document_title: Asterisk

question_text: where do you put the asterisk when correcting a word

text: Asterisk

text: History[edit]

text: The asterisk derives from the two thousand year old character used by Aristarchus of Samothrace called the asteriskos, ※, which he used when proofreading Homeric poetry to mark lines that were duplicated.[3] Origen is known to have also used the asteriskos to mark missing Hebrew lines from his Hexapla.[4] The asterisk evolved in shape over time, but its meaning as a symbol used to correct defects remained.

text: In the Middle Ages, the asterisk was used to emphasize a particular part of text, often linking those parts of the text to a marginal comment.[5] However, an asterisk was not always used.

text: One hypothesis to the origin of the asterisk is that it stems from the five thousand year old Sumerian character dingir, 𒀭,[6] though this hypothesis seems to only be based on visual appearance.[7]

text: Usage[edit]

text: Censorship[edit]

text: When toning down expletives, asterisks are often used to replace letters. For example, the word 'fuck' might become 'f**k', 'f*ck' or even '****'.[8] Vowels tend to be censored with an asterisk more than consonants, but the intelligibility of censored profanities with multiple syllables such as b*ll*cks (bollocks) or uncommon ones is higher if put in context with surrounding text.[9]

text: Competitive sports and games[edit]

text: In colloquial usage, an asterisk is used to indicate that a record is somehow tainted by circumstances, which are putatively explained in a footnote referenced by the asterisk.[10]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: The usage of the term in sports arose after the 1961 baseball season in which Roger Maris of the New York Yankees broke Babe Ruth's 34-year-old single-season home run record. Because Ruth had amassed 60 home runs in a season with only 154 games, compared to Maris's 61 over 162 games, baseball commissioner Ford Frick announced that Maris' accomplishment would be recorded in the record books with an explanation (often referred to as "an asterisk" in the retelling). In fact, Major League Baseball had no official record book at the time, but the stigma remained with Maris for many years, and the concept of a real or figurative asterisk denoting less-than-official records has become widely used in sports and other competitive endeavors. A 2001 TV movie about Maris' record-breaking season was called 61* (pronounced sixty-one asterisk) in reference to the controversy.

text: The controversy over season length in relation to home run records had somewhat subsided by the time Hank Aaron broke Ruth's career home run record in 1974 (although Aaron received an even larger volume of hate mail and death threats which in his case often focused on race). Maris' single season mark was broken in 1998 by Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa, who both broke it in under 154 games. McGwire's record of 70 home runs was later eclipsed by Barry Bonds, who set the current mark of 73 home runs in the 2001 season. However, these players' accomplishments were soon questioned after evidence surfaced suggesting all three might have been taking advantage of MLB's then-lax policies related to the use of performance-enhancing drugs.

text: Fans were especially critical of Bonds and invoked the asterisk notion during the 2007 season, as he approached and later broke Hank Aaron's career home run record.[11] Opposing fans would often hold up signs bearing asterisks whenever Bonds came up to bat. After Bonds hit his record-breaking 756th home run on August 7, 2007, fashion designer and entrepreneur Marc Ecko purchased the home run ball from the fan who caught it, and ran a poll on his Web site to determine its fate. On September 26, Ecko revealed on NBC's Today show that the ball will be branded with an asterisk and donated to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The ball, marked with a die-cut asterisk, was finally delivered to the hall on July 2, 2008 after Marc Ecko unconditionally donated the artifact rather than loaning it to the hall as originally intended.

text: In recent years, the asterisk has come into use on baseball scorecards to denote a "great defensive play."[12]

text: Usage in anti-doping campaigns[edit]

text: By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the association of baseball and its records with doping had become so notorious that the term "asterisk" had become firmly associated with doping in sport. In February 2011 the United States Olympic Committee and the Ad Council launched an anti-steroid campaign called "Play Asterisk Free"[13] aimed at teens. The campaign, whose logo uses a heavy asterisk, first launched in 2008 under the name Don't Be An Asterisk.[14]

text: Cricket[edit]

text:
In cricket, it signifies a total number of runs scored by a batsman without losing his wicket; e.g. 107* means '107 not out'.
Where only the scores of the two batsmen that are currently in are being shown, an asterisk following a batsman's score indicates that he is due to face the next ball to be delivered.
When written before a player's name on a scorecard, it indicates the captain of the team.
It is also used on television when giving a career statistic during a match. For example, 47* in a number of matches column means that the current game is the player's 47th.

text: Computing[edit]

text: Computer science[edit]

text:
In computer science, the asterisk is used in regular expressions to denote zero or more repetitions of a pattern; this use is also known as the Kleene star or Kleene closure after Stephen Kleene.
In the Unified Modeling Language, the asterisk is used to denote zero to many classes.

text: Computer interfaces[edit]

text:
In some command line interfaces, such as the Unix shell and Microsoft's CMD, the asterisk is the wildcard character and stands for any string of characters. This is also known as a wildcard symbol. A common use of the wildcard is in searching for files on a computer. For instance, if a user wished to find a document called Document 1, search terms such as Doc* and D*ment* would return this file. Document* would also return any file that begins with Document.
In some graphical user interfaces an asterisk is pre- or appended to the current working document name shown in a window's title bar to indicate that unsaved changes exist. In many computing and Internet applications an asterisk, or another character, is displayed to indicate that a character of a password or other confidential information has been entered, without the risk of displaying the actual character.
In Commodore (and related) filesystems, an asterisk appearing next to a filename in a directory listing denotes an improperly closed file, commonly called a "splat file."
In travel industry Global Distribution Systems, the asterisk is the display command to retrieve all or part of a Passenger Name Record.
In HTML web forms, an asterisk can be used to denote required fields.
Chat Room etiquette calls on one asterisk to correct a misspelled word that has already been submitted. For example, one could post lck, then follow it with *luck or luck* to correct the word's spelling, or if it's someone else that notices the mistake, they would use *luck.[citation needed]

Enclosing a phrase between two asterisks is used to denote an action the user is "performing", e.g. *pulls out a paper*, although this usage is also common on forums, and less so on most chat rooms due to /me or similar commands. Hyphens (-action-) and double colons (::action::) as well as the operator /me are also used for similar purposes.

text: Adding machines and printing calculators[edit]

text: Some international models of adding machines and printing calculators use the asterisk to denote the total, or the terminal sum or difference of an addition or subtraction sequence, respectively, sometimes on the keyboard where the total key is marked with an asterisk and sometimes a capital T, and on the printout.

text: Programming languages[edit]

text: Many programming languages and calculators use the asterisk as a symbol for multiplication. It also has a number of special meanings in specific languages, for instance:

text:
In some programming languages such as the C, C++, and Go programming languages, the asterisk is used to dereference or to declare a pointer variable.
In the Common Lisp programming language, the names of global variables are conventionally set off with asterisks, *LIKE-THIS*.
In the Ada, Fortran, Perl, Python, Ruby programming languages, in some dialects of the Pascal programming language, and many others, a double asterisk is used to signify exponentiation: 5**3 is 5*5*5 or 125.
In the Perl programming language, the asterisk is used to refer to the typeglob of all variables with a given name.
In the programming languages Ruby and Python, * has two specific uses. First, the unary * operator applied to a list object inside a function call will expand that list into the arguments of the function call. Second, a parameter preceded by * in the parameter list for a function will result in any extra positional parameters being aggregated into a tuple (Python) or array (Ruby), and likewise in Python a parameter preceded by ** will result in any extra keyword parameters being aggregated into a dictionary.
In the APL language, the asterisk represents the exponential and exponentiation functions.
In IBM Job Control Language, the asterisk has various functions, including in-stream data in the DD statement, the default print stream as SYSOUT=*, and as a self-reference in place of a procedure step name to refer to the same procedure step where it appears.
In Haskell, the asterisk represents the set of well-formed, fully applied types - that is a 0-ary kind of types.

text: Comments in programming languages[edit]

text: In the B programming language and languages that borrow syntax from it, such as C, PHP, Java, or C#, comments in the source code (for information to people, ignored by the compiler) are marked by an asterisk combined with the slash:

text: Some Pascal-like programming languages, for example, Object Pascal, Modula-2, Modula-3, and Oberon, as well as several other languages including ML, Wolfram Language (Mathematica), AppleScript, OCaml, Standard ML, and Maple, use an asterisk combined with a parenthesis:

text: CSS, while not a programming language, also uses the slash-star comment format.

text: Each computing language has its own way of handling comments; "/* ... */" and similar notations are not universal.

text: Economics[edit]

text:
In economics, the use of an asterisk after a letter indicating a variable such as price, output, or employment indicates that the variable is at its optimal level (that which is achieved in a perfect market situation). For instance, p* is the price level p when output y is at its corresponding optimal level of y*.
Also in international economics asterisks are commonly used to denote economic variables in a foreign country. So, for example, "p" is the price of the home good and "p*" is the price of the foreign good, etc.

text: Education[edit]

text:
In the GCSE and A-Level examinations in the United Kingdom and the PSLE in Singapore, A* ("A-star") is a special top grade that is distinguished from grade A. (This will phase out starting from 2021)
In the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) examination in Hong Kong, 5** (5-star-star) and 5* (5-star) are two special top grades that are distinguished from Level 5. Level 5** is the highest level a candidate can attain in HKDSE.

text: Fluid mechanics[edit]

text: In fluid mechanics an asterisk in superscript is sometimes used to mean a property at sonic speed.[15]

text: Games[edit]

text:
Certain categories of character types in role-playing games are called splats, and the game supplements describing them are called splatbooks. This usage originated with the shorthand "*book" for this type of supplement to various World of Darkness games, such as Clanbook: Ventrue (for Vampire: The Masquerade) or Tribebook: Black Furies (for Werewolf: The Apocalypse), and this usage has spread to other games with similar character-type supplements. For example, Dungeons & Dragons Third Edition has had several lines of splatbooks: the "X & Y" series including Sword & Fist and Tome & Blood prior to the "3.5" revision, the "Complete X" series including Complete Warrior and Complete Divine, and the "Races of X" series including Races of Stone and Races of the Wild.
In many MUDs and MOOs, as well as "male", "female", and other more esoteric genders, there is a gender called "splat", which uses an asterisk to replace the letters that differ in standard English gender pronouns. For example, h* is used rather than him or her. Also, asterisks are used to signify doing an action, for example, "*action*".
Game show producer Mark Goodson used a six-pointed asterisk as his trademark. It is featured prominently on many set pieces from The Price Is Right.
Scrabble players put an asterisk after a word to indicate that an illegal play was made.[16]

text: Human genetics[edit]

text: In human genetics, * is used to denote that someone is a member of a haplogroup and not any of its subclades (see * (haplogroup)).

text: Linguistics[edit]

text: In linguistics, an asterisk is placed before a word or phrase to indicate that it is not used, or there are no records of it being in use. This is used in several ways depending on what is being discussed.

text: Historical linguistics[edit]

text: In historical linguistics, the asterisk marks words or phrases that are not directly recorded in texts or other media, and that are therefore reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material (see also comparative method).

text: In the following example, the Proto-Germanic word ainlif is a reconstructed form.

text: *ainlif → endleofan → eleven

text: A double asterisk indicates a form that would be expected according to a rule, but is not actually found. That is, it indicates a reconstructed form that is not found or used, and in place of which another form is found in actual usage:

text: For the plural, **kubar would be expected, but separate masculine plural akābir أكابر and feminine plural kubrayāt كبريات are found as irregular forms.

text: Ungrammaticality[edit]

text: In most areas of linguistics, but especially in syntax, an asterisk in front of a word or phrase indicates that the word or phrase is not used because it is ungrammatical.

text: wake her up / *wake up her

text: An asterisk before a parenthesis indicates that the lack of the word or phrase inside is ungrammatical, while an asterisk after the opening bracket of the parenthesis indicates that the existence of the word or phrase inside is ungrammatical.

text:
go *(to) the station - Here, "go the station" would be ungrammatical.
go (*to) home - Here, "go to home" would be ungrammatical.

text: Ambiguity[edit]

text: Since a word marked with an asterisk could mean either "unattested" or "impossible", it is important in some contexts to distinguish these meanings. In general, authors retain asterisks for "unattested", and prefix ˣ, **, †, or a superscript "?" for the latter meaning.[citation needed] An alternative is to append the asterisk (or another symbol, possibly to differentiate between even more cases) at the end.[citation needed]

text: Optimality Theory[edit]

text: In Optimality Theory, asterisks are used as "violation marks" in tableau cells to denote a violation of a constraint by an output form.[17]

text: Phonetic transcription[edit]

text: In the early days of the International Phonetic Alphabet, an asterisk was sometimes used to denote that the word it preceded was a proper noun.[18] See this example from W. Perrett's 1921 transcription of Gottfried Keller's "Das Fähnlein der sieben Aufrechten":[19]

text: This diacritic isn't often used.[20]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: The asterisk has many uses in mathematics. The following list highlights some common uses and is not exhaustive.

text: An arbitrary point in some set. Seen, for example, when computing Riemann sums or when contracting a simply connected group to the singleton set { ∗ }.

text:
The Hodge dual operator on vector spaces

∗
:

A

k

→

A

n
−
k

{\displaystyle *:A^{k}\rightarrow A^{n-k}}

.

text:
The pushforward (differential) of a smooth map f between two smooth manifolds, denoted f∗.
And more generally the application of any covariant functor, where no doubt exists over which functor is meant.

text:
The complex conjugate of a complex number (the more common notation is

z
¯

{\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}

).[21]
The conjugate in a composition algebra
The conjugate transpose, Hermitian transpose, or adjoint matrix of a matrix.
Hermitian adjoint.
The multiplicative group of a ring, especially when the ring is a field. E.g.

C

∗

=

C

−
{
0
}
.

{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{*}=\mathbb {C} -\{0\}.}

The dual space of a vector space V, denoted V*.
The combination of an indexed collection of objects into one example, e.g. the combination of all the cohomology groups Hk(X) into the cohomology ring H*(X).
In statistics, z* and t* are given critical points for z-distributions and t-distributions, respectively.

text:
A notation for an arbitrary binary operator.
The free product of two groups.
f ∗ g is a convolution of f with g.

text: The asterisk is used in all branches of mathematics to designate a correspondence between two quantities denoted by the same letter – one with the asterisk and one without.

text: Mathematical typography[edit]

text: In fine mathematical typography, the Unicode character U+2217 ∗ asterisk operator (in HTML, ∗) is available. This character also appeared in the position of the regular asterisk in the PostScript symbol character set in the Symbol font included with Windows and Macintosh operating systems and with many printers. It should be used in fine typography for a large asterisk that lines up with the other mathematical operators.

text: Music[edit]

text:
In musical notation the sign  (U+1D1AF 𝆯 MUSICAL SYMBOL PEDAL UP MARK) indicates when the sustain pedal of the piano should be lifted.
In liturgical music, an asterisk is often used to denote a deliberate pause.

text: Religious texts[edit]

text:
In the Geneva Bible and the King James Bible, an asterisk is used to indicate a marginal comment or scripture reference.
In the Leeser Bible, an asterisk is used to mark off the seven subdivisions of the weekly Torah portion. It is also used to mark the few verses to be repeated by the reader of the Haftara.
In American printings of the Book of Common Prayer, an asterisk is used to divide a verse of a Psalm in two portions for responsive reading. British printings use a spaced colon (" : ") for the same purpose.

text: Star of Life[edit]

text: Replacement for cross/crescent/star on ambulances.

text:
Ambulance in Lausanne

World War I ambulance

text: Statistical results[edit]

text: In many scientific publications, the asterisk is employed as a shorthand to denote the statistical significance of results when testing hypotheses. When the likelihood that a result occurred by chance alone is below a certain level, one or more asterisks are displayed. Popular significance levels are <0.05 (*), <0.01 (**), and <0.001 (***).

text: Telephony[edit]

text: On a Touch-Tone telephone keypad, the asterisk (called star, or less commonly, palm or sextile)[22] is one of the two special keys (the other is the number sign (pound sign or hash, hex or, less commonly, octothorp[22] or square)), and is found to the left of the zero. They are used to navigate menus in Touch-Tone systems such as Voice mail, or in Vertical service codes.

text: Typography[edit]

text:
The asterisk is used to call out a footnote, especially when there is only one on the page. Less commonly, multiple asterisks are used to denote different footnotes on a page (i.e., *, **, ***). Typically, an asterisk is positioned after a word or phrase and preceding its accompanying footnote. Other characters are also used for this purpose, including †, ‡, superscript numbers (as in Wikipedia), etc. In marketing and advertising, asterisks or other symbols are used to refer readers discreetly to terms or conditions for a certain statement, the "small print".
In English-language typography the asterisk is placed after all other punctuation marks (for example, commas, colons, or periods) except for the dash.[23][24]
Three spaced asterisks centered on a page may represent a jump to a different scene, thought, or section.

text:
A group of three asterisks arranged in a triangular formation is called an asterism.
One or more asterisks may be used as censorship over all or part of a word.
Asterisks are sometimes used as an alternative to typographical bullets to indicate items of a list.
Asterisks can be used in textual media to represent *emphasis* when bold or italic text is not available (e.g., Twitter, text messaging).
Asterisks may denote corrections to misspelling or misstatements in previous electronic messages, particularly when replacement or retraction of a previous writing is not possible, such as with "immediate delivery" messages or "instant messages". Usually this takes the form of a message consisting solely of the corrected text, with an asterisk placed prior to the correction. For example, one might send a message reading "*morning" to correct the misspelling in the message "I had a good mroning".
Bounding asterisks as "a kind of self-describing stage direction", as linguist Ben Zimmer has put it. For example, in "Another gas station robbery *sigh*," the writer uses *sigh* to express disappointment (but does not necessarily literally sigh).[25]

text: Encodings[edit]

text: The Unicode standard states that the asterisk is distinct from:

text:
U+066D ٭ Arabic five pointed star (HTML ٭),[A]
U+2217 ∗ asterisk operator (HTML ∗ · ∗), and
U+2731 ✱ heavy asterisk (HTML ✱).[26]

text: The symbols are compared below (the display depends on your browser's font).

text:
Asterisk
Asterisk Operator
Heavy Asterisk
Small Asterisk
Full Width Asterisk
Open Centre Asterisk

*
∗
✱
﹡
＊
✲

text:
Low Asterisk
Arabic star
East Asian reference mark
Teardrop-Spoked Asterisk
Sixteen Pointed Asterisk

⁎
٭
※
✻
✺

text:
Name
Unicode
Decimal
UTF-8
HTML
Displayed

Asterisk
U+002A
*
2A
*
*

Combining Asterisk Below
U+0359
͙
CD 99

͙

Arabic Five Pointed Star
U+066D
٭
D9 AD

٭

East Asian Reference Mark
U+203B
※
E2 80 BB

※

Flower Punctuation Mark
U+2055
⁕
E2 81 95

⁕

Asterism
U+2042
⁂
E2 81 82

⁂

Low Asterisk
U+204E
⁎
E2 81 8E

⁎

Two Asterisks Aligned Vertically
U+2051
⁑
E2 81 91

⁑

Combining Asterisk Above
U+20F0
⃰
E2 83 B0

⃰

Asterisk Operator
U+2217
∗
E2 88 97
∗
∗

Circled Asterisk Operator
U+229B
⊛
E2 8A 9B

⊛

Four Teardrop-Spoked Asterisk
U+2722
✢
E2 9C A2

✢

Four Balloon-Spoked Asterisk
U+2723
✣
E2 9C A3

✣

Heavy Four Balloon-Spoked Asterisk
U+2724
✤
E2 9C A4

✤

Four Club-Spoked Asterisk
U+2725
✥
E2 9C A5

✥

Heavy Asterisk
U+2731
✱
E2 9C B1

✱

Open Centre Asterisk
U+2732
✲
E2 9C B2

✲

Eight Spoked Asterisk
U+2733
✳
E2 9C B3

✳

Sixteen Pointed Asterisk
U+273A
✺
E2 9C BA

✺

Teardrop-Spoked Asterisk
U+273B
✻
E2 9C BB

✻

Open Centre Teardrop-Spoked Asterisk
U+273C
✼
E2 9C BC

✼

Heavy Teardrop-Spoked Asterisk
U+273D
✽
E2 9C BD

✽

Heavy Teardrop-Spoked Pinwheel Asterisk
U+2743
❃
E2 9D 83

❃

Balloon-Spoked Asterisk
U+2749
❉
E2 9D 89

❉

Six Teardrop-Spoked Propeller Asterisk
U+274A
❊
E2 9D 8A

❊

Heavy Eight Teardrop-Spoked Propeller Asterisk
U+274B
❋
E2 9D 8B

❋

Squared Asterisk
U+29C6
⧆
E2 A7 86

⧆

Equals With Asterisk
U+2A6E
⩮
E2 A9 AE

⩮

Slavonic Asterisk
U+A673
꙳
EA 99 B3

꙳

Small Asterisk
U+FE61
﹡
EF B9 A1

﹡

Full Width Asterisk
U+FF0A
＊
EF BC 8A

＊

Music Symbol Pedal Up Mark
U+1D1AF
𝆯
F0 9D 86 AF

𝆯

Tag Asterisk
U+E002A

F3 A0 80 AA

Light Five Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7AF
🞯
F0 9F 9E AF

🞯

Medium Five Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B0
🞰
F0 9F 9E B0

🞰

Bold Five Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B1
🞱
F0 9F 9E B1

🞱

Heavy Five Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B2
🞲
F0 9F 9E B2

🞲

Very Heavy Five Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B3
🞳
F0 9F 9E B3

🞳

Extremely Heavy Five Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B4
🞴
F0 9F 9E B4

🞴

Light Six Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B5
🞵
F0 9F 9E B5

🞵

Medium Six Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B6
🞶
F0 9F 9E B6

🞶

Bold Six Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B7
🞷
F0 9F 9E B7

🞷

Heavy Six Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B8
🞸
F0 9F 9E B8

🞸

Very Heavy Six Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7B9
🞹
F0 9F 9E B9

🞹

Extremely Heavy Six Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7BA
🞺
F0 9F 9E BA

🞺

Light Eight Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7BB
🞻
F0 9F 9E BB

🞻

Medium Eight Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7BC
🞼
F0 9F 9E BC

🞼

Bold Eight Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7BD
🞽
F0 9F 9E BD

🞽

Heavy Eight Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7BE
🞾
F0 9F 9E BE

🞾

Very Heavy Eight Spoked Asterisk
U+1F7BF
🞿
F0 9F 9E BF

🞿


document_title: Hectometre

question_text: what does hm stand for in the metric system

root

text: Hectometre

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Hectometre

The Pyramid of Cheops is 138.8 metres high.

Unit information

Unit system
metric

Unit of
length

Symbol
hm

Unit conversions

1 hm in ...
... is equal to ...

   SI units
   7002100000000000000♠100 m

   imperial/US units
   109.36 yd
 3937.0 in

text: Look up hectometre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: The hectometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: hm) or hectometer (American spelling) is an uncommonly used unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundred metres. It derives from the Greek word "ekato", meaning "hundred". A soccer field is approximately 1 hectometre in length. The hectare (ha), a common metric unit for land area, is equal to one square hectometre (hm2).

tag: p


document_title: Zobo

question_text: what is the name of zobo in english

question_tokens: what is the name of zobo in english

text: Zobo

text:
Zobo is the word in the Hausa language for the edible plant Hibiscus sabdariffa, and a drink it is used to make.
"Zobo" is the nickname of Abdulkadir Mohamed Adan, a leader of the Somali Democratic Movement, a faction in Somali Civil War
Zobo was the project codename for the Triumph Herald
A hybrid between the zebu and the yak

tag: ul

text: Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titlesThis disambiguation page lists  articles associated with the title Zobo.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Pareto analysis

question_text: explain the principle behind a simple pareto analysis

text: Pareto analysis

text: Pareto analysis is a formal technique useful where many possible courses of action are competing for attention. In essence, the problem-solver estimates the benefit delivered by each action, then selects a number of the most effective actions that deliver a total benefit reasonably close to the maximal possible one.[citation needed]

text: Pareto analysis is a creative way of looking at causes of problems because it helps stimulate thinking and organize thoughts. However, it can be limited by its exclusion of possibly important problems which may be small initially, but which grow with time. It should be combined with other analytical tools such as failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree analysis for example.[citation needed]

text: This technique helps to identify the top portion of causes that need to be addressed to resolve the majority of problems. Once the predominant causes are identified, then tools like the Ishikawa diagram or Fish-bone Analysis can be used to identify the root causes of the problems. While it is common to refer to pareto as "80/20" rule, under the assumption that, in all situations, 20% of causes determine 80% of problems, this ratio is merely a convenient rule of thumb and is not nor should it be considered an immutable law of nature.

text: The application of the Pareto analysis in risk management allows management to focus on those risks that have the most impact on the project.[1]

text: Steps to identify the important causes using 80/20 rule[edit]

text:
Form an explicit table listing the causes and their frequency of occurrence as a percentage
Arrange the rows in decreasing order of importance of the causes (i.e., the most important cause first)
Add a cumulative percentage column to the table, then plot the information
Plot (#1) a curve with causes on x- and cumulative percentage on y-axis
Plot (#2) a bar graph with causes on x- and percent frequency on y-axis
Draw a horizontal dotted line at 80% from the y-axis to intersect the curve. Then draw a vertical dotted line from the point of intersection to the x-axis. The vertical dotted line separates the important causes (on the left) and trivial causes (on the right)
Explicitly review the chart to ensure that causes for at least 80% of the problems are captured

tag: ol


document_title: Gold nugget

question_text: where was the biggest gold nugget ever found

text: Gold nugget

text: Formation[edit]

text: Nuggets are gold fragments weathered out of an original lode.[1] They often show signs of abrasive polishing by stream action, and sometimes still contain inclusions of quartz or other lode matrix material. A 2007 study on Australian nuggets ruled out speculative theories of supergene formation via in-situ precipitation, cold welding of smaller particles, or bacterial concentration, since crystal structures of all of the nuggets examined proved they were originally formed at high temperature deep underground (i.e., they were of hypogene origin).[2][3] Other precious metals such as platinum form nuggets in the same way. A later study of native gold from Arizona, US, based on lead isotopes indicates that a significant part of the mass in alluvial gold nuggets in this area formed within the placer environment.[4]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Nuggets are usually 20.5K to 22K purity (83% to 92%). Gold nuggets in Australia often are 23K or slightly higher, while Alaskan nuggets are usually at the lower end of the spectrum. Purity can be roughly assessed by the nugget color, the richer and deeper the orange-yellow the higher the gold content. Nuggets are also referred to by their fineness, for example "865 fine" means the nugget is 865 parts per thousand in gold. The common impurities are silver and copper. Nuggets high in silver content constitute the alloy electrum.[5]

text: Largest nuggets[edit]

text: In literature, there are two nuggets that claim their status as the biggest gold nuggets in the world: the Welcome Stranger with the Canaã nugget being the largest surviving natural nugget. Considered by most authorities to be the biggest gold nugget ever found, the Welcome Stranger was found at Moliagul, Victoria, Australia in 1869 by John Deason and Richard Oates. It weighed gross, over 2,520 troy ounces (78 kg; 173 lb) and returned over 2,284 troy ounces (71.0 kg; 156.6 lb) net.[6] The Welcome Stranger is sometimes confused with the similarly named Welcome Nugget, which was found in June 1858 at Bakery Hill, Ballarat, Australia by the Red Hill Mining Company. The Welcome weighed 2,218 troy ounces (69.0 kg; 152.1 lb). It was melted down in London in November 1859.[7]

text: The Canaã nugget, also known as the Pepita Canaa, was found on September 13, 1983 by miners at the Serra Pelada Mine in the State of Para, Brazil. Weighing 1,955 troy ounces (60.8 kg; 134.1 lb) gross, and containing 1,682.5 troy ounces (52.33 kg; 115.37 lb) of gold,[8][9] it is among the largest gold nuggets ever found,[10][11] and is, today, the largest in existence. The main controversy regarding this nugget is that the excavation reports suggest that the existing nugget was originally part of a nugget weighing 5,291.09 troy ounces (165 kg; 363 lb) that broke during excavations.[12] The Canaã nugget is displayed at the Banco Central Museum in Brazil along with the second and third largest nuggets remaining in existence, weighing respectively 1,506.2 troy ounces (46.85 kg; 103.28 lb) and 1,393.3 troy ounces (43.34 kg; 95.54 lb), which were also found at the Serra Pelada region.[13]

text: The largest gold nugget found using a metal detector is the Hand of Faith, weighing 875 troy ounces (27.2 kg; 60.0 lb), found in Kingower, Victoria, Australia in 1980.

text: Historic large specimens include the crystalline "Fricot Nugget", weighing 201 troy ounces (6.3 kg; 13.8 lb) — the largest one found during the California Gold Rush. It is on display at the California State Mining and Mineral Museum.

text: The largest gold nugget ever found in California weighed 1,593 troy ounces (49.5 kg; 109.2 lb). It was found in August 1869 in Sierra Buttes by five partners — W.A. Farish, A. Wood, J. Winstead, F.N.L. Clevering and Harry Warner.[14]

text: The Victoria, Australia gold rush of the early 1850s produced a number of large nuggets. They include the Welcome Nugget which weighed 68.98 kilograms (152.1 lb) which is considered to be the second largest gold nugget ever found.[15][16][17] Another find, the Lady Hotham, which weighed 98.5 pounds (44.7 kg), was found by a group of nine miners on September 8, 1854 in Canadian Gully, Ballarat at a depth of 135 feet.[18] The Lady Hotham was named after the wife of the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham who happened to be visiting the area when the nugget was found. Eighteen months earlier, in January and early February 1853, three other large nuggets weighing 134 pounds (61 kg), 93.125 pounds (42.241 kg), and 83.5 pounds (37.9 kg) were also found in Canadian Gully at a depth of 55 to 60 feet (17 to 18 m).[14][19] Another nugget, the Heron, was found in 1855 in Golden Gully in the Mount Alexander goldfield. It weighed 1,008 troy ounces (31.4 kg; 69.1 lb) and was found by a group of inexperienced miners who had received a supposedly empty claim. The miners found the nugget on their second day of digging; the nugget was named after one of the gold commissioners, a Mr. Heron.[20]

text: On 16 January 2013, a large gold nugget was found near the city of Ballarat in Victoria, Australia by an amateur gold prospector. The Y-shaped nugget weighed slightly more than 5 kilograms (11 lb), measured around 22 cm high by 15 cm wide, and has a market value slightly below 300,000 Australian dollars, though opinions have been expressed that it could be sold for much more due to its rarity. The discovery has cast doubt on the common rumour that Victoria's goldfields were exhausted in the 19th century.[21][22]