document_title: Gremlins

question_text: what are the three things you cant do to gremlins

text: Gremlins

text: Plot[edit]

text: Randall Peltzer, a struggling inventor, visits a Chinatown antique store in the hope of finding a Christmas present for his son Billy. In the store, Randall encounters a small, furry creature called a mogwai (Cantonese: 魔怪, "monster"). The owner, Mr. Wing, refuses to sell the creature to Randall. However, his grandson secretly sells the mogwai to Randall, warning him to remember three important rules that must never be broken – do not expose the mogwai to bright lights or sunlight which will kill it, do not let it get wet, and never feed it after midnight.

text: Randall returns home to Kingston Falls where he gives the mogwai to Billy as a pet. Billy works in the local bank, where he fears his dog Barney will be captured and killed by the elderly Mrs. Deagle. Randall names the mogwai “Gizmo” and Billy makes sure to treat him well. When Billy’s friend Pete spills a glass of water over Gizmo, five more mogwai spawn from his back, a more troublemaking sort led by the aggressive Stripe. Billy shows one of the mogwai to his former science teacher Mr. Hanson, spawning another mogwai, on whom Hanson experiments. Back at home, Stripe’s gang tricks Billy into feeding them after midnight by chewing out the power cord to his bedside clock. They make cocoons, as does Hanson’s mogwai. Shortly after, the cocoons hatch and they emerge as mischievous, reptilian monsters that torture Gizmo and try to murder Billy’s mother, while Hanson is killed by his gremlin.

text: All of the Gremlins are killed except Stripe, who escapes to a local YMCA and jumps into a swimming pool, spawning an army of gremlins who wreak chaos around Kingston Falls. Billy tries to warn the police, but they don’t believe him. Many people are injured or outright killed by the gremlins' rampage, including Mrs. Deagle, who is launched out of her house on a stair lift that has been sabotaged by the creatures. At the local bar, the gremlins have fun until the barmaid Kate Beringer, Billy’s girlfriend, flashes them with a camera and escapes into the bank with Billy and Gizmo. While hiding, she reveals her father died in a chimney while dressed as Santa Claus. Billy and Kate discover the town has fallen silent and the Gremlins are watching Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in the local theater. They set off an explosion, killing all the Gremlins except Stripe.

text: Billy chases Stripe into a Montgomery Ward store, where Stripe climbs into a water fountain and tries to spawn more gremlins. Gizmo arrives in a toy car and opens a skylight, exposing Stripe to sunlight and melting him. In the aftermath of the rampage, Mr. Wing arrives to collect Gizmo, scolding the Peltzers for their carelessness, thinking the Western world is not ready but comments that Billy might some day be ready to care for Gizmo properly. Gizmo likewise believes so, having become attached to Billy. Mr. Wing departs with Gizmo in tow.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Zach Galligan as Billy Peltzer
Phoebe Cates as Kate Beringer
Hoyt Axton as Randall "Rand" Peltzer
Frances Lee McCain as Lynn Peltzer
Corey Feldman as Pete Fountaine
Keye Luke as Mr. Wing (credited as "Grandfather", Mr. Wing's name is revealed in the 2nd film)
John Louie as Mr. Wing's grandson
Dick Miller as Murray Futterman
Jackie Joseph as Sheila Futterman
Polly Holliday as Mrs. Ruby Deagle
Judge Reinhold as Gerald Hopkins
Edward Andrews as Mr. Roland Corben
Glynn Turman as Mr. Roy Hanson
Belinda Balaski as Mrs. Joe Harris
Scott Brady as Sheriff Frank Reilly
Jonathan Banks as Deputy Brent Frye
Harry Carey, Jr. as Mr. Anderson
Kenny Davis as Dorry
Nicky Katt and Tracy Wells as Schoolchildren
Mushroom as Barney

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Frank Welker as Stripe
Howie Mandel as Gizmo
Don Steele as Rockin' Ricky Rialto
Marvin Miller as Robby the Robot (uncredited)

text: Mogwai and Gremlin vocal effects provided by Michael Winslow, Bob Bergen, Fred Newman, Peter Cullen, Mark Dodson, Bob Holt, and Michael Sheehan.

text: Cameos[edit]

text:
Steven Spielberg as Man riding Recumbent bicycle
Jim McKrell as TV News Reporter
Jerry Goldsmith as Man in Phone Booth
William Schallert as Father Bartlett
Chuck Jones as Mr. Jones, Billy's drawing mentor
Kenneth Tobey as Smoking Gas Station Attendant

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Gremlins was produced at a time when combining horror and comedy was becoming increasingly popular. According to Professor Noël Carroll, Ghostbusters, released the same weekend as Gremlins, and the comic strip The Far Side also followed this trend. Carroll argued that there was now a new genre emphasizing sudden shifts between humorous and horrific scenes, drawing laughs with plot elements that have been traditionally used to scare.[2]

text: The notion of gremlins was first conceived during World War II when mechanical failures in aircraft were jokingly blamed on the small monsters. The term "gremlins" also entered popular culture as children's author Roald Dahl published a book called The Gremlins in 1943, based on the mischievous creatures.[3] Walt Disney considered making a film of it. A Bugs Bunny cartoon of the era, Falling Hare, has him battling a gremlin on an airplane. Joe Dante had read The Gremlins and said that the book was of some influence on his film. In 1983, Dante publicly distanced his work from earlier films, explaining, "Our gremlins are somewhat different—they're sort of green and they have big mouths and they smile a lot and they do incredibly, really nasty things to people and enjoy it all the while".[4][5]

text: Development[edit]

text: The story of Gremlins was conceived by Chris Columbus. As Columbus explained, his inspiration came from his loft, when at night "what sounded like a platoon of mice would come out and to hear them skittering around in the blackness was really creepy".[6] He then wrote the original screenplay as a spec script to show potential employers that he had writing abilities. The story was not actually intended to be filmed until Steven Spielberg took an interest in turning it into a film.[5] As Spielberg explained, "It's one of the most original things I've come across in many years, which is why I bought it."[4]

text: After deciding to executive produce the film, Spielberg chose Dante as his director because of his experience with horror-comedy; Dante had previously directed The Howling (1981); however, in the time between The Howling and the offer to film Gremlins, he had experienced a lull in his career.[5] The film's producer was Michael Finnell, who had also worked on The Howling with Dante. Spielberg took the project to Warner Bros. and co-produced it through his own company, Amblin Entertainment.

text: The film's script went through a few drafts before a shooting script was finalized. The first version was much darker than the final film. Various scenes were cut, including one which portrayed Billy's mother dying in her struggle with the gremlins, with her head thrown down the stairs when Billy arrives. Dante later explained the scene made the film darker than the filmmakers wanted. There was also a scene where the gremlins ate Billy's dog and a scene where the gremlins attacked a McDonald's, eating customers instead of burgers. Also, instead of Stripe being a mogwai who becomes a gremlin, there was originally no mogwai named Stripe; rather, Gizmo was supposed to transform into Stripe the gremlin. Spielberg overruled this plot element as he felt Gizmo was cute and that audiences would want him to be present throughout the film.[5]

text: A famous urban legend is referenced in the film,[7] in which Kate reveals in a speech that her father died at Christmas when he dressed as Santa Claus and broke his neck while climbing down the family's chimney. After the film was completed, the speech proved to be controversial, and studio executives insisted upon its removal, because they felt it was too ambiguous as to whether it was supposed to be funny or sad. Dante stubbornly refused to take the scene out, saying it represented the film as a whole, which had a combination of horrific and comedic elements. Spielberg did not like the scene but, despite his creative control, he viewed Gremlins as Dante's project and allowed him to leave it in.[5] A parody of this scene is featured in Gremlins 2: The New Batch.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Phoebe Cates was cast as Kate, Billy's girlfriend, despite concerns that she was known for playing more risqué parts, such as Linda Barrett in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982). Spielberg urged the casting of the relatively unknown Zach Galligan as Billy because he saw chemistry between Galligan and Cates during auditions. Galligan later compared himself to Billy, saying he was a "geeky kid", and that being in the film "was really kind of a dream" given "what I get to do, what my character gets to do, blow up movie theatres", adding that he "got to work with great people".[8]  Spielberg commented when Galligan was testing with Cates that "he's in love with her already" and that was how Galligan won the part.[9]

text: In contrast to Galligan, many of the supporting actors and actresses were better known. Veteran actor Glynn Turman portrayed the high school science teacher whose study of a newborn Mogwai leads to his death after it forms a cocoon and emerges as a vicious gremlin. Dick Miller, who was a regular in Dante's films, was another experienced actor on the set, playing a World War II veteran who first refers to the creatures as gremlins. Rand was played by Hoyt Axton, who was always the filmmakers' preferred choice for the role even though it was widely contested by other actors.[5] Axton's experience included acting as the father in The Black Stallion (1979), and he was also a country music singer-songwriter. After an introductory scene to Gremlins was cut, Axton's voice earned him the added role of the narrator to establish some context. Mr. Wing was played by Keye Luke, a renowned film actor, whose film career spanned half a century. Although in reality he was around 80 at the time of filming, and his character was very elderly, Luke's youthful appearance had to be covered by make-up.[5]

text: Corey Feldman, who up to that time had primarily been in commercials, played Pete Fountaine, establishing his early credentials as a child actor. Polly Holliday, an actress best known for her role in Alice, played Mrs. Deagle. Dante considered the casting fortunate, as she was well-known and he considered her to be talented. Two other well-known actors, Fast Times' Judge Reinhold and character actor Edward Andrews, received roles that were significantly reduced after the film was edited; they played Billy's superiors at the bank.[5]

text: Special effects[edit]

text: Some of the performances were shot on the backlot of Universal Studios in California (Mrs. Deagle's house was one such set as well as the opening street scenes in Chinatown, which were filmed on the Warner Bros. Studios backlot). This required fake snow; Dante also felt it was an atmosphere that would make the special effects more convincing. As the special effects relied mainly on puppetry (an earlier attempt to use monkeys was abandoned because the test monkey panicked when made to wear a gremlin head),[10] the actors worked alongside some of the puppets. Nevertheless, after the actors finished their work for good, a great deal of effort was spent finishing the effects. Numerous small rubber puppets, some of which were mechanical, were used to portray Gizmo and the gremlins. They were designed by Chris Walas. There was more than one Gizmo puppet, and occasionally Galligan, when carrying one, would set him down off camera, and when Gizmo appeared again sitting on a surface it was actually a different puppet wired to the surface. These puppets had many limitations. The Gizmo puppets were particularly frustrating because they were smaller and thus broke down more. Consequently, to satisfy the crew, a scene was included in which the gremlins hang Gizmo on a wall and throw darts at him. This was included on a list that the crew created known to them as the "Horrible Things to do to Gizmo" list.[5]

text: A few marionettes were also used. Other effects required large mogwai faces and ears to be produced for close-ups, as the puppets were less capable of conveying emotion. Consequently, large props simulating food were needed for the close-ups in the scene in which the mogwai feast after midnight. An enlarged Gizmo puppet was also needed for the scene in which he multiplies. The new mogwai, who popped out of Gizmo's body as small, furry balls which then started to grow, were balloons and expanded as such. Walas had also created the exploding gremlin in the microwave by means of a balloon that was allowed to burst.[5]

text: Howie Mandel provided the voice for Gizmo, and prolific voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice for Stripe. It was Welker who suggested Mandel perform in Gremlins. The puppets' lines were mostly invented by the voice actors, based on cues from the physical actions of the puppets, which were filmed before the voice work. When developing the voice for Gizmo, Mandel explained, "[Gizmo was] cute and naive, so, you know, I got in touch with that... I couldn't envision going any other way or do something different with it".[11] The majority of the other gremlins' voices were performed by Michael Winslow and Peter Cullen, while the remaining voices were done by Bob Bergen, Fred Newman, Mark Dodson, Bob Holt, and Michael Sheehan.

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, who won a Saturn Award for Best Music for his efforts. The main score was composed with the objective of conveying "the mischievous humor and mounting suspense of Gremlins".[6] Goldsmith also wrote Gizmo's song, which was hummed by a child actress and acquaintance of Goldsmith's, rather than Mandel himself.[5] Goldsmith also appears in the film (as does Steven Spielberg), in the scene where Rand calls home from the salesman's convention.

text: The soundtrack album was released by Geffen Records as a specially priced mini-album on LP and cassette (Goldsmith's music comprised all of side two) and reissued on compact disc in 1993 only in Germany.

text:
Gremlins...Mega Madness – Michael Sembello (3:50)
Make It Shine – Quarterflash (4:10)
Out/Out – Peter Gabriel (7:00)
The Gift (4:51)
Gizmo (4:09)
Mrs. Deagle (2:50)
The Gremlin Rag (4:03)

tag: ol

text: "Gremlins...Mega Madness" was also released as a single, with "The Gremlin Rag" as its B-side.

text: In 2011, Film Score Monthly issued a two-disc release of the soundtrack, with the complete score on disc one and the original soundtrack album on disc two (representing the latter's first North American CD issue); this was the label's final Jerry Goldsmith album.

text: DISC ONE: The Film Score

text:
Fanfare in C (Max Steiner) / The Shop / The Little One 4:30
Late for Work 1:46
Mrs. Deagle / That Dog 2:22
The Gift 1:45
First Aid 2:17
Spilt Water 3:02
A New One 1:10
The Lab / Old Times 2:35
The Injection 2:56
Snack Time / The Wrong Time 1:49
The Box 1:24
First Aid 1:39
Disconnected / Hurry Home 1:03
Kitchen Fight 4:06
Dirty Linen 0:43
The Pool 1:07
The Plow / Special Delivery 1:16
High Flyer 2:22
Too Many Gremlins 2:06
No Santa Claus 3:27
After Theatre 1:39
Theatre Escape / Stripe Is Loose / Toy Dept. / No Gizmo 4:36
The Fountain / Stripe's Death 5:42
Goodbye, Billy 2:56
End Title / The Gremlin Rag 4:10
Blues 2:17
Mrs. Deagle [film version] 1:27
God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen [traditional, arr. Alexander Courage] 1:12
After Theatre [with "Silent Night"] 1:36
After Theatre [without "Silent Night"] 1:36
Rabbit Rampage [Milt Franklyn] 0:47
The Gremlin Rag [full version] 3:35
Gizmo's New Song 0:35
Gizmo's Trumpet 0:30

text: Tracks 26–34 are listed as bonus tracks.

text: DISC TWO: 1984 Soundtrack Album

text:
Gremlins...Mega Madness – Michael Sembello 3:52
Make It Shine – Quarterflash 4:11
Out/Out – Peter Gabriel 7:02
The Gift 4:58
Gizmo 4:14
Mrs. Deagle 2:54
The Gremlin Rag 4:13

text: Rating[edit]

text: Along with Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, also rated PG, Gremlins was one of two films in 1984 to influence the MPAA to create the PG-13 rating, with Red Dawn being the first film released in theaters that was given the new rating in August 1984.[12] The scene in which a gremlin explodes in the microwave was particularly influential to the idea that some films too light to be rated R are still too mature to be rated PG. The change to the rating system was not insignificant; the rating PG-13 turned out to be appealing to many film patrons, as it implied some excitement without being too explicit.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Film critics' reviews of Gremlins were mostly positive. Roger Ebert approved of the film, declaring it to not only be "fun", but also a "sly series of send-ups", effectively parodying many elemental film storylines. In his opinion, Gremlins did this partly through depictions of mysterious worlds (the shop in Chinatown) and tyrannical elderly women (Mrs. Deagle). Ebert also believed the rule in which a mogwai cannot eat after midnight was inspired by fairy tales, and that the final scenes parody classic horror films. He connected Kate's speech about her father with "the great tradition of 1950s sick jokes".[13] Conversely, Leonard Maltin disapproved of the film, and his view was made clear in remarks he made on the television show Entertainment Tonight. He called the film "icky" and "gross".[14] He later wrote that despite being set in a "picture-postcard town" and blending the feel of It's a Wonderful Life (a clip of which appears in Gremlins) with that of The Blob, the film is "negated by too-vivid violence and mayhem"; giving the film two out of four stars.[15] Maltin later made a cameo appearance in Gremlins 2, repeating his criticisms of the original on film, as an in-joke, before being throttled by the creatures; he later gave the second film a more positive rating, three out of four stars.

text: While some critics criticized the film's depictions of violence and greed—such as death scenes, Kate's speech, and the gremlins' gluttony—for lacking comic value, scholar Charlotte Miller instead interpreted these as a satire of "some characteristics of Western civilization", suggesting that Westerners may take too much satisfaction from violence. Gremlins can also be interpreted as a statement against technology, in that some characters, such as Billy's father, are overly dependent on it. In contrast, Mr. Wing is shown to have a strong distaste for television.[16] Kirkpatrick Sale also interpreted Gremlins as an anti-technology film in his book Rebels Against the Future.[17]  Another scholar suggested that the film is meant to express a number of observations of society by having the gremlin characters shift in what they are meant to represent. At different times, they are depicted as teenagers, the wealthy establishment, or fans of Disney films.[18]

text: Another scholar drew a connection between the microwave scene and urban legends about pets dying in microwave ovens. He described the portrayal of this urban legend in the film as successful, but that meant it seemed terrible.[19] This is indeed a scene that is thought of as being one of the film's most violent depictions; with even Roger Ebert expressing some fear in his review that the film might encourage children to try similar things with their pets.[13]

text: Gremlins has been criticized for more than its depictions of violence. One BBC critic wrote in 2000 that "The plot is thin and the pacing is askew". However, that critic also complimented the dark humour contrasted against the ideal Christmas setting.[20] In 2002, another critic wrote that in hindsight, Gremlins has "corny special effects" and that the film will tend to appeal to children more so than to adults; he also said the acting was dull.[21]

text: Despite the initial mixed criticism, Gremlins has continued to receive critical praise over the years. It currently holds an 85% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes,[22] and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1984.[23][24][25]

text: Allegations of racism[edit]

text: Since its release, some people have criticized Gremlins as being culturally insensitive. Jonathan Rosenbaum argued that the film presents gremlins as African Americans.[18] In Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies, Patricia Turner writes that the gremlins "reflect negative African-American stereotypes" in their dress and behavior. They are shown "devouring fried chicken with their hands", listening to black music, breakdancing, and wearing sunglasses after dark and newsboy caps, a style common among African American males in the 1980s.[26]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Financially, Gremlins was a success. Produced on an $11 million budget, it was more expensive than Spielberg had originally intended but still relatively cheap for its time.[5] The trailer introduced the film to audiences by briefly explaining that Billy receives a strange creature as a Christmas present, by going over the three rules, and then coming out with the fact that the creatures transform into terrible monsters. This trailer showed little of either the mogwai or the gremlins.[27] In contrast to this, other advertisements concentrated on Gizmo, overlooked the gremlins, and made the film look similar to Spielberg's earlier family film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982).[12]

text: Gremlins was released into North American theaters on June 8, 1984, the same day as Ivan Reitman's Ghostbusters. Gremlins ranked second, with $12.5 million in its first weekend, $1.1 million less than Ghostbusters. By the end of its American screenings on November 29, it had grossed $148,168,459 domestically. This made it the fourth highest-grossing film of the year, behind Beverly Hills Cop, Ghostbusters, and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.[28] In August 1984, it opened in Argentina and Spain, and in October it premiered in West Germany. Screenings began in Mexico, Australia, and much of the rest of Europe in December.[29] Since Gremlins had an international audience, different versions of the film were made to overcome cultural barriers. Mandel learned to speak his few intelligible lines, such as "Bright light!", in various languages, including German. Regional music and humor were also incorporated into foreign-language versions. Dante credited this work as being one of the factors which helped to make Gremlins a worldwide success.[5] However, many critics questioned the summer release date of the film in America, as the film takes place during the Christmas holiday season, causing them to comment that it should have had a Christmas release date instead.

text: In addition to this, there were also complaints from audiences about the violence depicted in the film. These complaints were particularly present in people who had brought their children to see the film, many of whom walked out of the theater before the film had ended. Dante admitted to reporters later that "the idea of taking a 4-year-old to see Gremlins, thinking it's going to be a cuddly, funny animal movie and then seeing that it turns into a horror picture, I think people were upset... They felt like they had been sold something family friendly and it wasn't entirely family friendly".[12]

text: The film became available to audiences again when it was brought back to theaters on August 30, 1985. This additional release brought its gross up to $153,083,102.[28]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Goldene Leinwand

March 27, 1985

Goldene Leinwand

Joe Dante

Won

[30]

Saturn Awards

June 9, 1985

Best Horror Film

Gremlins

Won

[31][32]

Best Director

Joe Dante

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Dick Miller

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Polly Holliday

Won

Best Younger Actor

Corey Feldman

Nominated

Best Writing

Chris Columbus

Nominated

Best Music

Jerry Goldsmith

Won

Best Special Effects

Chris Walas

Won

Best Make-Up

Greg LaCava

Nominated

Young Artist Awards

December 2, 1984

Best Family Motion Picture - Adventure

Gremlins

Won

[33]

Best Young Supporting Actor

Corey Feldman

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Gremlins was released on VHS, CED Videodisc, and Beta in 1985, and made $79,500,000 in video rental stores.[34] The film was released on DVD in 1997 in a bare bones presentation. It included both full screen and widescreen versions and the film's trailer. It was repackaged in 1999 with the same disc, but a different cover. On August 20, 2002, a "special edition" DVD was released, which featured cast and filmmakers' commentary and deleted scenes. A 25th anniversary Blu-ray edition was released on December 1, 2009.

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: With its commercial themes, particularly the perceived cuteness of the character Gizmo, Gremlins became the center of considerable merchandising. Due to this, it became part of a rising trend in film, which had received a boost from Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[5] Manufacturers including LJN produced versions of Gizmo as dolls or stuffed animals. (The latter of which became a popular high demand toy during the holiday season of 1984.) Both Gizmo and the gremlins were mass-produced as action figures, and Topps printed trading cards based upon the film.[35] A product placement deal with fast food chain Hardee's also led to a series of five book-and-cassette/45 records adaptations of the film's story. Starting in the early 2000s, companies such as Jun Planning and the National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced all-new Gremlins toys and collectibles. In 2017 Trick or Treat Studios began producing official Gremlins life-size puppets of Stripe and Gizmo[36].

text: The film was also the basis for a novel of the same name by George Gipe, published by Avon Books in June 1984. The novel offered an origin for mogwai and gremlins as a prologue. Supposedly, mogwai were created as gentle, contemplative creatures by a scientist on an alien world. However, it was discovered that their physiology was unstable. The end result was that only 1 in 10,000 mogwai would retain their sweet, loving demeanor. The rest would change into creatures that the novel referred to as "mischievous".  The minority mogwai (the 1 in 10,000) are all but immortal by human standards, though Gizmo explains to Stripe that if he were to undergo the transformation himself, he would become like the others, "short lived and violent." This origin is unique to the novel but is referred to in the novelization of Gremlins 2 by David Bischoff. No definitive origin for mogwai or gremlins is given in either Gremlins film.

text: In addition to this, Gremlins brand breakfast cereal was produced by Ralston concurrent to and for a few years after the first film was released in 1984. The front of the cereal box featured Gizmo, and inside were decals of the malevolent gremlins, including Stripe.[37]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Action-oriented video games[edit]

text: Several officially licensed video games based on the film have been produced. One of the first was Gremlins, released by Atari, Inc. for their 2600 console.

text: Atari, Inc. released a completely different[38] (and more technically advanced) game- also called Gremlins- for the Atari 5200 console and the Apple II, Commodore 64, and IBM PC computers. Although the Atari 5200 version went to manufacturing in 1984, the turmoil surrounding Jack Tramiel's takeover of Atari's consumer business resulted in it not being released until 1986.[38]

text: In the 2000s, more games were released; Gremlins: Unleashed! was released on Game Boy Color in 2001. The game was about Gizmo trying to catch Stripe and thirty other gremlins, while the gremlins also try to turn Gizmo into a gremlin. Both Gizmo and Stripe are playable characters in the game.[39]

text: A Gremlins Team Pack was released for Lego Dimensions on November 18, 2016. The pack includes minifigures of Gizmo and Stripe, a constructible polaroid camera and RC car, and grants access to an Adventure World and Battle Arena based on the film. Howie Mandel and Frank Welker reprise their respective roles as Gizmo and Stripe, while Phoebe Cates, Hoyt Axton and Frances Lee McCain reprise as non-playable characters Kate Beringer, Randall Peltzer and Lynn Peltzer respectively.[40][41]

text: Gremlins: The Adventure[edit]

text: At the time of the film's release, an interactive fiction game based on scenes from the film, entitled Gremlins: The Adventure (1985), was released for various home computers, including the Acorn Electron, the BBC Micro, the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum. The game was written by Brian Howarth for Adventure Soft and was text-based, with full-color illustrations on some formats.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The film not only spawned the sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, and an advertisement for British Telecom,[42] but is believed to have been the inspiration for several unrelated films about small monsters. These include Critters,[43] Ghoulies,[19] Troll,[44] Hobgoblins[45] and Munchies.[46]

text: In music, the Scottish post-rock band Mogwai are named after the film's creatures: as for the reason for the band chose this as their name, their guitarist, Stuart Braithwaite, has stated that "it has no significant meaning and we always intended on getting a better one, but like a lot of other things we never got round to it".[47] Welsh singer and songwriter Rod Thomas performs under the name Bright Light Bright Light, which is a direct quote from the film.[48]

text: In January 2013, Vulture reported that Warner Bros. was negotiating with Amblin Entertainment to reboot the Gremlins franchise.[49] Seth Grahame-Smith was tapped to produce, alongside David Katzenberg.[50] In January 2015, Grahame-Smith stated that the project has been put on hold.[51] In November 2015, Zach Galligan confirmed that the third film will be a sequel and not a reboot.[52]

text: In a December 2016 interview with Bleeding Cool, Galligan again spoke about a third film saying that "Warner Bros. definitely wants it, Chris Columbus wants to do it because he’d like to undo the Gremlins 2 thing as he wasn’t thrilled with it, and Spielberg wants to." He claimed Gremlins 3 is being written by Carl Ellsworth.[53] In an interview with /Film in 2017, a script was written by Chris Columbus. His script explored the idea that has been on the fan's mind for a long time: "if all the gremlins come from getting Gizmo wet and feeding his mogwai offspring after midnight, should Gizmo be eliminated?" He described his script as "twisted and dark".[54]

text: In 2017, gremlins were featured in the animated film The Lego Batman Movie, with director Chris McKay explaining he loved the characters. The gremlins were among numerous villains from outside of the Batman franchise playing a role in the film, with many of the added antagonists owned by Warner Bros.[55]


document_title: Whale Whores

question_text: what episode of southpark does cartman sing poker face

root

text: Whale Whores

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Marsh family is spending Stan's ninth birthday at a public aquarium in Denver. As the Marshes enjoy interacting with the trained bottlenose dolphins, Japanese armed with spears suddenly storm the dolphinarium and kill all the dolphins. The Japanese perform similar attacks at several other aquariums, and at an NFL game, where they kill members of the Miami Dolphins football team. Stan asks his friends Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny to help him take on the cause of saving the dolphins and whales from the Japanese. Kyle declines, feeling they can't change Japan's views on the issue. Cartman and Kenny are much more interested in playing the video game Rock Band, professing they "don't give two shits about stupid-ass whales". Eventually, Butters (who is also too busy) informs Stan about the television show Whale Wars, stating that they can take volunteers to help them. Seeing this as his chance, Stan takes Butters' advice and joins host Paul Watson and his crew aboard the Sea Shepherd, but is underwhelmed by their method of throwing "stinky butter" at Japanese whalers in an effort to deter them. After the Japanese whalers kill Watson with a harpoon, Stan destroys their ship by igniting their fuel barrels with a flare gun. Stan becomes the new captain and leads a more successful campaign in impeding the Japanese whaling effort by employing more aggressive methods. The crew ends up getting interviewed by Larry King, who describes Paul Watson as an "incompetent media whore" and questions Stan on his intentions of increasing ratings with violence. Stan dismisses the charge and contends he is only interested in saving the whales, not ratings.

tag: p

text: Wanting to be on television, Cartman and Kenny join the ship's crew under false pretenses of wanting to save the whales. After a brief run-in with Captain Sig Hansen and his crew from the show Deadliest Catch, Japanese pilots launch kamikaze attacks on the Sea Shepherd. The suicidal planes kill the Whale Wars crew except for Stan, Cartman and Kenny. The trio are captured and brought to Japan, where Emperor Akihito tells them retaliation for the bombing of Hiroshima is the primary motive for Japan's whaling efforts, with Cartman finding the whole nuclear drop and mass devastation hilarious. He shows them a doctored photograph—given to Japan by the United States after the bombing—of the Enola Gay piloted by a dolphin and a killer whale. According to him, Japan was so grateful the Americans gave the Japanese these photos they declared peace. Knowing the picture is a fake, Stan decides to reveal the truth about the bombing, but Cartman reminds him that the Japanese seek to drive the entire species of the perpetrators to extinction. Claiming the U.S. government has authorized him to show the "original" photo, Stan presents the Emperor, Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, and other Japanese officials with a new doctored photo showing a cow and chicken in the Enola Gay (created by Kyle, who Stan managed to phone beforehand). The Japanese become infuriated, now believing cows and chickens had modified the original photo to frame the innocent whales and dolphins. The Japanese agree to cease their whaling efforts and start slaughtering cows and chickens, storming farms full of the animals. The episode ends as Randy congratulates Stan for making the Japanese "normal, like us".

text: Theme[edit]

text:
"Whale Whores" addresses the controversies surrounding Japanese whaling, which had been a subject of considerable media attention around the time the South Park episode first aired. The episode condemns all sides involved in the matter, including the Japanese whalers themselves and the activists who fight against them.[2][3][4] By having the Japanese attack the dolphins at the Denver Aquarium in the middle of a dolphin riding demonstration, it has been suggested the episode highlights the link between visiting dolphins at marine parks and the reality of how aquatic wildlife are captured and slaughtered.[5]
In the final scene, the show also draws parallel between Japanese whaling industry and generally accepted meat and poultry industries.

text: However, the episode prominently features and mocks animal rights and environmental activist Paul Watson and his Animal Planet reality series, Whale Wars. Watson has received wide criticism for his method of disrupting whale hunts by at times attacking and sinking Japanese and Norwegian whaling ships. "Whale Whores" presents Watson and his show in a way that mocks his attempts to garner media attention by simply lying rather than doing anything productive.[2][4][6] The episode mocks Whale Wars and its attempts to present mundane ship-board activities as dramatic television. This is particularly illustrated in newspaper headlines after Stan takes over Watson's ship: "New Captain Turns Vegan Pussies Into Real Pirates" and "Whale Wars Gets Better: Things Actually Happen!"[2][3] Watson himself is also portrayed in a physically unflattering way, with his stomach too fat to be entirely covered by his shirt.[3] "Whale Whores" also refers to the criticisms that Watson bends the truth in order to further his popularity. This is particularly reflected through the fictional interview with Larry King, who calls Watson "an unorganized, incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause".[2][3][6] The fact that Whale Wars gets better ratings after Stan takes over and employs more violent tactics is a satire of the tendency in Whale Wars, and television in general, to exploit violence for money and viewership.[2][3]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are identified as the cause of Japanese whaling. The two Japanese cities were destroyed by atomic weapons during the final stages of World War II under orders by U.S. President Harry Truman, which killed about 220,000 people. In "Whale Whores", the Japanese are presented with a doctored picture of the Enola Gay, the B-29 Superfortress bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The picture shows a dolphin and a whale piloting the plane to bomb the city.[2][3] The Miami Dolphins, a National Football League professional football team, are killed along with real dolphins by the whalers in "Whale Whores".[2] Near the end of the episode, Stan and the crew of the MY Steve Irwin encounter fishing ship captain Sig Hansen and his crew from the Discovery Channel reality series, Deadliest Catch.[3] The scene with Paul Watson's crew throwing "stinky butter" at the whalers refers to Watson and his crew's practice of throwing stink bombs containing butyric acid, an acid found in rancid butter and cheese, at Japanese whaling vessels, including the factory vessel, the Nisshin Maru.[6]

text: An Entertainment Weekly magazine cover is shown with the headline, "We’re STILL Remembering Michael Jackson", a reference to the extremely large amount of media coverage surrounding the then-recent death of pop singer Michael Jackson.[7] During one scene, Stan frightens off a group of Japanese whalers by uncovering a large statue of Godzilla, the famous Japanese movie monster.[8] During the episode Kyle, Kenny and Cartman are shown performing Lady Gaga's song "Poker Face" on the video game Rock Band.[7][8] On March 16, 2010, Rock Band developer Harmonix released this version of the song (along with the original version) as downloadable content for the game.[9][10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Whale Whores" was controversial and received mixed reviews. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the criticism of the save-the-whales conservationists as a "delightfully savage ridicule".[7] Brian Jacks of MTV complimented the show's focus on whale conservation, writing, "Leave it to the hard-hitting folks at South Park to do more for conservationism than fifteen cable reality shows put together."[4] Josh Modell of The A.V. Club's said the episode was unfunny and mocked a television series that was "culturally insignificant" and not particularly well-known. Modell wrote, "The show's star, Paul Watson, seems to have really pissed off South Park's creators Parker and Stone [...] Fine, but could you make me laugh a few times while you beat me over the head with information about a guy that I couldn't care less about?"[8]

text: Ramsey Isler of IGN called "Whale Whores" an entertaining episode, but said the episode could have provided more meaningful satire and did not explain the whaling issue very well, especially considering the show's target audience was probably unfamiliar with it. Isler praised some of the individual jokes revolving around the Japanese attacks, and called Cartman's "Poker Face" rendition a classic South Park moment, but dismissed the Enola Gay twist as "stupid".[11] Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine said "South Park swung and missed" with "Whale Whores". Delgado said many of the jokes were random and "weird", particularly the Enola Gay twist and the Japanese kamikaze attacks.[12]

text: Paul Watson said he was not offended by his portrayal in the episode, and was glad "Whale Whores" brought the issue of dolphin and whale slaughter to a large audience, as well as the role of the Japanese in the deaths. Watson said, "It's a tough situation we are in. We can't hurt the whalers and we have to stay within the boundaries of the law in opposing illegal whaling operations. If that makes us pussies, so be it. It's better than being portrayed as killers." Watson said the episode failed to portray that his actions have hurt Japanese profits from whaling, but that the episode demonstrated how successful Whale Wars and the Sea Shepherd has been.[13]

text: In February 2010, "Whale Whores" was nominated for a Genesis Award in the television comedy category. The Genesis Awards pay tribute to news and entertainment media for outstanding work that raise public understanding of animal issues.[14] "Whale Whores" ultimately lost to the Family Guy episode "Dog Gone".[15]

text: Home release[edit]

text: "Whale Whores", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park's thirteenth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set and two-disc Blu-ray set in the United States on March 16, 2010. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode,[16] a collection of deleted scenes, and a special mini-feature Inside Xbox: A Behind-the-Scenes Tour of South Park Studios, which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson.[17]


document_title: President of India

question_text: the president of india can be removed from his office by the

question_tokens: the president of india can be removed from his office by the

text: President of India

text: Origin[edit]

text: India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general.[4] Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950,[5]:26 making India a republic.[6]:9 The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as the first incumbent.[6]:1

text: The constitution of the Republic of India (Articles 53, 74(2), 79 & 111) gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law.[7] Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after President's assent. The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution (Article 60), who has pre-emptive power for ensuring constitutionality in the actions of the executive or legislature. The role of the judiciary in upholding the constitution of India is the second line of defence in nullifying any unconstitutional actions of the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union.

text: Powers and duties[edit]

text: Duty[edit]

text: The primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath (Article 60 of Indian constitution).[7] The President is the common head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations (Article 3, Article 111, Article 274, etc.) and supervisory powers (Article 74(2), Article 78 c, Article 108, Article 111, etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution.[8] There is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law.[9][10]

text: Legislative powers[edit]

text: Legislative power is constitutionally vested by the Parliament of India of which the President is the head, to facilitate the law making process per the constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.). The President of the Republic summons both the Houses (The House of the People and 'The Council of States') of the Parliament and prorogues them. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha.[5]:147

text: The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87(1). The Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government.[11]:145

text: All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111. After a bill is presented to him, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it. As a third option, he can return a bill to Parliament, if it is not a money bill, for reconsideration. President may be of view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution, he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure. When, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President, with or without amendments, the President cannot withhold his assent from it. The President can also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him (rather than return it to Parliament) thereby exercising a pocket veto on the advice of prime minister or council of ministers per Article 74 if it is inconsistent to the constitution.[10] Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the constitutional validity of any issue. President shall assent the constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold the bills per Article 368 (2).

text: When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session, and if the government feels the need for an immediate procedure, the President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as an act passed by Parliament under its legislative powers. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval. Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier.[12] Under Article 123, the President as the upholder of the constitution shall be satisfied that immediate action is mandatory as advised by the union cabinet and he is confident that the government commands majority support in the Parliament needed for the passing of the ordinance into an act and Parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the passing of the ordinance as soon as possible. The promulgated ordinance is treated as an act of Parliament when in force and it is the responsibility of the President to withdraw the ordinance as soon as the reasons for promulgation of the ordinance are no longer applicable. Bringing laws in the form of ordinances has become a routine matter by the government and President, but the provisions made in Article 123 are meant for mitigating unusual circumstances where immediate action is inevitable when the extant provisions of law are inadequate. Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within the stipulated time of both houses of parliament is an unconstitutional act by the President.[13] President should not incorporate any matter in an ordinance which is violating the constitution or needs amendment to the constitution. The President should take moral responsibility when an ordinance elapses automatically or is not approved by the Parliament or violating the constitution.[14]

text: Executive powers[edit]

text: Per Article 53, the executive power of the country is vested in the President and is exercised by President either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per Article 70 which may be further delegated by the president to the governors of states per Article 160. Union cabinet with Prime Minister as its head, should aid and advice the President in performing his functions. Per Article 74 (2), the council of ministers or Prime Minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the President but it is the sole responsibility of the President to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing his duties. President or his subordinate officers is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by union cabinet.[15]

text: Per Article 142, it is the duty of President to enforce the decrees of Supreme Court.

text: Judicial powers[edit]

text: The primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per Article 60. The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice. He dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present.[16]

text: Attorney General for India who is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the President. If the President considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he can also ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court per Article 143. Per Article 88, President can ask the Attorney General to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any.[17]

text: Appointment powers[edit]

text: The President appoints, as Prime Minister, the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.[18]:72 The Council of Ministers remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the President.

text: The President appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Article 331

text: Governors of States are also appointed by the President who shall work at the pleasure of the President. Per Article 156, President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts.

text: The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:[18]:72

text:
The Chief Justice, other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India
The Chief Minister of the National capital territory of Delhi (Article 239 AA 5 of the constitution)
The Attorney General
The Comptroller and Auditor General
The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission
Vice-Chancellor of the central university and academic staff of the central university through his nominee
Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries (only through the list of names given by the Prime Minister)[19][20]:48

tag: ul

text: Financial powers[edit]

text:
A money bill can be introduced in the Parliament only with the President’s recommendation.
The President lays the Annual Financial Statement, i.e. the Union budget, before the Parliament.
The President can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses.
The President constitutes a Finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the States.[21][22]:48

text: Diplomatic powers[edit]

text: All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President.[23]:18 However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the Prime Minister along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the Parliament. The President represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial. The President may also send and receive diplomats, i.e. the officers from the Indian Foreign Service.[11]:143 The President is the first citizen of the country.[19]

text: Military powers[edit]

text: The President is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The President can declare war or conclude peace,[19] on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. All important treaties and contracts are made in the President's name.[24] He also appoints the chiefs of the service branches of the armed forces.

text: Pardoning powers[edit]

text: As mentioned in Article 72 of the Indian Constitution, the President is empowered with the powers to grant pardons in the following situations:[19]

text:
Punishment is for an offence against Union Law
Punishment is by a Military Court
Sentence is that of death[24]

text: The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the President are independent of the opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most cases, however, the President exercises his executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet.[18]:239[25]

text: Emergency powers[edit]

text: The President can declare three types of emergencies: national, state and financial, under articles 352, 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123.[23]:12

text: National emergency[edit]

text: A national emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war),[26] and 1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi).[see main]

text: Under Article 352 of the India Constitution, the President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament with two thirds majority within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval-there is no maximum duration.[23][page needed]

text: In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended.[5]:33 The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended (Article 21).[27]:20.6

text: The President can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws).[28] Also, all money bills are referred to the President for approval.[22]:88 The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of Parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency.[18]:223

text: National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India till date. It was declared first in 1962 by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, during the Sino-Indian War. This emergency lasted through the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968. It was revoked in 1968. The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President V. V. Giri on the eve of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War. They were hence external emergencies. Even as the second emergency was in progress, another internal emergency was proclaimed by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, with Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister in 1975. In 1977, the second and the third emergencies were together revoked.

text: State emergency[edit]

text: If the President is fully satisfied, on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, he can proclaim under Article 356 a state of emergency in the state.[7] Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 2 months.

text: Under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, it can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.

text: During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list[29] (see National emergency for explanation).

text: A State Emergency can be imposed via the following:

text:
By Article 356 – If that state failed to run constitutionally, i.e. constitutional machinery has failed. When a state emergency is imposed under this provision, the state is said to be under "President's rule.[30]:159
By Article 365 – If that state is not working according to the direction of the Union Government issued per the provisions of the constitution.[31]

text: This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months. It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6-month period. However, after one year it can be extended only if

text:
A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or in the particular state.
The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state.

text: The Sarkaria Commission held that presidents have unconstitutionally misused the provision of Article 356 many times for achieving political motives, by dismissing the state governments although there was no constitutional break down in the states.[32] During 2005, President's rule was imposed in Bihar state, misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally to prevent the democratically elected state legislators to form a government after the state elections.

text: There is no provision in the constitution to re-promulgate president's rule in a state when the earlier promulgation ceased to operate for want of parliaments approval within two months duration. During 2014 in Andhra Pradesh, president's rule was first imposed on 1 March 2014 and it ceased to operate on 30 April 2014. President's rule was promulgated after being fully aware that the earliest parliament session is feasible in the end of May 2014 after the general elections. It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 April 2014 by the president.[33][34]

text: Financial emergency[edit]

text: Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available with the states for public purpose.[7][35] Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the union government. However union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India.[36]

text: Under article 360 of the constitution, President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened.[7] However, until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the central government.

text: Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by simple majority. It has never been declared.[37]:604 A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President.[18]:195

text: The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, in cases of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.[38]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Article 58 of the Constitution sets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the President. A President must be:

text:
a citizen of India
of 35 years of age or above
qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha

text: A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.

text: Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates. These are:

text:
The current Vice-President
The Governor of any state
A Minister of the Union or of any state (including Prime Minister and Chief Ministers)[18]:72

text: In the event that the Vice-President, a State Governor or a Minister is elected President, they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as President.

text: A member of Parliament or of a State Legislature can seek election to the office of the President but if he is elected as President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in Parliament or State Legislature on the date on which he enters upon his office as President [Article 59(1)].

text: Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.

text: Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,[39] a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot.[40]

text: Time of election[edit]

text: Article 56(1) of the Constitution provides that the President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. According to Article 62, an election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term. An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article 56, be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. To meet the contingency of an election to the office of President not being completed in time due to unforeseen circumstances like countermanding of election due to death of a candidate or on account of postponement of the poll for any valid reason, Article 56(1)(c) provides that the President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term, continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.

text: Conditions for the Presidency[edit]

text: Certain conditions, per Article 59 of the Constitution, debar an otherwise eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are:

text:
The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President.
The President shall not hold any other office of profit.
The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office.[37]:170

text: Election process[edit]

text: Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies(Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (M.L.A.s) of two Union Territories (i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry). The election process of President is more extensive process than Prime Minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members only. Whereas President being constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure.

text: The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹15,000 (US$230) in the Reserve Bank of India.[41] The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.

text: The election is held in accordance to the system of Proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method. The voting takes place by secret ballot system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.[42]

text: Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by Members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators. Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, the number of legislators in a state matters; if a state has few legislators, then each legislator has more votes; if a state has many legislators, then each legislator has fewer votes.

text: The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state's population by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state. Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes, which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament.

text: Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting by MPs and MLAs, they tend to vote for the candidate supported by their respective parties.[43]

text: Oath or affirmation[edit]

text: The President is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India (or in his absence, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court), an oath or affirmation that he/she shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows:[44]

text: I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of the Republic of India, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law, and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of India.

text: Emoluments[edit]

text:
President pay

Date established
Salary in 1998
Salary in 2008

30 December 2008
₹50,000 (US$780)
₹1.5 lakh (US$2,300)

Sources:[45]

tag: table

text: The President of India used to receive ₹10,000 (US$200) per month per the Second Schedule of the Constitution. This amount was increased to ₹50,000 (US$800) in 1998. On 11 September 2008 the Government of India increased the salary of the President to ₹1.5 lakh (US$2,300). However, almost everything that the President does or wants to do is taken care of by the annual ₹225 million (US$3.5 million) budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep.[46] Rashtrapati Bhavan, the President's official residence, is the largest Presidential Palace in the world.[47][48] The Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum, Hyderabad and Retreat Building at Chharabra, Shimla are the official Retreat Residences of the President of India.[49] The official state car of the President is a custom-built heavily armoured Mercedes Benz S600 (W221) Pullman Guard.

text: The former presidents and spouses of deceased Presidents are eligible for pension, furnished accommodation, security, various allowances, etc.[50]

text:
Presidential amenities

Rashtrapati Bhavan, official residence of the President, located at New Delhi

Rashtrapati Nilayam is the official retreat of the President located in Hyderabad.

The President's Bodyguards is an elite household cavalry regiment of the Indian Army.

Presidential state car

Air India One is the call sign of any aircraft carrying the President. The aircraft are operated as VIP flights by the Indian Air Force.

A chopper of IAF's special VIP fleet, meant for carrying the President of India

text: Impeachment[edit]

text: Supreme Court shall inquire and decide regarding all doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President per Article 71(1) of the constitution. Supreme Court can remove the president for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be Lok Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.[51] Subject to Article 71 (3), Parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the disputes only that arise during the election process of the president but not the doubts that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of president which may violate the requisite election qualifications.[52]

text: The President may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for violating the Constitution of India by the Parliament of India.The process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament. The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the President. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least one quarter of the total members of that house. The notice is sent up to the President and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.

text: A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a two-third majority of the total number of members of the originating house. It is then sent to the other house. The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the President has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel. If the second house also approves the charges made by special majority again, the President stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed. No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used.[53]

text: Under Article 361 of the constitution, though president cannot be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds, the unconstitutional decisions taken by the president would be declared invalid by the courts. The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the president's role. As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case 'Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs Union Of India & Anr on 24 January 2006', though president cannot be prosecuted and imprisoned during his term of office, he can be prosecuted after he/she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during the term of presidency as declared earlier by the courts.[54] No president has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his unconstitutional decisions by the courts till now. No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former presidents to punish them for their unconstitutional acts though many decisions taken during the term of presidency had been declared by Supreme Court as unconstitutional, mala fides, void, ultra vires, etc.[55]

text: Succession[edit]

text: The Office of the President falls vacant in the following scenarios:

text:
On the expiry of their term
By reason of death
By reason of resignation
Removal by Supreme Court
Removal by impeachment

text: Article 65 of the Indian Constitution says that the Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties, if the Office falls vacant due to any reason other than expiry of the term.[27]:20.10 The Vice-President reverts to office when a new President is elected and enters office. When the President is unable to act because of absence, illness or any other cause, the Vice-President discharges the President's functions until the President resumes the duties.

text: A Vice-President who acts as or discharges the functions of the President has all the powers and immunities of the President and is entitled to the same emoluments as the President. It should be noted here that when the Vice-President discharges the duties of the President, he/she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

text: The Indian Parliament has enacted the law (The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969)[56] for the discharge of the functions of the President when vacancies occur in the offices of the President and of the Vice-President simultaneously, owing to removal, death, resignation of the incumbent or otherwise. In such an eventuality, the Chief Justice, or in his absence, the senior most Judge of the Supreme Court of India available discharges the functions of the President until a newly elected President enters upon his office or a newly elected Vice-President begins to act as President under Article 65 of the Constitution, whichever is the earlier.[20]:96 For example, in 1969, when President Zakir Husain died in Office, Vice-President V. V. Giri served as the acting President of India. However, later, V.V Giri resigned from both posts (Acting President of India and Vice-President of India) as he became a candidate in the 1969 Presidential election in India. In this event, the then Chief Justice of India, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah served as the acting President of India until the next President was elected.

text: President versus Chief Justice[edit]

text:
President versus Chief Justice of India

President
Chief Justice of India / Judiciary

The duties of President under his oath is to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and the law
Similar to President to uphold the Constitution and the laws (Third Schedule of the constitution)[7]

Oath is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice
In the presence of the President

Impeachment by Parliament with majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each House of the Parliament for violation of the Constitution as per Article 61.
Impeachment by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity as per Article 124(4)

President can be removed by the Supreme Court per Article 71(1) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president.
President cannot remove judges once appointed by him without impeachment process per Article 124.

An individual heads the autonomous institution of President.
Judiciary/Supreme Court is also an autonomous institution represented by team of Supreme Court judges with Chief justice as its chief.

President being head of Parliament, Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility. He can also take the expert advise of Attorney General and also Chief Justice in performing his judicial role. It is President's duty to ensure that every state's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356.
Chief Justice/Supreme Court is also empowered by the constitution to repeal the unconstitutional activities of parliament and executive only after a fair trial.

President's prime duty is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and Parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent for making them into applicable laws. He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures. The other duties of President are just ceremonial as head of the country which are attached to him for being protector, defender and preserver of the constitution. The institution of President becomes redundant if the president is confining to other ceremonial duties only.
Can intervene or nullify the unlawful actions of union/state governments and unconstitutional laws enacted by the Parliament or a state legislative after presidential assent only.

President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional, mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency. However per Article 361 (1), President is answerable to a court designated by either house of Parliament with two-thirds majority for the investigation of a charge against him under article 61.
Chief justice/Judges of Supreme Court are also immune from punishment for not delivering correct judgements or for their incompetence and mala fides. However, Judges verdict can be repealed by a higher level bench of other judges.

President cannot be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case Parliament is not impeaching the President or removed by the Supreme Court.
Chief justice/Judge of Supreme Court also cannot be recalled by the people of India in case Parliament is not impeaching the judges.

text: President versus Prime minister[edit]

text:
President versus Prime minister

President
Prime minister / Union cabinet

The duties of President under his oath is to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and the law
Swears allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, swears to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and swears to do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection or ill-will (Third Schedule of the constitution)[7]

Oath is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice
In the presence of the President

Elected in an extensive manner indirectly by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission
Elected indirectly by the Lok Sabha members and secret ballot is not mandatory.

Impeachment by Parliament with majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each House of the Parliament for violation of the Constitution as per Article 61
Steps down upon losing majority support in Lok Sabha.

President can be removed by the Supreme Court per Article 71(1) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president
Similar to Prime minister and ministers also.

An individual heads the autonomous institution of President
Union cabinet with Prime minister as its chief is collectively responsible.

President being head of Parliament, Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility. He can also take the expert advise of Attorney General and also Chief Justice in performing his judicial role. It is President's duty to ensure that every state's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356
Rest of the governance of the union and reporting to the President on all important matters. Being leader of the majority/ ruling party in the Parliament, union cabinet takes lead in law making by the parliament needed for policy finalisation on various aspects, annual budgets finalisation, planning and implementation, etc.

President's prime function is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent/government orders (GO) for making them in to applicable laws. He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures.
Prime minister /union cabinet shall aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice as long as not unconstitutional. Prime minister shall communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation and on President's desire submit related information. No minister shall decide on any matter without the council of ministers/ union cabinet approval per Article 78.

President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional, mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency
The union cabinet has constitutional immunity from legal proceedings in any court for their mala fide and unconstitutional advice tendered by union ministers to the President per Article 74 (2).

President cannot escape from his constitutional duty by citing constitutional amendment to Article 74 (para 2 of 1) which makes him to abide by the union cabinet advice after sending for reconsideration. As clarified by the Supreme Court, the object of Article 74 (2) is only to make the question whether the President had followed the advice of the union cabinet or acted contrary thereto, non-justiciable. Refer page Article 74#Court cases for more clarity
The union cabinet may escape from the punishment or responsibility for implementing unconstitutional laws citing Article 74 (2).

President cannot be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the President or removed by the Supreme Court or resigns on his own on moral grounds
Prime minister/ union cabinet cannot be recalled by the people of India till the end of his term in case he is not losing majority support in Lok Shaba or resigns on his own on moral grounds.

text: Important presidential interventions in the past[edit]

text: The President's role as defender of the Constitution and the powers as Head of State, especially in relation to those exercised by the Prime Minister as leader of the government, have changed over time. In particular, Presidents have made a number of interventions into government and lawmaking, which have established and challenged some conventions concerning Presidential intervention.

text: Proving majority in the parliament[edit]

text: In 1979, the Prime Minister, Charan Singh, did not enjoy a Parliamentary majority. He responded to this by simply not advising the President to summon Parliament.[19] Since then, Presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene Parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines (2 to 3 weeks). In the interim period, the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions.

text: Proof of Majority to form a Government[edit]

text: Since the 1990s, Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority, until the 2014 Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority. In such cases, Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a Prime Minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha (by a vote on the floor of the House) within weeks of being sworn into office.[57][58]

text: Vetoing of a Bill[edit]

text: Since the Indian Constitution does not provide any time limit within which the President is to declare his assent or refusal, the President could exercise a "pocket veto" by not taking any action for an indefinite time. The veto was used in 1986 by the then President Zail Singh over the Postal Bill. The President did not give assent to the bill, arguing that its scope was too sweeping and would give the government arbitrary powers to intercept postal communications indiscriminately.[53][59][60]

text: Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués[edit]

text: In the late 1990s, President K. R. Narayanan introduced explaining to the nation (by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués), the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the President.[61]

text: Return of a Bill[edit]

text: The constitution gives the President the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration. If the Parliament sends back the bill with or without changes, the President is obliged to sign it. In mid-2006, President Dr.A. P. J. Abdul Kalam sent back a controversial bill regarding the exclusion of certain offices from the scope of 'offices of profit', the holding of which would disqualify a person from being a member of parliament.[62] The combined opposition, the NDA, hailed the move. The UPA chose to send the bill back to the president without any changes and, after 17 days, Kalam gave his assent on 18 August 2006.[63][64]

text: Sacking state governors[edit]

text: Arunachal Pradesh governor who was earlier appointed by the ruling party at the centre, has been sacked by the President after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts.[65]

text: Living former Presidents[edit]

text: There are two living former Indian Presidents:

text:
Pratibha Patil
(2007–2012)
(1934-12-19) December 19, 1934 (age 82)

Pranab Mukherjee
(2012–2017)
(1935-12-11) December 11, 1935 (age 81)


document_title: The Little Mermaid (2018 film)

question_text: when does the live action little mermaid come out

text: The Little Mermaid (2018 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story starts with an old grandmother telling her granddaughters the story of The Little Mermaid. Despite their young age, the girls don't believe in the story, until their grandmother tells them a tale of her own. Years ago, a young reporter named Cam Harrison who had failed to earn a living sets out in search of a good story accompanied by his younger sister, Elle. There, they go to a circus and encounter a mermaid trapped in a tank. They are further amazed when the mermaid appears before them as a young woman with legs. The duo soon learn of a prophecy about a little girl born on land, blessed with the heart of a mermaid. With this ancient prophecy come to life in Elle, they are further entangled in a sinister plot of a wizard who wishes to keep the soul of the mermaid and convert it to power.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
William Moseley as Cam Harrison, a reporter.[1]
Loreto Peralta as Elle, an orphan and Cam's younger sister.[citation needed]
Poppy Drayton as Elizabeth, the mermaid.[2]
Armando Gutierrez as Locke, the wizard who has enslaved the little mermaid.[citation needed]
Shirley MacLaine as Eloise, an eccentric woman who has intimate knowledge of the story of The Little Mermaid[3]
Diahann Carroll[1]
William Forsythe[1]
Gina Gershon[1]
Claire Crosby

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was originally titled A Little Mermaid.[1][2][3] Filming took place in Georgia,[2] in 2016.[citation needed]

text: Marketing and release[edit]

text: A trailer for the film debuted in March 2017 and generated over 30 million views in two weeks time.[4]

text: In May 2017, it was reported that the film had been picked up for distribution by Netflix and would debut on the streaming service sometime during summer 2018.[5]


document_title: Hitchiti

question_text: the hitchiti were a part of which confederacy

text: Hitchiti

text: Language[edit]

text:
Hitchiti

Regions with significant populations

text: The Hitchiti language, one of the many languages spoken by the Muscogee tribe, was spoken in Georgia and Florida during the Colonial Period by tribes including the Hitchiti, Chiaha, Oconee, Sawokli, Apalochicola, and Miccosukee. Based on the amount of place names derived from the language, scholars believe it could have spread over a much larger area than Georgia and Florida during colonial times.[3]

text: It was part of the Muskogean language family; it is considered a dialect of the Mikasuki language with which it was mutually intelligible.[4] The Hitchiti and the Mikasuki tribes were both part of the loose Creek confederacy. The Mikasuki language was historically one of the major languages of the Seminole people and is still spoken by many Florida Seminoles and Miccosukees, but it is extinct among the Oklahoma Seminole.

text: Like the Creeks, the Hitchiti had an ancient "female" dialect. The dialect was still remembered and sometimes spoken by the older people, which used to be the language of the males as well. Their language with the "female" dialect was also known as the ancient language.[5]

text: Sounds[edit]

text: The tables below are the sounds of the Hitchiti language:

text:
Vowels

 Short/Nasal
 Long

 Front
 Central
 Back
 Front
 Central
 Back

 Close
i ĩ

u ũ
iː

uː

Mid

o

oː

 Open
a ã

aː

text:
Consonants

Bilabial
Labial
Lateral
Alveolar
Palatal
Glottal

Stop
plain
p

t
k

aspirated
pʰ

tʰ
kʰ

voiced
b

Affricate

tʃ

Fricative

f
ɬ
s

h

Nasal
m

n

Approximant
w

l

j

text: Location[edit]

text: The Hitchiti are often associated with a location in the present-day Chattahoochee County, but at an earlier period were on the lower course of the Ocmulgee River. Early English maps show their town on the site of present-day Macon. After 1715 they moved to Henry County, Alabama, en route to their most well-known location of Chattahoochee. By 1839, they had all been relocated to Native American reservations in Oklahoma, where they gradually merged with the rest of the Native Americans of the Creek Confederacy.[6]

text: Some of their villages were located at Hihnje, location unknown; Hitchitoochee, on the Flint River below its junction with Kinchafoonee Creek; and Tuttallosee, on a creek of the same name, 20 miles west from Hitchitoochee.

text: Population[edit]

text: The population of the Hitchiti is not known with precision because it was usually recorded with those of the other confederate tribes, and only the males were usually recorded. In 1738 there were 60 males in the tribe; in 1750 only 15; 50 in 1760; 40 in 1761; 90 in 1772; and in 1832 the entire population, males and females, was estimated at about 381.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: For hundreds of years before white men came into Georgia, the Hitchiti Indians lived there. They were not nomadic, but they inhabited most of southern Georgia. The Hitchiti were part of the Creek Confederacy, which occupied almost two-thirds of the state of Georgia.

text: Many Native American relics have been found in Jones County. The western boundary of the county is the Ocmulgee River, one of the favorite places of the Hitchiti tribe. Today one can find arrowheads and see numerous Indian trails there.[8]

text: The tribe is not often mentioned in historical records. It was first recorded in 1733, when two of its delegates were noted as accompanying the Lower Creek chiefs to meet Governor James Oglethorpe at Savannah.

text: When the U.S. Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins visited the Hitchiti in 1799, he recorded that they had spread out into two branch settlements. The Hitchitudshi, or Little Hitchiti, lived on both sides of Flint River below the junction of Kinchafoonee Creek, which passes through a county once named after it. The Tutalosi lived on a branch of Kinchafoonee Creek, 20 miles west of Hitchitudshi.[9]

text: The language appears to have been used beyond the territorial limits of the tribe: it was spoken in the towns on the Chattahoochee River, such as Chiaha, Chiahudshi, Hitchiti, Oconee, Sawokli, Sawokliudshi, and Apalachicola, and in those on the Flint River, and also by the Miccosukee tribe of Florida. Traceable by local names in Hitchiti, the language was used by peoples over considerable portions of Georgia and Florida. Like Creek, this language has an archaic form called "women's talk," or female language.

text: Scholars believe that the Yamasee also spoke Hitchiti, but the evidence is not conclusive. Other evidence points toward their speaking a different language, perhaps one related to Guale.

text: The Hitchiti were absorbed into and became an integral part of the Creek Nation, though preserving to a large extent their own language and customs. Similarly, those Mikasuki-speakers who joined the Lower Creek migrations to Florida maintained their culture.

text: For years they were considered to be part of the Seminole, which formed from remnant peoples in Florida. In the 20th century, they gained independent state recognition in 1957 and federal recognition in 1962 as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.

text: Some sources list Hitchiti as an extant language in the 1990s.[10]

text: The Native Americans of Georgia were all officially removed from the state and forcibly resettled in Oklahoma by 1839. This was when most of their culture and language left the state of Georgia.[11]

text: To this day, you can still find remnants of the Hitchiti Indians all over the state of Georgia. A collection of Hitchiti artifacts was found in one location at a Hitchiti town. The collection includes a large copper disc at the center surrounded by Guntersville points, a variety of trade beads that indicate a heavy involvement in fur trade with the English, two ear plugs, five worked silver circles typical of the silver work of their decedents the Seminoles, a stone pendant, and a highly polished flaking tool.[12]