document_title: List of Kyle XY episodes

question_text: how many episodes in kyle xy season 1

question_tokens: how many episodes in kyle xy season 1

text: List of Kyle XY episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
June 26, 2006
August 28, 2006

2
23
June 11, 2007
March 17, 2008

3
10
January 12, 2009
March 16, 2009

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2006)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Pilot"
Gil Junger
Eric Bress & J. Mackye Gruber
June 26, 2006 (2006-06-26)

A mysterious teenager with no navel and no memory of his life up to that point, wakes up in a forest outside Seattle, Washington, naked and covered in a slimy pink substance. He wanders around the city, and is soon arrested and booked into a juvenile detention center. Nicole Trager, a psychologist, takes Kyle in as part of her family.

2
2
"Sleepless in Seattle"
Mike Rohl
Eric Tuchman
July 3, 2006 (2006-07-03)

Kyle encounters the concept of time and wonders why those around him focus on it. He ponders as to why people sleep as he suffers from lack of sleep.

3
3
"The Lies that Bind"
Holly Dale
Curtis Kheel
July 10, 2006 (2006-07-10)

Kyle learns about lying; Lori leaves Kyle at home and Josh has him do his test for summer school. At the beginning of the episode, the police find a skeleton and think that Kyle might be connected to it.

4
4
"Diving In"
Mike Rohl
Julie Plec
July 17, 2006 (2006-07-17)

Kyle has his first dream, in which he is underwater in a pool, with Amanda swimming towards him. He tries to understand his feelings for Amanda. While at the local pool with Lori and Josh, Kyle jumps in the pool and Amanda rescues him, which causes him to get an erection. Hillary convinces Lori to sleep with Declan and she does at a party, but then realizes it was all a lie. Kyle is waiting for Amanda at the party to give her a drawing he made of her, but she introduces him to her boyfriend, Charlie, and Kyle is heartbroken. Meanwhile, at the same party Josh hooks up with a hot busty girl he met at the pool, but is interrupted by the parents chaperoning the party.

5
5
"This is Not a Test"
Pat Williams
Bryan M. Holdman
July 24, 2006 (2006-07-24)

Nicole is planning to enjoy a quiet afternoon in the house alone with Stephen, but suddenly, she hears a window break. Tom Foss, the mystery man, has broken in and planted bugs throughout the Trager house. Kyle, Lori and Josh all experience hard first day of school.

6
6
"Blame it on the Rain"
Michelle MacLaren
Elle Triedman
July 31, 2006 (2006-07-31)

When the rain comes in, everyone is cooped up inside and secrets start to come out. After a rough night of nightmares, Kyle is troubled about his lack of knowledge and begins to wonder if he will ever find out who he really is.

7
7
"Kyle Got Game"
Pat Williams
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
August 7, 2006 (2006-08-07)

Troubled by Kyle’s vivid nightmares, Nicole continues searching for the man in Kyle’s dreams and the possible link this man may have to the body found in the woods. Meanwhile, Kyle takes a liking to basketball and Josh places many bets on Kyle, but gets more than he bargained for.

8
8
"Memory Serves"
Guy Norman Bee
Michael Oates Palmer
August 14, 2006 (2006-08-14)

Kyle is becoming desperate for information about his past and everyone in the Trager family is taking notice. On his quest, he reaches University of Washington where he finds out about Adam Baylin, a bright student who disappeared twenty years ago and bore striking resemblance to him.

9
9
"Overheard"
Michael Robison
Eric Tuchman and Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
August 21, 2006 (2006-08-21)

After Tom Foss's warning in the forest, Kyle decides to give up his search for his past, but with coaxing by Nicole and a newfound extraordinary talent of super hearing and the ability to read lips, he decides to go back to his search.

10
10
"Endgame"
Michael Robison
Julie Plec & Bryan M. Holdman
August 28, 2006 (2006-08-28)

A couple, David and Julie Peterson, who claim to be Kyle's biological parents, show up at the hospital to take Kyle home with them. The Tragers disagree with the Petersons but Kyle, initially suspicious of the Petersons, changes his mind and decides to go with them. Kyle meets Adam Baylin at the end of the season.

text: Season 2 (2007–08)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

11
1
"The Prophet"
Michael Robison
Eric Tuchman
June 11, 2007 (2007-06-11)

After a long search, Kyle finally starts to get some of the answers he was looking for. Adam Baylin teaches him what his mind is capable of, but is assassinated by Zzyzx.

12
2
"The Homecoming"
Pat Williams
Tommy Thompson
June 18, 2007 (2007-06-18)

Following Baylin's death, Kyle is reunited with the Tragers in the guise of the Petersons having died in a car accident, but he finds that he needs to lie about his past, including to Declan. Foss destroys the Zzyzx headquarters by firebombing it, which inadvertently releases their second "experimental subject", 781228. She is later captured, endangering Kyle in the process.

13
3
"The List is Life"
Pat Williams
Julie Plec
June 25, 2007 (2007-06-25)

At a bonfire, Kyle saves a girl from a burning building, while coming in contact with subject 781228. Amanda's boyfriend, Charlie, is put on "the list" as the school's biggest slut, and Hillary reveals that she had slept with him. Lori and Declan break up.

14
4
"Balancing Act"
Michael Robison
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
July 2, 2007 (2007-07-02)

Foss is alarmed by a murder in the forest, which pushes Kyle to his breaking point. Declan's probe of what he believes in Kyle's secret could have major consequences.

15
5
"Come to Your Senses"
Morgan Beggs
Chad Fiveash & James Patrick Stoteraux
July 9, 2007 (2007-07-09)

Coming back to work, Nicole has a startling new patient: 781228, now known as Jessi. Jessi was recommended by her "sister", Emily Hollander, because Jessi supposedly had a rough childhood. In truth, Jessi has been sent on a mission: Get closer to Kyle. Meanwhile, Kyle's mission is to find Amanda's stolen bracelet, and Josh comes under fire from his parents after discovering that he had experimented with pot. After his recent redundancy, Stephen is given a job interview.

16
6
"Does Kyle Dream of Electric Fish?"
Chris Grismer
R.P. Gaborno & Chris Hollier
July 16, 2007 (2007-07-16)

Kyle believes he can predict the future after having multiple visions, which all come true. Using clues from his visions Kyle delves deeper into Baylin's research, hoping to find an answer.

17
7
"Free To Be You and Me"
Guy Norman Bee
Julie Plec
July 23, 2007 (2007-07-23)

Kyle and Amanda prepare for their first date. Having received an encrypted warning from Baylin about Foss, Kyle wonders whom he can really trust and let into his life. A student protest and alternative dance is organized when the school's policy of excluding same-sex couples becomes known. Jessi has a big fit at the dance when her sister tries to make her leave.

18
8
"What's the Frequency, Kyle?"
Chris Grismer
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
July 30, 2007 (2007-07-30)

Stephen's estranged father suffers a stroke and goes into a coma; Kyle's visions help Stephen reconcile with his father before his death. Emily is dismayed by Jessi's lack of progress in therapy; Kyle and Amanda share their first kiss.

19
9
"Ghost in the Machine"
Guy Norman Bee
Eric Bress & J. Mackye Gruber
August 6, 2007 (2007-08-06)

Lori's decisions come back to haunt her while on a camping expedition with Kyle, Jessi, Declan, Josh, Andy and Amanda, when they stumble upon the ruins of Zzyzx in the woods. Josh and Andy both admit something important to each other. Kyle and Declan suspect that Jessi likes Kyle. Amanda is unsure if she and Kyle are actually a couple or not. Kyle gets a special box from Adam Baylin.

20
10
"House of Cards"
Pat Williams
Chad Fiveash & James Patrick Stoteraux
August 13, 2007 (2007-08-13)

After Kyle realizes that it is Baylin’s Latnok ring that will open the mysterious box he retrieved from Zzyzx, he is shocked to see Stephen’s new boss, Julian Ballantine (whom Stephen has invited to the house for dinner), wearing the same ring Kyle pawned to help Amanda. Kyle comes up with a plan to get it back with the help of Foss and Declan, breaking into Madacorp to get it done. Meanwhile, Lori starts to have suspicions about Stephen’s relationship with one of his new coworkers, Emily Hollander. After a session with Jessi in which Nicole told her to draw a picture, Nicole soon discovers that Jessi draws in the same pointillism style as Kyle, and that she had illustrated the same Zzyzx symbol that Kyle drew in pieces in the last season.

21
11
"Hands on a Hybrid"
Rachel Talalay
Bryan M. Holdman
August 20, 2007 (2007-08-20)

After finding an old photo of Baylin and a Jessi lookalike locked in Baylin’s box, Kyle and Declan realize that the best way to crack the mystery of Jessi is to get close to her at a school charity event. Once there, Kyle uses the opportunity to get to know to the already vulnerable Jessi. Meanwhile, other secrets are revealed during the event as Lori finds out the identity of her attacker. Josh and Andy share a kiss. Amanda finds Kyle and Jessi together in a room and has doubts. Foss, now held captive by Ballantine, begins to be interrogated under a lie detector.

22
12
"Lockdown"
Michael Robison
Charley Dane & Julie Plec
August 27, 2007 (2007-08-27)

With Jessi having escaped her house, Nicole puts the Trager family on lockdown. Foss' fate is revealed while Nicole and Stephen both uncover secrets about Kyle. Kyle attempts to escape the house with the help of an old friend, hoping to find Jessi as well as protect his family.

23
13
"Leap of Faith"
Rachel Talalay
Eric Tuchman
September 3, 2007 (2007-09-03)

In the midseason finale, Kyle and Jessi try to find out more about their past, while the Tragers sift through what they know about Kyle to find out who he really is. Kyle and Jessi explore an old, washed out road, previously known as Route 12. They stumble upon an abandoned cabin, and to get in a secret room, Kyle calls Amanda and asks her to play a melody. With it, Kyle and Jessi are able to enter the secret room. Inside, they find a comatose Adam Baylin. Kyle tries to communicate with him, but is unable to do so, and asks Jessi to help him. After some prodding, she helps him long enough for Baylin to say, "Kyle stop, she's betrayed you." Scared, Jessi runs away. Kyle runs after her and they argue, but in the end, Jessi jumps off the side of a dam.

24
14
"To C.I.R., With Love"
Guy Norman Bee
Chad Fiveash & James Patrick Stoteraux
January 14, 2008 (2008-01-14)

Jessi survives the fall. Foss finds Kyle stunned after Jessi took her leap, and tells Kyle to go home. Kyle returns to the Tragers to tell them the truth about his existence. He also hatches a plan to defeat Madacorp. Kyle's plan is threatened by the fact that Jessi had survived the leap and is aching to give up the stolen information. Kyle and Jessi link telepathically and together block the C.I.R., which forces them to put Kyle on the machine, allowing him to destroy the Madacorp network. The episode concludes with Brian Taylor telling a hospitalized Jessi he is her father.

25
15
"The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades"
Chris Grismer
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
January 21, 2008 (2008-01-21)

Kyle and Jessi's secret is jeopardized as Jessi struggles with what the future holds for her. She decides to show the public her tricks by jumping off a roof and walking across a pool, enjoying the resulting publicity. Meanwhile, Amanda's mother witnesses Kyle mastering levitation. Problems escalate as Jessi offers to show live cameras her tricks.

26
16
"Great Expectations"
John Kretchmer
Bryan M. Holdman
January 28, 2008 (2008-01-28)

Amanda unexpectedly returns home, which causes Kyle to re-evaluate his relationship with her. But Amanda has a secret that is keeping Kyle on the edge of heartbreak. She can't see him because she used her mother's birthday surprise as an excuse to tell her that she has dropped out. Carol Bloom blames Kyle and grounds Amanda until she goes back to the conservatory in New York.

27
17
"Grounded"
Michael DeCarlo
R.P. Gaborno & Chris Hollier
February 4, 2008 (2008-02-04)

After receiving an anonymous complaint about Kyle, a social worker makes a surprise visit to the Trager home. What should be uneventful becomes tricky with Kyle harboring Amanda in his room and Lori hiding a closet full of beer. Plus, they haven't figured out how to explain a reason for Kyle sleeping in a tub. Despite everything, the Tragers have to convince the social worker that they are a happy, normal, family. Mrs. Bloom is accused by Amanda of filing the complaint, but the social worker is revealed at the end as a spy for Latnok.

28
18
"Between The Rack and a Hard Place"
James Head
Chad Fiveash & James Patrick Stoteraux
February 11, 2008 (2008-02-11)

Amanda gets a job at The Rack, but her first day does not go well. Meanwhile, Jessi's presence in Kyle's life continues to irk Amanda. Josh, covering for his absent supervisor for the afternoon, is placed in a difficult situation when $120 goes missing from The Rack's cash register.

29
19
"First Cut Is the Deepest"
Michael Robison
David A. Weinstein
February 18, 2008 (2008-02-18)

Kyle takes Jessi on a trip to University of Washington to learn more about the woman with Baylin in the old photograph, Sarah Emerson, while she continues to try proving that she is better than Kyle. Meanwhile, Hillary, Lori, and Amanda attempt to book a cool DJ for prom. Declan and Kyle get involved in a fistfight when a college boy tries to punch Kyle. Kyle finds Jessi to be continuing to push herself. Amanda tells Kyle that she accepts the fact that she has to share her boyfriend with other people. Andy and Josh receive counseling from Nicole.

30
20
"Primary Colors"
Peter DeLuise
Bryan M. Holdman
February 25, 2008 (2008-02-25)

Baylin recovers and meets up with Kyle. Kyle starts to experience mental hiccups when he is pulled in too many directions. Nicole asks Kyle to take it easy but Kyle wants to help Josh, Declan and Hillary with their placement exams, Steven with the dinner and Lori with lyrics for her prom song. Andy comes back with the news that her cancer has gone into remission, and Jessi suspects that Kyle is responsible for it. Meanwhile, Declan seems to be getting somewhat jealous about Lori once she starts hanging out and talking to Mark. Amanda is worried that Kyle is sick and plays Kyle's song on the piano, thinking it will help him. Amanda's mother agrees to Kyle's request to take Amanda to the prom because she is pleased that Amanda has started playing the piano again. Kyle's hiccups heal after he and Baylin decode a message saying that Sarah is alive.

31
21
"Grey Matters"
Michael Robison
Eric Tuchman
March 3, 2008 (2008-03-03)

The gray lines between right and wrong are tested after a cheating scandal rocks Beachwood High. After studying hard, Josh is devastated to learn that he is one of the accused while Kyle is shocked to find out he is suspected of being the ringleader. After Principal Hooper threatens to cancel the prom, Kyle and Josh have to find a way to clear their names without implicating other students. Meanwhile, Taylor continues to push Jessi in her training for a Latnok presentation. The episode ends with Kyle meeting Sarah in the same diner that was seen in the old photograph.

32
22
"Hello..."
Peter DeLuise
Michael Berns
March 10, 2008 (2008-03-10)

After Kyle is able to track Sarah down, she implores him to get Jessi away from Taylor. However, this task is easier said than done as Kyle must deal with Jessi's stubbornness and Sarah's adamant request to remain hidden. Meanwhile, the other kids are over their heads with the upcoming prom festivities. Amanda is stuck in prom planning hell; Andy informs Josh that they are going even though they are underage and have no cash; and Lori bemoans the whole ridiculousness of the prom situation, while still curious as to whom Declan is going to ask.

33
23
"I've Had the Time of My Life"
Michael Robison
Julie Plec
March 17, 2008 (2008-03-17)

After extensive research Kyle is still trying to figure out how to make prom night perfect for Amanda, but all of the teen movies in the world (including Prom Night) can’t help him. Kyle isn’t the only one who is trying to make it a night to remember – Declan is also pulling out all the stops to show Lori how he really feels and let her decide on future actions. Meanwhile, Andy hints to Josh at a special ending, and amidst the drama, Jessi makes a surprising announcement about her future with Sarah. At the end, Amanda is abducted from the school parking lot in her prom dress after Kyle goes back inside to retrieve her street clothes.

text: Season 3 (2009)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S.
viewers
(millions)

34
1
"It Happened One Night"
Chris Grismer
Eric Tuchman
January 12, 2009 (2009-01-12)
1.497[1]

Kyle awakens inside a Latnok building, where he attempts to escape and rescue Amanda from Latnok's clutches. Jessi comes to Kyle's aid when she senses his troubles, but she must abandon Sarah in order to do so.

35
2
"Psychic Friend"
Michael Robison
Julie Plec
January 19, 2009 (2009-01-19)
1.426[2]

Kyle goes to see a psychic at a fair, who reveals to him that his soulmate is in danger. Fearing for Amanda's life, Kyle becomes very overprotective of her. However, Amanda in turn feels smothered by him, and goes to a concert with Lori and Hillary to escape the pressure. Kyle then enlists Jessi's help to save Amanda, but winds up actually saving Jessi instead of Amanda following an accident at the concert. Elsewhere, Lori and Hillary finally deal with the consequences of Hillary and Declan's kiss.

36
3
"Electric Kiss"
Chris Grismer
Gayle Abrams
January 26, 2009 (2009-01-26)
1.239[3]

Kyle's apprehension about Amanda gets worse as she frequently suffers from headaches that hinder her preparation for a very important piano recital. Convinced that Latnok did something other than sedate her the night she was kidnapped after the prom, Kyle discovers that her discomfort is due to a neural device implanted by Latnok that should no longer be active after her abduction. Kyle enlists Jessi to help Amanda, but Jessi's constant presence with Kyle and her moving in with the Tragers only agitates Amanda more. As part of an experiment to help Amanda, Kyle kisses Jessi, but Amanda walks in on them. Though she breaks up with him on the spot, he manages to give Amanda one last kiss, which destroys the device.

37
4
"In the Company of Men"
Guy Norman Bee
Daniel Arkin
February 2, 2009 (2009-02-02)
1.105[4]

With Kyle heartbroken over being dumped by Amanda, everyone attempts to cheer him up, including Declan and Josh, who take him to a local bar that doesn't check IDs. Having too many drinks, Kyle decides to show off his abilities to impress the bar patrons. Once the boys are able to get him out of the bar, they discover Josh's car has been towed and, in a desperate attempt to avoid calling the parents, they boldly steal the car back from the impound. The dreadful night doesn't end there: back home, Kyle is met by Foss, who informs him that Adam Baylin has died. Stephen forbids Lori from dating Mark, so she uses Jessi's apartment as a getaway.

38
5
"Life Support"
Michael Robison
Bryan M. Holdman
February 9, 2009 (2009-02-09)
1.366[5]

Nicole, Kyle and Josh are en route to a psychology conference, but they get into an accident when Kyle (who was driving) becomes distracted and suddenly swerves to avoid hitting another car, which sends the Tragers' vehicle off the road before crashing into a ravine. The trio are consequently stranded in the woods with no means of communication, while Nicole is trapped inside. To make matters worse, the other driver is a pregnant woman named Gretchen, who then goes into labor. Kyle comes back every five minutes to seek Nicole's advice on how to deliver Gretchen's baby (a boy), which he delivers with Josh's help. Kyle communicates telepathically with Jessi, enabling assistance to be sent. However, Nicole is hospitalized with extensive internal bleeding. Kyle impersonates a doctor and uses his powers to try to make Nicole better, but it doesn't work and so he grudgingly turns to Cassidy, who tells him that Latnok will provide a remedy for Nicole only if Kyle joins them, and Kyle agrees. Meanwhile, Lori and Jessi are having trouble with each other and Josh's multiple phone calls to Andy go unanswered, but she shows up at the hospital after he leaves her a pained voicemail. Kyle returns from Nicole's room, announcing that she will be fine. Lori apologizes to Jessi for her rudeness.

39
6
"Welcome to Latnok"
Guy Norman Bee
R.P. Gaborno & Chris Hollier
February 16, 2009 (2009-02-16)
1.279[6]

After Cassidy helps to save Nicole’s life, Kyle is a man of his word and begins to pay his debt back to Latnok. But what Kyle finds is a complete surprise — Latnok is not some dark and scary place, but rather a hip college hangout for brilliant young minds, including Mark. Still not willing to give them the benefit of the doubt, Kyle decides after his first day there never to return, but rethinks his decision when he finds out about his family’s financial dilemma, for which he enters a contest at Latnok in hopes of winning a large cash prize. Meanwhile, Jessi comes clean about everything to Kyle, which brings about mixed results.

40
7
"Chemistry 101"
James Head
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
February 23, 2009 (2009-02-23)
1.240[7]

Still reeling from Jessi’s big confession about her feelings, Kyle has his hands full with girl troubles. While trying to figure out how to deal with Jessi, Kyle can’t help but be completely jealous over Amanda’s new relationship with Nate. And to top that all off, he still doesn’t trust Cassidy, but doesn’t have any evidence to prove his suspicions. Meanwhile, Josh and Andy hit their own rough patch as they try to deal with her family’s impending move.
Guest star: Brenna O'Brien

41
8
"Tell-Tale Heart"
Peter DeLuise
Gayle Abrams & Brian Ridings
March 2, 2009 (2009-03-02)
1.297[8]

After finding Sarah’s Latnok ring in Cassidy’s vault, Kyle and Jessi must deal with the implications. Determined to find out what happened to her mother, Jessi will stop at nothing to learn the truth. But when she starts to experience serious side effects, Kyle worries that the truth may do Jessi more harm than good. The pair investigate and are shocked to discover that Sarah had not abandoned Jessi and was actually murdered by Cassidy. Meanwhile, Declan forces Lori and Hillary to finally bury the hatchet, while Josh struggles to deal with Andy’s impending departure.

42
9
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
James Head
Daniel Arkin & Andrea Conway
March 9, 2009 (2009-03-09)
1.283[9]

Now that Kyle and Jessi know the true story of Sarah's demise, they’re on the hunt to find out what Cassidy really wants from them. But in the effort to do so, Kyle must do something that doesn’t come naturally to him – lie. To make Cassidy trust him and believe that he’s on board with Latnok, Kyle invites Cassidy over for dinner. Jessi doesn’t react well to the news of Cassidy’s invite and can’t imagine why Kyle would buddy up to the man who killed her mother. But when Jessi shows up unexpectedly to the dinner and things go south, Kyle, Jessi and Foss come up with a scheme to fake Jessi's death so Kyle can in turn get closer to Latnok and learn about their plans. Meanwhile, Amanda discovers Baylin's old papers in Nate's dorm. And, Josh plans the perfect evening for his last night together with Andy.

43
10
"Bringing Down the House"
Peter DeLuise
Julie Plec & Brian Young
March 16, 2009 (2009-03-16)
1.662[10]

In the series finale, Kyle gets Cassidy to open up about Latnok’s plans for the future of Adam Baylin’s experiment. To his horror, Kyle learns that the secret society is going ahead with a production of multiple clones of Kyle. Kyle and Jessi must find a way to put a stop to it, and he enlists the help of the Tragers, Declan, and Amanda. But with the world thinking Jessi is dead, and Kyle trying to keep up with all the lies he has told, Kyle then finds that Cassidy is his own brother.


document_title: Yukon Arctic Ultra

question_text: where is the montane yukon arctic ultra held each year

root

text: Yukon Arctic Ultra

text:
The Yukon Arctic Ultra is a series of non-stop multiday races that take place concurrently beginning in Whitehorse, Yukon at the beginning of February each year. The marathon, 100/300/430 mile races follow the course of the Yukon Quest. The longer races have three disciplines: mountain bike, xc-skis or foot.
The race is billed as the toughest ultramarathon in the world where the temperatures can drop to -50 degrees plus wind chill. The race was founded in 2003 and has run every year since except 2010.

tag: p

text: The race is self-provisioned.  While the organizers provide trail guides, there is a real risk of frostbite and amputations.[1]


document_title: Fried Green Tomatoes

question_text: who played big george in fried green tomatoes

text: Fried Green Tomatoes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Evelyn Couch, a timid, unhappy housewife in her forties, meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson, Alabama, nursing home. Over several encounters with Evelyn, Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop, and the people who lived there. The film's subplot concerns Evelyn's dissatisfaction with her marriage, her life, her growing confidence, and her developing friendship with Ninny. The narrative switches several times between Ninny's story, which is set between World War I and World War II, and Evelyn's life in 1980s Birmingham.

text: Ninny's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode, the youngest of the Threadgoode children, whom Ninny describes as her sister-in-law. Idgie's close relationship with her charming older brother, Buddy, is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed. Devastated, she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy's former girlfriend, the straitlaced Ruth Jamison, intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family.

text: Idgie initially resists Ruth's attempts at friendship, but gradually a deep attachment develops between them. Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta, Georgia. Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank. Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her, she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie, where her baby, a boy whom she names Buddy, Jr., is born. Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy, Jr. She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe, employing the family cook, Sipsey, and her son, Big George, who excel with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons.

text: Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy, Jr., but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant, and he is later reported missing. Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner, Idgie is immediately a suspect, as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth. She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore, the local sheriff, who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George; she refuses to sacrifice him. During the subsequent trial, the local minister, Reverend Scroggins, has no problem lying, providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank's disappearance. Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk, the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case. Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges.

text: After the trial, Ruth is diagnosed with cancer, becomes very ill, and eventually dies. Following her death, the café closes. Over time, many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away, bringing Ninny to the end of her story, but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank. Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy, Jr. Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank's body, which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him. The investigator ate with gusto, proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he'd ever tasted.

text: Evelyn discovers that during Ninny's temporary stay at the nursing home, her house was condemned and torn down. Evelyn, having become friends with her, offers her a room in her house which she accepts. As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be, they pass Ruth's grave, freshly adorned with a jar of honey, a honeycomb, and a card which reads, "I'll always love you, the Bee Charmer". The Bee Charmer is Ruth's old nickname for Idgie, and the note reveals that she is still alive.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch
Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene "Idgie" Threadgoode
Mary-Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison
Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode
Cicely Tyson as Sipsey
Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode
Stan Shaw as Big George
Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch
Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome
Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore
Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode
Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode
Jo Harvey Allen as Women's Awareness Teacher
Macon McCalman as Prosecutor
Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins
Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot
Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates
Reid Binion as Young Julian
Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett
Constance Shulman as Missy

tag: ul

text: Differences between the film and novel[edit]

text: Unlike the novel, the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit, instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous.[2] The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love-making. At the time of the film's debut, it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as "glossing over" the lesbian relationship.[2][3] However, it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content.[4] It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans, women, and the disabled, but the novel's examination of sexuality-based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot, is made more ambiguous.[5]

text: Though in the book, Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters, at the end of the film it's largely hinted that they are one and the same, although this runs counter to Ninny's earlier comment that "I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes; I married her [Idgie's] brother, Cleo".

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and casting[edit]

text: Avnet first read the novel in 1987.[6] He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom, with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point. Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story, she insisted he read the book and like her, he loved it. He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear's company, Act III Communications, who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter.[7] He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982's Annie. She wrote a draft for it as a musical, which he was unhappy with.[7] Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg, who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film, to develop the script. Although she had some screenwriting experience, she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one. The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured, but she found it difficult and also left the project, after writing 70 pages of the screenplay. With no money left to hire another writer, Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2–3 years developing it. Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft.[7]

text: Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind; she expressed excitement about making the film.[7] He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Don't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively.[6] When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy.[6] Mary-Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison. She read for the part several times, initially unhappy with her own tests. When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson, they – and the producers – agreed that they had good chemistry.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer. Scouting for a location, she found Juliette, Georgia, a town that was, according to Avnet, nearly deserted.[7][8] The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store. It was redesigned as a cafe, with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles.[7]

text: After the release of the film, Juliette saw an influx of tourists and, with Jon Avnet's encouragement, locals opened the Whistle Stop Café, recreated to mirror the film set.[9] Although "Whistle Stop Café" is now a registered trademark, other establishments have appeared using that name.[10] While writing the novel, Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale, Alabama, and the café on a real-life restaurant, the Irondale Café.[8] She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great-aunt.[11]

text: The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double. However, after the latter backed out at the last minute, Masterson volunteered to do it herself. The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film.[6]

text: The steam locomotive used in the film is A&WP 290, then in use pulling steam excursions for the New Georgia Railroad.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27, 1991, opening in five theaters.[12] It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24, 1992, in 673 theaters. It ran for 19 weeks in total, with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone, and took in $37,000,000 outside the US, bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide.[12] In its opening weekend it earned $105,317, and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940, which was 6.4 percent of its total gross.[12] According to Box Office Mojo, it ranked at no. 11 for all films released in the US in 1991, and no. 5 for PG‑13 rated films released that year.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was generally well received by critics. Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a "fresh" score of 73% based on 41 reviews.[13]

text: Critics enjoyed the narrative, but found it conventional and predictable.[3][14] The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as "clumsy", Roger Ebert praised the performances, Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score.[3][15] The cast drew praise for their performances, particularly Masterson and Tandy.[3][15]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jessica Tandy) and for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski).[16]

text: At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992, Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award, and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work, and the film got a Best Picture (Comedy or Musical) nomination.[16] At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden, it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award.[17]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Evelyn Couch: "Face it girls, I'm older and I have more insurance." – Nominated[18]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Fried Green Tomatoes

Studio album by Various Artists

Released
December 31, 1991

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
39:24

Label
MCA

tag: table

text: Fried Green Tomatoes: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film, and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle. For the original score, composed by Thomas Newman, see Fried Green Tomatoes (score).

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"I'll Remember You" (Grayson Hugh) – 5:08
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" (Paul Young) – 4:34
"Cherish" (Hip Hop Version) (Jodeci) – 3:58
"Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead" (Taylor Dayne) – 3:20
"Rooster Blues" (Peter Wolf) – 3:15
"Barbecue Bess" (Patti LaBelle) – 2:54
"If I Can Help Somebody" (Aaron Hall) – 3:49
"Cool Down Yonder" (Marion Williams) – 3:10
"Cherish" (Movie Version) (Jodeci) – 2:29
"Ghost Train" (Main Title) (Thomas Newman) – 3:11
"Visiting Ruth" (Newman) – 1:46
"A Charge To Keep I Have" (Newman) – 1:50

tag: ol


document_title: Macula of retina

question_text: a progressive degeneration of the macula lutea of the retina is called

text: Macula of retina

text: Structure[edit]

text: Color[edit]

text: Because the macula is yellow in colour it absorbs excess blue and ultraviolet light that enter the eye, and acts as a natural sunblock (analogous to sunglasses) for this area of the retina. The yellow color comes from its content of lutein and zeaxanthin, which are yellow xanthophyll carotenoids, derived from the diet. Zeaxanthin predominates at the macula, while lutein predominates elsewhere in the retina. There is some evidence that these carotenoids protect the pigmented region from some types of macular degeneration. A formulation of 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin has been shown to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration progressing to advanced stages, although these carotenoids have not been shown to prevent the disease.[7]

text: Regions[edit]

text:
Fovea - 1.55 mm (0.061 in)
Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) - 0.5 to 0.6 mm (0.020 to 0.024 in)
Foveola - 0.35 mm (0.014 in)
Umbo - 0.15 mm (0.0059 in)

text: Function[edit]

text: Structures in the macula are specialized for high-acuity vision. Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones (photoreceptors with high acuity).

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Whereas loss of peripheral vision may go unnoticed for some time, damage to the macula will result in loss of central vision, which is usually immediately obvious. The progressive destruction of the macula is a disease known as macular degeneration and can sometimes lead to the creation of a macular hole. Macular holes are rarely caused by trauma, but if a severe blow is delivered it can burst the blood vessels going to the macula, destroying it.

text: Visual input from the macula occupies a substantial portion of the brain's visual capacity. As a result, some forms of visual field loss that occur without involving the macula are termed macular sparing. (For example, visual field testing might demonstrate homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing.)

text: In the case of occipitoparietal ischemia owing to occlusion of elements of either posterior cerebral artery, patients may display cortical blindness (which, rarely, can involve blindness that the patient denies having, as seen in Anton's Syndrome), yet display sparing of the macula. This selective sparing is due to the collateral circulation offered to macular tracts by the middle cerebral artery.[8] Neurological examination that confirms macular sparing can go far in representing the type of damage mediated by an infarct, in this case, indicating that the caudal visual cortex (which is the principal recipient of macular projections of the optic nerve) has been spared. Further, it indicates that cortical damage rostral to, and including, lateral geniculate nucleus is an unlikely outcome of the infarction, as too much of the lateral geniculate nucleus is, proportionally, devoted to macular-stream processing.[9]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
The interior of the posterior half of the left eyeball.

A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right where blood vessels converge. The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact.

An optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan of a macula at 800 nm, with an axial resolution of 3 µm


document_title: Names of the Philippines

question_text: who named the country 'islas de san lazaro'

question_tokens: who named the country ' islas de san lazaro '

text: Names of the Philippines

text: Historical names[edit]

text: In addition to the Philippines, the islands have historically had numerous other names.

text: Ma-i. According to the Zhao Rugua's (趙汝适) book Zhu Fan Zhi (诸蕃志) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty, there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma-i (麻逸, Pinyin: Máyì). The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro.[17] This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines) that Ma-i, which means "country of the Blacks" was the Chinese local name of present-day Mindoro.[18] On the other hand, historians claimed that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself,[19] which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD.[20]

text: Ma-i consists of the Sānzhōu (三洲, "Three islands") group of islands: Kia-ma-yen (卡拉棉, Calamian), Bālāwàng (巴拉望, Palawan) and Pa-ki-nung (布桑加, Busuanga).[21]

text: Aside from Sānzhōu, Ma-i also consists of the islands of Pai-p'u-yen (巴布延, Babuyan), P'u-li-lu (波利略, Polillo), Lim-kia-tung (林加延, Lingayen), Liu-sung (呂宋, Luzon) and Li-ban (盧邦, Lubang).[22] It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton (Guangdong) as early as 982 AD.[18][19]

text: Lei was the name given by the Chinese to the present-day island of Luzon, originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice. When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during early 17th century, they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia, then Luzon.[23]

text:
Las islas de San Lázaro (St. Lazarus' Islands). Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar (now Eastern Samar) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany.[17]
Las islas de Poniente (Islands to the West). Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands.[24] However, various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area, but his chroniclers instead. The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe.[17] Conversely, the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente (Islands to the East) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in late 1540s.[25]

text:
The Portuguese referred the whole island of Luzon as ilhas Luções, or Luzones Islands.[25]
Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao.[25]

text: Las islas Felipinas (Philippine Islands/Islands belonging to Philip). Named by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte, honoring the Prince of Asturias, the then Philip II of Spain.[26][27]

text:
Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it. This was named after the Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain).[28][29][30]
The southern island of Sarangani was renamed by Villalobos as Antonia, in honor of Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, the Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines.[27]
Villalobos also named the littoral zone between the islands of Samar and Leyte as Tendaya.[31]

text:
Las islas Filipinas, or simply Filipinas (Philippines). Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas; irrevocably became the archipelago's name.[17]
Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of the Orient Seas (Spanish: Perla de oriente/Perla del mar de oriente) is the sobriquet of the Philippines. The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.[32] In his last poem Mi último adiós, Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name.[33] In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish.[34]

text:
Mi último adiós, original Spanish (1896, first stanza)[33]

English translation[35]

Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida,
Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden!
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida,
Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más florida,
Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu bien.

Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed,
Pearl of the Orient Sea, our Eden lost,
With gladness I give you my Life, sad and repressed;
And were it more brilliant, more fresh and at its best,
I would still give it to you for your welfare at most.

text:
"Lupang Hinirang", official Filipino lyrics(1958, rev. 1960s, first stanza)[34]

Original Spanish lyrics[36]

Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng Silanganan
Alab ng puso,
Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay.

Tierra adorada,
hija del sol de Oriente,
su fuego ardiente
en ti latiendo está.

text: The Philippine Islands. This was the anglicized form of the original Spanish name, used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era.[37]

text: Disputed[edit]

text:
Maniolas. According to Fr. Francisco Colin in 1663, a Jesuit friar and an early historian of the Philippines, Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China (i.e. Luzon).[37][38] Colin quoted Ptolemy's writings speaking about the Maniolas islands, which is probably Manila. This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno. Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of "beautiful islands" in southeastern Far East.[25][39] However, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book, Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas (Notes for the Philippine Cartography).[40]
Baroussai. Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy. Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao, thus, composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago.[41][42]
Ophir (Hebrew: אוֹפִיר) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible, most famous for its wealth. Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years. At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century, Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines.[43] In 1609, Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon, Ophir and the islands.[43] Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands.[44] This notion was however, later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon's kingdom—the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm.[45]
Tawalisi, was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta. He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China. According to the historical accounts of the explorer, he met Urduja, a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan. However, according to William Henry Scott, Tawilisi and its warrior-princess Urduja are "fabulous, fairy-tale, fiction".[46]

text: Proposed names[edit]

text:
Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Tagalog Nation). Andrés Bonifacio's suggested name for the Filipino nation, intended to be governed by the 1896–1897 Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic), although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos. This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902–1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans.[47][48]
Kapatiran ("Brotherhood"), or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ("Assembly"/"Gathering").[10]
Luzviminda. A portmanteau of the first syllables of the country's three major island groups: Luzon; Visayas; and Mindanao. The term has sometimes been interchanged with Luzvimindas, due to the territorial claim of the country on eastern Sabah in Borneo.
Mahárlika (Sanskrit: mahardhikka, "nobility"). In Pre-Hispanic Philippines, the mahárlika was the "noble warrior" class whose members were essentially the same as common freedmen, distinguished by their duty to serve the ruler in battle. In 1978, then-President Ferdinand Marcos supported a House Bill mandating the country's renaming to Mahárlika. The bill did not pass since the term was seen by numerous ethnic groups as imperial in nature.[10]
Rizalia. Named after national hero José Rizal, in a similar fashion to Bolivia being named after Simón Bolivar.[10]

text: República Rizalina ("Rizaline Republic"). While exiled in Japan, former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government. The term has been pushed by many pro-Rizal Filipinos, however, the term itself is criticized by many as Rizal was not in favor of Philippine independence during the Philippine revolution against Spain.[49]

text: Dayaw Republic (Repúblikang Dayaw). The name was coined through the indigenous term, dayaw, which is prevalent in various languages throughout the archipelago. The term means 'praise' in Waray, 'to take pride' in Hiligaynon, 'respect' in Ilokano, and 'bodily adornment' in Tagalog.[50][51] In other languages in the country, the term also means 'to present with pride what is distinctly and essentially inherent to oneself', 'to show one’s best with pride and dignity coupled with excitement', and 'honor'.[52]

text: Provincial names[edit]

text: In other languages[edit]

text: The 1987 constitution provides that Filipino and English be official languages of the Philippines. The constitution does not contain a provision specifically designating an official name for the country; however, "Republic of the Philippines" is used consistently throughout its provisions (in English). Article XIV, section 8 of the constitution also mandates that the constitution be also promulgated in Filipino but no such official Filipino version exists. "Republika ng Pilipinas" is the de facto name of the country used in Filipino. When standing alone in English, the country's name is always preceded by the article the. However, the definite article ang does not precede the name in Filipino contexts.

text: The country has throughout its history been known as Filipinas. In the 1930s, the scholar Lope K. Santos introduced the abakada alphabet for writing Tagalog which no longer used the letter F as this sound was absent and was usually pronounced by speakers of several Philippine languages as "P". The abakada alphabet also subsequently spread to other Philippine languages (which had been using spelling systems based on the Spanish abecedario). Thus, the form Pilipinas propagated and came into general use.[53]

text: The Commission on the Filipino Language and National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario urges the usage of Filipinas as the country's official name to reflect its origin and history,[54] and to be inclusive to all the languages in the country that already have the new 8 letters of the modern Filipino alphabet (officially used since 1987) which includes the letter F.[55]

text: Unlike Ireland which uses the name "Éire/Ireland" to identify itself at international meetings,[citation needed] the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines (e.g., when there are meetings in the United Nations or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in this setting. This is also the tradition even if the meeting is held within the Philippines.

text: In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Pilipinas is used; while some other languages, including Ilocano and Chavacano, use Filipinas. Though the name Philippines is the official name that is used by the country's government for international and domestic businesses, numerous major languages of the world still use their own translation or transliteration of the name Philippines to refer to it.

text:
Language

Name(Pilipinas)

Transliteration

Official Name(Republika ng Pilipinas)

Transliteration

Afrikaans

Filippyne

Republiek van die Filippyne

Albanian

Filipinet

Republika e Filipineve

Amharic

ፊሊፒንስ

Filipins

ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ

Filipins Ripäblik

Arabic

الفلبين

Al Filibīn

جمهورية الفلبين

Jumhūrīyyat Al Filibīn

Armenian

Ֆիլիպիններ

Filipinner

Ֆիլիպիններում Հանրապետություն

Filippinerum Hanrapetut’yun

Azerbaijani

Filippin

Filippin Respublikası

Basque

Filipinetan

Filipinetako Errepublikako

Belarusian

Філіпіны

Filipiny

Рэспубліка Філіпіны

Respublika Filipiny

Bengali

ফিলিপাইন

Filipain

ফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্র

Filipain Projatôntro

Bulgarian

Филипини

Filipini

Република Филипини

Republika Filipini

Catalan

Filipines

República de les Filipines

Chinese

菲律賓 (Tr.)菲律宾 (Sp.)

Fēilǜbīn

菲律賓共和國 (Tr.)菲律宾共和国 (Sp.)

Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó

Croatian

Filipini

Republika Filipini

Czech

Filipíny

Filipínská Republika

Danish

Filippinerne

Republikken Filippinerne

Dutch

Filipijnen

Republiek der Filipijnen

English

Philippines

Republic of the Philippines

Estonian

Filipiinid

Filipiini Vabariik

Finnish

Filippiinit

Filippiinien Tasavalta

Fijian

Filipin

Matanitu Tugalala o Filipin

French

Philippines

République des Philippines

Georgian

ფილიპინები

P’ilipinebi

ფილიპინების რესპუბლიკის

P’ilipinebis respublikis

German

Philippinen

Republik der Philippinen

Greek

Φιλιππίνες

Filippínes

Δημοκρατία των Φιλιππίνων

Di̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n

Haryanvi

फ़िलिपीण

Filippínn

फ़िलिपीण गणराज्य

Filippínn Gannrājya

Hebrew

פיליפינים

Filipinim

הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים

Ha'republika Filipinim

Hindi

फ़िलीपीन्स

Filipīns

फ़िलीपींस गणराज्य

Filīpīns Gaṇarājya

Hokkien

菲律賓呂宋

Huili̍ppinLūsòng

菲律賓共和國

Huili̍ppin kiōnghôkok

Hungarian

Fülöp-szigetek

Fülöp-szigeteki Köztársaság

Icelandic

Filippseyjar

Lýðveldið Filippseyjar

Indonesian

 Filipina

Republik Filipina

Irish

Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha

Phoblacht na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha

Italian

Filippine

Repubblica delle Filippine

Japanese

フィリピン

Firipin

フィリピン共和国

Firipin kyōwakoku

Kazakh

Филиппиндер

Filippinder

Филиппин Республикасы

Filippin Respublikasy

Khmer

ប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន

Filippin

សាធារណរដ្ឋហ្វីលីពីន

Sathéaranakrâth Filippin

Korean

필리핀

Pillipin

필리핀 공화국

Pillipin Gonghwaguk

Kurdish

Filîpîn

Komara Filîpînan

Lao

ຟີລິບປິນ

Filipin

ສາທາລະນະລັດຟີລິບປິນ

Sāthālanalat Filipin

Latin

Philippinae

Respublica Philippinarum

Latvian

Filipīnas

Filipīnu Republika

Lithuanian

Filipinai

Filipinų Respublika

Macedonian

Филипини

Filipini

Република Филипини

Republika Filipini

Malaysian

Filipina

Republik Filipina

Maltese

Filippini

Repubblika tal-Filippini

Marathi

फिलिपिन्स

Filipins

फिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताक

Filipinsce prajāsattāk

Norwegian

Filippinene

Republikken Filippinene

Persian

فیلیپین

Filipin

جمهوری فیلیپین

Jomhuri Filipin

Polish

Filipiny

Republika Filipin

Portuguese

Filipinas

República das Filipinas

Romanian

Filipine

Republica Filipine

Russian

Филиппины

Filipiny

Республика Филиппины

Respublika Filipiny

Serbian

Филипини

Filipini

Република Филипини

Republika Filipini

Sinhala

පිලිපීනය

Pilipinaya

පිලිපීනය ජනරජය

Pilipinaya Janarajaya

Slovak

Filipíny

Filipínska Republika

Slovene

Filipini

Republika Filipini

Somali

Filibiin

Jamhuuriyada Filibiin

Spanish

Filipinas

República de las Filipinas

Swahili

Ufilipino

Jamhuri ya Ufilipino

Swedish

Filippinerna

Republiken Filippinerna

Tamil

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பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு

Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu

Thai

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Turkish

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Turkmen

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Vietnamese

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document_title: Tao Te Ching

question_text: which book records three possible authors of the tao te ching with similar names

text: Tao Te Ching

text: Text[edit]

text: The Dao De Jing has a long and complex textual history. Known versions and commentaries date back two millennia, including ancient bamboo, silk, and paper manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century.

text: Title[edit]

text: There are many possible translations of the book's title:

text: Dào/tao literally means "way," or one of its synonyms, but was extended to mean "the Way." This term, which was variously used by other Chinese philosophers (including Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, and Hanfeizi), has special meaning within the context of Taoism, where it implies the essential, unnamable process of the universe.

text: Dé/te means "virtue," "personal character," "inner strength" (virtuosity), or "integrity." The semantics of this Chinese word resemble English virtue, which developed from the Italian virtù, a now-archaic sense of "inner potency" or "divine power" (as in "healing virtue of a drug") to the modern meaning of "moral excellence" or "goodness." Compare the compound word taote (Chinese: 道德; pinyin: Dàodé; literally: "ethics," "ethical principles," "morals," or "morality").

text: Jīng/ching as it is used here means "canon," "great book," or "classic."

text: Thus, Tao Te Ching can be translated as "The Classic of the Way's Virtues" or "The Book of the Way of Virtue."

text: The title Daodejing is an honorific given by posterity, other titles include the amalgam Lǎozǐ Dàodéjīng (老子道德經), the honorific Daode Zhen Jing (道德真經 "True Classic of the Way and the Power"), and the Wuqian wen (五千文 "Five thousand character [classic]").

text: Internal structure[edit]

text: The received Tao Te Ching is a short text of around 5,000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections (章). There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions—for commentary, or as aids to rote memorization—and that the original text was more fluidly organized. It has two parts, the Tao Ching (道經; chaps. 1–37) and the Te Ching (德經; chaps. 38–81), which may have been edited together into the received text, possibly reversed from an original "Te Tao Ching." The written style is laconic, has few grammatical particles, and encourages varied, even contradictory interpretations. The ideas are singular; the style poetic. The rhetorical style combines two major strategies: short, declarative statements and intentional contradictions. The first of these strategies creates memorable phrases, while the second forces us to create our own reconciliations of the supposed contradictions.[5]

text: The Chinese characters in the original versions were probably written in zhuànshū (篆書 seal script), while later versions were written in lìshū (隸書 clerical script) and kǎishū (楷書 regular script) styles. Daoist Chinese Characters contains a good summary of these different calligraphies.

text: Historical authenticity of the author[edit]

text: The Tao Te Ching is ascribed to Lao Tzu, whose historical existence has been a matter of scholastic debate. His name, which means "Old Master," has only fueled controversy on this issue. (Kaltenmark 1969:10).

text: The first reliable reference to Laozi is his "biography" in Shiji (63, tr. Chan 1963:35–37), by Chinese historian Sima Qian (ca. 145–86 BCE), which combines three stories. First, Lao Tzu was a contemporary of Confucius (551–479 BCE). His surname was Li (李 "plum"), and his personal name was Er (耳 "ear") or Dan (聃 "long ear"). He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West. Second, Laozi was Lao Laizi (老來子 "Old Come Master"), also a contemporary of Confucius, who wrote a book in 15 parts. Third, Laozi was the Grand Historian and astrologer Lao Dan (老聃 "Old Long-ears"), who lived during the reign (384–362 BCE) of Duke Xian (獻公) of Qin).

text: Generations of scholars have debated the historicity of Laozi and the dating of the Tao Te Ching. Linguistic studies of the text's vocabulary and rhyme scheme point to a date of composition after the Shi Jing yet before the Zhuangzi. Legends claim variously that Laozi was "born old"; that he lived for 996 years, with twelve previous incarnations starting around the time of the Three Sovereigns before the thirteenth as Laozi. Some Western scholars have expressed doubts over Lao Tzu's historical existence, claiming that the Tao Te Ching is actually a collection of the work of various authors.

text: Many Taoists venerate Lao Tzu as Daotsu the founder of the school of Dao, the Daode Tianjun in the Three Pure Ones, one of the eight elders transformed from Taiji in the Chinese creation myth.

text: Principal versions[edit]

text: Among the many transmitted editions of the Tao Te Ching text, the three primary ones are named after early commentaries. The "Yan Zun Version," which is only extant for the Te Ching, derives from a commentary attributed to Han Dynasty scholar Yan Zun (巖尊, fl. 80 BCE-10 CE). The "Heshang Gong Version" is named after the legendary Heshang Gong (河上公 "Riverside Sage") who supposedly lived during the reign (180–157 BCE) of Emperor Wen of Han. This commentary (tr. Erkes 1950, and Reid 2015) has a preface written by Ge Xuan (葛玄, 164–244 CE), granduncle of Ge Hong, and scholarship dates this version to around the 3rd century CE. The "Wang Bi Version" has more verifiable origins than either of the above. Wang Bi (王弼, 226–249 CE) was a famous Three Kingdoms period philosopher and commentator on the Tao Te Ching (tr. Lin 1977, Rump and Chan 1979) and the I Ching.

text: Tao Te Ching scholarship has lately advanced from archeological discoveries of manuscripts, some of which are older than any of the received texts. Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, Marc Aurel Stein and others found thousands of scrolls in the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang. They included more than 50 partial and complete "Tao Te Ching" manuscripts. One written by the scribe So/Su Dan (素統) is dated 270 AD and corresponds closely with the Heshang Gong version. Another partial manuscript has the Xiang'er (想爾) commentary, which had previously been lost.[citation needed]

text: Mawangdui and Guodian texts[edit]

text: In 1973, archeologists discovered copies of early Chinese books, known as the Mawangdui Silk Texts, in a tomb dating from 168 BCE.[1] They included two nearly complete copies of the text, referred to as Text A (甲) and Text B (乙), both of which reverse the traditional ordering and put the Te Ching section before the Tao Ching, which is why the Henricks translation of them is named "Te-Tao Ching". Based on calligraphic styles and imperial naming taboo avoidances, scholars believe that Text A can be dated to about the first decade and Text B to about the third decade of the 2nd century BCE.[6]

text: In 1993, the oldest known version of the text, written on bamboo tablets, was found in a tomb near the town of Guodian (郭店) in Jingmen, Hubei, and dated prior to 300 BCE.[1] The Guodian Chu Slips comprise about 800 slips of bamboo with a total of over 13,000 characters, about 2,000 of which correspond with the Tao Te Ching, including 14 previously unknown verses.

text: Both the Mawangdui and Guodian versions are generally consistent with the received texts, excepting differences in chapter sequence and graphic variants. Several recent Tao Te Ching translations (e.g., Lau 1989, Henricks 1989, Mair 1990, Henricks 2000, Allan and Williams 2000, and Roberts 2004) utilize these two versions, sometimes with the verses reordered to synthesize the new finds.

text: Interpretation and themes[edit]

text: This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The passages are ambiguous, and topics range from political advice for rulers to practical wisdom for people. Because the variety of interpretation is virtually limitless, not only for different people but for the same person over time, readers do well to avoid making claims of objectivity or superiority. Also, since the book is 81 short poems, there is little need for an abridgement.

text: Ineffability of genesis[edit]

text: These famous first lines of the Tao Te Ching state that the Tao is ineffable, i.e., the Tao is nameless, goes beyond distinctions, and transcends language. However this first verse does not occur in the earliest known version from the Guodian Chu Slips and there is speculation that it may have been added by later commentators.[7] In Laozi's Qingjing Jing (verse 1-8) he clarified the term Tao was nominated as he was trying to describe a state of existence before it happened and before time or space. Way or path happened to be the side meaning of Tao, ineffability would be just poetic. This is the Chinese creation myth from the primordial Tao.

text: Mysterious female[edit]

text: Like the above description of the ineffable Tao as "the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures", the Tao Te Ching advocates "female" (or Yin) values, emphasizing the passive, solid, and quiescent qualities of nature (which is opposed to the active and energetic), and "having without possessing". Waley's translation can also be understood as the Esoteric Feminine in that it can be known intuitively, that must be complemented by the masculine, "male" (or Yang), again amplified in Qingjing Jing (verse 9-13). Yin and Yang should be balanced, "Know masculinity, Maintain femininity, and be a ravine for all under heaven." (chap. 28, tr. Mair)

text: Returning (union with the Primordial)[edit]

text: Another theme is the eternal return, or what Mair (1990:139) calls "the continual return of the myriad creatures to the cosmic principle from which they arose."

text: There is a contrast between the rigidity of death and the weakness of life: "When he is born, man is soft and weak; in death he becomes stiff and hard. The ten thousand creatures and all plants and trees while they are alive are supple and soft, but when dead they become brittle and dry." (chap. 76, tr. Waley). This is returning to the beginning of things, or to one's own childhood.

text: The Tao Te Ching focuses upon the beginnings of society, and describes a golden age in the past, comparable with the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Human problems arose from the "invention" of culture and civilization. In this idealized past, "the people should have no use for any form of writing save knotted ropes, should be contented with their food, pleased with their clothing, satisfied with their homes, should take pleasure in their rustic tasks." (chap. 80, tr. Waley)

text: Emptiness[edit]

text: Philosophical vacuity is a common theme among Asian philosophical traditions including Taoism (especially Wu wei "effortless action"), Buddhism, and some aspects of Confucianism. One could interpret the Tao Te Ching as a suite of variations on the "Powers of Nothingness". This predates the Buddhist Shunyata philosophy of "form is emptiness, emptiness is form" by half a millennium. Emptiness can mean having no fixed preconceptions, preferences, intentions, or agenda. Since "The Sage has no heart of his own; He uses the heart of the people as his heart." (chap. 49, tr. Waley). From a ruler's point of view, it is a laissez-faire approach:

text: Knowledge and humility[edit]

text: The Tao Te Ching praises self-gained knowledge with emphasis on that knowledge being gained with humility. When what one person has experienced is put into words and transmitted to others, so doing risks giving unwarranted status to what inevitably must have had a subjective tinge. Moreover, it will be subjected to another layer of interpretation and subjectivity when read and learned by others. This kind of knowledge (or "book learning"), like desire, should be diminished. "It was when intelligence and knowledge appeared that the Great Artifice began." (chap. 18, tr. Waley) And so, "The pursuit of learning is to increase day after day. The pursuit of Tao is to decrease the doing of the self day after day." (chap. 48, tr. W. T. Chan)

text: Translations[edit]

text: The Tao Te Ching has been translated into Western languages over 250 times, mostly to English, German, and French.[8] According to Holmes Welch, "It is a famous puzzle which everyone would like to feel he had solved."[9] The first known English translation of the Tao Te Ching was produced in 1868 by a Scottish Protestant missionary named John Chalmers, entitled The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity and Morality of The Old Philosopher Lau Tsze. Other notable English translations of the Tao Te Ching are those produced by Chinese scholars and teachers: a 1948 translation by linguist Lin Yutang, a 1961 translation by author John Ching Hsiung Wu, a 1963 translation by sinologist Din Cheuk Lau, another 1963 translation by professor Wing-tsit Chan, and a 1972 translation by Taoist teacher Gia-Fu Feng together with his wife Jane English.

text: Many translations are written by people with a foundation in Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English. Some of the more popular translations are written from a less scholarly perspective, giving an individual author's interpretation. For example, Stephen Mitchell's version of the Tao Te Ching unilaterally introduces changes such as referring to "the Master" as "she" rather than "he",[10] and his version has been called "politically correct".[11] Critics of these versions, such as Taoism scholar Eugene Eoyang, claim that translators like Stephen Mitchell (who states explicitly that his version is not a translation) produce readings of the Tao Te Ching that deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought.[12] Russell Kirkland goes further to argue that these versions are based on Western Orientalist fantasies, and represent the colonial appropriation of Chinese culture.[13][14] In contrast, Huston Smith, scholar of world religions, said of the Mitchell version, "This translation comes as close to being definitive for our time as any I can imagine. It embodies the virtues its translator credits to the Chinese original: a gemlike lucidity that is radiant with humor, grace, largeheartedness, and deep wisdom." Other Taoism scholars, such as Michael LaFargue[15] and Jonathan Herman,[16] argue that while they don't pretend to scholarship, they meet a real spiritual need in the West. These Westernized versions aim to make the wisdom of the Tao Te Ching more accessible to modern English-speaking readers by, typically, employing more familiar cultural and temporal references. A notable recent English version was published in 1997 by Ursula K Le Guin.

text: Translational difficulties[edit]

text: The Tao Te Ching is written in Classical Chinese, which can be difficult to understand completely. Classical Chinese relies heavily on allusion to a corpus of standard literary works to convey semantic meaning, nuance, and subtext. This corpus was memorized by highly educated people in Laozi's time, and the allusions were reinforced through common use in writing, but few people today have this type of deep acquaintance with ancient Chinese literature. Thus, many levels of subtext are potentially lost on modern translators. Furthermore, many of the words that the Tao Te Ching uses are deliberately vague and ambiguous.

text: Since there are no punctuation marks in Classical Chinese, it can be difficult to conclusively determine where one sentence ends and the next begins. Moving a full-stop a few words forward or back or inserting a comma can profoundly alter the meaning of many passages, and such divisions and meanings must be determined by the translator. Some editors and translators argue that the received text is so corrupted (from originally being written on one-line bamboo strips linked with silk threads) that it is impossible to understand some chapters without moving sequences of characters from one place to another.

text: Popular Culture[edit]

text: The Beatles song "The Inner Light", written by George Harrison, has lyrics taken from the Tao Te Ching.


document_title: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

question_text: who plays dawn in nicky ricky dicky & dawn

text: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[1] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Tom (Brian Stepanek) is the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Anne (Allison Munn) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Nicky (Aidan Gallagher) is the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Ricky (Casey Simpson) is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Dicky (Mace Coronel) is the easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out.
Dawn (Lizzy Greene) is the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Josie (Gabrielle Elyse) is a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Mae (Kyla-Drew Simmons) is the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but is promoted to a main character in the third season.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[2] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[3] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[4] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[5] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[6] On October 4, 2017, it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn and Nickelodeon.[7] On November 15, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season will be the last.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)

4
14[9]
January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06)
TBA

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
1.60[10]
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
1.75[11]
1.75

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
1.11[12]
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)
1.31[13]
1.46

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
1.58[14]
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)
2.00[15]
1.47

4
6
January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06)
1.08[16]
TBA
TBD
1.05

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs

2015
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Nominated

2017
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show
Nominated


document_title: Conrad Dunn

question_text: what movie is the line lighten up francis from

text: Conrad Dunn

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Born and raised in Los Angeles,[1]:31 Conrad Dunn studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts-Los Angeles and with Stella Adler in New York. After seeing him on the stage, a casting director asked him to read for the role of Francis "Psycho" Soyer[2] in Stripes (1981), his first feature film.[3][a] His introductory speech,[4] described by one reviewer as "Conrad Dunn's adroit tribute to Travis Bickle",[5] was singled out by film critic Roger Ebert: "The movie has especially good writing in several scenes. My favorite comes near the beginning, during a session when recruits in the new platoon get to know one another. One obviously psycho draftee, who looks like Robert De Niro, quietly announces that if his fellow soldiers touch him, touch his stuff, or interfere in any way with his person or his privacy, he will quite simply be forced to kill them."[6] The response from drill sergeant Warren Oates—"Lighten up, Francis"—became a popular movie quote.[7]

text: Taking the name George Jenesky, Dunn performed over seven seasons (1981–90) in the NBC daytime soap opera, Days of Our Lives. His character, Nick Corelli, became a fan favorite, a despicable pimp who evolved into a romantic lead and one of the show's main characters.[1]:34, 36[8]:71, 191 Nick's murder was one of the series' notable whodunits.[8]:146–149

text: Dunn had his own theatre company,[3] and his stage credits include a 1994 production of Edward Albee's The Zoo Story simultaneously performed in American Sign Language. "Notwithstanding the value of bringing this important work to a non-hearing audience, the energy of the gestures generated by the actors actually underscores the emotional impact of their fateful encounter," wrote Variety.[9]

text: He has made numerous appearances in films and on television, frequently as the villain.[3] In the mid-1990s he returned to the name Conrad Dunn and began working extensively in Canada as well as the U.S. Notable TV roles include an antagonistic juror in the USA Network film, We the Jury (1996),[10] a remorseless mobster in two CBS miniseries (1997–98) adapted from Mario Puzo's The Last Don,[11] and the arch villain in the 2000 pilot for TNT's supernatural drama series Witchblade.[12] In 2001 he joined the principal cast of the A&E TV series, Nero Wolfe (2001–02), portraying the superlatively competent freelance detective Saul Panzer for two seasons.[13] His later film appearances include Chicago (2001),[14] Owning Mahowny (2003)[15] and Ving Rhames' Animal 2 (2007).[16]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1981
Stripes
Francis "Psycho" Soyer
[3][17]

1981
Days of Our Lives (TV series)
Nick Corelli
as George Jenesky[8]:191

1983
T.J. Hooker (TV series)
Douglas Nelson
"Too Late for Love"[18]

1983
Buffalo Bill (TV series)

"Woody Quits"[19]

1983
Alice (TV series)
Customer
"The Robot Wore Pink"[19]

1984
Days of Our Lives (TV series)
Nick Corelli
as George Jenesky[8]

1985
Hill Street Blues (TV series)
Sonny Murdo
"You're in Alice's"[19]

1986
Stewardess School
Referee
as George Jenesky[19]

1986
Jumpin' Jack Flash
Man with Umbrella at Phone Booth
as George Jenesky[19]

1986
Amazing Stories (TV series)
Gas Station Attendant
Warden's Guard
"Gather Ye Acorns", as George Jenesky
"Life on Death Row", as George Jenesky[19]

1986
Hunter (TV series)
Rocket
"The Set Up", as George Jenesky[19]

1986–90
Days of Our Lives (TV series)
Nick Corelli
as George Jenesky[8]

1988
Alien Nation
Quint
as George Jenesky[20]

1989
True Believer
Slim Jim
as George Jenesky[1]:31

1988
Hunter (TV series)
Tommy Orlowski
"Presumed Guilty", as George Jenesky[19]

1990
Death Warrant
Konefke
as George Jenesky[21]

1990
Dark Justice (TV series)
Ted
"Prime Cuts", as George Jenesky[19]

1992
Tequila and Bonetti (TV series)
Wayne
"Mama", as George Jenesky[19]

1993
Inside Edge
Hip-Hop
as George Jenesky[19]

1993
Without Warning: Terror in the Towers (TV)
Mohammed Salameh
as George Jenesky[19]

1995
Highlander (TV series)
Matthew
"Blind Faith"[15]

1995
The Marshal (TV series)
Louie-Louie
"Rainbow Comix"[22]

1995
Due South (TV series)
Siracusa
"The Witness"[15]

1996
Side Effects (TV series)
Dr. Irwin Pfaff
"Behind the Scenes"[19]

1996
Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Ice (TV)
Henry Gore
[15][23]

1996
Mask of Death
Frank Dallio
[15]

1996
Silent Trigger
Klein
[15]

1996
We the Jury (TV)
Rafael Ramos
[24]

1996
Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (TV series)
Mr. Marsden
"Who Is Kwai Chang Caine?"[19]

1997
The Last Don (TV miniseries)
Lia Vazzi
[15][25]

1997
F/X: The Series (TV series)

"Script Doctor"[19]

1997
Goosebumps (TV series)
Grimm
"The Barking Ghost"[19]

1997
The New Ghostwriter Mysteries (TV series)
Harry
"Designer Crime"[15]

1998
Mr. Headmistress
Farley
[15][26]

1998
The Last Don II (TV miniseries)
Lia Vazzi
[15][27]

1999
Traders (TV series)

"Eat the Loss"[19]

1999
Vendetta (TV)
Pasquale Corte
[15]

1999
The Famous Jett Jackson (TV series)
Marley
"Saving Mr. Dupree"[19]

1999
Black and Blue (TV)
Enrique
[15]

1999
Execution of Justice (TV)
Gay Teacher
[15]

2000
Harry's Case (TV)

[28]

2000
La Femme Nikita (TV series)
The Director of Red Cell
"Sleeping with the Enemy"[19]

2000
Witchblade (TV)
Tommy Gallo
[12][15][29]

2000
Turn It Up
Urie
[15]

2001
Haven (TV miniseries)
Josef
[15][30]

2001–02
A Nero Wolfe Mystery (TV series)
Saul Panzer[31]
[b]

2002
Witchblade (TV series)
Tommy Gallo
"Emergence"[19]
"Hierophant"[19]

2002
Martin and Lewis (TV)
Lou Perry
[15][32]

2002
Chicago
Doctor
[14]

2003
Control Factor (TV)
Thrillkill
[15]

2003
Owning Mahowny
Edgar
[19]

2003
Blue Murder (TV series)
Kenney Roswell
"John Doe"[19]

2003
Veritas: The Quest (TV series)
Moondawg
"Skulls"[19]

2004
Direct Action
Captain Stone
[19]

2004
Zeyda and the Hitman
Mr. Valenti
[19]

2004
Clubhouse (TV series)
Defense Lawyer
"Road Trip"[19]

2004
The Eleventh Hour (TV series)

"Megan Ice Cream"[19]

2005
Cool Money (TV)
City
[19]

2006
Puppets Who Kill (TV series)
Plumber
"Mr. Big"[19][33]

2006
At the Hotel (TV series)
Señor Arioso
"Modern Solutions to Modern Problems"[19]

2006
Covert One: The Hades Factor (TV miniseries)
Ghalib Hassan
[19]

2006
Jeff Ltd. (TV series)
Vincent
"Ali Baba and the 40 Carpets"[19]
"Nightmare on Stevens Street"[19]

2007
Animal 2
Kasada
[3][16]

2007
Degrassi: The Next Generation (TV series)
Vlad
"Don't You Want Me?"[19]

2007
The Dead Zone (TV series)
Frankie Toro
"Drift"[19]

2009
Murdoch Mysteries (TV series)
Professor Otranto
"Snakes and Ladders"[19]

2011
XIII: The Series (TV series)
Peralta
"Costa Verde"[19]

2012
Suits (TV series)
Oscar Mendoza
"Break Point"[19]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Before working in Stripes, Dunn filmed scenes for Evilspeak (1981) that did not appear in the final release.[1]:31–32
Jump up ^ Appearances in episodes of A Nero Wolfe Mystery are as follows: "The Doorbell Rang", "Champagne for One", "Prisoner's Base", "Eeny, Meeny, Murder, Moe", "Disguise for Murder", "Door to Death", "Christmas Party", "Over My Dead Body", "Death of a Doxy", "The Next Witness", "Motherhunt", "Too Many Clients", "Before I Die" and "The Silent Speaker".[19]