document_title: Indian Science Congress Association

question_text: who was the president of the first indian science congress meeting held in kolkata in 1914

text: Indian Science Congress Association

text: Genesis[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon. It occurred to them that scientific research in India might be stimulated if an annual meeting of research workers somewhat on the lines of the British Association for the Advancement of Science could be arranged.

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The Association was formed with the following objectives :

text:
To advance and promote the cause of science in India;
To hold an annual congress at a suitable place in India;
To publish such proceedings, journals, transactions and other publications as may be considered desirable;
To secure and manage funds and endowments for the promotion of Science including the rights of disposing of or selling all or any portion of the properties of the Association;
To do and perform any or all other acts, matters and things as are conductive to, or incidental to, or necessary for, the above objects.

text: Indian Science Congress sessions[edit]

text: First Congress[edit]

text: The first meeting of the congress was held from 15–17 January 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Honorable justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the then Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presided over the Congress. One hundred and five scientists from different parts of India and abroad attended it. Altogether 35 papers under 6 different sections, namely Botany, Chemistry, Ethnography, Geology, Physics and Zoology were presented.

text: Silver Jubilee[edit]

text: The Silver Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Calcutta in 1938 under the presidency of Lord Rutherford of Nelson but due to his sudden death, Sir James Hopwood Jeans took the chair. It was at this Jubilee Session that the participation of foreign scientists in session of the Indian Science Congress was first initiated.

text: 34th Edition – Participation of foreign scientists[edit]

text: The 34th Annual Session of the Indian Science Congress was held at Delhi in 3–8 January 1947 with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, as General president. Pandit Nehru's personal interest in the Science Congress continued and there was hardly any session which he did not attend. He immensely enriched the activities of the Congress by his sustained interest in the development of scientific atmosphere in the country, particularly among young generations. From 1947, his programme for inviting representatives from foreign societies and academies was included in the Science Congress. This trend still continues with the support of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

text: Golden Jubilee[edit]

text: The Science Congress celebrated its Golden Jubilee in October 1963 at Delhi with Prof.D. S. Kothari as General president. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A short History of the Indian Science Congress Association and
Fifty Years of Science in India (in 12 volumes, each volume containing reviews of particular branch of science)

text: Diamond Jubilee[edit]

text: The Diamond Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Chandigarh in 3–9 January 1973, under the presidency of Dr.S.Bhagavantam. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A Decade (1963–72) Indian Science Congress Association (with life-sketches of General presidents) and
A Decade (1963–72) of Science in India(in section-wise).

text: 63rd edition – Introduction of focal theme[edit]

text: The year 1976 witnessed a significant departure in the trend of deliberations during the congress. It was being felt for sometime that such a gathering of scientists, covering a wide spectrum, ought to be concerned with national issues that have scientific and technological implications. In 1976, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the then General President of ISCA introduced the Focal Theme of national relevance which is now discussed in every section, committee and forum during the annual session. These apart, several plenary sessions are organised around various facets of the Focal Theme in which scientists and technologists as well as policy makers and administrators interact with one another. ISCA thus became a platform where members from different disciplines and from different walks of life could contribute to discussions on the Focal Theme.

text: 67th edition – Setting up of a task force[edit]

text: Another significant breakthrough was made in 1980 when the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, set up a permanent Task Force involving representatives of ISCA and chiefs of different agencies and voluntary organizations chaired by Secretary, DST, as being responsible for following up various recommendations on the Focal Theme. Every year follow-up actions on recommendations made in the previous Science Congress are discussed at a General Session organized by DST during the Science Congress. Through this process, the Indian Science Congress Association has been contributing to the development of Science in general and National Science Policy, in particular.

text: Platinum Jubilee[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association celebrated the seventy-fifth year of its inception, popularly called otherwise, Platinum Jubilee, in 1988, with Prof. C. N. R. Rao as General president. Keeping this in view, a special brochure, entitled "Indian Science Congress Association-Growth & Activities" was published so as to highlight the programmes of the Association over the years. The main programmes were:

text:
Bringing out special publication on the occasion of the Platinum Jubilee
Presentation of Plaques to the General presidents of the Association
Establishment of Platinum Jubilee Lectures to be organised in each section during the annual session of the Science Congress and
Extension of the recent activities of the ISCA and its further diversification to generate scientific temper and popularise science

text: 98th edition[edit]

text: The five-day-long session, from 3 to 7 January 2011, at the Campus of SRM University, Chennai was inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 January 2011. The focal theme of this session was: "Quality education and excellence in scientific research in Indian universities". The prime minister said: "The Indian scientific community must apply its research findings and translate them into marketable products for the country to realize the true benefits of scientific progress. At the same time, he cautioned on "illiberal" uses of technology and cited use of nuclear weapons, applications of synthetic chemistry in agriculture and in poison gases and "perverse use" of genetics in Nazi Germany to drive home his point.

text: Nobel laureates Amartya Sen, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Ada Yonath, Thomas A. Steitz, Tim Hunt and Martin Chalfie delivered special lectures at the congress. Venkata Ramakrishnan inaugurated the parallel Children's Science Congress on Tuesday, 4 January 2011.[1]

text: 99th edition[edit]

text: The five-day, 99th edition of the ISCA, from 3 to 7 January 2012 was hosted by KIIT University and National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER) in Bhubaneswar, Orissa. It saw the participation of more than 15000 delegates, which included 500 foreign scientists and 20 Nobel laureates. It was inaugurated by the incumbent Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. On its sidelines, the first Women's Science Congress was inaugurated by Nirupama Rao, India's ambassador to United States of America and the Children's Science Congress was inaugurated by the former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

text: Centenary edition[edit]

text: The 100th edition was hosted by the University of Calcutta which is in the city of Kolkata from 3 to 7 January 2013. The theme of the Centenary Congress was, “Science for shaping the future of India.”[2] It was inaugurated by the former President of India Pranab Mukherjee in the presence of the former Prime Minister of India Dr.Manmohan Singh and the incumbent Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee.

text: 101st edition[edit]

text: The 101st edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Jammu starting from February 3, 2014 to February 8.[3]

text: 102nd edition[edit]

text: The 102nd edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Mumbai from January 3, 2015 to January 7, 2015.[4] It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Mumbai University.[5] Studies and papers on Ancient Indian Vedas were presented in this Congress.[6][7][8][9][10] Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science in the fields of medicine, mathematics, surgery etc. were presented.[11][12] There was also a session on India's successful Mars Orbiter Mission.[13]

text: Sections, committees and forums of ISCA[edit]

text: From a modest beginning of only hundred and five members, ISCA has grown into a strong fraternity with more than ten thousand members as of 2012. Only thirty-five papers were presented at the first Congress, a number that has risen to nearly one thousand.

text: In 2000, there were sixteen sections, including Agricultural Science, Anthropology & Archaeology, Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Material science, Mathematics, Medical & Veterinary sciences, Physics, Physiology, Psychology & Educational Science, Statistics, Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries;

text: Two committees, including Home science and Science & Society;

text: Six forums, including Communication & Information sciences, Environmental science, Forensic science, Science education, Science for school students and women & science.

text: There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and Forestry sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and Behavioral sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science, Plant science;

text: Interaction with foreign scientific academies/associations[edit]

text: After independence ISCA has been actively represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations, namely British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, French Academy of Sciences, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. with a view to have a first hand knowledge on topics of mutual interest.

text: Conflict within the Indian science system[edit]

text: Corruption in India is a major problem and the science sector is no exception.[14][15] ISCA has served as a platform to discuss the issues facing Indian scientists, with some calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.[16] In her commentary on the centenary session of ISCA, Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”[17] Prime minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with "the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.[18]

text: Sessions of Indian Science Congress[edit]

text:
Session
Year
Place
General President
Title/Theme

1st
1914
Kolkata
Ashutosh Mukherjee
About Science Congress

2nd
1915
Chennai
W. B. Bannermann
The importance of knowledge of biology of medical, sanitary and scientific men working in the tropics

3rd
1916
Lucknow
Sidney J. Burrard
The plains of northern India and their relationship to the Himalayan mountains

4th
1917
Bengaluru
Alfred Gibbs Bourne
On scientific research

5th
1918
Lahore
Gilbert T. Walker
On teaching of science

6th
1919
Mumbai
Leonard Rogers
Researches on cholera

7th
1920
Nagpur
Prafulla Chandra Roy
Dawn of science in modern India

8th
1921
Kolkata
Rajendranath Mookerjee
On science and industry

9th
1922
Chennai
C. S. Middlemiss
Relativity

10th
1923
Lucknow
M. Visvesvaraya
Scientific institutions and scientists

11th
1924
Bengaluru
N. Annandale
Evolution convergent and divergent

12th
1925
Varanasi
M. O. Forster
On experimental training

13th
1926
Mumbai
Albert Howard
Agriculture and science

14th
1927
Lahore
J. C. Bose
Unity of life

15th
1928
Kolkata
J. L. Simonsen
On chemistry of natural products

16th
1929
Chennai
C. V. Raman
On Raman Effect

17th
1930
Allahabad
C. S. Christopher
The science and disease

18th
1931
Nagpur
R. B. Seymour Sewell
The problem of evolution experimental modification of bodily structure

19th
1932
Bengaluru
Lala Shiv Ram Kashyap
Some aspects of the Alpine vegetation of the Himalaya and Tibet

20th
1933
Patna
Lewis L. Fermor
The place of geology in the life of a nation

21st
1934
Mumbai
Meghnad Saha
Fundamental cosmological problems

22nd
1935
Kolkata
J. H. Hutton
Anthropology and India

23rd
1936
Indore
U. N. Brahmachari
The Role of science in the recent progress of medicine

24th
1937
Hyderabad
T. S. Venkataraman
The Indian village – its past, present and future

25th
1938
Kolkata
James Jeans (Lord Rutherford of Nelson died prematurely)
Researches in India and in Great Britain

26th
1939
Lahore
J. C. Ghosh
On research in Chemistry in India

27th
1940
Chennai
Birbal Sahni
The Deccan Traps: an episode of the Tertiary era

28th
1941
Varanasi
Ardeshir Dalal
Science and industry

29th
1942
Vadodara
D. N. Wadia
The making of India

30th
1943
Kolkata
D. N. Wadia
Minerals’ share in the war

31st
1944
Delhi
S. N. Bose
The Classical Determinism and the Quantum Theory

32nd
1945
Nagpur
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
Give science a chance

33rd
1946
Bengaluru
M. Afzal Hussain
The food problem of India

34th
1947
Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Science in the service of the nation

35th
1948
Patna
Ram Nath Chopra
Rationalisation of medicine in India

36th
1949
Allahabad
K. S. Krishnan

37th
1950
Pune
P. C. Mahalanobis
Why statistics?

38th
1951
Bengaluru
H. J. Bhabha
The present concept of the physical world

39th
1952
Kolkata
J. N. Mukherjee
Science and our problems

40th
1953
Lucknow
D. M. Bose
The living and the non-living

41st
1954
Hyderabad
S. L. Hora
Give scientists a chance

42nd
1955
Vadodara
S. K. Mitra
Science and progress

43rd
1956
Agra
M. S. Krishnan
Mineral resources and their problems

44th
1957
Kolkata
B. C. Roy
On science for human welfare and development of the country

45th
1958
Chennai
M. S. Thacker
Grammar of scientific development

46th
1959
Delhi
A. L. Mudaliar
Tribute to basic sciences

47th
1960
Mumbai
P. Parija
Impact of society on science

48th
1961
Roorkee
N. R. Dhar
Nitrogen problem

49th
1962
Cuttack
B. Mukherji
Impact of life sciences on man

50th
1963
Delhi
D. S. Kothari
Science and the universities

51st
1964
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir
Science and the state

52nd
1965
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir

53rd
1966
Chandigarh
B. N. Prasad
Science in India

54th
1967
Hyderabad
T. R. Seshadri
Science and national welfare

55th
1968
Varanasi
Atma Ram
Science in India – some aspects

56th
1969
Mumbai
A. C. Joshi (A. C. Banerjee died prematurely)
A breathing spell:plant sciences in the service of man

57th
1970
Kharagpur
L. C. Verman
Standardization: a triple point

58th
1971
Bengaluru
B. P. Pal
Agricultural science and human welfare

59th
1972
Kolkata
W. D. West
Geology in the service of India

60th
1973
Chandigarh
S. Bhagavantam
Sixty years of science in India

61st
1974
Nagpur
R. S. Mishra
Mathematics – queen or handmaid

62nd
1975
Delhi
Asima Chatterjee(the first lady scientist to be elected as the General President)
Science and technology in India: present and future

63rd
1976
Visakhapatnam
M. S. Swaminathan
Science and integrated rural development

64th
1977
Bhubaneswar
H. N. Sethna
Survey, conservation and utilisation of resources

65th
1978
Ahmedabad
S. M. Sircar
Science, education and rural development

66th
1979
Hyderabad
R. C. Mehrotra
Science and technology in India during the coming decades

67th
1980
Jadavpur
A. K. Saha
Energy strategies for India

68th
1981
Varanasi
A. K. Sharma
Impact of development of science and technology on environment

69th
1982
Mysuru
M. G. K. Menon
Basic Research as an integral component of self-reliant base of science and technology

70th
1983
Tirupati
Barry Ramachandra Rao
Man and the ocean – resource and development

71st
1984
Ranchi
R. P. Bambah
Quality science in India – ends and means

72nd
1985
Lucknow
A. S. Paintal
High altitude studies

73rd
1986
Delhi
T. N. Khoshoo
Role of science and technology in environment management

74th
1987
Bengaluru
Archana Sharma
Resources and human well-being-inputs from science and technology

75th
1988
Pune
C. N. R. Rao
Frontiers in science and technology

76th
1989
Madurai
A. P. Mitra
Science and technology in India:technology missions

77th
1990
Kochi
Yash Pal
Science in society

78th
1991
Indore
D. K. Sinha
Coping with natural disaster: an integrated approach

79th
1992
Vadodara
Vasant Gowarikar
Science, population and development

80th
1993
Goa
S. Z. Qasim
Science and quality of life

81st
1994
Jaipur
P. N. Shrivastava
Science in India: excellence and accountability

82nd
1995
Kolkata
S. C. Pakrashi
Science, technology and industrial development of India

83rd
1996
Patiala
U. R. Rao
Science and technology for achieving food, economic and healthy security

84th
1997
Delhi
S. K. Joshi
Frontiers in science and engineering, and their relevance to national development

85th
1998
Hyderabad
P. Rama Rao
Science & Technology in Independent India : Retrospect and Prospect

86th
1999
Chennai
Manju Sharma
New bioscience: opportunities and challenges as we move into the next millennium

87th
2000
Pune
R. A. Mashelkar
Indian science and technology into the next millennium

88th
2001
Delhi
R. S. Paroda
Food, nutrition and environmental security

89th
2002
Lucknow
S. K. Katiyar
Health care, education and information technology

90th
2003
Bengaluru
K. Kasturirangan
Frontiers of science and cutting-edge technologies

91st
2004
Chandigarh
Asis Datta
Science and society in the twenty first century : quest for excellence

92nd
2005
Ahmedabad
N. K. Ganguly
Health technology as fulcrum of development for the nation

93rd
2006
Hyderabad
I. V. Subba Rao
Integrated rural development: science and technology

94th
2007
Annamalainagar
Harsh Gupta
Planet Earth

95th
2008
Visakhapatnam
Ramamurthi Rallapalli
Knowledge Based Society Using Environmentally Sustainable Science And Technology

96th
2009
Shillong
T. Ramasami
Science Education and Attraction of Talent for Excellence in Research

97th
2010
Thiruvananthapuram.
G. Madhavan Nair
Science & Technology of 21st Century – National Perspective

98th
2011
Chennai
K. C. Pandey
Quality education and excellence in science research in Indian Universities.

99th
2012
Bhubaneshwar
Geetha Bali
Science And Technology for Inclusive Innovation- Role of Women

100th
2013
Kolkata
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Science for shaping the future of India[19]

101st
2014
Jammu
Ranbir Chander Sobti
Innovations in Science & Technology for Inclusive Development

102nd
2015
Mumbai[20]
Sarjerao Bhaurao Nimse
Science and Technology for Human Development

103rd
2016
Mysore
Ashok Kumar Saxena
Science and Technology for Indigenous Development in India[21]

104th
2017
Tirupati (Venue -> S. V. University)[22]
D.Narayana Rao
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

105th
2018
Imphal (Manipur University)
Dr. Achyuta Samanta
Reaching the unreached through science and technology


document_title: Casimir Zeglen

question_text: when was the first bullet proof vest invented

root

text: Casimir Zeglen

text: Kazimierz Żegleń (Casimir Zeglen) - was a Polish engineer, born in 1869 near Tarnopol, (died not before 1927[1]), who invented the first bulletproof vest.[2] At the age of 18 he entered the Resurrectionist Order in Lwów (today Lviv, Ukraine). In 1890, he moved to the United States. In 1893, after the assassination of Carter Harrison, Sr., the mayor of Chicago, he invented the first commercial bulletproof vest. In 1897, he improved it together with Jan Szczepanik who was the inventor of the first commercial bulletproof armour in 1901. It saved the life of Alfonso XIII, the King of Spain - his carriage was covered with Szczepanik's bulletproof armour when a bomb exploded near it.

tag: p

text: He was a Catholic priest of St. Stanislaus Kostka Roman Catholic Church in Chicago, then the largest Polish church in the country, with 40,000 in the parish. In his early 20s he began experimenting with the cloth, using steel shavings, moss, hair. In his research, he came upon the work of Dr. George E. Goodfellow[citation needed], who had written about the bullet resistive properties of silk.[3] All early experiments produced an inflexible cloth which was more in the nature of a coat of chainmail. After the assassination of Mayor Carter Harrison, Zeglen renewed his efforts to find a bulletproof material and determined to use silk. In his mid 30s he discovered a way to weave the silk, to enable it to capture the bullet, while visiting weaving mills in Vienna, Austria, and Aachen, Germany.

text: A 1⁄8 in (3.175 mm) thick, four ply bulletproof vest produced there was able to protect the wearer from the lower velocity pistol bullets of that era. Zeglen himself submitted to a test in Chicago. He put on a vest of the material and an expert revolver shot fired at the vest at eight paces and not one of the bullets disturbed Zeglen. The weight of the fabric was 1⁄2 lb (0.23 kg) per sq ft (0.093 m²).


document_title: The Tick (2016 TV series)

question_text: who plays the tick in the amazon series

question_tokens: who plays the tick in the amazon series

text: The Tick (2016 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Tick is a nigh-invulnerable superhero in a blue tick costume who arrives in The City to help combat crime and uncover the mysterious figure behind the city's underworld. He befriends a nervous and mild-mannered young man named Arthur who becomes his sidekick. They come to realize that an apparently long-dead supervillain called "The Terror" may still be pulling the strings in the city's underworld.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Peter Serafinowicz as The Tick
Griffin Newman as Arthur Everest
Valorie Curry as Dot Everest
Brendan Hines as Superian
Yara Martinez as Miss Lint/Janet
Scott Speiser as Overkill/Straight Shooter/Esteban
Jackie Earle Haley as The Terror

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Michael Cerveris as Ramses IV
Bryan Greenberg as Derek
Alan Tudyk as the voice of Dangerboat
Townsend Coleman as the voice of Midnight/Onward[2]
Kyle Catlett as young Arthur Everest
Kahlil Ashanti as Goat
Devin Ratray as Tinfoil Kevin
Ryan Woodle as Clifford Richter/the Very Large Man ("V-L-M")
Joshua Schubart as Frank
Paul Moon as Khufu
John Pirkis as Dr. Karamazov
Richie Moriarty as Thomas Everest, Arthur's and Dot's father
Francois Chau as Walter, Arthur's and Dot's stepfather
Patricia Kalember as Joan Everest, Arthur's and Dot's mother
Juliet Pritner as Gen. Julie McGinnis
Dawn McGee as Hannity

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Amazon Video had ordered a pilot for a The Tick reboot with Peter Serafinowicz starring as The Tick along with Griffin Newman as Arthur. Co-starring in the pilot would be Valorie Curry as Arthur's sister Dot and Brendan Hines as Superian. In April 2016, Jackie Earle Haley was cast as The Terror.[3] In September 2016, Amazon Prime picked up the show for a full season of 12 episodes.[4] On January 17, 2018, Amazon ordered a second season of 10 episodes, expected to premiere in 2019.[1]

text: Release[edit]

text: The pilot of The Tick premiered on Amazon Video on August 18, 2016. The first six episodes of the first season were released on August 25, 2017.[5]  The remaining six episodes of the first season were released on February 23, 2018.[6]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Pilot"Wally PfisterBen EdlundAugust 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)
In a world where superheroes and supervillains are real, unassuming office temp Arthur is traumatized by the supervillain The Terror, having watched his actions lead to the death of his father when he was a young boy. While authorities and the superhero Superian believe The Terror has died, Arthur tracks evidence of a conspiracy theory that he is still alive. He tracks The Terror to crime boss Ramses IV and the Pyramid Gang, and witnesses Miss Lint, a villain with electrical powers and the former right-hand of the Terror, as well as Ramses's henchmen obtain a strange package. While spying on them, Arthur is discovered by the Tick, who takes a keen interest in his sense for justice, but events lead to Arthur being arrested. His sister Dot comes to free him, asking him to take his medication and stop tracking this conspiracy theory. The next morning, Arthur finds the Tick in his bed, having stolen the package (destroying the facility in process), which is revealed to be a superhero-like suit which the Tick wants Arthur to wear. Arthur orders the Tick to leave, and then tries on the suit for himself, just as he is attacked by Miss Lint and the henchmen.
2"Where's My Mind"Wally PfisterBen EdlundAugust 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
The Tick arrives, throws Arthur out his window to save him, and easily defeats Miss Lint's gang, in the process causing Miss Lint to lose her grounding. Arthur flees and tries to hide but is later found by the Tick. Arthur starts to wonder if the Tick is just a figment of his imagination, but Dot then shows up, as Arthur had not returned her calls, and assures Arthur she can see the Tick, whom she had heard about when stitching up some of Ramses men caught in the explosion caused by the Tick. She warns Arthur to stay away from the Tick, and that he has work the next day. Miss Lint reports her failure to regain the suit to Ramses, who threatens her to recover the suit or be killed. That night, Arthur, still wearing the suit, finds himself trailed by a number of Ramses henchmen, just as Overkill arrives and brutally murders them all.
3"Secret / Identity"Romeo TironeDavid FuryAugust 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
Overkill threatens Arthur, as he also wants the suit, but the cops arrive and he runs off, leaving Arthur alone. Arthur feigns being a superhero to clear himself of the crime, and returns to his apartment just as Miss Lint arrives. She knocks him out and takes the suit, but also sees one of Arthur’s newspaper clippings related to The Terror and takes it too. Arthur wakes up and is nearly late for work, unaware that Overkill is tracking him. When the Tick tries to tell him to skip his job, Arthur learns the Tick only has memories since when they met. He convinces the Tick to seek out the identity of Overkill as he works. While at his job, Arthur is attacked by Overkill but the Tick comes to his rescue. The two fight, and Overkill kicks the Tick out the window.
4"Party Crashers"Sheree FolksonJoe Piarulli and Luan ThomasAugust 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
The Tick crashes to the ground but is unharmed. Overkill learns Arthur no longer has the super suit, but takes his file on The Terror, impressed with the quality of Arthur’s research. Dot reminds Arthur that today is his step-father's birthday party, and he reluctantly attends. The Tick crashes the party. Miss Lint learns that the suit imprinted on Arthur, making him the only one who can use it. She arrives at the party and forces Arthur to put on the suit. He does so, and the two scuffle, which ends Arthur flying out the window.
5"Fear of Flying"Lev L. SpiroSusan Hurwitz ArnesonAugust 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
The automatic controls of the suit causes Arthur to start flying uncontrollably across the city. Arthur manages to call Dot and has her and the Tick help him as he finds a way to gain control of the suit and lands. Just as the Tick and Dot arrive, Overkill also appears, demanding Arthur turn over the suit, but the Tick steps in to defend him. Ramses and the Pyramid gang, who had been tracking the suit, appear, and a firefight breaks out, but the Tick and Overkill easily defeat the men. Overkill takes an unconscious Ramses into his possession. Arthur, Dot, the Tick, and Overkill agree to work together to discover the secret behind the suit, and learn that it was created to fight an alien, specifically Superian, the first superhero. When they learn Ramses wants it, they deduce that Arthur was actually correct, that Ramses is working for a very-much alive The Terror, who appears in Miss Lint's apartment.
6"Rising"Romeo TironeJose MolinaAugust 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
While Overkill wants to kill Ramses, Arthur insists they drop him off at AEGIS, the agency that oversees superheroes and supervillains, but find the office had been closed years prior. He and the Tick are attacked by the Pyramid Gang to rescue Ramses, and while they are uninjured, their attack sends a bus over the edge of a bridge. The Tick and Arthur successfully rescue all the passengers in front of numerous eyewitnesses, making them heroes to the city. Meanwhile, The Terror explains to Lint how he needed to fake his death as to encourage Miss Lint to take her own actions. Inspired by his words, she goes and kills Ramses. That evening, as the Tick and Arthur celebrate their new celebrity, Arthur is kidnapped by an unseen assailant. While the Tick discovers Arthur missing, Arthur awakens in a dark room, where he is approached by the Terror.
7"Tale from the Crypt"Thor FreudenthalDavid FuryFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
The Tick searches for Arthur, as does Dot. Dot arrives at Arthur's apartment, where she finds Overkill. The Tick arrives, and the three launch a plan to rescue Arthur from the Terror's lair. In the Terror's lair, Arthur finds that his cell is adjacent to the cell of Dr. Karamazov, the man who designed Arthur's suit. Ms. Lint provides Arthur with his suit and a means to escape. This, however, is a set-up by Lint and the Terror. Arthur rescues Karamazov, who has been shrunk and is only half Arthur's size. The two escape, but Karamazov punches Arthur in the groin and flees. Tick and Overkill storm the Terror's lair, but he and Lint escape and bomb the lair.
8"After Midnight"Kate DennisMark GanekFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
With the Terror's location now unknown, Arthur decides to go on the move with the Tick to avoid danger, enlisting Tinfoil Kevin, the homeless man who lives outside Arthur's apartment, to watch the apartment. Arthur and Tick want to inform Superian of the Terror's plot to kill him, while Dot begins to practice shooting a gun, and Lint takes control of the Pyramid Gang. Arthur and Tick go to a book signing event of Midnight, a talking dog and former member of the Flag Five, a superhero group that Arthur idolized and the Terror killed, in order to give Superian their message. Arthur deduces that Overkill is actually a former member of the Flag Five, who survived the Terror's onslaught. Overkill confronts Midnight, but Midnight refuses believe that the Terror is alive, and the two scuffle. Meanwhile, a strange car follows Arthur.
9"My Dinner with Android"Kate DennisStory by : Christopher McCulloch & Jose Molina Teleplay by : Bed Edlund & Susan Hurwitz ArnesonFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
The Terror takes control of Brown Tingle Cola, a soda company he founded, using its office as his new headquarters. Arthur and the Tick are approached by two diplomats (a woman and a robot) from Karamazov's home country, who are searching for Karamazov, as the Terror left a tip to the embassy that Karamazov has defected from the country. Dot bonds with Overkill, who teaches her to shoot. Arthur and Tick search for Karamazov, as he is their only link to the weapon to kill Superian. They find him, but his body has shrunk further, but has a normal sized head. The female diplomat chases Arthur, exploding the baby stroller which she believes contains Karamazov, but following her departure, the stroller is revealed to contain a frozen turkey given to Arthur by Kevin. Meanwhile, the Terror sets his plan in motion, revealing that the VLM, a man as tall as a skyscraper who has been monitored by the military and Superian, is a crucial part of this plan, with the VLM revealed to be the man who found the Terror's teeth when Superian 'killed' him. Arthur and Tick takes Karamazov to Kevin's 'office' in an old robot head to nurse him back to health. Arthur and Tick return to Arthur's apartment to find a delirious Superian, who faints.
10"Risky Bismuth"Rosemary RodriguezSusan Hurwitz ArnesonFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
Karamazov, now in a robot suit fashioned by Kevin, tells Arthur and Tick his story. He discovered a supply of "big bismuth" in the mountains of his own country, which he used to create a growth ray. He tested it, with Superian in attendance, but it malfunctioned and shrunk Karamazov. Karamazov's government seized his weapons to fight Superian, but the Terror seized the weapons from them. Karamazov reveals that his weapons cache and his supply of big bismuth was destroyed by the Tick (as seen in the pilot). Karamazov further reveals that big bismuth is responsible for Superian's sickness and the growth of the VLM, and that the Terror plans to use the big bismuth inside of the VLM to kill Superian. Meanwhile, Dot gets word of a Pyramid Gang mission, and she and Overkill go to stop it. Overkill challenges Lint, who subdues him with gas. Dot shuts off the power to the building, but Lint uses her electrical powers to restore power, which sends out a ray, hitting the VLM, causing him to move towards the city. Karamazov reveals this is the beginning of the last part of the Terror's plan.
11"The Beginning of the End"Romeo TironeJose MalinaFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
As the VLM approaches the city, Karamazov clarifies to Arthur that the Terror's plan is to use the big bismuth in the VLM as a explosion, which will kill Superian, as big bismuth is his weakness. He reveals to Arthur that his suit functions as the 'detonator'. Karamazov alters the catalyzer, disabling Terror's remote detonation. Karamazov also alters the catalyzer so that the detonation will shrink the VLM to normal size, but tells the group that there is only a 20% chance of success. Lint confronts Overkill, and their conversation reveals a past relationship between the two, also revealing that Lint used Overkill to allow the Terror to kill the Flag Five. They share a moment, with Lint offering to help Overkill, revealing the Terror's location to him. However, Overkill declines, not trusting her. Dot activates the sprinkler system and rescues Overkill. Arthur and Tick arrive at the military blockade, where they share a heart-to-heart before preparing to stop the VLM.
12"The End of the Beginning (Of the Start of the Dawn of the Age of Superheroes)"Thor FreudenthalBen Edlund & David FuryFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
Arthur prepares to activate the catalyzer, but is stunned by the sudden appearance of Superian. The catalyzer works, shrinking the VLM, with Superian surviving. His plan foiled, the Terror decides to attack the Flag Five memorial ceremony, which Arthur's mom and step-father are attending. Arthur and the Tick intercept the Terror at the memorial. Tick attacks Terror's ship while Arthur dispatches his goons. The Tick tears through the hull, leading the Terror to attempt to abandon ship, but Lint takes the escape pod before he can. The ship crashlands, and Arthur confronts the Terror. The Terror prepares to kill Arthur, but Superian arrives, subduing the Terror with his frost breath power. Arthur and Dot reunite with their family, while Superian is hailed by the public for stopping the Terror. Overkill laments that he was not the one to stop the Terror, but Dot tells him that he will likely escape; Overkill thanks Dot for making him feel better. Arthur and Tick converse with Midnight, who tells the two to tread carefully in the public eye, and that "Big Brother is watching", but leaves before Arthur can learn what Midnight means. As Arthur and Tick walk away, an AEGIS drone is seen behind the pair, before it flies up and regroups with several others.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 88% approval rating with an average rating of 7.3/10 based on 43 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Likeable characters add realism and heart to the tongue-in-cheek humor and high-octane action that fuels The Tick."[7] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100, based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]

text: Rick Austin of Fortress of Solitude gave the show a score of 4/5 and felt that the show had managed to fix several of the flaws he saw in the pilot episode.  He concluded "With so few good superhero comedies out there, this is exactly the show the world needs."[9]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best New Media Superhero Series

The Tick

Nominated

[10]


document_title: sed

question_text: what is s and g in sed command

question_tokens: what is s and g in sed command

text: sed

text: History[edit]

text: First appearing in Version 7 Unix,[3] sed is one of the early Unix commands built for command line processing of data files. It evolved as the natural successor to the popular grep command.[4] The original motivation was an analogue of grep (g/re/p) for substitution, hence "g/re/s".[3] Foreseeing that further special-purpose programs for each command would also arise, such as g/re/d, McMahon wrote a general-purpose line-oriented stream editor, which became sed.[4] The syntax for sed, notably the use of / for pattern matching, and s/// for substitution, originated with ed, the precursor to sed, which was in common use at the time,[4] and the regular expression syntax has influenced other languages, notably ECMAScript and Perl. Later, the more powerful language AWK developed, and these functioned as cousins, allowing powerful text processing to be done by shell scripts. sed and AWK are often cited as progenitors and inspiration for Perl, and influenced Perl's syntax and semantics, notably in the matching and substitution operators.

text: GNU sed added several new features, including in-place editing of files. Super-sed is an extended version of sed that includes regular expressions compatible with Perl. Another variant of sed is minised, originally reverse-engineered from 4.1BSD sed by Eric S. Raymond and currently maintained by René Rebe. minised was used by the GNU Project until the GNU Project wrote a new version of sed based on the new GNU regular expression library. The current minised contains some extensions to BSD sed but is not as feature-rich as GNU sed. Its advantage is that it is very fast and uses little memory.[citation needed] It is used on embedded systems and is the version of sed provided with Minix.[citation needed]

text: Mode of operation[edit]

text: sed is a line-oriented text processing utility: it reads text, line by line, from an input stream or file, into an internal buffer called the pattern space. Each line read starts a cycle. To the pattern space, sed applies one or more operations which have been specified via a sed script. sed implements a programming language with about 25 commands that specify the operations on the text. For each input line, after running the script sed ordinarily outputs the pattern space (the line as modified by the script) and begins the cycle again with the next line. Other end-of-script behaviors are available through sed options and script commands, e.g. d to delete the pattern space, q to quit, N to add the next line to the pattern space immediately, and so on. Thus a sed script corresponds to the body of a loop that iterates through the lines of a stream, where the loop itself and the loop variable (the current line number) are implicit and maintained by sed.

text: The sed script can either be specified on the command line (-e option) or read from a separate file (-f option). Commands in the sed script may take an optional address, in terms of line numbers or regular expressions. The address determines when the command is run. For example, 2d would only run the d (delete) command on the second input line (printing all lines but the second), while /^ /d would delete all lines beginning with a space. A separate special buffer, the hold space, may be used by a few sed commands to hold and accumulate text between cycles. sed's command language has only two variables (the "hold space" and the "pattern space") and GOTO-like branching functionality; nevertheless, the language is Turing-complete,[5][6] and esoteric sed scripts exist for games such as sokoban, arkanoid,[7] chess,[8] and tetris.[9]

text: A main loop executes for each line of the input stream, evaluating the sed script on each line of the input. Lines of a sed script are each a pattern-action pair, indicating what pattern to match and which action to perform, which can be recast as a conditional statement. Because the main loop, working variables (pattern space and hold space), input and output streams, and default actions (copy line to pattern space, print pattern space) are implicit, it is possible to write terse one-liner programs. For example, the sed program given by:

text: will print the first 10 lines of input, then stop.

text: Usage[edit]

text: Substitution command[edit]

text: The following example shows a typical, and the most common, use of sed, for substitution. This usage was indeed the original motivation for sed:[4]

text: In some versions of sed, the expression must be preceded by -e to indicate that an expression follows. The s stands for substitute, while the g stands for global, which means that all matching occurrences in the line would be replaced. The regular expression (i.e. pattern) to be searched is placed after the first delimiting symbol (slash here) and the replacement follows the second symbol. Slash (/) is the conventional symbol, originating in the character for "search" in ed, but any other could be used to make syntax more readable if it does not occur in the pattern or replacement; this is useful to avoid "leaning toothpick syndrome".

text: The substitution command, which originates in search-and-replace in ed, implements simple parsing and templating. The regexp provides both pattern matching and saving text via sub-expressions, while the replacement can be either literal text, or a format string containing the characters & for "entire match" or the special escape sequences \1 through \9 for the nth saved sub-expression. For example, sed -r "s/(cat|dog)s?/\1s/g" replaces all occurrences of "cat" or "dog" with "cats" or "dogs", without duplicating an existing "s": (cat|dog) is the 1st (and only) saved sub-expression in the regexp, and \1 in the format string substitutes this into the output.

text: Other sed commands[edit]

text: Besides substitution, other forms of simple processing are possible, using some 25 sed commands. For example, the following uses the d command to delete lines that are either blank or only contain spaces:

text: This example uses some of the following regular expression metacharacters (sed supports the full range of regular expressions):

text:
The caret (^) matches the beginning of the line.
The dollar sign ($) matches the end of the line.
The asterisk (*) matches zero or more occurrences of the previous character.

text: Complex sed constructs are possible, allowing it to serve as a simple, but highly specialised, programming language. Flow of control, for example, can be managed by the use of a label (a colon followed by a string) and the branch instruction b. An instruction b followed by a valid label name will move processing to the block following that label.

text: sed used as a filter[edit]

text: Under Unix, sed is often used as a filter in a pipeline:

text: That is, a program such as "generateData" generates data, and then sed makes the small change of replacing x with y. For example:

text: [notes 1]

text: File-based sed scripts[edit]

text: It is often useful to put several sed commands, one command per line, into a script file such as subst.sed, and then use the -f option to run the commands (such as s/x/y/g) from the file:

text: Any number of commands may be placed into the script file, and using a script file also avoids problems with shell escaping or substitutions.

text: Such a  script file may be made directly executable from the command line by prepending it with a "shebang line" containing the sed command and assigning the executable permission to the file. For example, a file subst.sed can be created with contents:

text: The file may then be made executable by the current user with the chmod command:

text: The file may then be executed directly from the command line:

text: In-place editing[edit]

text: The -i option, introduced in GNU sed, allows in-place editing of files (actually, a temporary output file is created in the background, and then the original file is replaced by the temporary file). For example:

text: Examples[edit]

text: Hello, world! example[edit]

text: This "Hello, world!" script is in a file (e.g., script.txt) and invoked with sed -f script.txt inputFileName, where "inputFileName" is the input text file. The script changes "inputFileName" line #1 to "Hello, world!" and then quits, printing the result before sed exits. Any input lines past line #1 are not read, and not printed. So the sole output is "Hello, world!".

text: The example emphasizes many key characteristics of sed:

text:
sed is unique. No other "Hello, world!" example is even vaguely similar.
Typical sed programs are rather short and simple.
sed scripts can have comments (the line starting with the # symbol).
The s (substitute) command is the most important sed command.
sed allows simple programming, with commands such as q (quit).
sed uses regular expressions, such as .* (zero or more of any character).

text: Other simple examples[edit]

text: Below follow various sed scripts; these can be executed by passing as an argument to sed, or put in a separate file and executed via -f or by making the script itself executable.

text: To replace any instance of a certain word in a file with "REDACTED", such as an IRC password, and save the result:

text: To delete any line containing the word "yourword" (the address is '/yourword/'):

text: To delete all instances of the word "yourword":

text: To delete two words from a file simultaneously:

text: To express the previous example on one line, such as when entering at the command line, one may join two commands via the semicolon:

text: Multiline processing example[edit]

text:
In the next example, sed, which usually only works on one line, removes newlines from sentences where the second line starts with one space.
Consider the following text:

text: The sed script below will turn the text above into the following text. Note that the script affects only the input lines that start with a space:

text: The script is:

text: This is explained as:

text:
(N) add the next line to the pattern space;
(s/\n / /) find a new line followed by a space, replace with one space;
(P) print the top line of the pattern space;
(D) delete the top line from the pattern space and run the script again.

text: This can be expressed on a single line via semicolons:

text: Limitations and alternatives[edit]

text: While simple and limited, sed is sufficiently powerful for a large number of purposes. For more sophisticated processing, more powerful languages such as AWK or Perl are used instead. These are particularly used if transforming a line in a way more complicated than a regex extracting and template replacement, though arbitrarily complicated transforms are in principle possible by using the hold buffer.

text: Conversely, for simpler operations, specialized Unix utilities such as grep (print lines matching a pattern), head (print the first part of a file), tail (print the last part of a file), and tr (translate or delete characters) are often preferable. For the specific tasks they are designed to carry out, such specialized utilities are usually simpler, clearer, and faster than a more general solution such as sed.

text: The ed/sed commands and syntax continue to be used in descendent programs, such as the text editors vi and vim. An analog to ed/sed is sam/ssam, where sam is the Plan 9 editor, and ssam is a stream interface to it, yielding functionality similar to sed.


document_title: Stop and identify statutes

question_text: when do i have to show id in illinois

question_tokens: when do i have to show id in illinois

text: Stop and identify statutes

text: Police–citizen encounters[edit]

text: In the United States, interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories: consensual ("contact" or "conversation"), detention (often called a Terry stop, after Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)), or arrest. "Stop and identify" laws pertain to detentions.

text: Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles, who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver’s license to police upon request.

text: Consensual[edit]

text: At any time, police may approach a person and ask questions. The objective may simply be a friendly conversation; however, the police also may suspect involvement in a crime, but lack "specific and articulable facts"[4] that would justify a detention or arrest, and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning. The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time.[5] Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business;[6] however, a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking, "Am I free to go?"[7][8]

text: Reasonable Suspicion[edit]

text: A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave.[9]

text: Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Many state laws explicitly grant this authority. In Terry v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons (known as a "frisk") if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous.

text: Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop, but in general, the detainee is not required to answer.[10] However, many states have "stop and identify" laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police, and in some cases, provide additional information.

text: Before Hiibel, it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name. Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal,[11] and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question.[12] In Hiibel, the Court held, in a 5–4 decision, that a Nevada "stop and identify" law did not violate the United States Constitution. The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification, but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name. Some "stop and identify" laws do not require that a detainee identify himself, but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest. In some states, providing a false name is an offense.[13]

text: As of February 2011, the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name, however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name.

text: Arrest[edit]

text: A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity. However, to make an arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime. Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest.[14] But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest. After making an arrest, police may search a person, his or her belongings, and his or her immediate surroundings.

text: Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs. If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him, they are required to inform the person of his Fifth-Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning. However, Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking.[15][16] It is not clear whether a "stop and identify" law could compel giving one’s name after being arrested, although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information,[17] and some state courts[18][19] have held that refusal to give one’s name constitutes obstructing a public officer. As a practical matter, an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release.

text: Obligation to identify[edit]

text:
States with "stop and identify" laws

Alabama
Ala. Code §15-5-30

Arizona
Ari. Rev. Stat. Tit. 13, §2412 (enacted 2005) & Tit. 28, §1595

Arkansas
Ark. Code Ann. [1]§ 5-71-213 - Loitering

Colorado
Colo. Rev. Stat. §16-3-103(1)

Delaware
Del. Code Ann., Tit. 11, §§1902, 1321(6)

Florida
Fla. Stat. §901.151 (Stop and Frisk Law); §856.021(2) (loitering and prowling)

Georgia
Ga. Code Ann. §16-11-36(b) (loitering)

Illinois
Ill. Comp. Stat., ch. 725, §5/107-14

Indiana
Indiana Code §34-28-5-3.5

Kansas
Kan. Stat. Ann. §22-2402(1)

Louisiana
La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., Art. 215.1(A); La. Rev. Stat. 14:108(B)(1)(c)

Missouri (Kansas City Only)
Mo. Rev. Stat. §84.710(2)

Montana
Mont. Code Ann. §46-5-401

Nebraska
Neb. Rev. Stat. §29-829

Nevada
Nev. Rev. Stat. §171.123

New Hampshire
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §594:2, §644:6

New Mexico
N.M. Stat. Ann. §30-22-3

New York
N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law §140.50

North Dakota
N.D. Cent. Code §29-29-21 (PDF)

Ohio
Ohio Rev. Code §2921.29 (enacted 2006)

Rhode Island
R.I. Gen. Laws §12-7-1

Utah
Utah Code Ann. §77-7-15

Vermont
Vt. Stat. Ann., Tit. 24, §1983

Wisconsin
Wis. Stat. §968.24

text: States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers. Some states listed have "Stop and ID" laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention.

text: While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to "demand" ID, there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to, hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state (Henes v. Morrissey).[citation needed] Annotations for Wisconsin §968.24, however, state "The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so", citing Hiibel as authority. Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that "A crime is made up of two parts: proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty. "The former without the latter is no crime. ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer, and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself. This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled "Commencement of Criminal Proceedings. By its very terms sec. 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question "in the vicinity where the person was stopped." The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest." Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name isn't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self isn't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty.

text: Neither is Illinois, since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez, 2011 IL App (2d) 100473, which specifically states that section 107-14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, not the Criminal Code of 1961, and governs the conduct of police officers. The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself.[20]

text: By contrast, in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177, 181 (2004), a Nevada statute (Nev. Rev. Stat. § 171.123 (2003)) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop “shall identify himself.” The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional.

text: As of February 2011, there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop, but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws, provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement,[21] and 24 states have done so.[22] The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional[23] "stop and identify" laws listed are obligated to identify themselves,[24] and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not.[25] The issue may not be that simple, however, for several reasons:

text:
The wording of "stop and identify" laws varies considerably from state to state.
Noncompliance with a "stop and identify" law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer".
State courts have made varying interpretations of both "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws.

text: Variations in "stop and identify" laws[edit]

text:
Four states’ laws (Arizona, Indiana, Louisiana, and Nevada) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information.
Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions, with varying wording, but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond:

text:
In Montana, police "may request" identifying information;
In Ohio, identifying information may be required "when requested"; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense, is witness to a felony offense, or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a felony offense;
In 12 states (Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin), police "may demand" identifying information. Of note, though, in New Hampshire for example (RSA 594:2), statutory language authorizing a 'demand' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity (ID), or even a requirement to respond in the first place. Further, a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such 'demand' only of individuals for "whom he has reason to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime."

text: Identifying information varies, but typically includes

text:
Name, address, and an explanation of the person’s actions;
In some cases it also includes the person’s intended destination, the person’s date of birth (Indiana and Ohio), or written identification if available (Colorado). Ohio does not require the person's intended destination. Ohio requires only name, address, or date of birth. Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime (such as underage drinking, curfew violation, etc...) that the person is reasonably suspected of.[26] Indiana requires either name, address, and date of birth, or driver's license, if on the person's possession, and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation.[27]
Arizona law, apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel, requires a person’s "true full name".
Nevada law, which requires a person to "identify himself or herself", apparently requires only that the person state his or her name.
Texas law requires a person to provide their name, residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police. (A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information, however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name.)

text:
In four states (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and Rhode Island), failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest. In all but Rhode Island, the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling.
Seven states (Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Vermont) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself.

text: As of February 2011, the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court.

text: Interaction with other laws[edit]

text: In states whose "stop and identify laws" do not directly impose penalties, a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer". For example, the Nevada "stop and identify" law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply, but the Justice Court of Union Township, Nevada, determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself[28] constituted a violation of Nevada "obstructing" law.[29] A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods (10th Cir. 2000).

text: Interpretation by courts[edit]

text: "Stop and identify" laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts. For example, California "stop and identify" law, Penal Code §647(e) had wording[30][31] similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel, but a California appellate court, in People v. Solomon (1973), 33 Cal.App.3d 429 construed the law to require "credible and reliable" identification that carries a "reasonable assurance" of its authenticity. Using this construction, the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983).[32]

text: Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond.[33] Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply.[34][35]

text: Wording and interpretation by state courts of "obstructing" laws also varies; for example, New York "obstructing" law[36] apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction;[37][38] likewise, a violation of the Colorado "obstructing" law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force. However, the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People, No. 04SC362 (2005) (PDF) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the "totality of the circumstances" that could constitute obstructing an officer, even when actual physical interference was not employed.[39] Utah "obstructing" law does not require a physical act, but merely a failure to follow a "lawful order . . . necessary to effect the . . . detention";[40] a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law.[35]

text: It is not universally agreed that, absent a "stop and identify law", there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself. For example, as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel, California "stop and identify" statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson. But in People v. Long,[41] decided four years after Kolender, a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer’s demand for written identification from a detainee. The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant’s wallet, so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed; however, the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest.[42] Nonetheless, some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer.[43] Others disagree, and maintain that persons detained by police in California cannot be compelled to identify themselves.[44]

text: Some courts, e.g., State v. Flynn (Wis. 1979)[45] and People v. Loudermilk (Calif. 1987)[46] have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it; a later California decision, People v. Garcia (2006) strongly disagreed.[47]

text: Recommendations of legal-aid organizations[edit]

text: Some legal organizations, such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California, recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a "stop and identify" law:

text: In a more recent pamphlet, the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further, recommending that a person detained by police should:

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any. Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards, which have the identity information the police would want to know, including citizenship. Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times. In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted.

text: For example, in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times. This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information, id number, social security number, fiscal information, place of birth, etc. Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime. A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations. If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy, the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained.[50]


document_title: Forbidden City

question_text: where did the emperor live in the forbidden city

question_tokens: where did the emperor live in the forbidden city

text: Forbidden City

text: Name[edit]

text: The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zíjinchéng; literally: "Purple Forbidden City"). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576.[7] Another English name of similar origin is "Forbidden Palace".[8]

text: The name "Zijin Cheng" is a name with significance on many levels. Zi, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region, the Ziwei Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin, or "Forbidden", referred to the fact that no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor's permission. Cheng means a city.[9]

text: Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace".[10] The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

text: History[edit]

text: When Hongwu Emperor's son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City.[9]

text: Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers.[11] Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood (Chinese: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing.[12] The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (Chinese: 金砖; pinyin: jīnzhuān), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou.[11]

text: From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty.[13] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[14]

text: By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty.[15] The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[16] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[17] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[18]

text: In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[19] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[19]

text: After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[20] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[21] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[22] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[23] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[24] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[25]

text: After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.[26] During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.[27]

text: The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties",[28] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture. It is currently administered by the Palace Museum, which is carrying out a sixteen-year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state.[29]

text: In recent years, the presence of commercial enterprises in the Forbidden City has become controversial.[30] A Starbucks store that opened in 2000 sparked objections and eventually closed on 13 July 2007.[31][32] Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in order to price-gouge foreign customers in 2006.[33]

text: On November 8, 2017, President of the United States Donald Trump was the first US President to be granted a state dinner in the Forbidden City since the founding of the People's Republic of China.[34]

text: Description[edit]

text:
A. Meridian Gate
B. Gate of Divine Might
C. West Glorious Gate
D. East Glorious Gate
E. Corner towers
F. Gate of Supreme Harmony
G. Hall of Supreme Harmony
H. Hall of Military Eminence
J. Hall of Literary Glory
K. Southern Three Places
L. Palace of Heavenly Purity
M. Imperial garden
N. Hall of Mental Cultivation
O. Palace of Tranquil Longevity

text: The Forbidden City is a rectangle, with 961 metres (3,153 ft) from north to south and 753 metres (2,470 ft) from east to west.[3][4] It consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,886 bays of rooms.[35][36] A common myth states that there are 9,999 rooms including antechambers,[37] based on oral tradition, and it is not supported by survey evidence.[38] The Forbidden City was designed to be the centre of the ancient, walled city of Beijing. It is enclosed in a larger, walled area called the Imperial City. The Imperial City is, in turn, enclosed by the Inner City; to its south lies the Outer City.

text: The Forbidden City remains important in the civic scheme of Beijing. The central north–south axis remains the central axis of Beijing. This axis extends to the south through Tiananmen gate to Tiananmen Square, the ceremonial centre of the People's Republic of China, and on to Yongdingmen. To the north, it extends through Jingshan Hill to the Bell and Drum Towers.[39] This axis is not exactly aligned north–south, but is tilted by slightly more than two degrees. Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu, the other capital of their empire.[40]

text: Walls and gates[edit]

text: The Forbidden City is surrounded by a 7.9 metres (26 ft) high city wall[16] and a 6 metres (20 ft) deep by 52 metres (171 ft) wide moat. The walls are 8.62 metres (28.3 ft) wide at the base, tapering to 6.66 metres (21.9 ft) at the top.[41] These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace. They were constructed with a rammed earth core, and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides, with the interstices filled with mortar.[42]

text: At the four corners of the wall sit towers (E) with intricate roofs boasting 72 ridges, reproducing the Pavilion of Prince Teng and the Yellow Crane Pavilion as they appeared in Song dynasty paintings.[42] These towers are the most visible parts of the palace to commoners outside the walls, and much folklore is attached to them. According to one legend, artisans could not put a corner tower back together after it was dismantled for renovations in the early Qing dynasty, and it was only rebuilt after the intervention of carpenter-immortal Lu Ban.[16]

text: The wall is pierced by a gate on each side. At the southern end is the main Meridian Gate (A).[43] To the north is the Gate of Divine Might (B), which faces Jingshan Park. The east and west gates are called the "East Glorious Gate" (D) and "West Glorious Gate" (C). All gates in the Forbidden City are decorated with a nine-by-nine array of golden door nails, except for the East Glorious Gate, which has only eight rows.[44]

text: The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square (Wumen, or Meridian Gate, Square) before it.[45] The gate has five gateways. The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way, a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north. Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way, except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding, and successful students after the Imperial Examination.[44]

text: Outer Court or the Southern Section[edit]

text: Traditionally, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The Outer Court (外朝) or Front Court (前朝) includes the southern sections, and was used for ceremonial purposes. The Inner Court (内廷) or Back Palace (后宫) includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. (The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above.) Generally, the Forbidden City has three vertical axes. The most important buildings are situated on the central north–south axis.[44]

text: Entering from the Meridian Gate, one encounters a large square, pierced by the meandering Inner Golden Water River, which is crossed by five bridges. Beyond the square stands the Gate of Supreme Harmony (F). Behind that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square.[46] A three-tiered white marble terrace rises from this square. Three halls stand on top of this terrace, the focus of the palace complex. From the south, these are the Hall of Supreme Harmony (太和殿), the Hall of Central Harmony (中和殿), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony (保和殿).[47]

text: The Hall of Supreme Harmony (G) is the largest, and rises some 30 metres (98 ft) above the level of the surrounding square. It is the ceremonial centre of imperial power, and the largest surviving wooden structure in China. It is nine bays wide and five bays deep, the numbers 9 and 5 being symbolically connected to the majesty of the Emperor.[48] Set into the ceiling at the centre of the hall is an intricate caisson decorated with a coiled dragon, from the mouth of which issues a chandelier-like set of metal balls, called the "Xuanyuan Mirror".[49] In the Ming dynasty, the Emperor held court here to discuss affairs of state. During the Qing dynasty, as Emperors held court far more frequently, a less ceremonious location was used instead, and the Hall of Supreme Harmony was only used for ceremonial purposes, such as coronations, investitures, and imperial weddings.[50]

text: The Hall of Central Harmony is a smaller, square hall, used by the Emperor to prepare and rest before and during ceremonies.[51] Behind it, the Hall of Preserving Harmony, was used for rehearsing ceremonies, and was also the site of the final stage of the Imperial examination.[52] All three halls feature imperial thrones, the largest and most elaborate one being that in the Hall of Supreme Harmony.[53]

text: At the centre of the ramps leading up to the terraces from the northern and southern sides are ceremonial ramps, part of the Imperial Way, featuring elaborate and symbolic bas-relief carvings. The northern ramp, behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony, is carved from a single piece of stone 16.57 metres (54.4 ft) long, 3.07 metres (10.1 ft) wide, and 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) thick. It weighs some 200 tonnes and is the largest such carving in China.[11] The southern ramp, in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, is even longer, but is made from two stone slabs joined together – the joint was ingeniously hidden using overlapping bas-relief carvings, and was only discovered when weathering widened the gap in the 20th century.[54]

text: In the south west and south east of the Outer Court are the halls of Military Eminence (H) and Literary Glory (J). The former was used at various times for the Emperor to receive ministers and hold court, and later housed the Palace's own printing house. The latter was used for ceremonial lectures by highly regarded Confucian scholars, and later became the office of the Grand Secretariat. A copy of the Siku Quanshu was stored there. To the north-east are the Southern Three Places (南三所) (K), which was the residence of the Crown Prince.[46]

text: Inner Court or the Northern Section[edit]

text: The Inner Court is separated from the Outer Court by an oblong courtyard lying orthogonal to the City's main axis. It was the home of the Emperor and his family. In the Qing dynasty, the Emperor lived and worked almost exclusively in the Inner Court, with the Outer Court used only for ceremonial purposes.[55]

text: Back Three Palaces[edit]

text: At the centre of the Inner Court is another set of three halls (L). From the south, these are:

text:
Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)
Hall of Union
Palace of Earthly Tranquility

text: Smaller than the Outer Court halls, the three halls of the Inner Court were the official residences of the Emperor and the Empress. The Emperor, representing Yang and the Heavens, would occupy the Palace of Heavenly Purity. The Empress, representing Yin and the Earth, would occupy the Palace of Earthly Tranquility. In between them was the Hall of Union, where the Yin and Yang mixed to produce harmony.[56]

text: The Palace of Heavenly Purity is a double-eaved building, and set on a single-level white marble platform. It is connected to the Gate of Heavenly Purity to its south by a raised walkway. In the Ming dynasty, it was the residence of the Emperor. However, beginning from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty, the Emperor lived instead at the smaller Hall of Mental Cultivation (N) to the west, out of respect to the memory of the Kangxi Emperor.[16] The Palace of Heavenly Purity then became the Emperor's audience hall.[57] A caisson is set into the roof, featuring a coiled dragon. Above the throne hangs a tablet reading "Justice and Honour" (Chinese: 正大光明; pinyin: zhèngdàguāngmíng).[58]

text: The Palace of Earthly Tranquility (坤寧宮) is a double-eaved building, 9 bays wide and 3 bays deep. In the Ming dynasty, it was the residence of the Empress. In the Qing dynasty, large portions of the Palace were converted for Shamanist worship by the new Manchu rulers. From the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, the Empress moved out of the Palace. However, two rooms in the Palace of Earthly Harmony were retained for use on the Emperor's wedding night.[59]

text: Between these two palaces is the Hall of Union, which is square in shape with a pyramidal roof. Stored here are the 25 Imperial Seals of the Qing dynasty, as well as other ceremonial items.[60]

text: Behind these three halls lies the Imperial Garden (M). Relatively small, and compact in design, the garden nevertheless contains several elaborate landscaping features.[61] To the north of the garden is the Gate of Divine Might.

text: Directly to the west is the Hall of Mental Cultivation (N). Originally a minor palace, this became the de facto residence and office of the Emperor starting from Yongzheng. In the last decades of the Qing dynasty, empresses dowager, including Cixi, held court from the eastern partition of the hall. Located around the Hall of Mental Cultivation are the offices of the Grand Council and other key government bodies.[62]

text: The north-eastern section of the Inner Court is taken up by the Palace of Tranquil Longevity (寧壽宮) (O), a complex built by the Qianlong Emperor in anticipation of his retirement. It mirrors the set-up of the Forbidden City proper and features an "outer court", an "inner court", and gardens and temples. The entrance to the Palace of Tranquil Longevity is marked by a glazed-tile Nine Dragons Screen.[63] This section of the Forbidden City is being restored in a partnership between the Palace Museum and the World Monuments Fund, a long-term project expected to finish in 2017.[64]

text: Western Six Palaces[edit]

text:
Palace of Eternal Longevity (永寿宫)
Hall of the Supreme Principle (太极殿)
Palace of Eternal Spring (长春宫)
Palace of Earthly Honour (翊坤宫)
Palace of Gathering Elegance (储秀宫)
Palace of Universal Happiness (咸福宫)

text: Eastern Six Palaces[edit]

text:
Palace of Great Benevolence (景仁宫)
Palace of Heavenly Grace (承乾宫)
Palace of Accumulated Purity (锺粹宫)
Palace of Prolonged Happiness (延禧宫)
Palace of Great Brilliance (景阳宫)
Palace of Eternal Harmony (永和宫)

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religion was an important part of life for the imperial court. In the Qing dynasty, the Palace of Earthly Harmony became a place of Manchu Shamanist ceremony. At the same time, the native Chinese Taoist religion continued to have an important role throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. There were two Taoist shrines, one in the imperial garden and another in the central area of the Inner Court.[65]

text: Another prevalent form of religion in the Qing dynasty palace was Buddhism. A number of temples and shrines were scattered throughout the Inner Court, including that of Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism. Buddhist iconography also proliferated in the interior decorations of many buildings.[66] Of these, the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers is one of the most important. It housed a large number of Buddhist statues, icons, and mandalas, placed in ritualistic arrangements.[67]

text: Surroundings[edit]

text: The Forbidden City is surrounded on three sides by imperial gardens. To the north is Jingshan Park, also known as Prospect Hill, an artificial hill created from the soil excavated to build the moat and from nearby lakes.[68]

text: To the west lies Zhongnanhai, a former royal garden centred on two connected lakes, which now serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China and the State Council of the People's Republic of China. To the north-west lies Beihai Park, also centred on a lake connected to the southern two, and a popular royal park.

text: To the south of the Forbidden City were two important shrines – the Imperial Shrine of Family or the Imperial Ancestral Temple (Chinese: 太廟; pinyin: Tàimiào) and the Imperial Shrine of State or Beijing Shejitan (Chinese: 社稷壇; pinyin: Shèjìtán), where the Emperor would venerate the spirits of his ancestors and the spirit of the nation, respectively. Today, these are the Beijing Labouring People's Cultural Hall[69] and Zhongshan Park (commemorating Sun Yat-sen) respectively.[70]

text: To the south, two nearly identical gatehouses stand along the main axis. They are the Upright Gate (Chinese: 端门; pinyin: Duānmén) and the more famous Tiananmen Gate, which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong in the centre and two placards to the left and right: "Long Live the People's Republic of China" and "Long live the Great Unity of the World's Peoples". The Tiananmen Gate connects the Forbidden City precinct with the modern, symbolic centre of the Chinese state, Tiananmen Square.

text: While development is now tightly controlled in the vicinity of the Forbidden City, throughout the past century uncontrolled and sometimes politically motivated demolition and reconstruction has changed the character of the areas surrounding the Forbidden City. Since 2000, the Beijing municipal government has worked to evict governmental and military institutions occupying some historical buildings, and has established a park around the remaining parts of the Imperial City wall. In 2004, an ordinance relating to building height and planning restriction was renewed to establish the Imperial City area and the northern city area as a buffer zone for the Forbidden City.[71] In 2005, the Imperial City and Beihai (as an extension item to the Summer Palace) were included in the shortlist for the next World Heritage Site in Beijing.[72]

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power. Some noted examples of symbolic designs include:

text:
Yellow is the color of the Emperor. Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles. There are only two exceptions. The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity (文渊阁) had black tiles because black was associated with water, and thus fire-prevention. Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood, and thus growth.[48]
The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three – the shape of the Qian triagram, representing Heaven. The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six – the shape of the Kun triagram, representing the Earth.[16]
The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon. The number of statuettes represents the status of the building – a minor building might have 3 or 5. The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 10, the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times. As a result, its 10th statuette, called a "Hangshi", or "ranked tenth" (Chinese: 行十; pinyin: Hángshí),[60] is also unique in the Forbidden City.[73]
The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the Classic of Rites. Thus, ancestral temples are in front of the palace. Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex, and residences in the back.[74]

text: Collections[edit]

text: The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection. According to the results of a 1925 audit, some 1.17 million pieces of art were stored in the Forbidden City.[75] In addition, the imperial libraries housed a large collection of rare books and historical documents, including government documents of the Ming and Qing dynasties.[76]

text: From 1933, the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the Museum's collection. After the end of World War II, this collection was returned to Nanjing. However, with the Communists' victory imminent in the Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist government decided to ship the pick of this collection to Taiwan. Of the 13,491 boxes of evacuated artefacts, 2,972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. More than 8,000 boxes were returned to Beijing, but 2,221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum.[25]

text: After 1949, the Museum conducted a new audit as well as a thorough search of the Forbidden City, uncovering a number of important items. In addition, the government moved items from other museums around the country to replenish the Palace Museum's collection. It also purchased and received donations from the public.[77]

text: Today, there are over a million rare and valuable works of art in the permanent collection of the Palace Museum,[78] including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. A new inventory of the Museum's collections was conducted between 2004 and 2010. Subsequently, the Palace Museum was shown to hold a total of 1,807,558 artefacts and includes 1,684,490 items designated as nationally protected "valuable cultural relics."[79] At the end of 2016, the Palace Museum held a press conference, announcing that 55,132 previously unlisted items had been discovered in an inventory check carried out from 2014 to 2016. The total number of items in the Palace Museum collection is presently at 1,862,690 objects.[80]

text: The Palace Museum holds 340,000 pieces of ceramics and porcelain. These include imperial collections from the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty, as well as pieces commissioned by the Palace, and, sometimes, by the Emperor personally. The Palace Museum holds about 320,000 pieces of porcelain from the imperial collection. The rest are almost all held in the National Palace Museum in Taipei and the Nanjing Museum.[81]

text: The Palace Museum holds close to 50,000 paintings. Of these, more than 400 date from before the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). This is the largest such collection in China.[82] The collection is based on the palace collection in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The personal interest of Emperors such as Qianlong meant that the palace held one of the most important collections of paintings in Chinese history. However, a significant portion of this collection was lost over the years. After his abdication, Puyi transferred paintings out of the palace, and many of these were subsequently lost or destroyed. In 1948, many of the works were moved to Taiwan. The collection has subsequently been replenished, through donations, purchases, and transfers from other museums.

text: The Palace Museum's bronze collection dates from the early Shang dynasty. Of the almost 10,000 pieces held, about 1,600 are inscribed items from the pre-Qin period (to 221 BC). A significant part of the collection is ceremonial bronzeware from the imperial court.[83]

text: The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. The collection contains both Chinese- and foreign-made pieces. Chinese pieces came from the palace's own workshops, Guangzhou (Canton) and Suzhou (Suchow). Foreign pieces came from countries including Britain, France, Switzerland, the United States and Japan. Of these, the largest portion come from Britain.[84]

text: Jade has a unique place in Chinese culture.[85] The Museum's collection, mostly derived from the imperial collection, includes some 30,000 pieces. The pre-Yuan dynasty part of the collection includes several pieces famed throughout history, as well as artefacts from more recent archaeological discoveries. The earliest pieces date from the Neolithic period. Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty pieces, on the other hand, include both items for palace use, as well as tribute items from around the Empire and beyond.[86]

text: In addition to works of art, a large proportion of the Museum's collection consists of the artefacts of the imperial court. This includes items used by the imperial family and the palace in daily life, as well as various ceremonial and bureaucratic items important to government administration. This comprehensive collection preserves the daily life and ceremonial protocols of the imperial era.[87]

text:
In the East Glorious Gate

In the West Wing of the Meridian Gate

text: Influence[edit]

text: The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works. Some specific examples include:

text: The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction. In recent years, it has been depicted in films and television series. Some notable examples include:

text:
The Forbidden City (1918), a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American.
The Last Emperor (1987), a biographical film about Puyi, was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City.
Forbidden City Cop (1996) a Hong Kong wuxia comedy film about an imperial secret agent
Marco Polo a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s, was filmed inside the Forbidden City. Note, however, that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty, when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan.
The 2003 real-time strategy game Rise of Nations depicts the Forbidden City as one of the great wonders of the world; in terms of game mechanics, it functions identically to a major city and provides additional resources to the player.

text: The Forbidden City has also served as a performance venue. However, its use for this purpose is strictly limited, due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures. Almost all performances said to be "in the Forbidden City" are held outside the palace walls.

text:
In 1997, Greek-born composer and keyboardist Yanni performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City the first modern Western artist to perform at the historic Chinese site. The concert was recorded and later released as part of the Tribute album.[88]
Giacomo Puccini's opera, Turandot, the story of a Chinese princess, was performed at the Imperial Shrine just outside the Forbidden City for the first time in 1998.[89]
In 2001, the Three Tenors, Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti, sang in front of Forbidden City main gate as one of their performances.
In 2004, the French musician Jean Michel Jarre performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City, accompanied by 260 musicians, as part of the "Year of France in China" festivities.[90]