document_title: Axial tilt

question_text: the earth is tilted on its axis at an angle of

text: Axial tilt

text: Standards[edit]

text: The positive pole of a planet is defined by the right-hand rule: if the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of the rotation then the thumb points to the positive pole. The axial tilt is defined as the angle between the direction of the positive pole and the normal to the orbital plane. The angles for Earth, Uranus and Venus are approximately  23°,  97°, and 177° respectively.

text: There are two standard methods of specifying tilt. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines the north pole of a planet as that which lies on Earth's north side of the invariable plane of the Solar System;[3] under this system, Venus is tilted 3° and spins retrograde, opposite that of most of the other planets.[4][5]

text: The IAU also uses the right-hand rule to define a positive pole[6] for the purpose of determining orientation. Using this convention, Venus is tilted 177° ("upside down").

text: Earth[edit]

text: Earth's orbital plane is known as the ecliptic plane, and Earth's tilt is known to astronomers as the obliquity of the ecliptic, being the angle between the ecliptic and the celestial equator on the celestial sphere.[7] It is denoted by the Greek letter ε.

text: Earth currently has an axial tilt of about 23.4°.[8] This value remains about the same relative to a stationary orbital plane throughout the cycles of axial precession.[9] But the ecliptic (i.e., Earth's orbit) moves due to planetary perturbations, and the obliquity of the ecliptic is not a fixed quantity. At present, it is decreasing at a rate of about 47″ per century (see details in Short term below).

text: History[edit]

text: Earth's obliquity may have been reasonably accurately measured as early as 1100 BC in India and China.[10] The ancient Greeks had good measurements of the obliquity since about 350 BC, when Pytheas of Marseilles measured the shadow of a gnomon at the summer solstice.[11] About 830 AD, the Caliph Al-Mamun of Baghdad directed his astronomers to measure the obliquity, and the result was used in the Arab world for many years.[12] In 1437, Ulugh Beg determined the Earth's axial tilt as 23°30′17″ (23.5047°).[13]

text:
It was widely believed, during the Middle Ages, that both precession and Earth's obliquity oscillated around a mean value, with a period of 672 years, an idea known as trepidation of the equinoxes. Perhaps the first to realize this was incorrect (during historic time) was Ibn al-Shatir in the fourteenth century[14]
and the first to realize that the obliquity is decreasing at a relatively constant rate was Fracastoro in 1538.[15] The first accurate, modern, western observations of the obliquity were probably those of Tycho Brahe from Denmark, about 1584,[16] although observations by several others, including al-Ma'mun, al-Tusi,[17] Purbach, Regiomontanus, and Walther, could have provided similar information.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Earth's axis remains tilted in the same direction with reference to the background stars throughout a year (regardless of where it is in its orbit). This means that one pole (and the associated hemisphere of Earth) will be directed away from the Sun at one side of the orbit, and half an orbit later (half a year later) this pole will be directed towards the Sun. This is the cause of Earth's seasons. Summer occurs in the Northern hemisphere when the north pole is directed toward the Sun. Variations in Earth's axial tilt can influence the seasons and is likely a factor in long-term climate change (also see Milankovitch cycles).

text: Oscillation[edit]

text: Short term[edit]

text: The exact angular value of the obliquity is found by observation of the motions of Earth and planets over many years. Astronomers produce new fundamental ephemerides as the accuracy of observation improves and as the understanding of the dynamics increases, and from these ephemerides various astronomical values, including the obliquity, are derived.

text: Annual almanacs are published listing the derived values and methods of use. Until 1983, the Astronomical Almanac's angular value of the mean obliquity for any date was calculated based on the work of Newcomb, who analyzed positions of the planets until about 1895:

text: where ε is the obliquity and T is tropical centuries from B1900.0 to the date in question.[18]

text: From 1984, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's DE series of computer-generated ephemerides took over as the fundamental ephemeris of the Astronomical Almanac. Obliquity based on DE200, which analyzed observations from 1911 to 1979, was calculated:

text: where hereafter T is Julian centuries from J2000.0.[19]

text: JPL's fundamental ephemerides have been continually updated. For instance, the Astronomical Almanac for 2010 specifies:[8]

text: These expressions for the obliquity are intended for high precision over a relatively short time span, perhaps ± several centuries.[20] J. Laskar computed an expression to order T10 good to 0.02″ over 1000 years and several arcseconds over 10,000 years.

text: where here t is multiples of 10,000 Julian years from J2000.0.[21]

text: These expressions are for the so-called mean obliquity, that is, the obliquity free from short-term variations. Periodic motions of the Moon and of Earth in its orbit cause much smaller (9.2 arcseconds) short-period (about 18.6 years) oscillations of the rotation axis of Earth, known as nutation, which add a periodic component to Earth's obliquity.[22][23] The true or instantaneous obliquity includes this nutation.[24]

text: Long term[edit]

text: Using numerical methods to simulate Solar System behavior, long-term changes in Earth's orbit, and hence its obliquity, have been investigated over a period of several million years. For the past 5 million years, Earth's obliquity has varied between 22° 2′ 33″ and 24° 30′ 16″, with a mean period of 41,040 years. This cycle is a combination of precession and the largest term in the motion of the ecliptic. For the next 1 million years, the cycle will carry the obliquity between 22° 13′ 44″ and 24° 20′ 50″.[25]

text:
The Moon has a stabilizing effect on Earth's obliquity. Frequency map analysis conducted in 1993 suggested that, in the absence of the Moon, the obliquity can change rapidly due to orbital resonances and chaotic behavior of the Solar System, reaching as high as 90° in as little as a few million years (also see Orbit of the Moon).[26][27]
However, more recent numerical simulations[28] made in 2011 indicated that even in the absence of the Moon, Earth's obliquity might not be quite so unstable; varying only by about 20–25°.
To resolve this contradiction, diffusion rate of obliquity has been calculated, and it was found that it takes more than billions of years for Earth's obliquity to reach near 90°.[29] The Moon's stabilizing effect will continue for less than 2 billion years. As the Moon continues to recede from Earth due to tidal acceleration, resonances may occur which will cause large oscillations of the obliquity.[30]

text: Solar System bodies[edit]

text:
All four of the innermost, rocky planets of the Solar System may have had large variations of their obliquity in the past. Since obliquity is the angle between the axis of rotation and the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane, it changes as the orbital plane changes due to the influence of other planets. But the axis of rotation can also move (axial precession), due to torque exerted by the sun on a planet's equatorial bulge. Like Earth, all of the rocky planets show axial precession. If the precession rate were very fast the obliquity would actually remain fairly constant even as the orbital plane changes.[31] The rate varies due to tidal dissipation and core-mantle interaction, among other things. When a planet's precession rate approaches certain values, orbital resonances may cause large changes in obliquity. The amplitude of the contribution having one of the resonant rates is divided by the difference between the resonant rate and the precession rate, so it becomes large when the two are similar.[31] Mercury and Venus have most likely been stabilized by the tidal dissipation of the Sun. Earth was stabilized by the Moon, as mentioned above, but before its capture, Earth, too, could have passed through times of instability. Mars's obliquity is quite variable over millions of years and may be in a chaotic state; it varies as much as 0° to 60° over some millions of years, depending on perturbations of the planets.[26][32] Some authors dispute that Mars's obliquity is chaotic, and show that tidal dissipation and viscous core-mantle coupling are adequate for it to have reached a fully damped state, similar to Mercury and Venus.[4][33]
The occasional shifts in the axial tilt of Mars have been suggested as an explanation for the appearance and disappearance of rivers and lakes over the course of the existence of Mars. A shift could cause a burst of methane into the atmosphere, causing warming, but then the methane would be destroyed and the climate would become arid again.[34][35]

text: The obliquities of the outer planets are considered relatively stable.

text:
Axis and rotation of selected Solar System bodies

Body

NASA, J2000.0[36]

IAU, 0 January 2010, 0h TT[37]

Axial tilt(degrees)

North Pole

Rotation(hours)

Axial tilt(degrees)

North Pole

Rotation(deg/day)

R.A. (degrees)

Dec. (degrees)

R.A. (degrees)

Dec. (degrees)

Sun
7.25
286.13
63.87
609.12B
7.25A
286.15
63.89
14.18

Mercury
0.03
281.01
61.42
1407.6
0.01
281.01
61.45
6.14

Venus
2.64
272.76
67.16
–5832.6
2.64
272.76
67.16
−1.48

Earth
23.44
0.00
90.00
23.93
23.44
undef.
90.00
360.99

Moon
6.68
—
—
655.73
1.54C
270.00
66.54
13.18

Mars
25.19
317.68
52.89
24.62
25.19
317.67
52.88
350.89

Jupiter
3.13
268.05
64.49
9.93D
3.12
268.06
64.50
870.54D

Saturn
26.73
40.60
83.54
10.66D
26.73
40.59
83.54
810.79D

Uranus
82.23
257.43
–15.10
–17.24D
82.23
257.31
−15.18
−501.16D

Neptune
28.32
299.36
43.46
16.11D
28.33
299.40
42.95
536.31D

PlutoE
57.47
(312.99)
(6.16)
–153.29
60.41
312.99
6.16
−56.36

A with respect to the ecliptic of 1850B at 16° latitude; the Sun's rotation varies with latitudeC with respect to the ecliptic; the Moon's orbit is inclined 5.16° to the eclipticD from the origin of the radio emissions; the visible clouds generally rotate at different rateE NASA lists the coordinates of Pluto's positive pole; values in (parentheses) have been reinterpreted to correspond to the north/negative pole.

text: Extrasolar planets[edit]

text: The stellar obliquity ψs, i.e. the axial tilt of a star with respect to the orbital plane of one of its planets, has been determined for only a few systems. But for 49 stars as of today, the sky-projected spin-orbit misalignment λ has been observed,[38] which serves as a lower limit to ψs. Most of these measurements rely on the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect. So far, it has not been possible to constrain the obliquity of an extrasolar planet. But the rotational flattening of the planet and the entourage of moons and/or rings, which are traceable with high-precision photometry, e.g. by the space-based Kepler spacecraft, could provide access to ψp in the near future.

text: Astrophysicists have applied tidal theories to predict the obliquity of extrasolar planets. It has been shown that the obliquities of exoplanets in the habitable zone around low-mass stars tend to be eroded in less than 109 years,[39][40] which means that they would not have seasons as Earth has.


document_title: Trollhunters

question_text: who plays jim in season 3 of trollhunters

root

text: Trollhunters

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: This article's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Part 1[edit]

text: Beneath the town of Arcadia lives a secret civilization of trolls, which humans are oblivious to. The trolls' common enemy are the Gumm-Gumms, evil trolls from the Darklands. The trolls' chosen warrior, known as the "Trollhunter", is supposed to protect them from the Gumm-Gumms along with other dark miscreants from the Darklands.

tag: p

text: Fifteen-year-old James "Jim" Lake Jr. and his friend Toby find a mystical amulet which grants him the Trollhunter mantle. He is shortly approached by his new troll mentors, Blinky and AAARRRGGHH!!!. Despite his initial reluctance to lead a double life, he eventually accepts his role after discovering that attempting to discard the amulet will cause it to return to him on its own. During his visits to Heartstone Trollmarket, the presence of the first human Trollhunter stirs resentment, but he quickly gains their acceptance. Throughout his training and missions, he befriends a gnome (who Toby dubs "Gnome Chompsky") and discovers that goblins and Changelings (human-morphing trolls that replace humans to spy) are gathering for the completion of the Killahead Bridge, a portal through which the Gumm-Gumms from the Darklands will arrive and invade. The project is being led by Bular, Gumm-Gumm leader Gunmar's son, and Walter Strickler, a Changeling who is Jim's high school teacher.

text: While discovering more mysteries, Jim is forced to reveal the truth about his life to Claire Nuñez when she becomes a target of the goblins. Jim and his allies launch a surprise attack on Bular and his henchmen, destroying the bridge and closing the portal. Jim is forced to battle Bular. They fight and with aid from AAARRRGGHH!!!, Jim succeeds in slaying him. He returns to Trollmarket, where the citizens celebrate Bular's defeat.

text: Shortly afterward, Claire proposes a quest into the Darklands to rescue her baby brother Enrique, who has been replaced by a Changeling who they dub NotEnrique. The spirits of past Trollhunters inform Jim that the only way to get out of the Darklands alive is to kill Gunmar. Blinky discovers that the only way to kill Gunmar is with the three Triumbric Stones. Meanwhile, Strickler has freed ancient troll assassin Angor Rot from his bonds. Using Angor's ring, he forces Angor to obey him. Jim and the gang hunt for the Stones while Strickler has Angor create a binding spell that ties Strickler's fate to Jim's mother in order to ensure that Jim cannot kill Strickler. During one particular confrontation with Angor Rot, Angor manages to take one of the Triumbric Stones, although Claire takes his Shadow Staff in the process. While trying to steal the stone from Angor, Jim indirectly causes Angor's ring to break. Angor Rot goes on a rampage, attempting to kill Strickler and Jim. In the process, Strickler and Jim's mother are both injured. Trollmarket's leader, Vendel, informs Jim that the only way to save his mother is to break the binding spell that ties her and Strickler's fates together. However, his mother's memories of the troll world, including the fact that her son is the Trollhunter, are erased. Meanwhile, Strickler coaches Jim on cutting Angor Rot's removable stone-like eye, which they acquired, into a Triumbric-like stone to help him defeat Angor. Strickler also reveals to Jim that he had the last Triumbric Stone all along; he gives it to Jim before leaving town.

text: Angor Rot invades Trollmarket after stealing a key from Claire. Jim and his allies defeat him, but not before AAARRRGGHH!!! takes a hit from his poison dagger and turns to stone. The group is in mourning. Believing that he is responsible for the death of AAARRRGGHH!!! and the ongoing endangerment of his friends, Jim sets off to the Darklands alone, not wanting to lose any more of them.

text: Part 2[edit]

text: Jim returns Enrique, but ends up trapped in the Darklands. He is rescued by his friends along with former antagonist Nomura. AAARRRGGHH!!! is revived with a potion, and is welcomed back by his friends. Gunmar also escapes the Darklands with Dictatious, Blinky's presumed-dead brother, and a couple soldiers. They meet up with the Janus Order, an organization dedicated to Gunmar's return. Blinky finds out Dictatious is supportive of Gunmar, much to his dismay. Meanwhile, the fact that Gunmar is out from his prison makes Jim guilty in the eyes of Troll Law. Gunmar battles and enslaves Draal, as a means of torturing Jim. Jim is guided by Merlin's spirit imbibed in the amulet he carries. Queen Usurna, who leads the Troll Tribunal, kills Vendel in secret, but is unaware that Vendel secretly records it in a special troll device. It is revealed that Usurna is faithful towards Gunmar rather than the welfare of Troll society and that she schemes with Gunmar's counsel to bring about Gunmar's return. Gunmar invades Trollmarket and closes off the underground city. Gunmar drains energy from the Heartstone and regains his strength. He forcibly converts many of the Trolls into his soldiers. Jim and his cohorts retreat from the city to Arcadia with as many Trolls as they can save using Claire's magic staff. With the excessive use of dark magic, Claire comes under the spell of Morgana and secretly brings to her Angor Rot's damaged head.

text: Part 3[edit]

text: Merlin is awakened, and Morgana is released from her prison by the Staff of Avalon. Barbara Lake recovers her memories of knowing about Trolls, forcing Jim and his friends to reveal to their families the truth. Angor Rot is resurrected by Morgana. Jim is irreversibly transformed into a Half-Troll with all the physical characteristics of a Troll. Morgana brings forth the Eternal Night so that she and Gunmar can invade the world. Jim and his cohorts fight and win the battle. Jim kills Gunmar, and Morgana is trapped in the shadow realm by Claire with help from Angor Rot, who realizes his true past. Merlin leads the Trolls to a new home in New Jersey. Jim and Claire say good-bye to their families and friends (including Toby) and leave with the Trolls.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Anton Yelchin and Emile Hirsch as James "Jim" Lake Jr. / Trollhunter,[1][2] the first human Trollhunter and a reluctant hero dealing with the pressures of leading a double life. He has a talent for cooking and eventually sword-fighting, and cares deeply for his mother and friends. Yelchin provided the voice for Jim from Part 1, through portions of Part 3 before he passed away. Hirsch assumed the role following Yelchin's passing.
Charlie Saxton as Tobias "Toby" Domzalski,[16] Jim's best friend and confidant. Dorky and excitable, he fully embraces the secret world of trolls and aids Jim in his quests. His weapon of choice is a warhammer.
Jonathan Hyde as Walter Strickler,[16] Jim's history teacher who is actually a Changeling. When Jim discovers the truth, he loses all respect for him and the two become bitter enemies. However, he remains affable toward Jim and has redeeming qualities.
Kelsey Grammer as Blinkous "Blinky" Galadrigal,[2] Jim's six-eyed troll mentor. A wise and scholarly troll with a heart of gold, he serves as the brains of the Trollhunters and eventually becomes a sort of father figure to Jim.
Fred Tatasciore as Aarghaumont "AAARRRGGHH!!!",[16] a burly troll and close companion of Blinky who forms a deep bond with Toby. He was kidnapped by the Gumm-Gumms as a child, which stunted his vocabulary. Tormented by the atrocities they committed, he deserted Gunmar to live a life of peace. However, he will still fight to protect those he cares about.
Lexi Medrano as Claire Nuñez,[16] Jim's girlfriend. She is a feisty, kind, jolly, sarcastic, curious, and intelligent tomboy who enjoys books and is a talented martial artist and gymnast. She obtains the Shadowstaff, a staff capable of creating portals activated by the user's emotions.
Victor Raider-Wexler as Vendel, the leader of Trollmarket. An ancient and wizened troll, Vendel is at first suspicious of Jim and often comes across as a pessimist, but shows a softer side and eventual faith in Jim. At the end of Part 2, he is killed by Usurna after she revealed herself to be working for Gunmar, but not before recording the act to warn the Trollhunters.
Ron Perlman as Bular,[2] the son of Gunmar. A brutish and powerful troll warrior, he's obsessed with freeing his father from the Darklands. He holds a special disdain for Changelings, whom he considers "impure", putting him at odds with Strickler and other Changelings who seek to free Gunmar. He is killed by Jim in the first half of season 1, but later makes appearances in the season 1 episode "Where Is My Mind" and the season 2 episode "Unbecoming".
Amy Landecker as Barbara Lake,[16] Jim's protective and overworked mother. Her husband left the family when Jim was five years old. Her doctor job means she's often away from home, which lets Jim pursue his Trollhunter duties.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Steven Yeun as Steve Palchuk,[1] a narcissistic bully who frequently harasses Jim. Suspicious of Jim's unusual behavior, he eventually discovers the truth and teams up with Eli Pepperjack to help Jim in Part 2.
Matthew Waterson as Draal, the son of previous Trollhunter Kanjigar. He is originally jealous and suspicious of Jim but later befriends him – acting as Jim's fighting tutor. During a battle in the museum, Draal sacrifices his lower right arm while removing the Trollhunter amulet from the Killahead Bridge to close the portal, and later obtains a mechanical prosthetic. Draal explains that his father kept a distance from him as he grew up, and he had hoped to become the next Trollhunter that he might earn his father's approval.
Lauren Tom as Nomura, the Changeling museum curator and a colleague of Strickler. Originally an antagonist, she was pulled into the Darklands and imprisoned by Gunmar for her failures. When Jim is captured in the Darklands, the two form a connection and escape together.
Jimmie Wood as NotEnrique, the Changeling swapped with Claire's baby brother Enrique. While troublesome and self-serving, he isn't actively malicious and even helps the Trollhunters from time to time (usually after being bribed). He forms a rocky but brotherly connection with Claire.
Clancy Brown as Gunmar, the iron-fisted leader of the Gumm-Gumms who reside in the Darklands. He is powerful and ruthless, and will readily dispose of loyal minions and allies who can no longer serve him. He has no qualms about enslaving or killing his fellow trolls to accomplish his goals.
Tom Hiddleston and James Purefoy as Kanjigar the Courageous, Draal's father and the noble Trollhunter prior to Jim. His ghost tutors Jim, often worrying about Jim's team fighting style, believing that the Trollhunter must work alone to avoid endangering those he cares about – this leads to Jim's guilt and decision to venture into the Darklands alone. Hiddleston provided the voice acting for Kanjigar during the series premiere, while Purefoy was cast to assume the role for the rest of the series.
Ike Amadi as Angor Rot, an ancient troll warlock-assassin who hunts down Trollhunters and takes their souls. In medieval times, Angor made a deal with Morgana, surrendering his own soul in return for his mystical powers.
Rodrigo Blaas as Gnome Chompsky, a Gnome adopted by Toby. He started out as a "rogue Gnome" causing trouble, but after he was finally defeated by Jim he became friendly when he was given a dollhouse to live in and a plastic doll to be his companion. He later helped locate Enrique in the Darklands and also helped rescue Jim from the Darklands.
Mark Hamill as Dictatious Galadrigal, Blinky's brother. Presumed dead, he helps Gunmar in his quest to conquer the surface lands. He is blinded by Blinky during a struggle in the Darklands.
Anjelica Huston as Queen Usurna, the queen of the Krubera, AAARRRGGHH!!!'s race who live in the Deep Caverns, and a member of a council of troll leaders known as the Tribunal. She initially seems to be a kind queen concerned for AAARRRGGHH!!!'s well-being. As a Tribunal member, she is strict and judgmental, and leads the Tribunal to act against Jim and his friends. Late in Part 2, she reveals herself to be a traitor who works for Gunmar and helps him take over Trollmarket.
Cole Sand as Eli Pepperjack, a nerdy classmate of Jim who believes in the paranormal. In Part 2, he teams up with Steve Palchuk to investigate the strange creatures they both have seen and to help Jim.
Lena Headey as Morgana / The Pale Lady, an ancient and seemingly malevolent entity and the patron of Angor Rot.
Tom Kenny as Otto Scaarbach, a Changeling Polymorph who can change into the form of anyone. He is the Grand Commandant of the Janus Order, a secret society of Changelings who assist the Gumm-Gumms.
David Bradley as Merlin, the wizard who created the Trollhunter's amulet.
Colin O'Donoghue as Douxie "Big D", a charming english teen from Arcadia Oaks Academy who's band, "Ash Dispersal Pattern," is an entrant in the Battle of the Bands in Part 3.
Tatiana Maslany as Aja, a "foreign exchange student" from "Cantaloupia" older sister to Krel. Jim is tasked to show them around and acclimate them to Arcadia late in Part 3.
Diego Luna as Krel, younger brother to Aja.

text: Production[edit]

text: Initially, del Toro envisioned the idea as a live-action television series; however this was deemed impractical due to budgetary concerns, and as a result he instead turned the idea into a book. DreamWorks then planned to turn the book into an animated feature film. The feature film was going to be directed by Guillermo del Toro and Rodrigo Blaas. Eventually Dreamworks decided to instead turn it into a TV series with Netflix. Rodrigo Blaas became an Executive Producer and Supervising Director on the series. [17].

text: Del Toro modeled the show's sensibilities after shows he grew up with such as Johnny Quest, identifying them as "really earnest and emotionally beautiful".[18] To this end, he sought to make the main character of Jim "in that '70s mold," and "really a very good boy" with del Toro noting that this was a constant struggle for him to express to both writers and actors.[19] Eventually he came across Anton Yelchin, who embodied those qualities although by del Toro's estimate it still took him a few sessions to fully understand the character.[19]

text: When creating the show's narrative, del Toro noted that he wanted a "bittersweet journey" for the main character dealing with issues that most such "power fantasies" failed to address, telling indiewire "I wanted to say, 'Look, you can be in high school and you can have your problems. Then you get all these powers and then you have a different set of problems. There is not such a thing as a final, great outcome.'"[18]

text: The show serves as one of Yelchin's final projects as he died shortly after recording most of his character's dialogue.[20] Producer del Toro refused to replace his recordings,[21] which del Toro noted was a challenge for the show's recording engineers.[19] Of his decision del Toro stated that the actor "was proud of what he did, and we were so proud of how he did it." Del Toro added that his experience as a father and Yelchin's young age were also factors that led to the decision.[17]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
26
December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)

2
13
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

3
13
May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25)

text: Release[edit]

text: The two-episode pilot of the series premiered on October 8, 2016 at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] The first season consisted of 26 half-hour episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The second season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on December 15, 2017.[5][6] The third and final season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on May 25, 2018.[7][8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season of Trollhunters was released on DVD on November 7, 2017.[22][23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Trollhunters has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.81/10 based on 16 reviews for the first season. The website's consensus reads, "Trollhunters manages to capture del Toro's enthusiasm for telling monster stories, in a youthful and more colorful fashion that may well earn him a new generation of fans."[24] On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 69 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[25]

text: In 2017, it received six Daytime Emmys, more than any other television program, animated or live action, that year.[26]

text: On January 30, 2017, Trollhunters writers Kevin and Dan Hageman stated that the series is the most successful Netflix original show to date that is targeted at a younger audience.[27]

text: The second season of Trollhunters was nominated for six 2018 Annie Awards, tied for the most nominations of any television program in 2018.[28] It was also nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, including Best Children’s Animated Series, and won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Mike Chaffe for character Blinky in "Becoming, Part 1"
Won
[29]

Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
Victor Maldonado, Alfredo Torres and Jules Rigolle, "Win, Lose or Draal"
Won

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
Alexandre Desplat and Tim Davies, "Becoming, Part 1"
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
Hyunjoo Song, "Win, Lose or Draal"
Won

Saturn Awards
Best Animated Series or Film on Television
Trollhunters
Nominated
[30]

Behind the Voice Actors Awards
Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series
Anton Yelchin, for Jim Lake Jr.
Won
[31]

Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series
Lexi Medrano, for Claire Nuñez
Nominated

Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role
Laraine Newman, for Miss Janeth
Nominated

Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role
Anjelica Huston, for Queen Usurna
Nominated

Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Animation
Mike Chaffe, "Becoming, Part 1"
Won
[32][33]

Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Design
Victor Maldonado, "Win, Lose Or Draal"
Won

Outstanding Special Class Animated Program
Guillermo del Toro, Rodrigo Blaas, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas
Nominated

Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Kelsey Grammer, for Blinky
Won

Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
Mary Hidalgo, Ania O'Hare, CSA
Won

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program
Marc Guggenheim
Won

Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program
Rodrigo Blaas, Guillermo del Toro
Won

Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design
Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, John Laus, David M.V. Jones
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
Matthew Thomas Hall and Carlos Sanches, CAS
Nominated

2018
Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Bruno Chiou, Yi-Fan Cho, Kevin Jong, Chun-Jung Chu, "Homecoming"
Won
[34]

Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Jules Rigolle, Alfredo Torres, Linda Chen, Rustam Hasanov, Alfonso Blaas, "Escape from the Darklands"
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Andrew Schmidt, "Unbecoming"
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
David Woo, "Hero with a Thousand Faces"
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Hyunjoo Song, "In the Hall of the Gumm-Gumm King"
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
A.C. Bradley, Kevin Hageman, Dan Hageman, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, "Escape from the Darklands"
Nominated

Kidscreen Awards
Best New Series, Kids Category
Trollhunters
Won
[35]

Best Writing
Trollhunters
Won

Best Animation
Trollhunters
Won

Golden Reel Award
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing, Animation Short Form
Matthew Hall, Jason Oliver, Goeun Lee, MPSE, James Miller, Carlos Sanches, Aran Tanchum, Vincent Guisetti
Nominated
[36]

Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Children's Animated Series
Guillermo del Toro, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Rodrigo Blaas, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas
Nominated
[37][38]

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program
Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, AC Bradley
Won

Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation
Matt Hall, Goeun Lee, James Miller, James Oliver, Aran Tanchum, Stacey Michaels, Vincent Guilsetti, Alex Ulrich
Nominated

Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design
Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, David M.V. Jones, John Laus
Nominated

text: Tales of Arcadia[edit]

text: On November 6, 2017, show creator Guillermo del Toro announced that Trollhunters will be expanded into a trilogy of animated series known as Tales of Arcadia.[39] The trilogy will be continued by a sci-fi animated series known as 3 Below, which will center on two royal aliens and their bodyguard who escape from their home planet and crash-land on Earth in Arcadia, where Trollhunters also takes place. There, the aliens adjust to human culture and try to fix their spaceship to return and take back their home planet, which is being taken over by an evil dictator. 3 Below will premiere on Netflix in 2018. The trilogy will then be concluded with the animated series Wizards, which brings together the three disparate worlds of trolls, aliens and wizards who have found themselves drawn to Arcadia, "...culminating in an apocalyptic battle for the control of magic that will ultimately determine the fate of these supernatural worlds that have now converged." Wizards is scheduled to premiere on Netflix in 2019.[39]


document_title: Heavy Is the Head (Zac Brown Band song)

question_text: who sings heavy is the head that wears the crown

text: Heavy Is the Head (Zac Brown Band song)

text:
"Heavy Is the Head"

Single by Zac Brown Band featuring Chris Cornell

from the album Jekyll + Hyde

Released
March 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)

Genre
Southern rock, Hard rock

Length
3:59

Label
Southern Ground
BMLG
Republic
John Varvatos Records

Songwriter(s)
Zac Brown, Niko Moon, Wyatt Durrette, Jimmy De Martini, John Driskell Hopkins, Darrell Scott

Producer(s)
In the Arena Productions, Darrell Scott[1]

Zac Brown Band singles chronology

"Homegrown"
(2015)
"Heavy Is the Head"
(2015)
"Loving You Easy"
(2015)

"Homegrown"
(2015)
"Heavy Is the Head"
(2015)
"Loving You Easy"
(2015)

Chris Cornell singles chronology

"The Keeper"
(2011) The Keeper2011
"Heavy Is the Head"
(2015) Heavy Is the Head2015
"Nearly Forgot My Broken Heart"
(2015) Nearly Forgot My Broken Heart2015

text: "Heavy Is the Head" is a song recorded by American country music group Zac Brown Band. It was released on March 6, 2015 as the second single from the band's fourth studio album, Jekyll + Hyde, released on April 28, 2015. It features vocals from Chris Cornell, and was released to rock radio, rather than country.[2]

text: The song was used as the theme for the 2015 Major League Baseball season and has also appeared in the video game WWE 2K16.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Compiled from liner notes.[1]

text:
Zac Brown - lead vocals, electric guitar
Chris Cornell - duet vocals
Coy Bowles - slide guitar
Clay Cook - Hammond organ
Donald Dunlavey - electric guitar
Chris Fryar - drums
John Driskell Hopkins - electric guitar
Matt Mangano - bass guitar, electric guitar
Daniel de los Reyes - percussion
Jimmy De Martini - violin
Darrell Scott - background vocals, electric guitar, pedal steel guitar

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Heavy Is the Head" debuted at number 50 on the Billboard Rock Airplay chart and at number 37 on the Mainstream Rock airplay chart for the week ending March 21, 2015.[3] The song is the band's first entry on either chart. Its number 1 peak on Mainstream Rock has made Zac Brown Band only the second musical act after Bon Jovi to have a number 1 single on both that chart and Country Airplay.[4]

text:
Chart (2015)
Peak
position

Canada Rock (Billboard)[5]
1

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[6]
14

US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[7]
11

US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[8]
1


document_title: Liv and Maddie

question_text: who are the actresses that play liv and maddie

text: Liv and Maddie

text: Plot

text: Actress Liv Rooney is a girly girl who has just returned to her birthplace of Stevens Point, Wisconsin, after finishing a four-year stint in Hollywood, filming a popular television series called Sing It Loud! Her identical twin sister, Maddie, a tomboy with a facility for sports, but with a particular talent for basketball, welcomes Liv back home with open arms. The twins have two younger brothers: Joey, a typical awkward teen who is one year younger than the twins, and Parker, a clever tween with a mischievous personality and the youngest child of the Rooney family. Their parents are Karen, the high school psychologist and later the high school's vice principal, and Pete, the coach of Maddie's high school basketball team who later accepts a position as the coach of a college team in Beloit, Wisconsin. The series revolves around Liv adjusting to normal family life after her successful career in Hollywood. Most events take place at the Rooney residence or at Ridgewood High School. At the end of the third season, the Rooney house collapses and Maddie enrolls in a college in Los Angeles, California. This prompts the rest of the Rooneys, except Pete who remains in Wisconsin to continue his coaching job, to move to Malibu, California, to take up residence with Karen's younger sister, Dena, and her daughter, Ruby, where the series' fourth season takes place.

text: Episodes

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired121July 19, 2013 (2013-07-19)July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)224September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)320September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)415September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

text: Cast

text:
Dove Cameron as Liv and Maddie Rooney
Joey Bragg as Joey Rooney
Tenzing Norgay Trainor as Parker Rooney
Kali Rocha as Karen Rooney
Benjamin King as Pete Rooney (seasons 1–3)
Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (season 4)

text: Production

text: Development

text: Liv and Maddie began production in April 2013.[1] The series was created by John D. Beck and Ron Hart, both of whom also serve as executive producers alongside Andy Fickman. Beck and Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include According to Jim, Hey Arnold!, and Shake It Up!. Originally, the pair had shopped a script of a project called Bits and Pieces which featured a blended family similar to series like The Brady Bunch and Step by Step.[2] The series is produced under a joint venture by Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, and It's a Laugh Productions.

text: On January 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed Liv and Maddie for a 13-episode second season slated to premiere in fall 2014.[3] The second season was later expanded to 24 episodes.[4] The second season premiered on September 21, 2014. The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on April 3, 2015.[5] The third season premiered on September 13, 2015. On December 21, 2015, actress Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel was picking up Liv and Maddie for a fourth season.[6] On June 19, 2016, series co-creator Ron Hart announced on Twitter that the fourth season would premiere in fall 2016.[7] On July 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that they had filmed the series' final episode.[8] On August 19, 2016, it was announced by the series' creators, John D. Beck and Ron Hart, that the final season would be called Liv and Maddie: Cali Style. They also stated that the fourth and final season would premiere on September 23, 2016.[9]

text: Casting

text: Casting took place during the spring of 2012;[10] however, only a pilot episode was produced. The series followed Kali Rocha, Dove Cameron, Joey Bragg, Benjamin King, Cozi Zuehlsdorff, and Tenzing Norgay Trainor portraying Jodie Sullenger, mother of Alanna and Sticky, who married Pete Fickman, father of Crystal and Brody, with all six adjusting to life under the same roof. Eventually, Disney chose to change the concept of Bits and Pieces into one about a pair of twins.[2] Instead of hiring a new cast, production chose to keep those whom they had already hired and film a completely new pilot. The story now focused on Dove Cameron playing dual roles with the same parents and brothers. Lead billing for Cozi Zuehlsdorff was later dropped to guest star. The family name of "Rooney" was picked because of Sullenger's enjoyment of the Pittsburgh Steelers, a team owned by the Rooney family.[2]

text: Music

text: A full version of the Liv and Maddie theme song, "Better in Stereo", was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.[11] A music video was filmed and aired on Disney Channel the night of October 29, 2013.[citation needed] The song was featured twice in the show, first in the season three finale, "Californi-a-Rooney", and then an acoustic version sung by Dove Cameron during the season four and series finale, "End-a-Rooney".

text: In the pilot, "Twin-a-Rooney", Liv shows Maddie a clip from the Sing It Loud! finale in which Liv's character, Stephanie Einstein, sings a cover of On Top of the World by Imagine Dragons. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.[12]

text: In "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney", Liv performs the classic "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" during the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version of the song was recorded by Dove Cameron and is included on Holidays Unwrapped, a holiday album released by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.[13]

text: In "Song-a-Rooney", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO" which goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version of "Count Me In" was recorded by Dove Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on June 3, 2014.[14]

text: In "New Year's Eve-a-Rooney", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on December 2, 2014.

text: In "Rate-a-Rooney", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Two versions were created: the first being the one shown on Liv and Maddie and the other, including Christina Grimmie and Baby Kaely, was eventually recorded. Both versions are included in the Liv and Maddie soundtrack. The second version was released on iTunes on March 5, 2015, while the original version was released on March 17, 2015. On March 17, 2015, the Liv and Maddie soundtrack was released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", and both versions of "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack also includes "Say Hey", "As Long as I Have You", and "True Love", of which the last one would be morphed into two versions: Ballad, which would be sung by Jordan Fisher, and a piano duet featuring Jordan Fisher and Dove Cameron. With the announcement of the soundtrack on March 5, 2015, the singles for those songs, minus FroyoYOLO, were discontinued and are no longer available.

text: In "Prom-a-Rooney", Liv performs "True Love" at the school prom. Like she did with the other songs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version of the song which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015.

text: In "Band-a-Rooney", Liv's band, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version was recorded by Dove Cameron, with the band member's actor doing the chorus. The song was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015.

text: In "Video-a-Rooney", Liv's band performs "As Long as I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015. The song was the final song from the soundtrack that was played in the series.

text: In "SPARF-a-Rooney", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is one of the few songs in Liv and Maddie not to be part of the soundtrack.

text: In "Sing It Louder!!-a-Rooney", Liv and Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The song was recorded by Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016.

text: In "Falcon-a-Rooney", "The Power of Two" is performed again by Liv and Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!" Like the previous song in season four, Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis recorded a full song, released on January 20, 2017.

text: In "Sing It Live!!!-a-Rooney, Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode of "Sing It Louder!!" Again, a full version of the song was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single on March 3, 2017.

text: Songs

text:
List of songs in Liv and Maddie

Title

Performed by

First episode

"Better in Stereo"

Dove Cameron

"Twin-a-Rooney"

"On Top of the World"

Dove Cameron

"Twin-a-Rooney"

"Up on the Housetop"

Dove Cameron and Ella Anderson

"Fa-La-La-a-Rooney"

"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow"

Dove Cameron

"Fa-La-La-a-Rooney"

"FroyoYOLO"

Dove Cameron

"Song-a-Rooney"

"Count Me In"

Dove Cameron

"Song-a-Rooney"

"You, Me and the Beat"

Dove Cameron

"New Year's Eve-a-Rooney"

"What a Girl Is"

Dove Cameron

"Rate-a-Rooney"

"True Love"

Dove Cameron

"Prom-a-Rooney"

"Say Hey"

Dove Cameron

"Band-a-Rooney"

"As Long as I Have You"

Dove Cameron

"Video-a-Rooney"

"Honey, I'm Good"

Andy Grammer

"SPARF-a-Rooney"

"Key of Life"

Dove Cameron

"Dream-a-Rooney"

"One Second Chance"

Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis

"Sing It Louder!!-a-Rooney"

"Power of Two"

Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis

"Falcon-a-Rooney"

"My Destiny"

Dove Cameron

"Sing It Live!!!-a-Rooney"

text: Broadcast

text: Liv and Maddie airs on Disney Channel in the United States and Family Channel in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on July 19, 2013. The first promo for the series was seen on June 28, 2013. The series officially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, and in Canada on September 20, 2013.[citation needed] The series stopped airing in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, and started airing on Disney Channel on September 5, 2015.[citation needed] La Chaîne Disney in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-a-Rooney" on March 24, 2016, 17 days before the US and Canada airing on April 10, 2016.[citation needed] In the UK and Ireland, the series aired a preview on October 7, 2013, and later premiered on November 8, 2013.[citation needed] In Australia and New Zealand, the series premiered on October 11, 2013.[citation needed] The second season premiered on January 8, 2015.[15] The third season premiered on December 2, 2015.[citation needed] The series premiered in Southeast Asia on January 10, 2014.[citation needed] In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East and Africa, the series premiered on March 8, 2014.[citation needed] The second season premiered on February 7, 2015.[citation needed] In India, the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on Disney International HD.[16]

text: Reception

text: Critical

text: Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series' quality a rating of three out of five stars, describing it as a "jovial family sitcom" and applicable for ages seven and above. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common family issues, like sibling rivalry, stating: "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."[17] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times compared the series to The Patty Duke Show while describing it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" and praising Dove Cameron's portrayal of the down-to-earth Maddie and diva Liv, stating: "...the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."[18]

text: Ratings

text:
Season

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1

20

July 19, 2013 (2013-07-19)

5.78[19]

July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)

N/A
2.87

2

24

September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)

2.04[20]

August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)

2.45[21]
2.17

3

20

September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)

1.80[22]

June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)

1.53[23]
1.87

4

15

September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)

1.66[24]

March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

1.30[25]
1.21

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

Ref.

2014

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Program

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Program

Nominated

2015

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia

Favorite International Program

Nominated

2016

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Show: Comedy

Nominated

[26]

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[27]

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia

Favorite International Program

Won

[28]

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina

Favorite International Program

Won

[29]

2017

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Program

Won

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia

Favorite International Program

Won

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina

Favorite International Program

Won

text: Merchandise

text: Brand marketing promotion from Liv and Maddie still continues strongly, with ACCO Brands, under the Day Dream brand, featuring a 2015 wall calendar and Disney D'Signed clothing line from selected retailers Target and Kohl's. Wooky Entertainment owns Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featuring Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True and Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star sketchbooks.[30][31] Footwear retailer Payless ShoeSource conducts Liv and Maddie-themed character footwear based on the series.[32]

text: A novelization of the series, titled Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever, was published by Disney Press on January 6, 2015.[33] The junior novel is based on the episodes "Twin-a-Rooney" and "Team-a-Rooney", and alternates between the view points of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. Featuring eight pages of photos from the series, the junior novel was adapted by Lexi Ryals. Another novelization of the series, titled Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble, was published by Disney Press on August 4, 2015.[34] It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-a-Rooney" and "Dodge-a-Rooney". Like the first novel, Double Trouble features eight pages of photos from the series and was adapted by Lexi Ryals. Also like the first novel, Double Trouble alternates between the view points of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker.


document_title: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

question_text: what is the name of the reindeer coach in rudolph

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sam the Snowman welcomes the viewers to Christmastown at the North Pole and introduces Santa and Mrs. Claus who live in a castle located north of the Christmas Tree Forest. Mrs. Claus fusses over Santa as she wants him to fatten up by Christmas Eve. Sam then recalls the year Christmas was almost cancelled due to a snowstorm and tells the story of how a very special reindeer saved the day.

text: Donner, Santa's lead reindeer, and his wife have given birth to their new baby fawn, Rudolph. Upon admiring him, they are surprised to see that Rudolph has been born with a glowing red nose. When Santa arrives, he warns Donner that Rudolph will not make the sleigh team because of his nose. Donner then decides to hide the nose by covering it with mud to allow Rudolph to fit in with all the other reindeer.

text: Over Rudolph's first year of life, Donner trains him in the basics of being a reindeer, including hiding from the Abominable Snow Monster of the North. Rudolph enters the reindeer games, competing against his fellow fawns. During flight practice, Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice who tells him he is cute, and kisses him, which causes an elated Rudolph to fly higher and faster than everyone else. However, while celebrating with the other bucks, Rudolph's nose cover pops off, and the others react with fear, then scorn and finally rejection as Rudolph is kicked out of the Reindeer Games. Walking away, Rudolph walks with Clarice, who supports him, until her father firmly tells her to never have any more contacts with a red-nosed reindeer. Then, Rudolph meets up with Hermey, an elf who ran away from Santa's workshop because he wanted to be a dentist instead of making toys, and they decide to run away together. The pair then meet a prospector named Yukon Cornelius, who has fruitlessly searched his whole life for silver and gold. After escaping the snow monster on an ice floe, the trio crash land on the Island of Misfit Toys where unloved or unwanted toys live with their ruler, a winged lion named King Moonracer. The king allows the group to stay one night on the island in exchange for returning to Christmastown to ask Santa to find homes for the unwanted toys. However, Rudolph leaves the island in the middle of the night on his own, fearing that his nose, which attracts the snow monster, will endanger his friends.

text: Time goes by and Rudolph grows into adulthood; he tries and fails to find a place to settle where he will be accepted despite his nose. Returning home, he finds that his parents and Clarice have been looking for him for months. He sets out once again to find them, only to discover that the snow monster has captured them. Rudolph tries to save Clarice from being eaten, but the monster hits him in the head with a stalactite, dazing him. Hermey and Yukon return to Christmastown and go to save Rudolph. Hermey, posing as a pig, lures the monster out of his cave and Yukon drops rocks on his head to knock him out. Hermey then pulls out all the monster's teeth. Realizing Yukon drives the toothless (and now terrified) monster back, only to follow it over the cliff with all his pack dogs. Mourning Yukon's presumed death, Rudolph, Hermey, Clarice, and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them. After hearing their story, Santa welcomes the group back to Christmastown, promises that he will find homes for the Misfit Toys, Hermey opens his own dentist's office, and Clarice's father apologizes for being so hard on Rudolph. Yukon then returns with a reformed snow monster (Yukon notes that they bounce) and demonstrates the beast's ability to trim a Christmas tree. While everybody's celebrating, Santa interrupts, grimly informing everyone that because of the storm, he is forced to cancel the Christmas trip. Santa is soon distracted by Rudolph's red nose and realizes that its light could cut through the storm. He asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh and Rudolph agrees. The team then flies off to the island and pick up the toys. The special ends with Santa wishing the viewers a merry Christmas as he and Rudolph fly off into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Billie Mae Richards[3][4] voices Rudolph, a reindeer with strong mental (he learns to speak shortly after birth) and physical strength who is shunned for his nonconforming red nose, but later saves Christmas.
Stan Francis voices:

Santa Claus, portrayed in the special as a moody, nervous and "skinny Santa" whose fears are only allayed when he conjures the idea of using Rudolph's nose to lead the sleigh.
King Moonracer, a winged lion who rules the entire Island of Misfit Toys. King Moonracer's voice uses a reverb effect to distinguish it from Santa Claus.

Paul Kligman voices:

Donner, Rudolph's father and Santa's most prized reindeer. While he loves and accepts Rudolph, he shows great concern that society will reject him for his nose and tries to protect him by creating a nose cover.
Comet, head coach of the Reindeer Games.
Clarice's unnamed father, who forbids Clarice from shaming the family by associating with a red-nosed reindeer.

Burl Ives voices Sam the Snowman, the narrator.
Paul Soles voices Hermey, an elf who dreams of pursuing a career in dentistry and "feels different" from the other elves. He eventually is forced out and runs off with Rudolph.
Janis Orenstein voices Clarice, a female reindeer who is the only one of Rudolph's age to not reject him. She later joins Rudolph's parents in the search party.
Larry D. Mann voices Yukon Cornelius, the "greatest prospector of the North" who joins Rudolph and Hermey on their journey but never finds the silver and gold he seeks.
Peg Dixon voices:

Mrs. Claus, a pushy wife who mocks her husband's lack of appetite.
Mrs. Donner, a loving and mostly submissive wife.

Carl Banas voices:

The Head Elf. For the Head Elf's voice, Banas uses a meek Bill Thompson-like voice when speaking in front of Santa Claus, but turns into a ruthless boss with a voice similar to Mel Blanc's Yosemite Sam or Cosmo Spacely when Santa is not around.
Various Misfit Toys, including a Spotted Elephant, King Moonracer's footman; a bird that swims, a cowboy who rides an ostrich, a train with square wheels on his caboose, two teddy bears (one on a bicycle and one with wings), a boat that doesn't float, a set of clown nesting dolls with a wind-up mouse as the last one, a water pistol that shoots jelly, a plane that can't fly, a toy car that only drives in reverse, and a scooter with two wheels in front and one in back.

Alfie Scopp voices:

Fireball, who introduces Rudolph to the opposite sex, but later snubs Rudolph when his red nose is revealed.
Charlie-In-The-Box, the island's sentry.

Corinne Conley voices Dolly, a seemingly normal girl rag doll on the Island of Misfit Toys. Her misfit problem is never explained on the special; many decades later, on NPR's Wait Wait… Don't Tell Me! news quiz show (broadcast December 8, 2007), Rudolph's producer, Arthur Rankin Jr., noted that Dolly's problem was psychological, caused by being abandoned by her owner (named as Sue in the special) and suffering depression from feeling uncared-for.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: The TV special, with the teleplay by Romeo Muller, introduced several new characters inspired by the song's lyrics. Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May's original book, but could not find a copy.[6] Other than Burl Ives, all characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA studios in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan.[7]

text: After the script, concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin/Bass in New York City. The company's trademark stop motion animation process, known as "Animagic", was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima.[6] Besides Rudolph, Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin/Bass on their other Animagic productions almost throughout the 1960s, from The New Adventures of Pinocchio, to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?.[6]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop-motion puppet figures used in the production, many were not preserved. Rankin claimed in 2007 to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure.[8] Nine other puppets—including Santa and young Rudolph—were given to a secretary, who gave them to family members. Eventually seven were discarded.[8] In 2005, the remaining two puppets of Rudolph and Santa were appraised on Antiques Roadshow; the episode aired in 2006 on PBS. At that time, their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000. The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic.[9] Toy aficionado Kevin Kriess bought Santa and Rudolph in 2005; in 2007, he had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties, a Los Angeles-based collective of film directors specializing in stop motion animation with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project.[8][10] The figures have been shown at conventions since then.[11]

text: Production credits[edit]

text:
Directed by Larry Roemer
Produced by Arthur Rankin, Jr.
Co-Producer: Jules Bass
Written by Romeo Muller
Adapted from the Story by Robert L. May
Adapted from the Song by Johnny Marks
Music and Lyrics by Johnny Marks
Music Conducted and Arranged by Maury Laws
Associate Director: Kizo Nagashima
Recording Engineers: Bill Giles, Alan Mirchin, Ralph Friedman
Sound Effects: Walter Gustafson
Recording Supervisor: Bernard Cowan
"Animagic" Supervisor: Tadahito Mochinaga (aka Tad Mochinaga)
Continuity Design: Anthony Peters

text: Different versions[edit]

text: Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit[edit]

text: This version has the NBC "living color" peacock at the introduction. It includes the original end credits, where an elf drops presents that list all the technical credits. It also includes commercials that were exclusively for GE small appliances with some of the same animated elves from the main program introducing each of the products, and closing NBC network bumpers, including promos for the following week's episodes of GE College Bowl and Meet the Press, which were presumably pre-empted that Sunday for the inaugural 5:30 PM (EST) telecast. The College Bowl quiz show was also sponsored by GE.[12] The original does not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys, but does include a scene near the end of the special in which Yukon Cornelius discovers a peppermint mine near Santa's workshop. He can be seen throughout the special tossing his pickax into the air, sniffing, then licking the end that contacts the snow or ice. Deletion of the peppermint segment in 1965, to make room for Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys, leaves audience to assume that Cornelius was attempting to find either silver or gold by taste alone.[6]

text: 1965–1997 telecasts[edit]

text: The 1965 broadcast also included a new duet between Rudolph and Hermey called "Fame and Fortune", which replaced a scene in which the same characters sang "We're a Couple of Misfits". Viewers of the 1964 special complained that Santa was not shown fulfilling his promise to the Misfit Toys (to include them in his annual toy delivery).[6] In reaction, a new scene for subsequent rebroadcasts was produced with Santa making his first stop at the Island to pick up the toys. This is the ending that has been shown on all telecasts and video releases ever since. Until sometime in the 1970s the special aired without additional cuts, but eventually more commercial time was required by the network. In 1978, several sequences were deleted to make room for more advertising: the instrumental bridge from "We Are Santa's Elves" featuring the elf orchestra, additional dialogue by Burl Ives, and the "Peppermint Mine" scene resolving the fate of Yukon Cornelius.[6] The special's 1993 restoration saw "Misfits" returned to its original film context, and the 2004 DVD release showcases "Fame and Fortune" as a separate musical number.

text: 1998– CBS telecasts[edit]

text: Most of the 1965 deletions were restored in 1998, and "Fame and Fortune" was replaced with the original "We're a Couple of Misfits" reprise. A short slide reading "Rankin/Bass Presents" was inserted at the beginning of the special to reflect the company's name change. The "Peppermint Mine" scene was not restored; it has not aired on CBS since the mid 70s.

text: Starting in 2005, CBS aired the video of the "Fame and Fortune" scene with the soundtrack replaced by an edited version of "We're a Couple of Misfits".[6] The special has been edited to make more time for commercial advertising by shortening some musical numbers.

text: Home media[edit]

text: When Rudolph was first issued on VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1997 under the Christmas Classics Series label, the 1965 rebroadcast print described above was used. All current video prints of Rudolph by Classic Media are a compendium of the two previous telecast versions of the special. All the footage in the current versions follow the original NBC airing (without the original GE commercials) up until the "Peppermint Mine" scene, followed by the final act of the 1965 edit (with the Island of Misfit Toys finale and the 1965 alternate credits in place of the original end credit sequence).

text: In 1998, the special was released by Sony Wonder on VHS. In 2000, it was released on DVD, and on Blu-ray Disc in 2010 (although the Blu-ray does not contain the bonus features from the previous DVD release.) This edit has been made available in original color form by former rights holders Classic Media,[13] (which in 2012 became the DreamWorks Classics division of DreamWorks Animation, and finally in 2016, part of Universal Pictures)[14] As previously mentioned, this is also the version currently airing on CBS, albeit in edited form to accommodate more commercial time. In November 2014, Classic Media released a 50th anniversary edition of the special on Blu-ray.[15] Walmart released an exclusive 50th anniversary Blu-ray edition with a storybook.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The songs and incidental music were all written by Johnny Marks, with Maury Laws supervising. In addition to the songs previously mentioned, the score also includes the film's love theme "There's Always Tomorrow", sung by Clarice after Rudolph is kicked out of the reindeer games. Marks' holiday standard "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" appears as instrumental background music when Rudolph first arrives at the Reindeer Games. Also included in the soundtrack is an instrumental version of Marks' setting of the Christmas hymn "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day."

text: In 1964, an LP record of the soundtrack was released on Decca Records. It contained all the original songs performed as they are in the special, with the exception of Burl Ives' material, which has been re-recorded. MCA Special Products released the soundtrack on CD in June 1995. It is an exact duplication of the original LP released in 1964. Tracks 1-9 are the original soundtrack selections while tracks 10-19 are the same songs performed by the Decca Concert Orchestra. The song "Fame and Fortune" is not contained on either release. On November 30, 2004 the soundtrack was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 copies.

text: Ives re-recorded "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and "A Holly Jolly Christmas", with different arrangements, for his own album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas in 1965.[16]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Books and other items related to the show have in some cases misspelled "Hermey" as "Herbie". Rich Goldschmidt, who wrote Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Making of the Rankin/Bass Holiday Classic, says the scripts by Romeo Muller show the spelling to be "Hermey".[17]

text: A Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9, 2010. The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS, and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively. The Wii version was received poorly, and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5/10.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer received an approval rating of 92% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on thirteen reviews.[19]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The Rankin/Bass special, which currently airs on CBS, inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio:

text:
Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976), a special that first aired on ABC and is still aired annually on both ABC and Freeform.
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), a feature-length special that paired Rudolph with the song-inspired character Frosty the Snowman.
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001), a direct-to-video computer-animated film that is considered[by whom?] an unofficial sequel to the 1964 film.
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer - 4D Attraction"[20] (2016), A faithful, 10-minute stop motion story adaptation in the form of a 4D film for SimEx-Iwerks;[21] produced by Bent Image Lab and directed by Chel White.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The television special's familiarity to American audiences through its annual rebroadcasts, along with its primitive stop-motion animation that is easy to recreate with modern technology and the special's ambiguous copyright status, has lent itself to numerous parodies and homages over the years.

text: Films by Corky Quakenbush[edit]

text: Animator Corky Quakenbush has produced parodies of Rudolph for several American television shows:

text:
In its December 16, 1995 episode, the Fox Network's comedy series MADtv aired "Raging Rudolph",[22] which also parodied Martin Scorsese's films. In it, Sam The Snowman narrates in a Joe Pesci-like voice how Rudolph and Hermey got violent Mafia-style revenge on their tormentors. This was followed by two sequels: "The Reinfather",[23] spoofing The Godfather trilogy and "A Pack of Gifts Now",[24] spoofing Apocalypse Now.
A 2001 episode of That '70s Show, titled "An Eric Forman Christmas", featured a subplot where Kelso was taunted by his friends for still watching "kiddie shows" like Rudolph even though he was in high school. A dream sequence produced and directed by Quakenbush, Kelso himself appears in stop-motion form with Rudolph and Santa who encourage him to continue watching their show.
In December 2005, the George Lopez Show featured an animated segment in which Lopez sees a stop-motion version of himself on television in a Rudolph-style special mirroring the theme of the holiday episode.

text:
In the stop-motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), Jack looks through a book version of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer to find a logical answer to explain Christmas to the other citizens of Halloween Town. Later, Zero, the ghost dog, has a magnificently glowing pumpkin nose, which is bright enough to break through the fog that Sally has conjured up. Jack lets Zero go to the head of his skeleton reindeer team and light the way for him.
Chel White, of Bent Image Lab, directed two parodies that played on Saturday Night Live', on Robert Smigel's TV Funhouse:

In a 2001 TV Funhouse episode, Sam the Snowman refuses to narrate the story because of the September 11, 2001 attacks. He then takes two children to Ground Zero at New York City, but Santa Claus convinces him to narrate the story, because people need comforting stories like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Sam decided to narrate the tale, but was immediately interrupted by a special news report.
In 2004, TV Funhouse referenced the Red state-blue state divide. In the segment, Santa hangs out with liberal celebrities Natalie Merchant, Margaret Cho, Al Franken, and Moby while skipping over the Red states ("screw the red states, voting for that dumbass president just because of that moral values crap. I don't want any part of them!"). Rudolph's red nose turns blue.

In 2004, for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer's 40th anniversary, CBS produced stop motion promos for their programming line-up, done in the style of Rankin/Bass animation. Appearing as elves in the CBS promos were puppet versions of CBS stars Jeff Probst from Survivor, Ray Romano and Doris Roberts from Everybody Loves Raymond, William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger from CSI, Charlie Sheen from Two and a Half Men, Phil Simms and Greg Gumbel from The NFL on CBS, and late-night talk show host David Letterman. A new stop-motion animation featuring Rudolph and Santa meeting even more CBS network stars was also aired in 2005.
Mystery Science Theater 3000 made numerous references to the special in their movie hecklings, such as Rudolph's line "I'm cute!! I'm cuute!! She said I'm cuuuuuutte!!!!". In episode 321, which screened Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, the MST3K cast had their own ideas for potential residents on the Island of Misfit Toys including Toaster Dolls, Patrick Swayze's Roadhouse board game, the EZ Bake Foundry, and Mr. Mashed Potato Head.
In 2010, the comedy website CollegeHumor made a short parody video called "Rudolph The Regular Reindeer", depicting what the special would've been like if Rudolph had a normal nose.

text: Uses in advertising[edit]

text:
In 1964, Rankin & Bass produced several commercials for the General Electric-sponsored broadcast.[12]
In November 2007, the Aflac insurance company released a commercial that featured Rudolph, who has a cold but does not want to miss work. All his friends say he will be unable to pay for his expenses. Santa then tells them about Aflac. Charlie wonders what will happen if Rudolph is not better by Christmas, but Rudolph thinks the Aflac duck can do the work. Rudolph gets better in a week, but Blitzen is sick, so the Aflac duck fills in for him.[25]
In 2009, Verizon began showing a commercial of the Misfit Toys with an AT&T phone. The characters wonder why it is there with all of its features but soon discover why, when the phone shows a map of where it has 3G coverage. (Verizon's ad campaign touts its much wider 3G coverage compared to AT&T's.) The toy airplane replies: "You're gonna fit right in here!" and falls on the ground laughing.[citation needed]
Starting in 2011, there have been several Bing.com commercials, filmed to look like the same stop-motion style as the special, which feature several characters including Rudolph, Yukon Cornelius, Hermey, the Bumble, and the Misfit Toys.[citation needed]
A 2012 commercial for Windows phone features Bumble the Abominable Snowman (with his full set of teeth), speed-dating and getting advice from friends through Live Tiles. A follow-up features Bumble at Santa's North Pole pool party, and Santa using Live Tiles on his new Windows Phone to help him give his elves the holiday-season toy production directives.[citation needed]
A 2013 commercial for Nissan shows a woman in a dealership briefly entering a fantasy, wherein Santa's Elves, including Boss Elf and Hermey, have expanded their manufacturing line to include Nissan cars. Furthermore, the Bumble makes an appearance test driving one to his obvious approval.[citation needed]
CBS celebrated the special's 50th anniversary in 2014 with Rudolph and Sam the Snowman celebrating with cast members from The Big Bang Theory and NCIS while passing by their studio lots.[citation needed]
In 2014, the United States Postal Service used four characters (Rudolph, Hermey, Yukon Cornelius, and Bumble) for the year's "Contemporary Christmas" stamp issue.[2][26]
In 2015, the Rudolph characters began appearing in commercials for AT&T with a stop-motion version of spokes-character Lily Adams.

text: Other References[edit]

text: In the sci-fi/comedy series The Orville, in the episode "About a Girl", characters watch Rudolph to make the character Bortus consider his plans to arrange gender reassignment surgery for his newborn daughter (Bortus's species, the Moclans, are a single-gender species who statistically produce only one female every seventy-five years, with females thus having no clear place in their society) by demonstrating how unconventional people can accomplish great things, although Bortus humorously misinterprets the film to suggest that Rudolph's father might have considered euthanizing his child as an anomaly.

text: Copyright issues[edit]

text: The copyright of the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer special lies in a loophole of American federal copyright law. When the recording was originally published, the date of copyright (published in Roman numerals) was accidentally listed as 1164 (MCLXIV), omitting an M that should have been present (1964 in Roman numerals is MCMLXIV); this mistake was not corrected with subsequent edits and remains on televised prints to this day.[27] The songs were validly and separately copyrighted, and the original character on which the special was based also remains under copyright and trademark protection, extending some indirect copyright protection to the special as a derivative work. (A number of films, such as It's a Wonderful Life and His Girl Friday, fall under similar circumstances: a public domain film loosely based on a copyrighted work.)

text: Assuming the error in the copyright is considered substantial enough to invalidate it (U.S. copyright law before 1988 required works to have a valid date on a copyright notice, while providing some leeway in regard to non-substantial errors), the error puts large portions of the special not directly tied to the songs or original story into the public domain. (Some of the characters, particularly Santa Claus and the adult reindeer, relied on material that was already public domain anyway; all of the characters except Rudolph, most of the images, and large portions of the spoken soundtrack would thus be public domain in this interpretation.) Because of the indirect copyright protections and uncertainty over their extent, permission is still required to show the program as a whole. The extensive derivative works seen in popular culture are likely a byproduct of this uncertain copyright status.


document_title: List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine episodes

question_text: when does the new season of brooklyn nine-nine air

text: List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)
March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)

2
23
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

3
23
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19)

4
22
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)

5
22[5]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)[5]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Phil Lord & Christopher Miller
Dan Goor & Michael Schur
September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)
101
6.17[6]

2
2
"The Tagger"
Craig Zisk
Norm Hiscock
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
102
4.03[7]

3
3
"The Slump"
Julie Anne Robinson
Prentice Penny
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
105
3.43[8]

4
4
"M.E. Time"
Troy Miller
Gil Ozeri
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
106
3.34[9]

5
5
"The Vulture"
Jason Ensler
Laura McCreary
October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
104
3.43[10]

6
6
"Halloween"
Dean Holland
Lesley Arfin
October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)
107
3.77[11]

7
7
"48 Hours"
Peter Lauer
Luke Del Tredici
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
103
3.84[12]

8
8
"Old School"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Gabe Liedman
November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)
109
3.26[13]

9
9
"Sal's Pizza"
Craig Zisk
Lakshmi Sundaram
November 19, 2013 (2013-11-19)
108
3.36[14]

10
10
"Thanksgiving"
Jorma Taccone
Luke Del Tredici
November 26, 2013 (2013-11-26)
110
3.69[15]

11
11
"Christmas"
Jake Szymanski
Dan Goor
December 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)
111
3.66[16]

12
12
"Pontiac Bandit"
Craig Zisk
Norm Hiscock & Lakshmi Sundaram
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
113
3.44[17]

13
13
"The Bet"
Julian Farino
Laura McCreary
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
112
3.53[18]

14
14
"The Ebony Falcon"
Michael Blieden
Prentice Penny
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
114
4.55[19]

15
15
"Operation: Broken Feather"
Julie Anne Robinson
Dan Goor & Michael Schur
February 2, 2014 (2014-02-02)
116
15.07[20]

16
16
"The Party"
Michael Engler
Gil Ozeri & Gabe Liedman
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
115
3.22[21]

17
17
"Full Boyle"
Craig Zisk
Norm Hiscock
February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)
117
2.88[22]

18
18
"The Apartment"
Tucker Gates
David Quandt
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
118
2.66[23]

19
19
"Tactical Village"
Fred Goss
Luke Del Tredici
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
119
2.61[24]

20
20
"Fancy Brudgom"
Victor Nelli, Jr.
Laura McCreary
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
120
2.49[25]

21
21
"Unsolvable"
Ken Whittingham
Prentice Penny
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
121
2.50[26]

22
22
"Charges and Specs"
Akiva Schaffer
Gabe Liedman & Gil Ozeri
March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)
122
2.59[27]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Undercover"
Dean Holland
Luke Del Tredici
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
201
5.46[28]

24
2
"Chocolate Milk"
Fred Goss
Gabe Liedman
October 5, 2014 (2014-10-05)
202
3.31[29]

25
3
"The Jimmy Jab Games"
Rebecca Asher
Lakshmi Sundaram
October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)
203
4.51[30]

26
4
"Halloween II"
Eric Appel
Prentice Penny
October 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)
204
5.22[31]

27
5
"The Mole"
Victor Nelli, Jr.
Laura McCreary
November 2, 2014 (2014-11-02)
205
3.41[32]

28
6
"Jake and Sophia"
Michael McDonald
Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips
November 9, 2014 (2014-11-09)
206
3.99[33]

29
7
"Lockdown"
Linda Mendoza
Luke Del Tredici
November 16, 2014 (2014-11-16)
208
4.53[34]

30
8
"USPIS"
Ken Whittingham
Brian Reich
November 23, 2014 (2014-11-23)
207
3.04[35]

31
9
"The Road Trip"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Brigitte Munoz-Liebowitz
November 30, 2014 (2014-11-30)
209
3.11[36]

32
10
"The Pontiac Bandit Returns"
Max Winkler
Matt O'Brien
December 7, 2014 (2014-12-07)
210
4.32[37]

33
11
"Stakeout"
Tristram Shapeero
Laura McCreary & Tricia McAlpin
December 14, 2014 (2014-12-14)
211
3.52[38]

34
12
"Beach House"
Tim Kirkby
Lakshmi Sundaram & David Phillips
January 4, 2015 (2015-01-04)
212
6.12[39]

35
13
"Payback"
Victor Nelli, Jr.
Norm Hiscock & Brigitte Munoz-Liebowitz
January 11, 2015 (2015-01-11)
213
3.29[40]

36
14
"The Defense Rests"
Jamie Babbit
Prentice Penny & Matt O'Brien
January 25, 2015 (2015-01-25)
214
2.79[41]

37
15
"Windbreaker City"
Craig Zisk
Gabe Liedman
February 8, 2015 (2015-02-08)
215
2.59[42]

38
16
"The Wednesday Incident"
Claire Scanlon
Laura McCreary
February 15, 2015 (2015-02-15)
216
2.08[43]

39
17
"Boyle-Linetti Wedding"
Dean Holland
Matt O'Brien
March 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)
217
3.61[44]

40
18
"Captain Peralta"
Eric Appel
Dan Goor
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
218
3.11[45]

41
19
"Sabotage"
Jay Karas
Brian Reich
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
219
2.96[46]

42
20
"AC/DC"
Linda Mendoza
Kylie Condon
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
222
2.78[47]

43
21
"Det. Dave Majors"
Michael McDonald
Gabe Liedman & Lakshmi Sundaram
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
220
2.72[48]

44
22
"The Chopper"
Phil Traill
Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
221
2.56[49]

45
23
"Johnny and Dora"
Dean Holland
Luke Del Tredici
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
223
2.35[50]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

46
1
"New Captain"
Michael Schur
Matt Murray
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
301
3.14[51]

47
2
"The Funeral"
Claire Scanlon
Luke Del Tredici
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
302
4.10[52]

48
3
"Boyle's Hunch"
Trent O'Donnell
Tricia McAlpin
October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)
304
2.75[53]

49
4
"The Oolong Slayer"
Michael McDonald
Gabe Liedman
October 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)
303
2.57[54]

50
5
"Halloween III"
Michael McDonald
David Phillips
October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25)
305
4.38[55]

51
6
"Into the Woods"
Linda Mendoza
Andrew Guest
November 8, 2015 (2015-11-08)
306
2.65[56]

52
7
"The Mattress"
Dean Holland
Laura McCreary
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
307
2.69[57]

53
8
"Ava"
Tristram Shapeero
Matt O'Brien
November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
308
3.88[58]

54
9
"The Swedes"
Eric Appel
Matt Murray
December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)
309
3.95[59]

55
10
"Yippie Kayak"
Rebecca Asher
Lakshmi Sundaram
December 13, 2015 (2015-12-13)
310
3.82[60]

56
11
"Hostage Situation"
Max Winkler
Phil Augusta Jackson
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
312
2.73[61]

57
12
"9 Days"
Dean Holland
Justin Noble
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
311
2.37[62]

58
13
"The Cruise"
Michael Spiller
Tricia McAlpin
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
313
2.38[63]

59
14
"Karen Peralta"
Bruce McCulloch
Alison Agosti & Gabe Liedman
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
314
2.24[64]

60
15
"The 9–8"
Nisha Ganatra
David Phillips
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
315
2.28[65]

61
16
"House Mouses"
Claire Scanlon
Andrew Guest
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
316
2.18[66]

62
17
"Adrian Pimento"
Maggie Carey
Luke Del Tredici
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
317
2.13[67]

63
18
"Cheddar"
Alex Reid
Jessica Polonsky
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
318
1.85[68]

64
19
"Terry Kitties"
Michael McDonald
Phil Augusta Jackson & Tricia McAlpin
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
319
1.95[69]

65
20
"Paranoia"
Payman Benz
Gabe Liedman
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)
320
2.02[70]

66
21
"Maximum Security"
Victor Nelli, Jr.
Laura McCreary
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)
321
2.71[71]

67
22
"Bureau"
Ryan Case
David Phillips & Alison Agosti
April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)
322
2.07[72]

68
23
"Greg and Larry"
Dan Goor
Andrew Guest & Phil Augusta Jackson
April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19)
323
2.02[73]

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

69
1
"Coral Palms Pt. 1"
Michael McDonald
Dan Goor
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
401
2.39[74]

70
2
"Coral Palms Pt. 2"
Trent O'Donnell
Tricia McAlpin
September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
402
2.34[75]

71
3
"Coral Palms Pt. 3"
Payman Benz
Justin Noble
October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)
403
2.40[76]

72
4
"The Night Shift"
Tristram Shapeero
Matt Murray
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
404
2.13[77]

73
5
"Halloween IV"
Claire Scanlon
Phil Augusta Jackson
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
405
2.05[78]

74
6
"Monster in the Closet"
Nisha Ganatra
Andrew Guest
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
407
2.18[79]

75
7
"Mr. Santiago"
Alex Reid
Neil Campbell
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
408
2.19[80]

76
8
"Skyfire Cycle"
Michael McDonald
David Phillips
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
406
2.34[81]

77
9
"The Overmining"
Dean Holland
Luke Del Tredici
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
409
2.31[82]

78
10
"Captain Latvia"
Jaffar Mahmood
Matt Lawton
December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)
410
2.15[83]

79

80
11

12
"The Fugitive"
Rebecca Asher

Ryan Case
Carol Kolb

Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky
January 1, 2017 (2017-01-01)
411

412
3.49[84]

81
13
"The Audit"
Beth McCarthy Miller
Carly Hallam Tosh
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
413
1.91[85]

82
14
"Serve & Protect"
Michael Schur
Andrew Guest & Alexis Wilkinson
April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)
414
1.91[86]

83
15
"The Last Ride"
Linda Mendoza
David Phillips
April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)
415
1.88[87]

84
16
"Moo Moo"
Maggie Carey
Phil Augusta Jackson
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)
418
1.72[88]

85
17
"Cop-Con"
Giovani Lampassi
Andy Gosche
May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)
416
1.61[89]

86
18
"Chasing Amy"
Luke Del Tredici
Matt Lawton
May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)
417
1.61[89]

87
19
"Your Honor"
Michael McDonald
David Phillips & Carly Hallam Tosh
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
419
1.65[90]

88
20
"The Slaughterhouse"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Neil Campbell
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
420
1.38[90]

89
21
"The Bank Job"
Matthew Nodella
Carol Kolb
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)
421
1.78[91]

90
22
"Crime and Punishment"
Dan Goor
Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)
422
1.50[91]

text: Season 5 (2017−18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

91
1
"The Big House Pt. 1"
Tristram Shapeero
Luke Del Tredici
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
501
2.00[92]

92
2
"The Big House Pt. 2"
Michael McDonald
Justin Noble
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
502
1.74[93]

93
3
"Kicks"
Eric Appel
Andrew Guest
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
503
1.68[94]

94
4
"HalloVeen"
Jamie Babbit
Dan Goor
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
504
1.69[95]

95
5
"Bad Beat"
Kat Coiro
Carol Kolb
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
505
1.50[96]

96
6
"The Venue"
Cortney Carrillo
Matt Lawton
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
506
1.65[97]

97
7
"Two Turkeys"
Alex Reid
David Phillips
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
508
1.66[98]

98
8
"Return to Skyfire"
Linda Mendoza
Neil Campbell
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
507
1.73[99]

99
9
"99"
Payman Benz
Andy Bobrow
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
509
1.94[100]

100
10
"Game Night"
Tristram Shapeero
Justin Noble & Carly Hallam Tosh
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
510
1.81[101]

101
11
"The Favor"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Aeysha Carr
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
511
1.81[101]

102
12
"Safe House"
Nisha Ganatra
Andy Gosche
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
512
1.92[102]

103
13
"The Negotiation"
Linda Mendoza
Phil Augusta Jackson
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
513
1.83[103]

104
14
"The Box"
Claire Scanlon
Luke Del Tredici
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
516
1.78[104]

105
15
"The Puzzle Master"
Akiva Schaffer
Lang Fisher
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
514
TBD

106
16
"NutriBoom"[105]
TBA
TBA
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
515
TBD

107
17
"DFW"[105]
TBA
TBA
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
518
TBD

108
18
"Gray Star Mutual"[106]
TBA
TBA
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
517
TBD

109
19
"Bachelor/ette Party"[107]
TBA
TBA
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
519
TBD