document_title: Florida State–Miami football rivalry

question_text: when was the last time miami beat fsu

question_tokens: when was the last time miami beat fsu

text: Florida State–Miami football rivalry

text: Notable games[edit]

text: 1963: Seminoles Stun Mira and Gus' Dream Team[edit]

text: In one of the season's biggest shockers, FSU stunned Miami 24–0, in the season opener for both squads. Miami quarterback, George Mira, had been the cover boy for Sports Illustrated's 1963 college football preseason preview. Miami head coach Andy Gustafson, who had been named athletic director in the spring, put off retirement for a year to coach what most pro scouts believed was the best quarterback in all of college football. On this night, however, Steve Tensi and Fred Biletnikoff were the stars and Florida State made its first real appearance on the national stage. This win marked the first of seven straight wins by the Seminoles and the longest winning streak in the series. All of the Seminoles wins came on Miami's home turf, the Orange Bowl.

text: 1987: Going for the win[edit]

text: FSU and Miami played an epic game in 1987. This game had more future NFL players on the field than any game played in CFB history. Both teams were ranked in the top 4. FSU jumped out to a 19–3 lead. FSU led until Miami came back in the 4th quarter to take a 26–19 lead. FSU scored a touchdown with 42 seconds left. FSU could tie with the extra point, but Bowden decided to go for the win. The pass was broken up and the Noles lost 26–25 to the Canes. Miami would go on to win the program's second national championship.

text: 1989: FSU Beats the National Champions[edit]

text: Florida State beat Miami 24–10 as Miami was missing their starting QB and was forced to play freshman Gino Toretta (Gino went on to win the National Championship in '91 & Heisman trophy in '92). Miami went on to win the National Championship upon Craig Erickson's return. FSU did not compete for it, as they suffered two losses at the beginning of the season to a Brett Favre led Southern Miss and Clemson.

text: 1991: Wide Right I[edit]

text: After being called a "key persona" by Keith Jackson for hitting his third field goal of the game, Florida State kicker Gerry Thomas missed a field goal to the right with less than a minute left, and the top-ranked Seminoles lost in Tallahassee to the second-ranked Hurricanes, 17–16. Miami went on to split the national championship with the University of Washington, and Florida State finished the season 11–2, ending it by winning the Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas A&M University.

text: 1992: Wide Right II[edit]

text: Seminole placekicker Dan Mowrey missed a field goal to the right, and the 1992 Seminoles lost to the Hurricanes in Miami, 19–16. Miami took an undefeated record to the Sugar Bowl, but lost the national championship to Alabama Crimson Tide. Florida State did not lose again, and finished the season ranked second, after Alabama, in both major polls.

text: 2000: Wide Right III[edit]

text: Miami took a 27–24 lead after a Ken Dorsey touchdown pass to Jeremy Shockey, but Seminole quarterback and 2000 Heisman Trophy winner Chris Weinke moved the Seminoles into field goal range during a last minute drive in Miami's Orange Bowl stadium. Florida State kicker Matt Munyon missed a field goal attempt again to the right to seal the Hurricanes' victory. Controversy erupted later in the season when the Seminoles were ranked higher by the BCS and picked to play in the Orange Bowl against Oklahoma for the national championship despite Miami being ranked higher in both the AP Poll and Coaches Poll. The Seminoles lost to the Sooners 13–2, while the Hurricanes defeated Florida 37–20 in the Sugar Bowl. Miami would finish #2 in the polls that year.

text: 2002: Wide Left[edit]

text: The defending champion Hurricanes staged a comeback against the underdog Seminoles to take a 28–27 lead with only minutes left in the game in Miami. The Seminoles drove down the field to give kicker Xavier Beitia a chance to win the game with a last second field goal. Beitia missed the kick to the left, giving Miami the victory. FSU went on to win the Atlantic Coast Conference title with a 9–5 overall record, but lost in the Sugar Bowl to Georgia. Miami would finish the regular season undefeated and then lose in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl to Ohio State.

text: 2004: Orange Bowl: Wide Right IV[edit]

text: This contest, a rematch of the regular season game won by Miami, took place in the 2004 Orange Bowl. In this contest, Beitia missed a field goal—wide right—that could have given the Seminoles the lead with about 5 minutes left. This game was of lesser importance on a national scale compared to the other Wide Right games, but continued the streak of Florida State losses determined by a single kick. With the win, Miami would finish #5 in the polls that year. It also marked the fourth loss in a streak that ultimately became the first time in NCAA History a Quarterback had lost 5 times to the same team, as FSU Quarterback Chris Rix had started and played in all 5 losses going between October, 2001, and September, 2004. This second win for Miami over Florida State that season made the Hurricanes the only team to ever beat the Seminoles twice in the same academic year. They are also the only team to beat the Seminoles in back-to-back games (this Orange Bowl was the final game of the season for both teams, who then opened against one another in Miami the following season). It was the only bowl meeting between the rivals, as Miami's move to the ACC the next season would make the schools intra-conference rivals and reduce the possibility of the teams ever meeting in a bowl game again.

text: 2005: The Miami Muff[edit]

text: Miami was ranked No. 9 and FSU No. 14 in what proved to be a defensive struggle. Trailing 10–7, and with one last chance to tie the score to extend it into overtime, the Hurricanes drove down the field to set up a game-tying field goal with 2:16 left. When the ball was snapped, it was mishandled by holder Brian Monroe and the ball never reached the kicker's foot. It would be the Hurricanes' turn to suffer a defeat at the hands of a kicking team mistake. The Seminoles kept the ball for remaining two minutes and finally ended their six-game losing streak against the Hurricanes and gained their first victory in the rivalry since 1999.

text: 2006: Last meetup at the Orange Bowl[edit]

text: Florida State played their season opener against the rival University of Miami Hurricanes on Labor Day for the third straight year. It was also the third time the team opened their Atlantic Coast Conference play with Miami. Much like the previous two Labor Day meetings, the 2006 edition of the game was a defensive struggle for both teams. The Seminoles trailed 10–3 at the half, but held Miami scoreless in the third and fourth quarters and took the lead with a 33-yard field goal late in the game. The 'Noles preserved the win when cornerback Michael Ray Garvin intercepted Miami quarterback Kyle Wright's pass with 29 seconds remaining. This would be the last meeting at the Miami Orange Bowl as the Hurricanes would move to Sun Life Stadium following the 2007 season.

text: 2016: The Block at the Rock[edit]

text: Miami came into the game unbeaten and ranked 10th in the country, with a chance to move up in the top 10 after critical losses earlier in the day. Florida State came in ranked 23rd. The Hurricanes were looking to make a return to national prominence after recovering from the Nevin Shapiro scandal, in addition to snapping a six-game losing streak to Florida State. In the first half, Miami led 13–0 early. Florida State cut that lead to 13–3 with a field goal before the end of the 2nd quarter. Miami struggled out of the gate in the second half, as Hurricanes quarterback Brad Kaaya drove Miami down the field, but threw an interception in the end zone. Florida State scored on their next three possessions to take a 20–13 lead. Kaaya led the team down the field once again, and Miami scored on an 11-yard touchdown reception by Stacey Coley with 1:38 left. However, defensive end DeMarcus Walker blocked the extra point. Even though they were losing 20–19, Miami eschewed an onside kick attempt because they still had three timeouts left. After returning Miami's kickoff back to their own 13-yard line, Florida State was able to run out the clock by getting two first downs, and secured the 20–19 victory.[3]

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Florida State victories
Miami victories

text:
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

1
October 5, 1951
Miami
Miami
35–13

2
September 25, 1953
Miami
Miami
27–0

3
September 30, 1955
Miami
Miami
34–0

4
November 11, 1956
Miami
Miami
20–7

5
November 8, 1957
Tallahassee
Miami
40–13

6
November 7, 1958
Miami
Florida State
17–7

7
October 3, 1959
Tallahassee
Miami
7–6

8
November 4, 1960
Miami
Miami
25–7

9
October 5, 1962
Miami
#9 Miami
7–6

10
September 20, 1963
Miami
Florida State
24–0

11
September 19, 1964
Miami
Florida State
14–0

12
September 24, 1966
Miami
Florida State
23–20

13
September 26, 1969
Miami
Florida State
16–14

14
October 30, 1970
Miami
Florida State
27–3

15
September 18, 1971
Miami
Florida State
20–17

16
September 16, 1972
Miami
#20 Florida State
37–14

17
September 29, 1973
Tallahassee
#18 Miami
14–10

18
November 8, 1974
Miami
Florida State
34–8

19
November 15, 1975
Tallahassee
Miami
24–22

20
September 19, 1976
Miami
Miami
47–0

21
September 24, 1977
Tallahassee
Miami
23–17

22
September 23, 1978
Miami
#13 Florida State
31–21

23
September 22, 1979
Tallahassee
#14 Florida State
40–23

24
September 27, 1980
Miami
Miami
10–9

25
November 28, 1981
Tallahassee
#13 Miami
27–19

26
October 30, 1982
Miami
#14 Florida State
24–7

27
December 3, 1983
Tallahassee
#6 Miami
17–16

28
September 22, 1984
Miami
#15 Florida State
38–3

29
November 2, 1985
Tallahassee
#11 Miami
35–27

30
October 1, 1986
Miami
#1 Miami
41–23

31
October 3, 1987
Tallahassee
#3 Miami
26–25

32
September 3, 1988
Miami
#6 Miami
31–0

No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

33
October 28, 1989
Tallahassee
#9 Florida State
24–10

34
December 1, 1990
Miami
#9 Miami
31–22

35
November 16, 1991
Tallahassee
#2 Miami
17–16

36
October 3, 1992
Miami
#2 Miami
19–16

37
October 9, 1993
Tallahassee
#1 Florida State
28–10

38
October 8, 1994
Miami
#13 Miami
34–20

39
October 7, 1995
Tallahassee
#1 Florida State
41–17

40
October 12, 1996
Miami
#3 Florida State
34–16

41
October 4, 1997
Tallahassee
#4 Florida State
47–0

42
October 10, 1998
Miami
#8 Florida State
26–14

43
October 9, 1999
Tallahassee
#1 Florida State
31–21

44
October 7, 2000
Miami
#7 Miami
27–24

45
October 13, 2001
Tallahassee
#2 Miami
49–27

46
October 12, 2002
Miami
#1 Miami
28–27

47
October 11, 2003
Tallahassee
#2 Miami
22–14

48
January 1, 2004
Miami Gardens
#10 Miami
16–14

49
September 10, 2004
Miami
#5 Miami
16–10

50
September 5, 2005
Tallahassee
#14 Florida State
10–7

51
September 4, 2006
Miami
#10 Florida State
13–10

52
October 20, 2007
Tallahassee
Miami
37–29

53
October 8, 2008
Miami Gardens
Florida State
41–39

54
September 7, 2009
Tallahassee
Miami
38–34

55
October 9, 2010
Miami Gardens
#23 Florida State
45–17

56
November 12, 2011
Tallahassee
Florida State
23–19

57
October 20, 2012
Miami Gardens
#12 Florida State
33–20

58
November 2, 2013
Tallahassee
#3 Florida State
41–14

59
November 15, 2014
Miami Gardens
#2 Florida State
30–26

60
October 10, 2015
Tallahassee
#12 Florida State
29–24

61
October 8, 2016
Miami Gardens
#23 Florida State
20–19

62
October 7, 2017*
Tallahassee

Series: Miami leads 31–30

text: *Game postponed due to Hurricane Irma.


document_title: Homeland (season 7)

question_text: who played david in homeland last sunday channel 4

root

text: Homeland (season 7)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Carrie has left her job in the White House and is living with her sister Maggie. She takes on the Keane administration to secure the release of the 200 members of the intelligence community who were arrested under President Keane's orders the previous season.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Claire Danes as Carrie Mathison, former CIA member and former White House advisor to President Keane now residing in D.C. with her sister Maggie
Elizabeth Marvel as Elizabeth Keane, the current President of the United States
Maury Sterling as Max Piotrowski, a freelance surveillance expert[3]
Linus Roache as David Wellington, White House Chief of Staff[3]
Jake Weber as Brett O'Keefe, TV host and provocateur[3]
Morgan Spector as Dante Allen, an FBI agent and old friend of Carrie’s who is looking into the hundreds of people President Keane has detained[4]
Mandy Patinkin as Saul Berenson, Carrie's former boss and mentor and the new National Security Advisor

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Amy Hargreaves as Maggie Mathison, Carrie's sister[1]
Dylan Baker as Sam Paley, a maverick United States Senator from Arizona who is leading an aggressive investigation into the Keane administration[5]
Ellen Adair as Janet Bayne, Paley's Chief of Staff
Mackenzie Astin as Bill Dunn, Carrie's brother-in-law who works for the Treasury Department[4]
Courtney Grosbeck as Josie Mathison-Dunn, Carrie's niece who is staunchly anti-Keane[6]
Lesli Margherita as Sharon Aldright, O'Keefe's assistant[7]
Claire and McKenna Keane as Frances "Franny" Mathison, Carrie and Brody's daughter
Sandrine Holt as Simone Martin, Wellington's fiancé and an undercover GRU captain[7]
Matt Servitto as FBI Special Agent Maslin
Sakina Jaffrey as Dr. Lori Meyer, Carrie's psychiatrist
David Maldonado as Bo Elkins, who provides sanctuary to O'Keefe
Colton Ryan as J.J. Elkins, Bo's son
Costa Ronin as Lieutenant Colonel Yevgeny Gromov, a Russian GRU Senior Operations Officer [8]
James D'Arcy as Thomas Anson, a former special ops agent[9]
William Popp as Stein, a member of Anson's circle
Clé Bennett as Dominique "Doxie" Marquis, also a member of Anson's circle
Ari Fliakos as Carter Bennet, also member of Anson's circle
Catherine Curtin as Sandy Langmore, a former CIA officer, professor and member of Saul's task force
Peter Vack as Clint Prower, a computer expert and a member of Saul's task force
Beau Bridges as Vice President Ralph Warner
Elya Baskin as Viktor, Ambassador of Russia to the United States
Merab Ninidze as Colonel Sergei Mirov, Gromov's GRU superior
Damian Young as Jim, head of the CIA's Moscow Station

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Robert Knepper as General Jamie McClendon
Barbara Rosenblat as Attorney General Hoberman
Frederic Lehne as General Rossen
Mark Ivanir as Ivan Krupin, a former Russian intelligence agent
Jennifer Ferrin as Charlotte, a Russian agent
Thomas G. Waites as Clayton, a Russian agent
Adrienne C. Moore as Rhonda, Carrie's lawyer
Marin Hinkle as Christine Lonas, a youth care social worker
F. Murray Abraham as Dar Adal
Geoff Pierson as Senator Richard Eames, a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

73
1
"Enemy of the State"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Debora Cahn & Alex Gansa
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)
7WAH01
1.22[10]

74
2
"Rebel Rebel"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
7WAH02
1.12[11]

75
3
"Standoff"
Michael Klick
Anya Leta & Ron Nyswaner
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
7WAH03
1.26[12]

76
4
"Like Bad at Things"
Alex Graves
Chip Johannessen & Patrick Harbinson
March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)
7WAH04
0.93[13]

77
5
"Active Measures"
Charlotte Sieling
Debora Cahn
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
7WAH05
1.32[14]

78
6
"Species Jump"
Michael Offer
Anya Leta & Ron Nyswaner
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
7WAH06
1.25[15]

79
7
"Andante"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
7WAH07
1.28[16]

80
8
"Lies, Amplifiers, F**king Twitter"
Tucker Gates
Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
7WAH08
1.22[17]

81
9
"Useful Idiot"
Nelson McCormick
Debora Cahn
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
7WAH09
1.24[18]

82
10
"Clarity"
Dan Attias
Howard Gordon & Ron Nyswaner
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
7WAH10
1.28[19]

83
11
"All In"
Alex Graves
Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
7WAH11
1.39[20]

84
12
"Paean to the People"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Alex Gansa
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
7WAH12
1.30[21]

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a seventh and eighth season in August 2016.[22] For this season, Maury Sterling, Jake Weber and Linus Roache were promoted to series regulars; Sterling has been recurring since the first season, while Weber and Roache both first appeared in the sixth season.[3] The seventh season began production on September 11, 2017, filming in Richmond, Virginia.[23][24] Filming wrapped in Budapest, Hungary on March 29, 2018.[25]

text: The writers initially planned for the series' seventh and eighth seasons to comprise a two-season arc, but current events surrounding the U.S. government convinced them to instead continue the arc from Season 6 into Season 7. Showrunner Alex Gansa said "Given the swirl of news about the Administration’s war with its own intelligence community, “It was just hard not to do it. It was hard to say ‘OK, let’s go tell a story in Paris. Let’s go tell a story in South America.’ Something very significant is happening in all our lives right now”.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The seventh season of Homeland has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode only) has a score of 65 out of 100 based on 6 reviews.[27] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 70% with an average rating of 6.61 out of 10 based on 10 reviews.[28]


document_title: Ease of doing business index

question_text: india rank in world bank ease of doing business

text: Ease of doing business index

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The report is above all, a benchmark study of regulation. The survey consists of a questionnaire designed by the Doing Business team with the assistance of academic advisers. The questionnaire centers on a simple business case that ensures comparability across economies and over time. The survey also bases assumptions on the legal form of the business, size, location, and nature of its operations.[4] The ease of doing business index is meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses and does not directly measure more general conditions such as a nation's proximity to large markets, quality of infrastructure, inflation, or crime.

text: The next step of gathering data surveys of over 12,500 expert contributors (lawyers, accountants etc.) in 190 countries who deal with business regulations in their day-to-day work. These individuals interact with the Doing Business team in conference calls, written correspondence and visits by the global team. For the 2017 report, team members visited 34 economies to verify data and to recruit respondents. Data from the survey is subjected to several rounds of verification. The surveys are not a statistical sample, and the results are interpreted and cross-checked for consistency before being included in the report. Results are also validated with the relevant government before publication. Respondents fill out written surveys and provide references to the relevant laws, regulations and fees, based on standardized case scenarios with specific assumptions, such as the business being located in the largest business city of the economy.[4]

text: A nation's ranking on the index is based on the average of 10 subindices:

text:
Starting a business – Procedures, time, cost and minimum capital to open a new business
Dealing with construction permits – Procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse
Getting electricity – procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse
Registering property – Procedures, time and cost to register commercial real estate
Getting credit – Strength of legal rights index, depth of credit information index
Protecting investors – Indices on the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of shareholder suits
Paying taxes – Number of taxes paid, hours per year spent preparing tax returns and total tax payable as share of gross profit
Trading across borders – Number of documents, cost and time necessary to export and import
Enforcing contracts – Procedures, time and cost to enforce a debt contract
Resolving insolvency – The time, cost and recovery rate (%) under bankruptcy proceeding

text: The Doing Business project also offers information on following datasets:

text:
Distance to frontier - Shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the highest performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies included since each indicator was included in Doing Business
Entrepreneurship - Measures entrepreneurial activity. The data is collected directly from 130 company registrars on the number of newly registered firms over the past seven years
Good practices - Provide insights into how governments have improved the regulatory environment in the past in the areas measured by Doing Business
Transparency in business regulation - Data on the accessibility of regulatory information measures how easy it is to access fee schedules for 4 regulatory processes in the largest business city of an economy

text: For example, according to the Doing Business (DB) 2013 report, Canada ranked third on the first subindex "Starting a business" behind only New Zealand and Australia. In Canada there is 1 procedure required to start a business which takes on average 5 days to complete. The official cost is 0.4% of the gross national income per capita. There is no minimum capital requirement. By contrast, in Chad which ranked among the worst (181st out of 185) on this same subindex, there are 9 procedures required to start a business taking 62 days to complete. The official cost is 202% of the gross national income per capita. A minimum capital investment of 289.4% of the gross national income per capita is required.

text: While fewer and simpler regulations often imply higher rankings, this is not always the case. Protecting the rights of creditors and investors, as well as establishing or upgrading property and credit registries, may mean that more regulation is needed.

text: In most indicators, the case study refers to a small domestically-owned manufacturing company - hence the direct relevance of the indicators to foreign investors and large companies is limited. DB uses a simple averaging approach for weighting sub-indicators and calculating rankings. A detailed explanation of every indicator can be found through the DB website, and a .xls archive that simulates reforms.

text: Some caveats regarding the rankings and main information presented have to be considered by every user of the report. Mainly:

text:
Doing Business does not measure all aspects of the business environment that matter to firm or investors, such as the macroeconomic conditions, or the level of employment, corruption, stability or poverty, in every country.
Doing Business does not consider the strengths and weakness neither of the global financial system, nor the financial system of every country. It also doesn’t consider the state of the finances of the government of every country.
Doing Business does not cover all the regulation, or all the regulatory requirements. Other types of regulation such as financial market, environment, or intellectual property regulations that are relevant for the private sector are not considered.

text: The Doing Business report is not intended as a complete assessment of competitiveness or of the business environment of a country and should rather be considered as a proxy of the regulatory framework faced by the private sector in a country.

text: History[edit]

text: The Doing Business report has its origins in a paper first published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics by Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer called “The Regulation of Entry” in 2002.  The paper presented data on the regulation of entry of start-up firms in 85 countries covering the number of procedures, official time and official cost that a start-up must bear before it could operate legally. The main findings of the paper were that: “Countries with heavier regulation of entry have higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, but no better quality of public or private goods. Countries with more democratic and limited governments have lighter regulation of entry.” The paper became widely known because it provided quantitative evidence that entry regulation benefits politicians and bureaucrats without adding value to the private sector, or granting any additional protection.[5]

text: Several countries have launched reforms to improve their rankings.[6][7] These efforts are motivated to a great scope by the fact that the World Bank Group publishes the data, and hence coverage by the media and the private sector every year. Also, Doing Business highlights every year the successful reforms carried out by each country. Since The Regulation of Entry was published, Simeon Djankov and Andrei Shleifer have published eight other academic studies, one for each set of indicators covered by the report.

text: The World Bank Group has advised over 80 countries[when?] on reforms to regulations measured in the DB, providing technical assistance and guidance. Reform advice and DB report production are organizationally separate to avoid conflicts of interest.[citation needed]

text: In 2013, Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2011 through May 2012. Over the previous decade, the reports recorded nearly 2,000 regulatory reforms implemented by 180 economies.

text:
Poland was the global top improver in the past year. It enhanced the ease of doing business through four institutional or regulatory reforms, making it easier to register property, pay taxes, enforce contracts, and resolve insolvency.
Worldwide, 108 economies implemented 201 regulatory reforms in 2011/12 making it easier to do business as measured by Doing Business. Reform efforts globally have focused on making it easier to start a new business, increasing the efficiency of tax administration and facilitating trade across international borders. Of the 201 regulatory reforms recorded in the past year, 44% focused on these 3 policy areas alone.
Singapore topped the global ranking on the ease of doing business for the seventh consecutive year, followed by Hong Kong SAR; New Zealand; the United States; and Denmark. Georgia was a new entrant to the top 10.

text: In 2014 Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2012 through May 2013 in 189 economies.

text:
Singapore is the first economy of the global ranking followed by Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, the United States, Denmark, Malaysia, South Korea, Georgia, Norway, and the United Kingdom.
For the first time data about Libya, Myanmar, San Marino, and South Sudan were collected.
114 economies adopted 238 regulatory reforms in 2012/13  (the reforms increased of 18% compared to the previous year).

text: In 2015, Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2013 through June 2014 in 189 economies.[8] For the first time this year, Doing Business collected data for 2 cities in 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These economies include: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. The added city enables a sub-national comparison and benchmarking against other large cities.

text: Research and influence[edit]

text: More than 3,000 academic papers have used data from the index.[9] The effect of improving regulations on economic growth is claimed to be very strong. Moving from the worst one-fourth of nations to the best one-fourth implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth. Another 7,000 working papers in economics and social science departments use the data from the Doing Business report. The 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Oliver Hart (economist) is among the authors of such papers.

text: The various sub-components of the index in themselves provide concrete suggestions for improvement. Many of them may be relatively easy to implement and uncontroversial (except perhaps among corrupt officials who may gain from onerous regulations requiring bribes to bypass). As such, the index has influenced many nations to improve their regulations. Several have explicitly targeted to reach a minimum position on the index, for example the top 25 list.

text: Somewhat similar annual reports are the Indices of Economic Freedom and the Global Competitiveness Report. They, especially the later, look at many more factors that affect economic growth, like inflation and infrastructure. These factors may however be more subjective and diffuse since many are measured using surveys and they may be more difficult to change quickly compared to regulations.

text: A November 2017 EconTalk podcast explains the lasting influence in academia and policy circles of the Doing Business report.

text: Doing Business Report[edit]

text: The Doing Business Report (DB) is a report started by Simeon Djankov and elaborated by the World Bank Group since 2003 every year that is aimed to measure the costs to firms of business regulations in 190 countries. The study has become one of the flagship knowledge products of the World Bank Group in the field of private sector development, and is claimed to have motivated the design of several regulatory reforms in developing countries. The study presents every year a detailed analysis of costs, requirements and procedures a specific type of private firm is subject in all countries, and then, creates rankings for every country. The study is also backed up by broad communication efforts, and by creating rankings, the study spotlights countries and leaders that are promoting reforms.[10]

text: The DB has been widely known and used by academics, policy-makers, politicians, development experts, journalists and the business community to highlight red tape and promote reforms. As stated by the IEG study from the World Bank:

text: “For country authorities, it sheds a bright, sometimes unflattering, light on regulatory aspects of their business climate. For business interests, it has helped to catalyze debates and dialogue about reform. For the World Bank Group, it demonstrates an ability to provide global knowledge, independent of resource transfer and conditionality. The annual exercise generates information that is relevant and useful.”

text: According to the DB, regulation does matter for the development of the private sectors, and several reforms are suggested across the report in order to promote the development of the private sector and enable the business environment. Some highlighted findings of the DB are:

text:
Lower barriers to start-up are associated with a smaller informal sector.
Lower costs of entry encourage entrepreneurship, enhance firm productivity and reduce corruption.
Simple start-up translates into greater employment opportunities.

text: Contents[edit]

text: In 2017, the study contains quantitative measures of regulations for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, getting an electricity connection and closing a business. As stated in the introduction of the study, “A fundamental premise of DB is that economic activity requires good rules. These include rules that establish and clarify property rights and reduce the costs of resolving disputes, rules that increase the predictability of economic interactions and rules that provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse.”

text: Evaluation[edit]

text: Doing Business is a controversial study, with passionate critics and devoted fans. As recognized by the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank, some have questioned the reliability and objectivity of its measurements while others doubt the relevance of the issues it addresses or fear it may unduly dominate countries reform agendas at the expense of more crucial development objectives. Attention given to the indicators may inadvertently signal that the World Bank Group values less burdensome business regulations more highly than its other strategies for poverty reduction and sustainable development.

text: According to Snodgrass, several limitations are present in the DB studies and have to be kept in mind when using the study:

text:
The indicators and measures are referred to the costs, requirements and fees of doing business in the country’s largest business city; thus conditions elsewhere within the country may differ.
To achieve cross-country standardization respondents are asked to give estimates for a limited liability company of a specific size.[vague] Costs for other forms and scales of businesses may differ.
Transactions and fees to be cost out are very specifically defined. The costs of other types of transactions may differ.
The cost estimates come from individuals identified as expert respondents. Sometimes the estimates give by such individual may differ with other experts and with public officials. If so, the responses are cross-checked for consistency.
The estimates assume that a business knows what is required and does not waste time. Satisfying regulatory requirements will obviously take longer if the business lacks information or is unable to follow up promptly. A related point here is that DB may not understand “work-arounds”, “facilitating fees”, and “learning time” that speed or delay approvals and causes variation costs.

text: Related studies[edit]

text: Published now for twelve years, the DB has originated a growing body of research on how performance on DB indicators, and reforms generated by the reports, related to specific development desirable outcomes. As stated by the DB 2010, about “405 articles have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals and about 1143 working papers are available through Google Scholar”.

text: The DB has acknowledged the limitation of getting data from one city to give information and a ranking valid for all the country. Several regional and sub-national studies have been carried out using the Doing Business methodology to assess variations within countries and regions across different cities, including sub-national studies for countries like Brazil, Mexico and Colombia and regional studies for the Caribbean, the Arab World, Bulgaria and other south eastern European countries. All studies are available from the DB website.

text: DB sometimes unintentionally has been widely used as a study to measure competitiveness. However, regulation rather than competitiveness is the main objective in the DB. Other studies that are also used to measure competitiveness and recognized as business enabling environment ranking systems are the Global Competitiveness Index, the Index of Economic Freedom, and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, among others.[11]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The Doing Business methodology regarding labor regulations was criticized by the International Trade Union Confederation because it favored flexible employment regulations.[12] In early reports, the easier it was to dismiss a worker for economic reasons in a country, the more its rankings improved. The Employing Workers index was revised in Doing Business 2008 to be in full compliance with the 188 International Labour Organization conventions. It has subsequently been removed from the rankings. The ITUC debuted the Global Rights Index in 2014 as a response to the Doing Business report.[13]

text: In 2008 the World Bank Group's Independent Evaluation Group, a semi-independent watchdog within the World Bank Group, published an evaluation of the Doing Business index.[14] The report, Doing Business: An Independent Evaluation, contained both praise and criticism of Doing Business. The report recommended that the index be clearer about what is and is not measured, disclose changes to published data, recruit more informants, and simplify the Paying Taxes indicator.

text: In April 2009 the World Bank issued a note with revisions to the Employing Workers index.[15] The note explained that scoring for the "Employing Workers" indicator would be updated in Doing Business 2010 to give favorable scores for complying with relevant ILO conventions. The Employing Workers indicator was also removed as a guidepost for Country Policy and Institutional Assessments, which help determine resources provided to IDA countries.

text: A study commissioned by the Norwegian government alleges methodological weaknesses, an uncertainty in the ability of the indicators to capture the underlying business climate, and a general worry that many countries may find it easier to change their ranking in Doing Business than to change the underlying business environment.[16]

text: In June 2013, an independent panel appointed by the President of the World Bank and headed by Trevor Manuel of South Africa, issued a review expressing concern about the potential for the report and index to be misinterpreted, the narrowness of the indicators and information base, the data collection methodology, and the lack of peer review. It recommended that the report be retained, but that the aggregate rankings be removed and that a peer-review process be implemented (among other things). Regarding the topics of Paying Taxes and Employing Workers, it noted that "The latter has already been excluded from the report's rankings. While there is a persuasive case for paying attention to these aspects of doing business, the Bank will need to carefully consider the correct way to assess the regulation and legal environment of these areas if these indicators are to be retained." [1]

text: The Doing Business criteria for measuring the time needed to complete a procedure were based on some simplified assumptions: "It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is 1 day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (that is, simultaneous procedures start on consecutive days)". These assumptions generated some criticisms especially by countries that were able to complete one or more procedures simultaneously and could therefore be penalized in the final rank.  World Bank claimed that the same criteria are applied to all economies and therefore would not produce biased results. In 2014 the possible biases in applying the DB time indicator were mathematically demonstrated in a scientific article[17] appeared on the Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica (Italian Review of Economics, Demography and Statistics - RIEDS).  World Bank partially reviewed the criteria inserting a new assumption for telematics procedures: "each telematics procedure accounts for 0.5 day instead of one day (and telematics procedures can also take place simultaneously)".

text: 2018 manipulation scandal[edit]

text: On January 12 2018, Paul Romer, the World Bank's chief economist, announced that past releases of the index would be corrected and recalculated going back at least four years. Romer apologised to Chile, saying that the former director of the group responsible for the index had repeatedly manipulated its methodology, unfairly penalising the country's rankings during the administration of left-wing President Michelle Bachelet. In response, Bachelet announced that Chile would formally request a complete investigation by the World Bank.[18][19]

text: Ranking[edit]

text: The most recent rankings come from the "Doing Business 2018" report. Ranking of economies was introduced in the "Doing Business 2006" report.[20]

text: New Zealand has topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2017 and 2018.

text: Singapore topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2007–2016.[21]  Based on Singapore's experience, IDA International is collaborating with public agencies in several countries in the areas such as ICT strategy, national infocomm planning and solutions implementation that can help increase the ease of doing business.

text:
Classification

Jurisdiction

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

Very Easy

 New Zealand
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1

Very Easy

 Singapore
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

Very Easy

 Denmark
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
7
8

Very Easy

 South Korea
4
5
4
5
7
8
8
16
19
23
30
23
27

Very Easy

 Hong Kong
5
4
5
3
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
5
7

Very Easy

 United States
6
8
7
7
4
4
4
5
4
3
3
3
3

Very Easy

 United Kingdom
7
7
6
8
10
7
7
4
5
6
6
6
9

Very Easy

 Norway
8
6
9
6
9
6
6
8
10
10
11
9
5

Very Easy

 Georgia
9
16
24
15
8
9
16
12
11
15
18
37
100

Very Easy

 Sweden
10
9
8
11
14
13
14
14
18
17
14
13
14

Very Easy

 Macedonia
11
10
12
30
25
23
22
38
32
71
75
92
81

Very Easy

 Estonia
12
12
16
17
22
21
24
17
24
22
17
17
16

Very Easy

 Finland
13
13
10
9
12
11
11
13
16
14
13
14
13

Very Easy

 Australia
14
15
13
10
11
10
15
10
9
9
9
8
6

Very Easy

 Taiwan
15
11
11
19
16
16
25
33
46
61
50
47
35

Very Easy

 Lithuania
16
21
20
24
17
27
27
23
26
28
26
16
15

Very Easy

 Ireland
17
18
17
13
15
15
10
9
7
7
8
10
11

Very Easy

 Canada
18
22
14
16
19
17
13
7
8
8
7
4
4

Very Easy

 Latvia
19
14
22
23
24
25
21
24
27
29
22
24
26

Very Easy

 Germany
20
17
15
14
21
20
19
22
25
25
20
21
19

Very Easy

 United Arab Emirates
21
26
31
22
23
26
33
40
33
46
68
77
69

Very Easy

 Austria
22
19
21
21
30
29
32
32
28
27
25
30
32

Very Easy

 Iceland
23
20
19
12
13
14
9
15
14
11
10
12
12

Very Easy

 Malaysia
24
23
18
18
6
12
18
21
23
20
24
25
21

Very Easy

 Mauritius
25
49
32
28
20
19
23
20
17
24
27
32
23

Very Easy

 Thailand
26
46
49
26
18
18
17
19
12
13
15
18
20

Very Easy

 Poland
27
24
25
32
45
55
62
70
72
76
74
75
54

Very Easy

 Spain
28
32
33
33
52
44
44
49
62
49
38
39
30

Very Easy

 Portugal
29
25
23
25
31
30
30
31
48
48
37
40
42

Very Easy

 Czech Republic
30
27
36
44
75
65
64
63
74
75
56
52
41

Very Easy

 France
31
29
27
31
38
34
29
26
31
31
31
35
44

Very Easy

 Netherlands
32
28
28
27
28
31
31
30
30
26
21
22
24

Very Easy

  Switzerland
33
31
26
20
29
28
26
27
21
21
16
15
17

Very Easy

 Japan
34
34
34
29
27
24
20
18
15
12
12
11
10

Very Easy

 Russia
35
40
51
62
92
112
120
123
120
120
106
96
79

Very Easy

 Kazakhstan
36
35
41
77
50
49
47
59
63
70
71
63
86

Very Easy

 Slovenia
37
30
29*
51
33
35
37
42
53
54
55
61
63

Very Easy

 Belarus
38
37
44
57
63
58
69
68
58
85
110
129
106

Very Easy

 Slovakia
39
33
29*
37
49
46
48
41
42
36
32
36
37

Very Easy

 Kosovo
40
60
66
75
86
98
117
119
113
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Very Easy

 Rwanda
41
56
62
46
32
52
45
58
67
139
150
158
139

Very Easy

 Montenegro
42
51
46
36
44
51
56
66
71
90
81
70
92**

Very Easy

 Serbia
43
48
59
91
93
86
92
89
88
94
86
68
92**

Very Easy

 Moldova
44
44
52
63
78
83
81
90
94
103
92
103
83

Very Easy

 Romania
45
36
37
48
73
72
72
56
55
47
48
49
78

Very Easy

 Italy
46
50
45
56
65
73
87
80
78
65
53
82
70

Very Easy

 Armenia
47
38
35
45
37
32
55
48
43
44
39
34
46

Very Easy

 Hungary
48
41
42
54
54
54
51
46
47
41
45
66
52

Easy

 Mexico
49
47
38*
39
53
48
53
35
51
56
44
43
73

Easy

 Bulgaria
50
39
38*
38
58
66
59
51
44
45
46
54
62

Easy

 Croatia
51
43
40
65
89
84
80
84
103
106
97
124
118

Easy

 Belgium
52
42
43
42
36
33
28
25
22
19
19
20
18

Easy

 Cyprus
53
45
47
64
39
36
40
37
40
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Israel
54
52
53
40
35
38
34
29
29
30
29
26
29

Easy

 Chile
55
57
48
41
34
37
39
43
49
40
33
28
25

Easy

 Brunei
56
72
84*
101
59
79
83
112
96
88
78
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Azerbaijan
57
65
63
80
70
67
66
54
38
33
96
99
98

Easy

 Peru
58
54
50
35
42
43
41
36
56
62
58
65
71

Easy

 Colombia
59
53
54
34
43
45
42
39
37
53
66
79
66

Easy

 Turkey
60
69
55
55
69
71
71
65
73
59
57
91
93

Easy

 Costa Rica
61
62
58
83
102
110
121
125
121
117
115
105
89

Easy

 Mongolia
62
64
56
72
76
76
86
73
60
58
52
45
61

Easy

 Luxembourg
63
59
61
59
60
56
50
45
64
50
42
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Puerto Rico
64
55
57
47
40
41
43
47
35
35
28
19
22

Easy

 Albania
65
58
97*
68
90
85
82
82
82
86
136
120
117

Easy

 Bahrain
66
63
65
53
46
42
38
28
20
18
N/A
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Greece
67
61
60
61
72
78
100
109
109
96
100
109
80

Easy

 Vietnam
68
82
90
78
99
99
98
78
93
92
91
104
99

Easy

 Morocco
69
68
75
71
87
97
94
114
128
128
129
115
102

Easy

 Jamaica
70
67
64
58
94
90
88
81
75
63
63
50
43

Easy

 Oman
71
66
70
66
47
47
49
57
65
57
49
55
51

Easy

 Indonesia
72
91
109
114
120
128
129
121
122
129
123
135
115

Easy

 El Salvador
73
95
86
109
118
113
112
86
84
72
69
71
76

Easy

 Uzbekistan
74
87
87
141
146
154
166
150
150
138
138
147
138

Easy

 Bhutan
75
73
71
125
141
148
142
142
126
124
119
138
104

Easy

 Ukraine
76
80
83
96
112
137
152
145
142
145
139
128
124

Easy

 Kyrgyzstan
77
75
67
102
68
70
70
44
41
68
94
90
84

Easy

 China
78
78
84*
90
96
91
91
79
89
83
83
93
91

Easy

 Panama
79
70
69
52
55
61
61
72
77
81
65
81
57

Easy

 Kenya
80
92
108
136
129
121
109
98
95
82
72
83
68

Easy

 Botswana
81
71
72
74
56
59
54
52
45
38
51
48
40

Easy

 South Africa
82
74
73
43
41
39
35
34
34
32
35
29
28

Easy

 Qatar
83
83
68
50
48
40
36
50
39
37
N/A
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Malta
84
76
80
94
103
102
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Zambia
85
98
97*
111
83
94
84
76
90
100
116
102
67

Easy

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
86
81
79
107
131
126
125
110
116
119
105
95
87

Easy

 Samoa
87
89
96
67
61
57
60
61
57
64
61
41
39

Easy

 Tunisia
88
77
74
60
51
50
46
55
69
73
88
80
58

Easy

 Tonga
89
85
78
69
57
62
58
71
52
43
47
51
36

Easy

 Vanuatu
90
84
94
76
74
80
76
60
59
60
62
58
49

Easy

 Saint Lucia
91
86
77
100
64
53
52
53
36
34
34
27
N/A

Easy

 Saudi Arabia
92
94
82
49
26
22
12
11
13
16
23
38
38

Easy

 San Marino
93
79
76
93
81
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Easy

 Uruguay
94
90
92
82
88
89
90
124
114
109
98
64
85

Easy

 Seychelles
95
93
95
85
80
74
103
95
111
104
90
84
N/A

Easy

 Kuwait
96
102
101*
86
104
82
67
74
61
52
40
46
47

Medium

 Guatemala
97
88
81
73
79
93
97
101
110
112
114
118
109

Medium

 Dominica
98
101
91
97*
77
68
65
88
83
74
77
72
N/A

Medium

 Dominican Republic
99
103
93
84
117
116
108
91
86
97
99
117
103

Medium

 India
100
130
130
142
134
132
132
134
133
122
120
134
116

Medium

 Fiji
101
97
88*
81
62
60
77
62
54
39
36
31
34

Medium

 Trinidad and Tobago
102
96
88*
79
66
69
68
97
81
80
67
59
N/A

Medium

 Jordan
103
118
113
117
119
106
96
111
100
101
80
78
74

Medium

 Lesotho
104
100
114*
128*
136
136
143
138
130
123
124
114
97

Medium

   Nepal
105
107
99
108
105
108
107
116
123
121
111
100
55

Medium

 Namibia
106
109
101*
88
98
87
78
69
66
51
43
42
33

Medium

 Antigua and Barbuda
107
113
104
89
71
63
57
64
50
42
41
33
N/A

Medium

 Paraguay
108
106
100
92
109
103
102
106
124
115
103
112
88

Medium

 Papua New Guinea
109
119
145
133
113
104
101
103
102
95
84
57
64

Medium

 Malawi
110
133
141
164
171
157
145
133
132
134
127
110
96

Medium

 Sri Lanka
111
110
107
99
85
81
89
102
105
102
101
89
75

Medium

 Swaziland
112
111
105
110
123
123
124
118
115
108
95
76
N/A

Medium

 Philippines
113
99
103
95
108
138
136
148
144
140
133
126
113

Medium

 Palestine
114
140
129
143
138
135
131
135
139
131
117
127
125

Medium

 Honduras
115
105
110
104*
127
125
128
131
141
133
121
111
112

Medium

 Solomon Islands
116
104
112
87
97
92
74
96
104
89
79
69
53

Medium

 Argentina
117
116
121
124
126
124
113
115
118
113
109
101
77

Medium

 Ecuador
118
114
117
115
135
139
130
130
138
136
128
123
107

Medium

 Bahamas
119
121
106
97*
84
77
85
77
68
55
N/A
N/A
N/A

Medium

 Ghana
120
108
114*
70
67
64
63
67
92
87
87
94
82

Medium

 Belize
121
112
120
118
106
105
93
99
80
78
59
56
N/A

Medium

 Uganda
122
115
122
150
132
120
123
122
112
111
118
107
72

Medium

 Tajikistan
123
128
132
166
143
141
147
139
152
159
153
133
N/A

Medium

 Iran
124
120
118
130
152
145
144
129
137
142
135
119
108

Medium

 Brazil
125
123
116
120
116
130
126
127
129
125
122
121
119

Medium

 Guyana
126
124
137
123
115
114
114
100
101
105
104
136
105

Medium

 Cape Verde
127
129
126
122
121
122
119
132
146
143
132
125
N/A

Medium

 Egypt
128
122
131
112
128
109
110
94
106
114
126
165
141

Medium

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
129
125
111
103
82
75
75
75
70
66
54
85
N/A

Medium

 Palau
130
136
136
113
100
111
116
120
97
91
82
62
N/A

Medium

 Nicaragua
131
127
125
119
124
119
118
117
117
107
93
67
59

Medium

 Barbados
132
117
119
106
91
88
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Medium

 Lebanon
133
126
123
104*
111
115
104
113
108
99
85
86
95

Medium

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
134
134
124
121
101
96
95
87
76
67
64
44
N/A

Medium

 Cambodia
135
131
127
135
137
133
138
147
145
135
145
143
133

Medium

 Maldives
136
135
128
116
95
95
79
85
87
69
60
53
31

Medium

 Tanzania
137
132
139
131
145
134
127
128
131
127
130
142
140

Medium

 Mozambique
138
137
133
127
139
146
139
126
135
141
134
140
110

Medium

 Côte d'Ivoire
139
142
142
147
167
177
167
169
168
161
155
141
145

Medium

 Senegal
140
147
153
161
178
166
154
152
157
149
162
146
132

Medium

 Laos
141
139
134
148
159
163
165
171
167
165
164
159
147

Medium

 Grenada
142
138
135
126
107
100
73
92
91
84
70
73
N/A

Medium

 Mali
143
141
143*
146
155
151
146
153
156
166
158
155
146

Medium

 Niger
144
150
160
168
176
176
173
173
174
172
169
160
150

Below Average

 Nigeria
145
169
169
170
147
131
133
137
125
118
108
108
94

Below Average

 Gambia
146
145
151
138
150
147
149
146
140
130
131
113
N/A

Below Average

 Pakistan
147
144
138
128*
110
107
105
83
85
77
76
74
60

Below Average

 Burkina Faso
148
146
143*
167
154
153
150
151
147
148
161
163
154

Below Average

 Marshall Islands
149
143
140
139
114
101
106
108
98
93
89
87
48

Below Average

 Mauritania
150
160
168
176
173
167
159
165
166
160
157
148
127

Below Average

 Benin
151
155
158
151
174
175
175
170
172
169
151
137
129

Below Average

 Bolivia
152
149
157
157
162
155
153
149
161
150
140
131
111

Below Average

 Guinea
153
163
165
169
175
178
179
179
173
171
166
157
144

Below Average

 Djibouti
154
171
171
155
160
171
170
158
163
153
146
161
N/A

Below Average

 Micronesia
155
151
148
145
156
150
140
141
127
126
112
106
56

Below Average

 Togo
156
154
150
149
157
156
162
160
165
163
156
151
149

Below Average

 Kiribati
157
152
149
134
122
117
115
93
79
79
73
60
45

Below Average

 Comoros
158
153
154
159
158
158
157
159
162
155
146
144
N/A

Below Average

 Zimbabwe
159
161
155
171
170
173
171
157
159
158
152
153
126

Below Average

 Sierra Leone
160
148
147
140
142
140
141
143
148
156
160
168
136

Below Average

 Ethiopia
161
159
146
132
125
127
111
104
107
116
102
97
101

Below Average

 Madagascar
162
167
164
163
148
142
137
140
134
144
149
149
131

Below Average

 Cameroon
163
166
172
158
168
161
161
168
171
164
154
152
130

Below Average

 Burundi
164
157
152
152
140
159
169
181
176
177
174
166
143

Below Average

 Suriname
165
158
156
162
161
164
158
161
155
146
142
122
N/A

Below Average

 Algeria
166
156
163
154
153
152
148
136
136
132
125
116
128

Below Average

 Gabon
167
164
162
144
163
170
156
156
158
151
144
132
N/A

Below Average

 Iraq
168
165
161
156
151
165
164
166
153
152
141
145
114

Below Average

 São Tomé and Príncipe
169
162
166
153
169
160
163
178
180
176
163
169
123

Below Average

 Sudan
170
168
159
160
149
143
135
154
154
147
143
154
151

Below Average

 Myanmar
171
170
167
177
182
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Below Average

 Liberia
172
174
179
174
144
149
151
155
149
157
170
N/A
N/A

Below Average

 Equatorial Guinea
173
178
180
165
166
162
155
164
170
165
165
150
N/A

Below Average

 Syria
174
173
175
175
165
144
134
144
143
137
137
130
121

Below Average

 Angola
175
182
181
181
179
172
172
163
169
168
167
156
135

Below Average

 Guinea-Bissau
176
172
178
179
180
179
176
176
181
179
176
173
N/A

Below Average

 Bangladesh
177
176
174
173
130
129
122
107
119
110
107
88
65

Below Average

 Timor Leste
178
175
173
172
172
169
168
174
164
170
168
174
142

Below Average

 Congo
179
177
176
178
185
183
181
177
179
178
175
171
148

Below Average

 Chad
180
180
183
185
189
184
183
183
178
175
173
172
152

Below Average

 Haiti
181
181
182
180
177
174
174
162
151
154
148
139
134

Below Average

 Democratic Republic of Congo
182
184
184
184
183
181
178
175
182
181
178
175
155

Below Average

 Afghanistan
183
183
177
183
164
168
160
167
160
162
159
162
122

Below Average

 Central African Republic
184
185
185
187
188
185
182
182
183
180
177
167
153

Below Average

 Libya
185
188
188
188
187
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Below Average

 Yemen
186
179
170
137
133
118
99
105
99
98
113
98
90

Below Average

 South Sudan
187
186
187
186
186
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Below Average

 Venezuela
188
187
186
182
181
180
177
172
177
174
172
164
120

Below Average

 Eritrea
189
189
189
189
184
182
180
180
175
173
171
170
137

Below Average

 Somalia
190
190
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text:
* – same rank is for multiple jurisdictions
** –  the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro

text: Note: Rankings at time of annual report publication. Rankings are subject to revision.


document_title: Juice Wrld

question_text: when did goodbye and good riddance come out

text: Juice Wrld

text: Early life[edit]

text: Jared Higgins was born on December 2, 1998 in Chicago, Illinois. He later moved to Homewood, Illinois, and attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School. Higgins's parents divorced when he was young and his father left his mother to raise him as a single mother alongside one older brother.[2]

text: He first learned piano, followed by guitar and drums. Higgins began to take rapping seriously in his sophomore year of high school.[3][4]

text: Career[edit]

text: Higgins began to develop himself as an artist in his freshman year of high school. His first track, "Forever", was released on SoundCloud in 2015 under the name JuicetheKidd. His first track produced by his current producer Nick Mira, "Too Much Cash", was released in 2017.[5] While releasing projects and songs on SoundCloud, Higgins worked in a factory, but was fired within two weeks after finding himself dissatisfied with the job.[6] After joining the internet collective Internet Money, Higgins released his debut full-length EP, 9 9 9, on June 15, 2017, with the song "Lucid Dreams" breaking out and growing his following.[7][4]

text: In December 2017, Higgins released the three-song EP Nothings Different. It was featured on numerous hiphop blogs, such as Lyrical Lemonade,[8] which helped Higgins's track "All Girls Are the Same" gain popularity. In February 2018, a music video directed by Cole Bennett was released.[7] Following the release of All Girls Are the Same's video, Higgins was signed to Interscope Records for $3,000,000[9] and a remix featuring Lil Uzi Vert was previewed.[10] "All Girls Are the Same" was critically praised, receiving a "Best New Music" designation from Pitchfork.[11] This song and "Lucid Dreams" were Higgins's first entries on a Billboard chart, debuting at number 92 and 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 respectively.[12]

text: In May 2018, "Lucid Dreams" was officially released as a single and given a video.[13] It has since peaked at number three.[14] Higgins released his first studio album, Goodbye & Good Riddance, on May 23, 2018.[15] On June 19, 2018, he released a two-song EP, Too Soon.., in remembrance of and dedicated to deceased rappers Lil Peep and XXXTentacion, the latter of whom was killed in a homicide case relating to robbery a day earlier. The song "Legends" from that EP charted under its debut at number 65.[citation needed]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
List of studio albums, with year released

Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

US[16]

DEN[17]

IRE[18]

NOR[19]

NZ[20]

SWE[21]

UK[22]

Goodbye & Good Riddance

Released: May 23, 2018
Labels: Grade A, Interscope
Format: Digital download, streaming

4
5
59
5
17
10
25

text: Mixtapes[edit]

text:
List of mixtapes

Title

Details

9 9 9

Released: June 15, 2017
Label: Self-released
Format: Digital download, streaming

text: Singles[edit]

text:
List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions

Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Album

US[23]

AUS[24]

CAN[25]

DEN[26]

GER[27]

NZ[28]

SWE[29]

UK[22]

"All Girls Are the Same"[30]

2018

41
—
54
—
—
—
—[A]
—

Goodbye & Good Riddance

"Lucid Dreams"

3[14]
8
4
12
36
3
10
11

ARIA: Platinum[32]
MC: Platinum[33]
RMNZ: Gold[34]

9 9 9 and Goodbye & Good Riddance

"Lean wit Me"[35]

—[B]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Goodbye & Good Riddance

"Legends"

65
—
97
—
—
—[C]
—
—

Too Soon..

"Wasted"[38](featuring Lil Uzi Vert)

67
—
69
—
—
—
—
—

Goodbye & Good Riddance

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ "All Girls Are the Same" did not enter the Swedish Singellista Chart, but peaked at number 10 on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.[31]

Jump up ^ "Lean Wit Me" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number eleven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[36]

Jump up ^ "Legends" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[37]

tag: ol


document_title: The Orville

question_text: who is the voice of issac in the orville

text: The Orville

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville (ECV-197), a mid-level exploratory space vessel in service to the Planetary Union, a 25th-century interstellar state encompassing Earth and many other worlds.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer, the captain of the Orville.[8][9][10] Mercer was an up-and-coming officer, believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40. However, a year before the pilot, he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien. Since then, he was cited for becoming lax in his duties, including six instances of reporting to duty while hungover, but was informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain, the Orville, a mid-level exploratory ship, was in need of a new commanding officer.[9]
Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson, the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer's ex-wife.[8][10] The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien.[11] Unbeknownst to Mercer, Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command, stating that despite some personal setbacks, he deserved his own command. She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville. Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside, to work together as a team and stay as friends.[9]
Penny Johnson Jerald[10] as Dr. Claire Finn, the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville, holding the rank of Lt. Commander. A physician of exceptional credentials, she has expertise in molecular surgery, DNA engineering and psychiatry, which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice. She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because, as she explains to Mercer in the pilot, she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed, as she feels more stimulated by such assignments. When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command, he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence, though she denies this.[9]
Scott Grimes as Lt. Gordon Malloy, the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer's best friend.[8][10] Considered the best helmsman in the fleet, he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking, losing cargo in the process. He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey, who harbors concern over Malloy's history of crude and juvenile pranks.[9]
Peter Macon[10] as Lt. Commander Bortus, the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville. Bortus is from Moclus, a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing,[12] and whose inhabitants, the Moclans, are a single-gender species. Bortus exhibits a degree of stoic formality. For example, Bortus disapproves of the bridge crew discussing Mercer and Grayson's breakup after Mercer leaves the bridge in the pilot episode. Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year.[9][10] Moclans reproduce through the laying of eggs, which are incubated for 21 days. Bortus and his mate, Klyden, become parents in the series' second episode, when Bortus incubates and hatches an egg.[13] When the child is revealed to be female, a rare occurrence among Moclans, Bortus and Klyden's desire to have her undergo sex reassignment surgery provides the allegorical conflict of the series' third episode.[12]
Halston Sage[10] as Lt. Alara Kitan, the Orville's 23-year-old Chief of Security. She is a member of the Xelayan race, which inhabits a high-gravity planet, giving her greater-than-human strength, allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them,[9] or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands.[12]
J. Lee as Lt. John LaMarr,[10] the navigator of the Orville. He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the pilot, based on their ironic view that they are both "jerks".[9]
Mark Jackson[10][14] as Isaac, the Orville's Science and Engineering Officer. Isaac is a member of the artificial, non-biological race from Kaylon-1 that views biological lifeforms, including humans, as inferior. Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it, as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers. Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior. During the course of his time with the crew, he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior, such as sarcasm, slang,[7][9] and practical jokes. Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body's internal sensors, and not with the two glowing blue "eyes" on his face, which are purely aesthetic.[15]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Chad Coleman as Klyden, Bortus' mate and father of their child. He first appears at the end of the series' second episode.
Norm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit, an amorphous, gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville,[16] who repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn[12][17] and frequently flirts with other females on the ship.[15]
Larry Joe Campbell as Steve Newton, Chief Engineer of the Orville.[15]
Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer.[18]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey, Mercer's superior and an old friend of Grayson's father. He first appears in the series premiere.
Brian George as Dr. Aronov, the leader of the Epsilon II science station in the series premiere.
Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker in Episode 2.
Jeffrey Tambor as Captain Mercer's father, Ben in Episode 2.
Holland Taylor as Captain Mercer's mother, Jeannie in Episode 2.
Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator in Episode 3.
Rena Owen as Heveena in Episode 3
Robert Knepper as Hamelac in Episode 4.
Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl, Captain of the derelict Bio Ship in Episode 4.
Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque, who appears in Episode 5.
Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa, who appears in Episode 6
Michaela McManus as Teleya, a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar, in Episode 6.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Old Wounds"
Jon Favreau
Seth MacFarlane
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1LAB01
8.56[19]

25th-century space pilot Ed Mercer divorces his wife, Kelly Grayson, after he catches her cheating on him. A year later, he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville and finds (to his dismay) that his ex-wife will serve as his First Officer. During the Orville's first mission, the hostile alien Krill Captain (Joel Swetow) attempts to steal a device that can accelerate time, which has both beneficial and dangerous applications. Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel.

2
"Command Performance"
Robert Duncan McNeill
Seth MacFarlane
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1LAB03
6.63[20]

The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit. Alara is left in command of the Orville, as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it. Alara is unsure of herself, but gains confidence with the help of Claire's mentorship. Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work, but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long-term romantic relationship, despite their strong camaraderie. Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson, along with an alien child, by trading an archive of Earth's reality television for them. Ed presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination. A female offspring hatches from Bortus' egg, stunning him and Klyden, as Moclan females are extremely rare.

3
"About a Girl"
Brannon Braga
Seth MacFarlane
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
1LAB04
4.05[21]

When Dr. Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery, which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born, the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure. Mercer refuses, as he (and the rest of the crew) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant, so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel. Gordon and John change Bortus' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, but Klyden still wants to proceed, revealing that he was born female. The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet, Moclus, where Grayson represents Bortus; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid. Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years, Heveena, who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion, and reveals that under the pseudonym "Gondus Elden," she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus. But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced, and the baby undergoes the surgery. Despite their disagreement, Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son, Topa, a good life.

4
"If the Stars Should Appear"
James L. Conway
Seth MacFarlane
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
1LAB02
3.70[22]

The Orville encounters a huge, 2000-year-old derelict ship drifting into a star. Mercer, Grayson, Kitan, Finn, and Isaac enter, discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl, and do not know they are on a ship. Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac, who imposes a death penalty on "Reformers" who believe anything exists beyond the known world. While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack, Grayson's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship's bridge. An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl (played by Liam Neeson) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm. Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull's window, enabling the populace to see stars for the first time, moving even Hamelac. Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship. Meanwhile, Klyden is frustrated that Bortus' duties leave him little time for family.

5
"Pria"
Jonathan Frakes
Seth MacFarlane
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
1LAB05
3.43[23]

The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship. Grayson is suspicious of their new guest, Pria Lavesque (Charlize Theron), to whom Mercer is clearly attracted. Grayson's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time-traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century. Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all, mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time. Meanwhile, Malloy tries to teach the concept of humor to Isaac, which soon backfires for him when Isaac pulls off a very unexpected practical joke.

6
"Krill"
Jon Cassar
David A. Goodman
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
1LAB06
3.37[24]

After recovering a Krill shuttle intact, Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana, a sacred religious text. They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony. Rather than destroy the bomb, and therefore the ship, they exploit the Krill's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members, with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya, who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill's hatred for the Union.

7
"Majority Rule"
Tucker Gates
Seth MacFarlane
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
1LAB07
TBD

On the search for two anthropologists, the team from the Orville runs afoul of a society that relies almost entirely on upvotes or downvotes.

8
"Into the Fold"[25]
Seth MacFarlane[26]
TBA
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
1LAB08
TBD

9
"Cupid's Dagger"[27]
Jamie Babbit[28]
TBA
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
1LAB09
TBD

10
"Firestorm"[29]
Jon Cassar[30]
TBA
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
1LAB10
TBD

11
TBA
Kelly Cronin[31]
TBA
TBA
1LAB11
TBD

12
TBA
Kevin Hooks[32]
TBA
TBA
1LAB12
TBD

13
TBA
Seth MacFarlane[33]
TBA
TBA
1LAB13
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script, which was given a 13-episode order by Fox on May 4, 2016, making it the first live-action television series created by MacFarlane, as well as his first live-action starring role on television.[34]

text: Following the project's greenlight, MacFarlane stated, “I've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid, and the timing finally feels right. [...] I think this is gonna be something special.”[5]

text: According to MacFarlane, The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek.[35] He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool.[36]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On July 29, 2016, MacFarlane's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer, the captain of the Orville, while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson, Ed's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville, and Scott Grimes, who voices Steve Smith on American Dad! (another show created by MacFarlane), was cast as Gordon Malloy, Ed's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville.[8] On August 19, Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars.[37][38] On October 31, Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast.[39] On December 8, Mark Jackson was cast.[14] On April 3, 2017, Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role.[40]

text: At San Diego Comic Con, MacFarlane confirmed that Charlize Theron would guest-star in an episode.[41] The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West.

text: Filming[edit]

text: On August 24, 2016, Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot.[42] Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016, and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27, 2017.[34] Production wrapped on August 23, 2017.[33]

text: Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill also direct episodes of the show; the two have directed Star Trek episodes in the past.[43]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show uses a 75-piece orchestra for the music in each episode, alongside several different composers. MacFarlane said "We score it like a movie" and "We really put as much into that as we do into the effects."[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 19% approval rating, with an average rating of 4.61/10 based on 36 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity, homage and satire, The Orville never quite achieves liftoff."[45] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 36 out of 100, based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[46]

text: Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek, calling it a rip-off and "Creatively, Morally, and Ethically Bankrupt". She criticized the lack of creativity, the blatant imitation, and was surprised that the show is "uninterested in being a comedy".[43]

text: Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that "All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here, and in many ways it's kind of wonderful. I'm honestly surprised something like this exists." He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor.[47]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The Orville has performed well in ratings. After its Sunday premiere on September 10, the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 pm. In its first broadcast in the new time slot, The Orville became Fox's highest rated Thursday 9pm broadcast in two years.[48]

text: After taking into account DVR and VOD, The Orville was Fox's most-viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015.

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Old Wounds"
September 10, 2017
2.7/9
8.56[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"Command Performance"
September 17, 2017
2.2/8
6.63[20]
0.9
2.42
3.1
9.05[49]

3
"About a Girl"
September 21, 2017
1.1/4
4.05[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"If the Stars Should Appear"
September 28, 2017
1.1/4
3.70[22]
1.0
3.11
2.1
6.81[50]

5
"Pria"
October 5, 2017
0.9/3
3.43[23]
1.2
3.35
2.1
6.79[51]

6
"Krill"
October 12, 2017
1.0/4
3.37[24]
1.1
3.32
2.1
6.69[52]

7
"Majority Rule"
October 26, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Into the Fold"
November 2, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9
"Cupid's Dagger"
November 9, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Matthew 7:12

question_text: what verse in the bible is the golden rule

text: Matthew 7:12

text: Matthew 7:12 is the twelfth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This well known verse presents what has become known as the Golden Rule.

text: In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:

text: The World English Bible translates the passage as:

text: For a collection of other versions see BibleGateway Matthew 7:12

text: This verse is considered to be a summation of the entire sermon. Some editions append it to the end of Matthew 7:7-11, and the rule does seem to be an expansion on the teaching about prayer in that section. However, the word therefore and the mention of the law and the prophets implies that this is a more far reaching teaching. Davies and Allison note that this is indicated by the mention of the law and the prophets, which links the verse back to Matthew 5:17, the start of the teaching on ethics. The verse is most closely linked with the teaching to "love thy enemies" in Matthew 5:44.[1] In Luke 6:31 the Rule is present just after the teaching about enemies, making the link even more explicit. Luz notes that as well as summarizing the sermon, this rule also adapts it to normal life. While verses like Matthew 5:29 seem incompatible with reality, the teachings in this verse can reasonably be attempted by all.[2]

text: Richard Thomas France notes that the negative form of the Golden Rule, or the "Silver Rule" as it is sometimes called: 'don't do to others what you don’t want them to do to you', appears in several works of Greek philosophy and also in earlier Jewish writings. It also appears in other traditions such as Buddhism and Confucianism.

text: When Jesus spoke to the Sadducees, his words would have been most familiar to them. In the Torah, Moses gives The Shema to his people in the book of Deuteronomy 6:4-9, the most important of all Jewish prayers. It is a declaration of faith and a pledge of allegiance to God. Twice daily, recitation of the Shema Israel is a mitzvah for the Jewish people -- it is said upon rising in the morning and going to sleep at night. It is said when praising God and when petitioning him. The Shema Israel is the first prayer taught to Jewish children and it is the last words a Jew says before death. The Shema is recited in preparation for the reading of the Torah on the Sabbath and Jewish holidays and at the end of the holiest day, Yom Kippur. Judaism teaches that the name of God is not read aloud in the Shema; it is replaced with Adonai ("my Lord")

text: As Reginald H. Fuller says in his Preaching the New Lectionary:

text: "The summary of the law is not original with Jesus. Its two parts represent a combination of Dt 6:5 and Lev 19:18. Nor is the combination itself original to Jesus, for it is found in at least one earlier Jewish work, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, an amalgam of wisdom and apocalyptic materials.

text: "Jesus’ thought was similarly cast in both molds, wisdom and apocalyptic, and the summary of the Law represents the wisdom facet of his teaching. Jesus undoubtedly appeared not only as the final apocalyptic preacher but also as the authoritative declarer of God’s wisdom.

text: "In the Jewish parallels, the two commandments stand side by side, as a convenient summary. Jesus understands the interlocking of the two commandments in a new and quite radical way.

text: "You cannot have one without the other. Without the love of neighbor, the love of God remains a barren emotion; and without the love of God, love of neighbor is but a refined form of self-love." [3]

text: Luz notes that some scholars see the positive version as being very important because it instructs all disciples to work actively for the good of others, not simply to desist passively from doing harm. However, Luz notes that in actual implementation there is not a great deal of difference between the two formulations. He ascribes much of the efforts to divide the two ideas to anti-Judaic prejudices of many Biblical scholars. Early Christian writers saw little difference between the two versions, and several paraphrased this verse with the negative form.[4]

text: The good end does not justify the evil means. The Golden Rule may not be perverted to justify and an evil means. St. Augustine noticed this problem and commented on how many redactors rephrased this verse as "whatsoever good you desire…"[5]

text: The concluding phrase indicates that Jesus is here presenting the Golden Rule as a valid summary for the entirety of moral law. It might also be a reference to Hillel, whose negative formulation of the Golden Rule ended with a similar statement that it represented the totality of Biblical teachings. The author of Matthew presents a second summation of religious law at Matthew 22:40, where Jesus tells his followers there are but two laws: to love God and to love neighbour. While phrased differently, these two basic laws are essentially the same.[6]