document_title: Democracy Index

question_text: which country tops the annual global democracy index compiled by the economist intelligence unit

text: Democracy Index

text: Method[edit]

text:
Part of the Politics series

Democracy

History

Types

Anticipatory
Athenian
Cellular
Consensus
Cosmopolitan
Defensive
Delegative
Deliberative
Direct
Economic
Electronic
Empowered
Ethnic
Grassroots
Guided
Inclusive
Industrial
Interactive
Jacksonian
Jeffersonian
Liberal / Illiberal
Media
Multiparty
New
Non-partisan
Participatory
People's
Popular
Procedural
Radical
Representative
Religious

Christian
Islamic
Jewish
Mormon

Sectarian
Semi
Semi-direct
Social
Socialist
Sociocracy
Sovereign
Soviet
Substantive
Totalitarian
Workplace

Related topics

Anarchism
Kleroterion
Democratic capitalism
Democratic centralism
Democratic confederalism
Democratic republic
Democratic socialism
Democratization
Democracy and economic growth
Democracy in Marxism
Democracy promotion
Liberalism
Libertarianism
Majoritarianism
Motion
Ochlocracy
People's democratic dictatorship
Polyarchy
Sortition
Tyranny of the majority
Voting
Wars between democracies
Wave of democracy

Politics portal

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e

text: As described in the report,[2] the democracy index is a weighted average based on the answers of 60 questions, each one with either two or three permitted alternative answers. Most answers are "experts' assessments"; the report does not indicate what kinds of experts, nor their number, nor whether the experts are employees of the Economist Intelligence Unit or independent scholars, nor the nationalities of the experts. Some answers are provided by public-opinion surveys from the respective countries. In the case of countries for which survey results are missing, survey results for similar countries and expert assessments are used in order to fill in gaps.

text: The questions are distributed in the five categories: electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, functioning of government, political participation, and political culture. Each answer is translated to a mark, either 0 or 1, or for the three-answer alternative questions, 0.5. With the exceptions mentioned below, the sums are added within each category, multiplied by ten, and divided by the total number of questions within the category. There are a few modifying dependencies, which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures. In a few cases, an answer yielding zero for one question voids another question; e.g., if the elections for the national legislature and head of government are not considered free (question 1), then the next question, "Are elections... fair?" is not considered, but automatically marked zero. Likewise, there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories, namely:

text:
"Whether national elections are free and fair";
"The security of voters";
"The influence of foreign powers on government";
"The capability of the civil servants to implement policies".

text: The five category indices, which are listed in the report, are then averaged to find the Democracy Index for a given country. Finally, the Democracy Index, rounded to two decimals, decides the regime type classification of the country.

text: The report discusses other indices of democracy, as defined e.g. by Freedom House, and argues for some of the choices made by the team from the Economist Intelligence Unit. In this comparison, a higher emphasis has been put on the public opinion and attitudes, as measured by surveys, but on the other hand, economic living standard has not been weighted as one criterion of democracy (as seemingly some other investigators[who?] have done).[3][4]

text: The report is widely cited in the international press as well as in peer reviewed academic journals.[5]

text: Classification definitions[edit]

text: Full democracies are nations where civil liberties and basic political freedoms are not only respected, but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles. These nations have a valid system of governmental checks and balances, independent judiciary whose decisions are enforced, governments that function adequately, and media that is diverse and independent. These nations have only limited problems in democratic functioning.[6]

text: Flawed democracies are nations where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honored but may have issues (e.g. media freedom infringement). Nonetheless, these nations have significant faults in other democratic aspects, including underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.[6]

text: Hybrid regimes are nations where consequential irregularities exist in elections regularly preventing them from being fair and free. These nations commonly have governments that apply pressure on political opponents, non independent judiciaries, and have widespread corruption, harassment and pressure placed on the media, anemic rule of law, and more pronounced faults than flawed democracies in the realms of underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.[6]

text: Authoritarian regimes are nations where political pluralism has vanished or is extremely limited. These nations are often absolute monarchies or dictatorships, may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meager significance, infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace, elections (if they take place) are not fair and free, the media is often state-owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime, the judiciary is not independent, and they are characterised by the presence of omnipresent censorship and suppression of governmental criticism.[6]

text: Democracy Index by country (2017)[edit]

text: Listing by country is available on The Economist website.[7]

text:
Democracy Index 2017

Rank
Country
Score
Electoral process
and pluralism
Functioning of
government
Political
participation
Political
culture
Civil
liberties
Category

1
 Norway
9.87
10.00
9.64
10.00
10.00
9.71
Full democracy

2
 Iceland
9.58
10.00
9.29
8.89
10.00
9.71
Full democracy

3
 Sweden
9.39
9.58
9.64
8.33
10.00
9.41
Full democracy

4
 New Zealand
9.26
10.00
9.29
8.89
8.13
10.00
Full democracy

5
 Denmark
9.22
10.00
9.29
8.33
9.38
9.12
Full democracy

=6
 Ireland
9.15
9.58
7.86
8.33
10.00
10.00
Full democracy

=6
 Canada
9.15
9.58
9.64
7.78
8.75
10.00
Full democracy

8
 Australia
9.09
10.00
8.93
7.78
8.75
10.00
Full democracy

=9
 Finland
9.03
10.00
8.93
7.78
8.75
9.71
Full democracy

=9
  Switzerland
9.03
9.58
9.29
7.78
9.38
9.12
Full democracy

11
 Netherlands
8.89
9.58
9.29
8.33
8.13
9.12
Full democracy

12
 Luxembourg
8.81
10.00
8.93
6.67
8.75
9.71
Full democracy

13
 Germany
8.61
9.58
8.21
8.33
7.50
9.41
Full democracy

14
 United Kingdom
8.53
9.58
7.50
8.33
8.13
9.12
Full democracy

15
 Austria
8.42
9.58
8.21
8.33
6.88
9.12
Full democracy

16
 Mauritius
8.22
9.17
8.21
5.56
8.75
9.41
Full democracy

17
 Malta
8.15
9.17
8.21
6.11
8.75
8.53
Full democracy

18
 Uruguay
8.12
10.00
8.93
4.44
7.50
9.71
Full democracy

19
 Spain
8.08
9.17
7.14
7.78
7.50
8.82
Full democracy

Rank
Country
Score
Electoral process
and pluralism
Functioning of
government
Political
participation
Political
culture
Civil
liberties
Category

20
 South Korea
8.00
9.17
7.89
7.22
7.50
8.24
Flawed democracy

=21
 United States
7.98
9.17
7.14
7.22
8.13
8.24
Flawed democracy

=21
 Italy
7.98
9.58
6.43
7.22
8.13
8.53
Flawed democracy

=23
 Japan
7.88
8.75
8.21
6.11
7.50
8.82
Flawed democracy

=23
 Cape Verde
7.88
9.17
7.86
6.67
6.88
9.12
Flawed democracy

=23
 Costa Rica
7.88
9.58
7.14
6.67
6.88
9.12
Flawed democracy

=26
 Chile
7.84
9.58
8.57
4.44
7.50
9.12
Flawed democracy

=26
 Portugal
7.84
9.58
7.50
6.11
6.88
9.12
Flawed democracy

28
 Botswana
7.81
9.17
7.14
6.11
7.50
9.12
Flawed democracy

29
 France
7.80
9.58
7.50
7.78
5.63
8.53
Flawed democracy

=30
 Estonia
7.79
9.58
7.86
6.11
6.88
8.53
Flawed democracy

=30
 Israel
7.79
9.17
7.50
8.89
7.50
5.88
Flawed democracy

32
 Belgium
7.78
9.58
8.93
5.00
6.88
8.53
Flawed democracy

33
 Taiwan
7.73
9.58
8.21
6.11
5.63
9.12
Flawed democracy

34
 Czech Republic
7.62
9.58
6.43
6.67
6.88
8.53
Flawed democracy

35
 Cyprus
7.59
9.17
6.43
6.67
6.88
8.82
Flawed democracy

36
 Slovenia
7.50
9.58
6.79
6.67
6.25
8.24
Flawed democracy

37
 Lithuania
7.41
9.58
5.71
6.11
6.25
9.41
Flawed democracy

=38
 Greece
7.29
9.58
5.36
6.11
6.88
8.53
Flawed democracy

=38
 Jamaica
7.29
9.17
7.14
4.44
6.88
8.82
Flawed democracy

40
 Latvia
7.25
9.58
5.71
5.56
6.88
8.53
Flawed democracy

41
 South Africa
7.24
7.42
7.50
8.33
5.00
7.94
Flawed democracy

42
 India
7.23
9.17
6.97
7.22
5.63
7.35
Flawed democracy

43
 Timor-Leste
7.19
9.08
6.97
5.56
6.88
7.65
Flawed democracy

44
 Slovakia
7.16
9.58
6.97
5.56
5.63
8.24
Flawed democracy

45
 Panama
7.08
9.58
6.97
6.11
5.00
7.94
Flawed democracy

46
 Trinidad and Tobago
7.04
9.58
7.14
5.56
5.00
7.94
Flawed democracy

47
 Bulgaria
7.03
9.17
6.43
7.22
4.38
7.94
Flawed democracy

48
 Argentina
6.96
9.17
5.00
6.11
6.88
7.65
Flawed democracy

49
 Brazil
6.86
9.58
5.36
6.11
3.75
8.24
Flawed democracy

50
 Suriname
6.76
9.17
6.43
5.56
5.00
7.65
Flawed democracy

51
 Philippines
6.71
9.17
5.71
7.22
4.38
7.06
Flawed democracy

52
 Ghana
6.69
8.33
5.71
6.67
6.25
6.47
Flawed democracy

=53
 Poland
6.67
9.17
6.07
6.11
4.38
7.65
Flawed democracy

=53
 Colombia
6.67
9.17
6.79
4.44
4.38
7.94
Flawed democracy

55
 Dominican Republic
6.66
9.17
5.36
6.11
6.25
7.06
Flawed democracy

=56
 Lesotho
6.64
9.17
5.00
6.67
5.63
6.76
Flawed democracy

=56
 Hungary
6.64
8.75
6.07
4.44
6.88
7.06
Flawed democracy

58
 Croatia
6.63
9.17
5.36
5.56
5.00
6.76
Flawed democracy

59
 Malaysia
6.54
6.92
7.14
6.11
6.25
7.06
Flawed democracy

60
 Mongolia
6.50
9.17
5.71
5.56
5.00
6.76
Flawed democracy

61
 Peru
6.49
9.17
5.36
5.56
5.00
7.35
Flawed democracy

62
 Sri Lanka
6.48
7.83
7.14
5.00
6.25
6.18
Flawed democracy

63
 Guyana
6.46
8.75
5.71
6.11
4.38
7.35
Flawed democracy

64
 Romania
6.44
9.17
5.71
5.00
4.38
7.94
Flawed democracy

65
 El Salvador
6.43
9.17
5.36
4.44
5.00
7.06
Flawed democracy

=66
 Serbia
6.41
8.25
5.36
6.67
5.00
7.35
Flawed democracy

=66
 Mexico
6.41
7.83
6.43
7.22
4.38
6.18
Flawed democracy

68
 Indonesia
6.39
6.92
7.14
6.67
5.63
5.59
Flawed democracy

=69
 Tunisia
6.32
6.00
5.71
7.78
6.25
5.88
Flawed democracy

=69
 Singapore
6.32
4.33
7.86
6.11
6.25
7.06
Flawed democracy

=71
 Hong Kong
6.31
3.92
6.07
5.56
7.50
8.53
Flawed democracy

=71
 Namibia
6.31
5.67
5.36
6.67
5.63
8.24
Flawed democracy

=71
 Paraguay
6.31
8.75
6.07
5.00
4.38
7.35
Flawed democracy

74
 Senegal
6.15
7.50
6.07
4.44
6.25
6.47
Flawed democracy

75
 Papua New Guinea
6.03
6.92
6.07
3.89
5.63
7.65
Flawed democracy

76
 Ecuador
6.02
8.75
4.64
5.56
4.38
6.76
Flawed democracy

Rank
Country
Score
Electoral process
and pluralism
Functioning of
government
Political
participation
Political
culture
Civil
liberties
Category

77
 Albania
5.98
7.00
4.71
5.56
5.00
7.65
Hybrid regime

78
 Moldova
5.94
7.50
4.64
6.11
4.38
7.06
Hybrid regime

79
 Georgia
5.93
8.67
4.29
6.11
5.00
5.59
Hybrid regime

80
 Guatemala
5.86
7.92
5.71
3.89
5.00
6.76
Hybrid regime

81
 Fiji
5.85
6.58
5.36
6.11
5.63
5.59
Hybrid regime

82
 Honduras
5.72
8.25
5.36
4.44
4.38
6.18
Hybrid regime

=83
 Ukraine
5.69
6.17
3.21
6.67
6.25
6.18
Hybrid regime

=83
 Montenegro
5.69
6.08
5.36
5.56
4.38
7.06
Hybrid regime

85
 Zambia
5.68
6.17
5.00
3.89
6.88
6.47
Hybrid regime

86
 Mali
5.64
7.42
3.93
4.44
6.25
6.18
Hybrid regime

87
 Benin
5.61
6.50
5.36
5.00
5.63
5.59
Hybrid regime

88
 Macedonia
5.57
6.50
5.00
5.56
3.75
7.06
Hybrid regime

=89
 Bolivia
5.49
7.00
4.64
5.00
3.75
7.06
Hybrid regime

=89
 Malawi
5.49
6.58
4.29
4.44
6.25
5.88
Hybrid regime

91
 Tanzania
5.47
7.00
5.00
5.00
5.63
4.71
Hybrid regime

92
 Bangladesh
5.43
7.42
5.07
5.00
4.38
5.29
Hybrid regime

93
 Liberia
5.23
7.42
2.57
5.56
5.00
5.59
Hybrid regime

94
   Nepal
5.18
4.33
5.36
5.00
5.63
5.59
Hybrid regime

=95
 Kenya
5.11
3.50
5.36
6.67
5.63
4.41
Hybrid regime

=95
 Kyrgyzstan
5.11
6.58
2.93
6.67
4.38
5.00
Hybrid regime

=95
 Madagascar
5.11
6.08
3.57
5.56
5.63
4.71
Hybrid regime

98
 Uganda
5.09
5.25
3.57
3.89
6.88
5.88
Hybrid regime

99
 Bhutan
5.08
8.33
6.07
2.78
4.38
3.82
Hybrid regime

100
 Turkey
4.88
5.33
6.07
5.00
5.63
2.35
Hybrid regime

=101
 Morocco
4.87
5.25
4.64
4.44
5.63
4.41
Hybrid regime

=101
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.87
6.50
2.93
5.00
3.75
6.18
Hybrid regime

103
 Burkina Faso
4.75
4.42
4.29
4.44
5.63
5.00
Hybrid regime

104
 Lebanon
4.72
3.50
2.57
7.22
5.63
4.71
Hybrid regime

=105
 Sierra Leone
4.66
6.58
1.86
3.33
6.25
5.29
Hybrid regime

=105
 Nicaragua
4.66
3.42
3.29
3.89
5.63
7.06
Hybrid regime

107
 Thailand
4.63
3.00
4.29
5.00
5.00
5.88
Hybrid regime

108
 Palestine
4.46
3.83
2.50
7.78
4.38
3.82
Hybrid regime

109
 Nigeria
4.44
6.08
4.64
3.33
3.75
4.41
Hybrid regime

110
 Pakistan
4.26
6.50
5.36
2.22
2.50
4.71
Hybrid regime

111
 Armenia
4.11
5.25
2.86
5.00
1.88
5.59
Hybrid regime

112
 Iraq
4.09
4.33
0.07
7.22
5.00
3.82
Hybrid regime

113
 Gambia
4.06
4.48
3.93
3.33
5.63
2.94
Hybrid regime

114
 Haiti
4.03
5.17
2.21
2.22
4.38
6.18
Hybrid regime

115
 Mozambique
4.02
4.42
2.14
5.00
5.00
3.53
Hybrid regime

Rank
Country
Score
Electoral process
and pluralism
Functioning of
government
Political
participation
Political
culture
Civil
liberties
Category

116
 Ivory Coast
3.93
4.42
2.14
3.33
5.63
4.12
Authoritarian

=117
 Jordan
3.87
3.58
4.29
3.89
4.38
3.24
Authoritarian

=117
 Venezuela
3.87
2.17
2.86
6.11
4.38
3.82
Authoritarian

119
 Kuwait
3.85
3.17
4.29
3.89
4.38
3.53
Authoritarian

120
 Myanmar
3.83
3.67
3.93
3.89
5.63
2.06
Authoritarian

121
 Mauritania
3.82
3.00
3.57
5.00
3.13
4.41
Authoritarian

122
 Niger
3.76
5.25
1.14
3.33
4.38
4.71
Authoritarian

123
 Comoros
3.71
4.33
2.21
4.44
3.75
3.82
Authoritarian

124
 Cambodia
3.63
1.33
5.71
2.22
5.63
3.24
Authoritarian

125
 Angola
3.62
1.75
2.86
5.56
5.00
2.94
Authoritarian

=126
 Gabon
3.61
2.58
2.21
4.44
5.00
3.82
Authoritarian

=126
 Cameroon
3.61
4.00
2.86
3.89
4.38
2.94
Authoritarian

128
 Algeria
3.56
2.58
2.21
3.89
5.00
4.12
Authoritarian

129
 Ethiopia
3.42
0.00
3.57
5.56
5.63
2.35
Authoritarian

130
 Egypt
3.36
3.58
3.21
3.33
3.75
2.94
Authoritarian

131
 Cuba
3.31
1.33
4.29
3.89
4.38
2.65
Authoritarian

132
 Republic of the Congo
3.25
3.17
2.50
3.89
3.75
2.94
Authoritarian

=133
 Qatar
3.19
0.00
4.29
2.22
5.63
3.82
Authoritarian

=133
 Rwanda
3.19
0.83
5.00
2.78
4.38
2.94
Authoritarian

135
 Russia
3.17
2.17
1.79
5.00
2.50
4.41
Authoritarian

136
 Zimbabwe
3.16
0.50
2.00
4.44
5.63
3.24
Authoritarian

137
 Guinea
3.14
3.50
0.43
4.44
4.38
2.94
Authoritarian

138
 Belarus
3.13
0.92
2.86
3.89
5.63
2.35
Authoritarian

139
 China
3.10
0.00
5.00
2.78
6.25
1.47
Authoritarian

140
 Vietnam
3.08
0.00
3.21
3.89
5.63
2.65
Authoritarian

141
 Kazakhstan
3.06
0.50
2.14
4.44
4.38
3.82
Authoritarian

142
 Togo
3.05
3.17
0.79
2.78
5.00
3.53
Authoritarian

143
 Oman
3.04
0.00
3.93
2.78
4.38
4.12
Authoritarian

144
 Swaziland
3.03
0.92
2.86
2.22
5.63
3.53
Authoritarian

145
 Djibouti
2.76
0.42
1.79
3.33
5.63
2.65
Authoritarian

146
 Bahrain
2.71
0.83
3.21
2.78
4.38
2.35
Authoritarian

147
 United Arab Emirates
2.69
0.00
3.57
2.22
5.00
2.65
Authoritarian

148
 Azerbaijan
2.65
0.50
2.14
3.33
3.75
3.53
Authoritarian

149
 Afghanistan
2.55
2.50
1.14
2.78
2.50
3.82
Authoritarian

150
 Iran
2.45
0.00
3.21
4.44
3.13
1.47
Authoritarian

=151
 Eritrea
2.37
0.00
2.14
1.67
6.88
1.18
Authoritarian

=151
 Laos
2.37
0.83
2.86
1.67
5.00
1.47
Authoritarian

153
 Burundi
2.33
0.00
0.43
3.89
5.00
2.35
Authoritarian

154
 Libya
2.32
1.00
0.36
1.67
5.63
2.94
Authoritarian

155
 Sudan
2.15
0.00
1.79
2.78
5.00
1.18
Authoritarian

156
 Yemen
2.07
0.00
0.00
4.44
5.00
0.88
Authoritarian

157
 Guinea-Bissau
1.98
1.67
0.00
2.78
3.13
2.35
Authoritarian

158
 Uzbekistan
1.95
0.08
1.86
2.22
5.00
0.59
Authoritarian

=159
 Saudi Arabia
1.93
0.00
2.86
2.22
3.13
1.47
Authoritarian

=159
 Tajikistan
1.93
0.08
0.79
1.67
6.25
0.88
Authoritarian

161
 Equatorial Guinea
1.81
0.00
0.43
2.78
4.38
1.47
Authoritarian

162
 Turkmenistan
1.72
0.00
0.79
2.22
5.00
0.59
Authoritarian

163
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
1.61
0.50
0.71
2.22
3.75
0.88
Authoritarian

164
 Central African Republic
1.52
2.25
0.00
1.11
1.88
2.35
Authoritarian

165
 Chad
1.50
0.00
0.00
1.11
3.75
2.65
Authoritarian

166
 Syria
1.43
0.00
0.00
2.78
4.38
0.00
Authoritarian

167
 North Korea
1.08
0.00
2.50
1.67
1.25
0.00
Authoritarian

Rank
Country
Score
Electoral process
and pluralism
Functioning of
government
Political
participation
Political
culture
Civil
liberties
Category

text: Changes from 2010 onwards[edit]

text: According to the issue of the index for 2012, Norway scored a total of 9.93 on a scale from zero to ten, keeping the first-place position it has held since 2010, when it replaced Sweden as the highest-ranked country in the index. North Korea scored the lowest with 1.08, remaining at the bottom in 167th place, the same as in 2010 and 2011.[2]

text: There was no significant improvement or regression in democracy between 2011 and 2012. In 2012 the index score stayed the same for 73 out of 167 countries, improved for 54 countries, and declined for 40. Libya experienced the biggest increase of any country in its score in 2012. Average regional scores in 2012 were very similar to scores in 2011. An exception is the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) where the average score increased by more than a tenth of a point, from 3.62 to 3.73 and three countries moved from authoritarian to hybrid regimes (Egypt, Libya, Morocco).[2]

text: The Democracy Index for 2011 highlighted the impact of the Arab Spring and the greater effects it might have, as well as the impact of the global financial crisis in 2007–08 on politics throughout most of Europe. The Democracy Index score was lower in 2011 than in 2010 in 48 countries out of the 167 that are covered. It was higher in 41 ranked countries, and it stayed the same in 78.[8]

text: In nine countries there was a change in regime type between 2010 and 2011; in four of these there was regression. Russia was downgraded from a hybrid regime to an authoritarian regime, which the report attributes to concerns over the December 4 legislative election and Vladimir Putin's decision to run again in the 2012 presidential election. Portugal was also downgraded to the flawed democracy category, attributed to the effects of the global financial crisis. Tunisia, Mauritania, Egypt, and Niger were all upgraded to hybrid regimes, and Zambia moved up to the flawed democracy category.[8]

text: In 2016, the United States was downgraded from a full democracy to a flawed democracy;[9] its score, which had been experiencing a persistent downward trend, crossed the threshold from 8.05 in 2015 to 7.98 in 2016. The report states that this was not due only to the election of Donald Trump,[9] but was caused by other factors as well — dating back to the late 1960s[10] — that led to his election.[11]

text: The 2017 Democracy index registered the worst year for global democracy since 2010-11 in the aftermath of the global economic and financial crisis. 89 countries experienced a decline in their total score compared with 2016, more than three times as many as the countries that recorded an improvement (27). Asia was the worst performing region overall, while Venezuela was downgraded from a "hybrid regime" to an "authoritarian regime" and Armenia was reupgraded from an "authoritarian regime" to a "hybrid regime".[12]

text: Australia (ranked 8th) and Taiwan (ranked 33rd) both legalised gay marriage in 2017. In China, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, further entrenched his power by writing his theoretical contribution to the Chinese Communist Party’s ideology, dubbed “Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era” (or “Xi Jinping Thought”), into the party’s constitution. Moldova was downgraded from a “ﬂawed democracy” to a “hybrid regime” as a result of problematic elections. By contrast, Armenia moved from the authoritarian category to a “hybrid regime” as a result of constitutional changes that shifted power from the presidency to parliament.[13]

text: Democracy Index by regime type[edit]

text: The following table gives the number and percentage of countries and the percentage of the world population for each regime type in 2017:[1]

text:
Type of regime
Scores (s)
Number of
countries
Percentage
of countries
Percentage of
world population

Full democracies
8 ≤ s ≤ 10
19
11.4
4.4

Flawed democracies
6 ≤ s < 8
57
34.1
44.3

Hybrid regimes
4 ≤ s < 6
39
23.4
17.7

Authoritarian regimes
0 ≤ s < 4
52
31.1
32.3

text: World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries covered by the Index. Since this excludes only micro-states, this is nearly equal to the entire estimated world population.

text: Democracy Index by region[edit]

text: The following table gives the index average by world region, and the number of covered countries in 2017. Note that some regional groups (e.g. Eastern Europe) are very heterogeneous and composed of full democracies as well as authoritarian regimes:

text:
Rank
Region
Countries
2006[4]
2008[14]
2010[3]
2011[8]
2012[2]
2013[15]
2014[16]
2015[6]
2016[17]
2017[1]

1
Northern America
2
8.64
8.64
8.63
8.59
8.59
8.59
8.59
8.56
8.56

8.56

2
Western Europe
21
8.60
8.61
8.45
8.40
8.44
8.41
8.41
8.42
8.40
8.38

3
Latin America and the Caribbean
24
6.37
6.43
6.37
6.35
6.36
6.38
6.36
6.37
6.33
6.26

4
Asia and Australasia
28
5.44
5.58
5.53
5.51
5.56
5.61
5.70
5.74
5.74
5.63

5
Central and Eastern Europe
28
5.76
5.67
5.55
5.50
5.51
5.53
5.58
5.55
5.43
5.40

6
Sub-Saharan Africa
44
4.24
4.28
4.23
4.32
4.33
4.36
4.34
4.38
4.37
4.35

7
Middle East and North Africa
20
3.54
3.48
3.52
3.62
3.73
3.68
3.65
3.58
3.56
3.54

World
167
5.52
5.55
5.46
5.49
5.52
5.53
5.55
5.55
5.52
5.48


document_title: List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members

question_text: who played the little girl in the lion the witch and the wardrobe

root

text: Characters[edit]

text:
(voice) indicates a vocal/voice performance.
A dark grey cell indicates the character is not in the film.

tag: ul

text:
Characters
Films

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair

2005[1]
2008[2]
2010[3]
TBA

Lucy Pevensie
Georgie Henley

Rachel Henley (older)
Georgie Henley

Edmund Pevensie
Skandar Keynes

Mark Wells (older)
Skandar Keynes

Peter Pevensie
William Moseley

Noah Huntley (older)
William Moseley

Susan Pevensie
Anna Popplewell

Sophie Winkleman (older)
Anna Popplewell

Aslan
Liam Neeson (voice)
TBA

Jadis the White Witch
Tilda Swinton

Mr. Tumnus
James McAvoy

Mr. Beaver
Ray Winstone (voice)

Mrs. Beaver
Dawn French (voice)

Digory Kirke
Jim Broadbent

Ginarrbrik
Kiran Shah

Father Christmas
James Cosmo

Oreius
Patrick Kake

Maugrim
Michael Madsen (voice)

General Otmin
Shane Rangi

King Caspian X

Ben Barnes
TBA

Reepicheep

Eddie Izzard (voice)
Simon Pegg (voice)

Trumpkin

Peter Dinklage

Trufflehunter

Ken Stott (voice)

Glenstorm

Cornell S John

Bulgy Bear

David Walliams (voice)

Nikabrik

Warwick Davis

Miraz

Sergio Castellitto

Doctor Cornelius

Vincent Grass

Glozelle

Pierfrancesco Favino

Prunaprismia

Alicia Borrachero

Sopespian

Damián Alcázar

Scythley

Simon Andreu

Donnon

Predrag Bjelac

Eustace Scrubb

Will Poulter
TBA

Jemain

Tamati Rangi

Caprius

Ryan Ettridge

Randy

Morgan Evans

Nausus

Steven Rooke

Drinian

Gary Sweet

Queen Lilliandil

Laura Brent

Lady of the Green Kirtle

TBA

tag: table


document_title: National Guard of the United States

question_text: where can the national guard be deployed to

question_tokens: where can the national guard be deployed to

text: National Guard of the United States

text: Origins[edit]

text: The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16, 1565, in the newly established Spanish military town of St. Augustine. Appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. The militia men were assigned to guard the expedition's supplies while their leader, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, took the regular troops north to attack the French settlement at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River.[4] This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the basic nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World.

tag: p

text: The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World. Jamestown Colony (established in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (established in 1620) both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of captain) and the militia companies of a county formed a regiment (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s).

text: From the nation's founding through the early 1900s, the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias, directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops.[5] As a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792.

text: In 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title "National Guard" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and "Reserve Militia" for all others.[6]

text: During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, which required the use of the term "National Guard" for the state militias and further regulated them. Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government.[7]

text: In 1933, with passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States, a newly created federal reserve force. The National Defense Act of 1947 created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components, mirroring the Army's structure.

text: Organization[edit]

text: Territorial organization[edit]

text: The National Guard of the several states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States.[8] The state National Guard is organized into units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia, and operates under their respective state or territorial governor, except in the instance of Washington, D.C., where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee. The governors exercise control through the state adjutants general.[9] The National Guard may be called up for active duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.[9]

text: National Guard Bureau[edit]

text: The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army and Air Force under the DoD.[10][11][12] The National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD.[13] The National Guard Bureau also provides policies and requirements for training and funds for state Army National Guard and state Air National Guard units,[14] the allocation of federal funds to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard,[14] as well as other administrative responsibilities prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 10503. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau (CNGB), who is a four-star general[10][11] in the Army or Air Force and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

text: Agricultural Development Teams[edit]

text: Prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Today, ADTs bring "an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan."[15] These teams are not only affiliated with the military, they frequently work across agencies, for example with USAID and the Department of State. ADTs provide education and expertise on the ground, while also providing security and order that is traditionally affiliated with the military. These teams have been essential to the counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan as a public diplomacy tool to build relations with the local people in the tribes and provinces of the country.

text: ADTs provide classroom instruction and teachings to Afghans about how to improve their farming practices during non-seasonal growing months, which allows the farmers to use skills in the winter to prepare for farming in the summer and fall. This enhances agricultural production and the Afghan economy as a whole. Agricultural education also improves lines of communication and builds trust between the people, the US government, and the Host Nation.[16] Additionally, through word of mouth in the provinces ideas are spread that inform others about these farming techniques, that may not have had direct interaction with the ADTs. The National Guard ADTs also introduce their US civilian colleagues to the Afghan University personnel, which further strengthens relations and trust in the US efforts in Afghanistan.[17]

text: ADTs also enhance public diplomacy in Afghanistan by providing security to the local provinces they are working within. This tool has provided the teams with the civilian-military partnership that is needed to conduct public diplomacy and defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan. President Barack Obama said that the US will enhance agricultural development instead of big reconstruction projects to build Afghanistan's economy, to have an immediate impact on the Afghan people. Today, these projects include "...basic gardening practices, to large watershed and irrigation projects. There are also projects that teach bee keeping and livestock production: all of which will have a positive impact on unemployment, hunger, and the ability to sustain future generations."[15]

text: More and more Afghan tribal leaders have been requesting additional ADTs, which illustrates how important the use of public diplomacy has been in the efforts to win the trust of the Afghan people. The case study from Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan serves as an excellent example. This province is one of the most stable and secure provinces in Afghanistan. For example, over 100,000 Afghans have returned to province; the province has also been declared poppy-free in 2007 by the UN. Additionally, most districts within the province have all-weather paved roads and it is also one of the most productive agricultural regions in Afghanistan.[15] ADT should further its progress within the provinces of Afghanistan in agricultural education, technical support, and logistics. To defeat the insurgency in Afghanistan public diplomacy is an essential force, ADTs help the US educate the population of Afghanistan with the hope of strengthening Afghan trust in the American mission in Afghanistan.

text: Standards[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their "full-time" active duty and "part-time" reserve federal counterparts. The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are used by the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, respectively, and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The respective state National Guards also bestow state awards for services rendered both at home and abroad. Under Army and Air Force regulations, these awards may be worn while on state active duty or while on Title 32 federal activation. Regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers are also authorized to accept these awards, but are not authorized to wear them.

text: Constitutional basis[edit]

text: The respective state National Guards are authorized by the Constitution of the United States. As originally drafted, the Constitution recognized the existing state militias, and gave them vital roles to fill: "to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasion." (Article I, Section 8, Clause 15). The Constitution distinguished "militias," which were state entities, from "Troops," which were unlawful for states to maintain without Congressional approval. (Article I, Section 10, Clause 3). Under current law, the respective state National Guards and the State Defense Forces are authorized by Congress to the states and are referred to as "troops." 32 U.S.C. § 109.

text: Although originally state entities, the Constitutional "Militia of the Several States" were not entirely independent because they could be federalized. According to Article I, Section 8; Clause 15, the United States Congress is given the power to pass laws for "calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions." Congress is also empowered to come up with the guidelines "for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress" (clause 16). The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the state militias "when called into the actual Service of the United States." (Article II, Section 2).

text: The traditional state militias were redefined and recreated as the "organized militia"—the National Guard, via the Militia Act of 1903. They were now subject to an increasing amount of federal control, including having arms and accoutrements supplied by the central government, federal funding, and numerous closer ties to the Regular Army.

text: Other organizations[edit]

text: State defense forces[edit]

text: Many states also maintain their own state defense forces. Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States, these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards.

text: These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards' being deployed and were known as Home Guards. In 1940, with the onset of World War II and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916, and authorized the states to maintain "military forces other than National Guard."[18] This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, as well as "arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment," as deemed necessary by the Secretary of the Army.[19] In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized "State defense forces" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.[20]

text: Naval Militias[edit]

text: Although there are no Naval or Marine Corps components of the National Guard of the United States, there is a Naval Militia authorized under federal law.10 U.S.C. § 7851. Like the soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States, members of the Naval Militia are authorized federal appointments or enlistments at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy.10 U.S.C. § 7852. To receive federal funding and equipment, a state naval militia must be composed of at least 95% Naval Reservists or Marine Corps Reservists. As such, some states maintain such units. Some states also maintain naval components of their State Defense Force. Recently, Alaska, California, New Jersey, New York, South Carolina, Texas and Ohio have had or currently maintain naval militias. Other states have laws authorizing them but do not currently have them organized. To receive federal funding, as is the case in the National Guard, a state must meet specific requirements such as having a set percentage of its members in the federal reserves.10 U.S.C. § 7851.

text: Duties and administrative organization[edit]

text: National Guard units can be mobilized for federal active duty to supplement regular armed forces during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress,[21] the President[21] or the Secretary of Defense.[22] They can also be activated for service in their respective states upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state or territory where they serve, or in the case of Washington, D.C., by the Commanding General. Unlike U.S. Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments (TDY).

text: The National Guard Bureau is headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia, and is a joint activity of the Department of Defense to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. The current chief of the National Guard Bureau is Air Force General Joseph L. Lengyel. The chief is either an Air Force or an Army 4-star general (flag) officer, is the senior uniformed National Guard officer, and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, he serves as a military adviser to the President, the Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council and is the Department of Defense's official channel of communication to the Governors and to State Adjutants General on all matters pertaining to the National Guard. He is responsible for ensuring that the more than half a million Army and Air National Guard personnel are accessible, capable, and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat resources to the Army and the Air Force. He is appointed by the President in his capacity as Commander in Chief.[23]

text: National Guard active duty character[edit]

text: The term "activated" simply means that a unit or individual of the reserve components has been placed on orders. The purpose and authority for that activation determines limitations and duration of the activation. The Army and Air National Guard may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law. Broadly, under federal law, there are two titles in the United States Code under which units and troops may be activated: as federal soldiers or airmen under Title 10 ("Armed Forces") and as state soldiers or airmen performing a federally funded mission under Title 32 ("National Guard").[24] Outside federal activation, the Army and Air National Guard may be activated under state law. This is known as state active duty (SAD).

text: State and territory duty[edit]

text: When National Guard units are not under federal control, the governor is the commander-in-chief of the units of his or her respective state or territory (such as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands). The President of the United States commands the District of Columbia National Guard, though this command is routinely delegated to the Commanding General of the DC National Guard.[24] States are free to employ their National Guard forces under state control for state purposes and at state expense as provided in the state's constitution and statutes. In doing so, governors, as commanders-in-chief, can directly access and utilize the Guard's federally assigned aircraft, vehicles and other equipment so long as the federal government is reimbursed for the use of fungible equipment and supplies such as fuel, food stocks, etc. This is the authority under which governors activate and deploy National Guard forces in response to natural disasters. It is also the authority under which governors deploy National Guard forces in response to man-made emergencies such as riots and civil unrest, or terrorist attacks.[25]

text:
The Governor can activate National Guard personnel to "State Active Duty" in response to natural or man-made disasters or Homeland Defense missions. State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy as well as State funds. Soldiers and Airmen remain under the command and control of the Governor. The federal Posse Comitatus Act (PCA) does not apply under state active duty status or Title 32 status.
Title 32 Full-Time National Guard Duty. (Federally funded, but command and control remains with the State Governor through his Adjutant General.) Title 32 activation can only be done by the President or SECDEF with the approval and consent of the state Governor.

text: Federal duty[edit]

text: Title 10 service means full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. The term used is federalized. Federalized National Guard forces have been ordered, by the President to active duty either in their reserve component status or by calling them into Federal service in their militia status.[24] There are several forms:

text: Voluntary Order to Active Duty.

text: Partial Mobilization.

text: Presidential Reserve Call Up.

text: Federal Aid for State Governments.

text: Use of Militia and Armed Forces to Enforce Federal Authority.

text: Interference with State and Federal law.

text: Air and Army National Guard.

text: In the categories listed above, Army and Air National Guard units or individuals may also be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the State Partnership Program, humanitarian missions, counter-drug operations, and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions.[24]

text: History[edit]

text: Colonial history[edit]

text: The Virginia Army National Guard traces its history back to 1607, to the Jamestown settlement, making it the oldest and the official start of the Army National Guard.

text: The claim that the National Guard is older than the nation itself, with over three and a half centuries of service, is based on the claim that the modern-day 101st Field Artillery Regiment, 182nd Infantry Regiment, 101st Engineer Battalion and 181st Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are directly descended from Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments formed over 375 years ago. On December 13, 1636,[26][27] the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony had ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments—with a goal of increasing the militias' accountability to the colonial government, efficacy, and responsiveness in conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians. Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills. The founding date of 1636 refers to service of the colonial government; the Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments were formed by reorganizing local militias that preceded the 1636 date and dated back to the founding dates of the various Massachusetts towns of the time.

text: American Revolutionary War[edit]

text: The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord,[28] The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form, along with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the Army of Observation during the Siege of Boston. On July 3rd, 1775 General George Washington, under the authority of the Continental Congress, assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the Continental Army from which the United States Army traces its origins.

text: Throughout the war, militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war.

text: Nineteenth century[edit]

text: The early United States distrusted a standing army, and kept the number of professional soldiers small. During the Northwest Indian War, the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias. There are nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.

text: The Marquis de Lafayette visited the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's French National Guard. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.

text: Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the Mexican–American War,[28] and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War[29] The majority of soldiers in the Spanish–American War were from the National Guard.[28]

text: Industrialization and labor unrest[edit]

text: Labor unrest in the industrial and mining sections of the Northeast and Midwest led to demands for a stronger military force within the states. After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, calls for military suppression of labor strikes grew louder, and National Guard units proliferated. In many states, large and elaborate armories, often built to resemble medieval castles, were constructed to house militia units. Businessmen and business associations donated monies for the construction of armories and to supplement funds of the local National Guard units. National Guard officers also came from the middle and upper classes.[30] National Guard troops were deployed to suppress strikers in some of the bloodiest and most significant conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Homestead Strike, the Pullman Strike of 1894, and the Colorado Labor Wars.

text: Twentieth century[edit]

text: Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the Mexican–American War, the start of the American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War. With the Militia Act of 1903, the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1933, the state National Guards were required to join the National Guard of the United States, a reserve force for the U.S. Army; this is the official founding of the present National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 19 divisions. One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for Operation Desert Storm. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Haiti, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bosnia, and Kosovo as well as for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the Olympic Games when they have been in the States.

text: Following World War II, the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the U.S. Army Air Corps and its successor organization, the U.S. Army Air Forces, became the Air National Guard (ANG), one of two Reserve Components of the newly established United States Air Force.

text: At this time, the National Guard consisted of 27 Divisions; 25 Infantry and two armored, plus scores of smaller units.

text: On September 24, 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School the following day. Governor Orval Faubus had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.

text: The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to respond to the Rochester 1964 race riot in July of that year, the first such use of the Guard in a Northern city since the Civil War. The California Army National Guard were mobilized by the Governor of California Edmund Gerald Brown, Sr. during the Watts Riots, in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.

text: Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio's governor Jim Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine.

text: During the Vietnam War, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Selective Reserve Force (SRF) in October 1965. Since funding was not available to train and equip the entire National Guard adequately, the SRF would be a core group of 150,000 National Guardsmen available and ready for immediate overseas deployment if needed. SRF units were supposed to be authorized at 100% strength, receive priority training funds and modern equipment[31] as well as having more training and doing 58 hours of drills of four hours each a year rather than the standard 48 hours of drills.[32]

text: The 2 Battalion 138th Field Artillery of the Kentucky Army National Guard was ordered to service in Vietnam in late 1968. The unit served in support of the regular 101st Airborne Division. The Battalion's C Battery lost 9 men killed and thirty-two wounded when North Vietnamese troops overran Fire Base Tomahawk on June 19, 1969.[33]

text: During the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the Los Angeles Police Department's ability to contain the violence, the California Army National Guard and selected units of the California Air National Guard was mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the curfew order placed on the city.

text: During the 1993 Waco Siege of the Branch Davidians, elements of the Alabama and Texas Army National Guard were called in to assist the ATF and the follow on effort by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the National Guard's involvement was limited to several specific areas; surveillance and reconnaissance, transport, maintenance and repairs, training and instruction, helicopters, unarmed tactical ground vehicles. The Army National Guard helicopters were also used to do photographic reconnaissance work. Training for ATF agents included such subjects as Close Quarters Combat, and combat medical instruction, and a mock up of the Mount Carmel complex was constructed at Fort Hood, Texas for rehearsals. ATF also received several surplus helmets, flack vests, canteens, first aid dressings, empty magazines, and some night-vision equipment, in addition to MREs and diesel fuel. The FBI would request and receive the use of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles, and tank retrieval vehicles, as well as overflights by UH-1 and CH-47 helicopters.[34]

text: As a result of the Bottom Up Review and post-Cold War force cutbacks, the Army National Guard maneuver force was reduced to eight divisions (from ten; the 26th Infantry and 50th Armored were consolidated in the northeastern states) and fifteen 'enhanced brigades,' which were supposed to be ready for combat operations, augmenting the active force, within 90 days.[35]

text: Twenty-first century[edit]

text: National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, in September 2005.

text: In 2005, National Guard members and reservists were said to comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history (about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan).[36] There were more than 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who left behind about 300,000 dependents, according to U.S. Defense Department statistics. In 2011, Army Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey, Jr. stated that "Every Guard brigade has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, and over 300,000 Guardsmen have deployed in this war."[37]

text: In January and February 2007, National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow, drop hay for starving cattle, deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses, and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country.[38]

text: In the first quarter of 2007, United States Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops. "Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one-year deployment no more than every five years... Gates is imposing a one-year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers, effective immediately." Prior to this time, Guard troops deployed for a standard one-year deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time. During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline, deployed or soon to be deployed, some will face deployments faster than every five years. "The one-to-five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies."[39]

text: Prior to the attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, the National Guard's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty (with no more than six months overseas) for each five years of regular drill. Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks, the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months (with no more than one year overseas). Additional strains placed on military units as a result of the invasion of Iraq further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months. Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman is involuntarily activated for more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period.[citation needed]

text: Traditionally, most National Guard personnel serve "One weekend a month, two weeks a year", although personnel in highly operational or high demand units serve far more frequently. Typical examples are pilots, navigators and aircrewmen in active flying assignments, primarily in the Air National Guard, and to a lesser extent in the Army National Guard, and special operations airmen and soldiers in both. A significant number also serve in a full-time capacity in roles such as Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) or Air Reserve Technician or Army Reserve Technician (ART).

text: The "One weekend a month, two weeks a year" slogan has lost most of its relevance since the Iraq War, when nearly 28% of total US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan at the end of 2007 consisted of mobilized personnel of the National Guard and other Reserve components.[40] In July 2012, the Army's top general stated his intention to increase the annual drill requirement from two weeks per year to up to seven weeks per year.[41]

text: The National Guard compared to the Reserves[edit]

text: The Army National Guard consists of 28 fully capable brigade combat teams with combat support and combat service support components. The Army Reserve is mostly Combat Service Support and Combat Support with only one infantry unit (the 100th Infantry Battalion).[42]

text: The senior National Guard Officer in each state is called the Adjutant General (or "TAG" for short) and is either appointed or elected in accordance with state laws. The National Guard may receive state funding, however in most states it is primarily funded through the federal government.

text: The Army, Navy, Marine, Coast Guard, and Air Force Reserve components are not under state control and are solely funded by the federal government. Unlike the state guard, the Reserve forces, with the exception of the Coast Guard, are restricted from civilian law enforcement operations by posse comitatus.

text: Relevant laws[edit]

text: The United States Congress has enacted various laws that control the National Guard

text:
The Militia Act of 1792

Providing for the authority of the President to call out the Militia, and providing federal standards for the organization of the Militia.
For the 111 years that the Militia Act of 1792 remained in effect, it defined the position of the militia in relation to the federal government. The War of 1812 tested this uniquely American defense establishment. To fight the War of 1812, the republic formed a small regular military and trained it to protect the frontiers and coastlines. Although it performed poorly in the offensive against Canada, the small force of regulars backed by a well-armed militia, accomplished its defensive mission well. Generals like Andrew Jackson proved that, just as they had in the Revolution, regulars and militia could be effective when employed as a team.

The Insurrection Act
The Militia Act of 1862

Providing for the service of persons of African descent in the Militia, and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates.

Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1385: The Posse Comitatus Act of June 18, 1878

Reaction in Congress against the Reconstruction-era suspensions of Southern states' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act, restricting any person's use of the U.S. Army and, as later amended, the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement (use of the Navy and Marine Corps, being uniformed services within the Department of Defense, is similarly restricted by statute).[43] The U.S. Coast Guard, in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security, and the National Guard, when not in Federal Service, are specifically not limited by this act.

The States revise the military codes – 1881 to 1892
The Militia Act of 1903

Established the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces.

National Defense Act of 1916

This act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces. It established the concept of merging the National Guard, the Army Reserve, and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war. The act further expanded the National Guard's role, and guaranteed the State militias' status as the Army's primary reserve force. The law mandated use of the term "National Guard" for that force, and the President was given authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency. The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days. Drill pay was authorized for the first time.

The National Defense Act Amendments of 1920

This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau (later the National Guard Bureau) would be a National Guard officer, that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions, as used by the Guard in World War I, would be reorganized.

The National Guard Mobilization Act, 1933

Made the National Guard a component of the Army.

The National Defense Act of 1947

Section 207 (f) established the Air National Guard of the United States, under the National Guard Bureau.

The Total Force Policy, 1973

Requires all active and reserve military organizations be treated as a single force.

The Montgomery Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987

provides that a governor cannot withhold consent with regard to active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location, purpose, type, or schedule of such duty. This law was challenged and upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990 in Perpich v. Department of Defense.[44]

The John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007 Pub.L. 109-364

Federal law was changed in section 1076 so that the Governor of a state is no longer the sole commander in chief of their state's National Guard during emergencies within the state. The President of the United States can now take total control of a state's National Guard units without the governor's consent.[45] In a letter to Congress, all 50 governors opposed the increase in power of the President over the National Guard.[46]

The National Defense Authorization Act 2008 Pub.L. 110-181

Repeals provisions in section 1076 in Pub.L. 109-364 but still enables the President to call up the National Guard of the United States for active federal military service during Congressionally sanctioned national emergency or war. Places the National Guard Bureau directly under the Department of Defense as a joint activity. Promoted the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three-star to a four-star general.

tag: ol

text: Notable members[edit]

text: Presidents[edit]

text: Militia service was a common trait among presidents of the United States. Eighteen of America's 45 presidents have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903. Among these, three served in colonial militias (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison), 15 served in state militias (James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, William Henry Harrison, William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt), one in the Army National Guard (Harry S. Truman) and one (George W. Bush) served in the Air National Guard.[47]

text: Other famous or infamous members[edit]

text:
Bolton, John R., former United States Representative to the United Nations
Brown, Scott Philip, politician, former United States Senator from Massachusetts, 2010–2012.
Donovan, William Joseph, founder of the Office of Strategic Services
Foss, Joe, Governor of South Dakota, Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
Graham, Lindsey, Senator from South Carolina
Haben, Ralph, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
Holtzman, Ken, two-time major league baseball All Star pitcher
Lesnar, Brock, professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist
Muhammed, John Allen, spree killer, "Beltway Sniper"
Murphy, Audie, highly decorated soldier from WWII, prolific 1950s actor
Quayle, Dan, 44th Vice President of the United States
Ruth, Babe, former Major League Baseball player
Selleck, Tom, actor, Magnum, P.I.
Story, Rick, mixed martial artist in the UFC

text: Number of guardsmen by state, territory and D.C.[edit]

text: A member of the NG, often called a "guardsman," is a person who has signed an Enlistment Contract and has subscribed to an Enlistment Oath, is still alive, or has not yet been discharged. The subscription to the oath (typically a recitation) and the signature must be witnessed by a person, typically a Guard officer, authorized as an official witness. The term of the enlistment, or membership, runs from the date on the contract through the date on the discharge or the death certificate.[48]

text: The "number of guardsmen" is a statistic generated by the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), an agency of the DoD tasked with tracking the identities of all persons in the active military, its reserves, and civilians employed by it. Membership in the Guard may be regarded as an independent variable. It changes constantly. Its value at any instant cannot be known exactly. It can, however, be estimated from the records of the DMDC. Its data and reports are for the most part inaccessible to the general public, but it does make available some reports under the category "DoD Personal, Workforce Reports & Publications."[49]

text: The series "Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country (Updated Quarterly)," containing the statistics on membership in the NG by state, territory, and D.C., is updated every 3rd month at the end of the month. For example, one was generated on June 30, 2017. Like all statistics, these numbers of guardsmen are a sample culled according to a certain method. The report states that it uses the sources: "Active Duty Master File, RCCPDS, APF Civilian Master, CTS Deployment File, Civilian Deployment." The probabilities of the statistics being accurate to various percentages are not stated.

text: Below is a sample summary of a profile of Guard membership taken from the file of June 30, 2017. Only the non-total columns come from the source. The totals are calculated from the data.

text: Sortable table[edit]

text:
State/Territory
Army National Guard
Air National Guard
Total

Alabama
9,766
2,224
11,990

Alaska
1,746
2,021
3,767

Arizona
5,279
2,482
7,761

Arkansas
6,158
1,843
8,001

California
13,846
4,378
18,224

Colorado
3,603
1,580
5,183

Connecticut
3,483
1,004
4,487

Delaware
1,513
1,094
2,607

Florida
9,447
2,017
11,464

Georgia
10,789
2,687
13,476

Hawaii
2,996
2,172
5,168

Idaho
3,042
1,317
4,359

Illinois
9,810
2,894
12,704

Indiana
11,483
1,789
13,272

Iowa
6,799
1,728
8,527

Kansas
4,286
1,988
6,274

Kentucky
6,501
1,219
7,720

Louisiana
9,626
1,492
11,118

Maine
1,974
1,097
3,071

Maryland
4,225
1,834
6,059

Massachusetts
5,863
2,114
7,977

Michigan
7,989
2,197
10,186

Minnesota
10,906
2,158
13,064

Mississippi
9,547
2,582
12,129

Missouri
8,397
2,193
10,590

Montana
2,566
957
3,523

Nebraska
3,288
968
4,256

Nevada
3,271
1,103
4,374

New Hampshire
1,625
1,029
2,654

New Jersey
5,819
2,306
8,125

New Mexico
2,839
971
3,810

New York
9,863
5,539
15,402

North Carolina
10,113
1,360
11,473

North Dakota
2,917
992
3,909

Ohio
10,445
4,882
15,327

Oklahoma
6,409
2,161
8,570

Oregon
5,660
2,190
7,850

Pennsylvania
15,476
3,799
19,275

Rhode Island
1,992
1,028
3,020

South Carolina
9,094
1,314
10,408

South Dakota
3,000
1,042
4,042

Tennessee
9,128
3,273
12,401

Texas
17,270
3,086
20,356

Utah
5,372
1,373
6,745

Vermont
2,582
969
3,551

Virginia
6,876
1,302
8,178

Washington
5,934
1,959
7,893

West Virginia
4,137
2,120
6,257

Wisconsin
7,112
2,091
9,203

Wyoming
1,508
1,170
2,678

Puerto Rico
6,198
1,151
7,349

Guam
1,092
355
1,447

District of Columbia
1,358
1,248
2,606

Virgin Islands
703
55
758

Totals
332,721
101,897
434,618


document_title: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

question_text: who plays in the hall of fame game 2018

question_tokens: who plays in the hall of fame game 2018

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

text: Team selection[edit]

text: The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often, if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year, a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. From 1971 to 2010, the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League, the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the "original eight" franchises of the AFL, the Tennessee Titans (dressed as their previous incarnation, the Houston Oilers) and the Buffalo Bills, whose owner, Ralph Wilson, was inducted into the Hall that year. An all-NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011,[1] but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout; the following year, another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place. From 2011 onward, each team selected to play in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year.

text: Because this game and the Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league's regular four-week exhibition season begins, both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four, and unlike the Canadian Football League, the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week for the participants.

text: Expansion clubs[edit]

text: With the exception of the Baltimore Ravens, the last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game. In 1995, expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played each another, and in 2002, Houston was one of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year. Their first game is scheduled for 2018.

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: Prior to the AFL–NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970, it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August.

text: The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game. The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25, forcing cancellation of the game.

text: The 2016 edition, which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts, was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions. Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day, the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf. When it was apparent the paint wasn't drying fast enough, the field was heated to speed up the drying process, but this caused the turf's rubber to melt. These issues led to unfavorable play conditions. The affected areas were described as being slick and "like cement," making it impossible to get decent footing. Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent, reportedly paint thinner, to the turf. A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin, and alerted others to the discovery. When officially cancelling the game, both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns.[2][3][4] Both teams were told at 6:40 p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff.[5]

text: On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game will also be played on a Thursday (August 2).[6]

text: Television and radio[edit]

text: Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local networks, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's Monday Night Football package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's Wide World of Sports package (still using the MNF crew). In 1998, the game was put in the MNF package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football[7] television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions, it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019. The 2020 game will be on either ESPN or NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text: Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations).

text: In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports. It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights. ESPN America (formerly North American Sports Network) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe.

text: From 1998 to 2005, the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada, simulcasting ABC; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006, the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010. With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics, TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012. Azteca 7 aired Spanish-language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010. Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa's Summer Olympics coverage, the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013.

text: Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market, and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania. As such, the NBC affiliates (and before them, the ABC affiliates) were within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out, during the time the league had a blackout policy (the policy has been suspended indefinitely since 2015). Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans (less than half the capacity of any other NFL stadium except the StubHub Center, which is the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers while their permanent stadium Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park is built) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton, the game has, to date, always sold out; several NFL teams, as well as the Super Bowl, have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks.[citation needed]

text: Game history[edit]

text:
Day
Date
Away team
Away score
Home team
Home score
Recap

Saturday
August 11, 1962
New York Giants
21
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

Sunday
September 8, 1963
Cleveland Browns
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
16
Recap

Sunday
September 6, 1964
Baltimore Colts
48
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Recap

Sunday
September 12, 1965
Detroit Lions
3
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

Saturday
August 5, 1967
Cleveland Browns
13
Philadelphia Eagles
28
Recap

Saturday
August 3, 1968
Dallas Cowboys
24
Chicago Bears
30
Recap

Saturday
September 13, 1969
Green Bay Packers
38
Atlanta Falcons
24
Recap

Saturday
August 8, 1970
New Orleans Saints
14
Minnesota Vikings
13
Recap

Saturday
July 31, 1971
Houston Oilers
6
Los Angeles Rams
17
Recap

Saturday
July 29, 1972
Kansas City Chiefs
23
New York Giants
17
Recap

Saturday
July 28, 1973
San Francisco 49ers
20
New England Patriots
7
Recap

Saturday
July 27, 1974
Buffalo Bills
13
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

Saturday
August 2, 1975
Washington Redskins
17
Cincinnati Bengals
9
Recap

Saturday
July 24, 1976
Denver Broncos
10
Detroit Lions
7
Recap

Saturday
July 30, 1977
Chicago Bears
20
New York Jets
6
Recap

Saturday
July 29, 1978
Miami Dolphins
3
Philadelphia Eagles
17
Recap

Saturday
July 28, 1979
Dallas Cowboys
13
Oakland Raiders
20
Recap

Saturday
August 2, 1980
San Diego Chargers
0
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap[n 1]

Saturday
August 1, 1981
Atlanta Falcons
10
Cleveland Browns
24
Recap

Saturday
August 7, 1982
Baltimore Colts
14
Minnesota Vikings
30
Recap

Saturday
July 30, 1983
New Orleans Saints
14
Pittsburgh Steelers
27
Recap

Saturday
July 28, 1984
Seattle Seahawks
38
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
0
Recap

Saturday
August 3, 1985
New York Giants
21
Houston Oilers
20
Recap

Saturday
August 2, 1986
New England Patriots
21
St. Louis Cardinals
16
Recap

Saturday
August 8, 1987
San Francisco 49ers
20
Kansas City Chiefs
7
Recap

Saturday
July 30, 1988
Cincinnati Bengals
14
Los Angeles Rams
7
Recap

Saturday
August 5, 1989
Washington Redskins
31
Buffalo Bills
6
Recap

Saturday
August 4, 1990
Cleveland Browns
0
Chicago Bears
13
Recap

Saturday
July 27, 1991
Detroit Lions
14
Denver Broncos
3
Recap

Saturday
August 1, 1992
New York Jets
41
Philadelphia Eagles
14
Recap

Saturday
July 31, 1993
Green Bay Packers
3
Los Angeles Raiders
19
Recap

Saturday
July 30, 1994
San Diego Chargers
17
Atlanta Falcons
21
Recap

Saturday
July 29, 1995
Carolina Panthers
20
Jacksonville Jaguars
14
Recap

Saturday
July 27, 1996
Indianapolis Colts
10
New Orleans Saints
3
Recap

Saturday
July 26, 1997
Minnesota Vikings
28
Seattle Seahawks
26
Recap

Saturday
August 1, 1998
Pittsburgh Steelers
6
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
30
Recap

Monday
August 9, 1999
Dallas Cowboys
17
Cleveland Browns
20
Recap

Monday
July 31, 2000
New England Patriots
20
San Francisco 49ers
0
Recap

Monday
August 6, 2001
St. Louis Rams
17
Miami Dolphins
10
Recap

Monday
August 5, 2002
Houston Texans
17
New York Giants
34
Recap

Monday
August 4, 2003
Kansas City Chiefs
9
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap[n 2]

Monday
August 9, 2004
Denver Broncos
17
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

Monday
August 8, 2005
Chicago Bears
27
Miami Dolphins
24
Recap

Sunday
August 6, 2006
Oakland Raiders
16
Philadelphia Eagles
10
Recap

Sunday
August 5, 2007
New Orleans Saints
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
20
Recap

Sunday
August 3, 2008
Indianapolis Colts
16
Washington Redskins
30
Recap

Sunday
August 9, 2009
Buffalo Bills
18
Tennessee Titans
21
Recap

Sunday
August 8, 2010
Dallas Cowboys
16
Cincinnati Bengals
7
Recap

Sunday
August 7, 2011
Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout
Ref.[n 3]

Sunday
August 5, 2012
Arizona Cardinals
10
New Orleans Saints
17
Recap

Sunday
August 4, 2013
Miami Dolphins
20
Dallas Cowboys
24
Recap

Sunday
August 3, 2014
New York Giants
17
Buffalo Bills
13
Recap

Sunday
August 9, 2015
Pittsburgh Steelers
3
Minnesota Vikings
14
Recap

Sunday
August 7, 2016
Canceled due to poor field conditions
Ref.[n 4]

Thursday
August 3, 2017
Arizona Cardinals
18
Dallas Cowboys
20
Recap

Thursday
August 2, 2018
Chicago Bears
TBD
Baltimore Ravens
TBD
Ref.

text:
Jump up ^ The 1980 game ended with 5:29 remaining in the fourth quarter in a 0-0 tie due to severe lightning.
Jump up ^ The 2003 game ended with 5:49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning allowing the Chiefs to win 9-0.
Jump up ^ The 2011 game was scheduled to be St. Louis Rams vs. Chicago Bears, but was canceled due to the lockout.
Jump up ^ The 2016 game was scheduled to be Green Bay Packers vs Indianapolis Colts, but was canceled due to poor field conditions.

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Team
Games
W
L
T
PCT
Last appearance

Pittsburgh Steelers
6
3
3
0
.500
2015

Dallas Cowboys
6
3
3
0
.500
2017

Washington Redskins
5
5
0
0
1.000
2008

Chicago Bears
4
4
0
0
1.000
2005, 2018

New York Giants
5
3
1
1
.700
2014

Cleveland Browns
5
2
3
0
.400
1999

New Orleans Saints
5
2
3
0
.400
2012

Arizona/St. Louis Cardinals
5
1
3
1
.300
2017

Minnesota Vikings
4
3
1
0
.750
2015

Philadelphia Eagles
4
2
2
0
.500
2006

Indianapolis/Baltimore Colts
4
2
2
0
.500
2008

Green Bay Packers
4
1
2
1
.375
2003

Miami Dolphins
4
0
4
0
.000
2013

Buffalo Bills
4
0
4
0
.000
2014

Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
3
3
0
0
1.000
2006

New England Patriots
3
2
1
0
.667
2000

San Francisco 49ers
3
2
1
0
.667
2000

Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
3
2
1
0
.667
2001

Kansas City Chiefs
3
2
1
0
.667
2003

Detroit Lions
3
1
2
0
.333
1991

Atlanta Falcons
3
1
2
0
.333
1994

Denver Broncos
3
1
2
0
.333
2004

Tennessee Titans/Houston Oilers
3
1
2
0
.333
2009

Cincinnati Bengals
3
1
2
0
.333
2010

New York Jets
2
1
1
0
.500
1992

Seattle Seahawks
2
1
1
0
.500
1997

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2
1
1
0
.500
1998

Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
2
0
1
1
.250
1994

Carolina Panthers
1
1
0
0
1.000
1995

Jacksonville Jaguars
1
0
1
0
.000
1995

Houston Texans
1
0
1
0
.000
2002

Baltimore Ravens
0
0
0
0
–
2018

text: Most appearances – 6: Pittsburgh Steelers (1963, 1964, 1983, 1998, 2007, and 2015) and Dallas Cowboys (1968, 1979, 1999, 2010, 2013, and 2017); if the 2011 game was not canceled due to the lockout, the Chicago Bears would be scheduled for their 6th appearance in 2018 (1968, 1977, 1990, 2005, 2011, and 2018)

text: Most wins – 5: Washington Redskins (1965, 1975, 1989, 2004, and 2008); if the Chicago Bears win in 2018 they will also have 5 wins (1968, 1977, 1990, 2005, and 2018)

text: Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance – 26 seasons: Detroit Lions (last appearance – 1991); 25 seasons: New York Jets (last appearance – 1992); 23 seasons: Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers (last appearance – 1994); 22 seasons: Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars (last and only appearance – 1995); 21 seasons: Baltimore Ravens (established in 1996 and has not yet appeared, but scheduled to appear in 2018)


document_title: Treaty of Allahabad

question_text: when was the diwani of bengal appointed to east india company

text: Treaty of Allahabad

text: The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 12 August 1765,[1] between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert, Lord Clive, of the East India Company, as a result of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India.[2] Based on the terms of the agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. Thus East India Company got appointed as the imperial tax collector for the Eastern province (Bengal-Bihar-Orissa). These rights allowed the Company to collect revenue directly from the people of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In return, the Company paid an annual tribute of twenty-six lakhs of rupees (equal to 260,000 pounds sterling) while securing for Shah Alam II the districts of Kora and Allahabad. The tribute money paid to the emperor was for the maintenance of the Emperor's court in Allahabad. The accord also dictated that Shah Alam be restored to the province of Varanasi as long as he continued to pay certain amount of revenue to the Company. Awadh was returned to Shuja-ud-Daulah, but Allahabad and Kora were taken from him. The Nawab of Awadh also had to pay fifty-three lakhs of rupees as war indemnity to the East India Company.

text: The Nawab of Awadh, Shuja ud Daulah, was made to pay a war indemnity of 5 million rupees to the Company. Moreover, the two signed an alliance by which the Company promised to support the Nawab against an outside attack provided he paid for services of the troops sent to his aid. This alliance made the Nawab dependent on the Company. This was a turning point in Indian history.


document_title: Kirsten Kemp

question_text: who played rhonda on saved by the bell

question_tokens: who played rhonda on saved by the bell

text: Kirsten Kemp

text: Biography[edit]

text: Born Kirsten Holmquist in London, England, she began to sing, dance, and play flute and guitar with her parents at the age of four when they moved to Mexico City, Mexico. They performed American musical comedy and operetta throughout Mexico, Central and South America, sponsored by the U.S. State Department. Upon moving to Los Angeles, United States at age 13, she began to get roles on TV shows such as Saved by the Bell, where she played the lanky, tomboyish Rhonda Robistelli.

text: Kemp later appeared on an episode of Herman's Head playing Tawny, a potential love interest of Herman's. On this appearance she wore a black leotard and spoke with a more feminine voice than her earlier characters, an attempt to have her cast as more attractive and feminine than the characters of her adolescence.

text: Kemp is trilingual, speaking Spanish, French, and English.[2] She was the host of the show Property Ladder which ran on the TLC Network for three seasons, 2005-2007. Property Ladder was cancelled after the housing market cooled.

text: After Property Ladder, Kirsten Kemp Becker hosted the TLC program Hope for Your Home, which ran for one season. She was referred to as a "real estate expert" in the context of her real estate and home improvement programs.

text: She currently owns and operates Becker Studios in Santa Barbara along with her husband Darrell Becker.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Shout (Voice, 1991)
Clifford (1994)
Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story (1996)
Anarchy TV (1998)
My Beautiful Me (1998)
Dirt Merchant (1999)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Saved by the Bell (3 episodes, 1989)
Head of the Class (3 episodes, 1989–1991)
Growing Pains (1 episode, 1991)
Evening Shade (2 episodes, 1991–1993)
Dream On (1 episode, 1993)
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (1 episode, 1993)
Herman's Head (1 episode, 1993)
Getting By (1 episode, 1993)
Burke's Law (1 episode, 1994)
Married... with Children (1 episode, 1994)
Mad About You (1 episode, 1995)
Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning (1995)
Thunder Alley (1 episode, 1995)
Misery Loves Company (1 episode, 1995)
Hudson Street (1 episode, 1995)
Dave's World (1 episode, 1995)
Sister, Sister (1 episode, 1996)
Goode Behavior (1 episode, 1997)
JAG (1 episode, 1998)
Mike Hammer, Private Eye (2 episodes, 1998)
The Simple Life (1 episode, 1998)
Providence (1 episode, 2002)
Hope for Your Home

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ U.S. Public Records Index Vol 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.
Jump up ^ Anarchy TV


document_title: Macromolecule

question_text: enzymes are an example of which type of macromolecule

text: Macromolecule

text: Definition[edit]

text:
IUPAC definition

Macromolecule
Large molecule
A molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially
comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from
molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Notes

1. In many cases, especially for synthetic polymers, a molecule can be regarded
as having a high relative molecular mass if the addition or removal of one or a
few of the units has a negligible effect on the molecular properties. This statement
fails in the case of certain macromolecules for which the properties may be
critically dependent on fine details of the molecular structure.
2. If a part or the whole of the molecule fits into this definition, it may be described
as either macromolecular or polymeric, or by polymer used adjectivally.[4]

tag: div

text: The term macromolecule (macro- + molecule) was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, although his first relevant publication on this field only mentions high molecular compounds (in excess of 1,000 atoms).[5] At that time the phrase polymer, as introduced by Berzelius in 1833, had a different meaning from that of today: it simply was another form of isomerism for example with benzene and acetylene and had little to do with size.[6]

text: Usage of the term to describe large molecules varies among the disciplines. For example, while biology refers to macromolecules as the four large molecules comprising living things, in chemistry, the term may refer to aggregates of two or more molecules held together by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds but which do not readily dissociate.[7]

text: According to the standard IUPAC definition, the term macromolecule as used in polymer science refers only to a single molecule. For example, a single polymeric molecule is appropriately described as a "macromolecule" or "polymer molecule" rather than a "polymer", which suggests a substance composed of macromolecules.[8]

text: Because of their size, macromolecules are not conveniently described in terms of stoichiometry alone. The structure of simple macromolecules, such as homopolymers, may be described in terms of the individual monomer subunit and total molecular mass. Complicated biomacromolecules, on the other hand, require multi-faceted structural description such as the hierarchy of structures used to describe proteins. In British English, the word "macromolecule" tends to be called "high polymer".

text: Properties[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Macromolecules often have unusual physical properties that do not occur for smaller molecules.

text: For example, DNA in a solution can be broken simply by sucking the solution through an ordinary straw because the physical forces on the molecule can overcome the strength of its covalent bonds. The 1964 edition of Linus Pauling's College Chemistry asserted that DNA in nature is never longer than about 5,000 base pairs.[9] This error arose because biochemists were inadvertently breaking their samples into fragments. In fact, the DNA of chromosomes can be hundreds of millions of base pairs long, packaged into chromatin.

text: Another common macromolecular property that does not characterize smaller molecules is their relative insolubility in water and similar solvents, instead forming colloids. Many require salts or particular ions to dissolve in water. Similarly, many proteins will denature if the solute concentration of their solution is too high or too low.

text: High concentrations of macromolecules in a solution can alter the rates and equilibrium constants of the reactions of other macromolecules, through an effect known as macromolecular crowding.[10] This comes from macromolecules excluding other molecules from a large part of the volume of the solution, thereby increasing the effective concentrations of these molecules.

text: Linear biopolymers[edit]

text: All living organisms are dependent on three essential biopolymers for their biological functions: DNA, RNA and Proteins.[11] Each of these molecules is required for life since each plays a distinct, indispensable role in the cell.[12] The simple summary is that DNA makes RNA, and then RNA makes proteins.

text: DNA, RNA and proteins all consist of a repeating structure of related building blocks (nucleotides in the case of DNA and RNA, amino acids in the case of proteins). In general, they are all unbranched polymers, and so can be represented in the form of a string. Indeed, they can be viewed as a string of beads, with each bead representing a single nucleotide or amino acid monomer linked together through covalent chemical bonds into a very long chain.

text: In most cases, the monomers within the chain have a strong propensity to interact with other amino acids or nucleotides. In DNA and RNA, this can take the form of Watson-Crick base pairs (G-C and A-T or A-U), although many more complicated interactions can and do occur.

text: Structural features[edit]

text:
DNA
RNA
Proteins

Encodes genetic information
Yes
Yes
No

Catalyzes biological reactions
No
Yes
Yes

Building blocks (type)
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Amino acids

Building blocks (number)
4
4
20

Strandedness
Double
Single
Single

Structure
Double helix
Complex
Complex

Stability to degradation
High
Variable
Variable

Repair systems
Yes
No
No

text: Because of the double-stranded nature of DNA, essentially all of the nucleotides take the form of Watson-Crick base pairs between nucleotides on the two complementary strands of the double-helix.

text: In contrast, both RNA and proteins are normally single-stranded. Therefore, they are not constrained by the regular geometry of the DNA double helix, and so fold into complex three-dimensional shapes dependent on their sequence. These different shapes are responsible for many of the common properties of RNA and proteins, including the formation of specific binding pockets, and the ability to catalyse biochemical reactions.

text: DNA is optimised for encoding information[edit]

text: DNA is an information storage macromolecule that encodes the complete set of instructions (the genome) that are required to assemble, maintain, and reproduce every living organism.[13]

text: DNA and RNA are both capable of encoding genetic information, because there are biochemical mechanisms which read the information coded within a DNA or RNA sequence and use it to generate a specified protein. On the other hand, the sequence information of a protein molecule is not used by cells to functionally encode genetic information.[1]:5

text: DNA has three primary attributes that allow it to be far better than RNA at encoding genetic information. First, it is normally double-stranded, so that there are a minimum of two copies of the information encoding each gene in every cell. Second, DNA has a much greater stability against breakdown than does RNA, an attribute primarily associated with the absence of the 2'-hydroxyl group within every nucleotide of DNA. Third, highly sophisticated DNA surveillance and repair systems are present which monitor damage to the DNA and repair the sequence when necessary. Analogous systems have not evolved for repairing damaged RNA molecules. Consequently, chromosomes can contain many billions of atoms, arranged in a specific chemical structure.

text: Proteins are optimised for catalysis[edit]

text: Proteins are functional macromolecules responsible for catalysing the biochemical reactions that sustain life.[1]:3 Proteins carry out all functions of an organism, for example photosynthesis, neural function, vision, and movement.[14]

text: The single-stranded nature of protein molecules, together with their composition of 20 or more different amino acid building blocks, allows them to fold in to a vast number of different three-dimensional shapes, while providing binding pockets through which they can specifically interact with all manner of molecules. In addition, the chemical diversity of the different amino acids, together with different chemical environments afforded by local 3D structure, enables many proteins to act as Enzymes, catalyzing a wide range of specific biochemical transformations within cells. In addition, proteins have evolved the ability to bind a wide range of cofactors and Coenzymes, smaller molecules that can endow the protein with specific activities beyond those associated with the polypeptide chain alone.

text: RNA is multifunctional[edit]

text: RNA is multifunctional, its primary function is to encode proteins, according to the instructions within a cell’s DNA.[1]:5 They control and regulate many aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotes.

text: RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins, as evidenced by the messenger RNA molecules present within every cell, and the RNA genomes of a large number of viruses. The single-stranded nature of RNA, together with tendency for rapid breakdown and a lack of repair systems means that RNA is not so well suited for the long-term storage of genetic information as is DNA.

text: In addition, RNA is a single-stranded polymer that can, like proteins, fold into a very large number of three-dimensional structures. Some of these structures provide binding sites for other molecules and chemically-active centers that can catalyze specific chemical reactions on those bound molecules. The limited number of different building blocks of RNA (4 nucleotides vs >20 amino acids in proteins), together with their lack of chemical diversity, results in catalytic RNA (ribozymes) being generally less-effective catalysts than proteins for most biological reactions.

text: Branched biopolymers[edit]

text: Carbohydrate macromolecules (polysaccharides) are formed from polymers of monosaccharides.[1]:11 Because monosaccharides have multiple functional groups, polysaccharides can form linear polymers (e.g. cellulose) or complex branched structures (e.g. glycogen). Polysaccharides perform numerous roles in living organisms, acting as energy stores (e.g. Starch) and as structural components (e.g.chitin in arthropods and fungi). Many carbohydrates contain modified monosaccharide units that have had functional groups replaced or removed.

text: Polyphenols consist of a branched structure of multiple phenolic subunits. They can perform structural roles (e.g. lignin) as well as roles as secondary metabolites involved in signalling, pigmentation and defense.

text: Synthetic macromolecules[edit]

text: Some examples of macromolecules are synthetic polymers (plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber), graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Polymers may be prepared from inorganic matter as well as for instance in inorganic polymers and geopolymers. The incorporation of inorganic elements enables the tunability of properties and/or responsive behavior as for instance in smart inorganic polymers.