document_title: List of federally recognized tribes

question_text: name three american indian tribes in the united states

text: List of federally recognized tribes

text: There is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States of America. There are also federally recognized Alaska Native tribes. As of 17 January 2017[update], 567 Native American tribes were legally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) of the United States.[1][2][3]

text: Description[edit]

text: In the United States, the Indian tribe is a fundamental unit, and the constitution grants Congress the right to interact with tribes. More specifically, the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28 (1913), warned, "it is not... that Congress may bring a community or body of people within range of this power by arbitrarily calling them an Indian tribe, but only that in respect of distinctly Indian communities the questions whether, to what extent, and for what time they shall be recognized and dealt with as dependent tribes" (at 46).[4] Federal tribal recognition grants to tribes the right to certain benefits, and is largely controlled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).

text: While trying to determine which groups were eligible for federal recognition in the 1970s, government officials became acutely aware of the need for consistent procedures. To illustrate, several federally unrecognized tribes encountered obstacles in bringing land claims; United States v. Washington (1974) was a court case that affirmed the fishing treaty rights of Washington tribes; and other tribes demanded that the U.S. government recognize aboriginal titles. All the above culminated in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, which legitimized tribal entities by partially restoring Native American self-determination.

text: Following the decisions made by the Indian Claims Commission, the BIA in 1978 published final rules with procedures that groups had to meet to secure federal tribal acknowledgment. There are seven criteria. Four have proven troublesome for most groups to prove: long-standing historical community, outside identification as Indians, political authority, and descent from a historical tribe. Tribes seeking recognition must submit detailed petitions to the BIA's Office of Federal Acknowledgment. Consequently, the Federal Acknowledgment Process can take years, even decades; delays of 12–14 years are not uncommon. The Shinnecock Indian Nation formally petitioned for recognition in 1978 and was recognized 32 years later, in 2010. At a Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing, witnesses testified that the process was "broken, long, expensive, burdensome, intrusive, unfair, arbitrary and capricious, less than transparent, unpredictable, and subject to undue political influence and manipulation."[5][6]

text: In January 2015 the United States' Federal Register issued an official list of 566 tribes that are Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs.[1] The number of tribes increased to 567 in July 2015 with the federal recognition of the Pamunkey tribe in Virginia.[2] The website USA.gov, the federal government's official web portal, also maintains a constantly updated list of tribal governments. Ancillary information present in former versions of this list but no longer contained in the current listing has been included here in italics print.

text: Alphabetical list of federally recognized tribes[edit]

text: A[edit]

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, California
Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
(formerly the Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas)
Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Oklahoma
Alturas Indian Rancheria, California
Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming
Aroostook Band of Micmac
(formerly the Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine)
Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana
Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians, California
(formerly the Augustine Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Augustine Reservation, California)

text: B[edit]

text:
Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin
Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan
Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, California
Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
Big Lagoon Rancheria, California
Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley
(previously listed as Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation, California)
Big Sandy Rancheria of Western Mono Indians of California
(previously listed as Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California)
Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria, California
Bishop Paiute Tribe
(previously listed as Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony, California)
Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana
Blue Lake Rancheria, California
Bridgeport Indian Colony
(previously listed as Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California)
Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California
Burns Paiute Tribe
(previously listed as Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon)

text: C[edit]

text:
Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, California
(previously listed as Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation)
Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria, California
Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
(formerly the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma)
Cahto Tribe
(previously listed as Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria, California)
Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation, California
California Valley Miwok Tribe, California
(formerly the Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California)
Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Campo Indian Reservation, California
Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California:

Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Barona Reservation, California
Viejas (Baron Long) Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Viejas Reservation, California

Catawba Indian Nation
(aka Catawba Tribe of South Carolina)
Cayuga Nation of New York
Cedarville Rancheria, California
Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation, California
Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, California
Cherokee Nation, Oklahoma
Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, Oklahoma
(formerly the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma)
Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation, South Dakota
Chickasaw Nation, Oklahoma
Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California
Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana
Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma
Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
Cocopah Tribe of Arizona
Coeur D'Alene Tribe
(previously listed as Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation, Idaho)
Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation, Arizona and California
Comanche Nation, Oklahoma
(formerly the Comanche Indian Tribe)
Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, Montana
Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Washington
(formerly the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation)
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon
(previously listed as Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation)
Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Washington
Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Washington
Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Oregon
Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation, Nevada and Utah
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
(previously listed as Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation, Oregon
Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon
Coquille Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Coquille Tribe of Oregon}
Cortina Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California
Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians
(previously listed as Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians of Oregon)
Cowlitz Indian Tribe, Washington
Coyote Valley Reservation
(formerly Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California)
Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota
Crow Tribe of Montana

text: D[edit]

text:
Death Valley Timbi-sha Shoshone Tribe
(formerly the Death Valley Timbi-Sha Shoshone Band of California). The hyphen in Timbisha is actually ungrammatical and based on a clerical error which has not been corrected. The tribe itself always uses Timbisha, without the hyphen.[7]
Delaware Nation, Oklahoma
(formerly the Absentee Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma)
(formerly the Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma)
Delaware Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma
(formerly the Cherokee Delaware)
(formerly the Eastern Delaware)
Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, California
(previously listed as Dry Creek Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California)
Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation, Nevada

text: E[edit]

text:
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
(previously listed as Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina)
Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians of the Sulphur Bank Rancheria, California
Elk Valley Rancheria, California
Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada
Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians, California
(formerly the Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Cuyapaipe Reservation)

text: F[edit]

text:
Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, California
(formerly the Graton Rancheria)
(formerly the Federated Coast Miwok)
Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin
Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana
Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California
Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation, California
Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Nevada and Oregon
Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Arizona
(formerly the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Community of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation)
Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California & Nevada
Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

text: G[edit]

text:
Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona
Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan
Greenville Rancheria
(previously listed as Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California)
Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians of California
Guidiville Rancheria of California
Grannapa Northern Colorado Mountains

text: H[edit]

text:
Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake, California
(formerly the Upper Lake Band of Pomo Indians of Upper Lake Rancheria of California)
Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan
Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation, Arizona
Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
(formerly the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe)
Hoh Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Hoh Indian Tribe of the Hoh Indian Reservation, Washington)
Hoopa Valley Tribe, California
Hopi Tribe of Arizona
Hopland Band of Pomo Indians, California
(formerly Hopland Band of Pomo Indians of the Hopland Rancheria, California)
Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine
Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation, Arizona

text: I[edit]

text:
Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel, California
(formerly the Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation)
Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation, California
Ione Band of Miwok Indians of California
Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma

text: J[edit]

text:
Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California
Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington
Jamul Indian Village of California
Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, Louisiana
Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico
(formerly the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation)

text: K[edit]

text:
Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona
Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel Reservation, Washington
Karuk Tribe
(previously listed as Karuk Tribe of California)
Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria, California
Kaw Nation, Oklahoma
Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico
(formerly the Pueblo of Santo Domingo)
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan
Kialegee Tribal Town, Oklahoma
Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
(formerly the Texas Band of Traditional Kickapoo)
Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
Klamath Tribes, Oregon
Kootenai Tribe of Idaho

text: L[edit]

text:
La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians, California
(formerly the La Jolla Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the La Jolla Reservation, California)
La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation, California
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin
Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan
Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony, Nevada
Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan[8]
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan[8]
Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe
(previously listed as Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community of the Lone Pine Reservation, California)
Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation, California
(previously listed as Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla & Cupeno Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation, California
(formerly the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation)
Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Nevada
Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation, South Dakota
Lower Elwha Tribal Community
(previously listed as Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation, Washington)
Lower Lake Rancheria, California
Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota
Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation, Washington
Lytton Rancheria of California

text: M[edit]

text:
Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah Indian Reservation, Washington
Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester Rancheria, California
(previously listed as Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria, California)
Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation, California
Mashantucket Pequot Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut
Mashpee Wampanoag Indian Tribal Council, Inc.
(previously listed as Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Massachusetts)
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
(formerly Gun Lake Indian Tribe)
(formerly Gun Lake Village Band & Ottawa Colony Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians)
Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria, California
Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation, California
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico
Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota
Six component reservations:

Bois Forte Band (Nett Lake)
Fond du Lac Band
Grand Portage Band
Leech Lake Band
Mille Lacs Band
White Earth Band

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
(previously listed as Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Mississippi)
Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation, Nevada
Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut
Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
Morongo Band of Mission Indians, California
(formerly the Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation, California)
Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation, Washington)
Muscogee (Creek) Nation
See letter T in list below: "The Muscogee (Creek) Nation" (previously listed as Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma)

text: N[edit]

text:
Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island
Navajo Nation, Arizona, New Mexico & Utah
Nez Perce Tribe
(previously listed as Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho)
Nisqually Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, Washington)
Nooksack Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington)
Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana
Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation
(previously listed as Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation of Utah (Washakie))
Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Michigan
(formerly the Huron Potawatomi, Inc.)

text: O[edit]

text:
Oglala Sioux Tribe
(previously listed as Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota)
Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico
(formerly the Pueblo of San Juan)
Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
Oneida Nation of New York
Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin
Onondaga Nation
(previously listed as Onondaga Nation of New York)
Osage Nation
See the letter T in list below: "The Osage Nation" (previously listed as Osage Nation, Oklahoma)
(previously listed as Osage Tribe, Oklahoma)
Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma
Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma

text: P[edit]

text:
Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah

Cedar Band of Paiutes (formerly the Cedar City Band of Paiutes)
Kanosh Band of Paiutes
Koosharem Band of Paiutes
Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes
Shivwits Band of Paiutes

Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Nevada
Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation, California
Pamunkey Indian Tribe[9]
Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona
Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California
Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine
Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pauma & Yuima Reservation, California
Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma
Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pechanga Reservation, California
Penobscot Nation
(previously listed as Penobscot Tribe of Maine)
Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California
Pinoleville Pomo Nation, California
(formerly the Pinoleville Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California)
Pit River Tribe, California
includes:

XL Ranch
Big Bend Rancheria
Likely Rancheria
Lookout Rancheria
Montgomery Creek Rancheria
Roaring Creek Rancheria

Poarch Band of Creeks
(previously listed as Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama)
(formerly the Creek Nation East of the Mississippi)
Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, Michigan and Indiana
Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
Port Gamble Band of S’Klallam Indians
(previously listed as Port Gamble Indian Community of the Port Gamble Reservation, Washington)
Potter Valley Tribe, California
(formerly the Potter Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California)
Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation
(previously listed as Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, Kansas)
(formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians)
Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota
Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico
Pueblo of Cochiti, New Mexico
Pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico
Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico
Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico
Pueblo of Nambe, New Mexico
Pueblo of Picuris, New Mexico
Pueblo of Pojoaque, New Mexico
Pueblo of San Felipe, New Mexico
Pueblo of San Ildefonso, New Mexico
Pueblo of Sandia, New Mexico
Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico
Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico
Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico
Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico
Pueblo of Zia, New Mexico
Puyallup Tribe of the Puyallup Reservation
(previously listed as Puyallup Tribe of the Puyallup Reservation, Washington)
Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation, Nevada

text: Q[edit]

text:
Quapaw Tribe of Indians
(previously listed as Quapaw Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma)
Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California
Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California & Arizona
Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation
(previously listed as Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation, Washington)
Quinault Indian Nation
(previously listed as Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation, Washington)

text: R[edit]

text:
Ramona Band of Cahuilla, California
(formerly the Ramona Band or Village of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California)
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota
Redding Rancheria, California
Redwood Valley or Little River Band of Pomo Indians of the Redwood Valley Rancheria California
(previously listed as Redwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Nevada
Resighini Rancheria, California
(formerly the Coast Indian Community of Yurok Indians of the Resighini Rancheria)
Rincon Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Rincon Reservation, California
Robinson Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, California
(previously listed as Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California}
Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Round Valley Indian Tribes, Round Valley Reservation, California
(previously listed as Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation, California)
(formerly the Covelo Indian Community)

text: S[edit]

text:
Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
Sac & Fox Nation, Oklahoma
Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa
Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan
Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, New York
(formerly the St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York)
Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona
Samish Indian Nation
(previously listed as Samish Indian Tribe, Washington)
San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona
San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona
San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, California
(previously listed as San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians of the San Manuel Reservation, California)
San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California
Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians, California
(formerly the Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Santa Rosa Reservation)
Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria, California
Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation, California
Santee Sioux Nation, Nebraska
(formerly the Santee Sioux Tribe of the Santee Reservation of Nebraska)
Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington)
Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan
Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California
Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
See the letter T in list below: "The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma" (previously listed as Seminole Nation of Oklahoma)
Seminole Tribe of Florida
(previously also listing its reservations:)

Dania Reservation
Big Cypress Reservation
Brighton Reservation
Hollywood Reservation
Tampa Reservation

Seneca Nation of Indians
(previously listed as Seneca Nation of New York)
Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota
Shawnee Tribe
(previously listed as Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma)
Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California
Shinnecock Indian Nation
(previously listed as Shinnecock Indian Nation, New York)
Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation
(previously listed as Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington)
Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho
Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada
Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota
Skokomish Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Skokomish Indian Tribe of the Skokomish Reservation, Washington)
Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah
Smith River Rancheria, California
Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Snoqualmie Tribe, Washington)
Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians, California
(formerly the Soboba Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Soboba Reservation)
Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin
Southern Ute Indian Tribe of the Southern Ute Reservation, Colorado
Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota
Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation, Washington
Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation
(previously listed as Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation, Washington)
St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota
Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians of Washington
(previously listed as Stillaguamish Tribe of Washington)
Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin
Summit Lake Paiute Tribe of Nevada
Sun'aq Tribe of Kodiak
Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation
(previously listed as Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Washington)
Susanville Indian Rancheria, California
Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington
(previously listed as Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation, Washington)
Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation
(formerly the Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California)

text: T[edit]

text:
Table Mountain Rancheria of California
Tejon Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Tejon Indian Tribe of California)
Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada
Four constituent bands:

Battle Mountain Band
Elko Band
South Fork Band
Wells Band

The Muscogee (Creek) Nation
(previously listed as Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma)
The Osage Nation
(previously listed as Osage Nation, Oklahoma)
(previously listed as Osage Tribe, Oklahoma)
The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
(previously listed as Seminole Nation of Oklahoma)
Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Oklahoma
Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota
Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona
(formerly Papago Indian Tribe)
Tonawanda Band of Seneca
(previously listed as Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York)
Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona
Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, California
(formerly the Torres-Martinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California)
Tulalip Tribes of Washington
(previously listed as Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation, Washington)
Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation, California
Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana)
Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria of California
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota
Tuscarora Nation
(previously listed as Tuscarora Nation of New York)
Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians of California

text: U[edit]

text:
United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma
Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota
Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington)
Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah & Ouray Reservation, Utah
Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, Colorado, New Mexico & Utah
Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California

text: V[edit]

text: W[edit]

text:
Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada
Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)
(previously listed as Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts)
(formerly Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc.)
Washoe Tribe of Nevada & California

Carson Colony
Dresslerville Colony
Woodfords Community
Stewart Community
Washoe Ranches

White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona
Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco & Tawakonie), Oklahoma
Wilton Rancheria, California
Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada
Wiyot Tribe, California
(previously listed as Table Bluff Reservation—Wiyot Tribe)
Wyandotte Nation
(previously listed as Wyandotte Nation, Oklahoma)

text: X[edit]

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation, Arizona
Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
(previously listed as Yavapai-Prescott Tribe of the Yavapai Reservation, Arizona)
Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony & Campbell Ranch, Nevada
Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation, California
(formerly the Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California)
Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada
Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas
Yurok Tribe of the Yurok Reservation, California

text: Z[edit]

text: Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico


document_title: Workers and Peasants Party

question_text: when did the all india workers and peasants party came in to existence

root

text: Workers and Peasants Party

text: Founding of the party[edit]

text: The party was founded in Bengal on 1 November 1925, as the Labour Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress.[1] The founding leaders of the party were Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, Qutubuddin Ahmad and Shamsuddin Hussain. The founding manifesto was signed by Kazi Nazrul Islam. During the first three month of existence, the party organisation was very provisional.[2]

tag: p

text: At the All Bengal Praja Conference, held at Krishnagar on 6 February 1926, a resolution was moved by Faizuddin Hussian Sahib of Mymensingh for the creation of a workers-peasants party. The move was seconded by Braja Nath Das of Bogra. The resolution was passed by the conference, and in accordance with this decision the name of the party was changed to 'Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal'. Dr. Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta was elected party president and Hemanta Kumar Sarkar and Qutubuddin Ahmad were elected as joint secretaries.[3][4]

text: Build-up of the WPPs of Bengal and Bombay[edit]

text: As of 1926, the WPP of Bengal had only 40 members, and its growth in membership was very slow.[5] A two-room party office was set up at 37, Harrison Road, Calcutta.[4] British intelligence perceived that the Bengal Jute Workers Association, the Mymensingh Workers and Peasants Party (with branch in Atia), the Dhakeswari Mill Workers Union, the Bengal Glass Workers Union, the Scavengers' Union of Bengal (with branches in Howrah, Dacca and Mymensingh) and the Workers Protection League were led by the party.[6]

text: Soon after the 1926 conference of the WPP of Bengal, the underground Communist Party of India directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.[7] The Comintern organiser M.N. Roy took part in the build-up of the WPP.[8]

text: A WPP was formed in Bombay in January 1927. D.R. Thengdi was elected president and S.S. Mirajkar general secretary.[3] The WPPs gained influence within the Bombay and Bengal Pradesh Congress Committees. From the WPP of Bombay, K.N. Joglekar, R.S. Nimbkar and D.R. Tengdi were elected to the All India Congress Committee. From the WPP of Bengal, two party representatives were elected to the AICC. The WPP representatives together with Nehru were able to convince the AICC to make the Indian National Congress an associate member of the League against Imperialism.[5]

text: Madras Congress[edit]

text: At the 1927 annual Congress session in Madras a leader of the WPP of Bombay, K.N. Joglekar presented a proposal for a resolution in the Subjects Committee, that the Indian National Congress should demand full independence for India. The proposal was seconded by Jawaharlal Nehru. At the open session of the Madras Congress, Nehru moved the resolution and Joglekar seconded it. The resolution was passed unanimously. This was the first time in history that the Indian National Congress officially demanded full independence from British rule. During the Madras session, the WPP functioned as a fraction. Directly after the Madras Congress, the WPP took part in a 'Republican Congress' meeting together with other left elements of the Congress Party and radical trade unionists. Nehru chaired the meeting.[9]

text: Trade union struggles[edit]

text: Particularly the WPP of Bombay was successful in mobilising trade union work. It built unions amongst printing press, municipal and dock workers. It gained influence amongst the workers of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. During 1928 the WPP led a general strike in Bombay, which lasted for months. At the time of the strike, the Girni Kamgar Union was founded.[5]

text: Anti-Simon struggle[edit]

text: During the protests against the Simon Commission, the WPP played a major role in organising manifestations in Calcutta and Bombay. In Bombay it also mobilised 'hartal' (general strike) in protest against the Simon Commission.[5]

text: 1928 Bengal party conference[edit]

text: The WPP of Bengal held its third conference in Bhatpara, in March 1928. After the conference the executive of the party published the conference documents in a book titled A Call for Action. In the book an argument is presented that national independence was not possible as long as capitalists dominated the freedom struggle.[10] British intelligence sources claimed that Philip Spratt had been the author of the book.[11]

text: Formation of WPPs in Punjab and UP[edit]

text: At a conference in Lyallpur in September 1928 the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party (Workers and Peasants Party of Punjab) was formed by the Kirti group. Chabil Das, a Lahore propagandist of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, was elected president of the party.[12] In October 1928 two WPPs were formed in the United Provinces. One of them was the Bundelkhand Workers and Peasants Party, with N.L. Kadam as its secretary and headquartered in Jhansi. The party held its founding conference in Jhansi on 28 October – 29 October 1928. Jhavwala from Bombay presided over the conference. The other was the U.P. Peasants and Workers Party which was founded at a conference in Meerut. P.C. Joshi was elected president and Dharamvir Singh was elected general secretary The Meerut conference was attended by Philip Spratt, Muzaffar Ahmed and Kedar Nath Sahgol.[3][12][13]

text: All India WPP conference[edit]

text: In late November 1928 the WPP of Bengal executive committee met with Philip Spratt and Muzaffar Ahmed. They decided to appoint Sohan Singh Josh of the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party to chair the All India Workers and Peasants Conference, to be held in Calcutta in December.[12] The provincial WPPs attended All India Workers and Peasants Conference in Calcutta on 22 December – 24 December 1928, at which the All India Workers and Peasants Party was formed. A 16-member national executive was elected. The Bengal, Bombay, Punjab and United Provinces were allocated four seats each in the national executive.[14]  Out of these 16, ten were either identified as CPI members or as 'communists'.[15] R.S. Nimbkar was the general secretary of the party.[16] The conference discussed an affiliation of the party with the League against Imperialism. Spratt and Ahmed urged the conference to approve the affiliation of the party to the League. The conference decision to postpone a decision on the issue to a later occasion.[17]

text: 1929 Bombay municipal election[edit]

text: The party contested the January 1929 Bombay municipal election, mustering around 12,500 votes.[18]

text: Comintern turns against the WPP[edit]

text: The political fortunes of the WPP was to be terminated by changes in policy of the Communist International. The July 1928 sixth congress of the Communist International declared that 'The Union of all communist groups and individuals scattered throughout the country into a single, illegal, independent and centralized party represent the first task for Indian communists.' This was a statement made in opposition to the building of the 'multi-class' WPP. The new line was promoted at the congress by the Finnish communist Otto Kuusinen. In his report, he stated that it was 'necessary to reject the formation of any kind of bloc between the Communist Party and the national-reformist opposition' in the colonies. Moreover, he claimed that parties like WPP could develop into petty bourgeois parties. Leon Trotsky concurred with this view. In June 1928, he had submitted a document which called WPP an invention of Joseph Stalin and that the party was a 'thoroughly anti-Marxist formation'.[19] Abani Mukherji, a founding member of CPI, had described WPP as a 'Kuomintang Party' and that WPP 'is accumulating by itself the elements of future Indian Fascism.'.[20] S.N. Tagore and the delegates of the Communist Party of Great Britain argued for retaining the WPP. This declaration created confusion amongst the communist ranks in India.[21] On 2 December 1928, the Executive Committee of the Communist International had drafted a letter to the WPP, which singled out the WPP as consisting '...largely of petit-bourgeois intellectuals, and they were tied up with either the system of landlordism and usury or straight away capitalist interests.' The letter did however take long time to reach the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the ECCI, 3 July – 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.[22]

text: Meerut Conspiracy case[edit]

text: On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. Most of the WPP leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years, thus outliving the WPP. Tengdi, the WPP of Bombay president, died whilst the trial was still going on.[23][24]

text: S.S. Mirajkar stated in his defense that

text: "It has already been pointed out to the Court that the Workers' and Peasants' Party was a party inaugurated with a view to establish national independence through revolution."

text: Abdul Majid on his behalf stated that

text: "If there is any resemblance between the Communist Party and the Workers' and Peasants' Party is that the immediate programme of the former and the ultimate programme of the latter is one and the same ... As both are revolutionary bodies it is necessary that their national revolutionary programme should resemble each other."

text: The judgement in the case was ended with the following passage;[26]

text: "As to the progress made in this conspiracy its main achievements have been the establishment of Workers and Peasant Parties in Bengal, Bombay and Punjab and the U.P., but perhaps of deeper gravity was the hold that the members of the Bombay Party acquired over the workers in the textile industry in Bombay as shown by the extent of the control which they exercised during the strike of 1928 and the success they were achieving in pushing forward a thoroughly revolutionary policy in the Girni Kamgar Union after the strike came to an end."

text: After the arrests of its main leaders, the WPP was dissolved.[21]

text: Policies[edit]

text: The founding manifesto of the Labour Swaraj Party stressed that the party was organised on the basis of class struggle, for the liberation of the masses. The party combined demand for full independence with socio-economic demands. In 1927, the WPP of Bombay presented a programme of action to the All India Congress Committee. The programme proposed struggle for full independence combined with active socio-economic policies for the toiling classes. The WPP of Bengal had submitted a manifesto the Madras Congress session, which sought that the Congress should engage in mass struggles for full independence and that a Constituent Assembly should determine the constitution of an independent India.[15][27] The party also worked for the abolishment of 'zamindari' system in agriculture.[28]

text: Publications[edit]

text: The organ of the Labour Swaraj Party, and later the WPP of Bengal, was Langal ('Plough'). The chief editor of Langal was Kazi Nazrul Islam and the editor was Manibhusan Mukhopadhaya. Langal stopped publication after 15 issues. On 12 August 1926 it was substituted by Ganavani.[3][4] In 1928, the party also had a weekly Hindi organ, Lal Nishan ('Red Flag').[29] A weekly newspaper in Kushtia, Jagaran ('Awakening'), was politically close to the party.[6]

text: In Punjab the publication Kirti ('Worker') had been started in 1926 by Santokh Singh of the Ghadar Party. Soon it became the organ of the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party and managed by Sohan Singh Josh.[30]

text: Youth wing[edit]

text: The youth wing of the party was the Young Comrades League. P.C. Joshi played an important role in organising the youth league.[13]


document_title: Shanghai rum

question_text: how many cards do you get in shanghai

question_tokens: how many cards do you get in shanghai

text: Shanghai rum

text: Play[edit]

text: Basics[edit]

text: Shanghai rum is played with multiple decks of 54 standard playing cards, including the Jokers. Two decks are required for game of up to four players. Five or six players require three decks. Aces are high (above a King) or low, (below 2). Each game has seven hands, and the rules for each hand are unique. One person begins as dealer for the first hand, and then the person to the dealer's left becomes dealer for the next hand, and so on. Each player is dealt eleven cards for the seven rounds. The rest of the deck is then placed face down in the middle of the players; this is referred to as the deck. One card is taken from the top of the deck and placed face up next to it. This card is called the upcard and becomes the beginning of the discard pile.

text: Each player has a choice at the beginning of their turn. They may either pick up one new card from the top of the deck or take the upcard. (Also, the other players in the game have the ability to get the up card.) After the player draws his card, either from the deck or the upcard, he must then choose any card in his hand to discard, and he then places this card face up on the discard pile. That card then becomes the new upcard, which the next player in turn can take or other players can buy. To get a card that isn't yours a player must say, “BUY", before the next player draws their card, or else it is already considered "dead". Once a player discards their card the card underneath that card is now considered a "dead" card because it is no longer in the game. Players may not take these cards.

text: Jokers[edit]

text: Jokers are wild cards and can be played in the place of any card. A player is not allowed to have more jokers than face-cards in either a set or run. An example of this would be if one is trying to get a set he must have three or more cards of the same rank (8/8/8). But if a player has a joker or 2 he could play in place of an 8 (8/8/joker). But a player cannot lay more jokers than face-cards (8/joker/joker). However he may lay the same number of jokers as face-cards (8/8/joker/joker). The same applies for runs.if a player has laid down and has a joker in a run or set, the joker can be replaced by the appropriate card by any player.If a player who has not laid down yet replaces any joker he must lay down his meld in that turn, but if the player has already laid down his meld he may take the joker and use it how he chooses anytime.

text: Buying[edit]

text: A "buy" is when a out-of-turn player takes the upcard, draws 2 extra cards from the stock, and cannot play the cards immediately, but must wait for his turn. If more than one player wants it, the one closest to the dealer's left has precedence. There is a limit to the number of buys allowed. , each player is only allowed 2 buys per hand.

text: Melding[edit]

text: The object of each hand is to come up with the correct combination of cards to be able to meld, or "lay out". The combination for each hand is different, and they become more difficult with each subsequent hand. The combinations for each hand are either sets or runs (sequence) or a combination of both. A set is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same rank, and the suit is not important. An example of a "set of 3" is three cards that are all 8's, and the 8's can all be of different suits. A run is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same suit that have consecutive ranks. An example of a "run of 4" is the 4, 5, 6, and 7 of clubs. An example of a combination for a hand is for hand #2, "1 set of 3 and 1 run of 4." This means that a player must have both a set of 3 cards and a run of 4 cards in his hand before he can meld. A player can meld only when it is his turn. As always, he must start his hand by drawing a card, then when he has the correct sequence of cards, he can meld or "go down." He does so by laying his meld cards face up on the table in their correct sequence. After melding, a player can then play on the melds of other players. When done, he must then discard.

text: Play for the player who has gone down[edit]

text: When a player is "down" (meaning he has already melded), he still takes his turn in turn with the other players, and he still must draw a card and discard. However, a player who is down cannot buy a card, nor can he stop a player from buying the top card in the discard pile when it is his turn. A player who is down can play his cards on the melds that have been completed either by himself or by other players. For example, if a player has laid down a set of 8's, and on a subsequent turn he then draws another 8, he can play this 8 on his set of 8's. He does this by placing the 8 with the set of 8's. If he has a card that he would like to play on a run, he must be sure to keep the order of the run. For example, if there is a run of 5 consisting of 4-5-6-7-8 of clubs, the player can play a 3 of clubs or a 9 of clubs.

text: Winning the game[edit]

text: Play progresses until the final hand when one of the players "goes out," meaning he is able to play the last card in his hand. Although players may discard throughout the game, to win they must be able to lay down all of their cards without discarding. In order to win, on a player's turn they must be able to draw a card and then go out without a discard. The winner of the hand gets zero points, and the other players count their cards to determine their score for the hand. After all seven hands are played, the winner is the player with the lowest score.duandon

text: Sequence of hands[edit]

text: 1. two sets

text: 2. one set and one run

text: 3. two runs

text: 4. three sets

text: 5. two set and one run

text: 6. one set and two runs

text: 7. three runs

text: Points[edit]

text: 2-9: 5 points

tag: ul

text: 10 to king: 10 points

text:
Ace: 15 points
Joker: 25 points