document_title: Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom

question_text: when did the new wiring colours come in

question_tokens: when did the new wiring colours come in

text: Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom

text: Common terminology[edit]

text: Regulatory[edit]

text: Distribution within premises[edit]

text: Breakers and safety devices[edit]

text: Wires and cables[edit]

text: Voltage and phases[edit]

text: Earthing (bonding)[edit]

text: Circuit terminology[edit]

text: Wiring colours[edit]

text: Conductor colours[edit]

text: The standard wiring colours in the UK are (as of  2006[update]) the same as elsewhere in Europe and follow international standard IEC 60446. This colour scheme had already been introduced for appliance flexes in the UK in the early 1970s, however the original colour scheme recommended by the IEE for fixed wiring was permitted until 2006. As a result, the international standard blue/brown scheme is as of 2006 found in most appliance flexes. In fixed wiring, the blue/brown scheme is only found in newer (post-2004) installations, and the old IEE black/red scheme is likely to be encountered in existing installations for many more decades.

text:
Pre-1977 IEE
Pre-2004 IEE
Current IEC

Protective earth (PE)

Neutral (N)

Single phase

Line (L)

Three-phase

L1

L2

L3

text: The standard colours in fixed wiring were harmonised in 2004 with the regulations in other European countries and the international IEC 60446 standard. For a transitional period (April 2004 – March 2006) either set of colours were allowed (but not both), provided that any changes in the colour scheme are clearly labelled. From April 2006, only the new colours should be used for any new wiring.

text: Potential for confusion[edit]

text: The UK changed colour codes three decades after most other European countries, as the change in standard was not considered[by whom?] safe.  Blue, previously used as a phase colour, is now the colour for neutral.   Black, which was previously used for neutral, now indicates a phase.

text: Household wiring does not usually use three-phase supplies and the clash only occurs in three-phase systems.  Wiring to the old standard can be detected by use of a red wire. The new standard colour code does not use red. Where new wiring is mixed with old, cables must be clearly marked to prevent interchange of phase and neutral.

text: Variation in the earth/ground conductor's colour means its colour should not be used as the decision of the old vs new standard cable or colour assignment.

text: Other colour schemes[edit]

text: Cables of American origin have a white neutral lead and a black line lead. This can occur on IEC mains leads and dual 220/110 V imported equipment.

text: On telecommunications nominal 48 V DC supplies, the live is usually −42 V (flat batteries) to almost −57 V (float charge).

text: The IEC currently specifies a colour-coding for new local DC distribution. These are:

text:
Function
Alphanumeric
Colour

2-wire unearthed DC power circuit

Positive
L+

Negative
L−

2-wire earthed DC power circuit

Negative (−) earthed

Positive
L+

Negative
M

Positive (+) earthed

Positive
M

Negative
L−

3-wire DC power circuit

Positive
L+

Mid-wire
M

Negative
L−

text: There is a long history of colour changes; prior to 1964 white was used instead of yellow as the second phase, and before World War II, a black earth and a green third phase in place of green earth and white phase was permitted. The regulations actually permitted (and still do) the use of any wire colour that is not an earth colour, providing it is unambiguously identified at all connections by clear labelling or by correctly coloured over-sleeving. It was not uncommon on commercial builds of the 1960s with a three phase supply for the phase colours (red, yellow, blue) to be used throughout single phase sub circuits thus indicating the phase origin of the supply, in this case no oversleeving was used and can give rise to confusion when encountered today.

text: Direct current mains supplies are now only of historical interest in the UK but the colour coding was red for live and black for earthed (regardless of the actual polarity).  Hardly any loads were polarity sensitive when D.C. systems were introduced (principally incandescent lighting, heating systems or series D.C. motors) and it was considered more important to identify the live wire than the polarity.  In later years of D.C. supplies, however, much more equipment became sensitive to polarity, such as many domestic radios & television sets.  Where all three wires were available, the historical colour code was red (positive), black (middle) and white (negative).  The negative line changed to yellow in 1964, and then to blue in 1966.

text: Sheath colours[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)

text: The colour of the overall sheath is currently grey, or white for low halogen material.  Previously cables from different manufacturers were available variously in grey or white, with no significance attached to the sheath colour. The grey colour was adopted by cable manufacturers to match older lead sheathed flat cables with some manufacturers using a silver grey PVC, Additionally twin & earth cable, as it is called was available in red for fire alarms until the early 2000s

text: Circuit design[edit]

text: UK fixed wiring circuits, unlike almost all other countries, make widespread use of ring circuit designs, as well as radial circuit designs often seen in other countries. (This was one of the recommendations of the Electrical Installations Committee, convened in 1942 as part of the Post War Building Studies programme, which in 1944 determined that the ring final circuit offered a more efficient and lower cost method to support a greater number of sockets.[3]) It continues to be the usual wiring method for domestic and light commercial socket and device wiring in the UK. Lighting circuits, which typically have lower power requirements, are usually radially wired, confusingly sometimes called "loop" wiring.

text: In both ring and radial circuits, the circuit wiring starts at a consumer unit or distribution board, traverses in turn a number of sockets or devices (point-to-point style), before terminating. The difference is that a radial circuit simply ends upon reaching the last connected device in any branch, while in a ring circuit the termination is made by rejoining the end of the circuit from the last device back to its starting point. A ring circuit therefore forms a continuous ring, while a radial may be a simple linear chain, though it may split and have several branches. This means that in a ring there are two independent paths from the supply to every device.  Ideally, the ring acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring. If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In practice, it is impossible to ensure the load does split evenly, so regs require that a thicker wire is used, of 2/3 the current capacity of the fuse or circuit breaker.

text: Cables are most commonly a single outer sheath containing separately-insulated line and neutral wires, and a non-insulated protective earth to which sleeving is added when exposed. Standard sizes have a conductor cross sectional area of 1, 1.5, 2.5, 4, 6 and 10 mm2. Sizes of 1 or 1.5 mm2 are typically used for 6 or 10 ampere lighting circuits and 2.5 mm2 for socket circuits.

text: The earthing conductor is uninsulated since it is not intended to have any voltage difference from surrounding earthed articles. Additionally, if the insulation of a line or neutral wire becomes damaged, then the wire is more likely to earth itself on the bare earth conductor and in doing so either trip the RCD or burn the fuse out by drawing too much current.

text: Earthing and bonding[edit]

text:
Earthing and Bonding together are used together, to provide shock protection by avoiding a dangerous combination of magnitude and duration of the voltage to which people may be exposed in the event of a fault within the installation or outside the installation.  (Exposure may be from e.g. hand to hand or hand to foot, between simultaneously accessible conductive surfaces, which might include the earth itself, mildly conductive floors and walls, metal taps, pipes, electrical appliances etc.
Examples of faults are an insulation failure between a line conductor and a metallic frame of an appliance within the installation, a break in a combined protective-earth and neutral conductor in the supply, or an insulation fault in the supply transformer causing the whole low-voltage system to rise in potential.)  Conductors for these protective functions of earthing and bonding are insulated with green/yellow (striped) colour coding, which is not permitted for any other conductors.

text: Earthing connects exposed conductive parts (ECPs) of electrical equipment to a main earthing terminal (MET), which is connected to a "means of earthing" that somehow connects it to the earth itself (the ground/soil/planet!). In installations fed from low-voltage public supplies in the UK this means of earthing can be by any of the methods TN-S, TN-C-S or TT defined in BS7671.    In the event of an insulation fault from a live conductor to an appliance's metal frame (an ECP), the frame could—if not so connected—be dangerous if touched by someone who is also for example standing outside on the ground, or standing inside on a concrete floor, or holding a tap whose pipe connects it electrically into the ground. Protective earthing limits the combination of magnitude and duration of the dangerous voltage that could exist between the ECP and the earth itself.  In conventional installations in the UK the voltage between an appliance frame and the earth itself during a zero-impedance fault has a dangerous magnitude: it might be reduced to about half of the 230 V line-earth voltage, which is well above the 50 V usually accepted as safe for an ac system, or it might be nearly 230 V in a TT system with a poor earth electrode for the installation. The duration of this voltage must therefore be limited, which is done by "automatic disconnection of supply" (ADS) either by overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs), or by residual current devices (RCDs) that specifically detect the current escaping from the intended circuit, allowing them to have a far lower tripping current.  In TT systems it is almost always necessary to have an RCD, as earth electrodes usually have many times higher resistance than a typical supply cable, so earth-fault currents are relatively low. In the TN-S or TN-C-S systems none of the "earth fault" current necessarily passes through the actual earth, as there is a metallic circuit for the entire earth-fault loop: adequate ADS times may often be achieved by normal OCPDs  However, the connection to the earth itself is always relevant, since the earth forms a mildly conductive surface that we cannot easily avoid (e.g. a person standing on the ground and touching a metal appliance or tap or building-framework that is connected with the electrical installation's protective earthing system). In TT systems the installation's earth electrode needs to have low enough impedance to operate protection if a safe voltage (usually taken as 50 V) between the installation and remote earth is exceeded; in TN systems the system's neutral point needs a low resistance connection to earth to prevent a fault between a line conductor and some unintended earth electrode from displacing the neutral-point potential to a dangerous level compared to the earth.

text: Bonding is the connection of conductive parts together, to reduce the voltage between them. This is an important measure for electric shock protection. When this protective function is the purpose of bonding, BS7671 describes the bonding by the term "protective equipotential bonding"; this does not mean that the bonding guarantees perfect equipotentiality, but just that it reduces the differences of potential. In the following, this formal term is abbreviated to "bonding".  Without adequate bonding, dangerous voltages could arise between conductive parts that can be touched simultaneously, either due to problems outside the installation, or to faults in the installation.

text: Main bonding connects "extraneous conductive parts" such as mains water / gas supply pipes, structural parts of buildings, communication cable sheaths, lightning protection systems etc., to the main earthing terminal. These parts could otherwise introduce potentials that are different from the potential of the installation's earthing system. The main bonding avoids dangerous differences in potential being introduced into the installation, between e.g. two different pipework systems, or between pipes and electrical system ECPs.

text: Supplementary bonding connects simultaneously touchable conductive parts in local parts of an installation: the parts may be pairs of ECPs on different circuits, or an ECP and extraneous conductive parts. This reduces the voltage between them, even in fault conditions. Supplementary bonding is particularly used in situations such as bathrooms, where body resistance is low and therefore requires magnitude and duration of touch voltages to be very limited.

text: In special circumstances (not domestic installations) bonding with deliberate lack of connection to earth (earth free local equipotential bonding) may be used.  Bonding, by the IEC60364 terminology used in BS7671 should not be seen as just an extra to earthing. In recent US practice, which differs considerably from IEC principles and terminology, "bonding" is used more widely as a term for all the aspects of earthing that are not literally connections with the earth itself ("grounding"); so the connection of protective earth conductors to the supply neutral (since the TN-C-S system is the only permitted form in their residential installations) is now named bonding rather than earthing. This is not the case in the UK.

text: Supply, metering and distribution[edit]

text: Single phase (standard for domestic and light commercial)[edit]

text: A domestic supply typically consists of a large cable connected to a service head, the sealed box containing the main supply fuse, treated as the supply to the premises. This will typically have a value from 40–100 A. Separate line and neutral cables (tails) go from here to an electricity meter, and often an earth conductor too. More tails proceed from the meter into the consumer side of the installation and into a consumer unit (distribution board), or in some cases to a Henley block (a splitter box used in low voltage electrical engineering, slang named for W.T.Henley & Co. also sometimes called an "Isco" block, both names derived from brands of these blocks) and thence to more than one distribution board.

text: The distribution board (aka fusebox) contains one or more main switches and an individual fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB) for each final circuit.  Modern installations may use residual-current devices (RCDs) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBOs). The RCDs are used for earth leakage protection, while RCBOs combine earth leakage protection with overcurrent protection. In a UK-style board, breaker positions are numbered top to bottom in the left-hand column, then top to bottom in the right column.

text: Supply voltage[edit]

text: Since some point in the 1970s, the supply voltage in UK domestic premises has been 240 V AC (RMS) at 50 Hz. In 1988, a Europe-wide agreement was reached to unify the various national voltages, which ranged, at the time, 220–240 V, to a common European standard of 230 V (CENELEC Harmonization Document HD 472 S1:1988).

text: The standard nominal supply voltage in domestic single-phase 50 Hz installations in the UK is still 240 V AC (RMS), but since 1 January 1995 (Electricity Supply Regulations, SI 1994, No. 3021) this has an asymmetric voltage tolerance of 230 V +10%−6% (216.2–253.0 V), which covers the same voltage range as continental 220 V supplies to the new unified 230 V standard. This was supposed to be widened to 230 V ±10% (207–253 V), but the time of this change has been put back repeatedly and as of December 2012 there is no definitive date.[4] The old standard was 240 V ±6% (225.6–254.4 V), which is mostly contained within the new range, and so in practice suppliers have had no reason to actually change voltages.

text: Three-phase supply[edit]

text: Three phase power is usually supplied as needed, for commercial and industrial premises.  While three phase loads take balanced power from the three phases, any single phase loads are distributed to ensure equal loading of the three phases. Each row of breakers in the distribution board is fed from a different phase (L1, L2, and L3), to allow 3-pole common-trip breakers to have one pole on each phase.

text: Isolating devices[edit]

text: Single-pole switches are most commonly used to control circuits. These switches isolate only the line conductor feeding the load and are used for lighting and other smaller loads. For larger loads like air conditioners, cookers, water heaters and other fixed appliances a double-pole switch is used, which isolates also the neutral, for more safety. A three-pole isolator or circuit breaker is used for three-phase loads, and also at the distribution board to isolate all the phases as well as the neutral.

text: Outlets and accessories[edit]

text: Many accessories for electrical installations (e.g., wall sockets, switches) sold in the UK are designed to fit into the mounting boxes defined in BS 4662:2006 - Boxes for flush mounting of electrical accessories – Requirements, test methods and dimensions, with an 86 mm×86 mm square face plate that is fixed to the rest of the enclosure by two M3.5 screws (typ. 25 mm or 40 mm long) located on a horizontal centre line, 60.3 mm apart. Double face plates for BS 4662 boxes measure 147 mm×86 mm and have the two screws 120.6 mm apart.

text: Accessories in the BS 4662 format are only available in a comparatively limited range of designs and lack the product diversity and design sophistication found in other European markets. The UK installation-accessory industry is therefore occasionally criticised for being overly conservative.[5] As many modern types of electrical accessories (e.g., home automation control elements from non-UK manufacturers) are not available in BS 4662 format, other standard mounting boxes are increasingly used as well, such as those defined in DIN 49073-1 (60 mm diameter, 45 mm deep, fixing screws 60 mm apart) or, less commonly in the UK, ANSI/NEMA OS-1.

text: The commonly used domestic wall-mount socket used in the UK for currents up to 13 A is defined in BS 1363-2 and normally includes a switch. For higher currents or three-phase supplies, IEC 60309 sockets are to be used instead.

text: Many high load non-UK-sourced appliances need IEC 60309 connectors (or wiring via a British Standard "20 A connection unit") in the UK because of the lower plug rating.

text: Plug and accessory fuses (or, cartridge fuse)[edit]

text: Flexible appliance cords require protection at a lower current than that provided by the ring circuit overcurrent protection device. The protection device may be contained within the appliance plug or connection unit, and is normally a ceramic cartridge fuse to BS 1362:1973, commonly rated at 3 A (red), 5 A (black), or 13 A (brown), but some accessories and adaptors use a ceramic cartridge fuse to BS 646:1958.

text: In the case of permanently connected equipment, a fused connection unit to BS 1363-4 is used, this may include an isolator switch and a neon bulb to indicate if the equipment is powered.

text: In the case of non-permanently connected domestic equipment, a BS 1363-2 socket rated at 13 A is attached to the ring circuit, into which a fused plug may be inserted.  (Note, it is not intended that the fuse should protect the appliance itself, for which it is still necessary for the appliance designer to take the necessary precautions.)  Multiple socket accessories may be protected with a fuse within the socket assembly.

text: Residential wiring[edit]

text: Cable types[edit]

text: In domestic wiring, the following cable types are typically used:

text: Internal wiring[edit]

text:
Twin and earth (T&E) PVC-insulated and -sheathed cables, or
Single-core PVC-insulated cables in conduit (fixed internal wiring; less common in domestic installations)
Flexible cords

text: Supply side wiring[edit]

text:
2-, 3-, or 4-core PVC-insulated, SWA, PVC-sheathed cables
PVC-insulated, PVC-sheathed (unarmoured cables)
3- and 4-core XLPE-insulated, SWA, PVC-sheathed cables

text: Selection of conductors and circuit breakers[edit]

text: The selection of conductors must be made taking into consideration both the maximum voltage drop allowed at the load end and also the current carrying capacity of the conductor. Conductor size and voltage drop tables are available to determine the selection, which will be based on the load current supplied.

text: The choice of circuit breaker is also based on the normal rated current of the circuit. Modern circuit breakers have overload and short circuit current protection combined. The overload protection is for protection of the equipment against sustained small-to-medium increase in current above the rated current, while short circuit protection is for the protection of the conductors against high over-currents due to short circuits.

text: For domestic circuits the following choices are typically adopted for selecting conductor and circuit breaker sizes.

text:
Circuit breaker and conductor selection

Capacity

Conductor size, copper

Circuit breaker capacity (A)

Main (mm2)

Earth (mm2)

Up to 600 W

1.5

1.5

5

600–1,200 W

1.5, or 2.5

1.5

10

1,200–1,800 W

2.5, or 4.0

2.5

15

A1 ring circuit (serves max. 100 m2 area)

2.5

2.5

30, or 32

A2 radial circuit (serves max. 75 m2 area)

4.0

2.5

30, or 32

A3 radial circuit (serves max. 50 m2 area)

2.5

1.5

20

Air conditioner 18,000 BTU/hr (1.5 TR)

6.0

6.0

30, or 32

Cooker

6.0

6.0

30, or 32

Water heater

4.0

4.0

20

text: For distribution boards the incomer circuit breaker rating depends on the actual current demand at that board. For this the maximum demand and diversity is taken into consideration based on which the probable current is calculated. Diversity is the condition that all appliances are not likely to be working all at the same time or at their maximum ratings. From this the maximum demand is calculated and the currents are added to determine the load current and hence the rating of the circuit breaker.

text: IEE recommends these current demands and diversity factors for various loads to determine the load current and rating of overcurrent protective device.

text:
Outlet point or equipment

Assumed load

Diversity factor

Socket outlet 2 A

0.5 A

25%

Other socket outlets

Rated current

50%

Lamp holder, each

100 W

50%

Domestic cooker

10 A, 30% remainder, and 5 A for auxiliary socket

Other stationary equipment

BS current rating or normal current

text: Special locations[edit]

text: Bathrooms[edit]

text: The installation of electrical devices in bathrooms and shower rooms is regulated in Section 701 of BS 7671:2008, and Part P of the Building Regulations in England and Wales. For such rooms, four special zones are defined,[6] in which additional protection is required for electrical facilities:

text:
Zone 0 is the smallest cuboid volume that contains the bath, shower basin, etc.
Zone 1 is the area above zone 0, up to a height of 2.25 m above the floor.
Zone 2 is the area above zone 1 up to a height of 3 m, as well as the area that is horizontally within 0.6 m from zone 1.
Older regulations defined zone 3 as the area above zone 2 up to a height of 3 m, as well as the area that is horizontally within 2.4 m from zone 2; from BS 7671:2008, this is replaced by the term outside the zones. This includes any space under the bath or shower that can only be accessed with a tool.[7]

text: Within zone 0, no devices are allowed apart from suitable equipment and or insulated pull cords. Previously, in zone 1, only separated extra low voltage (SELV) devices were permitted. Any AC transformer supplying such a device must be located outside zones 0–2. Since the introduction of the 17th edition of the IET Wiring Regulations in 2008, 230V fixtures such as light fittings and extractor fans are permitted in zones 1 and 2, subject to those fixtures meeting the appropriate ingress protection ratings.[8] The minimum required ingress protection rating in zone 0 is IPX7 and IPX4 in zone 1 and 2. If water jets are likely to occur, at least IPX5 is required in zone 1–3. Otherwise, in zone 3 and beyond, an ingress protection rating of IP20 is the minimum required. Equipment in zones 1 and 2 must be protected by a 30 mA residual current device (RCD).

text: Shaving sockets (with isolating transformer) are permitted in zone 2 if direct spray from a shower is unlikely, even if they are only IP20. Before the 2008 regulations, such shaving sockets were the only sockets permitted in a bathroom or shower room. Since BS 7671:2008 normal domestic sockets are permitted, at distances greater than 3 m from the edge of the zones, providing the circuit is RCD protected. As the new regulations also require all general purpose sockets not for use by skilled or instructed persons to be RCD protected, this effectively permits normal wiring in the larger bathroom. (Earlier British wiring rules in bathrooms used to be far more restrictive, leading to British peculiarities in bathrooms such as the use of cord switches. The 2011 edition of the wiring regulations is more flexible now, placing restrictions on bathroom installations that are now more similar to those in other European countries.)

text: Swimming pools[edit]

text: For swimming pools, Section 603 of BS 7671 defines similar zones. In some of these zones, only industrial sockets according to IEC 60309 are permitted, in order to discourage the use of portable domestic appliances with inappropriate ingress protection rating.

text: Portable outdoor equipment[edit]

text: For use outdoors or in other wet locations (but not bathrooms) special sockets are made. These can be divided into three main groups, industrial sockets which are totally different from the standard sockets; sockets with the same pinout as normal sockets but that will only seal properly when the correct plug and socket are used together (e.g., the 5 A, 13 A, and 15 A variants of Lewden sockets) and sockets that completely enclose a normal plug with a seal around the flex (e.g., MK Masterseal).

text: Sockets that are outside or can "feasibly supply equipment outside the equipotential zone" (a wording that is fairly ambiguous and the exact interpretation of which is subject to some controversy) should be protected by a 30 mA, or lower, RCD to provide additional safety. Since 2008, all sockets for general use should be RCD protected, removing the questions that used to arise, such as if a socket by the door might power a lawnmower does it need an RCD?

text: Construction sites[edit]

text: The risk of electrical shock on construction sites can be reduced by several measures, including reduction of the normal 230 volt distribution voltage to 110 volts for electrical lighting and power tools. By using a centre-tapped transformer, each conductor of the circuit is only at 55 volts with respect to earth. This reduces the chance of dangerous electrical shock when using power tools in wet locations.[9]  Where 230 volts must be used, a residual current device (RCD) can be used to detect small leakage currents and automatically isolate faulty equipment.  In sites where hazardous flammable gases or liquids are present, special wiring rules are applied to reduce the probability of a spark igniting a fire or explosion.[10]

text: Legal and regulatory[edit]

text: Legal basis[edit]

text: In England and Wales, the Building Regulations (Approved Document: Part P) require domestic electrical installations to be designed and installed safely according to the "fundamental principles" given in British Standard BS 7671 Chapter 13, most recently updated in January 2015. These are very similar to the fundamental principles defined in international standard IEC 60364-1 and equivalent national standards in other countries. Accepted ways for fulfilling this legal requirement include:

text:
the rules of the IEE (IET) wiring regulations (BS 7671), colloquially referred to as "the regs". The current version of this standard is the 17th edition, formally known as BS 7671:2008+A3:2015 Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations;
the rules of an equivalent standard approved by a member of the EEA (e.g., DIN/VDE 0100);
guidance given in installation manuals that are consistent with BS 7671, such as the IET On-Site Guide and IET Guidance Notes Nos 1 to 8.

text: In Scotland, the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 apply.[11]

text: Installations in commercial and industrial premises must satisfy various safety legislation, such as the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. Again, recognised standards and practices, such as BS 7671 "Wiring Regulations", are used to help meet the legislative requirements.

text: Regulations[edit]

text: All new electrical work in England and Wales within a domestic setting must comply with Part P[12] of the Building Regulations first introduced on 1 January 2005, which are legally enforceable. One way of achieving this is to apply British Standard BS 7671 (the "Wiring Regulations"), including carrying out adequate inspection and testing to this standard of the completed works. British Standard BS 7671 (the "Wiring Regulations") is not statutory, thus someone doing electrical work is allowed to deviate from the wiring regulations to some degree, but it is generally accepted that it is best to follow the wiring regulations to the highest standard possible. Electrical work does not have to be compliant with BS 7671, but if a casualty or fatality occurs as a direct result of that electrical work, and this results in a legal action, then it may be necessary to justify major deviations from the principles of  BS 7671 and other appropriate standards.

text: Some of the restrictions first introduced with the 2005 version Part P were highly controversial, especially the rules surrounding work carried out by unregistered electricians, builders and DIYers. Under the new regulations, commencement of any work other than simple changes became notifiable to the local building control authority; "other than simple" in this context meant any work in a kitchen or bathroom other than like-for-like replacement, work in other areas more than just adding extra lights or sockets to an existing circuit or meeting certain other criteria, such as outdoor wiring. To coincide with the new regulations, the Government approved several professional bodies to award "competent persons" status to enterprises which meet the minimum agreed criteria for Scheme entry. Scheme membership allows an enterprise to "self-certify" work that they carry out without the requirement to have undergone any formal installation training or to hold relevant qualifications in electrical installation practices - since practical competence can be assessment-based only. The minimum criteria for Scheme entry is set by the EAS  Committee, on which all of the commercial enterprises running Competent Persons Schemes are actively represented.

text: The local authority's building control must be informed of any notifiable work carried out by someone not registered under this scheme before it is started (unless it is an emergency) and must subsequently be approved by them. Originally, it was widely understood by some local authorities that inspection by a qualified person (leading to authority approval) must be organised and paid for by the home-owner or person responsible for the site and this caused some considerable criticism.

text: On 6 April 2006, Part P was amended to clarify the actual requirements around certification of DIY work (or work completed by someone otherwise unable to self-certify) and to "make enforcement more proportionate to the risk".[13]

text: The 2006 amendment made it clear that it is the responsibility of the building control authority to issue the necessary certificate (a Building Regulations Completion Certificate) once work has been completed. Any inspection required to safely issue that certificate must be determined by, and paid for by, the building control authority. This can be done "in house" or they may contract the work out to specialist body. Although any inspections are at the expense of the building authority, notification of building work is a formal process and a building control fee is payable.

text: In some cases the installation of 12 V downlighters is notifiable whereas the installation of 230 V mains downlighters is not. This is because 12 V downlighters draw high currents, in comparison with a mains voltage lamp with the same power rating, and that combined with the wrong choice of cable could lead to a fire.

text: Additionally, whilst the Building Regulations apply equally to anyone carrying out electrical work in dwellings, without appropriate knowledge and test equipment it is not possible to ensure that the work carried out is safe. Registered Scheme members must issue appropriate certification for each job.

text: Another element of confusion is that the term "Special Locations" has different meanings in Part P of the Building Regulations and BS 7671 (the "Wiring Regulations").

text: Later revisions of part P (latest is 2013) retain the requirement to work to an appropriate standard, but have relaxed the requirements on both certification and notification for many more types of minor works, and crucially also permit a member of an approved body to inspect and 'sign off' notifiable aspects of any work of a third party such as DIYer whose work is of a suitable standard. This is intended to free up local authorities, who often do not have suitably qualified building control staff themselves. Due to uncertainty about who then becomes responsible for any hidden wiring, very few electricians are happy to sign off an installation that they have not been party to from the outset, and been able to agree stages to inspect and test before any covering in.


document_title: Honda Civic Type R

question_text: where is the honda civic type r made

question_tokens: where is the honda civic type r made

root

text: Honda Civic Type R

text: 1st generation (EK9 chassis) (1997–2000)[edit]

text:
First generation
(EK9)

Overview

Production
1997–2000

Assembly
Suzuka, Japan

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door hatchback

Layout
FF layout

Powertrain

Engine
1.6 L 185 PS (136.1 kW) B16B I4

Transmission
5-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,620 mm (103 in)

Length
4,180.8 mm (164.6 in)k

Width
1,694.2 mm (66.7 in)

Height
1,358.9 mm (53.5 in)

Curb weight
1,090 kg (2,400 lb)

tag: table

text: The first Civic to receive the 'Type R' name was based on the 6th-generation fan-base 'EK' Civic. The contributing base model was the JDM Civic 3-door hatchback called SiR, code named EK4. Like its big brother the Integra Type R DC2/JDM DB8, the Civic SiR's transformation into a Type R was achieved by working on the base model and improving it to Honda's idea of a car capable of high performance on the circuit.

tag: p

text: The first Civic to receive the Type R badge was introduced in August 1997, as the EK9. The EK9 shared many characteristics with the Integra Type R DC2/ JDM DB8 such as omission of sound deadening and other weight-reduction measures, a hand-ported B16B engine, front helical limited-slip differential and close ratio gearbox. The B16B engine boasted one of the highest power output per litre of all time for a naturally-aspirated engine with 185 PS (136 kW; 182 hp) from 1.6L of engine displacement. For the first time, a strategically seam welded monocoque chassis was used to improve chassis rigidity. The interior featured red seats, red door cards, red Type R floor mats, a titanium shift knob, and a Momo leather-wrapped steering wheel.

text: In 1998, the Civic Type R Motor Sports edition was released. It came with steel wheels, no air conditioning, no power windows, no power steering, no radio, and came with the standard Type R interior.

text: Type Rx model was given a CD player, body coloured retractable electric door mirrors, power windows, auto air conditioning, keyless entry unlock system, aluminium sports pedals, and a carbon type centre panel.

text: 2nd generation (EP3 chassis) (2001–2005)[edit]

text:
Second generation
(EP3)

Overview

Production
2001–2006

Assembly
Swindon, England (HUM)

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door hatchback

Layout
FF layout

Powertrain

Engine

2.0 L 215 PS (158.1 kW) K20A I4
2.0 L 200 PS (147.1 kW) K20A2 I4

Transmission
6-speed manual

Dimensions

Length
4,140.2 mm (163 in)

Width
1,694.2 mm (66.7 in)

Height
1,424.9 mm (56.1 in)

Curb weight
1,204 kg (2,654 lb)

text: In 2001 Honda introduced the next generation of the Civic Type R (EP3) as a unique 3-door hatchback to the UK market, which was manufactured in Swindon, England. This EDM (European Domestic Market) Civic Type R featured a 200 PS (150 kW; 200 hp) 2.0L i-VTEC engine (K20A2) and the regular Type R treatment of seam welding, close ratio 6-speed transmission and uprated brakes, but did not include some of the other higher-end features, such as the helical LSD and red Recaro race-seats, that were standard in the previous generation EK9. However, Honda of Japan marketed a JDM (Japanese domestic market) version of the EP3 (which was exclusively manufactured in Swindon, UK and was shipped to Japan), which retained the highly renowned helical LSD similar to that of the EK9 and red Recaro race-seats. Other differences included a more track-oriented chassis/undercarriage settings as compared to the EDM, as well as a 215 PS (158 kW; 212 hp) i-VTEC engine (K20A) had a fully balanced crankshaft assembly with different intake manifold, exhaust manifold, higher-lift camshafts, higher-compression pistons, chrome-moly flywheel and ECU programming. All of the Japan-spec K20A Type-R powertain were built in Japan and shipped to the Swindon plant to be installed in the Japan-spec Type-R EP3. The JDM EP3 was also available in the traditional Type R championship white while the EDM was not. The EDM has more relaxed gear ratios and some high rpm torque traded for low rpm torque compared to the JDM . The JDM Civic was said to be the better of the two.

text: The EDM EP3 Civic Type R was much acclaimed by motoring journalists across the UK, winning 'Hot Hatch of the Year' awards more than once from Top Gear, Fifth Gear and What Car?. The Civic Type R became a popular alternative for mainstream drivers clocking huge sales numbers. The 2001 release of this CTR (Civic Type R), as it is commonly referred to, also indicated Honda's return to Formula One after almost 10 years as an engine supplier to the Jordan and BAR teams – this eventually led to the full-fledged comeback as a dedicated F1 works team in 2005 with Honda gaining full ownership of British American Racing.

text: 2004 saw this successful CTR updated with many improvements – revised EPS with quicker steering, revised suspension settings, projector headlamps (JDM came equipped with halogens only while the EDM came with an option for HIDs with self-levelling motors), lighter clutch and flywheel assembly etc.; based on Honda literature, this facelifted (FL) model was targeted at addressing customers' and critics' feedback such as understeer on the limit (due to the front MacPherson strut setup), numb steering response and lack of low end torque.

text: The base price for the 2001 Civic Type R (EP3) in the United Kingdom was of £23,100 (about US$34,650).[1]

text: Performance (all figures are manufacturer claims)

text: 0–60 mph in 5.8/6.5 seconds (JDM/EDM pre-FL), 5.8/6.4 secs (JDM/EDM FL) 0–100 mph in 15.1/16 secs (JDM/EDM FL) Top speed 141 mph (227 km/h) and 146 mph (235 km/h) (JDM/EDM)

text: Mugen made an upgraded version of the JDM Civic Type R, it has a sport exhaust system and an engine tuning, special Mugen Grille, and anti-roll bars for pro racing activities.

text: 30th Anniversary Special Edition[edit]

text: In 2003 – 2004 facelift and pre facelift Honda decided to celebrate 30 years of producing the Civic by offering a special edition 30th Anniversary Type-R. The special edition features special red and black sports seats Type R from world-renowned seat maker Recaro, air conditioning and privacy glass on the rear windows. It also has a lighter fly-wheel and clutch. The JDM addition has red bucket seats from Recaro, red carpet and door cards, a leather MOMO steering wheel, and also comes in the famous championship white. 30th Anniversary models were available in Nighthawk Black, Satin Silver and Milano Red and the JDM addition comes in championship white. Only 300 of these models were produced, 100 in each colour.

text: Premier Special Edition[edit]

text: In 2005 Honda introduced the Premier edition which had Recaro Trendline seats (similar to those found in the Anniversary Edition, only in red and black rather than all red), a darker shade of fabric on the rear seat centre sections, a Momo Steering Wheel, Red Carpet, Door Linings, "Type R" embossed into the front brake callipers and privacy glass on the rear windows. Air conditioning was an option. They were available in Milano Red, Nighthawk Black, Cosmic Grey and Satin Silver.

text: C Package[edit]

text: In 2004 Honda introduced the "C Package" option (¥330,000 JPY) to Japan's Civic Type R line-up which included an additional colour, Satin Silver Metallic, HID lighting, rear privacy glass, automatic air conditioner and outside air temperature sensor.[2]

text: 3rd generation (FD2/FN2 chassis) (2006–2011)[edit]

text:
Third generation
(FN2/FD2)

Overview

Production
2006–2011

Assembly

Suzuka, Japan (FD2)
Swindon, England (HUM) (FN2)

Body and chassis

Body style

4-door sedan (FD2)
3-door hatchback (FN2)

Layout
FF layout

Powertrain

Engine

2.0 L 221 PS (162.5 kW)K20A I4 (FD2)
2.0 L 201 PS (147.8 kW) K20Z4 I4 (FN2)

Transmission
6-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase

Hatchback: 2,620 mm (103 in)
Sedan: 2,700 mm (106 in)

Length

Hatchback: 4,269.7 mm (168.1 in)
Sedan: 4,539.0 mm (178.7 in)

Width

Hatchback: 1,785.6 mm (70.3 in)
Sedan: 1,770.4 mm (69.7 in)

Height

Hatchback: 1,445.3 mm (56.9 in)
Sedan: 1,430.0 mm (56.3 in)

Curb weight

Hatchback: 1,320 kg (2,910 lb)
Sedan: 1,260 kg (2,780 lb)

text: The third generation Civic Type R was offered in two distinct forms: one developed for the European market and one for the Japanese domestic market, matching the availability of their regular 8th gen. counterpart.

text: FD2 chassis (Asian version)[edit]

text: The Japanese market Civic Type R (FD2) went on sale on March 30, 2007. For the first time, the JDM Civic Type R was sold as a four-door sports sedan rather than a three-door hot hatch. Using the Japanese market four-door sedan as a base model meaning the new Type R is now bigger, wider and heavier. More importantly, the wheelbase has grown from 2,570 mm (101.2 in) to 2,700 mm (106.3 in), giving the FD2R a more stable stance in high speed cornering. The new Japanese model's engine output is higher than the European version's, with 225 PS (165 kW; 222 hp) being developed at 8000 RPM and 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) of torque peaking at 6100 RPM (versus 201 PS (148 kW; 198 hp) at 7800 RPM and 193 N⋅m (142 lb⋅ft) at 5600 RPM for the European model). The base engine itself is borrowed from the Accord Euro R CL7 with its longer intake manifold. Changes have been made to the block in terms of mounting points for ancillary parts making it different from previous K20A. New technology such as drive-by-wire throttle and porting of the intake valve ports using techniques from the NSX are implemented. Honda says mid-range is increased by 10 PS (7 kW; 10 hp). Drive is fed through a close-ratio six-speed gearbox, and a helical limited slip differential is fitted as standard. The front brake discs increased from the DC5R's 300 mm (11.8 in) to 320 mm (12.6 in) fitted with four pot Brembo callipers. Tire size is now 225/40 R18 running on Bridgestone Potenza RE070.

text: Honda claims the chassis is 50% more rigid than the previous Japan-only DC5 Integra Type R, and the new model features an independent rear suspension rather than the torsion beam configuration used on the latest European Civic Type-R.[3] To save weight, aluminium is used extensively and bonded with adhesive instead of welded. Though the chassis is larger and more rigid than JDM Integra Type R, it is only 1.8 kg (4 lb) heavier.[4]

text: Exterior wise, the front bumper is wider and different from the standard Civic designed aerodynamically. The rear bumper features a diffuser built into the bumper and completing the aero package with a huge rear wing. Inside, the trademark black and red bucket seats are no longer made by Recaro as with previous versions, but designed in house by Honda. Also gone is the Momo made steering wheel, instead replaced by a Honda made version. The familiar red-on-black colour scheme or black-on-black scheme is offered on Championship White and Super Platinum Metallic Silver while a black-on-black scheme with red stitching is for the Vivid Blue Pearl only.

text: In October 2008, the Civic received a minor face lift. The standard and hybrid versions now had a similar front bumper as the Type R while the head lamps gets a smoked tint and also redesigned tail lamps changes the round insets into octagons. The Type R also received new colours, with Premium White Pearl, Premium Deep Violet Pearl and Crystal Black Pearl being added and the Vivid Blue Pearl color was dropped.

text: In back to back tests the Civic Type R (FD2) was on average 1 second quicker than the Integra Type-R (DC5) at the Tsukuba Circuit and four seconds faster at the longer Suzuka Circuit.[4]

text: In a back to back test on the United Kingdom TV program 5th Gear, the FD2 Type-R was three seconds quicker than the equivalent FN2 UK version around Castle Combe Circuit in the wet.[5]

text: Only about 13,000 units of FD2 Civic Type R were produced until it ceased production in August 2010 due to failure to meet the upcoming emission requirements. Following the previous success following the introduction of the FN2 Civic Type R from Europe in 2009, another batch of FN2 Type R with minor updates were available in fall 2010.[6] The FN2 Type R has 197 hp (147 kW) vs the 222 hp (166 kW) output in the FD2 Type R.[7]

text: Civic Mugen RR (Honda ABA-FD2)[edit]

text: In addition to Civic Type R, 300 Honda Civic Mugen RR cars available exclusively in Milano Red had also been produced for Japanese market, which reduced weight to 1,255 kg (2,767 lb) using CFRP bumpers and aluminium for the bonnet. The engine is rated 240 PS (180 kW; 240 hp) at 8000 RPM and 218 N⋅m (161 lb⋅ft) torque at 7000 RPM achieved through Mugen parts such as camshafts, exhaust system and ECU. Other exclusive items that make this a collector's item are Recaro SP-X seats and other Mugen items inside while special 18 inch Mugen 7-spoke wheels come equipped as standard. This version costs ¥4,777,500 (4,550,000+tax) (US$38,750) and went on sale on September 13, 2007.[8]

text: Mugen also debuted Civic Type-RR Experimental Spec concept car in Tokyo Auto Salon, which features 2157 cc K20A engine rated with horsepower of 260 PS (190 kW; 260 hp) at 8250 RPM and torque of 237 N⋅m (175 lb⋅ft) at 6750 RPM. Weight is further reduced using aluminium hood (4.6 kg (10 lb)), as well as the new titanium exhaust system (7.6 kg (17 lb)). Interior was replaced with more carbon fiber parts. The car also features Intelligent-Tire Condition Monitoring System (i-TCMS) and Recaro seats.[9]

text: The Honda Civic Mugen RR Advanced Concept was debuted during 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon, based on the face-lifted FD2. It has the weight of 1,095 kg (2,414 lb).[10] Brake disc was increased to 340 mm (13.4 in) diameter (320 mm (12.6 in) in Type R/RR).[11][12]

text: Civic Mugen RC (2008–)[edit]

text: A race version called Honda Civic Mugen RC has also been produced, designed for the 2008 Honda Exciting Cup Civic One-Make Race-Civic Series.[13] The engine is the stock K20A engine from FD2 Honda Civic Type R. It comes with following models:

text:
Basic: ¥6,247,500 (5,950,000+tax).
Standard: ¥7,192,500 (6,850,000+tax). It adds racing wheel package (Mugen RC 18-inch wheel with Yokohama tire), brake package (front+rear brake pads), seat and steering (Recaro bucket seat, seat rail, steering wheel with box, TAKATA harness), carbon inner part option A (carbon fibre right floor cover panel, footrest, door lining) over BASIC.
Complete: ¥7,822,500 (7,450,000+tax). It adds carbon inner part option B (carbon-fibre console box, left floor cover panel, centre pillar cover), engine package (engine rebalancing and calibration)[14]

tag: ul

text: Civic Mugen RC was built in Mugen's M-TEC factory.[15]

text: FN2 chassis (European version)[edit]

text: The European market Civic Type R is offered only as a three-door hatchback and uses a different chassis and internal layout (notably tank placement below the driver's seat), which will serve as base for the next European Jazz. The rear suspension, formerly a double wishbone setup, has been changed to a less complex torsion beam axle. The drive train is largely the same as the outgoing model, offering 201 PS (148 kW; 198 hp) at 7,800 rpm and 193 N⋅m (142 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,600 rpm,[16] with 90 percent of peak torque is available from 2,500 rpm.[17] It runs on 225/40 R18 Y88 Bridgestone Potenza RE050A tyres, while optional 19-inch Rage alloys run on Yokohama Advan Sport 225/35 ZR19 88Y tyres. The car has a curb weight of 1,320 kg (2,910 lb).

text: The suggested retail price (MSRP) for the Civic Type R in 2007 was £17,627, or about US$35,254 at the exchange rate when launched.[18]

text: Versions[edit]

text: Type R GT includes, dual zone climate control (Left:right independent), rain sensing windscreen wipers, refrigerated glove box, automatic headlights with dusk sensor, front fog lights, power folding door mirrors, cruise control, front and rear curtain airbags. It is finished in the same three colours as the standard FN2, and a new addition the range, deep sapphire blue pearl. As often, names and trims vary even within domain markets down to local ones, and a Heritage version replaces GT version in some of them, adding Xenon/HID lights to the mix. The topping Heritage Navi version adds Bluetooth telephone system and voice recognition DVD satellite navigation. A more radical version dubbed Race differs from the Heritage by removing components (incl. HID, AC, fog lights, audio system, sound proofing, some airbags) to reduce weight as much as 40 kg (88 lb). Finally, together with the 2009 revision to all 8th gen. EDM Civic variants (adding for example a USB iPod-compatible plug to the audio system), a special edition called Championship White comes in the eponyme Honda colour, with the same alloys only with matching white colour, 18" wheels (19" white Rage optional). This edition adds an exclusive limited slip differential to a Heritage trim level, which Honda touted at Paris Motor Show as helping the car shave off more than a second to its undisclosed Tsukuba lap time. In addition models made from 1 March 2010 have LSD fi'

text: Production of the current generation of the Civic Type R hot hatch for the European market finished in October 2010. The car’s high-revving 2.0-litre VTEC engine is to blame, as it does not meet forthcoming Euro V emissions regulations. Instead of re-engineering the unit to meet the stricter standards, which come into force for all new cars in January 2011, the UK market Type R will be axed and replaced by a new model when the all-new Civic arrives in late 2011.

text: Over 12,000 Civic Type Rs have been sold in the UK since January 2007, and although the last UK cars will be sold by December, Honda’s Swindon plant will continue to build the car for the Australian markets. It is also exported to Japan and marketed as Civic Type-R EURO in limited edition in fall 2010, following a successful run in November 2009.[19] According to Autocar, Euro V emission requirement also caused the demise of Alfa Romeo Brera with 3.2 V6, Ford Focus ST, Mazda RX-8 and the VW Group’s 5.0 V10 turbodiesel.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Top Gear Magazine awarded the European Civic Type R its 'Hot Hatch of 2007',[21] praising the car's controls and comparing it favourably as a driver's car to its rivals, the Stig qualifying it as 'an utter gem'.[22] However the television show Top Gear later criticized the new FN2 Chassis version, due to the different suspension and added weight. Jeremy Clarkson said it "just doesn't feel that quick" and that "all the poise and controllability that you used to get in the old car is just sort of... gone".

text: Australia[edit]

text: The FN2 Civic Type R had been available in Australia from mid-2007 until 2011 .[17]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, the FN2 Civic Type R Hatchback (European version) is sold by the authorized dealer, while the FD2 Civic Type R Sedan (Japanese version) is sold by parallel imports.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: The FD2 Civic Type R was officially launched to the Malaysian market on August 2, 2007. It was the first time that any Type R JDM model was launched outside Japan. The Civic Type R was priced at about RM199,800 when it was first launched in Malaysia.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The Civic Type R FD2R and FN2R sold by parallel imports in indonesia. the price was around Rp.800.000.000

text: Japan[edit]

text: The FD2 sedan was initially available in Japan, but as of November 2009, Honda imported the FN2 hatchback (which is also sold in Europe) in limited numbers (about 2,010 units), giving it the name Civic Type R EURO. A second batch of 1,500 was imported in fall 2010 due to the initial sales success. The colour Crystal Black Pearl was added, shortly later stopped.

text: 4th generation (FK2 chassis) (2015–2017)[edit]

text: This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Fourth generation
(FK2)

Overview

Production
2015–2017

Assembly
Swindon, England (HUKM)

Body and chassis

Body style
5-door hatchback

Layout
FF layout

Powertrain

Engine
2.0 L 310 PS (228.0 kW) K20C1 turbocharged I4

Transmission
6-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,594 mm (102 in)

Length
173 in (4,390 mm)

Width
74 in (1,878 mm)

Height
58 in (1,466 mm)

text: In September 2012, Autocar made a report about the confirmation of the next-generation Honda Civic Type R at Paris Motor Show. The preview took place at Geneva Motor Show in March 2014.[23][24] Owing to the history of Honda Civic Type R, this merged as the first factory turbocharged Civic Type R thus allowing to compete healthily with rivals as such of Volkswagen Golf R and Ford Focus RS.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2015, Honda announced that the production-ready model of the 4th Generation Civic Type R would debut at the 85th Geneva Motor Show alongside the European debut of the NSX.[26] In March 2015, Honda debuted the 4th generation Civic Type R at the Geneva Motor Show.

text: Features[edit]

text: Engine Performance and Specifications[edit]

text: The Honda Civic Type R is powered by K20C1 Direct Fuel Injection 2.0-litre inline 4 turbocharged engine with Earth Dreams Technology. Maximum power is 228 kW (310 PS; 306 bhp) at 6500 RPM and maximum torque of 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) at 2500–4500 RPM. The engine is mated to a 6-speed manual transmission with a factory equipped plate-style limited slip differential. Honda states that the Type R reaches 0–62 mph in 5.7 second, although users reached it in 5.2 seconds and produced a 1/4 mile time of 14.2s at 105.6 mph (169.9 km/h). It has a top speed of 177 mph (285 km/h).[27]

text: The engine is manufactured at Honda's Anna Engine Plant in Ohio before being exported to the UK.[28]

text: A full refill of an empty fuel tank is 50 L (13 US gal) and fuel consumption is 30.1/46.3 mpg and 38.7 mpg combined. Combined CO2 is 170g/km and the Civic Type R has achieved Euro 6 Emission Standard.

text: Safety Features[edit]

text: The Civic Type R is equipped with dual front airbags, front side airbags and front and rear side curtain airbags. For braking performance, it is fitted with front brake of 13.8 inch vented and drilled disk and rear brake of 12 inch solid disk. Anti-lock braking system, electronic brake-force distribution, hill start assist, and vehicle stability assist are standard across the variants.

text: Regions[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The British got to witness its sale as of July 2015 with price tags of GBP 29,995 for the base Type R model and £32,295 for the Type R GT model. Although they both were priced differently, differences are limited to additional equipment and amenities. Key specifications related to power figures remain the same for both variants.[29]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In July 2015, Swindon, England (HUM) started exporting its all-new Honda Civic Type R to Japan for the first time. However, Japan will only receive 750 units.[30]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The 2016 Honda Civic Type R is sold in Hong Kong through the official dealer. Like the previous generation Japan market only Civic Type R FD2, import car dealers are also offering grey market Japanese FK2 imports. Due to strong demand, FK2s reserved through the official dealer has a car delivery wait time of 4 months.

text: Brunei Darussalam[edit]

text: As of 2016, one unit of Honda Civic Type R is seen at one of the showrooms located in Beribi, Brunei Darussalam. It is however not imported by official distributor of Honda (Happy Motoring Sdn Bhd) rather being imported by grey market. Price starts at B$92,000 (US$64,000).

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The 2016 Honda Civic Type R is also officially sold in South Africa throughout dealerships in the country.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Malaysia local private car dealers also reselling the imported Type-R with unofficial price (RM299,000.00).

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: Honda Civic Type R sold by private import for Rp.1.500.000.000 ($113,000) in 2015.[31]

text: 5th generation (FK8 chassis) (2017–present)[edit]

text:
Fifth generation
(FK8)

Overview

Production
2017–present

Assembly
Swindon, England (HUKM)

Body and chassis

Body style
5-door hatchback

Layout
FF layout

Powertrain

Engine
2.0 L K20C1 turbo I4
America & Asia: 310 PS (228.0 kW)
Europe & Japan: 320 PS (235.4 kW)

Transmission
6-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,700 mm (106 in)

Length
4,557 mm (179 in)

Width
1,877 mm (74 in)

Height
1,434 mm (56 in)

text: The Civic Type R Prototype was unveiled in September 2016 at the Paris Motor Show, and the production version unveiled at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show, ahead of the model’s European launch in the summer. The new car builds on Honda’s heritage in developing high-performance hatchbacks.[32][33]

text: The design is based on the Civic hatchback, with a winged carbon fibre splitter with red accent line, slatted ducts, diamond-mesh air intakes, red 'H' badge above a new air vent at the nose of the car, new intake on the bonnet, an air scoop sited centrally in a trapezoidal recess, smoked lenses for the LED headlights and indicators and side repeaters, carbon fibre side skirts, 20-inch piano black alloy wheels with red accents, 245/30 R20 high-performance tyres, enlarged wheel arches, carbon fibre diffuser runs below the wider rear bumper, 3 tailpipes with a pair of directional strakes at each side, central tailpipe in bright metallic red, unique peaks at the roof flanks point backwards.

text: On April 3, 2017, the pre-production Type R achieved a lap time of 7:43.80 on the Nürburgring Nordschleife, almost 7 seconds faster than its predecessor, setting a new record for FWD cars.[34]

text: The Civic Type R went on sale in the United States on June 14, 2017, marking the first time the Type R name was sold in the U.S market.[35] It comes with a starting price of $33,900 and is available in 5 colors.[36]

text: The Civic Type R was launched in Indonesia during 2017 Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on August 10, 2017, with a starting price of IDR 995 million (around US$74,500 as of August 2017).[37]

text: In Singapore, the Civic Type R was officially launched by the local distributor on 27 July 2017 and is only available in limited numbers at launch.

text: Exterior Colors (2017-present)[edit]

text:
Colors
Honda Civic Type R (FK8)

Canada
Japan
U.S
U.K

Championship White
✔
✔
✔
✔

Crystal Black Pearl
✔
✔
✔
✔

Rallye Red
✘
✘
✔
✔

Flame Red
✘
✔
✘
✘

Brilliant Sporty Blue Metallic
✘
✔
✘
✔

Aegean Blue Metallic
✘
✘
✔
✘

Polished Metal Metallic
✘
✘
✔
✔

Sonic Grey Pearl
✘
✘
✘
✔


document_title: Isaiah Thomas (basketball)

question_text: who did the suns get for isaiah thomas

question_tokens: who did the suns get for isaiah thomas

text: Isaiah Thomas (basketball)

text: High school career

text: Thomas attended Curtis Senior High School in University Place, Washington, through 11th grade, and then transferred to South Kent School in South Kent, Connecticut, to repeat the 11th grade because of academic deficiencies. He graduated from South Kent School in 2008. At Curtis, Thomas averaged 31.2 points as a junior.[1] He called a news briefing on April 20, 2006 to announce his intention to sign with the University of Washington.[2]

text:
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes

Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date

Isaiah Thomas
PG
South Kent, Connecticut
South Kent School
5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
170 lb (77 kg)
Apr 19, 2006

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN grade: 76

Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 2 (PG); 22 (school)   Rivals: 14 (PG); 92 (national)

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

"2008 Washington Basketball Commitment List". Rivals.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
"2008 Washington College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects". Scout.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
"Washington Huskies 2008 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
"2008 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved March 1, 2017.

text: College career

text: Thomas received blessings from Nate Robinson, the former Washington Huskies star, to wear his No. 2 jersey.[3] In an exhibition game against Western Washington, Thomas scored 27 points on 9-of-12 field goals. He scored a season-high 27 points in an 81–67 home win over Morgan State on December 30, 2008.[4] This bettered his previous high of 19 points scored in a 74–51 blowout over Florida International on November 20.[4]

text: Thomas made an immediate impact upon arrival for the Washington Huskies during the 2008–09 season as he averaged 15.5 points, 2.6 assists, and 3.0 rebounds per game as a true freshman. He was named Pac-10 Freshman of the Year. As a sophomore, the scoring output continued as he raised his averages to 16.9 points, 3.2 assists and 3.9 rebounds per game. He was selected first team All-Pac-10.[5]

text: Thomas was again named first team All-Pac-10 in his junior year. On March 12, 2011 Thomas scored 28 points and hit a game-winning buzzer beater in overtime to lead the Huskies to victory over Arizona in the championship game of the Pac-10 tournament. He was among the final ten candidates for the Bob Cousy Award in his junior season.[6]

text: On March 31, 2011, Thomas declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final year of college eligibility.[7]

text: College statistics

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2008–09
Washington
35
34
28.4
.418
.291
.686
3.0
2.6
1.1
.1
15.5

2009–10
Washington
35
35
31.1
.415
.327
.732
3.9
3.2
1.1
.1
16.9

2010–11
Washington
35
35
31.9
.445
.349
.719
3.5
6.1
1.3
.1
16.8

Career
105
104
30.5
.426
.322
.736
3.5
4.0
1.2
.1
16.4

text: Professional career

text: Sacramento Kings (2011–2014)

text: Before the 2011 NBA draft, Thomas participated in his own pre-draft documentary entitled "Road To The NBA-The Isaiah Thomas Story".[8] Thomas was drafted as the 60th pick by the Sacramento Kings in the second round of the 2011 NBA draft. He was the final pick in the draft. On February 19, 2012, Thomas recorded his first double-double with 23 points and 11 assists against the Cleveland Cavaliers.

text: On March 1, 2012, Thomas was named the February Western Conference NBA Rookie of the Month after averaging 12.2 points and 4.4 assists per game in February.[9] This was the first time someone who was picked last in the NBA draft won the Rookie of the Month award. On April 2, 2012 Thomas was once again named Western Conference NBA Rookie of the Month after averaging 13.6 points and 4.9 assists per game in the month of March.[10] Thomas was also named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team and finished seventh in NBA Rookie of the Year voting.[11]

text: On January 19, 2014, he scored a then career-high 38 points in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder.[12] Five days later, he tied this total against the Indiana Pacers. On March 18, 2014, he recorded his first career triple-double with 24 points, 11 assists and 10 rebounds in a 117–111 overtime win over the Washington Wizards; giving him status as the shortest player to ever record a triple-double in the NBA.[13] During his last season with the Kings, Thomas joined the likes of Calvin Murphy (twice), Dana Barros, Damon Stoudamire, and Michael Adams as the only players under 6'0" tall to average over 20 points per game and 6 assists per game in a season.[14]

text: Phoenix Suns (2014–2015)

text: On July 12, 2014, Thomas was acquired by the Phoenix Suns in a sign-and-trade deal that also sent the rights of Alex Oriakhi to the Kings.[15] On August 14, 2014, Thomas underwent a successful arthroscopy of his left wrist, for an injury he sustained in the previous season.[16] He went on to make his debut for the Suns in the team's season-opener against the Los Angeles Lakers. He recorded 23 points, 3 assists and 1 rebound in an 119–99 win.[17] In the Suns' next game on October 31, Thomas again recorded 23 points in a 94–89 win over the San Antonio Spurs, becoming just the fourth Sun, joining Tom Chambers, A. C. Green, and Tom Gugliotta, to score at least 23 points in his first two games with the team.[18]

text: After missing eight games with an ankle injury, Thomas returned to action on December 12 as he scored 10 points in the Suns' 103–105 loss to the Detroit Pistons.[19] On January 21, 2015, He recorded a season-high 27 points off the bench in an 118–113 victory over the Portland Trail Blazers. On February 5, Thomas was announced as a contestant for the NBA Skills Challenge, making him the shortest contestant to ever participate in the event.[20]

text: Boston Celtics (2015–2017)

text: 2014–15 season

text: On February 19, 2015, Thomas was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Marcus Thornton and a 2016 first-round pick.[21] Three days later, he made his debut for the Celtics in a 118–111 overtime loss to the Los Angeles Lakers, scoring 21 points off the bench.[22] On March 2, 2015, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, February 23 through Sunday, March 1.[23] He later missed eight games throughout March with a bruised lower back.[24] On April 8, 2015, he scored a season-high 34 points in a 113–103 win over the Detroit Pistons.[25] He subsequently earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for games played Monday, April 6 through Sunday, April 12.[26] In his first career playoff game on April 19, Thomas recorded 22 points and 10 assists in a first-round Game 1 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers.[27] The Celtics went on to lose to the Cavaliers in a four-game clean sweep, as Thomas averaged 17.5 points and 7.0 assists per game over the series. As a result of his sixth-man role with both Phoenix and Boston in 2014–15, Thomas finished second in the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award voting with 324 points, including 33 first-place votes.[28]

text: 2015–16 season

text: On December 16, 2015, Thomas tied his then career high of 38 points in a 119–116 loss to the Detroit Pistons.[29] On January 28, 2016, he was named an Eastern Conference All-Star reserve for the 2016 NBA All-Star Game.[30] Thomas became the lowest draft pick to be named an All-Star since the NBA draft was reduced to two rounds in 1989. He also became just the ninth player under 6 feet (1.8 m) to be named an All-Star, while also tying Calvin Murphy as the shortest player to be selected for the All-Star Game.[31] On February 8, 2016, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, February 1 through Sunday, February 7. Thomas led the Celtics to a 4–0 week, including a road victory against the Eastern Conference-leading Cleveland Cavaliers, and averaged 20.3 points (12th in the East), 7.0 assists (tied for fourth in the conference) and 4.5 rebounds.[32] With the Celtics down 2–0 to the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 2016 playoffs, Thomas scored a then career-high 42 points in Game 3 in Boston to lift the Celtics to a 111–103 win. He became just the ninth Celtic to score 40 points in a playoff game.[33] With 28 points in Game 4, Thomas helped the Celtics even the series at 2–2 with a 104–95 overtime win.[34] However, the Celtics went on to lose the series 4–2.

text: 2016–17 season

text: Over the first 21 games of the 2016–17 season, Thomas scored 20 points or more in every contest but one.[35] After returning from a four-game absence in early December with a groin strain,[36] Thomas continued to put up big numbers. On December 20, he scored a then career-high 44 points, including 36 after halftime, in a 112–109 overtime win over the Memphis Grizzlies. He also matched his career best for three-pointers, going 7-of-10 from outside the arc.[37] He subsequently earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for games played Monday, December 19 through Sunday, December 25.[38] On December 30 against Miami, he scored 29 of his career-high 52 points in the fourth quarter, setting a franchise record for points in a period and leading Boston to a 117–114 victory over the Heat.[39] Thomas hit six of his nine three-pointers in the fourth and broke the franchise record of 24 points in a quarter set by Larry Bird in 1983 and matched by Todd Day in 1995.[39] Thomas' 52 points was the fourth-highest scoring total in Celtics history—Bird holds the record with 60 points in March 1985.[39]

text: On January 3, 2017, Thomas recorded 29 points and a career-high 15 assists in a 115–104 win over the Utah Jazz.[40] On January 21, he had a 41-point effort in a 127–123 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers, marking his 14th 30-plus point game of the season.[41] On January 26, he was named an Eastern Conference All-Star reserve for the 2017 NBA All-Star Game.[42] Thomas averaged 32.9 points in January, marking the third-highest monthly average in team history—Paul Pierce averaged 33.5 in February 2006, and Larry Bird averaged 33.1 points in February 1988.[43] On February 2, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January. He led the NBA in scoring (32.9 ppg) and tied for fifth in the East in assists (6.9 apg) for the month as the Celtics went 10–4 to take over first place in the Atlantic Division.[44] On February 15, he scored 33 points in a 116–108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. It was his 40th straight 20-point game, tying the team record set by John Havlicek during the 1971–72 season.[45] The following day, he had 29 points in a 104–103 loss to the Chicago Bulls, going 8 for 18 from the field in his 41st straight game with at least 20 points, breaking Havlicek's team record.[46] With just 19 points against the Atlanta Hawks on February 27, Thomas' franchise-record streak of consecutive 20-point games ended at 43. It was just the second time this season he did not register at least 20 points in a game.[47] On March 12 against Chicago, Thomas hit his 200th three-point shot of the season, becoming the third Celtics player all-time to reach that mark along with Antoine Walker and Paul Pierce.[48] With 32 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on March 29, Thomas became just the sixth Celtic ever to score 2,000 points in a single season. He also extended his streak with at least one three-pointer to a franchise-best 50 straight games.[49]

text: Thomas led the Celtics to a first-round win over the Chicago Bulls in a haze after learning the day before the series began that his younger sister, Chyna Thomas, had died in a car accident outside of his native Tacoma, Washington. After defeating the Bulls 4–2, he flew cross-country to attend her funeral. He returned to Boston for Game 1 of the Eastern Conference semifinals and had 33 points and nine assists in helping the Celtics defeat the Washington Wizards 123–111.[50] In Game 2 against Washington, Thomas scored 53 points—the second-highest total in Celtics playoff history—to help Boston win 129–119 in overtime and take a 2–0 lead in the series. He became just the fifth Celtic to score 50 or more points in a postseason game, missing John Havlicek's team record by one point.[51] In Game 7 against Washington, Thomas scored 29 points and had 12 assists to help the Celtics advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2012 with a 115–105 win and a 4–3 series victory.[52] After losing the first two games of the conference finals to the Cleveland Cavaliers, Thomas was ruled out for the remainder of the postseason with a hip injury.[53]

text: Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)

text: On August 22, 2017, Thomas was traded, along with Jae Crowder, Ante Žižić, and the Brooklyn Nets' unprotected 2018 first-round draft pick, to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving.[54] However, during the post-trade physical examination by Cleveland staff, concerns were raised about the health of Thomas' previously injured hip.[55] As a result, eight days after the deal was announced, the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second-round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade.[56] It was later reported that Thomas had been playing with a number of secondary issues in his hip, such as a loss of cartilage and some arthritis, for a number of seasons.[57] On September 25, 2017, the Cavaliers deemed him a possibility of playing by the end of the year.[58]

text: NBA career statistics

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field goal percentage
 FT%
Free throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game
 Bold
Career high

text: Regular season

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2011–12
Sacramento
65
37
25.5
.448
.379
.832
2.6
4.1
.8
.1
11.5

2012–13
Sacramento
79
62
26.9
.440
.358
.882
2.0
4.0
.8
.0
13.9

2013–14
Sacramento
72
54
34.7
.453
.349
.850
2.9
6.3
1.3
.1
20.3

2014–15
Phoenix
46
1
25.7
.426
.391
.872
2.4
3.7
1.0
.1
15.2

2014–15
Boston
21
0
26.0
.411
.345
.861
2.1
5.4
.6
.0
19.0

2015–16
Boston
82
79
32.2
.428
.359
.871
3.0
6.2
1.1
.1
22.2

2016–17
Boston
76
76
33.8
.463
.379
.909
2.7
5.9
.9
.2
28.9

Career
441
309
30.0
.443
.367
.876
2.6
5.2
1.0
.1
19.1

All-Star
2
0
18.4
.423
.333
1.000
1.7
1.8
.5
0
14.8

text: Playoffs

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2015
Boston
4
0
29.8
.333
.167
.969
3.0
7.0
.8
.0
17.5

2016
Boston
6
6
36.7
.395
.283
.809
3.0
5.0
.7
.8
24.2

2017
Boston
15
15
34.7
.425
.333
.820
3.1
6.7
.9
.1
23.3

Career
25
21
34.4
.406
.302
.842
3.1
6.3
.8
.3
22.6

text: Personal life

text: Thomas was named after former Detroit Pistons Hall of Fame point guard Isiah Thomas when his father, James, bet his friend that his favorite team, the Los Angeles Lakers, would defeat the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals (which the Pistons won in a four-game sweep). Even though the younger Thomas ended up being born months before the Finals took place, James had already warmed to the name. However, his mother, Tina Baldtrip, insisted on spelling it Isaiah, as she desired a biblical name.[59][60] As a child, he had the nicknames "Bighead" (or Head) from his father and "Zeke" from his mother, after the other Isiah Thomas's nickname. [61] Isaiah was raised in Tacoma, Washington and attended Curtis Senior High School. [62] Thomas's sister, Chyna, died in a one-car accident on Interstate 5 in Federal Way, Washington on April 15, 2017.[63]


document_title: Chick-fil-A

question_text: where is the first chick fil a located

question_tokens: where is the first chick fil a located

text: Chick-fil-A

text: History[edit]

text: The chain's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill (now the Dwarf House), a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy, the chain's former chairman and CEO, in 1946. The restaurant is located in Hapeville, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta,[3] and is near the location of the now-demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant, for many years a source of many of the restaurant's patrons.

text: In 1961, after 15 years in the fast food business, Cathy found a pressure-fryer that could cook the chicken sandwich in the same amount of time it took to cook a fast-food hamburger.[7] Following this discovery, he registered the name Chick-fil-A, Inc. The company's trademarked slogan, "We Didn't Invent the Chicken, Just the Chicken Sandwich,"[8] refers to their flagship menu item, the Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich.

text: The first Chick-fil-A opened in 1967, in the food court of the Greenbriar Mall, in a suburb of Atlanta.[3] During the 1970s and early 1980s, the chain expanded by opening new franchises in suburban malls' food courts.[9] The first freestanding franchise was opened April 16, 1986, on North Druid Hills Road in Atlanta, Georgia,[10] and the company began to focus more on this type of franchise than on the food court type. Although it has expanded outward from its original geographic base, most new restaurants are located in Southern suburban areas.[3] In October 2015, the company opened a three-story 5,000-square-foot restaurant in Manhattan that became the largest free-standing Chick-fil-A in the country at that time.[11][12] As of 2016, the chain has approximately 1,950 locations.[3] It also has 31 drive-through-only locations.[3] Chick-fil-A also can be found at universities, hospitals, and airports through licensing agreements.[3]

text: Since 1997, the Atlanta-based company has been the title sponsor of the Peach Bowl, an annual college football bowl game played in Atlanta on New Year's Eve. Chick-fil-A also is a key sponsor of the SEC and the ACC of college athletics.[13][14]

text: The company expanded for the first time outside of the United States by opening an outlet at the Calgary International Airport in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in May 2014.[15][16] This restaurant is located near the departure area for flights bound for the United States.[15] However, per tradition, it is closed Sundays and Christmas Day.

text: Business model[edit]

text:
Chick-fil-A retains ownership of each restaurant. Chick-fil-A selects the restaurant location and builds it.[17] Chick-fil-A franchisees need only a $10,000 initial investment to become an operator.[18] Each operator is handpicked and goes through a rigorous training program; the interviews plus training can take months and is not an easy process. Chick-fil-A states on their site:

"This is not the right opportunity for you if you:
- Are seeking a passive investment in a business.
- Want to sell property to Chick-fil-A, Inc.
- Are requesting that Chick-fil-A, Inc. build at a specified location.
- Are seeking multi-unit franchise opportunities."

This goes to show how vastly different it is to be a Chick-fil-A store operator rather than being part of a regular franchise opportunity.[19] Since 2010, Chick-fil-A has led the fast food industry in average sales per restaurant, despite being open only six days a week,[20] earning an average $4.8 million per restaurant in 2016 (Whataburger was second with $2.7 million per restaurant).[21]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: "Eat Mor Chikin" is the chain's most prominent advertising slogan, created by The Richards Group in 1995. The slogan is often seen in advertisements, featuring Holstein dairy cows[22] that are often seen wearing (or holding) signs that (usually) read: "Eat Mor Chikin" in all capital letters. The ad campaign was temporarily halted during a mad cow disease scare on January 1, 2004, so as not to make the chain seem insensitive or appear to be taking advantage of the scare to increase its sales. Two months later, the cows were put up again. The cows replaced the chain's old mascot, Doodles, an anthropomorphized chicken who still appears as the C on the logo.[23]

text: Chick-fil-A vigorously protects its intellectual property, sending cease and desist letters to those they think have infringed on their trademarks.[24] The corporation has successfully protested at least 30 instances of the use of an "eat more" phrase, saying that the use would cause confusion of the public, dilute the distinctiveness of their intellectual property, and diminish its value.[25]

text: A 2011 letter to Vermont artist Bo Muller-Moore who screen prints T-shirts reading: "Eat More Kale" demanded that he cease printing the shirts and turn over his website.[26] The incident drew criticism from Vermont governor Peter Shumlin, and created backlash against what he termed Chick-fil-A's "corporate bullying."[27] On December 11, 2014, Bo Muller-Moore announced that the U.S. Patent Office granted his application to trademark his "Eat More Kale" phrase. A formal announcement of his victory took place on December 12, 2014, with Shumlin and other supporters on the Statehouse steps. His public fight drew regional and national attention, the support of Shumlin, and a team of pro-bono law students from the University of New Hampshire legal clinic.[28]

text: After 22 years with The Richards Group, Chick-fil-A switched to McCann New York in 2016. Along with the cows, ads included famous people in history in a campaign called "Chicken for Breakfast. It's not as crazy as you think."[29]

text: Sponsored events[edit]

text: Related restaurants[edit]

text: The Hapeville Dwarf House[edit]

text: Truett Cathy opened his first restaurant, The Dwarf Grill – later renamed the Dwarf House – in Hapeville, Georgia, in 1946, and developed the pressure-cooked chicken breast sandwich there.[3] At the original Chick-fil-A Dwarf Grill, in addition to the full-size entrances, there is also an extra small-sized front door.[32] The original Dwarf House in Hapeville, Georgia is open 24 hours a day, six days a week, except on Sundays, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The store closes at 10:00 p.m. on Saturday nights, and the day before Thanksgiving and Christmas and reopens at 6 a.m. on Monday mornings and day after Thanksgiving and Christmas. It has a larger dine-in menu than the other Dwarf House locations as well as an animated seven dwarfs display in the back of the restaurant.[32] It was across the street from the former Ford Motor Company factory called Atlanta Assembly.

text: Dwarf House[edit]

text: Truett's original, full-service restaurants offer a substantial menu and provide customers a choice of table service, walk-up counter service or a drive-thru window. As of 2012[update], 13 Chick-fil-A Dwarf House restaurants were operating in the metro Atlanta area.[3]

text: Truett's Grill[edit]

text: In 1996, the first Truett's Grill was opened in Morrow, Georgia. The second location opened in 2003 in McDonough, Georgia, and a third location opened in 2006 in Griffin, Georgia.[33] Similar to the Chick-fil-A Dwarf Houses, these independently owned restaurants offer traditional, sit-down dining and expanded menu selections in a diner-themed dinner.[34][35][36] In 2017, Chick-fil-A demolished several Dwarf House locations to replace them with Truett's Grill locations.[37][38]

text: Corporate culture[edit]

text: S. Truett Cathy was a devout Southern Baptist; his religious beliefs had a major impact on the company.[39] The company's official statement of corporate purpose says that the business exists "To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us. To have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick-fil-A."[40]

text: Cathy's beliefs are also responsible for one of the chain's distinctive features: all Chick-fil-A locations (corporate owned and franchised) are closed on Sundays,[41] as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas.[42] Cathy states as the final step in his Five-Step recipe for Business Success "I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities. One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday. Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business."[43]

text: In an interview with ABC News's Nightline, Truett's son Dan T. Cathy told reporter Vicki Mabrey that the company is also closed on Sundays because "by the time Sunday came, he was just worn out. And Sunday was not a big trading day, anyway, at the time. So he was closed that first Sunday and we've been closed ever since. He figured if he didn't like working on Sundays, that other people didn't either." The younger Cathy also quoted his father as saying, "I don't want to ask people to do that what I am not willing to do myself."[44]

text: Their website states, "The Chick-fil-A culture and service tradition in our Restaurants is to treat every person with honor, dignity and respect –regardless of their belief, race, creed, sexual orientation or gender."[45]

text: Chick-fil-A's reputation on being closed on Sundays extends to non-traditional locations. In addition to countless shopping malls and airports, a Chick-fil-A location at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta will be closed on Sundays despite its main tenant, the Atlanta Falcons, playing most of their home games on Sundays. The location will be open when the Falcons have a Monday night or Thursday night home game, as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium. On Sundays, the digital signs will be flipped and concessionaire Levy Restaurants will sell nonbranded food and drinks at the location.[46]

text: Same-sex marriage controversy[edit]

text: In January 2011, the media reported that Chick-fil-A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference with the Pennsylvania Family Institute (PFI), an organization that has opposed same-sex marriage legislation.[47][48][49][50][51] Chick-fil-A clarified that "one of our independent Restaurant Operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars".[52] The WinShape Foundation, a charitable organization founded by Truett and his wife, also stated that it would not allow same-sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats.[53]

text: Chick-fil-A has donated over $5 million, via WinShape, to groups that oppose same-sex marriage. Of this, more than $3 million was donated primarily to Christian organizations whose agendas included positions that oppose same-sex marriage,[54] with the money donated between 2003 and 2009.[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] A total of $1.9 million was donated in 2010 to groups such as the Marriage & Family Foundation, Exodus International, and the Family Research Council (FRC).[63] That year, the FRC, which received $1,000[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] was listed as an anti-gay[64] hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.[65][66][67] WinShape has also contributed to Christian groups including the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and Exodus International, the latter is noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy.[63] In response, students at several colleges and universities worked to ban or remove the company's restaurants from their campuses. On January 28, 2013, Shane L. Windmeyer, the leader of Campus Pride, suspended their campaign.[68][69][70]

text: In June and July 2012, Chick-fil-A's chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy made several public statements about same-sex marriage, saying that those who "have the audacity to define what marriage is about" were "inviting God's judgment on our nation".[71][72][73][74][75] Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval.[76] Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and Chicago Alderman Proco "Joe" Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas.[77][78][79] The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union.[80][81][82] The Jim Henson Company, which had a Pajanimals kids' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick-fil-A, said it would cease its business relationship, and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation.[83][84][85] Chick-fil-A stopped distributing the toys, claiming that unrelated safety concerns that had arisen prior to the controversy.[86] Chick-fil-A released a statement on July 31, 2012, saying, "We are a restaurant company focused on food, service, and hospitality; our intent is to leave the policy debate over same-sex marriage to the government and political arena."[87]

text: Response[edit]

text: In response to the controversy, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick-fil-A launched by same-sex marriage activists.[88][89][90] More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee's appreciation event.[89] On August 1, Chick-fil-A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record-breaking sales.[88][89][90] A consulting firm estimated that the average Chick-fil-A restaurant had 29.9 percent more sales and 367 more customers than it did on a typical Wednesday.[18]

text: Report of policy change[edit]

text: In September 2012, The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) announced that Chick-fil-A had "ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination, specifically against LGBT civil rights." Chick-fil-A officials did state in an internal document that they "will treat every person equally, regardless of sexual orientation."[91] In a letter from Chick-fil-A's Senior Director of Real Estate, the company states, "The WinShape Foundation is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping, and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas."[92][93]

text: According to Chicago Alderman Proco "Joe" Moreno, Chick-fil-A has a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick-fil-A: Who We Are. A document released by Chick-fil-A on September 20, 2012, does not mention any organizations opposed to same-sex marriage as being part of Chick-fil-A's donation base. WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially, with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages.[94]

text: According to Focus on the Family's website, CitizenLink.com, "Chick-fil-A and its charitable-giving arm, the WinShape Foundation, did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the Biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago."[95] Mike Huckabee stated that he "talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy, CEO of Chick Fil-A about the new reports that Chick Fil-A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage. This is not true. The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees, but to end confusion gave me this statement." The statement provided by Chick-fil-A was posted on Huckabee's website.[96][97]

text: Recipe changes[edit]

text: Though Chick-fil-A has always used trans-fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches, anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers, in 2008, it became the first fast-food restaurant to become completely trans-fat free.[98]

text: In 2011, food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled "Chick-fil-A or Chemical Fil-A?" on her website, FoodBabe.com. She noted that Chick-fil-A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients, including peanut oil with TBHQ.[99] In October 2012, Chick-fil-A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta, GA headquarters.[100] In December 2013, Chick-fil-A notified Hari that it had eliminated the dye Yellow No. 5 and had reduced the sodium content in its chicken soup. The company also said that it is testing a peanut oil that does not contain TBHQ and that it would start testing sauces and dressings made without high-fructose corn syrup in 2014.[100]

text: Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics[edit]

text: According to the Food and Drug Administration, antibiotics used in livestock, many of which are also used to treat humans, have contributed to the rise of dangerous bacteria. In December 2012, the FDA announced plans to phase out certain antibiotics in the food production industry.[101]

text: In February 2014, Chick-fil-A announced plans to serve chicken raised without antibiotics in its restaurants nationwide within five years. Chick-fil-A is the first quick service restaurant to set forth a plan and commit to serving only poultry raised without antibiotics.[102]