document_title: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

question_text: who sang in the super bowl halftime last year

text: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

text: Background[edit]

text: During most of the Super Bowl's first decade, the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. The middle of the third decade, in an effort to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game,[7] saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block, Gloria Estefan, Michael Jackson, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett. Starting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged "wardrobe malfunction", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered "family friendly" and the time in which they took place has been described as "the age of reactionary halftime shows.[8] Since Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.

text: The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends.[9] Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation.[10][11][12][11] According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure.[13] For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a "chilly" response from those involved.[14][15]

text: History[edit]

text: The following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show.

text:
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I

Date: Jan 15, 1967
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Performers: University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band, Al Hirt, Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls
Producer: Tommy Walker
Setlist: "The Liberty Bell" (The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band)
References:[16][17][18]

II

Date: Jan 14, 1968
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Grambling State University Marching Band
References:[16]

III

Date: Jan 12, 1969
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: America Thanks
Performers: Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands
References:[16]

text:
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IV

Date: Jan 11, 1970
Lon: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Mardi Gras
Performers: Marguerite Piazza, Doc Severinsen, Al Hirt, Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band
References:[16]
Setlist:

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

V

Date: Jan 17, 1971
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Southeast Missouri State Marching Band
References:[16][19]

VI

Date: Jan 16, 1972
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to Louis Armstrong
Performers: Ella Fitzgerald, Carol Channing, Al Hirt, USAFA Cadet Chorale, & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][20]
Setlist:

"Mack the Knife" (Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt)

VII

Date: Jan 14, 1973
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Theme: Happiness Is
Performers: University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams
Producer: Tommy Walker
References:[16][21][22]
Setlist: (partial)

"Put on a Happy Face" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"La Virgen de la Macarena" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"This Land Is Your Land" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"Marmalade, Molasses & Honey" (Andy Williams)
"People" (Andy Williams)

VIII

Date: Jan 13, 1974
Location: Rice Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: A Musical America
Performers: University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett (Miss Texas 1973) on fiddle
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

IX

Date: Jan 12, 1975
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Duke Ellington
Performers: Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][18]

X

Date: Jan 18, 1976
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: 200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XI

Date: Jan 9, 1977
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: It's a Small World
Performers: Los Angeles Unified All-City Band & Audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]

XII

Date: Jan 15, 1978
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: From Paris to Paris of America
Performers: Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team, and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt
References:[16]

XIII

Date: Jan 21, 1979
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Caribbean
Performers: Ken Hamilton, various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica
Producer: Bob Jani
Sponsor: Carnival
References:[16]

text:
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XIV

Date: Jan 20, 1980
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: A Salute to the Big Band Era
Performers: Up with People, Grambling State University Marching Bands
References:[16][23]

XV

Date: Jan 25, 1981
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Mardi Gras Festival
Performers: Southern University Marching Band, Helen O'Connell
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

XVI

Date: Jan 24, 1982
Location: Pontiac Silverdome (Pontiac, Michigan)
Theme: Salute to the 1960s and Motown
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XVII

Date: Jan 30, 1983
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: KaleidoSUPERscope
Performer: Los Angeles Super Drill Team
Producer: Bob Jani
References:[16]

XVIII

Date: Jan 22, 1984
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen
Performers: University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Setlist:[16]

Introduction by Phyllis George
"Hooray for Hollywood"
"You Oughta Be in Pictures"
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"
"Puttin' on the Ritz"
"42nd Street"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XIX

Date: Jan 20, 1985
Location: Stanford Stadium (Stanford, California)
Theme: World of Children's Dreams
Performer: Tops In Blue
Producer: Air Force Entertainment
References:[16]

XX

Date: Jan 26, 1986
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Beat of the Future
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XXI

Date: Jan 25, 1987
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: Salute to Hollywood's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe
Performers: George Burns, Mickey Rooney, Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands, Disney characters, Southern California-area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Ghost Riders in the Sky"
Theme songs from Bonanza, Indiana Jones, and Footloose
Hoedown song
"Cheek to Cheek"
"What a Feeling" (Theme from Flashdance)
"That's Entertainment"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XXII

Date: Jan 31, 1988
Location: Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Something Grand
Performers: Chubby Checker, The Rockettes, 88 grand pianos, and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
References:[16][17]

XXIII

Date: Jan 22, 1989
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: 1950's Rock and Roll (Be Bop Bamboozled in 3-D)
Performers: Elvis Presto, South Florida-area dancers and performers
Producer: MagicCom Entertainment, Dan Witkowski
Sponsor: Diet Coke
Setlist:

Introduction by Bob Costas and 3-D commercial for Diet Coke
"Rock This Town"
audience participation card trick
"Tutti Frutti"
"Do You Love Me"
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
"Great Balls of Fire"
"Greased Lightnin'"
"True Love"

References:[16][24]

text:
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XXIV

Date: Jan 28, 1990
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts
Performers: Pete Fountain, Doug Kershaw, Irma Thomas, Nicholls State University Marching Band, Southern University Marching Band, USL Marching Band
Producer: Select Productions
References:
Setlist:

"(Up A) Lazy River"
"Waiting For The Robert E. Lee"
"Here Comes the Showboat"
"When the Saints Go Marching In" (Pete Fountain on clarinet)
"Happy Birthday to You"

XXV

Date: Jan 27, 1991
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl
Performers: New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), Disney characters, Warren Moon, 2,000 local children, audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Sponsor: Walt Disney World and Coca-Cola
References:[16]
Setlist:

"It's a Small World After All"/ "We Are the World"/ "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (children)
"Step by Step" (NKOTB)
"This One's For The Children" (NKOTB and children)
"It's a Small World After All" (children)

Notes: The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm

XXVI

Date: Jan 26, 1992
Location: Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Theme: Winter Magic, salute to 1992 Winter Olympics
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill, members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, and the University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Timberline Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Winter Magic"
"Walking in a Winter Wonderland"
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"
"Frosty" (University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"One Moment in Time" (featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill)
"Don't Stop Me Now" (featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team)
"Live for Loving You" (Gloria Estefan)
"Get on Your Feet" (Gloria Estefan)

Notes: During the halftime, rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color, one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming. The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast.[citation needed] In mid-1992, citing this, Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert-type performances from top contemporary musical artists.[citation needed] The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson.[citation needed]

XXVII

Main article: Super Bowl XXVII halftime show

Date: Jan 31, 1993
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Performer: Michael Jackson
Producer: Radio City, Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Jam" (M. Jackson)
"Billie Jean" (M. Jackson)
"Black or White" (M. Jackson)
"We Are the World" (children's choir)
"Heal the World" (M. Jackson)

Notes: This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount. It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history. After 1993, the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows.[25]

XXVIII

Date: Jan 30, 1994
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Rockin' Country Sunday
Performers: Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, The Judds
Producer: Select Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tuckered Out" (Clint Black)
"It's a Little Too Late" (Tanya Tucker)
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E" (Travis Tritt)
"No One Else on Earth" (Wynonna Judd)
"Love Can Build a Bridge" (The Judds, joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse)

Notes: Travis Tritt of Atlanta, joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown. The special guests for the finale included: Stevie Wonder, Ashley Judd, Lisa Hartman Black, The Georgia Satellites, Joe Namath, Elijah Wood, and Charlie Daniels.

XXIX

Date: Jan 29, 1995
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye
Performers: Patti Labelle, Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood, Teddy Pendergrass, Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval, Miami Sound Machine
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Release Yourself" (Patti Labelle)
"Caravan" (Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine)
"New Attitude" (Patti Labelle)
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett)

XXX

Date: Jan 28, 1996
Location: Sun Devil Stadium (Tempe, Arizona)
Theme: Take Me Higher: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl
Performer: Diana Ross
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16][17]
Setlist: A medley of the following songs:

"Stop In The Name Of Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Baby Love"
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"Chain Reaction"
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"I Will Survive"
"Take Me Higher"

XXXI

Date: Jan 26, 1997
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Blues Brothers Bash
Performers: The Blues Brothers (Dan Aykroyd, John Goodman and James Belushi), ZZ Top, James Brown, Catherine Crier ("news" intro)
Producer: Select Productions, Radio City, House of Blues
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (The Blues Brothers)
"Soul Man" (The Blues Brothers)
"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (James Brown)
"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (James Brown)
"Tush" (ZZ Top)
"Legs" (ZZ Top)
"Gimme Some Lovin'" (all performers joined together)

XXXII

Date: Jan 25, 1998
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Salute to Motown's 40th Anniversary
Performers: Boyz II Men, Smokey Robinson, Martha Reeves, The Temptations, Queen Latifah, Grambling State University Marching Band
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises
References:[16][17][18][26]
Setlist:

"Get Ready" (The Temptations)
"I Can't Help Myself" (The Temptations)
"The Tracks of My Tears" (Smokey Robinson)
"My Girl" (The Temptations with Smokey Robinson)
"Heat Wave" (Martha and the Vandellas)
"Paper" (Queen Latifah)
"Motownphilly" (Boyz II Men)
"A Song for Mama" (Boyz II Men)
"Dancing in the Street" (all artists joined by GSU Marching Band)

XXXIII

Date: Jan 31, 1999
Location: Pro Player Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Celebration of Soul, Salsa and Swing
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Stevie Wonder, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Savion Glover
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Progressive Auto Insurance
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Go Daddy O" (Big Bad Voodoo Daddy)
"Sir Duke" (Stevie Wonder)
"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life" (Stevie Wonder)
"I Wish" (Stevie Wonder)
"Oye!" (Gloria Estefan)
"Turn The Beat Around" (Gloria Estefan)
"You'll Be Mine (Party Time)/Another Star/My Cherie Amour" (Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder)

text:
Super Bowl
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XXXIV

Date: Jan 30, 2000
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Tapestry of Nations
Performers: Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Toni Braxton, 80-person choir, Edward James Olmos (narrator)
Producer: Disney
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][27]
Setlist:

"Reflections of Earth" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand" (Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias)
"Tapestry of Nations" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Two Worlds" (Phil Collins)
"We Go On" (Toni Braxton)

XXXV

Date: Jan 28, 2001
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: The Kings of Rock and Pop
Performers: Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller, Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Aerosmith, and 'N Sync
"Bye Bye Bye" ('N Sync)
"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (Aerosmith)
"It's Gonna Be Me ('N Sync)
"Jaded" (Aerosmith)
"Walk This Way" (Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly)

XXXVI

Date: Feb 3, 2002
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks
Performer: U2
Producer: Clear Channel Entertainment
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Beautiful Day"
"MLK"
"Where the Streets Have No Name"

XXXVII

Date: Jan 26, 2003
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Performers: Shania Twain, No Doubt, Sting
Producer: Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen
Sponsor: AT&T Wireless
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Man! I Feel like a Woman!" (Shania Twain)
"Up!" (Shania Twain)
"Just a Girl" (No Doubt)
"Message in a Bottle" (Sting with No Doubt)

XXXVIII

Date: Feb 1, 2004
Location: Reliant Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: Choose or Lose
Performers: Jessica Simpson, the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston, and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands, Janet Jackson, P. Diddy, Nelly, Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: AOL TopSpeed
References:[16][17]
Setlist:[28]

'Choose to Party!' Intro (Jessica Simpson)
Marching bands
"All for You" (Janet Jackson)
"Bad Boy for Life" (P. Diddy)
"Diddy" to the tune of "Mickey" (P. Diddy)
"Hot in Herre" (Nelly),
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (P. Diddy)
"Bawitdaba" (Kid Rock),
"Cowboy" (Kid Rock)
"Rhythm Nation" (Janet Jackson)
"Rock Your Body" (Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson)

Further information: Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

XXXIX

Date: Feb 6, 2005
Location: Alltel Stadium (Jacksonville, Florida)
Performer: Paul McCartney
Producer: Don Mischer Productions
Sponsor: Ameriquest Mortgage
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Drive My Car"
"Get Back"
"Live and Let Die"
"Hey Jude"

XL

Date: Feb 5, 2006
Location: Ford Field (Detroit, Michigan)
Performer: The Rolling Stones
Producer: Don Mischer Production
Sponsor: Sprint Nextel
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Start Me Up"
"Rough Justice"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

XLI

Date: Feb 4, 2007
Location: Dolphin Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performers: Prince, Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"We Will Rock You" (Intro)
"Let's Go Crazy"
"Baby I'm a Star"
"Proud Mary"
"All Along the Watchtower"
"Best of You"
"Purple Rain"

XLII

Date: Feb 3, 2008
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performer: Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"American Girl"
"I Won't Back Down"
"Free Fallin'"
"Runnin' Down a Dream"

XLIII

Date: Feb 1, 2009
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Performers: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out"
"Born to Run"
"Working on a Dream"
"Glory Days"

text:
Super Bowl
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XLIV

Date: Feb 7, 2010
Location: Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performer: The Who
Producer: White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Pinball Wizard"
"Baba O'Riley"
"Who Are You"
"See Me, Feel Me"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"

XLV

Date: Feb 6, 2011
Location: Cowboys Stadium (Arlington, Texas)
Performers: The Black Eyed Peas, Usher, Slash, Dallas/Ft. Worth-area area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:[29]

"I Gotta Feeling" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Boom Boom Pow" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Sweet Child O' Mine" (Slash & Fergie)
"Pump It" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Let's Get It Started" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"OMG" (Usher & will.i.am)
"Where Is The Love?" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"The Time (Dirty Bit)" with "I Gotta Feeling" reprise (The Black Eyed Peas)

XLVI

Main article: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2012
Location: Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Performers: Madonna, LMFAO,[30] Cirque du Soleil,[31] Nicki Minaj,[32] M.I.A.,[33] Cee Lo Green,[30] Andy Lewis,[34] Avon High School Drumline, Center Grove High School Drumline, Fishers High School Drumline, Franklin Central High School Drumline, Southern University Dancing Dolls, 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
Setlist:[30]

"Vogue" (Madonna)
"Music" / "Party Rock Anthem" / "Sexy and I Know It" (Madonna with LMFAO)
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" (Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.)
"Open Your Heart" / "Express Yourself" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)
"Like a Prayer" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)

XLVII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVII halftime show

Date: Feb 3, 2013
Location: Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Performers: Beyoncé, Destiny's Child
Producer: Ricky Kirshner[35]
Director: Hamish Hamilton[35]
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[36]
Setlist:

"Run The World (Girls)" (Intro) / Vince Lombardi "Excellence" speech voiceover
"Love on Top" (chorus a cappella) (Beyoncé)
"Crazy in Love" (Beyoncé)
"End of Time" (Beyoncé)
"Baby Boy" (Beyoncé)
"Bootylicious" (Destiny's Child)
"Independent Women Part I" (Destiny's Child)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams)
"Halo" (Beyoncé)

XLVIII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show

Date: Feb 2, 2014
Location: MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey)
Performers: Bruno Mars, Red Hot Chili Peppers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[37]
Setlist:

"Billionaire" (Intro) (children's choir)
"Locked Out of Heaven" (Bruno Mars)
"Treasure" (Bruno Mars)
"Runaway Baby" (Bruno Mars)
"Give It Away" (Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars)
"Just the Way You Are" (Bruno Mars)

XLIX

Main article: Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

Date: Feb 1, 2015
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performers: Katy Perry, Lenny Kravitz, Missy Elliott, and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[38][39][40]
Setlist:

"Roar" (Katy Perry)
"Dark Horse" (Katy Perry)
"I Kissed a Girl" (Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry)
"Teenage Dream" (Katy Perry)
"California Gurls" (Katy Perry)
"Get Ur Freak On" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Work It" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Lose Control" (Missy Elliott)
"Firework" (Katy Perry)

50

Main article: Super Bowl 50 halftime show

Date: Feb 7, 2016
Location: Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, California)
Performers: Coldplay, Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, Gustavo Dudamel, University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A.
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[41][42][43][44][45]
Setlist:[46]

"Yellow" (intro a cappella) (Coldplay)
"Viva la Vida" (Coldplay)
"Paradise" (Coldplay)
"Adventure of a Lifetime" (Coldplay)
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars)
"Formation" (Beyoncé)
"Crazy In Love"/"Uptown Funk" (Beyoncé, Bruno Mars)
"Clocks" (instrumental) (Coldplay)
"Fix You"/"Up & Up" (Coldplay, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars)

LI

Main article: Super Bowl LI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2017
Location: NRG Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Performer: Lady Gaga
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi Zero Sugar
References:[47][48]
Setlist:

"God Bless America"/"This Land Is Your Land"
"Poker Face"
"Born This Way"
"Telephone"
"Just Dance"
"Million Reasons"
"Bad Romance"

LII

Main article: Super Bowl LII halftime show

Date: Feb 4, 2018
Location: U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Performer: Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References: [49][50][51][52][53]
Setlist:

"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack"
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River"
"Suit & Tie" (Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (Pre-recorded video of Prince (displayed on a projection screen) with Justin Timberlake)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"

text: Details on specific shows[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXVI[edit]

text: U2 performed 3 songs: "Beautiful Day," "MLK," and "Where the Streets Have No Name." During the beginning of "MLK" and continuing until the end of "Where The Streets Have No Name," a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks. Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket, the inside of which displayed the American flag.

text: Super Bowl XL[edit]

text: For The Rolling Stones, the stage was in the form of the group's iconic tongue logo (John Pasche's "Cunning Linguist" first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album). It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show, with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600-member volunteer stage crew. The group performed three songs: "Start Me Up," "Rough Justice," and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction." The show was viewed by 89.9 million people, more than the audiences for the Oscars, Grammys and Emmy Awards combined.[54] In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake, ABC and the NFL imposed a five-second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger's microphone—censoring to which the group had previously agreed.[55] However, the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit "Motown Sound," and no artists from the area were included.[56]


document_title: Eddie Murphy filmography

question_text: what is the last movie eddie murphy made

root

text: Eddie Murphy filmography

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1982
48 Hrs.
Reggie Hammond
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor

1983
Trading Places
Billy Ray Valentine
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

1984
Best Defense
Lieutenant T.M. Landry

Beverly Hills Cop
Detective Axel Foley
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

1986
Golden Child, TheThe Golden Child
Chandler Jarrell

1987
Beverly Hills Cop II
Detective Axel Foley
Also writer (story)

1988
Coming to America
Prince Akeem Joffer/Clarence/Randy Watson/Saul
Also writer (story)

1989
Harlem Nights
Quick (real name Vernest Brown)
Also director, writer, and executive producer
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director

1990
Another 48 Hrs.
Reggie Hammond
Also writer (story)

1992
Boomerang
Marcus Graham
Also writer (story)
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance

Distinguished Gentleman, TheThe Distinguished Gentleman
Thomas Jefferson Johnson

1994
Beverly Hills Cop III
Detective Axel Foley

1995
Vampire in Brooklyn
Maximillian/Preacher Pauly/Guido
Also producer, writer (story)

1996
Nutty Professor, TheThe Nutty Professor
Professor Sherman Klump/Buddy Love
Lance Perkins/Cletus 'Papa' Klump
Anna Pearl 'Mama' Jensen Klump
Ida Mae 'Granny' Jensen/Ernie Klump, Sr.
Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Comedy
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor (2nd place)
Saturn Award for Best Actor
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance
Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

1997
Metro
Insp. Scott Roper

1998
Mulan
Mushu
Voice role; Murphy's first animated film role
Nominated – OFTA Film Award
Best Family Actor
Online Film & Television Association 1999

Dr. Dolittle
Dr. John Dolittle

Holy Man
G

1999
Life
Rayford "Ray" Gibson
Also producer, and writer (story). Last R-rated movie role to date for Murphy.

Bowfinger
Kit Ramsey/Jiffrenson "Jiff" Ramsey
Nominated – Black Reel Award: Best Actor
Nominated – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Comedy Team (shared with Steve Martin)

2000
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps
Professor Sherman Klump/Buddy Love
Lance Perkins/Cletus 'Papa' Klump
Anna Pearl 'Mama' Jensen Klump
Ida Mae 'Granny' Jensen/Ernie Klump, Sr./Young Cletus 'Papa' Klump
Also executive producer
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

2001
Shrek
Donkey
Voice role
Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Feature Production
Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Nominated – Black Reel Award: Best Supporting Actor.

Dr. Dolittle 2
Dr. John Dolittle

2002
Showtime
Officer Trey Sellers
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple (with either Robert De Niro, Owen Wilson or himself cloned)

Adventures of Pluto Nash, TheThe Adventures of Pluto Nash
Pluto Nash/Rex Crater

I Spy
Kelly Robinson

2003
Daddy Day Care
Charles "Charlie" Hinton

Haunted Mansion, TheThe Haunted Mansion
Jim Evers

2004
Shrek 2
Donkey
Voice role

2006
Dreamgirls
James 'Thunder' Early
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
Central Ohio Film Critics Association for Best Supporting Actor
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Black Reel Award: Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

2007
Norbit
Norbit Rice/Rasputia Latimore-Rice/Mr. Wong
Also writer (story and screenplay), producer
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor (as Norbit)
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor (as Mr. Wong)
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress (as Rasputia)
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple (with either Eddie Murphy or Eddie Murphy)
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture

Shrek the Third
Donkey
Voice role
Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie

2008
Meet Dave
Starship Dave Ming-Chang (Spacecraft), Captain
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple (in Eddie Murphy)

2009
Imagine That
Evan Danielson
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor

2010
Shrek Forever After
Donkey
Voice role
Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie

2011
Tower Heist
Darnell ("Slide") Davis
Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture

2012
Thousand Words, AA Thousand Words
Jack McCall
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor

2016
Mr. Church
Henry Joseph Church

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1980–84
Saturday Night Live

Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy, Variety or Music Series (1983)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (1984)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program (1984)

1988
Totally Minnie
Himself
Uncredited, seen in a commercial for Minnie Mouse's Center for the Totally Unhip

1989
What's Alan Watching?

1991
The Royal Family
Created

1993
Dangerous: The Short Films
Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh
"Remember the Time" music video

1999–2001
The PJs
Thurgood Stubbs
Voice
Nominated – Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production (1999)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) (1999)

2004
Father of the Pride
Donkey
Voice

2007
Shrek the Halls
TV special
Voice
Nominated – Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production

2010
Donkey's Christmas Shrektacular
TV special
Voice

2012
Eddie Murphy: One Night Only
Guest of honor
TV special[1]

2015
Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special
Himself
TV special

text: Concerts[edit]

text:
Concerts

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1983
Eddie Murphy: Delirious
Himself
Stand-up special

1987
Eddie Murphy: Raw
Himself
Stand-up special


document_title: Ubuntu version history

question_text: when is the next lts release of ubuntu

question_tokens: when is the next lts release of ubuntu

text: Ubuntu version history

text: Naming convention[edit]

text: Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter (e.g. Dapper Drake). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. As of Ubuntu 17.10, however, the initial letter 'rolled over' and returned to 'A'. Names are occasionally chosen so that animal appearance or habits reflects some new feature (e.g., "Koala's favourite leaf is Eucalyptus"; see below). Ubuntu releases are often referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name (e.g. Feisty).[9]

tag: p

text: Release history[edit]

text: Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog), released on 20 October 2004, was Canonical's first release of Ubuntu, building upon Debian, with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter.[2] Ubuntu 4.10's support ended on 30 April 2006.[10] Ubuntu 4.10 was offered as a free download and, through Canonical's ShipIt[11] service, was also mailed to users free of charge in CD format.[12]

text: Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog), released on 8 April 2005,[13][14] was Canonical's second release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 5.04's support ended on 31 October 2006.[15] Ubuntu 5.04 added many new features including an Update Manager,[16] upgrade notifier, readahead and grepmap, suspend, hibernate and standby support, dynamic frequency scaling for processors, ubuntu hardware database, Kickstart installation, and APT authentication.[17][18] Ubuntu 5.04 allowed installation from USB devices. Beginning with Ubuntu 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding.[19]

text: Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger), released on 12 October 2005,[20][21] was Canonical's third release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 5.10's support ended on 13 April 2007.[22] Ubuntu 5.10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader (Usplash), an Add/Remove Applications tool,[23] a menu editor (Alacarte), an easy language selector, logical volume management support, full Hewlett-Packard printer support, OEM installer support, a new Ubuntu logo in the top-left, and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development.[24]

text: Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake), released on 1 June 2006,[25][26][27] was Canonical's fourth release, and the first long-term support (LTS) release. Ubuntu 6.06 was released behind schedule, having been intended as 6.04. It is sometimes jokingly described as their first 'Late To Ship' (LTS) release.[28] Development was not complete in April 2006 and Mark Shuttleworth approved slipping the release date to June, making it 6.06 instead.[29]

text: Ubuntu 6.06's support ended on 14 July 2009 for desktops and ended in June 2011 for servers.[30] Ubuntu 6.06 included several new features, including having the Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc,[31] a graphical installer on Live CD (Ubiquity), Usplash on shutdown as well as startup, a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections, Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown, and GDebi graphical installer for package files.[32][33] Ubuntu 6.06 did not include a means to install from a USB device, but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices.

text: Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft), released on 26 October 2006,[34][35][36] was Canonical's fifth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 6.10's support ended on 25 April 2008.[37][38] Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports (Apport), Tomboy note taking application, and F-Spot photo manager. EasyUbuntu, a third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta-package.[39]

text: Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn), released on 19 April 2007,[40][41][42] was Canonical's sixth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 7.04's support ended on 19 October 2008.[43] Ubuntu 7.04 included several new features, among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu, support for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, assisted codec and restricted drivers installation including Adobe Flash, Java, MP3 support, easier installation of Nvidia and ATI drivers, Compiz desktop effects, support for Wi-Fi Protected Access, the addition of Sudoku and chess, a disk usage analyzer (baobab), GNOME Control Center, and Zeroconf support for many devices.[17][44] Ubuntu 7.04 dropped support for PowerPC architecture.

text: Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon), released on 18 October 2007,[45][46][47] was Canonical's seventh release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 7.10's support ended on 18 April 2009.[48][49] Ubuntu 7.10 included several new features, among them AppArmor security framework,[50] fast desktop search,[51] a Firefox plug-in manager (Ubufox),[52] a graphical configuration tool for X.Org, full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G, and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default.[52] Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7.10[53] and Fast user switching was added.[51]

text: Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron), released on 24 April 2008,[54][55][56] was Canonical's eighth release of Ubuntu and the second Long Term Support (LTS) release.[57][58] Ubuntu 8.04's support ended on 12 May 2011 for desktops[59] and ended in April 2013 for servers. Ubuntu 8.04 included several new features, among them Tracker desktop search integration,[60] Brasero disk burner,[61] Transmission BitTorrent client,[61] Vinagre VNC client,[61] system sound through PulseAudio,[62] and Active Directory authentication and login using Likewise Open.[63] In addition Ubuntu 8.04 included updates for better Tango compliance,[64] various Compiz usability improvements, automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine, and an easier method to remove Ubuntu. Ubuntu 8.04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the Live CD that allows Ubuntu to be installed as a single file on a Windows hard drive without the need to repartition the disk. The first version of the Ubuntu Netbook Remix was also introduced.[65] Support for Ubuntu Hardy Heron was officially ended on 9 May 2013.

text: Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), released on 30 October 2008,[66][67] was Canonical's ninth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 30 April 2010.[68] Ubuntu 8.10 introduced several new features including improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability, increased flexibility for Internet connectivity, an Ubuntu Live USB creator and a guest account,[69] which allowed others to use a computer allowing very limited user rights (e.g. accessing the Internet, using software and checking e-mail).[70] The guest account had its own home folder and nothing done on it was stored permanently on the computer's hard disk.[71] Intrepid Ibex also included an encrypted private directory for users,[72] the inclusion of Dynamic Kernel Module Support, a tool that allows kernel drivers to be automatically rebuilt when new kernels are released and support for creating USB flash drive images.[17][73]

text: Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope), released on 23 April 2009,[74] was Canonical's tenth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 23 October 2010.[75] New features included faster boot time,[76] integration of web services and applications into the desktop interface. Because of that, they named it after the mythical jackalope.[77] It was the first release named after a mythical animal, the second being Utopic Unicorn. It had a new usplash screen, a new login screen and also support for both Wacom (hotplugging) and netbooks.[76] It also included a new notification system, Notify OSD,[78] and themes. It marked the first time that all of Ubuntu's core development moved to the Bazaar distributed revision control system.[79][80]

text: Ubuntu 9.04 was the first version to support the ARM architecture with native support for ARMv5EL and ARMv6EL-VFP.[81]

text: Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala), released on 29 October 2009,[82] was Canonical's 11th release of Ubuntu. It was supported until April 2011.[83][84]

text: In an announcement to the community on 20 February 2009, Mark Shuttleworth explained that 9.10 would focus on improvements in cloud computing on the server using Eucalyptus, saying "...a Koala's favourite leaf is Eucalyptus",[85] as well as further improvements in boot speed and development of the Netbook Remix.[86]

text: The initial announcement of version 9.10 indicated that this release might include a new theme, however the project was moved forward to 10.04,[86][87] and only minor revisions were made to the default theme. Other graphical improvements included a new set of boot up and shutdown splash screens, a new login screen that transitions seamlessly into the desktop and greatly improved performance on Intel graphics chipsets.

text: In June 2009, Canonical created the One Hundred Paper Cuts project, focusing developers to fix minor usability issues. A "paper cut" was defined as, "a trivially fixable usability bug that the average user would encounter on his/her first day of using a brand new installation of the latest version of Ubuntu Desktop Edition."[88]

text: The desktop installation of Ubuntu 9.10 replaced Pidgin with Empathy Instant Messenger as its default instant messaging client.[89] The default filesystem is ext4, and the Ubuntu One client, which interfaces with Canonical's new online storage system, is installed by default.[90] It introduced Grub 2 beta as default bootloader.[91] It also debuted a new application called the Ubuntu Software Center that unifies package management. Canonical stated their intention for this application to replace Add/Remove Programs (gnome-app-install) in 9.10 and possibly Synaptic, Software Sources, Gdebi and Update Manager in Ubuntu 10.04.[92] Karmic Koala also includes a slideshow during the installation process (through ubiquity-slideshow) that highlights applications and features in Ubuntu.

text: Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx)[edit]

text: Shuttleworth first announced Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx)[9] on 19 September 2009 at the Atlanta Linux Fest; Canonical released it on 29 April 2010.[93][94] It is Canonical's 12th release of Ubuntu and the third Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical provided support for the desktop version of Ubuntu 10.04 until 9 May 2013 and the server version until 30 April 2015.[95]

text: The new release includes, among other things, improved support for Nvidia proprietary graphics drivers, while switching to the open source Nvidia graphics driver, Nouveau, by default. Plymouth was also introduced allowing boot animations.[96][97][98]

text: GIMP was removed from the Lucid installation CD due to its professional-grade complexity and its file size. F-Spot provides normal user-level graphics-editing capabilities and GIMP remains available for download in the repositories.[99]

text: The distribution emphasizes the new importance of web services and social networking with integrated interfaces for posting to sites like Facebook and Twitter, complementing the IM and email integration already in Ubuntu.

text: On 4 March 2010, it was announced that Lucid Lynx would feature a new theme, including new logos, taking Ubuntu's new visual style[100] into account:

text: The new style in Ubuntu is inspired by the idea of "Light".

text: We're drawn to Light because it denotes both warmth and clarity, and intrigued by the idea that "light" is a good value in software. Good software is "light" in the sense that it uses your resources efficiently, runs quickly, and can easily be reshaped as needed. Ubuntu represents a break with the bloatware of proprietary operating systems and an opportunity to delight to those who use computers for work and play. More and more of our communications are powered by light, and in future, our processing power will depend on our ability to work with light, too.

text: Visually, light is beautiful, light is ethereal, light brings clarity and comfort.

text: Historical perspective: From 2004–2010, the theme in Ubuntu was "Human". Our tagline was "Linux for Human Beings" and we used a palette reflective of the full range of humanity. Our focus as a project was bringing Linux from the data center into the lives of our friends and global family.

text: Critical responses to the new theme have been mixed. Ars Technica's Ryan Paul said "The new themes and updated color palette are nice improvement for Ubuntu... After testing the new theme for several hours, I feel like it's a step forward, but it still falls a bit short of my expectations." Paul also noted that the most controversial aspect of the new design amongst users has been the placement of the window control buttons on the left instead of the right side of the windows.[101][102] TechSource's Jun Auza expressed concern that the new theme is too close to that used by Apple's Mac OS X: "I think Ubuntu is having an identity crisis right now and should seriously consider changing several things in terms of look and feel to avoid being branded as a Mac OS X rip-off, or worse, get sued by Apple." Auza also summarized Ubuntu user feedback: "I believe the fans are divided right now. Some have learned to love the brown color scheme since it uniquely represents Ubuntu, while others wanted change."[103]

text: The first point release, 10.04.1, was made available on 17 August 2010,[104] and the second update, 10.04.2, was released on 17 February 2011.[105] The third update, 10.04.3, was released on 21 July 2011,[106] and the fourth and final update, 10.04.4, was released on 16 February 2012.

text: Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)[edit]

text: The naming of Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat) was announced by Mark Shuttleworth on 2 April 2010, along with the release's goals of improving the netbook experience and a server focus on hybrid cloud computing. Ubuntu 10.10 was released on 10 October 2010 (10.10.10) at around 10:10 UTC.[107][108][109][110][111] This is a departure from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October to get "the perfect 10",[112] and a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, since, in binary, 101010 is equal to the number 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[113] It was Canonical's 13th release of Ubuntu. New features included the new Unity interface for the Netbook Edition, a new default photo manager, Shotwell, replacing F-Spot, the ability to purchase applications in the Software Center, and an official Ubuntu font used by default.[114] Support for Ubuntu Maverick Meerkat 10.10 was officially ended on 10 April 2012.[115]

text: Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal)[edit]

text: The naming of Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal) was announced on 17 August 2010 by Mark Shuttleworth.[116] Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal was released on 28 April 2011.[117] It is Canonical's 14th release of Ubuntu.

text: Ubuntu 11.04 used the Unity user interface instead of GNOME Shell as default. The move to Unity was controversial as some GNOME developers feared it would fracture the community and marginalize GNOME Shell.[118][119] The GNOME desktop environment is still available in Ubuntu 11.04 under the title Ubuntu Classic as a fallback to Unity.

text: Ubuntu 11.04 employed Banshee as the default music player, replacing Rhythmbox. Other new applications included Mozilla Firefox 4 and LibreOffice, which replaced OpenOffice.org.[120][121][122] The OpenStack cloud computing platform was added in this release.[123][124]

text: Starting with Ubuntu 11.04, the Ubuntu Netbook Edition was merged into the desktop edition.[125]

text: In reviewing Ubuntu 11.04 upon its stable release, Ryan Paul of Ars Technica said "There is a lot to like in Ubuntu 11.04, but also a lot of room for improvement." Jesse Smith of Distrowatch said "I'm of the opinion there are good features in this release, but 11.04 definitely suffered from being rushed out the door while it was still beta quality. Ubuntu aims to be novice-friendly, but this release is buggy and I think they missed the mark this time around. I'm limiting my recommendation of 11.04 to people who want to play with an early release of Unity."[126][127] Support for Ubuntu 11.04 officially ended on 28 October 2012.[128]

text: Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)[edit]

text: The naming of Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot) was announced on 7 March 2011 by Mark Shuttleworth. He explained that Oneiric means "dreamy".[129] Ubuntu 11.10 was released on schedule on 13 October 2011 and is Canonical's 15th release of Ubuntu.[130]

text: In April 2011 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 11.10 would not include the classic GNOME desktop as a fall back to Unity, unlike Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal. Instead, 11.10 included a 2D version of Unity as a fallback for computers that lacked the hardware resources for the Compiz-based 3D version. However, the classic GNOME desktop remained available in Ubuntu 11.10 through a package in the Ubuntu repositories.[131] Shuttleworth also confirmed that Unity in Ubuntu 11.10 would run as a shell for GNOME 3 on top of GNOME 3 libraries, unlike in Ubuntu 11.04 where it ran as a shell for GNOME 2. Moreover, users were able to install the entire GNOME 3 stack along with GNOME Shell directly from the Ubuntu repositories; to be presented with a "GNOME 3 desktop" choice at login.[132] During the development cycle there were many changes to Unity, including the placement of the Ubuntu button on the Launcher instead of on the Panel, the autohiding of the window controls (and the global menu) of maximized windows, the introduction of more transparency into the Dash (and the Panel when the Dash was opened) and the introduction of window controls for the Dash.[133]

text: In May 2011, it was announced that PiTiVi would be no longer part of the Ubuntu ISO, starting with Ubuntu 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot. The reasons given for removing it included poor user reception, lack of fit with the default user-case for Ubuntu, lack of polish and the application's lack of development maturity. PiTiVi will not be replaced on the ISO with another video editor. Other changes include removing Computer Janitor, as it caused broken systems for users, and the removal of the Synaptic package manager, which can optionally be installed via the Ubuntu Software Center. Déjà Dup has been added as Ubuntu's backup program.[134] Mozilla Thunderbird has replaced the Evolution email client. All removed applications will remain available to users for installation from the Ubuntu Software Center and repositories.[135][136][137][138] Support for Ubuntu Oneiric Ocelot was officially ended on 9 May 2013.

text: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin) is Canonical's sixteenth release of Ubuntu and its fourth Long Term Support (LTS) release, made available on schedule on 26 April 2012.[139][140] It is named after the pangolin anteater.[141] Previous LTS releases have been supported for three years for the desktop version and five years for the server version; this release was supported for five years for both versions, with support ending on April 28, 2017.[142][143]

text: Changes in this release include a much faster startup time for the Ubuntu Software Center and refinements to Unity. This release also switched the default media player from Banshee back to Rhythmbox and dropped the Tomboy note-taking application and the supporting Mono framework as well.[144][145] Also, the window dodge feature has been removed from the Unity launcher starting with Ubuntu 12.04.[146]

text: Ubuntu 12.04 incorporated a new head-up display (HUD) feature that allows hotkey searching for application menu items from the keyboard, without needing the mouse. Shuttleworth said that the HUD "will ultimately replace menus in Unity applications" but for Ubuntu 12.04 at least the menus will remain.[147]

text: Ubuntu 12.04 is the first Ubuntu release shipped with IPv6 privacy extensions turned on by default. Ubuntu 11.10 already supported IPv6 on the desktop and in the installer (stateless address autoconfiguration SLAAC, stateless DHCPv6 and stateful DHCPv6).[148]

text: Like other LTS releases, 12.04 included point releases that bundled updates to shorten downloads for users installing the release later in its lifecycle. The point releases and dates were: 12.04.1 (23 August 2012), 12.04.2 (14 February 2013), 12.04.3 (scheduled for release on 22 August 2013, but actually released on 23 August 2013) and 12.04.4 (6 February 2014).[149] The last point release was 12.04.5, released on 7 August 2014.[150]

text: Jesse Smith of DistroWatch said that many people, like he, had questioned Ubuntu's direction, including Unity. But with Ubuntu 12.04 he felt that the puzzle pieces, which individually may have been underwhelming, had come together to form a whole, clear picture. He said "Unity, though a step away from the traditional desktop, has several features which make it attractive, such as reducing mouse travel. The HUD means that newcomers can find application functionality with a quick search and more advanced users can use the HUD to quickly run menu commands from the keyboard." He wrote that Unity had grown to maturity, while indicating that he was bothered by its lack of flexibility. He did notice issues, however, especially that the HUD did not work in LibreOffice and performance in a virtual machine was unsatisfactory. He concluded that Ubuntu's overall experience was "head and shoulders above anything else in the Linux ecosystem."[151]

text: Jim Lynch wrote "Ubuntu 12.04 is definitely worth an upgrade if you're running an earlier version. Unity is finally coming into its own in this release, plus there are other enhancements that make upgrading worthwhile. Ubuntu is getting better and better with each release. I was one of the Unity skeptics initially, but I've come to accept it as part of Ubuntu."[152]

text: Jack Wallen of TechRepublic – who had strongly criticized early versions of Unity – said "Since Ubuntu 12.04 was released, and I migrated over from Linux Mint, I'm working much more efficiently. This isn't really so much a surprise to me, but to many of the detractors who assume Unity a very unproductive desktop... well, I can officially say they are wrong. [...] I realize that many people out there have spurned Unity (I was one of them for a long time), but the more I use it, the more I realize that Canonical really did their homework on how to help end users more efficiently interact with their computers. Change is hard – period. For many, the idea of change is such a painful notion they wind up missing out on some incredible advancements. Unity is one such advancement."[153]

text: Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal)[edit]

text: On 23 April 2012 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 12.10 would be named Quantal Quetzal. As this will be the first of a series of three releases before the next LTS release, Shuttleworth indicated that it will include a refreshed look, with work to be done on typography and iconography. The release takes its name from the quetzal, a species of Central American birds.[154] Ubuntu 12.10 was released on schedule on 18 October 2012 and is Canonical's seventeenth release of the operating system.[155]

text: Ryan Paul, writing for Ars Technica, said in April 2012 when the name was announced "A Quetzal is a colorful bird that is common to Central America. The most well-known variety, the resplendent quetzal, is known for its beauty. The name is a good fit for Ubuntu, which aims to soar in the cloud, offer visual appeal without compromising function, and avoid smacking into closed windows."[156]

text: The Ubuntu Developer Summit held in May 2012 set the priorities for this release. They are forecast to include an improved boot up sequence and log-in screen, dropping Unity 2D in favor of lower hardware requirements for Unity 3D, wrap around dialogs and toolbars for the HUD and a "vanilla" version of Gnome-Shell as an option. The release would likely include GNOME 3.6, Python 3 and the 3.5 Linux kernel.[157] It would ship with Python 3 in the image, but with Python 2 available in the repositories, via the "python" package.[158] The kernel will have the PAE switched on by default.[159]

text: In July 2012, development versions of Ubuntu 12.10 received a new combined user, session and system menu.[160] This release also included Ubuntu Web Apps, a means of running web applications directly from the desktop, without having to open a browser.[161] It would use Nautilus 3.4 as its file manager, in place of the 3.5 and newer versions, to retain features deleted from later versions.[162]

text: In September 2012, Canonical's Kate Stewart announced that the Ubuntu 12.10 image would not fit on a compact disc, saying "There is no longer a traditional CD sized image, DVD or alternate image, but rather a single 800MB Ubuntu image that can be used from USB or DVD."[163] However, a third-party project has created a version of Ubuntu 12.10 that fits on a CD. It uses LZMA2 compression instead of the DEFLATE compression used on the official Ubuntu DVD image.[164]

text: Also in late September 2012, it was announced that the version of Unity to be shipped with Ubuntu 12.10 would by default include searches of Amazon.com for searched terms. This move caused immediate controversy among Ubuntu users, particularly with regard to privacy issues, and caused Mark Shuttleworth to issue a statement indicating that this feature is not adware and labelled many of the objections "FUD" (Fear, uncertainty and doubt). Shuttleworth stated "What we have in 12.10 isn't the full experience, so those who leap to judgement are at maximum risk of having to eat their words later. Chill out. If the first cut doesn't work for you, remove it, or just search the specific scope you want (there are hotkeys for all the local scopes)." Regardless, users filed a Launchpad bug report on the feature requesting that it be made a separate lens and not included with general desktop searches for files, directories and applications. The degree of community push-back on the issue resulted in plans by the developers to make the dash and where it searches user-configurable via a GUI-setting dialogue. Despite concerns that the setting dialogue would not make the final version of Ubuntu 12.10, it was completed and is present in the final version of 12.10.[165][166][167][168][169][170]

text: In the week prior to the stable release of Ubuntu 12.10 data-privacy advocate Luís de Sousa indicated that the inclusion of the shopping lens, installed without explicit permission of the user, violates European Directive 95/46/EC on data privacy. That directive requires that the "data subject has unambiguously given his consent" in situations where personal identifying information is sent.[171]

text: In reviewing Ubuntu 12.10 at the end of October 2012 for DistroWatch, Jesse Smith raised concerns about the Amazon shopping lens, saying, "it has raised a number of privacy concerns in the community and, looking over Ubuntu's legal notice about privacy does not provide any reassurance. The notice informs us Canonical reserves the right to share our keystrokes, search terms and IP address with a number of third parties, including Facebook, Twitter, Amazon and the BBC. This feature is enabled by default, but can be turned off through the distribution's settings panel." He also found that the dash provided very slow performance and that the release was "practically unusable in the VirtualBox environment". He summed up his experiences, "After a day and a half of using Ubuntu 12.10 it was an internal struggle not to wipe my hard drive and just find another distribution to review. During the first twenty-four hours Ubuntu spied on me, provided performance which was distinctly sub par, the interface regularly popped up errors (sometimes so frequently the first pop-up wouldn't have faded out of view before the next one appeared), the update notification didn't work and it wasn't possible to turn off accessibility features through the graphical interface. Adding insult to injury, the Unity dash kept locking up or losing focus while I was trying to use it and the operating system crashed more times than not while trying to shutdown or logout. Switching away from Unity to GNOME Fallback helped the performance issues I had experienced with the Dash, but it didn't remove the annoying pop-up errors and performance (while usable) still wasn't as good as I would expect. And what really makes me scratch my head is Ubuntu 12.04 worked really well on this same hardware."[172]

text: In early November, the Electronic Frontier Foundation made a statement on the shopping lens issue, "Technically, when you search for something in Dash, your computer makes a secure HTTPS connection to productsearch.ubuntu.com, sending along your search query and your IP address. If it returns Amazon products to display, your computer then insecurely loads the product images from Amazon's server over HTTP. This means that a passive eavesdropper, such as someone sharing a wireless network with you, will be able to get a good idea of what you're searching for on your own computer based on Amazon product images. It's a major privacy problem if you can't find things on your own computer without broadcasting what you're looking for to the world."[173]

text: Writing about Ubuntu 12.10 in a December 2012 review, Jim Lynch addressed the Amazon controversy:

text:
“
One of the desktop changes that some folks might not like is the web app link to Amazon.com... This might come across as a bridge too far in terms of the outright commercialization of Ubuntu. And it is an eery  [sic] reminder of all the garbage that gets installed on Windows PCs by default, by the hardware companies. Is this where Ubuntu is going? Will you someday boot into your Ubuntu desktop only to find tons of commercial crapware clogging up your desktop by default? I sure hope not, as it will be another reason for people to avoid Ubuntu.
”

text: He concluded by saying, "Overall, Ubuntu 12.10 is a decent upgrade for current Ubuntu users. However, the inclusion of the Amazon icon on the launcher, and the discontinuation of Unity 2D might irritate some people."[174]

text: Support for Ubuntu 12.10 Quantal Quetzal officially ended on 16 May 2014.

text: Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail)[edit]

text: On 17 October 2012, Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 13.04 would be named Raring Ringtail and said about this release "[In the next six months] we want to have the phone, tablet and TV all lined up. So I think it's time to look at the core of Ubuntu and review it through a mobile lens: let's measure our core platform by mobile metrics, things like battery life, number of running processes, memory footprint, and polish the rough edges that we find when we do that."[175]

text: The Wubi installer was dropped as of 13.04, due to its incompatibility with Windows 8, and general lack of support and development.[176][177] Previously, on 29 October 2012, at Ubuntu Developer Summit Registration there had been a discussion of redesigning Wubi for Ubuntu 13.04.[178]

text: Ubuntu 13.04 was released on schedule on 25 April 2013.[179]

text: In reviewing Ubuntu 13.04 Jim Lynch from Desktop Linux Reviews said, "I found Ubuntu 13.04 to be a slightly disappointing upgrade. While there are definitely some enhancements in this release, there's also nothing very special about it ... Alas, there's nothing in Ubuntu 13.04 that makes me want to consider it for use as my daily distro. Don't misunderstand me, there's nothing overtly wrong with Ubuntu 13.04 either. It installed and performed very well for me. Unity 7 also has some helpful and attractive updates that Ubuntu users will enjoy, and there are other things in this release that help improve the overall Ubuntu experience...I suspect it is simply because Ubuntu has settled into a comfortable middle age, it works and it works very well for what it does."[180]

text: Support for Ubuntu 13.04 officially ended on 27 January 2014.

text: Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 13.10 is named Saucy Salamander.[181] It was released on schedule on 17 October 2013.

text: Consideration was given to changing the default browser from Mozilla Firefox to Chromium, but problems with timely updates to Ubuntu's Chromium package caused developers to retain Firefox for this release.[182][183]

text: Ubuntu 13.10 was intended to be the first Ubuntu release to replace the aging X11 with the Mir display server, with X11 programs to have operated through the XMir compatibility layer.[184] However, after the development of XMir ran into "outstanding technical difficulties" for multiple monitors, Canonical decided to postpone the default use of Mir in Ubuntu.[181] Mir will still be released as the default display server for Ubuntu Touch 13.10.[185]

text: Ryan Paul of Ars Technica wrote that although 13.10 brings useful enhancements, it is "a relatively thin update". He also said "the new Dash concept is intriguing, but its usefulness is a bit limited"; and even though he thinks that universal Web search is potentially useful, he's somewhat uncomfortable with how Canonical joins it with local system searches.[181]

text: In a review of Ubuntu 13.10 Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu criticized the new Smart Scopes feature, saying, "...it's less of a help and more of a hindrance. With so many web services offering results for a search term – however innocuous it might be – the Dash ends up resembling a wall painted in unintelligible, irrelevant mess." Sneddon noted that internet search engines turn in more useful and better organized results and recommended selectively disabling individual scopes to reduce the noise factor.[186]

text: Jim Lynch of Linux Desktop Reviews described the release as "boring" and noted, "alas, Ubuntu 13.10 follows in the footsteps of Ubuntu 13.04. The big new desktop feature is Smart Scopes ... Beyond that there's not a whole lot that is interesting or exciting to talk about. It turns out that Saucy Salamander is one truly dull amphibian. Canonical really should rename this release to 'Snoozing Salamander' instead." Lynch described the Smart Scopes, "this is a very useful function, and it can save you a lot of time when looking for information. I understand that some people will regard this as a privacy violation, no problem. There's an easy way to disable Smart Scopes."[187]

text: Maria Korolov writing for Network World in December 2013 said of the release, "there is a benefit to be had in being able to search for files you own on both local drives and in cloud services such as Google Drive and Flickr. That's the idea behind Unity Smart Scopes...The result is a cluttered mess. The first thing many users will probably do after installing Ubuntu 13.10 is to get rid of most of these results...mixing generic Web results in with your own files is just confusing."[188]

text: In its year-end Readers Choice Awards Linux Journal readers voted Ubuntu as Best Linux Distribution and Best Desktop Distribution for 2013.[189]

text: Support for Ubuntu 13.10 ended on 17 July 2014.[190]

text: Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)[edit]

text: Mark Shuttleworth announced on 31 October 2011 that by Ubuntu 14.04, Ubuntu would support smartphones, tablets, TVs and smart screens.[191]

text: On 18 October 2013, it was announced that Ubuntu 14.04 would be dubbed "Trusty Tahr".[192][193]

text: This version was released on 17 April 2014, and is the 20th release of Ubuntu. Shuttleworth indicated that the focus in this development cycle would be a release characterized by "performance, refinement, maintainability, technical debt" and encouraged the developers to make "conservative choices". Technical debt refers to catching up and refining supporting work for earlier changes. The development cycle for this release focused on the tablet interface, specifically for the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets. There were few changes to the desktop as 14.04 used the existing mature Unity 7 interface. Ubuntu 14.04 included the ability to turn off the global menu system and used locally integrated menus instead for individual applications. Other features were the retention of Xorg and not Mir or XMir, a Unity 8 developers' preview, new mobile applications, a redesigned USB Start-Up Disk Creator tool, a new forked version of the GNOME Control Center, called the Unity Control Center and default SSD TRIM support. GNOME 3.10 is installed by default.[193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201]

text: Point releases included 14.04.1 on 24 July 2014, 14.04.2 on 19 February 2015, 14.04.3 on 6 August 2015, 14.04.4 on 18 February 2016 and 14.04.5 on 4 August 2016.[194] The release initially included Linux kernel 3.13, but this was updated to 4.2 with the point release of 14.04.4 on 18 February 2016.[194][202] The final point release, 14.04.5, provided the latest Linux kernel and graphics stacks from Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. Point release 14.04.5 was the final one for 14.04 LTS.[203]

text: Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu noted that recent Ubuntu releases have received lower and lower amounts of mainstream press coverage and termed it an "established product that has, by and large, remained a niche interest".[204]

text: In reviewing Ubuntu 14.04 LTS in April 2014, Jim Lynch concluded: "Ubuntu 14.04 seems to be all about refining the Ubuntu desktop. While there are not a lot of amazing new features in this release, there are quite a few very useful and needed tweaks that add up to a much better desktop experience. Canonical's designers seem to be listening to Ubuntu users again, and they seem willing to make the changes necessary to give the users what they want. That may be the single most important thing about Ubuntu 14.04. It could be an indication of a sea change in Canonical's attitude toward Ubuntu users."[205]

text: Jack Wallin writing for Tech Republic termed Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, "as polished a distribution as you'll find. It's cleaner, performs better, and is all around improved. Some users may say that this is the most boring release Canonical has unleashed in years, but I believe it to be one of the finest."[206]

text: Terry Relph-Knight of ZDNet said, "although there are no amazing 'must-have' new features in Ubuntu 14.04, it is worth upgrading just to get the latest LTS release with a more recent kernel and default applications."[207]

text: Scott Gilbertson of Ars Technica stated, "Ubuntu is one of the most polished desktops around, certainly the most polished in the Linux world, but in many ways that polish is increasingly skin deep at the expense of some larger usability issues which continue to go unaddressed release after release."[208]

text: Ubuntu 14.10 (Utopic Unicorn)[edit]

text: On 23 April 2014 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 14.10 would carry the name Utopic Unicorn.[209][210] Version 14.10 was released on 23 October, having only minor updates to the kernel, Unity Desktop, and included packages such as LibreOffice and Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird. The kernel was updated to 3.16 for hardware support (e.g. graphics) and has for security, full kernel address space layout randomization applied to the kernel and its modules, plus the closure of a number of information leaks in /proc.[211]

text: This version is the 21st release. Ubuntu 14.10 was officially characterized as a release that addressed "bug fixes and incremental quality improvements" and so it incorporated very few new features.[212]

text: Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu wrote in reviewing this release, "Ubuntu 14.10, codenamed "Utopic Unicorn", is saddled with a modest changelog, composed largely of bug fixes, stability improvements and key software updates. All worthy, but falls a little way short of the "fresh ideas and new art" that should "raise the roof" – quotes from Mark Shuttleworth's "U” name announcement...For the release taking place in the week of Ubuntu's 10th anniversary, this may all read like a bit of an anticlimax. No headline user features, no visual changes (bar a few new icons for the sidebar of Nautilus) – there's not even a new default wallpaper to look at...But on the flip side it's perhaps the most fitting release; the one that shows just how far Ubuntu has come in the past few years. Mature, dependable and sure in its own (Ambiance-themed) skin, buggy feature churn has given way to a sustained era of assured stability...Ubuntu 14.10 is a rock-solid, hearty and dependable release. Perhaps more here than ever before. There's no getting away from the fact that it's an uninspiring update on paper, and is far from being anything approaching essential."[213]

text: Michael Larabel of Phoronix wrote, "At the end of the day simple end-users won't see much of a difference over Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, which is a bit sad given that this is the tenth anniversary release of Ubuntu Linux. For everyday Linux desktop users the many upgraded packages are great but there isn't too much more to celebrate about today on the desktop front."[214]

text: Scott Gilbertson, writing for The Register, explained, "I've been covering Ubuntu for seven of the release's 10 years and 14.10 is the first time I've had to dig deep into the release notes just to find something new to test...If you needed further proof that Canonical is currently solely focused on bringing its Unity 8 interface to mobile devices, 14.10 is the best evidence yet...Almost nothing Canonical develops has changed in this release – there isn't even a new desktop wallpaper. There are some updates to be sure, but they don't hail from Canonical...The lack of updates isn't unexpected, in fact that's been the plan all along...Desktop Ubuntu is currently in a kind of suspended animation, waiting on Unity 8 and Mir to be ready for its coming metamorphosis. The short story is that it makes no sense for Canonical to keep refining Unity 7 when it will soon be retired."[215]

text: Ubuntu 15.04 (Vivid Vervet)[edit]

text: On 20 October 2014 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 15.04 would be named Vivid Vervet. It was released on 23 April 2015.[216][217][218][219] This was the 22nd Ubuntu release.

text: Ubuntu 15.04 used systemd instead of Upstart by default.[220] This release also featured locally integrated menus by default, replacing the previous default global menus.[221]

text: Silviu Stahie, writing for Softpedia, said about this release while it was in beta, "Ubuntu 15.04 is not an exciting release, but that it's only a surface impression. The truth is that it's an important upgrade because some very important changes have been made, including the adoption of systemd. Users will notice that not too many visual changes have been implemented in Ubuntu 15.04, but that was to be expected. The team is transitioning to a new Unity version that is still not ready for general use, so it's easy to understand why Ubuntu 15.04 is not all that different from Ubuntu 14.10."[222]

text: This release included modest improvements in Intel Haswell graphics performance and bigger improvements for AMD Radeon graphics cards using the open-source Radeon R600 and RadeonSI Gallium3D drivers.[223]

text: In reviewing this release, Joey Sneddon, of OMG Ubuntu, said "Ubuntu 15.04 is yet another solid entry in the distribution's long release history. A dependable desktop operating system suited for end users but with plenty of convenient extras to woo developers with. Though the Unity 7 desktop is largely mothballed as work progresses on the new converged experience with Unity 8, the modest refinements received here buff the experience. Unity in Ubuntu 15.04 shines brighter, a glowing example of a desktop that 'just works' for users.".[224]

text: Jesse Smith of DistroWatch wrote, "One of the changes I was interested in exploring was Ubuntu's switch from the Upstart init software to systemd. In this regard I was pleasantly surprised. I find most distributions, when they initially make the switch to systemd, introduce bugs or, at the very least, break backward compatibility. Sometimes service managers stop working properly and network device names usually change. Even if everything works as it should, the administrator needs to adjust to systemd's approach to logging and adopt a different method of managing services. Ubuntu has taken an approach I like with regards to adopting systemd." He concluded, "on the surface, Ubuntu 15.04 does not bring many changes. There are a few cosmetic adjustments, but nothing major that desktop users are likely to notice. Most of the interesting work appears to be going on behind the scenes... Ubuntu 15.04 feels very stable and easy to configure. This is an operating system that is virtually effortless to set up and run and I feel the Unity 7 desktop does a nice job of providing lots of features while staying out of the way... All in all, I like what Canonical has done with Ubuntu 15.04. This feels like a small, incremental evolution for Ubuntu and Unity. The init switch, which has disrupted the users of several other distributions, goes largely unnoticed in Ubuntu and I think that is worthy of praise."[225]

text: Ubuntu 15.10 (Wily Werewolf)[edit]

text: Shuttleworth announced on 4 May 2015 that Ubuntu 15.10 would be called Wily Werewolf.[226] He initially expressed hope that the release would include the Mir display server, but it was released on 22 October 2015 without Mir. It was the 23rd release of Ubuntu.[227][228][229]

text: Ubuntu 15.10 eliminated the disappearing window edge scrollbars in favour of the upstream GNOME scrollbars, a move designed to save developer time in creating patches and updates.[230]

text: In reviewing the release, Chris Jones wrote, "Ubuntu 15.10 as an operating system for Review is pretty lackluster. There's nothing new as such and there's nothing we can really say that is going to change your opinion from its predecessor, 15.04. Therefore, we recommend you to upgrade either out of habit and according to your regular upgrade schedule rather than out of a specific necessity for a specific feature of this release. Because there is really nothing that could possibly differentiate it from the older, yet still very stable 15.04 release. But if you're going to stick with 15.04 for a little longer, we do recommend that you look at upgrading the kernel to the latest 4.2 branch. It is worth it. If you really want a reason to upgrade? Linux kernel 4.2 would be our sole reason for taking Ubuntu 15.10 into consideration."[231]

text: Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu noted, "For a release named after a terrifying mythological creature Ubuntu 15.10 is surprisingly tame. There are no dramatic transformations, no bone popping or shirt ripping and certainly no hair sprouting under the milky eye of full moon. In fact, a new wallpaper and change in scrollbar appearance is about as shapeshift-y as this werewolf gets."[232]

text: Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols of ZDNet praised the release for its integration of cloud services, such as the new Ubuntu OpenStack cloud deployment and management tool, OpenStack Autopilot as well as its server tools. Ubuntu's machine container hypervisor, LXD, included by default in 15.10, was singled out. Vaughan-Nichols concluded, "with these advances, chances are you're more likely to use Ubuntu, hidden behind the scenes, on clouds and servers."[233]

text: A Hectic Geek review noted problems with X.Org Server crashes and concluded "If you use Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and if it's working out for you, then there really is no need to switch to a non-LTS release, especially to the 15.10."[234]

text: A review on Dedoimedo identified problems with Samba, Bluetooth, desktop searching, battery life and the smartphone interface and found the release inconsistent, saying, "unpredictability is horrible. Give me a good experience, or give me a bad experience, but please try not to seesaw between them erratically. Continuous, steady change in behavior, any which way." The review concluded, "it underperforms compared to some of its siblings and ancestors. Not the best, definitely not worth a perma upgrade, but you might find it more palatable to your hardware and use cases. Overall, though Wily isn't the best of distros. It sure gave me the willies. 7/10."[235]

text: Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)[edit]

text: Shuttleworth announced on 21 October 2015 that Ubuntu 16.04 LTS would be called Xenial Xerus.[236] It was released on 21 April 2016.[237]

text: The default desktop environment continues to be Unity 7, with an option for Unity 8. In May 2015, Shuttleworth indicated that Ubuntu 16.04 LTS would include Unity 8 and Mir, but that users have a choice of that or Unity 7 and X.org. He said, "Unity 8 will be an option for 16.04 and we'll let the community decide the default for 16.04."[238]

text: The release adds support for Ceph and ZFS filesystems, the LXD[239][240] hypervisor (using seccomp) for OpenStack, and Snappy packages will be supported.[237][241] It will use systemd instead of Upstart as its init system.[242][243][244] This release will replace the Ubuntu Software Centre with GNOME Software and eliminate Empathy and Brasero from the ISO file.[245][246] Reviewer Jack Wallen said, "The truth of the matter is, the Ubuntu Software Center has been a horrible tool for a very long time. Making this move will greatly improve the Ubuntu experience for every user."[247]

text: This release has online dash search results disabled by default in Unity 7. "None of your search terms will leave your computer", stated Ubuntu desktop manager Will Cooke.[248][249] Reviewer Jack Wallen said about this, "I've never considered the inclusion of online search results to be spyware. In fact, I have always considered the online results to be an efficient means of searching for products through Amazon (etc.). That being said, with the release of 16.04, this feature is disabled."[247]

text: Ubuntu 16.04 LTS does not support the AMD Catalyst (fglrx) driver for AMD/ATI graphics cards and instead recommends the free software radeon and amdgpu alternatives. These may not provide optimal graphics performance, however.[250] AMDGPU-PRO is available for Ubuntu 16.04[251]

text: The first point release, 16.04.1, was released on 21 July 2016.[252] Release of Ubuntu 16.04.2 was delayed a number of times, but it was eventually released on 17 February 2017. Ubuntu 16.04.3 was released on 3 August 2017.[244][253][254]

text: Ubuntu 16.10 (Yakkety Yak)[edit]

text: Mark Shuttleworth announced on 21 April 2016 that Ubuntu 16.10 would be called Yakkety Yak.[255] It was released on 13 October 2016.[256]

text: This release features a maintenance version of Unity 7, but offers Unity 8 packages included in the ISO, so that users can test them. Other improvements include a new version of Ubuntu Software that supports faster loading, better support for installing command-line-only non-GUI applications, support for installing fonts and multimedia codecs and introduction of paid applications.[257] It is based on Linux kernel version 4.8.[258]

text: This version of Ubuntu introduced only minor incremental changes. These included LibreOffice 5.2, GTK3 version by default, the Update Manager shows changelog entries for Personal Package Archives (PPAs) as well as repository software, GNOME applications updated to version 3.20, with some using version 3.22. Also systemd now handles user sessions as well as the previously implemented system sessions.[258]

text: Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu said, "Ubuntu 16.10 is not a big update over Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, released back in April. If you were hoping it'd be a compelling or must-have upgrade you'll be sadly disappointed." He did find some improvements, "The Ubuntu Software app is also significantly faster in use. This solves a real pet peeve of mine on the incumbent LTS desktop. Thankfully, Yakkety makes it quicker to find, browser, search and install applications," but concluded, "Ubuntu 16.10 is not a must-have upgrade—not for most people."[259]

text: Marius Nestor of Softpedia noted, "Ubuntu 16.10 is not an exciting release for fans of the open source operating system. Probably the most important feature of Yakkety Yak is Linux kernel 4.8, which brings support for the latest hardware, but other than that, you'll get some updated components that are mostly based on the old GNOME 3.20 Stack."[260]

text: Writing in Makeuseof, Bertel King, Jr. said, "If you're feeling underwhelmed, you probably remember the Ubuntu of yesteryear. Back in the days of 8.10, 9.04, and 10.04 each release brought forth a new theme or ambitious feature. Unity first appeared in 10.10 as a netbook interface before replacing the regular desktop in 11.04. By comparison, modern Ubuntu updates feel relatively stagnant. You would be forgiven for not being able to distinguish between 12.04 and 16.10."[261]

text: Ubuntu 17.04 (Zesty Zapus)[edit]

text: On 17 October 2016, Mark Shuttleworth announced that the codename of Ubuntu 17.04, released on 13 April 2017, would be Zesty Zapus.[262]

text: This release dropped support for the 32-bit PowerPC architecture, following the same move by the upstream Debian project. Other changes include the default DNS resolver now being systemd-resolved, Linux kernel 4.10, and support for printers which allow printing without printer-specific drivers.[263][264][265]

text: Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu said of this release, "this is no normal release of Ubuntu. It's potentially the last version of the distribution that will come with the Unity 7 desktop by default. That's not a certainty, of course, but we know that Ubuntu will switch to GNOME for Ubuntu 18.04 LTS next year. It's reasonable to expect developers to want to kick a few tyres on that switch ahead of time, in the next interim release. A bittersweet release then, Ubuntu 17.04 sees the distro reach the end of the alphabet in codenames, and the end of an era in everything else. Sadly there's not an awful lot to say. Unity is, by and large, the same as it is in the 16.04 LTS....Ubuntu 17.04 is an iterative update with modest appeal. While there is little compelling reason for anyone running Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to upgrade (especially for those who opt receive the newer hardware enablement stack) it's not an irrelevant release. Ubuntu 16.10 users will want to upgrade to Ubuntu 17.04 for the general around improvements, access to newer apps, and because the truncated support period of these short term releases necessitates it."[264]

text: Maruis Nestor of Softpedia called it, "a powerful release, both inside and outside" and noted, "the default desktop environment remains Unity 7, so your beloved Ubuntu desktop environment is not going anyway at the moment. It will also be available in the upcoming Ubuntu 17.10 release, whose development will start next month. After that, starting with Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, the GNOME desktop will be used by default."[265]

text: Ubuntu 17.10 (Artful Aardvark)[edit]

text: The name of this release, Artful Aardvark, was announced via Launchpad on 21 April 2017, instead of on Shuttleworth's blog as has been the case in the past. It was released on 19 October 2017.[266][267][268]

text: This was the first release of Ubuntu to use the GNOME Shell interface, and replaced X11 with the Wayland display server.[269][270][271] In May 2017, Ken VanDine, a Canonical Software Engineer on the Ubuntu desktop team tasked with the switch to GNOME, confirmed that the intention is to ship the most current version of GNOME, with very few changes from a stock installation.[272]

text: This release also dropped support for 32-bit architecture.[273]

text: Writer J.A. Watson of ZDNet said, "I have not been much of an Ubuntu fan for a long time now, but this release includes a lot of significant changes, many of which might address some of my most serious objections about Ubuntu. So I think I should take a closer look at it than I normally do." He noted on printer configuration, "I got a notice that our wireless printer had been successfully configured. I hadn't even thought about trying to set up a printer yet, so that was a very nice surprise - and a good thing to point out to those who are still going around spouting 5+ years out of date information about how difficult it is to use printers with Linux."[274]

text: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver)[edit]

text: Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver[275] is a long term support version and will be released on 26 April 2018.[276][277]

text: On 5 April 2017 Shuttleworth announced that this release, a year away at that time, will abandon the Unity desktop and employ the GNOME 3 desktop instead, as Canonical moves away from its ambitions to produce a unified mobile and desktop operating system and concentrates on desktop, cloud computing and IoT platforms instead.[270][271]

text: Table of versions[edit]

text:
Version
Code name
Release date
Supported until
Initial kernel version

Desktops
Servers

4.10
Warty Warthog
2004-10-20
Old version, no longer supported: 2006-04-30
2.6.8

5.04
Hoary Hedgehog
2005-04-08
Old version, no longer supported: 2006-10-31
2.6.10

5.10
Breezy Badger
2005-10-13
Old version, no longer supported: 2007-04-13
2.6.12

6.06 LTS
Dapper Drake
2006-06-01
Old version, no longer supported: 2009-07-14
Old version, no longer supported: 2011-06-01
2.6.15

6.10
Edgy Eft
2006-10-26
Old version, no longer supported: 2008-04-25
2.6.17

7.04
Feisty Fawn
2007-04-19
Old version, no longer supported: 2008-10-19
2.6.20

7.10
Gutsy Gibbon
2007-10-18
Old version, no longer supported: 2009-04-18
2.6.22

8.04 LTS
Hardy Heron
2008-04-24
Old version, no longer supported: 2011-05-12
Old version, no longer supported: 2013-05-09
2.6.24

8.10
Intrepid Ibex
2008-10-30
Old version, no longer supported: 2010-04-30
2.6.27

9.04
Jaunty Jackalope
2009-04-23
Old version, no longer supported: 2010-10-23
2.6.28

9.10
Karmic Koala
2009-10-29
Old version, no longer supported: 2011-04-30
2.6.31

10.04 LTS
Lucid Lynx
2010-04-29
Old version, no longer supported: 2013-05-09
Old version, no longer supported: 2015-04-30
2.6.32

10.10
Maverick Meerkat
2010-10-10
Old version, no longer supported: 2012-04-10
2.6.35

11.04
Natty Narwhal
2011-04-28
Old version, no longer supported: 2012-10-28
2.6.38

11.10
Oneiric Ocelot
2011-10-13
Old version, no longer supported: 2013-05-09
3.0

12.04 LTS
Precise Pangolin
2012-04-26[278]
Old version, no longer supported: 2017-04-28[279]
3.2,[280] EDM includes it or 3.13[281]

12.10
Quantal Quetzal
2012-10-18
Old version, no longer supported: 2014-05-16[282]
3.5[283] 3.13

13.04
Raring Ringtail
2013-04-25
Old version, no longer supported: 2014-01-27[8]
3.8[284]

13.10
Saucy Salamander
2013-10-17[285]
Old version, no longer supported: 2014-07-17[190]
3.11

14.04 LTS
Trusty Tahr
2014-04-17[194]
Older version, yet still supported: 2019-04
3.13

14.10
Utopic Unicorn
2014-10-23[210]
Old version, no longer supported: 2015-07-23[286]
3.16[287]

15.04
Vivid Vervet
2015-04-23[218]
Old version, no longer supported: 2016-02-04[288]
3.19[289]

15.10
Wily Werewolf
2015-10-22[229]
Old version, no longer supported: 2016-07-28[290]
4.2[291]

16.04 LTS
Xenial Xerus
2016-04-21[237]
Older version, yet still supported: 2021-04
4.4[292]

16.10
Yakkety Yak
2016-10-13[256]
Old version, no longer supported: 2017-07-20[293]
4.8

17.04
Zesty Zapus
2017-04-13[294]
Older version, yet still supported: 2018-01
4.10[295]

17.10
Artful Aardvark
2017-10-19[296]
Current stable version: 2018-07
4.13[297]

18.04 LTS
Bionic Beaver
2018-04-26[277]
Future release: 2023-04
TBA

Legend:
Old version
Older version, still supported
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

text: Version timeline[edit]

text: Version end of life[edit]

text: After each version of Ubuntu has reached its end-of-life time, its repositories are removed from the main Ubuntu servers and consequently the mirrors.[298] Older versions of Ubuntu repositories and releases can be found on the old Ubuntu releases website.[299][300]