

UAM

Unidade Auxiliar da Marinha – Navy Auxiliary Unit (used by the Portuguese Navy non-military ships)

 Romania

Romanian Navy

NMS

Nava Majestăţii Sale (His/Her Majesty's Ship) – used before 1945 by the Royal Romanian Navy

SMR

Serviciul Maritim Român (The Romanian Sea Service) – used by transport ships

ROS

Romanian Ship (NATO designation, not used internally)

 Russian Empire

Imperial Russian Navy

HIRMS

(no prefix; some authors use "HIRMS" for "His Imperial Russian Majesty's Ship")

 Russia

Russian Navy

—

No official prefix; some authors use "RFS" (Russian: Корабль Российской Федерации)

 Saudi Arabia

Saudi Navy

HMS

His Majesty's Ship – the same as the Royal Navy

 Singapore

Republic of Singapore Navy

RSS

Republic of Singapore Ship

 Solomon Islands

Royal Solomon Islands Police

RSIPV

Royal Solomon Islands Police Vessel

 South Africa

South African Navy

SAS

South African Ship (previously HMSAS – His/Her Majesty's South African Ship)

SATS

South African Training Ship

 Soviet Union

Soviet Navy

—

No official prefix; some authors use "USSRS"[9] (Russian: Корабль Союза Советских Социалистических Республик)

 Spain

Armada Española

ESPS

Spanish Navy Ship (Spain does not use prefixes internally. ESPN or SPS are no longer used)

 Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Navy

SLNS

Sri Lanka Naval Ship

 Sweden

Swedish Navy

HMS (English: HSwMS)

Hans/Hennes Majestäts Skepp (His/Her Majesty's Ship) – in English HSwMS (His/Her Swedish Majesty's Ship) is used to avoid confusion with Royal Navy ships

 Republic of China

Republic of China Navy

ROCS (older usage: CNS)

Republic of China Ship (older usage: Chinese Navy Ship)

 Thailand

Royal Thai Navy

HTMS

His Thai Majesty's Ship

 Timor-Leste

Timor Leste Defense Force

NRTL

Navio da República de Timor Leste (Ship of the Timor Leste Republic)

 Tonga

Tonga Defence Services

VOEA

Vaka O Ene Afio (His Majesty's Vessel)

 Turkey

Turkish Navy

TCG

Ship of the Turkish Republic (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gemisi.)

 Tuvalu

Tuvalu Police Force

HMTSS

His/Her Majesty's Tuvaluan State Ship

 Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force

TTS

Trinidad and Tobago Ship

 United Kingdom

Ships carrying mail

RMS

Royal Mail Steamer/Ship

Fishery protection vessels

FPV

Fisheries Protection Vessel

Royal Air Force

HMAFV

His/Her Majesty's Air Force Vessel (not currently in use)

Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships

RFA

Royal Fleet Auxiliary

Royal Maritime Auxiliary  Service ships

RMAS

Royal Maritime Auxiliary Ship (now obsolete)

Royal Naval Auxiliary Service

XSV

Auxiliary Service Vessel (now obsolete)

Royal Navy

HM Sloop

His/Her Majesty's Sloop (now obsolete)

HMS

His/Her Majesty's Ship/Submarine

HMSm

His/Her Majesty's Submarine (not currently in use)

HMT

Hired Military Transport (not currently in use)

HMAV

His/Her Majesty's Armed Vessel[10] (not currently in use)

HMY

His/Her Majesty's Yacht (not currently in use)

HMMGB

His/Her Majesty's Motor Gun Boat (not currently in use)

HMM

His/Her Majesty's Monitor (not currently in use)

HMSML

His/Her Majesty's Small Motor Launch

HBMS

His/Her Britannic Majesty's Ship (archaic)

HM

His/Her Majesty's, then used with the type of ship in military use (e.g. "HM Trawler")

Hospital Ships

HMHS

His/Her Majesty's Hospital Ship

Joint Services Sail Training Yachts (JSASTC)

HMSTC

His/Her Majesty's Sail Training Craft

Trinity House

THV

Trinity House Vessel (Lighthouse and Buoy Tender)

Northern Lighthouse Board

NLV

Northern Lighthouse Vessel (Lighthouse tender)

Commissioners of Irish Lights

ILV

Irish Lights Vessel (Lighthouse tender)

British Army

HMAV

Her Majesty's Army Vessel[11]

RCLV

Royal Corps of Logistics Vessel (not currently in use)

Government research ships

RRS

Royal Research Ship

HM Revenue and Customs/Border Force

HMCC, HMC

His/Her Majesty's Customs Cutter shortened to His/Her Majesty's Cutter after being transferred to Border Force

HM Customs and Excise (replaced by HMRC, above)

HMRC

His/Her Majesty's Revenue Cutter (not used since 18 April 2005).  Also His/Her Majesty's Revenue Cruiser (as per HMRC Vigilant 1947.  Not used since ca1960)

 United States

United States Air Force

USAF, USAFS

United States Air Force ship (not currently in use)

United States Army (modern)

USAS

United States Army Ship (modern)

USAV

United States Army Vessel (modern)

United States Army (historical)

USAT

United States Army Transport (large troop or cargo transports, not currently in use)

USAMP

U.S. Army Mine Planter (not currently in use)

U.S. Army

Vessels not otherwise designated: tugs, FS, Q, P etc. (not currently in use)

USAHS

United States Army Hospital Ship (not currently in use)

United States Navy

USF

United States Frigate (obsolete)

USFS

United States Flagship (obsolete)

USS

United States Ship – Commissioned ships only. [1]

USNV

United States Naval Vessel (Small utility vessels, not MSC, operated by local commands)[12]

U.S. Navy Military Sealift Command (MSC)

USNS

United States Naval Ship (USN-owned, civilian crews)

United States Coast Guard

USCGC

United States Coast Guard Cutter

USCGD

United States Coast Guard Destroyer (not currently in use)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOAAS

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ship

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

USC&GS

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (obsolete); occasionally a second "S" for "survey ship" was used

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries

USFC

United States Fish Commission (obsolete); commonly used informal name for the Commission; no "S" for "ship" was used

United States Lighthouse Service

USLHT

United States Lighthouse Tender (obsolete)

United States Revenue Cutter Service

USRC

United States Revenue Cutter (obsolete)

 Uruguay

Uruguayan Navy

ROU

República Oriental del Uruguay

 Vanuatu

Vanuatu Police Force

RVS

Republic of Vanuatu Ship

 Venezuela

Venezuelan Navy

FNV

Fuerzas Navales de Venezuela Not in use since 1949

ARV

Armada República de Venezuela Not in use 1999

ARBV

Armada República Bolivariana de Venezuela

 Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Royal Yugoslav Navy

KB

Kraljevski brod or Краљевски брод (English: Royal Ship), 1918–1941

 YUG  SCG

Jugoslovenska Ratna Mornarica JRM (English: Yugoslavia war navy) Yugoslav Navy 1969–1992
Ratna Mornarica Vojske Jugoslavije RМVЈ (English: War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces) 1992–2003

RTOP

Raketna Topovnjača or Ракетна Топовњача (English: Rocket gunship),  named by Yugoslavia peoples heroes

RČ

Raketni Čamac or Ракетни Чамац (English: Rocket boat), 1969–1992, named by Yugoslavia peoples heroes

VPBR

Veliki Patrolni Brod or Велики Патролни Брод (English: Big patrol ship), 1969–1992, named by Yugoslavia coastal towns

TČ

Torpedni Čamac or Торпедни Чамац (English: Torpedo boat), 1969–1992

PČ

Patrolni Čamac or Патролни Чамац (English: Patrol boat), 1969–1992, named by mountains

PO

Pomoćni Oružar or Помоћни Оружар (English: Auxiliary аrmourer), 1969–1992

RML

Rečni minolovac or Речни миноловац (English: River minesweepers), 1969–1992, named by places of WWII battles

RPB

Rečni patrolni brod or Речни патролни брод (English: River patrol boat), 1969–1992

P

Podmornica or Подморница (English: Submarine), 1969–1992, named by rivers or human qualities

RЕ

Razarač Eskortni or Разарач Ескортни (English: Escort destroyer), 1969–1992

PT

Pomoćni transportni or Помоћни транспортни (English: Auxiliary transport), 1969–1992

DČ

Desantni čamci or Десантни чамци (English: Landing craft), 1969–1992

text: Prefix conventions[edit]

text: The designations for United Kingdom ships applied at the time of the British Empire, before the establishment of separate navies for the Dominions.

text: In the Royal Netherlands Navy, "HNLMS" is the prefix in English, a translation of the Dutch original "Hr.Ms." or "Zr.Ms.".  "Hr.Ms." should preferably not be used in English-language documents; nevertheless it is often seen on the World Wide Web. Until the moment a Dutch naval ship officially enters active service in the fleet, the ship's name is used without the prefix.[13] Since King Willem-Alexander succeeded Queen Beatrix on 30 April 2013, "Hr.Ms." is replaced by "Zr.Ms.".

text: In Australia, the prefix NUSHIP is used to denote ships that have yet to be commissioned into the fleet.[14]

text: In the United States, all prefixes other than "USS", "USNS", "USNV", and "USRC" were made obsolete in 1901, when President Theodore Roosevelt issued an Executive order fixing American naval nomenclature.[1] USRC was replaced by USCGC when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the United States Lifesaving Service to become the United States Coast Guard in 1915.[15] USLHT also was replaced by USCGC when the United States Lighthouse Service became a part of the U.S. Coast Guard in 1939. USC&GS was replaced by NOAAS when the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey merged with other U.S. Government scientific agencies to form the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1970.

text:
A United States Navy ship that is not in active commission does not hold the title of United States Ship with simply the name without prefix used before and after commissioned service.[1] Vessels, such as yard and harbor craft that are not commissioned and "in service" are officially referred to by name or hull number without prefix.[1] Military Sealift Command (MSC) civilian manned ships "in service" are given the prefix United States Naval Ship (USNS).[1]
Prior to commissioning, ships may be described as a pre-commissioning unit or PCU; for example, the uncommissioned Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) has been described as the "pre-commissioning unit (PCU) Gerald R. Ford."[16] However, the vessel's official name is Gerald R. Ford without any prefix, and will be known as USS Gerald R. Ford once commissioned.[1]

text: When it is stricken from the fleet list, a ship typically has the prefix "ex-" added to its name, to distinguish it from any active ships bearing the same name. For example, after USS Constellation (CV-64) was retired in 2003, she became referred to as ex-Constellation.

text: Note that while calling a US ship "the USS Flattop" may make grammatical sense, the preliminary article "the" is discouraged by nearly all style guides, and the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy uses ship names without article, except for USS The Sullivans, named for the five Sullivan brothers, all lost at sea during World War II.[17] Its British equivalent ("the HMS Flattop") is also discouraged, since "the Her Majesty's Ship" would be grammatically incorrect.

text: Yugoslavia war navy had strict naming rules and ships prefix that was driven by order by President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1969. After dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia new state Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continued same naming convention for War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces from 1992 to 2003.

text: In science fiction[edit]

text: Fictional equivalents of tri-letter prefixes frequently appear in English-language science fiction works, applied to seafaring and spaceborne ships alike. See also Space navy for similar adoption of naval customs for fictional spacefaring military organizations.

text:
Star Trek – the United Federation of Planets uses the prefix "USS" for its starships. While Gene Roddenberry never defined what the abbreviation stood for, some speculate that it means "United Space Ship", "United Star Ship", or "United [Federation of Planets] Starfleet Starship/Ship". In the alternate "Mirror Universe", the Terran Empire use an "ISS" prefix instead. Other races use different prefixes for their ships:
Klingons use IKS (Imperial Klingon Ship) or IKC (Imperial Klingon Cruiser).
Romulan vessels typically receive the prefix IRW (Imperial Romulan Warbird), or RIS where some speculate that it means "Romulan Imperial Ship", and ChR. (ChR is from novelist Diane Duane's imagining of the Star Trek Universe, in which the Romulans refer to their home planet as "Ch'Rihan". Though Duane's version has a loyal following among many fans, it is not considered official Star Trek canon; similarly, the Ferengi designation of FMS, and the Cardassian CDS, are also not canon.)
Babylon 5 – The Earth Alliance uses the prefix "EAS" for "Earth Alliance Ship". Some fan material also uses it for "Earth Alliance Station".
Elite: Dangerous – The Federation uses the prefix "FNS" (Federal Naval Ship) for some military ships. The Empire uses "INV" (Imperial Naval Vessel).
Firefly – Vessels in the Union of Allied Planets fleet are given the prefix "IAV", for Interstellar Alliance Vessel.
The Terran Confederation, from Wing Commander, uses TCS (Terran Confederation Ship) for its vessels.
Halo – United Nations Space Command spacecraft use the prefix "UNSC".
Mass Effect – features several prefixes, primarily "SSV" for "Systems Alliance space vehicle"[18] and "MSV" for "Merchant Space Vehicle", used on numerous human commercial ships, as well as "PFS" for a Turian Hierarchy naval craft, and a freighter AML Demeter of unknown affiliation.
Dead Space – "USG", standing for "United Spacefaring Guild", which oversees civilian spacecraft operation, including the planet-cracker class leader USG Ishimura of the Concordance Extraction Corporation; "USM" for the Earth Defense Force of EarthGov; and "CMS" for its former opponents, the Sovereign Colonies Armed Forces.
StarCraft: Brood War – The United Earth Directorate uses DSS (presumably for Directorate Space Ship, e. g. DSS Aleksander); the Terran Confederacy used CSF (Confederate Space Fleet, e. g. CSF Ragnorak) for their battlecruisers.
Killzone – The Interplanetary Strategic Alliance (ISA) uses "ISC", for Interplanetary Strategic Cruiser.
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress – The Federated Nations use "FNS", presumably meaning "Federated Nations Ship".
Alien – The ships use prefix "USCSS" for "United States Cargo SpaceShip" in Nostromo, Prometheus or Covenant.
The Lost Fleet – The Alliance use the prefix "ASN" for "Allied Systems Navy" (or possibly "Alliance of Systems Navy"), the Syndicate Worlds do not use prefixes.
CoDominium – CoDominium vessels use the prefix "CDS" for CoDominium Ship.
"Honorverse" – The Manticoran kingdom uses "HMS" as a prefix, the Graysons use GNS, and the Havenite ships use "PNS" being reflections of actual ship prefixing traditions, and mirroring the Napoleonic wars.
The Culture – Ships are identified by a three-letter prefix denoting class (such as GSV for "General Systems Vehicle" or ROU for "Rapid Offensive Unit"), followed by their personal name.
The Expanse – Ships of the United Nations Navy use the prefix "UNN," while ships of the Martian Congressional Republic Navy are prefixed with "MCRN". The Nauvoo, a generation ship commissioned by the Church of Latter Day Saints was prefixed with "LDSS" for "Latter Day Saints' Ship", and later changed to "OPAS" and re-christened as the "OPAS Behemoth" representing the Outer Planets Alliance.
Unreal Tournament – Ships mentioned there have prefixes such as ITV ("Interstellar Transport Vessel", the first non-tutorial match in the tournament happens on board of ITV Oblivion) and ISV ("Interstellar Science Vessel", ship's name being ISV-Kran from Unreal).
Unreal: Return to Na Pali – ISV (ISV-Kran) and UMS ("Unified Military Services", a prefix for warships).

tag: ul


document_title: List of Texas hurricanes (1980–present)

question_text: when was the last time houston had a hurricane

text: List of Texas hurricanes (1980–present)

text:
August 10, 1980 – Hurricane Allen makes landfall near Brownsville as a Category 3 hurricane. A wind gust of 140 mph (230 km/h) is reported in Port Mansfield. Heavy rainfall is reported across South Texas, with a peak of 20.2 in (510 mm) in Kingsville. Nearly all structures on South Padre Island are destroyed.[5] At least 12 tornadoes are also reported as a result of Allen. One damages hangars and aircraft at Robert Mueller Municipal Airport, causing $250 million in damages.[5][6] Two deaths are directly attributed to Allen, both of which are drownings in the Corpus Christi area, with five others indirectly killed.[1] An estimated $600 million in damages are attributed to Allen.[5]
September 5, 1980 – Tropical Storm Danielle makes landfall near Galveston Bay as a weak tropical storm. As it moves inland, it causes severe and widespread flooding across Texas. Areas are inundated by the rain, peaking at 18.29 in (465 mm) in Nederland.[7] One person is killed due to rains associated with Danielle.[8][9]
Mid-November, 1980 – Hurricane Jeanne over the Western Gulf of Mexico causes tides to rise up to 4 ft (1.2 m) above average along the Texas coast. Coastal flooding also occurs, with the worst being near Galveston. Minimal damage is reported.[10][11]
Late-August, 1981 – Tropical Depression Eight moves ashore northeast Mexico on August 29 and into the United States on August 30. As an ill-defined surface low, a large thunderstorm complex forms near its center that day, which unleashes very heavy rainfall in a 50 mi (80 km) wide band covering a 200 mi (320 km) path from Seguin to north of Houston. The highest rainfall amount reported is from Cheapside, where 18 in (460 mm) falls in a 24‑hour period ending on the morning of August 31. Five die in the town of Shiner due to the heavy rains.[12] Heavy rain in downtown Hallettsville causes floods and torrential rain, reaching a peak of 5 ft (1.5 m). Significant flooding also occurs along the Lavaca, Guadalupe, and Colorado rivers in Texas. Damages from the floods amount to nearly $21 million.[13]
October 13, 1981 – Hurricane Norma makes landfall on the Pacific coast of Mexico, but its remnants produce 21 in (530 mm) of rain near Dallas-Fort Worth, killing five.[14] Multiple tornadoes touch down in six counties in the region, injuring three.[15] Hurricane Norma causes $50 million in damages and kills three people in Texas.[16]
September 11, 1982 – Tropical Storm Chris makes landfall near Sabine Pass.[17] Before landfall the storm causes tides of 5 to 6 ft (1.5–1.8 m) in height.[17] Rainfall from Chris peaks at 0.96 in (24 mm) in Evadale.[18]

text:
August 18, 1983 – Hurricane Alicia makes landfall near Galveston as a Category 3 hurricane. Alicia causes $2.6 billion in damage and 13 fatalities, along with an estimated 5,805 residential structures either heavily damaged or destroyed.[1][19] In advance of Alicia, offshore drilling platforms are evacuated.[20] At one point during the storm, the entire city of Galveston loses power, with 250,000 electricity customers in Houston losing power as well.[21] At the time, Hurricane Alicia is the costliest hurricane to impact Texas, not adjusting for inflation.[1] High rainfall totals are reported across Southeast Texas, with a peak of 9.5 in (240 mm) of rain in Liberty. The peak wind gust in Galveston is 102 mph (164 km/h).[19] An estimated storm surge of up to 12 ft (3.7 m) is estimated in Galveston Bay. Alicia also causes 23 tornadoes, concentrated around the Galveston and Tyler areas.[19][22]
August 28, 1983 – Hurricane Barry, a Category 1, makes landfall just south of Brownsville and forces the evacuation of 4,000 people, but causes minor damage.[23]
Mid-October, 1983 – The remnants of Hurricane Tico from the Eastern Pacific cause rainfall over much of Texas, most of which is in northern Texas, where rainfall peaks at 9.59 in (0.244 m) in Quanah.[18][24] Numerous road closures take place due to the floods caused by the remnants of Tico.[25] In Val Verde County, 100 people are evacuated due to the heavy rain. Tico's remnants kill one person and cause $93 million in damages.[1]
Mid-September, 1984 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Edouard cause severe flooding in South Texas, where some isolated locations receive totals in excess of 20 in (510 mm).[26]

text:
October 11, 1985 – The remnants of Hurricane Waldo produce rainfall over most of West Texas, with multiple rain totals of at least 5 in (130 mm).[27]
Late-October 1985 – Hurricane Juan dumps up to 10 in (250 mm) of rain in extreme southeastern Texas, peaking at 12.84 in (326 mm) in Alto, killing one coastal resident.[28][29] The rains cause widespread floods that lead to road closures, and gusty winds cause some power outages.[30] Coastal flooding is also reported as a result of high tides caused by Juan.[30]
June 26, 1986 – Hurricane Bonnie makes landfall near High Island in Southeast Texas as a Category 1 hurricane, killing four people in Texas[1] and producing heavy rainfall that causes street flooding. Rainfall peaks at 13 in (330 mm), with many areas picking up at least 10 in (250 mm).[31] Bonnie also spawns four tornadoes in Texas.[32]
August 6, 1986 – A tropical depression produces rain over South Texas with a maximum total of 4.5 in (110 mm) near Refugio.[33]
September 23, 1986 – The remnants of Hurricane Newton produce 1 in (25 mm) rainfall totals over the Texas Panhandle with an area of 3 in (76 mm) near the border between New Mexico and Texas, peaking at 3.97 in (101 mm) in Wharton.[34][35]
Early-October, 1986 – The remnants of Hurricane Paine produce widespread rainfall over western and northern Texas, most of which receives at least an inch of rain, with 10.39 in (264 mm) in Wellington.[18][36]
October 22, 1986 – The remnants of Hurricane Roslyn produce rainfall over much of southern and eastern Texas, with the heaviest totals along the middle Texas coast, where rainfall totals exceeds 10 in (250 mm).[37] Roslyn causes low-water crossings and streams to flood.[38]

text:
August 10, 1987 – An unnamed storm makes landfall near High Island, Texas, producing over 1 in (25 mm) of rain to eastern portions of the state, peaking at 4.25 in (108 mm) in Umbarger.[18][39][40]
August 12, 1988 – Tropical Storm Beryl produces heavy rainfall over East Texas. Some areas receive 11.8 in (300 mm) of rain, causing localized flash flooding.[41][42][43]
September 2, 1988 – Tropical Depression Ten produces heavy rain over Southeast Texas, peaking at 8.16 in (207 mm) in Galveston.[18][44][45]
September 17, 1988 – Hurricane Gilbert makes landfall in northern Mexico with winds of 135 mph (217 km/h) and causes tides to rise up to 5 ft (1.5 m) above normal.[1][46] As a result, beach erosion is reported on Padre Island.[46] Rainfall peaks at 7.45 in (189 mm) in Anson.[18] Minor wind damage is reported from Gilbert. Twenty-nine tornadoes are recorded across Texas, with the worst damage in San Antonio. Gilbert causes three deaths in Texas, all resulting from tornadoes in San Antonio.[47][48] Damages from Gilbert total to $50 million.[1]
Late-June 1989 – Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall near Freeport, causing three deaths in the state.[49][50] Tropical Storm Allison produces torrential rainfall across the state, with amounts of more than 10 in (250 mm) over much of the upper Texas coast, peaking at 20.28 in (515 mm) in Orange.[18][51] Storm surge from the storm measures 7 ft (2.1 m) in Trinity Bay.[46] As a result, beach erosion is reported on Padre Island.[52] Allison causes an estimated $400 million in Texas alone.[51]
August 1, 1989 – Hurricane Chantal makes landfall as a minimal hurricane at High Island, Texas, causing two deaths from flash flooding.[1][53]
Early-October 1989 – Hurricane Raymond from the East Pacific causes rainfall in northern Texas, peaking at 2.80 in (71 mm) in Yorktown.[18][54]
October 16, 1989 – Hurricane Jerry affects the Galveston area as a minimal hurricane. The storm kills three people when a car is blown off Texas Route 87 near Sea Rim State Park. Jerry causes $70 million in damage and kills three.[1][55]

text:
October 3, 1990 – Tropical Storm Rachel's remnants affect portions of West Texas.[56] Roads in Big Bend National Park are closed due to high water levels. Rainfall peaks at 1.5 in (38 mm) in Lubbock, causing minor street flooding, which leads to several car accidents.[56]
July 6, 1991 – Tropical Depression Two causes isolated rainfall over Texas, with a maximum total of 3 in (76 mm) reported within the vicinity of Anahuac.[57]
August 24, 1992 – The remnants of Hurricane Lester, which originated from the East Pacific, cause rainfall in North Texas, amounting up to 3 in (76 mm) in locations and peaking at 3.54 in (90 mm) in Chisos Basin.[18][58]
June 20, 1993 – Tropical Storm Arlene makes landfall near Padre Island. Heavy beach erosion occurs as a result of the storm. Arlene causes $55 million in damage and its flooding rains kill one person.[59][60]
September 14, 1993 – Hurricane Lidia moves into Texas before being absorbed by a cold front near Austin.[61] Lida's remnants cause moderate rainfall across the state, peaking at 7.3 in (190 mm) in Denton.[18] The combination of the front and the hurricane's remnants trigger tornadoes, and one causes more than $8 million in damages. Five people are injured in Arlington after a roof is torn off their hotel.[62]
Mid-October 1994 – The remnants of Hurricane Rosa cause severe flooding in Texas.[63] In some locations the flood is considered a 100-year event, peaking at 29.40 in (747 mm) in Cypress.[63] The floods kill 22 people and cause $700 million in damages.[63]

text:
July 31, 1995 – Tropical Storm Dean makes landfall near Freeport. Dean drops nearly 17 in (430 mm) of rain in Monroe City.[64] The rainfall results in moderate localized damage.[65]
August 12, 1995 – Tropical Storm Gabrielle makes landfall just south of the Texas–Mexico border as a strong tropical storm, producing rainfall in southern Texas, peaking at 6.26 in (159 mm) in Weslaco.[66] Slight storm surge associated with Gabrielle floods beaches along the southern Texas coast.[18][67]
September 16, 1995 – Hurricane Ismael's remnants move across the Texas Panhandle. Rainfall peaks at 6.57 in (167 mm) in Ransom Canyon,[18] and flash flooding results in the area.[68][69]
August 23, 1996 – Hurricane Dolly makes landfall near Tampico, Mexico.[70] The storm causes beneficial rainfall in southern Texas, peaking at 5.53 in (140 mm) in Corpus Christi, providing drought relief to the area.[70]
October 4, 1996 – Tropical Storm Josephine forms just offshore of the Texas coast, bringing heavy rain to the state. Rainfall peaks at 10.81 in (275 mm) in Brownsville.[18] The storm, although remaining offshore, causes severe beach erosion across much of the coast.[71] Several houses are lost and up to 65 ft (20 m) of shore-front property on Galveston Island is eroded.[71]
August 23, 1998 – Tropical Storm Charley makes landfall near Port Aransas. Severe inland flooding occurs in Val Verde Country and 13 people are killed. Del Rio records 17 in (430 mm) of rain in 24 hours from the storm, a city record and the most rainfall from a tropical cyclone in Texas since Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979.[72]
September 11, 1998 – Tropical Storm Frances makes landfall north of Corpus Christi on September 11 as a moderately strong tropical storm. Rainfall causes large amounts of flooding in southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana, peaking at 21.76 in (553 mm) in Goose Creek.[18] As a result of the rains, many rivers and bayous overflow.[73] Due to the storm, tides are 5 ft (1.5 m) above average.[74] Frances causes an estimated total of $500 million in property damage.[75]
Mid-October 1998 – Moisture associated with the remnants of Hurricane Madeline results in flooding in Central Texas.[76] The event breaks numerous rain records in the region, including the wettest month for San Antonio since records began in 1885.[73] In addition, 15 rivers exceed the previously known peak flow.[73] The floods kill 31 people.[76] and cause $1.5 billion in damages.[77]
August 23, 1999 – Hurricane Bret makes landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Padre Island, becoming the first major hurricane to hit Texas since Hurricane Alicia in 1983.[78] As it approaches landfall, large swells cause minor beach erosion along the coast. Along with rainfall from Bret, beaches in Matagorda County are closed due to the high water level.[79] Further inland, heavy rainfall occurs across South Texas, reaching 13.18 in (335 mm) in Sarita.[80] At the height of the storm, power outages cut electricity to an estimated 64,000 customers.[81] Due to the small size of Bret and its landfall in a relatively unpopulated region of the Texas coast, damages from Bret total just $15 million, but it causes four deaths, all of which are attributed to a semi-trailer truck jackknifing in Laredo.[82]
September 8, 1999 – Tropical Depression Seven's remnants produce light rainfall, peaking at 3.35 in (85 mm) in Harlingen.[83]

text:
September 9, 2000 – Tropical Depression Nine makes landfall near Sabine Pass, with maximum sustained winds of 30 mph (48 km/h). Minimal damage is reported.[84]
June 5, 2001 – Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall near Freeport. It stalls over eastern Texas for several days, dropping extreme amounts of rain which leads to catastrophic flooding.[85] Allison causes flash flooding in the area, producing widespread street flooding and filling nearby bayous to severe levels.[86] Rainfall peaks at 36.99 in (940 mm) at the Port of Houston.[87] The Texas Medical Center is severely damaged, with losses of up to $2 billion. Patient evacuations and medical services are disrupted due to power outages caused by the storm.[87] Allison causes an estimated $4.8 billion in damages, nearly all of it related to freshwater flooding in the Greater Houston region.[85] Tropical Storm Allison causes 23 deaths in the state,[88] and was the only non-hurricane strength storm to have its name retired until Tropical Storm Erika (did not affect the U.S.) in 2015.[89]
August 9, 2002 – Tropical Storm Bertha makes landfall as a tropical depression near Kingsville, causing isolated rainfall throughout the state.[90][91]
September 7, 2002 – Tropical Storm Fay makes landfall near Port O'Connor, where it causes heavy rainfall and $450,000 in damage.[92] Rainfall peaks at 18.49 in (470 mm) in Fowlerton.[18] Fay causes five tornadoes, one of which injures three people. Much of the impact takes place in Brazoria County, where over 2,300 homes are damaged.[93]
June 30, 2003 – Tropical Storm Bill causes minor beach erosion on the Bolivar Peninsula.[94]
July 15, 2003 – Hurricane Claudette makes landfall at Matagorda Island near Port O'Connor as a strong Category 1 storm, with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (140 km/h). Claudette is responsible for one direct death. Inland towns in Texas sustain significant wind damage. Estimated damages total up to $181 million.[95]
August 16, 2003 – Hurricane Erika makes landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas as a minor Category 1 hurricane, causing minor coastal damage and beach erosion in parts of southern Texas.[96]
August 31, 2003 – Tropical Storm Grace makes landfall near San Luis Pass with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h), causing heavy rainfall along the Texas coast and resulting in $113,000 in total damages.[97]
September 22, 2003 – Hurricane Marty from the East Pacific makes landfall in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. Rainfall associated with the remnants of Marty affects western Texas.[98]
September 20, 2004 – As the remnants of Hurricane Javier move northeast through northwest Mexico, 1 in (25 mm) of rain is reported in western Texas.[99]
September 24, 2004 – Four days after Hurricane Javier affected the state, Hurricane Ivan, having regenerated into a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico, makes landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, as a tropical depression. Over 7 in (180 mm) of rain is dropped on eastern Texas.[100]
October 10, 2004 – Tropical Storm Matthew moves ashore in southern Louisiana, producing locally heavy rainfall in eastern Texas, peaking at 6.10 in (155 mm) in Matagorda, but little damage.[18][101]

text:
July 20, 2005 – Hurricane Emily makes landfall in Tamaulipas, Mexico, providing rainfall to drought-affected areas of southern Texas.[102] Rainfall peaks at 5.2 in (130 mm) in Mercedes, and is spread from about 1 to 3 in (25–76 mm) elsewhere.[103]
September 23, 2005 – Hurricane Rita makes landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on the border between Louisiana and Texas on September 23.[104] In preparation for its landfall, the largest evacuation in United States history takes place, with over 3 million people evacuating inland.[105] At one point during the storm, 1 million energy customers lose power due to outages.[106] Rita causes a peak of 10.48 in (266 mm) in Center.[18][107] Major flooding is reported in Port Arthur and Beaumont. Offshore oil platforms throughout Rita's path also suffer significant damage, though the refineries of Houston, originally thought to be at risk, escape the brunt of the storm. Many of the indirect deaths linked to Rita are caused by a single bus fire in mass evacuations out of Houston.[104] Rita causes 59 deaths in the state all told.[1]
September 2, 2006 – The remnants of Hurricane John, an East Pacific storm, cause moderate to heavy rainfall. In northern Texas, moisture from the storm combined with a cold front produces rainfall of over 4 in (100 mm), helping alleviate severe drought.[108][109]
September 16, 2006 – Hurricane Lane, another East Pacific storm, makes landfall in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Lane's remnants combine with an upper level trough over southeast portions of the state, dropping over 5 in (130 mm) of rain in some locations.[110]
August 16, 2007 – Tropical Storm Erin makes landfall near Lamar as a minimal tropical storm. Rainfall peaks in Texas at 10.7 in (270 mm) in Sisterdale.[111] Erin causes nine deaths in the state and causes nearly $49 million in damages.[112][113]
September 13, 2007 – Hurricane Humberto rapidly intensifies before making landfall just west of the Louisiana–Texas border with winds of up to 90 mph, dropping up to 14.13 in (359 mm) of rain.[114] The storm kills one person and leaves $50 million in damage.[115]

text:
July 23, 2008 – Hurricane Dolly makes landfall at South Padre Island with winds near 100 mph. A storm surge of 4 ft (1.2 m) is observed across much of the coast of southern Texas.[116] Dolly's remnants cause coastal and inland flooding and over 12 in (300 mm) of rain in some locations, peaking at 15 in (380 mm) in Harlingen.[117] On South Padre Island, moderate structural damage, mostly to roofs, is reported. Tree and utility pole damage is widespread across Cameron County. Widespread power outages are reported across southern Texas as a result of Dolly.[116]
August 5, 2008 – Tropical Storm Edouard makes landfall near Port Arthur with winds near 65 mph. Edouard provides beneficial rain to a drought stricken central Texas.[118]
September 1, 2008 – Hurricane Gustav produces heavy rain to extreme East Texas as it makes landfall in Louisiana as a Category 2 hurricane.[119] The storm causes strong rip currents and minor overwash of the coast.[120]
September 13, 2008 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall at Galveston as a large Category 2 hurricane. Its large size contributes to a storm surge that is as high as 20 ft (6.1 m),[121] which inundates many of the barrier islands off the Texas coast. Many structures on the Bolivar Peninsula are destroyed.[122] Most notably, in Gilchrist all but one house is destroyed by the storm surge.[123] The storm also causes heavy rains where it makes landfall, peaking at 18.9 in (480 mm).[124] At one point, the storm knocks out power to as many as an estimated 2.6 million people.[1] Ike is one of the most destructive hurricanes ever to hit Texas and one of the deadliest, causing $19.3 billion in damages and killing 84 people.[1]
October 13, 2008 – Hurricane Norbert causes moderate rainfall over West Texas after moving inland from the eastern Pacific.[125]
November 10, 2009 – Hurricane Ida causes minimal effects on Texas, producing high tides that lead to road closures.[126]

text:
June 30, 2010 – Hurricane Alex made landfall at Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas in Mexico as a large Category 2 hurricane, bringing heavy rains, wind, and tornadoes to South Texas.[127] The hurricane's remnants also bring heavy rains to portions of the Rio Grande, causing it to exceed record levels.[128]
July 8, 2010 – Tropical Depression Two makes landfall on South Padre Island, dropping 1 to 3 in (25 to 76 mm) of rain in south Texas, peaking at 8.95 in (227 mm) in Chincorro.[129] However, there are no reports of damage.[130]
September 7, 2010 – Tropical Storm Hermine makes landfall in northeastern Mexico as a strong tropical storm with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds.[131] As the storm approaches the coast, a storm surge of 3.4 ft (1.0 m) is reported at Port Aransas. In the Rio Grande Valley, an estimated 35,000 homes lose power due to Hermine,[132] while in Bexar County, 100,000 energy customers lose power.[133] Farm crops in the Texas Coastal Bend are damaged by the strong winds and rain.[134] In addition, numerous roads are closed due to overwash. Hermine kills five and causes $240 million in damages in the state.[131]
June 30, 2011 – Tropical Storm Arlene makes landfall south of Texas near Cabo Rojo.[135] The outer bands of Arlene cause 1 to 4 in (25–102 mm) of rain in southern Texas.[136]
July 30, 2011 – Tropical Storm Don made landfall near Baffin Bay, Texas before quickly dissipating. The storm produces minimal rainfall in extreme southern Texas, peaking at 2.56 in (65 mm) in Bay City.[137] Cotton farms benefit from the minimal rainfall.[138]
Early-September 2011 – The outer bands of Tropical Storm Lee caused rain in eastern Texas, peaking at 3.97 in (101 mm) in Nederland.[18] Despite the rainfall, strong winds further inland caused by the storm helped ignite numerous wildfires in the state.[139] One of the fires, the Bastrop County Complex fire, destroys 1,700 homes and businesses, becoming the most destructive wildfire in Texas history, according to the Texas Forest Service.[140]
August 31, 2012 – Outer rainbands associated with Hurricane Isaac cause slight rainfalls in East Texas, peaking to at least 3 in (7.6 cm) near Galveston Bay.[141] Strong winds associated with Hurricane Isaac's thunderstorms knock down trees in Trinity County, where wind gusts peak at an estimated 65 mph (105 km/h).[142]
September 29, 2012 – Remnant moisture associated with Hurricane Miriam and Tropical Storm Norman brought rainfall over areas of Texas, slightly alleviating drought conditions. Rainfall in the state measures 1–4 in (25–102 mm). The strong rains cause flash floods. Combined with a surface trough, the moisture generates severe thunderstorms which later coalesce into a squall line, causing strong winds which cause numerous reports of window damage. A weather station near Paducah records a peak wind gust of 96 mph (154 km/h).[143]
Mid-September 2013 – As Hurricane Ingrid passes to the south, its outer rainbands drop isolated areas of heavy rainfall across South Texas. Rainfall totals from the bands are estimated to have peaked at approximately 3 in (76 mm) near the Texas border with Mexico.[144]
September 3, 2014 – Despite making landfall near Tampico, Mexico, the outer rainbands of Tropical Storm Dolly traverse South Texas, producing rainfall totals peaking at 2.91 in (74 mm) in Hidalgo County. After dissipating, moisture from the remnant system causes additional showers in the area. Urban flooding as a result of poor water drainage occurs in Brownsville, Edinburg, and McAllen. However, the heavy rainfall helps to alleviate some drought conditions in South Texas.[145]
September 20, 2014 – Flooding from the remnants of Hurricane Odile killed one sheriff's deputy in Austin.[146]
Mid-June 2015 – Tropical Storm Bill made landfall on June 16 on Matagorda Island with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), causing gusts peaking at 53 mph (85 km/h) at Palacios and Port O'Connor in addition to producing a 3 ft (0.9 m) storm surge at Port Lavaca.[147] However, most of Bill's impacts in Texas were associated with heavy rainfall. Several isolated areas received in excess of 10 in (25 cm) of rainfall, including a large swath of Victoria County.[148] In Wharton, rainfall peaked at 13.05 in (331 mm).[149]
October 20–24, 2015 – Hurricane Patricia's remnants brought loads of rain to Texas. The maximum rainfall was 20.87 in (530 mm) in Corsicana.[150] This caused the flooding and closure of Interstate 45 in that area.[151]
September 8, 2016 – The remnants of Hurricane Newton brought heavy rains to parts of western Texas.
June 22, 2017 – Tropical Storm Cindy made landfall near Port Arthur with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), a fatality took place in Bolivar Peninsula[152]

text: August 25–28, 2017 – Hurricane Harvey hit the coast near Rockport as a Category 4 hurricane, producing extreme and unprecedented amounts of rainfall in the Houston Metropolitan area. It is the costliest hurricane worldwide with $198.6 billion in damages.[153]

text: Monthly statistics[edit]

text:
Number of recorded storms affecting Texas

Month
Number of storms

June

8

July

7

August

19

September

24

October

13

November

2

text: Deadly storms[edit]

text: The following is a list of tropical storms with known deaths in the state.

text:
Tropical Storms causing known deaths in Texas

Name
Year
Number of deaths
Notes

Harvey
2017
89
[1]

Ike
2008
84
[154]

Rita
2005
59
[1]

Allison
2001
23
[88]

Alicia
1983
13
[1]

Charley
1998
13
[72]

Erin
2007
9
[112]

Allen
1980
7
[1]

Eight
1981
5
[12]

Norma
1981
5
[14]

Hermine
2010
5
[131]

Bonnie
1986
4
[1]

Bret
1999
4
[82]

Allison
1989
3
[51]

Jerry
1989
3
[1]

Chantal
1989
2
[1]

Danielle
1980
1
[8]

Arlene
1993
1
[60]

Claudette
2003
1
[95]

Humberto
2007
1
[115]

Odile
2014
1
[citation needed]

Cindy
2017
1
[152]


document_title: Black-eyed pea

question_text: when do you eat black eyed peas for the new year

text: Black-eyed pea

text: History[edit]

text: The first domestication probably occurred in West Africa,[1] but the black-eyed pea is widely grown in many countries in Asia; it was introduced into the Southern United States as early as the 17th century in Virginia. Most of the black-eyed pea cultivation in the region, however, took firmer hold in Florida and the Carolinas during the 18th century, reaching Virginia in full force following the American Revolution.[2] The crop would also eventually prove popular in Texas. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because, as a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value. Black-eyed peas contain calcium (41 mg) folate (356 mcg), protein (13.22 g), fiber (11.1 g) and vitamin A (26 IU), among other nutrients, all for less than 200 Calories, in a 171-g, one-cup serving.[3]

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: This heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before germination. Black-eyed peas are extremely drought tolerant, so excessive watering should be avoided.

text: The crop is relatively free of pests and disease. Root-knot nematodes can be a problem, especially if crops are not rotated. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, fertilization can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination.

text: The blossom produces nectar plentifully, and large areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators, care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations.

text: After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2–5 days

text: Lucky New Year food[edit]

text: Southern United States[edit]

text: In the Southern United States, eating black-eyed peas or Hoppin' John (a traditional soul food) on New Year's Day is thought to bring prosperity in the new year.[4] The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as bacon, fatback, ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper-flavored vinegar. The traditional meal also includes collard, turnip, or mustard greens, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion.[5] Cornbread, which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.[citation needed]

text: There are several legends as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South’s association with peas and good luck dates back to the American Civil War. The first is associated with General William T. Sherman’s march of the Union Army to the sea, during which they pillaged the Confederates' food supplies. Stories say peas and salted pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed[6] and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28.[7] As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas was a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Years Day.[8][9] Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations.[10]

text: Culinary uses worldwide[edit]

text:
Mature black-eyed peas
cooked, no salt

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
484 kJ (116 kcal)

Carbohydrates

20.76 g

Sugars
3.3 g

Dietary fiber
6.5 g

Fat

0.53 g

Protein

7.73 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(18%)
0.202 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(5%)
0.055 mg

Niacin (B3)

(3%)
0.495 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(8%)
0.411 mg

Vitamin B6

(8%)
0.1 mg

Folate (B9)

(52%)
208 μg

Vitamin E

(2%)
0.28 mg

Vitamin K

(2%)
1.7 μg

Minerals

Calcium

(2%)
24 mg

Iron

(19%)
2.51 mg

Magnesium

(15%)
53 mg

Manganese

(23%)
0.475 mg

Phosphorus

(22%)
156 mg

Potassium

(6%)
278 mg

Sodium

(0%)
4 mg

Zinc

(14%)
1.29 mg

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: Africa and Middle East[edit]

text: In Egypt, black-eyed peas are called lobia. Cooked with onions, garlic, meat, and tomato juice, and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called shaerya mixed in, it makes the most famous rice dish in Egypt.

text: In Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, lobya or green black-eyed-beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.

text: In West Africa and the Caribbean, a traditional dish called akara is made of mashed black-eyed peas to which is added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried.[11]

text: Asia and the Pacific[edit]

text: In Indonesia, black-eyed peas are called kacang tunggak or kacang tolo in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as sambal goreng, a kind of hot and spicy red curry dish, sayur brongkos, or sayur lodeh.

text: In North India, black-eyed peas are called lobia or rongi and cooked like daal, served with boiled rice.[12] In Maharashtra they are called chawli (pronounced chau-lee) and made into a curry called chawli amti[13] or chawli usal. In Karnataka they are called alsande kalu and used in the preparation of huli, a popular type of curry.[14] In South Kanara district they are called as 'Lathanay dha beeja' and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry. In Tamil Nadu they are called karamani and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like sundal (often during the Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivals).[15] In Vietnam, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called chè đậu trắng (black-eyed peas and sticky rice with coconut milk).

text: Europe[edit]

text: In Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey (börülce salatası), black-eyed peas are eaten with vegetables, oil, salt, and lemon.[16]

text: In Portugal, black-eyed peas are served with boiled cod and potatoes, with tuna, and in salads.

text: The Americas[edit]

text: "Hoppin' John", made of black-eyed peas, rice, and pork, is a traditional dish of Southern United States.

text: Texas caviar, another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in vinaigrette-style dressing and chopped garlic, and served cold.[17]

text: In Brazil's northeastern state of Bahia, especially in the city of Salvador, black-eyed peas are used in a traditional street food of Nigerian origin called akara. The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep fried in dendê. Acarajé is typically served split in half and stuffed with vatapá, caruru, diced green and red tomatoes, fried sun-dried shrimp and homemade hot sauce.

text: In the northern part of Colombia, they are used to prepare a fritter called buñuelo. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal.

text: In Guyana, South America, and Trinidad and Tobago, it is one of the most popular type of beans cooked with rice, the main one being red kidney beans, also referred to as red beans. It is also cooked as a snack or appetizer on its own. On New Year's Eve (referred to as Old Year's Night in Guyana and Suriname), families cook a traditional dish called cook-up rice. The dish comprises rice, black-eyed peas, and other peas and a variety of meats cooked in coconut milk and seasonings. According to tradition, cook-up rice should be the first thing consumed in the New Year for good luck. Cook-up rice is also made as an everyday dish.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The Black Eyed Peas is the name of an American hip-hop band.