document_title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)

question_text: where is the tv show hell's kitchen located

question_tokens: where is the tv show hell 's kitchen located

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)

text: Format[edit]

text: Hell's Kitchen is a reality television show that uses a progressive elimination format to narrow down a field of 12 to 20 aspiring chefs to a single winner over the course of one season. The U.S. version of Hell's Kitchen follows the format of the UK version though the show is recorded and not performed live, nor is there audience participation in the elimination of chefs. The show is produced at Hell's Kitchen, a modified warehouse in Los Angeles that includes the restaurant, dual kitchen facilities and a dormitory where the chefs reside while on the show. They are also given knife sets that they get to keep, regardless of their progress.[4]

text: At the start of each season, Gordon Ramsay breaks the chefs into two teams. Most often this is based on gender, with women on the red team and men on the blue; each is given a chef's jacket with panels of that color on the shoulders. The chefs remain on these teams throughout most of the competition; Ramsay may reassign a chef to the other team if the team numbers are uneven or if he feels the chef will perform better on the other team. Each episode typically includes a challenge and a dinner service, followed by the elimination of a chef. When only five or six chefs remain, they are brought into a single common team wearing black-panelled jackets. From this point onward, they compete individually to be one of the final two.

text: Challenges[edit]

text: In challenges, the teams or individual is tasked with a cooking challenge by Ramsay. The type of challenges are varied, including ingredient preparation, meal preparation and taste tests. The first challenge of each season is a signature dish cook-off, giving the chefs an opportunity to show Ramsay their cooking.

text: Each season typically includes one or more challenges that allows teams to construct several dishes either for a banquet to be held the next dinner service or as part of designing their own menus. Other challenges typically include a "taste it, make it" task, where chefs must attempt to recreate a dish Ramsay has prepared after tasting it only, and a "blind taste-test" where chefs identify ingredients while blindfolded and wearing sound-blocking earcovers. Some challenges have been full breakfast or lunch services, where the team completing the service first is declared the winner.

text: The winner of the challenge is determined by either a scoring system set for that challenge or by Ramsay's and/or guest judges' opinions. The winning team or chef receives a reward (a recreational activity away from Hell's Kitchen and other potential prizes), while the losing team or chefs are forced to do a menial task, such as cleaning the kitchens, preparing a specific ingredient for the following dinner or having to prepare the food for both kitchens.

text: Dinner service[edit]

text: For dinner services, the chefs are expected to work their station (such as meat, fish, or garnish) on the kitchen line to prepare food in coordination with their teammates and to Ramsay's high standards for quality and presentation. Dinner service is for about 100 guests (volunteers for the show), with each diner expecting to receive an appetizer, an entree, and a dessert. The chefs are given menus and recipe books by Ramsay to study and memorize, which include some of Ramsay's more difficult dishes including risotto and Beef Wellington. The chefs spend several hours before each service preparing their ingredients.

text: Menus may be customized for a specific dinner service, such as ethnic-themed dishes or plates that resulted from the earlier challenge. One service per season allows for the teams to develop their own menus, which are reviewed by Ramsay for quality and presentation beforehand. Dinner services may include additional challenges. A chef from each team may be asked to serve a table-side meal for their team, serve celebrities sitting at the kitchen's chef's table, or act as a server for the evening taking and fulfilling orders. After the chefs are on a single black team, Ramsay will use one dinner service to ask each chef to run the pass to test their quality control, including deliberate mistakes made by the sous chefs or Ramsay himself.

text: During a service, Ramsay demands that all orders for each course for a table go out together, and will send back entire orders if one item is improperly prepared, such as being over- or undercooked or not seasoned correctly. While the chefs are in two teams, Ramsay is assisted by two trusted sous-chefs, each monitoring one of the kitchens, demanding the same standards and alerting Ramsay to any issues. Ramsay's goal is to complete every dinner service, but exceptionally poor kitchen performance by one or both teams will cause him to close one (or both sides) of the kitchen early and send the team(s) back to the dorms. Ramsay may also evict individual chefs from the kitchen based on repeated poor performances during a service, and on rare occasions, may eliminate a chef on the spot.

text: Elimination[edit]

text: Once the dinner service is complete, Ramsay determines which team is the losing team and directs them to select two chefs from their team as nominees for elimination. Occasionally, Ramsay declares that both teams have lost, or requests a different number of chefs to be nominated for elimination. In some cases, Ramsay has named both teams winners, but still requires both teams to nominate someone for elimination. This is a group consensus, but Ramsay may occasionally name a chef "best of the worst" on their team and instruct them to choose the nominees. Ramsay has also on some occasions declared that nobody would be sent home, but those cases are generally followed by a double-elimination or occur after a spot elimination where Ramsay has sent a contestant home immediately due to malfeasance.

text: Ramsay reassembles the teams in the dining hall and hears out the nominations from the losing team(s). Ramsay may also nominate other chefs for elimination if he believes it appropriate. After giving these nominees the chance to defend themselves, Ramsay selects one to hand over their jacket and "leave Hell's Kitchen." On rarer occasions, Ramsay can overrule nominations or even eliminate a chef who has not been nominated, even a chef on a winning team.

text: The eliminated chef is shown leaving the restaurant, providing some last thoughts on the experience. After dismissing the chefs, Ramsay goes back upstairs to his office. He symbolically hangs the chef's jacket on a sharp hook below their picture in a row with the others, igniting the chef's picture and signalling their departure. During this scene, there is a voiceover of Ramsay explaining his reasons for eliminating the chef. If an eliminated chef has performed exceptionally well, Ramsay may allow that chef to keep their jacket as a token of their success up to that point, if he sees fit.

text: Chefs may be eliminated from the competition due to medical reasons, both voluntarily and involuntarily. Chefs that violate the competition's rules may be immediately eliminated. Chefs may also exit the competition voluntarily for any other reason; though this is not encouraged, their wishes are ultimately granted (with reasons by Ramsay explained, if applicable).

text: Final service[edit]

text: In the finale, the final two chefs are each given the opportunity to develop their own menus and lead a brigade of former competitors through a full dinner service on their own. In the first five seasons, this included the opportunity to decorate half of the Hell's Kitchen restaurant to their liking. Prior to the dinner service, the two chefs compete in a tasting contest, and the winner will earn the advantage of picking their brigade of chefs first. Ramsay will ensure that all menu items meet his standards for high cuisine prior to service, and he and his sous chefs will oversee the service to make sure that his high quality standards are retained, but does not otherwise get involved, allowing the two remaining chefs to demonstrate their ability to run the line.

text: Ramsay uses his own observations and those from the diners and other sources to decide who is the winning chef. He has two doors in his office leading out to the balcony above the Hell's Kitchen seating area. Each chef stands at a door and Ramsay tells them to both turn their handles at the same time. After a commercial break, only the door of the winning chef is unlocked allowing the winner to walk through and be greeted by the crowd below. The winning chef receives two prizes including the opportunity to work as the head chef or executive chef at a restaurant of Ramsay's choosing, as well as a cash prize of $250,000.[5] In a similar manner to the voiceover at each elimination, Ramsay has a voiceover to explain his reasons for choosing that chef as the winner.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cast member
Season

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Host

Gordon Ramsay
Main

Sous Chefs

Blue Team

Scott Leibfried
Main

James Avery

Main

Aaron Mitrano

Main

James "Jocky" Petrie

Main

Red Team

Mary-Ann Salcedo
Main

Gloria Felix

Main

Heather West

Main

Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec

Main
Guest
Main

Christina Wilson

Guest
Main
Guest
Main

Maître d'hôtel

Jean-Philippe Susilovic
Main

Main

James Lukanik

Main

Marino Monferrato

Main

text: Gordon Ramsay is the head chef. Jason Thompson is the narrator. Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d'hôtel, comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for season 11. He left after season 12 and was replaced by Marino Monferrato for season 13. Susilovic was also the maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version. James Lukanik replaced Susilovic for seasons 8–10.[6] Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs. The sous-chefs are Andi Van Willigan and Aaron Mitrano (since season 15). Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, season 2 winner Heather West, Scott Leibfried, James Avery and season 10 winner Christina Wilson. In season 15, Wilson filled in for Van Willigan-Cutspec who was getting married at the time of filming but returned for one episode when her reception was one of the themed dinner services for that season.

text: Production[edit]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The theme song is Fire by the Ohio Players. When the U.S. version is broadcast in the U.K., Italy, Portugal and some countries (shown on the table below), it features only the instrumental version. The instrumental version also appeared in the uncensored DVD release for the U.S. version.

text: Setting[edit]

text: For the show's first two seasons, the Hell's Kitchen restaurant set itself was housed in the former studios of Los Angeles television station KCOP at 915 North La Brea Avenue, in Hollywood, which at one time hosted production of game shows Tic Tac Dough and The Joker's Wild.[7] KCOP was acquired by News Corporation in 2001 and its studios were integrated with those of Fox affiliate KTTV in 2003, leaving the La Brea facility vacant.[8] Originally the studio was put up for sale, but in the end they were retooled for the production of Hell's Kitchen. The dining room area was the location of the former KCOP news studios, and living quarters for the contestants were built behind the restaurant.[9] Before season three, the Hell's Kitchen facility was moved to Century Studios at 3322 La Cienega Place in Los Angeles. Since the fourth season, Hell's Kitchen's venue has been located at 8660 Hayden Place in Culver City.[citation needed] According to Arthur Perkins, the soundstage is only open for audience members when taping is taking place.[10] The studio sits on the former location of the famous RKO Forty Acres backlot, which was used in movies such as Gone With The Wind and television series such as The Andy Griffith Show and Adventures of Superman. The studio building sits on the location of the military camp seen in the television series Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C..

text: Accusations of staging[edit]

text: The series has drawn numerous online and editorial accusations of staging and dramatic license,[11] mostly due to editing techniques of the producers which splice together several hours of footage from a dinner service, in order to make certain contestants appear as poor performers, later justifying their elimination. This was most obvious when one episode featured clips showing an already eliminated contestant in the background, still cooking.[12]

text: One of the most controversial accusations of staging on Hell's Kitchen relates to an incident with contestant Joseph Tinnelly, who, during one elimination round, angrily confronted Ramsay, challenging him to fight, and was then escorted off the set. The incident drew immediate fire from critics as an overplayed and possibly faked scene, conducted to cause action and tension on the show in order to spark viewer interest.[13]

text: In a 2013 interview, Ramsay admitted that the vast majority of his anger towards contestants was acting, his on-camera rage being done to force contestants to give their all and that when off-camera he treated all contestants with friendliness and respect. Ramsay further stated he would often meet with eliminated contestants after their departure from the show, offering positive criticism and advice. Staff and production members further affirmed that in real life, Ramsay was a sociable and friendly person and most of the on-camera drama is played out for the benefit of the audience.[14]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Original run
Winner
Runner-up
Reason for winning
Contestants
Winner's prize

01
May 30 – August 1, 2005
Michael Wray
Ralph Pagano
High standards[15]
12
 Tatou in Los Angeles[a]

02
June 12 – August 14, 2006
Heather West
Virginia Dalbeck
Determination[15]
 Terra Rossa at Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas

03
June 4 – August 13, 2007
Rock Harper
Bonnie Muirhead
Leadership
 Terra Verde at Green Valley Ranch in Henderson

04
April 1 – July 8, 2008
Christina Machamer
Louis Petrozza
Potential
15
 London West Hollywood in Los Angeles

05
January 29 – May 14, 2009
Danny Veltri
Paula da Silva
Maturity[15]
16
 Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City

06
July 21 – October 13, 2009
Dave Levey
Kevin Cottle
Ability[15]
17
 Araxi Restaurant and Bar in Whistler

07
June 1 – August 10, 2010
Holli Ugalde
Jay Santos
Confidence[15]
16
 Savoy Grill at Savoy Hotel in London[b]

08
September 22 – December 15, 2010
Nona Sivley
Russell Kook II
Palate[15]
 LA Market at JW Marriott Hotel in Los Angeles

09
July 18 – September 19, 2011
Paul Niedermann
Will Lustberg
Enthusiasm
18
 BLT Steak in New York City

10
June 4 – September 10, 2012
Christina Wilson
Justin Antiorio
Passion
 Gordon Ramsay Steak in the Paris Las Vegas[16]

11
March 12 – July 25, 2013
Ja'Nel Witt
Mary Poehnelt
Composure
20
 Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill at Caesars Palace[17][c]

12
March 13 – July 24, 2014
Scott Commings
Jason Zepaltas
Artistry

13
September 10 – December 17, 2014
La Tasha McCutchen
Bryant Gallaher
Will & Determination
18
 Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City[18][d]

14
March 3 – June 9, 2015
Meghan Gill
Torrece "T" Gregoire
Natural Leadership

15
January 15 – April 29, 2016
Ariel Malone
Kristin Barone
Vocalness
 BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas[19]

16
September 23, 2016 – February 2, 2017
Kimberly-Ann Ryan
Heather Williams
Tenacity
 Yardbird Southern Table & Bar at The Venetian Las Vegas[20]

17
September 29, 2017 – TBA
TBD
TBD
TBD
16
 Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace[21]

text:
Jump up ^ Season 1 winner Michael was offered the alternative choice of working at Gordon Ramsay in London, which he accepted therefore he didn't receive the original prize.
Jump up ^ Season 7 winner Holli was refused a UK work permit, and so was awarded the cash prize in lieu of the job at the Savoy Grill.
Jump up ^ Season 11 winner Ja'Nel's job offer was withdrawn after she failed a drug test, but she kept the cash prize. Due to a commitment on Ja'Nel's job withdrawal, season 12 winner Scott later won the job offer after winning in the next season.
Jump up ^ Season 13 winner La Tasha McCutchen, and Season 14 winner Meghan Gill to share head chef duties at Caesars Atlantic City.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Hell's Kitchen has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Art Direction for Variety, Music or Nonfiction Programming category in 2007, 2008, and 2009. It has also been nominated for two Art Directors Guild Awards in the Television — Awards Show, Variety, Music or Non-Fiction Program category in 2007 and 2008, winning one in 2008. It has also been nominated for a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Series.

text: In 2009, Gordon Ramsay won an Astra Award for Favourite International Personality or Actor.[22]

text: At the 2011 People's Choice Awards, Hell's Kitchen was nominated for Favorite Reality Show and Gordon Ramsay was nominated for Favorite TV Chef.[23]

text: At the 2014 Reality TV Awards ceremony, Hell's Kitchen won an award for best new cast.[24] In 2015, Hell's Kitchen won awards for best overall show and guilty pleasure at the 2015 Reality TV Awards.[25]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Time slot (ET/PT)
Season premiere
Season finale
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Viewers
(in millions)

1
Monday 9:00 p.m.
May 30, 2005 (2005-05-30)

August 1, 2005 (2005-08-01)

2005

2
June 12, 2006 (2006-06-12)
7.5[26]
August 14, 2006 (2006-08-14)

2006

7.8[27]

3
June 4, 2007 (2007-06-04)
8.0[26]
August 13, 2007 (2007-08-13)
9.8[27]
2007

8.6[27]

4
Tuesday 9:00 p.m.
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)
11.9[28]
July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2007-08

5
Thursday 9:00 p.m.
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)

July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2008-09

6
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)

July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2009

7
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)

July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2010

8
Wednesday 8:00 p.m. (1-10)
Wednesday 9:00 p.m. (11-15)
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)

July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2010-11

9
Monday and Tuesday 8:00 p.m. (1-8)
Monday 8:00 p.m. (9-11, 15-16)
Monday 9:00 p.m. (12-14)
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)

July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2011

10
Monday 8:00 p.m. (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 20)
Tuesday 8:00 p.m. (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 17)
Monday 9:00 p.m. (16-18)
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)

July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)

2012

11
Tuesday 8:00 p.m. (1-10)
Monday 8:00 p.m. (11-12)
Thursday 8:00 p.m. (13-18, 21-22)
Thursday 9:00 p.m. (19-20)
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)
5.30[29]
July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)
5.61[29]
2012-13

5.08[29]

12
Thursday 8:00 p.m.
April 1, 2008 (2008-04-01)
5.45[30]
July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)
5.17[30]
2013-14

4.83[30]

13
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
September 10, 2014 (2014-09-10)
4.27[31]
December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)
3.60[31]
2014-15

3.77[31]

14
Tuesday 8:00 p.m. (1-13)
Tuesday 9:00 p.m. (14-16)
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
4.09[32]
June 9, 2015 (2015-06-09)
3.42[32]

3.50[32]

15
Friday 9:00 p.m. (1-2, 12-16)
Wednesday 9:00 p.m. (3-11)
January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)
3.41[33]
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)
3.13[33]
2015-16

3.56[33]

16
Friday 8:00 p.m. (1-10)
Thursday 8:00 p.m. (11-16)
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
3.37[34]
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
3.67[34]
2016-17

3.48[34]

17
Friday 8:00 p.m.
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

TBA

2017-18

text: Other media[edit]

text: DVD and Blu-ray releases[edit]

text: Visual Entertainment has released the first fourteen seasons of Hell's Kitchen in Region 1.[35] Season 14 was released on March 15, 2016, and to the Blu-ray format for the first time.[36]

text: In Region 4, Shock Entertainment has released seasons 1–8 on DVD in Australia.[37]

text:
DVD/BD title
No. of
episodes
Release dates

Region 1 (CAN)
Region 1 (US)
Region 4 (AUS)

Hell's Kitchen – Season 1: Raw and Uncensored
10
April 8, 2008
December 1, 2008

Hell's Kitchen – Season 2: Raw and Uncensored
10
October 27, 2009
May 11, 2010
February 2, 2009

Hell's Kitchen – Season 3: Raw and Uncensored
11
August 10, 2010
September 21, 2010
February 2, 2009

Hell's Kitchen – Season 4: Raw and Uncensored
15
November 16, 2010
November 9, 2010
April 1, 2009

Hell's Kitchen – Season 5: Raw and Uncensored
15
August 30, 2011
November 27, 2009

Hell's Kitchen – Season 6: Raw and Uncensored
15
November 1, 2011
April 10, 2012
March 9, 2011[38]

Hell's Kitchen – Season 7: Raw and Uncensored
15
June 5, 2012
May 11, 2011[39]

Hell's Kitchen – Season 8: Raw and Uncensored
15
December 4, 2012
May 11, 2011[40]

Hell's Kitchen – Season 9: Raw and Uncensored
16
August 27, 2013
September 10, 2013
TBA

Hell's Kitchen – Season 10: Raw and Uncensored
20
October 8, 2013[41]
October 1, 2013
TBA

Hell's Kitchen – Season 11: Raw and Uncensored
22
April 15, 2014
TBA

Hell's Kitchen – Season 12: Raw and Uncensored
20
September 1, 2015
TBA

Hell's Kitchen – Season 13: Raw and Uncensored
16
November 24, 2015
TBA

Hell's Kitchen – Season 14: Raw and Uncensored
16
March 15, 2016
TBA

text: Hell's Kitchen: The Game[edit]

text:
Hell's Kitchen: The Game

Developer(s)
Ludia

Publisher(s)
Ubisoft

Platform(s)
Wii, Nintendo DS, Windows and iPhone OS

Release
September 11, 2008

Genre(s)
Sim

text: On September 11, 2008, Ubisoft released Hell's Kitchen: The Game for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Windows, and iOS which features the likeness of Ramsay, and the many important tasks shown in the U.S. version of the show.[42]

text:
Hell's Kitchen on Facebook

Developer(s)
Ludia / Social2u

Platform(s)
Facebook

Release
April 2, 2009

Genre(s)
Sim

text: On April 2, 2009, Ludia and Social2u released the official Facebook version of the Hell's Kitchen game.[43]


document_title: Williams Arena

question_text: why is the floor raised at williams arena

root

text: Williams Arena

text: History[edit]

text: Initially known as the Minnesota Field House (another building has that name today), Williams Arena was constructed in the 1920s and opened in 1928. The original construction of Williams Arena cost $650,000.[6] The arena was remodeled in 1950, and renamed Williams Arena after Dr. Henry L. Williams, the football coach from 1900 to 1921.

tag: p

text: As part of the 1950 renovation, it was divided into two separate arenas within one building—a larger one for basketball and a smaller one for hockey. Both arenas were called Williams Arena until March 2, 1985, when the hockey section was renamed Mariucci Arena after longtime Gopher hockey coach John Mariucci. The hockey team moved into a new building across the street from Williams in 1993, also named Mariucci Arena. The old Mariucci Arena within Williams was remodeled into the Sports Pavilion and now houses the volleyball, wrestling, and gymnastic teams.

text: The venue hosted the 1951 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament championship game and the 1964 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament Mideast Regional. Williams Arena has hosted the 1st and 2nd rounds of the NCAA women's basketball tournament in 2005, 2007, and 2010. The hockey portion of Williams hosted the Frozen Four in 1958 and 1966. The Minnesota Lynx played all of their 2017 postseason home games at Williams Arena, ultimately winning the franchise's fourth WNBA championship in the building.[7]

text: Williams Arena was used for the filming of scenes in Columbia Pictures' 1978 motion picture release, Ice Castles.[8]

text: Design[edit]

text: The building has an arched roof, in the same manner as an airplane hangar. The double arch steel beams allows an open space for the bleachers and floor. There are some seats with partially obscured views due to the upper deck extending past the trusses. Over the summer of 2012, a new Daktronics videoboard and fascia displays were installed as part of a sporting facility update, replacing the older board. The new board is 11'7"x13'8" with LED rings above and below the main display. The fascia extends 360° around the arena.

text: Raised floor[edit]

text: Williams Arena features an unusual raised floor design. The court surface is raised above the ground approximately two feet so that players' benches, officials tables, etc., are actually below the court. The same goes for fans with the first row looking at players at about knee-level. Normally, other than the officials and those players actively playing, only head coaches are allowed to be on the court itself. The raised floor is one of only a few remaining examples left and contributes significantly to the historic aura of the 80-year-old arena. This served as the inspiration for the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship to host stadiums for their Final Four as of 2009 to have the floor about three feet off the stadium floor as part of an increased capacity to a minimum of 70,000. The floor in Williams Arena recently underwent a replacement. PCL Construction began work on May 11, 2009, replacing the original playing surface from 1928 with a new floor along with new basketball goals. This was the first major upgrade to the facility since a renovation occurred in the early 1990s. Memorial Gymnasium at Vanderbilt University[10] and Hinkle Fieldhouse at Butler University[11] are two other existing arenas with a raised floor. Robertson Memorial Field House at Bradley University, since demolished, also used a raised floor.[12]

text: Seating capacity[edit]

text:
Seating capacity

1928–1950
14,100

1950–1971
18,025

1971–1987
17,500

1987–1993
16,434

1993–1997
14,321

1997–present
14,625

tag: table

text: From 1950 until the opening of Marriott Center at Brigham Young University in 1971, it had the largest capacity of any collegiate basketball arena in the country. Hinkle Fieldhouse at Butler University also was constructed in 1928, and held the honor of being the highest capacity arena until the remodeling of Williams Arena in 1950.

text: Before Williams Arena[edit]

text: When the Gophers basketball team first organized, they played games in the on-campus YMCA. In 1896, the team moved into the campus Armory, a large building with gymnasium space for the team to use, even if basketball was not its primary purpose.[13]:6 The Gophers remained in the Armory for almost thirty years. Halfway through the 1924–25 season, coach Harold Taylor moved the team from the University Armory to the Kenwood Armory in downtown Minneapolis.[13]:50 This significantly increased the attendance: capacity at the University Armory was 2,000, but it was 6,500 at Kenwood. The team only played at Kenwood for a few seasons, however, as the University of Minnesota Field House (later known as Williams Arena) opened partway through the 1927–1928 season. The team moved in on January 31, 1928.[13]:50


document_title: Space Shuttle thermal protection system

question_text: how many heat tiles on a space shuttle

question_tokens: how many heat tiles on a space shuttle

text: Space Shuttle thermal protection system

text: Materials[edit]

text: The TPS covered essentially the entire orbiter surface, and consisted of seven different materials in varying locations based on amount of required heat protection:

text:
Reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC), used in the nose cap, the chin area between the nose cap and nose landing gear doors, the arrowhead aft of the nose landing gear door, and the wing leading edges. Used where reentry temperature exceeded 1,260 °C (2,300 °F).
High-temperature reusable surface insulation (HRSI) tiles, used on the orbiter underside. Made of coated LI-900 Silica ceramics. Used where reentry temperature was below 1,260 °C.
Fibrous refractory composite insulation (FRCI) tiles, used to provide improved strength, durability, resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction. Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type.
Flexible Insulation Blankets (FIB), a quilted, flexible blanket-like surface insulation. Used where reentry temperature was below 649 °C (1,200 °F).
Low-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (LRSI) tiles, formerly used on the upper fuselage, but were mostly replaced by FIB.  Used in temperature ranges roughly similar to FIB.
Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation (TUFI) tiles, a stronger, tougher tile which came into use in 1996. Used in high and low temperature areas.
Felt reusable surface insulation (FRSI).  White Nomex felt blankets on the upper payload bay doors, portions of the mid fuselage and aft fuselage sides, portions of the upper wing surface and a portion of the OMS/RCS pods. Used where temperatures stayed below 371 °C (700 °F).

tag: ul

text: Each type of TPS had specific heat protection, impact resistance, and weight characteristics, which determined the locations where it was used and the amount used.

text: The shuttle TPS has three key characteristics that distinguish it from the TPS used on previous spacecraft:

text:
Reusable. Previous spacecraft generally used ablative heat shields which burned off during reentry and so couldn't be reused.  This insulation was robust and reliable, and the single-use nature was appropriate for a single-use vehicle.  By contrast, the reusable shuttle required a reusable thermal protection system.
Lightweight.  Previous ablative heat shields were very heavy.  For example, the ablative heat shield on the Apollo Command Module comprised about 1/3 of the vehicle weight.  The winged shuttle had much more surface area than previous spacecraft, so a lightweight TPS was crucial.
Fragile.  The only known technology in the early 1970s with the required thermal and weight characteristics was also so fragile, due to the very low density, that one could easily crush a TPS tile by hand.

text: Why TPS is needed[edit]

text:
The orbiter's aluminum structure could not withstand temperatures over 175 °C (347 °F) without structural failure.[2]
Aerodynamic heating during reentry would push the temperature well above this level in areas, so an effective insulator was needed.

text: Reentry heating[edit]

text: Reentry heating differs from the normal atmospheric heating associated with jet aircraft, and this governed TPS design and characteristics. The skin of high-speed jet aircraft can also become hot, but this is from frictional heating due to atmospheric friction, similar to warming one's hands by rubbing them together. The orbiter reentered the atmosphere as a blunt body by having a very high (40-degree) angle of attack, with its broad lower surface facing the direction of flight. Over 80% of the heating the orbiter experiences during reentry is caused by compression of the air ahead of the hypersonic vehicle, in accordance with the basic thermodynamic relation between pressure and temperature.  A hot shock wave was created in front of the vehicle, which deflected most of the heat and prevented the orbiter's surface from directly contacting the peak heat.  Therefore reentry heating was largely convective heat transfer between the shock wave and the orbiter's skin through superheated plasma.[1] The key to a reusable shield against this type of heating is very low-density material, similar to how a thermos bottle inhibits convective heat transfer.[citation needed]

text: Some high temperature metal alloys can withstand reentry heat; they simply get hot and re-radiate the absorbed heat. This technique, called "heat sink" thermal protection, was planned for the X-20 Dyna-Soar winged space vehicle.[1] However, the amount of high-temperature metal required to protect a large vehicle like the Space Shuttle Orbiter would have been very heavy and entailed a severe penalty to the vehicle's performance.  Similarly, ablative TPS would be heavy, possibly disturb vehicle aerodynamics as it burned off during reentry, and require significant maintenance to reapply after each mission.  (Unfortunately, TPS tile, which was originally specified never to take debris strikes during launch, in practice also needed to be closely inspected and repaired after each landing, due to damage invariably incurred during ascent, even before new on-orbit inspection policies were established following the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia.)

text: Detailed description[edit]

text: The TPS was a system of different protection types, not just silica tiles.  They are in two basic categories: tile TPS and non-tile TPS.[1] The main selection criteria used the lightest weight protection capable of handling the heat in a given area.  However in some cases a heavier type was used if additional impact resistance was needed.  The FIB blankets were primarily adopted for reduced maintenance, not for thermal or weight reasons.

text:
Much of the shuttle was covered with LI-900 silica tiles, made from essentially very pure quartz sand.[1]  The insulation prevented heat transfer to the underlying orbiter aluminum skin and structure.  These tiles were such poor heat conductors that one could hold one by the edges while it was still red hot.[3]
There were about 24,300 unique tiles individually fitted on the vehicle, for which the orbiter has been called "the flying brickyard". Researchers at University of Minnesota and  Pennsylvania State University are performing the atomistic simulations to obtain accurate description of interactions between atomic and molecular oxygen with silica surfaces to develop better high-temperature oxidation-protection systems for leading edges on hypersonic vehicles.[4]

text: The tiles were not mechanically fastened to the vehicle, but glued.  Since the brittle tiles could not flex with the underlying vehicle skin, they were glued to Nomex felt Strain Isolation Pads (SIPs) with RTV silicone adhesive, which were in turn glued to the orbiter skin.  These isolated the tiles from the orbiter's structural deflections and expansions.[1]

text: Tile types[edit]

text: High-temperature reusable surface insulation (HRSI)[edit]

text: HRSI tiles (black in color) provided protection against temperatures up to 1,260 °C (2,300 °F). There were 20,548 HRSI tiles which covered the landing gear doors, external tank umbilical connection doors, and the rest of the orbiter's under surfaces.  They were also used in areas on the upper forward fuselage, parts of the orbital maneuvering system pods, vertical stabilizer leading edge, elevon trailing edges, and upper body flap surface.  They varied in thickness from 1 to 5 inches (2.5 to 12.7 cm), depending upon the heat load encountered during reentry.  Except for closeout areas, these tiles were normally 6 by 6 inches (15 by 15 cm) square. The HRSI tile was composed of high purity silica fibers. Ninety percent of the volume of the tile was empty space, giving it a very low density (9 lb/cu ft or 140 kg/m3) making it light enough for spaceflight.[1]  The uncoated tiles were bright white in appearance and looked more like a solid ceramic than the foam-like material that they were.

text: The black coating on the tiles was Reaction Cured Glass (RCG) of which tetrasilicide and borosilicate glass were some of several ingredients.  RCG was applied to all but one side of the tile to protect the porous silica and to increase the heat sink properties.  The coating was absent from a small margin of the sides adjacent to the uncoated (bottom) side.  To waterproof the tile, dimethylethoxysilane was injected into the tiles by syringe. Densifying the tile with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) also helped to protect the silica and added additional waterproofing.

text: An uncoated HRSI tile held in the hand feels like a very light foam, less dense than styrofoam, and the delicate, friable material must be handled with extreme care to prevent damage.  The coating feels like a thin, hard shell and encapsulates the white insulating ceramic to resolve its friability, except on the uncoated side.  Even a coated tile feels very light, lighter than a same-sized block of styrofoam.  As expected for silica, they are odorless and inert.[citation needed]

text: HRSI was primarily designed to withstand transition from areas of extremely low temperature (the void of space, about −270 °C or −454 °F) to the high temperatures of re-entry (caused by interaction, mostly compression at the hypersonic shock, between the gases of the upper atmosphere & the hull of the Space Shuttle, typically around 1,600 °C or 2,910 °F).[1]

text: Fibrous Refractory Composite Insulation Tiles (FRCI)[edit]

text: The black FRCI tiles provided improved durability, resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction. Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type.[1]

text: Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation (TUFI)[edit]

text: A stronger, tougher tile which came into use in 1996. TUFI tiles came in high temperature black versions for use in the orbiter's underside, and lower temperature white versions for use on the upper body. While more impact resistant than other tiles, white versions conducted more heat which limited their use to the orbiter's upper body flap and main engine area. Black versions had sufficient heat insulation for the orbiter underside but had greater weight. These factors restricted their use to specific areas.[1]

text: Low-temperature reusable surface insulation (LRSI)[edit]

text: White in color, these covered the upper wing near the leading edge.  They were also used in selected areas of the forward, mid, and aft fuselage, vertical tail, and the OMS/RCS pods.  These tiles protected areas where reentry temperatures are below 1,200 °F (649 °C).  The LRSI tiles were manufactured in the same manner as the HRSI tiles, except that the tiles were 8 by 8 inches (20 by 20 cm) square and had a white RCG coating made of silica compounds with shiny aluminum oxide.[1]  The white color was by design and helped to manage heat on orbit when the orbiter was exposed to direct sunlight.

text: These tiles were reusable for up to 100 missions with refurbishment (100 missions was also the design lifetime of each orbiter).  They were carefully inspected in the Orbiter Processing Facility after each mission, and damaged or worn tiles were immediately replaced before the next mission.  Fabric sheets known as gap fillers were also inserted between tiles where necessary.  These allowed for a snug fit between tiles, preventing excess plasma from penetrating between them, yet allowing for thermal expansion and flexing of the underlying vehicle skin.

text: Prior to the introduction of FIB blankets, LRSI tiles occupied all of the areas now covered by the blankets, including the upper fuselage and the whole surface of the OMS pods. This TPS configuration was only used on Columbia and Challenger.

text: Non-tile TPS[edit]

text: Flexible Insulation Blankets/Advanced Flexible Reusable Insulation (FIB/AFRSI)[edit]

text: Developed after the initial delivery of Columbia and first used on the OMS pods of Challenger.[5] This white low-density fibrous silica batting material had a quilt-like appearance, and replaced the vast majority of the LRSI tiles. They required much less maintenance than LRSI tiles yet had about the same thermal properties. After their limited use on Challenger, they were used much more extensively beginning with Discovery and replaced many of the LRSI tiles on Columbia after the loss of Challenger.

text: Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC)[edit]

text: The light gray material which withstood reentry temperatures up to 1,510 °C (2,750 °F) protected the wing leading edges and nose cap. Each of the orbiters' wings had 22 RCC panels about 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch (6.4 to 12.7 mm) thick. T-seals between each panel allowed for thermal expansion and lateral movement between these panels and the wing.

text: RCC was a laminated composite material made from carbon fibres impregnated with a phenolic resin. After curing at high temperature in an autoclave, the laminate was pyrolized to convert the resin to pure carbon. This was then impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber, then cured and pyrolized again to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon. This process was repeated three times until the desired carbon-carbon properties were achieved.

text: To provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the RCC were coated with silicon carbide. The silicon-carbide coating protected the carbon-carbon from oxidation. The RCC was highly resistant to fatigue loading that was experienced during ascent and entry. It was stronger than the tiles and was also used around the socket of the forward attach point of the orbiter to the External Tank to accommodate the shock loads of the explosive bolt detonation.  RCC was the only TPS material that also served as structural support for part of the orbiter's aerodynamic shape: the wing leading edges and the nose cap.  All other TPS components (tiles and blankets) were mounted onto structural materials that supported them, mainly the aluminum frame and skin of the orbiter.

text: Nomex Felt Reusable Surface Insulation (FRSI)[edit]

text: This white, flexible fabric offered protection at up to 371 °C (700 °F). FRSI covered the orbiter's upper wing surfaces, upper payload bay doors, portions of the OMS/RCS pods, and aft fuselage.

text: Gap fillers[edit]

text: Gap fillers were placed at doors and moving surfaces to minimize heating by preventing the formation of vortices. Doors and moving surfaces created open gaps in the heat protection system that had to be protected from heat. Some of these gaps were safe, but there were some areas on the heat shield where surface pressure gradients caused a crossflow of boundary layer air in those gaps.

text: The filler materials were made of either white AB312 fibers or black AB312 cloth covers (which contain alumina fibers).  These materials were used around the leading edge of the nose cap, windshields, side hatch, wing, trailing edge of elevons, vertical stabilizer, the rudder/speed brake, body flap, and heat shield of the shuttle's main engines.

text: On STS-114, some of this material was dislodged and determined to pose a potential safety risk.  It was possible that the gap filler could cause turbulent airflow further down the fuselage, which would result in much higher heating, potentially damaging the orbiter. The cloth was removed during a spacewalk during the mission.

text: Weight considerations[edit]

text: While RCC had the best heat protection characteristics, it was also much heavier than the silica tiles and FIB blankets, so it was limited to relatively small areas. In general the goal was to use the lightest weight insulation consistent with the required thermal protection. Weight per unit volume of each TPS type:

text:
RCC: 1986 kg/m³ (124 lb/ft³)
LI-2200 tiles: 352 kg/m³ (22 lb/ft³)
FRCI tiles: 192 kg/m³ (12 lb/ft³)
LI-900 (black or white) tiles: 144 kg/m³ (9 lb/ft³)
FIB blankets: 144 kg/m³ (9 lb/ft³)

text: Total area and weight of each TPS type (used on Orbiter 102) (pre-1996):

text:
TPS type
color
Area(m2)
Areal Density(kg/m2)
Weight(kg)

FRSI
white
332.7
1.6
532.1

LRSI
off white
254.6
3.98
1014.2

HRSI
black
479.7
9.2
4412.6

RCC
light gray
38.0
44.7
1697.3

misc

918.5

Total

1105

8574.0

text: Early TPS problems[edit]

text: Slow tile application[edit]

text: Tiles often fell off and caused much of the delay in the launch of STS-1, the first shuttle mission, which was originally scheduled for 1979 but did not occur until April 1981. NASA was unused to lengthy delays in its programs, and was under great pressure from the government and military to launch soon. In March 1979 it moved the incomplete Columbia, with 7,800 of the 31,000 tiles missing, from the Rockwell International plant in Palmdale, California to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Beyond creating the appearance of progress in the program, NASA hoped that the tiling could be finished while the rest of the orbiter was prepared. This was a mistake; some of the Rockwell tilers disliked Florida and soon returned to California, and the Orbiter Processing Facility was not designed for manufacturing and was too small for its 400 workers.[7]:83–87

text: Each tile used cement that required 16 hours to cure. After the tile was affixed to the cement, a jack held it in place for another 16 hours. In March 1979 it took each worker 40 hours to install one tile; by using young, efficient college students during the summer the pace sped up to 1.8 tiles per worker per week. Thousands of tiles failed stress tests and had to be replaced. By fall NASA realized that the speed of tiling would determine the launch date. The tiles were so problematic that officials would have switched to any other thermal protection method, but none other existed.[7]:88–91

text: Because it had to be ferried without all tiles the gaps were filled with material to maintain the Shuttle's aerodynamics while in transit.[8]

text: Concern over "zipper effect"[edit]

text: The tile TPS was an area of concern during shuttle development, mainly concerning adhesion reliability.  Some engineers thought a failure mode could exist whereby one tile could detach, and resulting aerodynamic pressure would create a "zipper effect" stripping off other tiles.  Whether during ascent or reentry, the result would be disastrous.

text: Concern over debris strikes[edit]

text: Another problem was ice or other debris impacting the tiles during ascent.  This had never been fully and thoroughly solved, as the debris had never been eliminated, and the tiles remained susceptible to damage from it.  NASA's final strategy for mitigating this problem was to aggressively inspect for, assess, and address any damage that may occur, while on orbit and before reentry, in addition to on the ground between flights.

text: Early tile repair plans[edit]

text: These concerns were sufficiently great that NASA did significant work developing an emergency-use tile repair kit which the STS-1 crew could use before deorbiting. By December 1979, prototypes and early procedures were completed, most of which involved equipping the astronauts with a special in-space repair kit and a jet pack called the Manned Maneuvering Unit, or MMU, developed by Martin Marietta.

text: Another element was a maneuverable work platform which would secure an MMU-propelled spacewalking astronaut to the fragile tiles beneath the orbiter. The concept used electrically-controlled adhesive cups which would lock the work platform into position on the featureless tile surface. About one year before the 1981 STS-1 launch, NASA decided the repair capability was not worth the additional risk and training, so discontinued development.[9]  There were unresolved problems with the repair tools and techniques; also further tests indicated the tiles were unlikely to come off.  The first shuttle mission did suffer several tile losses, but they were in non-critical areas, and no "zipper effect" occurred.

text: Columbia accident and aftermath[edit]

text: On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed on reentry due to a failure of the TPS.  The investigation team found and reported that the probable cause of the accident was that during launch, a piece of foam debris punctured an RCC panel on the left wing's leading edge and allowed hot gases from the reentry to enter the wing and disintegrate the wing from within, leading to eventual loss of control and breakup of the shuttle.

text: The Space Shuttle's thermal protection system received a number of controls and modifications after the disaster.  They were applied to the three remaining shuttles, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour in preparation for subsequent mission launches into space.

text: On 2005's STS-114 mission, in which Discovery made the first flight to follow the Columbia accident, NASA took a number of steps to verify that the TPS was undamaged.  The 50-foot-long (15 m) Orbiter Boom Sensor System, a new extension to the Remote Manipulator System, was used to perform laser imaging of the TPS to inspect for damage.  Prior to docking with the International Space Station, Discovery performed a Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, simply a 360° backflip rotation, allowing all areas of the vehicle to be photographed from ISS.  Two gap fillers were protruding from the orbiter's underside more than the nominally allowed distance, and the agency cautiously decided it would be best to attempt to remove the fillers or cut them flush rather than risk the increased heating they would cause.  Even though each one protruded less than 3 cm (1.2 in), it was believed that leaving them could cause heating increases of 25% upon reentry.

text: Because the orbiter did not have any handholds on its underside (as they would cause much more trouble with reentry heating than the protruding gap fillers of concern), astronaut Stephen K. Robinson worked from the ISS's robotic arm, Canadarm2.  Because the TPS tiles were quite fragile, there had been concern that anyone working under the vehicle could cause more damage to the vehicle than was already there, but NASA officials felt that leaving the gap fillers alone was a greater risk.  In the event, Robinson was able to pull the gap fillers free by hand, and caused no damage to the TPS on Discovery.

text: Tile Donations[edit]

text: As of  2010[update], with the impending Space Shuttle retirement, NASA is donating TPS tiles to schools, universities, and museums for the cost of shipping;  US$23.4 each.[10] About 7000 tiles were available on a first-come, first-served basis, but limited to one each per institution.[10]


document_title: Dylan McKay

question_text: who does dylan end up with in 90210

question_tokens: who does dylan end up with in 90210

text: Dylan McKay

text: Beverly Hills, 90210[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The son of morally ambiguous business tycoon Jack McKay and hippie ex-wife Iris McKay, Dylan starts the series with a reputation for being a dangerous loner. After he stands up to some bullies for freshman student Scott Scanlon, he is befriended by Brandon Walsh and through Brandon; Donna Martin, Kelly Taylor, Steve Sanders, Brenda Walsh, Andrea Zuckerman and David Silver, Dylan grows close to all of them, and they help soften his rebel attitude. Dylan eventually starts dating Brenda, and despite her father's (Jim Walsh) protests, the two soon fall in love.[5]

text: Throughout the first two seasons, Dylan's relationship with Brenda helps him through several traumatic events, including his struggle with alcoholism and his father's arrest (and eventual conviction) for several white-collar crimes. However, when Dylan takes Brenda to Mexico against her father's wishes, her father forbids her to date him. Brenda refuses to obey and moves in with Dylan, who becomes increasingly unhappy in the relationship due to his feud with Jim Walsh, and their new living arrangement annoys Dylan to the point that he nearly ends their relationship. At this point, Jim proposes to send Brenda to France (in lieu of Kelly Taylor )for a summer French immersion program.

text: With Brenda in Paris, Dylan starts spending a great deal of time with Kelly, helping her babysit her little sister and entering a doubles beach volleyball tournament with her. The two have a strictly physical affair, but Kelly ends it out of loyalty to Brenda. Upon returning from Paris, Dylan and Brenda reunite. This doesn't last long though, as Brenda (who also has had an affair) runs into the man she was seeing in Paris at a video store and starts seeing him behind Dylan's back. Dylan and Brenda break up, and Dylan heads straight for Kelly. This doesn't last long either -- after Brenda sees them on a date and gets angry at them, they take a step back from their potential relationship. Dylan, frustrated, takes a road trip to get away from them. When he returns, Kelly and Brenda tell him to make a choice. When Brenda is unable to show up when he invites both girls to see his father, he decides to choose Kelly.

text: When Dylan's father is prematurely released from prison, Kelly helps Dylan re-establish a healthy relationship with his father. However, this does not last long; Jack is apparently killed by a car-bomb planted by the mob because he could not pay a debt. Dylan spends the remainder of the third season managing his relationship with Kelly, and graduates from West Beverly High School with the rest of his friends in the season finale.

text: Seasons 4–6[edit]

text: In the fourth season of the show, Dylan meets a woman who calls herself Suzanne Steele and who claims to be the mother of Jack McKay's illegitimate child, a young girl named Erica (Noley Thornton, then Johna Stewart-Bowden in season 8). Dylan is initially skeptical, but eventually accepts them as family. This, coupled with Dylan's close friendship with Brenda, strains his relationship with Kelly. They repeatedly break up and get back together, but they ultimately call it quits after a particularly bad fight. Dylan briefly reconciles with Brenda before she leaves for London.

text: After Suzanne begins dating environmental chemist Kevin Weaver, whom she soon marries, Dylan agrees to help fund Suzanne's new husband's personal project promoting clean beaches, a cause about which Dylan is also passionate). It is revealed to the audience (but not to Dylan or any other character in the show) in the season finale that Suzanne and Ken were conning him, and uses his cause (and longing for family) to steal his large trust fund.

text: The show's fifth season is set several months later. Dylan, nearly bankrupt because of the events of the previous season, has suffered a relapse and spent the summer in Mexico, mulling over issues with Brenda, Kelly and the betrayal of his "family". Feeling alienated from friends, family, and life in general, Dylan keeps his financial situation a secret from everyone. After Dylan returns to Beverly Hills, he finds out that Brandon and Kelly have started dating and makes a scene at Donna's Cotillion rehearsal dinner. He mocks Kelly, who in her anger tells him that "we are so over".

text: Dylan then starts taking drugs and sleeping with Valerie Malone, who discovers his drug problem and his true financial situation and tells the rest of Dylan's friends. Dylan continues in his downward spiral until his friends hold an intervention. He agrees to go to rehab, but checks out after only one day. He then loads up on drugs and gets into a life-threatening car wreck, where (while fighting for his life) he has a series of dream about his innocent half-sister Erica, and realizes that he must clean himself up in order to save her from her mother Suzanne and from Suzanne's partner-in-crime Kevin. Afterwards, Dylan checks back into rehab and is successful in regaining his sobriety. After he is released from rehab with most of his confidence and self-esteem back, he redoubles his efforts to track down Erica and her mother and stepfather. With an investigator named "Jonesy" (and with Valerie's help), they track down Kevin and Suzanne, whom are hiding out in Mexico, and after a caper, recover Erica and all of Dylan's money.

text: A short time after, he starts hypnotherapy in order to research a role for a screenwriter friend's (who was also in rehab) next movie. Through hypnotherapy,he discovers a past life in which he believes reveals Kelly to be his soulmate. Despite Kelly's ongoing relationship with Brandon, Dylan then confesses his continued love for her. He offers her a trip around the world with him. Brandon is threatened by Dylan and proposes to Kelly, forcing her to choose between the two. Kelly chooses neither, stating that she loves and would always love them both. It is later said that she refuses to choose between them, not because she can't choose, but because it would destroy their friendship in the same way that interest in Dylan damaged her friendship with Brenda.

text: During the show's sixth season, Dylan finds out that the FBI believes a mobster named Anthony Marchette killed his father and decides to seek revenge. He uses the mobster's daughter, Toni Marchette to get close to him, but soon finds himself falling in love with her. Despite Dylan's feud with the mobster (with whom Toni is very close), the two eventually decide to get married and relocate to Hawaii, which results in Toni's father ordering a hit on Dylan.

text: The hitman ends up accidentally killing Toni, who is driving Dylan's car in a bad rain storm at the time. Dylan, distraught, is given a gun by Anthony Marchette, who asks Dylan to kill him. Dylan is tempted, but refuses, telling him that "The killing is done." It is later revealed that Marchette had killed himself shortly after that exchange. Soon afterward, Dylan leaves town on his motorcycle after exchanging a farewell with Brandon.

text: When he returns, he reveales to have sold his house. He takes his Porsche out of storage. After much thinking, he sells it and decides to burn the money, where he runs into a drug dealer that gives him heroin.

text: Seasons 9 and 10[edit]

text: Dylan returns to Beverly Hills towards the beginning of the ninth season, apparently because he misses his home and friends, although he admits to Kelly that he misses her especially. He also relapses and is once again on heroin (however, all references to his alcoholism are absent and he is frequently seen drinking alcoholic beverages in casual, social situations). After failing to win Kelly back, he starts dating the new bad girl Gina Kincaid, despite obviously still having feelings for Kelly. Dylan and Kelly battle a mutual attraction, despite being in on-and-off relationships with Gina and Matt Durning respectively. This is especially noticeable when Kelly blames Gina and others for Dylan's drug problems (as with the case back in Season 5 with Kelly blaming Valerie for Dylan's drug problems), and gets Steve to take the credit for a heroic act (in Dylan's stead) to avoid having anybody know that she and Dylan were out together.

text: In the show's final season, Dylan finds out that his father faked his death and is in the Witness Protection Program. After being furious that Jack has let Dylan think his father was dead for seven years, he later accepts that it was the right thing to do when news of Jack's survival quickly makes its way to unfriendly ears. Dylan's relationship with Gina also ends when, upon considering leaving Los Angeles with her, he finally admits that he's still in love with Kelly and can't leave.

text: In the two-part series finale "The Penultimate" and "Ode To Joy", Dylan and Kelly reunite at David Silver and Donna Martin's wedding with a kiss.

text: Missing years[edit]

text: After the death of his wife Toni in 1995, Dylan went to London and reunited with Brenda, living with her in her London apartment. They were together again by the Spring of 1996, when Donna sends correspondence to Brenda's apartment but instead receives return correspondence from Dylan at the apt in London.

text: In a continuity error, when Dylan returned indefinitely to Beverly Hills in November 1998, he told Kelly that he had broken up with Brenda two years earlier (which would have placed the end of their relationship in 1996). However, at Kelly's wedding to Brandon in spring, 1998, they receive correspondence from Brenda and Dylan as a couple, stating they can't make it. Brenda and Dylan couldn't have been together in the spring of 1998 if,in November 1998, he claims he broke up with Brenda "two years earlier."

text: Also in spring, 1998, Dylan's half-sister was rescued from a life of prostitution and sent to live with Dylan and Brenda in London. Also, that same year Kelly and Brandon also plan to visit Brenda and Dylan during their honeymoon.

text: Fans assume what really happened is this: Dylan and Brenda got together again in late fall 1995 after Toni's death, and stayed together until late fall 1996 (one whole year) then got together again very briefly in Spring 1998, despite Dylan's claims. It is the only way the spring 1998 correspondence from Dylan/Brenda as a couple makes sense.

text: In 2004, he fathered a son with Kelly, named Sammy. They broke up soon afterward. After Sammy's birth, Brenda continued to keep in contact with Dylan, telling him not to screw things up with Kelly. Dylan began to move around a lot and rarely visited Sammy. He also kept in contact with Brandon, from whom he obtained Brenda's email.

text: In episode 6, Dylan calls Brenda while she is talking to Kelly and Ryan. When Kelly finds out it's Dylan on the line, she talks to him. It turns out that Dylan wants to try to be a family again with her and Sammy. However, this would mean they would have to move away from Beverly Hills. After much thought, Kelly breaks up with Ryan, as she said that she needs to try to work things out with Dylan. Ryan asks Kelly why Dylan would call Brenda's phone, not hers, if he wanted to talk to Kelly. Fearing Brenda and Dylan were secretly back together, Kelly confronts Brenda. After hearing Brenda say that her and Dylan's relationship is platonic, Brenda and Kelly make up. Kelly decides to try to repair her relationship with Dylan, while Brenda sadly deletes his number from her cell phone. It is implied that there may have been more to the story of Brenda and Dylan's relationship that she didn't share with Kelly, as Brenda shed some tears when deleting Dylan's phone number.

text: In episode 10, Kelly comes back to Beverly Hills and reveals that a romantic reunion with Dylan did not work out, as he has the same commitment issues that plagued their relationship before. She also comments on how he looks exactly the same as he did in high school.

text: Departure and return to Beverly Hills, 90210[edit]

text: Luke Perry left Beverly Hills, 90210 in the fall of 1995 as he wanted to pursue other projects. He returned in 1998 and stayed for the rest of the series' run, but was credited as a "Special Guest Star"—much like Heather Locklear was on Melrose Place.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Dylan Mckay was considered one of the most popular characters and a bad boy.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]