document_title: History of Australia (1788–1850)

question_text: where did the first australian settlers come from

text: History of Australia (1788–1850)

text: Colonisation[edit]

text: It is commonly reported that the colonisation of Australia was driven by the need to address overcrowding in the British prison system, and the fact of the British losing the United States from the American Revolution; however, it was simply not economically viable to transport convicts halfway around the world for this reason alone.[1] Many convicts were either skilled tradesmen or farmers who had been convicted for trivial crimes and were sentenced to seven years transportation, the time required to set up the infrastructure for the new colony. Convicts were often given pardons prior to or on completion of their sentences and were allocated parcels of land to farm.

text: Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage, recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site.[2] Banks accepted an offer of assistance made by the American Loyalist James Matra in July 1783. Matra had visited Botany Bay with Banks in 1770 as a junior officer on the Endeavour commanded by James Cook. Under Banks's guidance, he rapidly produced "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" (24 August 1783), with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).[3]

text: Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in March 1784, Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers.[4] Matra’s plan can be seen to have “provided the original blueprint for settlement in New South Wales”.[5] A cabinet memorandum December 1784 shows the Government had Matra’s plan in mind when considering the creation of a settlement in New South Wales.[5][6] The London Chronicle of 12 October 1786 said: “Mr. Matra, an Officer of the Treasury, who, sailing with Capt. Cook, had an opportunity of visiting Botany Bay, is the Gentleman who suggested the plan to Government of transporting convicts to that island”. The Government also incorporated into the colonisation plan the project for settling Norfolk Island, with its attractions of timber and flax, proposed by Banks’s Royal Society colleagues, Sir John Call and Sir George Young.[7]

text: On 13 May 1787, the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1,530 people (736 convicts, 17 convicts' children, 211 marines, 27 marines' wives, 14 marines' children and about 300 officers and others) under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip set sail for Botany Bay.[8][9] The Fleet of 11 vessels consisted of over a thousand settlers, including 778 convicts (192 women and 586 men).[10] A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788.[11] This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip famously described as:[12]

text:
“
being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World [...] Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security.
”

tag: table

text: Phillip named the settlement after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Baron Sydney (Viscount Sydney from 1789). The only people at the flag raising ceremony and the formal taking of possession of the land in the name of King George III were Phillip and a few dozen marines and officers from the Supply, the rest of the ship's company and the convicts witnessing it from on board ship. The remaining ships of the Fleet were unable to leave Botany Bay until later on 26 January because of a tremendous gale.[13] The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February.[14]

text: On 24 January 1788 a French expedition of two ships led by Admiral Jean-François de La Pérouse had arrived off Botany Bay, on the latest leg of a three-year voyage that had taken them from Brest, around Cape Horn, up the coast from Chile to California, north-west to Kamchatka, south-east to Easter Island, north-west to Macao, and on to the Philippines, the Friendly Isles, Hawaii and Norfolk Island.[15] Though amicably received, the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British, as it showed the interest of France in the new land.

text: Nevertheless, on 2 February Lieutenant King, at Phillip's request, paid a courtesy call on the French and offered them any assistance they may need.[13] The French made the same offer to the British, as they were much better provisioned than the British and had enough supplies to last three years.[13] Neither of these offers was accepted. On 10 March[13] the French expedition, having taken on water and wood, left Botany Bay, never to be seen again. Phillip and La Pérouse never met. La Pérouse is remembered in a Sydney suburb of that name. Various other French geographical names along the Australian coast also date from this expedition.

text: Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. Phillip's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony. Phillip and several of his officers – most notably Watkin Tench – left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement. Often Phillip's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales. Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were few and far between. Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney – many "professional criminals" with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony. Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement. The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its "passengers" through sickness, while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip. From 1791 however, the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies.[16]

text: In 1792, two French ships, La Recherche and L'Espérance anchored in a harbour near Tasmania's southernmost point they called Recherche Bay. This was at a time when Britain and France were trying to be the first to discover and colonise Australia. The expedition carried scientists and cartographers, gardeners, artists and hydrographers who, variously, planted, identified, mapped, marked, recorded and documented the environment and the people of the new lands that they encountered at the behest of the fledgling Société D'Histoire Naturelle.

text: White settlement began with a consignment of English convicts, guarded by a detachment of the Royal Marines, a number of whom subsequently stayed in the colony as settlers. Their view of the colony and their place in it was eloquently stated by Captain David Collins: "From the disposition to crimes and the incorrigible character of the major part of the colonists, an odium was, from the first, illiberally thrown upon the settlement; and the word "Botany Bay" became a term of reproach that was indiscriminately cast upon every one who resided in New South Wales. But let the reproach light upon those who have used it as such... if the honour of having deserved well of one's country be attainable by sacrificing good name, domestic comforts, and dearest connections in her service, the officers of this settlement have justly merited that distinction".[17]

text: Convicts and free settlers[edit]

text: When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793, she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers. They were: Thomas Rose, a farmer from Dorset, his wife and four children; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres; Frederic Meredith, who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius; Thomas Webb (who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius), his wife, and his nephew, Joseph Webb; Edward Powell, who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport, and who married a free woman after his arrival. Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each.

text: The conditions they had come out under were that they should be provided with a free passage, be furnished with agricultural tools and implements by the Government, have two years' provisions, and have grants of land free of expense. They were likewise to have the labour of a certain number of convicts, who were also to be provided with two years' rations and one year's clothing from the public stores. The land assigned to them was some miles to the westward of Sydney, at a place named by the settlers, "Liberty Plains". It is now the area covered mainly by the suburbs of Strathfield and Homebush.

text: One in three convicts transported after 1798 was Irish, about a fifth of whom were transported in connection with the political and agrarian disturbances common in Ireland at the time. While the settlers were reasonably well-equipped, little consideration had been given to the skills required to make the colony self-supporting – few of the first wave convicts had farming or trade experience (nor the soldiers), and the lack of understanding of Australia's seasonal patterns saw initial attempts at farming fail, leaving only what animals and birds the soldiers were able to shoot. The colony nearly starved, and Phillip was forced to send a ship to Batavia (Jakarta) for supplies. Some relief arrived with the Second Fleet in 1790, but life was extremely hard for the first few years of the colony.

text: Convicts were usually sentenced to seven or fourteen years' penal servitude, or "for the term of their natural lives". Often these sentences had been commuted from the death sentence, which was technically the punishment for a wide variety of crimes. Upon arrival in a penal colony, convicts would be assigned to various kinds of work. Those with trades were given tasks to fit their skills (stonemasons, for example, were in very high demand) while the unskilled were assigned to work gangs to build roads and do other such tasks. Female convicts were usually assigned as domestic servants to the free settlers, many being forced into prostitution.[18]

text: Where possible, convicts were assigned to free settlers who would be responsible for feeding and disciplining them; in return for this, the settlers were granted land. This system reduced the workload on the central administration. Those convicts who weren't assigned to settlers were housed at barracks such as the Hyde Park Barracks or the Parramatta female factory.

text: Convict discipline was harsh; convicts who would not work or who disobeyed orders were punished by flogging, being put in stricter confinement (e.g. leg-irons), or being transported to a stricter penal colony. The penal colonies at Port Arthur and Moreton Bay, for instance, were stricter than the one at Sydney, and the one at Norfolk Island was strictest of all. Convicts were assigned to work gangs to build roads, buildings, and the like. Female convicts, who made up 20% of the convict population, were usually assigned as domestic help to soldiers. Those convicts who behaved were eventually issued with ticket of leave, which allowed them a certain degree of freedom. Those who saw out their full sentences or were granted a pardon usually remained in Australia as free settlers, and were able to take on convict servants themselves.

text: In 1789 former convict James Ruse produced the first successful wheat harvest in NSW. He repeated this success in 1790 and, because of the pressing need for food production in the colony, was rewarded by Governor Phillip with the first land grant made in New South Wales. Ruse's 30 acre grant at Rose Hill, near Parramatta, was aptly named 'Experiment Farm'.[19] This was the colony's first successful farming enterprise, and Ruse was soon joined by others. The colony began to grow enough food to support itself, and the standard of living for the residents gradually improved.

text: In 1804 the Castle Hill convict rebellion was led by around 200 escaped, mostly Irish convicts, although it was broken up quickly by the New South Wales Corps. On 26 January 1808, there was a military rebellion against Governor Bligh led by John Macarthur. Following this, Governor Lachlan Macquarie was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony. When he arrived in 1810, he forcibly deported the NSW Corps and brought the 73rd regiment to replace them.

text:
13 May 1787 – The 11 ships of the First Fleet leave Portsmouth under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip. Different accounts give varying numbers of passengers but the fleet consisted of at least 1,350 persons of whom 780 were convicts and 570 were free men, women and children and the number included four companies of marines. About 20% of the convicts were women and the oldest convict was 82. About 50% of the convicts had been tried in Middlesex and most of the rest were tried in the county assizes of Devon, Kent and Sussex
18 January 1788 – The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay but the landing party was not impressed with the site, and moved the fleet to Port Jackson, landing in Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 (now celebrated as Australia Day)
April 1789 – A suspicious outbreak of smallpox decimates local tribes. Research by Michael J Bennett[20] published in 2009, corroborated independently by Christopher Warren[21] in 2013, demonstrates this outbreak was most likely deliberate.
1790 – the Second Fleet of convicts arrives in Sydney Cove.
1791 – Third Fleet of convicts arrives
1793 – January: the first free settlers arrive in NSW.
1793 – March–April: visit of the expedition led by Alessandro Malaspina.
1825 - May: Founding of Brisbane
14 June 1825 – the colony of Van Diemen's Land is established in its own right; its name is officially changed to Tasmania on 1 January 1856. The first settlement was made at Risdon, Tasmania on 11 September 1803 when Lieut John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers, crew, soldiers and convicts. The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804. Lieut-Col David Collins finally established a successful settlement at Hobart in February 1804 with a party of about 260 people, including 178 convicts. (Collins had previously attempted a settlement in Victoria.) Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812 to 1853 and over the 50 years from 1803–1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania. About 14,492 were Irish but many of them had been sentenced in English and Scottish courts. Some were also tried locally in other Australian colonies. The Indefatigable brought the first convicts direct from England on 19 October 1812 and by 1820 there were about 2,500 convicts in the colony. By the end of 1833 the number had increased to 14,900 convicts of whom 1864 were females. About 1,448 held ticket of leave, 6,573 were assigned to settlers and 275 were recorded as "absconded or missing". In 1835 there were over 800 convicts working in chain-gangs at the penal station at Port Arthur which operated from 1830 to 1877. Convicts were transferred to Van Diemen's Land from Sydney and, in later years, from 1841 to 1847, from Melbourne. Between 1826 and 1840, there were at least 19 ship loads of convicts sent from Van Diemen's Land to Norfolk Island and at other times they were sent from Norfolk Island to Van Diemen's Land.
21 January 1827 – Western Australia was established when a small British settlement was established at King George's Sound (Albany) by Major Edmund Lockyer who was to provide a deterrent to the French presence in the area. On 18 June 1829 the new Swan River Colony was officially proclaimed with Captain James Stirling as the first Governor. Except for the settlement at King George's Sound, the colony was never really a part of NSW. King George's Sound was handed over in 1831. In 1849 the colony was proclaimed a British penal settlement and the first convicts arrived in 1850. Rottnest Island, off the coast of Perth, became the colony's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders. Around 9,720 British convicts were sent directly to the colony in 43 ships between 1850 and 1868. The convicts were sought by local settlers because of the shortage of labour needed to develop the region. On 9 January 1868, Australia's last convict ship, the Hougoumont brought its final cargo of 269 convicts. Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6, 7, 10, 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75% as opposed to 50% for those sent to NSW and Tasmania. About a third of the convicts left the Swan River Colony after serving their time.
1835 – the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, issued by the Colonial Office and sent to the Governor with Despatch 99 of 10 October 1835, implements the doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based. Reinforcing the British assertion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it, it effectively quashes pre-existing treaties with Aboriginal peoples (e.g. that signed by John Batman). Its publication in the Colony means that from then on, all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers. Aboriginal people therefore could not sell or assign the land, nor could an individual person acquire it, other than through distribution by the Crown.[22]
28 December 1836 – the British province of South Australia was established. In 1842 it became a crown colony and on 22 July 1861 its area was extended westwards to its present boundary and more area was taken from New South Wales. South Australia was never a British convict colony and between 1836–1840 about 13,400 immigrants arrived in the area. 24,900 more arrived between 1841–1850. Some escaped convicts did settle in the area and no doubt a number of ex-convicts moved there from other colonies. On 4 January 1837 Governor Hindmarsh proclaimed that any offenders convicted in South Australia, and being under sentence of transportation, were to be transported to either New South Wales or Van Diemens Land, by the first opportunity.[23]
1841 – New Zealand is separated from New South Wales
1851 – Victoria is separated from New South Wales (formerly known as the Port Phillip District of NSW). Apart from castaways and runaway convicts in the 1790s, the first attempt at settlement was made on 13 October 1803 by Lieut. David Collins and his party of soldiers and convicts. Harsh conditions convinced him to abandon the settlement in January 1804. He moved on to Tasmania and it was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay on 19 November 1834 and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne that the Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned on 10 April 1837. The first immigrant ships arrived at Port Phillip in 1839. Apart from those involved in early attempts at settlement in 1803 and 1826, the only convicts sent directly to Victoria from Britain were about 1,750 convicts known as the "Exiles" and they arrived between 1844–1849. They were sometimes called the "Pentonvillians" because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison in England. Many ex-convicts and convicts on Tickets of Leave and Conditional Pardons also moved to Port Phillip from Van Diemen's Land.
10 December 1859 – Queensland is separated from New South Wales. In 1824 the explorer Lieut. John Oxley took a party of 30 convicts and established a penal colony at Redcliffe. Known as the Moreton Bay Settlement, this later moved to the site now called Brisbane. The name Brisbane Town was in use by 1825 and the main inhabitants in the area were the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Station until it was closed in 1839. Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824–1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337. The first free settlers moved to the district in 1838 and others followed in 1840.
23 December 1862 – the area of Queensland is increased.
1863 – control of the Northern Territory is granted to the Province (later State) of South Australia. In 1825 the area occupied today by Northern Territory was incorporated into the colony of New South Wales. It was first settled by Europeans in 1824 at Fort Dundas, Port Essington. Its capital city, Darwin was established in 1869 and was originally known as Palmerston. On 1 January 1911, the Northern Territory as we know it today was separated from South Australia and became part of the Commonwealth of Australia.
1 January 1901 – the Federation of Australian States to form the Commonwealth of Australia.
1911 – The Federal Capital Territory is established.

text: Exploration[edit]

text: In October 1795 George Bass and Matthew Flinders, accompanied by William Martin sailed the boat Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists. Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks' Town.[25] In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat, which they also called the Tom Thumb.[26] During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra, which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon. They discovered and explored Port Hacking. In 1798–99, Bass and Flinders set out in a sloop and circumnavigated Tasmania, thus proving it to be an island.[27]

text: Aboriginal guides and assistance in the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions. In 1801–02 Matthew Flinders in The Investigator lead the first circumnavigation of Australia. Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree, of the Sydney district, who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent.[27] Previously, the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe, when, in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III.[27]

text: In 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, by following the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys. At Mount Blaxland they looked out over "enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years", and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin.[28]

text: In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane, commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony, and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales's western rivers flowed. Over 16 weeks in 1824–25, Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back. They made many important discoveries including the Murray River (which they named the Hume), many of its tributaries, and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning, New South Wales and Corio Bay, Victoria.[29]

text: Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River. A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea. Leading a second expedition in 1829, Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a 'broad and noble river', the Murray River, which he named after Sir George Murray, secretary of state for the colonies. His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River, facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way. Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina, where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia. Suffering greatly, the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey.[30]

text: Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to 'fill in the gaps' left by these previous expeditions. He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony, for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles.[31]

text: The Polish scientist/explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia's highest peak, which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko.[32]

text: Growth of free settlement[edit]

text: Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision-making process, but the first European-style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors – although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies.[33]

text: The Second Fleet in 1790 brought to Sydney two men who were to play important roles in the colony's future. One was D'Arcy Wentworth, whose son, William Charles, went on to be an explorer, to found Australia's first newspaper and to become a leader of the movement to abolish convict transportation and establish representative government. The other was John Macarthur, a Scottish army officer and founder of the Australian wool industry, which laid the foundations of Australia's future prosperity. Macarthur was a turbulent element: in 1808 he was one of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion against the governor, William Bligh.

text: From about 1815 the colony, under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie, began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived and new lands were opened up for farming. Despite the long and arduous sea voyage, settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land. From the late 1820s settlement was only authorised in the limits of location, known as the Nineteen Counties.

text: Many settlers occupied land without authority and beyond these authorised settlement limits: they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class. As a result of opposition from the labouring and artisan classes, transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840, although it continued in the smaller colonies of Van Diemen's Land (first settled in 1803, later renamed Tasmania) and Moreton Bay (founded 1824, and later renamed Queensland) for a few years more.

text: The Swan River Settlement (as Western Australia was originally known), centred on Perth, was founded in 1829. The colony suffered from a long-term shortage of labour, and by 1850 local capitalists had succeeded in persuading London to send convicts. (Transportation did not end until 1868.) New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony.

text: The first governments established after 1788 were autocratic and each colony was governed by a British Governor, appointed by the British monarch. There was considerable unhappiness with the way some of the colonies were run. In most cases the administration of the early colonies was carried out by the British military. The New South Wales Corps, which was in charge of New South Wales, became known as the "Rum Corps", due to its stranglehold on the distribution of rum, which was used as a makeshift currency at the time. In New South Wales this led to the "Rum Rebellion". Although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies.[33]

text: The oldest legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council, was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales. William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association (Australia's first political party) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales. The reformist attorney general, John Plunkett, sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, first by extending jury rights to emancipists, then by extending legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and Aborigines. Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder, resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans, Catholics, Presbyterians and later Methodists.[34]

text: In 1840, the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established. Men who possessed 1000 pounds worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843, again with voting rights (for males only) tied to property ownership or financial capacity. Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.[35]

text: By the mid-19th century, there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia, later fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe, the United States and the British Empire. The end of convict transportation accelerated reform in the 1840s and 1850s. The Australian Colonies Government Act [1850] was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments – though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic "interests" and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state.[36]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1788 – New South Wales, according to Arthur Phillip's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787, includes "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean" and running westward to the 135th meridian east. These islands included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales.[a]
1824 — Brisbane is founded
1825 – New South Wales's western border is extended to 129° E. In the same year, Van Diemen's Land is proclaimed.
1829 – Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain.
1832 – Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia.
1836 – South Australia is proclaimed with its western border at 132° E.
1840 – New Zealand is proclaimed.
1846 – The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February. This was all of New South Wales north of 26° S. Although revoked in December 1846, the colony did formally exist.

text: Economy and trade[edit]

text: The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival. The official currency of the colonies was the British pound, but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum. During this period Australian businessmen began to prosper. For example, the partnership of Berry and Wollstonecraft made enormous profits by means of land grants, convict labour, and exporting native cedar back to England.

text: Religion, education, and culture[edit]

text: Since time immemorial in Australia, indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religion of the Dreamtime. The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however, came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788. As a British colony, the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England, but one-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic, and at least half of them were born in Ireland.[37]

text: A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic. Some of the Irish convicts had been Transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of the minority religion for the first three decades of settlement.[38] It was therefore the crew of the French explorer La Pérouse who conducted the first Catholic ceremony on Australian soil in 1788 – the burial of Father Louis Receveur, a Franciscan monk, who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay, while on a mission to explore the Pacific.[39]

text: In early colonial times, Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors. Richard Johnson, Anglican chaplain to the First Fleet, was charged by the governor, Arthur Phillip, with improving "public morality" in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education.[40] The Reverend Samuel Marsden (1765–1838) had magisterial duties, and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the 'floging parson' for the severity of his punishments[41]

text: Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant.[42] The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 – James Harold, James Dixon, and Peter O'Neill, who had been convicted for 'complicity' in the Irish 1798 Rebellion. Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass. On 15 May 1803, in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales.[42]

text: The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked. Fr Jeremiah Flynn, an Irish Cistercian, was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland, and set out from Britain for the colony, uninvited. Watched by authorities, Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London. Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the Colony in 1820 – John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly.[38] The foundation stone for the first St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie.

text: The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire. The government therefore endorsed the English Benedictines to lead the early Church in the Colony.[43] The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836. Drafted by the reformist attorney-general John Plunkett, the Act established legal equality for Anglicans, Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists.[44] Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system, publishing a pamphlet, The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People, in Britain in 1837.[45] Laywoman Caroline Chisolm did ecumenical work to alleviate the suffering of female migrants.

text: Initially, education was informal, primarily occurring in the home.[citation needed] At the instigation of the then British Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, and with the patronage of King William IV, Australia's oldest surviving independent school, The King's School, Parramatta, was founded in 1831 as part of an effort to establish grammar schools in the colony.[46] By 1833, there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies.[38] Today one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools.[47]

text: Sydney's first Catholic Bishop, John Bede Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 to set about pastoral care of convict women and work in schools and hospitals before going on to found their own schools and hospitals.[48] At Polding's request, the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools. Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill, in South Australia in 1848, the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory – where they established schools and missions.

text: Some Australian folksongs date to this period.

text: Among the first true works of Australian literature produced over this period was the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench, a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788. In 1819, poet, explorer, journalist and politician William Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian: A Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen's Land, With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America,[49] in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales, trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts. In 1838 The Guardian: a tale by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney. It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman. It is a Gothic romance.[50]

text: European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet, with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts : The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar.[51] Two centuries later, the extraordinary circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in Our Country's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker: the participants were prisoners watched by sadistic guards and the leading lady was under threat of the death penalty. The play is based on Thomas Keneally's novel The Playmaker.[51] The Theatre Royal, Hobart, opened in 1837 and it remains the oldest theatre in Australia.[52] The Melbourne Athenaeum is one of the oldest public institutions in Australia, founded in 1839 and it served as library, school of arts and dance hall (and later became Australia's first cinema, screening The Story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first feature film in 1906).[53] The Queen's Theatre, Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland.[54]

text: Aboriginal resistance[edit]

text: Aboriginal reactions to the sudden arrival of British settlers were varied, but often hostile when the presence of the colonisers led to competition over resources, and to the occupation by the British of Aboriginal lands. European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources led to starvation. By contrast with New Zealand, where the Treaty of Waitangi was seen to legitimise British settlement, no treaty was signed with Aborigines, who never authorised British colonisation.

text: According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey, in Australia during the colonial period:

text: "In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings. Even worse, smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralisation".[55]

text: Since the 1980s, the use of the word "invasion" to describe the British colonisation of Australia has been highly controversial. According to Australian Henry Reynolds however, government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as "invasion" and "warfare" to describe their presence and relations with Indigenous Australians. In his book The Other Side of the Frontier,[56] Reynolds described in detail armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments by means of guerilla warfare, beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth.

text: In the early years of colonisation, David Collins, the senior legal officer in the Sydney settlement, wrote of local Aborigines:

text: While they entertain the idea of our having dispossessed them of their residences, they must always consider us as enemies; and upon this principle they [have] made a point of attacking the white people whenever opportunity and safety concurred.[57]

text: In 1847, Western Australian barrister E.W. Landor stated: "We have seized upon the country, and shot down the inhabitants, until the survivors have found it expedient to submit to our rule. We have acted as Julius Caesar did when he took possession of Britain."[58] In most cases, Reynolds says, Aborigines initially resisted British presence. In a letter to the Launceston Advertiser in 1831, a settler wrote:

text: We are at war with them: they look upon us as enemies – as invaders – as oppressors and persecutors – they resist our invasion. They have never been subdued, therefore they are not rebellious subjects, but an injured nation, defending in their own way, their rightful possessions which have been torn from them by force.[59]

text: Reynolds quotes numerous writings by settlers who, in the first half of the nineteenth century, described themselves as living in fear and even in terror due to attacks by Aborigines determined to kill them or drive them off their lands. He argues that Aboriginal resistance was, in some cases at least, temporarily effective; the Aboriginal killings of men, sheep and cattle, and burning of white homes and crops, drove some settlers to ruin. Aboriginal resistance continued well beyond the middle of the nineteenth century, and in 1881 the editor of The Queenslander wrote:

text: During the last four or five years the human life and property destroyed by the aborigines in the North total up to a serious amount. [...] [S]ettlement on the land, and the development of the mineral and other resources on the country, have been in a great degree prohibited by the hostility of the blacks, which still continues with undiminished spirit.[60]

text: Reynolds argues that continuous Aboriginal resistance for well over a century belies the "myth" of peaceful settlement in Australia. Settlers in turn often reacted to Aboriginal resistance with great violence, resulting in numerous indiscriminate massacres by whites of Aboriginal men, women and children.[61] Among the most famous massacres of the early nineteenth century were the Pinjarra massacre and the Myall Creek massacre.

text: Famous Aborigines who resisted British colonisation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include Pemulwuy and Yagan. In Tasmania, the "Black War" was fought in the first half of the nineteenth century.

text: Representations in literature and film[edit]

text:
Marcus Clarke's 1874 novel, For the Term of his Natural Life, and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel.
Eleanor Dark's 1947 Timeless Land trilogy, which spans the colonisation from 1788–1811. The 1980s television drama, The Timeless Land, was based on this trilogy.
D. Manning Richards. Destiny in Sydney: An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia. First book in Sydney series. Washington DC: Aries Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9845410-0-3


document_title: Limited-slip differential

question_text: a torsen-style transfer case uses gears that are similar to a

root

text: Limited-slip differential

text: Early history[edit]

text: In 1932, Ferdinand Porsche designed a Grand Prix racing car for the Auto Union company. The high power of the design caused one of the rear wheels to experience excessive wheel spin at any speed up to 160 km/h (100 mph). In 1935, Porsche commissioned the engineering firm ZF to design a limited-slip differential to improve performance.[citation needed] The ZF "sliding pins and cams" became available,[1] and one example was the Type B-70 for early VWs, although technically this was an automatic locking differential, not a limited-slip.

tag: p

text: Benefits[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The main advantage of a limited-slip differential is demonstrated by considering the case of a standard (or "open") differential in off-roading or snow situations where one wheel begins to slip. In such a case with a standard differential, the slipping or non-contacting wheel will receive the majority of the power (in the form of low-torque, high rpm rotation), while the contacting wheel will remain stationary with respect to the ground. The torque transmitted by an open differential will always be equal at both wheels; if one tire is on a slippery surface, the supplied torque will easily overcome the available traction at a very low number. For example, the right tire might begin to spin as soon as 70 N·m (50 lb·ft) of torque is placed on it, since it is on an icy surface. Since the same amount of torque is always felt at both wheels, regardless of the speed which they are turning, this means that the wheel with traction cannot receive more than 70 Nm of torque either, which is far less than is required to move the vehicle. Meanwhile, the tire on the slippery surface will simply spin, absorbing all of the actual power output (which is a function of torque provided over time), even though both wheels are provided the same (very low) amount of torque. In this situation, a limited-slip differential prevents excessive power from being allocated to one wheel, and so keeps both wheels in powered rotation, ensuring that the traction will not be limited to the wheel which can handle the minimum amount of power. The advantages of LSD in high-power, rear wheel drive automobiles were demonstrated during the United States "Muscle-Car" era from the mid 1960s through the early 1970s. Cars of this era normally were rear wheel drive and did not feature independent suspension for the rear tires (but instead used a live axle). With a live axle, when high torque is applied through the differential, the traction on the right rear tire is lower as the axle naturally wants to turn with the torsion of the drive shaft (but is held stationary by being mounted to the vehicle frame). This coined the term "one wheel peel". As such,"Muscle-Cars" with LSD or "posi" (positraction) were at a distinct advantage to their wheel-spinning counterparts.

text: Basic principle of operation[edit]

text: Automotive limited-slip differentials all contain a few basic elements. First, all have a gear train that, like an open differential, allows the output shafts to spin at different speeds while holding the sum of their speeds proportional to that of the input shaft.

text: Second, all have some sort of mechanism that applies a torque (internal to the differential) that resists the relative motion of the output shafts. In simple terms, this means they have some mechanism which resists a speed difference between the outputs, by creating a resisting torque between either the two outputs, or the outputs and the differential housing. There are many mechanisms used to create this resisting torque. The type of limited-slip differential typically gets its name from the design of this resisting mechanism. Examples include viscous and clutch-based LSDs. The amount of limiting torque provided by these mechanisms varies by design and is discussed later in the article.

text: A limited-slip differential has a more complex torque-split and should be considered in the case when the outputs are spinning the same speed and when spinning at different speeds. The torque difference between the two axles is called Trq d .[2] (In this work it is called Trq f for torque friction[3]). Trq d is the difference in torque delivered to the left and right wheel. The magnitude of Trq d comes from the slip-limiting mechanism in the differential and may be a function of input torque (as in the case of a gear differential), or the difference in the output speeds (as in the case of a viscous differential).

text: The torque delivered to the outputs is:

text:
Trq 1 = ½ Trq in + ½ Trq d for the slower output
Trq 2 = ½ Trq in – ½ Trq d for the faster output

tag: ul

text: When traveling in a straight line, where one wheel starts to slip (and spin faster than the wheel with traction), torque is reduced to the slipping wheel (Trq 2 ) and provided to the slower wheel (Trq 1 ).

text: In the case when the vehicle is turning and neither wheel is slipping, the inside wheel will be turning slower than the outside wheel. In this case the inside wheel will receive more torque than the outside wheel, which can result in understeer.[3]

text: When both wheels are spinning at the same speed, the torque distribution to each wheel is:

text:
Trq (1 or 2) = ½ Trq in ±(½ Trq d ) while
Trq 1 +Trq 2 =Trq in .

text: This means the maximum torque to either wheel is statically indeterminate but is in the range of ½ Trq in ±( ½ Trq d ).

text: Types[edit]

text: Several types of LSD are commonly used in passenger cars.

text:
Fixed value
Torque sensitive
Speed sensitive
Electronically controlled

text: Fixed value[edit]

text: In this differential the maximum torque difference between the two outputs, Trq d , is a fixed value at all times regardless of torque input to the differential or speed difference between the two outputs. Typically this differential used spring-loaded clutch assemblies.

text: Torque sensitivity (HLSD)[edit]

text: This type includes helical gear limited-slip differentials and clutch, cone (an alternative type of clutch) where the engagement force of the clutch is a function of the input torque applied to the differential (as the engine applies more torque the clutches grip harder and Trq d decreases).

text: Torque sensing LSDs respond to driveshaft torque, so that the more driveshaft input torque present, the harder the clutches, cones or gears are pressed together, and thus the more closely the drive wheels are coupled to each other. Some include spring loading to provide some small torque so that with little or no input torque (trailing throttle/gearbox in neutral/main clutch depressed) the drive wheels are minimally coupled. The amount of preload (hence static coupling) on the clutches or cones is affected by the general condition (wear) and by how tightly they are loaded.

text: Clutch, cone-type, or plate LSD[edit]

text: The clutch type has a stack of thin clutch-discs, half of which are coupled to one of the drive shafts, the other half of which are coupled to the spider gear carrier. The clutch stacks may be present on both drive shafts, or on only one. If on only one, the remaining drive shaft is linked to the clutched drive shaft through the spider gears. In a cone type the clutches are replaced by a pair of cones which are pressed together achieving the same effect.

text: One method for creating the clamping force is the use of a cam-ramp assembly such as used in a Salisbury/ramp style LSD. The spider gears mount on the pinion cross shaft which rests in angled cutouts forming cammed ramps. The cammed ramps are not necessarily symmetrical. If the ramps are symmetrical, the LSD is 2 way. If they are saw toothed (i.e. one side of the ramp is vertical), the LSD is 1 way. If both sides are sloped, but are asymmetric, the LSD is 1.5 way. (See the discussion of 2, 1.5 and 1 way below)

text: An alternative is to use the natural separation force of the gear teeth to load the clutch. An example is the center differential of the 2011 Audi Quattro RS 5.[4]

text: As the input torque of the driveshaft tries to turn the differential center, internal pressure rings (adjoining the clutch stack) are forced sideways by the pinion cross shaft trying to climb the ramp, which compresses the clutch stack. The more the clutch stack is compressed, the more coupled the wheels are. The mating of the vertical ramp (80–85° in practice to avoid chipping) surfaces in a one-way LSD on overrun produces no cam effect or corresponding clutch stack compression.

text: 2-Way, 1-Way, 1.5-Way[edit]

text: Broadly speaking, there are three input torque states: load, no load, and over run. During load conditions, as previously stated, the coupling is proportional to the input torque. With no load, the coupling is reduced to the static coupling. The behavior on over run (particularly sudden throttle release) determines whether the LSD is 1 way, 1.5 way, or 2 way.

text: A 2-way differential will have the same limiting torque Trq d in both the forward and reverse directions. This means the differential will provide some level of limiting under engine braking.

text: A 1-way differential will provide its limiting action in only one direction. When torque is applied in the opposite direction it behaves like an open differential. In the case of a FWD car it is argued to be safer than a 2-way differential.[5] The argument is if there is no additional coupling on over run, i.e. a 1-way LSD as soon as the driver lifts the throttle, the LSD unlocks and behaves somewhat like a conventional open differential. This is also the best for FWD cars, as it allows the car to turn in on throttle release, instead of ploughing forward.[5]

text: A 1.5-way differential refers to one where the forward and reverse limiting torques, Trq d_fwd, d_rev , are different but neither is zero as in the case of the 1-way LSD. This type of differential is common in racing cars where a strong limiting torque can aid stability under engine braking.

text: Geared LSD[edit]

text: Geared, torque-sensitive mechanical limited-slip differentials use worm gears and spur gears to distribute and differentiate input power between two drive wheels or front and back axles. This is a completely separate design from the most common beveled spider gear designs seen in most automotive applications. As torque is applied to the gears, they are pushed against the walls of the differential housing, creating friction. The friction resists the relative movement of the outputs and creates the limiting torque Trq d .

text: Unlike other friction-based LSD designs that combine a common spider gear "open" differential in combination with friction materials that inhibit differentiation, the torque sensing design is a unique type of differential, with torque bias inherent to its design, not as an add-on. Torque bias is only applied when needed, and does not inhibit differentiation. The result is a true differential that does not bind up like LSD and locking types, but still gives increased power delivery under many road conditions.

text: Examples include:

text:
Torsen T-1 is the brand name of the original No Gleasman Differential invented by Vernon Gleasman circa 1949 (US Patent 2,559,916 applied in 1949, granted 1951).[6] The original Gleasman design was sold to The Gleason Works (later named Gleason Corporation), who started marketing it in 1982. The original T-1 model is incompatible with c-clip drive axles, which limited its use with many cars and pick-up trucks of the time. However, the original Torsen differential was used in racing by Mario Andretti and Paul Newman with great success.[7] All later worm gear LSD designs were derived from the original Gleasman differential. The T-1 is original equipment in the Audi Quattro, Subaru Impreza WRX STI, Toyota Mega Cruiser and AM General HMMWV "Humvee".[8]
Torsen T-2 was a new Gleasman design circa 1984 (US Patent application WO1984003745 A1)[9] that is compatible with c-clip axles. The new design, along with a merger creating Zexel-Gleason U.S.A. increased Torsen availability for OEM and aftermarket applications. Variants include the T-2R, which includes a Positraction style clutch pack that gives preload for racing purposes; and the T-3, a dual differential intended for AWD applications. The T-2 is original equipment in many high performance cars and pick-up trucks.[8]
Quaife differential, sold under the name Automatic Torque Biasing Differential (ATB), covered by European Patent No. 130806A2. The Quaife version is most established in Europe and other markets other than the US, providing extensive aftermarket support for European and Japanese brand cars, especially front wheel drive and all-wheel drive applications. The Ford Focus RS uses the Quaife as original equipment.[10]
Eaton Corporation is the latest owner of the Truetrac differential, which has been quietly in production for many years. Its design is similar to the Torsen T-2 (slightly less torque bias), and is an aftermarket part for many popular US-made solid axles for rear wheel drive and 4x4 pick-up trucks. The Truetrac is most often used in the front axle of 4x4 pick-up trucks intended for off-road use, in combination with locking center and rear differentials. As is the case with all geared LSD designs, the Truetrac does not have any negative impact on steering that most other LSD and "locker" designs are prone to.

text: Speed sensitivity[edit]

text: Speed-sensitive differentials limit the torque difference between the outputs, Trq d , based on the difference in speed between the two output shafts. Thus for small output speed differences the differential’s behavior may be very close to an open differential. As the speed difference increase the limiting torque increases. This results in different dynamic behavior as compared to a torque sensitive differential.

text: Viscous (VLSD)[edit]

text: The viscous type is generally simpler because it relies on hydrodynamic friction from fluids with high viscosity. Silicone-based oils are often used. Here, a cylindrical chamber of fluid filled with a stack of perforated discs rotates with the normal motion of the output shafts. The inside surface of the chamber is coupled to one of the driveshafts, and the outside coupled to the differential carrier. Half of the discs are connected to the inner, the other half to the outer, alternating inner/outer in the stack. Differential motion forces the interleaved discs to move through the fluid against each other. In some viscous couplings when speed is maintained the fluid will accumulate heat due to friction. This heat will cause the fluid to expand, and expand the coupler causing the discs to be pulled together resulting in a non-viscous plate to plate friction and a dramatic drop in speed difference. This is known as the hump phenomenon and it allows the side of the coupler to gently lock. In contrast to the mechanical type, the limiting action is much softer and more proportional to the slip, and so is easier to cope with for the average driver. New Process Gear used a viscous coupling of the Ferguson style in several of their transfer cases including those used in the AMC Eagle.

text: Viscous LSDs are less efficient than mechanical types, that is, they "lose" some power. In particular, any sustained load which overheats the silicone results in sudden permanent loss of the differential effect.[11] They do have the virtue of failing gracefully, reverting to semi-open differential behavior. Typically a visco-differential that has covered 60,000 miles (97,000 km) or more will be functioning largely as an open differential. The silicone oil is factory sealed in a separate chamber from the gear oil surrounding the rest of the differential. This is not serviceable; when the differential's behavior deteriorates, the VLSD center must be replaced.

text: Gerotor pump[edit]

text: This style limited-slip differential works by using a gerotor pump to hydraulically compress a clutch to transfer torque to the wheel that is rotating slower. The gerotor pump uses the differential carrier or cage to drive the outer rotor of the pump and one axle shaft to drive the inner rotor. When there is a difference between the left and right wheels' speed, the pump pressurizes the hydraulic fluid causing the clutch to compress. thereby causing the torque to be transferred to the wheel that is rotating slower. These pump-based systems have lower and upper limits on applied pressure which allows the differential to work like a conventional or open differential until there is a significant speed difference between the right and left wheel, and internal damping to avoid hysteresis. The newest gerotor pump based system has computer regulated output for more versatility and no oscillation.[citation needed]

text: Electronic[edit]

text: An electronic limited-slip differential will typically have a planetary or bevel gear set similar to that of an open differential and a clutch pack similar to that in a torque sensitive or gerotor pump based differential. In the electronic unit the clamping force on the clutch is controlled externally by a computer or other controller. This allows the control of the differential’s limiting torque, Trq d , to be controlled as part of a total chassis management system. An example of this type of differential is Subaru’s DCCD used in the 2011 Subaru WRX STi.[12] Another example is the Porsche PSD system used on the Porsche 928. A third example is the SAAB XWD (Haldex Generation 4) with eLSD, it uses a common (electronically controlled via the vehicle computer network) hydraulic power pack to control both the longitudinal and transversal torque transfer of the XWD system. The same Haldex system is used on several other GM Epsilon based vehicles such as the Cadillac SRX etc.

text: Electronic systems: brake-based[edit]

text: These systems are alternatives to a traditional limited-slip differential. The systems harness various chassis sensors such as speed sensors, anti-lock braking system (ABS) sensors, accelerometers, and microcomputers to electronically monitor wheel slip and vehicle motion. When the chassis control system determines a wheel is slipping, the computer applies the brakes to that wheel. A significant difference between the limited-slip differential systems listed above and this brake-based system, is that brake-based systems do not inherently send the greater torque to the slower wheel, plus the added brake friction material wear that results from the use of such a system if the vehicle is driven in an environment where the brake-based system will activate on a regular basis.

text: BMW's electronic limited-slip differential used on the F10 5 Series is an example of such a system. Another example began on the first year (1992) production of the re-styled, and new 4.6L V-8 overhead cam Ford Crown Victoria model with its optional anti-lock brakes. This option was available on the 1992 Crown Victoria, onward; on those cars equipped with anti-lock brakes.

text: Other related final drives[edit]

text:
Spool
Locking differential

text: Factory names[edit]

text: In the 1950s and 1960s many manufacturers began to apply brand names to their LSD units. Packard pioneered the LSD under the brand name "Twin Traction" in 1956, becoming one of the first manufacturers. Other factory names for LSDs include:

text:
Alfa Romeo: Q4, Q2
Audi: Quattro, Quattro with Sport Differential (rear axle)
American Motors: Twin-Grip
Buick: Positive Traction. Gran Sport models used the term "Limited-slip (differential)"
Cadillac: Controlled
Chevrolet/GMC: Positraction
Chrysler: Sure Grip
Dana Holding Corporation:Trak-Lok or Powr-Lok
Ferrari: E-Diff
Fiat, Lancia: Viscodrive
Ford: Equa-Lock and Traction-Lok
Hyundai: HTRAC
International: Trak-Lok (clutches only) or Power-Lok (clutch and ramping engagement process)
Jeep: Trac-Lok (clutch-type mechanical), Tru-Lok (gear-type mechanical), and Vari-Lok (gerotor pump), Power Lok
Lincoln: Directed Power
Maserati: Equ-Tor
Oldsmobile: Anti-Spin
Pontiac: Safe-T-Track
Porsche: PSD (electro-hydraulic mechanical), Porsche Torque Vectoring/Plus (PTV/Plus, combined electro-hydraulic mechanical and brake-based type; rear axle only)
Saab: Saab XWD eLSD
Studebaker-Packard Corporation: Twin Traction
Toyota: LSD
TVR: Hydratrak
Yukon Gear & Axle: Duragrip
Mercedes: ASD, AMG Rear-Axle Differential Lock (active differential on select FR-based AMG/S models; pure mechanical variant also present on select non-S AMG models)

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In The Beach Boys' song 409, the lyrics mention the presence of a limited-slip differential: "...My four-speed, dual-quad, Positraction 4-0-9 (4-0-9, 4-0-9)."

text: In the 1992 film My Cousin Vinny, the proof of innocence of two young men falsely accused of murder relies heavily on a photograph of tire marks made by a car which has a limited-slip differential, which (as Marisa Tomei's character famously declares in an Oscar-winning performance) "was not available on the '64 Buick Skylark,"[13] the car driven by the defendants. She argues that the evidence proves, rather, that the getaway car was a 1963 Pontiac Tempest, which did offer an optional Safe-T-Track (Pontiac's version of Positraction) limited-slip differential.


document_title: List of films: M

question_text: name of a movie that starts with a m

question_tokens: name of a movie that starts with a m

text: List of films: M

text: M[edit]

text:
M: (1931 & 1951)
M. Butterfly (1993)

text: Ma[edit]

text: Ma-Mab[edit]

text:
Ma 6-T va crack-er (1997)
Ma Vie en Cinémascope (2004)
Ma Vie en Rose (1997)
Ma-Mha (2007)
Maalamaal (1988)
Maangamizi: The Ancient One (2001)
Maborosi (1997)
Mabudachi (2001)

text: Mac and Mc[edit]

text:
Mac (1992)
Mac and Me (1988)
Macabre: (1958, 1980 & 2010)
Macadam Tribu (1996)
Macao (1952)
Macaroni (1985)
MacArthur (1977)
Macbeth: (1948, 1971, 1982, & 2006)
MacGruber (2010)
Machete (2010)
Machete Kills (2013)
The Machine Girl (2008)
Machine Gun Preacher (2011)
Machine-Gun Kelly (1958)
The Machinist (2004)
Macho Dancer (1988)
Machuca (2004)
The Mack (1973)
Mackenna's Gold (1969)
The Mackintosh Man (1973)
The Macomber Affair (1946)
Macon County Line (1974)
Macunaíma (1969)
McBain (1991)
McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971)
McDull, The Alumni (2006)
McDull: Me & My Mum (2014)
McDull: Rise of the Rice Cooker (2016)
McHale's Navy: (1964 & 1997)
McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force (1965)
The McKenzie Break (1970)
McLintock! (1963)
McQ (1974)
McVicar (1980)

text: Mad-Mam[edit]

text:
The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob (1973)
Mad City (1997)
Mad Dog and Glory (1993)
The Mad Ghoul (1943)
Mad Hot Ballroom (2005)
Mad Love: (1935, 1995, 2001 & 2015)
Mad Max series:

Mad Max (1979)
Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981)
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)

Mad Money (2008)
The Mad Monster (1942)
Mad Monster Party (1969)
Mad at the Moon (1992)
The Mad Racer (1926)
Madadayo (1993)
Madagascar series:

Madagascar (2005)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)

Madagascar Skin (1995)
Madame (Madame Sans-Gêne) (1961)
Madame Bovary: (1949, 1991 & 2000)
Madame Butterfly: (1915 and 1932)
Madame Curie (1943)
Madame Rosa (1977)
Madame Satã (2002)
Madame Sousatzka (1988)
Mädchen in Uniform (1931)
The Maddening (1995)
Made (2001)
Made in America (1993)
Made in Dagenham (2010)
Made for Each Other (1939)
Made in Heaven: (1952 & 1987)
Made of Honor (2008)
Made in Sheffield (2002)
Made in U.S.A.: (1966 & 1987)
Madea series:

A Madea Christmas (2013)
Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
Madea's Tough Love (2015)
Boo! A Madea Halloween (2016)
Boo 2! A Madea Halloween (2017)

Madeline (1998)
Mademoiselle from Armentières (1926)
Madhouse: (1974, 1990 & 2004)
Madhumati (1958)
Madigan (1968)
Madigan's Millions (1969)
Madman (1982)
The Madness of King George (1994)
Madu Tiga (1964)
Maelström (2000)
Maestro! (2015)
Mafioso (1962)
The Magdalene Sisters (2002)
The Maggie (1954)
Maggie (2015)
Magic (1978)
The Magic 7 (2005) (TV)
The Magic Box (1951)
Magic Card (2015)
The Magic Christian (1969)
The Magic Flute: (1975 & 2006)
The Magic of Lassie (1978)
Magic Mike (2012)
Magic Mike XXL (2015)
The Magic Roundabout (2005)
The Magic Sword: (1901, 1950 & 1962)
Magic Town (1947)
Magic in the Water (1995)
Magic Wonderland (2014)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999) (TV)
Magical Maestro (1952)
Magical Mystery Tour (1967 TV)
The Magician: (1898, 1926, 1958 & 2005)
Magicians (2007)
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
Magnificent Obsession: (1935 & 1954)
The Magnificent Seven (1960 & 2016)
The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971)
Magnolia (1999)
Magnum Force (1973)
Mah Nakorn (2004)
Mahanagar (1963)
Mahogany (1975)
The Maid (1991, 2005 & 2009)
Maid in Manhattan (2002)
Maid to Order (1987)
The Maids (1975)
The Main Event (1979)
Main Hoon Na (2004)
Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon (2003)
Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1978)
Maine Pyar Kiya (1989)
Maîtresse (1973)
The Majestic (2001)
Major Barbara (1941)
Major Dundee (1965)
Major League series:

Major League (1989)
Major League II (1994)
Major League: Back to the Minors (1998)

The Major and the Minor (1942)
Major Movie Star (2008)
Major Payne (1995)
Major Wilson's Last Stand (1899)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Make Way for Tomorrow (1937)
Make the Yuletide Gay (2009)
The Making of Fanny and Alexander (1986)
Making the Grade (1984)
Making a Living (1914)
Making Love (1982)
Making Mr. Right (1987)
The Makioka Sisters (1983)
Maku ga Agaru (2015)
Mala Noche (1985)
Malaga (1954)
Malamaal Weekly (2006)
Malaya (1949)
Malcolm (1986)
Malcolm X (1992)
La Maldicion de la Bestia (1975)
Male and Female (1919)
Malèna (2000)
Malevil (1972)
Malevolence (2005)
Malibu's Most Wanted (2003)
Malice (1993)
Malizia (1973)
Mallboy (2001)
Malli (1998)
Mallrats (1995)
Malta Story (1953)
The Maltese Falcon: (1931 & 1941)
Mama: (1990, 2012 & 2013)
Mama Flora's Family (1998) (TV)
Mama's Affair (1921)
Mamba (1930)
Mambo Italiano (2003)
Mame (1974)
Mamma Mia! (2008)
Mamma Roma (1962)
Mammoth (2006) (TV)

text: Man[edit]

text:
The Man: (1972 & 2005)
A Man About the House (1947)
Man About Town (2006)
A Man for All Seasons: (1966 & 1988)
A Man Apart (2003)
Man of Aran (1934)
The Man Behind the Mask (1936)
Man Bites Dog (1993)
A Man from the Boulevard des Capuchines (1987)
A Man Called Hero (1999)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
A Man Called Sarge (1990)
Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (2013)
Man of the Century (1999)
The Man from Earth (2007)
The Man from Elysian Fields (2002)
A Man Escaped (1956)
Man Facing Southeast (1987)
Man on Fire: (1987 & 2004)
The Man from O.R.G.Y. (1970)
The Man from Toronto (1933)
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015)
Man of the Frontier (1936)
The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)
The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956)
The Man in Grey (1943)
Man of the House: (1995 & 2005)
Man Hunt (1941 & 1985)
Man of Iron (1981)
The Man with the Iron Fists (2012)
The Man with the Iron Fists 2 (2015)
The Man in the Iron Mask (1998)
The Man from Laramie (1955)
Man on a Ledge (2012)
Man of La Mancha (1972)
Man of Marble (1977)
Man with a Million (1954)
The Man in the Moon (1991)
Man on the Moon (1999)
Man with the Movie Camera (1929)
A Man of No Importance (1994)
The Man from Nowhere (2010)
The Man with One Red Shoe (1985)
The Man on the Roof (1976)
Man with the Screaming Brain (2005)
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
The Man from Snowy River II (1988)
The Man from the Deep River (1972)
Man of Steel (2013)
Man of a Thousand Faces (1957)
The Man with Two Brains (1983)
A Man Vanishes (1967)
Man Walking Around a Corner (1887)
Man of the West (1958)
The Man in the White Suit (1951)
The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942)
The Man Who Captured Eichmann (1996)
The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936)
The Man Who Cried (2000)
The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976)
The Man Who Knew Too Little (1997)
The Man Who Knew Too Much: (1934 & 1956)
The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing (1973)
The Man Who Loves Women (1983)
The Man Who Never Was (1956)
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)
The Man Who Sued God (2001)
A Man Who Was Superman (2008)
The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)
The Man Who Would Be King (1975)
Man in the Wilderness (1971)
Man on Wire (2008)
The Man Without a Face (1993)
The Man Without a Past (2002)
Man Without a Star (1955)
A Man and a Woman (1966)
Man of the Year (2006)
Man's Best Friend (1993)
Man's Favorite Sport? (1964)
A Man, a Real One (2003)
Man-Thing (2005) (TV)
Management (2009)
Manatsu no Chikyū (1991)
Manchester by the Sea (2016)
The Manchurian Candidate: (1962 & 2004)
Mandala (1981)
Manderlay (2005)
Mandingo (1975)
Mandragora (1997)
Mangal Pandey (2005)
Mangetsu no Kuchizuke (1989)
The Mangler (1995)
The Mangler Reborn (2005)
Manhandled (1924 & 1949)
Manhatta (1922)
Manhattan (1979)
Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993)
Manhattan Project (1986)
Manhood (2003)
Manhunter (1986)
Maniac: (1934, 1963, 1980 & 2012)
Maniac Cop (1988)
Maniac Cop 2 (1990)
Manic (2003)
The Manitou (1979)
Manly Times (1977)
Mannequin: (1937 & 1987)
Manolete (2006)
Manon des Sources (1986)
Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)
Le Mans (1971)
Mansfield Park (1999)
Manson (1973)
The Manson Family (2004)
Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992)
The Manxman (1929)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
Many Rivers to Cross (1955)

text: Mao-Maz[edit]

text:
Mao's Last Dancer (2009)
Map of the Human Heart (1993)
Mapado (2005)
Mapado 2: Back to the Island (2007)
Mar adentro (2004)
Maradona (2006)
Marat/Sade (1967)
The Marathon Family (1982)
Marathon Man (1976)
March Comes in like a Lion (2017)
March of the Penguins (2005)
March of Time: Inside Nazi Germany (1938)
Marci X (2003)
Il Mare (2000)
Mare Nostrum (1926)
Marebito (2005)
Margaret (2011)
Margaret's Museum (1995)
Margin Call (2011)
Margot at the Wedding (2008)
Maria Full of Grace (2004)
El Mariachi (1993)
Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert (1939)
Marie Antoinette: (1938 & 2006)
Marihuana (1936)
Marilyn Hotchkiss' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School (2005)
The Marine (2006)
The Marine 2 (2009)
The Marine 3: Homefront (2013)
The Marine 4: Moving Target (2015)
The Marine 5: Battleground (2017)
Marine Boy (2009)
Marion Bridge (2002)
Marjoe (1972)
Marjorie Morningstar (1958)
The Mark (1961)
Mark of the Devil (1972)
Mark of the Vampire (1935)
Mark of Zorro: (1920, 1940 & 1974 TV)
Marked for Death (1990)
Marked Woman (1937)
Marley (2012)
Marley & Me (2008)
Marlowe (1969)
Marmaduke (2010)
Marmoulak (2004)
Marnie (1964)
Maroko (1990)
Marooned (1969)
Marriage Italian-Style (1964)
The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979)
Married Life (2007)
Married to the Mob (1988)
Mars (2004)
Mars Attacks! (1996)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Mars Needs Women (1967) (TV)
Mars: Tada, Kimi wo Aishiteru (2016)
Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)
Martha, Inc.: The Story of Martha Stewart (2003)
Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence (1998)
The Martian (2015)
Martian Child (2007)
Martian Through Georgia (1962)
Martians Go Home (1990)
Martin (1978)
Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat (2002)
Marty (1955)
Martyrs: (2008, 2008 docudrama & 2015)
Martín Fierro (1968)
Marvin's Room (1996)
Mary: (1931 & 2005)
Mary and Max (2009)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Mary Reilly (1996)
Mary of Scotland (1936)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)
Maryam (2000)
Masculin, féminin (1966)
M*A*S*H (1970)
Mask (1985)
The Mask (1994)
The Mask of Dimitrios (1944)
The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
The Mask of Zorro (1998)
Masked and Anonymous (2003)
The Masked Saint (2015)
The Masque of the Red Death (1964)
The Master: (1980, 1989, 2005, 2009, 2012 & 2015)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
Master of Disguise (2002)
Master of the Flying Guillotine (1977)
Master Hands (1936)
Master Jiang and the Six Kingdoms (2016)
The Master Mind (1914)
Master of the World (1961)
Mastermind (1976)
Masterminds: (1997, 2013, & 2016)
Masters of the Universe (1987)
Masti (2004)
Mata Hari (1931)
Matador (1986)
The Matador (2006)
Matango (1963)
The Match Factory Girl (1990)
Match Point (2005)
The MatchMaker (1997)
The Matchmaker (1958)
Matchstick Men (2003)
Material Girls (2006)
Matewan (1987)
Matilda (1996)
Matinee (1993)
The Mating Habits of the Earthbound Human (1999)
The Matrix series:

The Matrix (1999)
The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
The Matrix Revolutions (2003)

Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola (2013)
The Mattei Affair (1972)
A Matter of Life and Death (1946)
A Matter of Time (1976)
Maundy Thursday (2006)
Maurice (1987)
Mauvaises fréquentations (1999)
Maverick (1994)
Max: (2002 & 2015)
Max 2: White House Hero (2017)
Max Hell Frog Warrior (2002)
Max Keeble's Big Move (2001)
Max Payne (2008)
Max, My Love (1986)
Maximum Overdrive (1986)
Maximum Ride (2016)
Maximum Risk (1996)
May (2002)
Maybe Baby (2001)
Mayerling: (1936 & 1968)
The Mayor of Hell (1933)
Mayrig (1992)
Maytime (1937)

text: Mb[edit]

text: MBA Partners (2016)

text: Me[edit]

text:
Me ... Myself (2007)
Me Before You (2016)
Me and the Big Guy (1999)
Me and Her (2006)
Me Myself I (2000)
Me and Orson Welles (2009)
Me Without You (2001)
Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)
Me You Them (2000)
Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
Mean Creek (2004)
Mean Girls (2004)
Mean Guns (1997)
Mean Machine (2001)
Mean Streets (1973)
Meatballs (1979)
Meatballs 2 (1984)
Meatballs III: Summer Job (1986)
The Mechanic series:

The Mechanic (1972)
The Mechanic (2011)
Mechanic: Resurrection (2016)

The Medallion (2003)
Medea (1969)
Medicine Man (1992)
Medium Cool (1969)
Mediterraneo (1991)
The Medusa Touch (1978)
Mee-Shee: The Water Giant (2005)
Meek's Cutoff (2011)
Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities (2004)
Meet the Browns (2008)
Meet Dave (2008)
Meet the Deedles (1998)
Meet the Feebles (1989)
Meet the Fockers (2005)
Meet the Hollowheads (1989)
Meet the Missus: (1937 & 1940)
Meet Joe Black (1998)
Meet John Doe (1941)
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
Meet Miss Anxiety (2014)
Meet the Parents (2000)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Meet the Spartans (2008)
Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus (2010)
Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus (2009)
Mega Shark Versus Mecha Shark (2014)
Megaforce (1982)
Megamind (2010)
Megan Is Missing (2011)
Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960)
Mehed ei nuta (1968)
Mehndi (1998)
Mekhong Full Moon Party (2002)
Melancholia (2011)
Melinda and Melinda (2004)
Melody (1971)
Melody Ranch (1940)
Melody Time (1948)
Melvin and Howard (1980)
Memento (2000)
Memento Mori (1999)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
Memoirs of an Invisible Man (1992)
Memories (1995)
Memories of Murder (2003)
Memories of a River (1990)
The Memory of Justice (1976)
The Memory of a Killer (2005)
Memphis Belle (1990)
The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress (1944)
Memron (2004)
The Men (1950)
Men Behind the Sun (1987)
Men in Black series:

Men in Black (1997)
Men in Black II (2002)
Men in Black 3 (2012)

Men Boxing (1891)
Men with Brooms (2002)
Men of Honor (2000)
Men O' War (1929)
The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009)
The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail (1960)
Men and Women (1964 & 1999)
Men at Work (1990)
Menace II Society (1993)
Menace from Outer Space (1956)
Ménage (1986)
Mephisto: (1930 & 1981)
The Mephisto Waltz (1971)
La Mer (1895)
Mera Naam Joker (1970)
Mercenary for Justice (2006)
The Merchant of Four Seasons (1971)
The Merchant of Venice (2004)
Merci pour le chocolat (2000)
Mercury Man (2006)
Mercury Rising (1998)
Merlin (1998)
Merlin's Shop of Mystical Wonders (1996)
The Mermaid (2016)
Mermaid Legend (1984)
Mermaids (1990)
Mermaid's Scar (1993) (OVA)
Mermaids (2003) (TV)
Merrily We Live (1938)
Merry Andrew (1958)
Merry Christmas (2005)
Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983)
The Merry Gentleman (2009)
The Merry Widow (1925 & 1934)
Mesa of Lost Women (1953)
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)
Mesrine: Killer Instinct (2008)
The Message: (1927 & 2009)
Message in a Bottle (1999)
Message from the King (2017)
A Message to Garcia (1936)
The Messenger (2009)
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999)
The Messengers (2007)
Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (2005)
Metallic Blues (2004)
Metallica: Some Kind of Monster (2003)
Metallica Through the Never (2013)
Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn (1983)
Meteor (1979)
The Meteor Man (1993)
Metro (1997)
Metroland (1997)
Metropolis: (1927 & 2001)
Metropolitan: (1935 & 1990)
Metrosexual (2006)
Mexicali Shmoes (1959)
The Mexican (2001)
The Meyerowitz Stories (2017)

text: Mi[edit]

text:
Mi vida sin mí (2003)
Miami Blues (1990)
Miami Vice (2006)
Michael: (1924 & 1996)
Michael Clayton (2007)
Michael Collins (1996)
Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009)
Michael Lucas' Dangerous Liaisons (2005)
Michael Moore Hates America (2004)
The Michelle Apartments (1995)
Mickey (2004)
Mickey Blue Eyes (1999)
Mickey's series:

Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) (TV)
Mickey's Polo Team (1936)
Mickey's Trailer (1938)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)

Micki + Maude (1984)
Micmacs (2009)
Microcosmos (1996)
Mid-Afternoon Barks (2007)
Mid-July Days (2015)
Mid-July Days 2 (2016)
Midnight: (1934 & 1939)
A Midnight Clear (1992)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
Midnight Express (1978)
Midnight Garage (2014)
Midnight Hair (2014)
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997)
Midnight Lace (1960)
Midnight Madness (1980)
The Midnight Meat Train (2008)
Midnight Movie (2009)
Midnight My Love (2005)
Midnight in Paris (2011)
Midnight Run (1988)
Midnight Whisper (2015)
Midsummer Dream (2005)
A Midsummer Night's Dream: (1935, 1959, 1968 & 1999)
A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982)
Midway (1976)
A Midwinter's Tale (1996)
Mifune's Last Song (1999)
The Mighty (1998)
Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
Mighty Ducks series:

The Mighty Ducks (1992)
D2: The Mighty Ducks (1994)
D3: The Mighty Ducks (1996)

Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off (1997)
A Mighty Heart (2007)
Mighty Joe Young: (1949 & 1998)
Mighty Like a Moose (1926)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)
A Mighty Wind (2003)
The Mikado (1939)
Mike Bassett: England Manager (2001)
Mike's New Car (2002)
Mikey and Nicky (1976)
Milae (2002)
Milano calibro 9 (1972)
Mildred Pierce (1945)
Miles of Fire (1957)
Miley: The Movement (2013)
Mili (2014)
Milk (2009)
Milk Money (1994)
The Milker's Mishap (1897)
The Milky Way: (1936, 1940 & 1969)
Milky Way Liberation Front (2007)
Millennium (1989)
Millennium Actress (2001)
The Miller and the Sweep (1898)
Miller's Crossing (1990)
Le Million (1931)
Million Dollar Baby: (1941 & 2004)
The Million Dollar Hotel (2000)
Millions: (1937 & 2004)
Milou in May (1990)
Mimic (1997)
Mimic: Sentinel (2003)
Min & Max (2016)
Min and Bill (1930)
Mina olin siin (2008)
MindFlesh (2008)
Mind Game (2004)
Mindhunters (2004)
Mini Moni Ja Movie: Okashina Daibouken (2002)
Mini's First Time (2006)
The Ministry of Fear (1944)
The Miniver Story (1950)
Minnale (2001)
Minnalppadayaali (1959)
Minnesota Clay (1965)
Minnie and Moskowitz (1972)
Minority Report (2002)
Minotaur (2006)
Minsaara Kanavu (1997)
Minshū no Teki (1946)
Minu Leninid (1997)
The Minus Man (1999)
Mio in the Land of Faraway (1987)
Miracle (2004)
Miracle on 1st Street (2007)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994)
Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
The Miracle of Joe Petrel (1984)
Miracle in Lane 2 (2000) (TV)
The Miracle Match (2005)
Miracle in Milan (1951)
Miracle Mile (1988)
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944)
Miracle at St. Anna (2008)
The Miracle Worker (1962)
Miracles: (1986 & 1989)
Miracles from Heaven (2016)
Mirage (1965)
Miranda (2002)
Mirch Masala (1985)
The Mirror: (1913, 1967, 1975, 1999 & 2015)
The Mirror Crack'd (1980)
The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996)
Mirror Mirror (2012)
Mirror, Mirror (1990)
MirrorMask (2005)
Mirrors (2008)
Mischief (1985)
Mise Éire (1959)
Misery (1990)
The Misfits (1961)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1995)
Miss Bala (2011)
Miss Congeniality (2000)
Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005)
Miss Gold Digger (2007)
Miss Jerry (1894)
Miss Julie (1951)
Miss Lulu Bett (1922)
Miss March (2009)
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016)
Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day (2008)
Miss Potter (2006)
Miss Sloane (2016)
Miss Suwanna of Siam (1923)
Missile to the Moon (1958)
The Missing (2003)
The Missing (2017)
Missing (1982)
Missing in Action (1984)
Missing in Action 2: The Beginning (1985)
Missing in America (2005)
The Missing Person (2009)
Missing You (2016)
The Mission (1986)
Mission to Mars (2000)
Mission Stardust (1967)
Mission: Impossible series:

Mission: Impossible (1996)
Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)
Mission: Impossible III (2006)
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)

Mission Impossible: Samurai (2014)
Mission Milano (2016)
The Missionary (1982)
Mississippi Burning (1988)
Mississippi Masala (1991)
Mississippi Mermaid (1969)
The Missouri Breaks (1976)
The Mist (2007)
Mister 880 (1950)
Mister Bug Goes to Town (1941)
Mister Felicità (2017)
Mister Roberts: (1955 & 1984)
Mistress (1992)
The Mistress of Spices (2006)
Les Misérables: (1909, 1917, 1925, 1934, 1935, 1948, 1952, 1958, 1978, 1982, 1995, 1998 & 2012)
Mitchell (1975)
Mixed Nuts (1994)

text: Mo[edit]

text:
Mo' Better Blues (1990)
Mo' Money (1992)
Moana: (1926 & 2016)
Mobsters (1991)
Moby Dick: (1930, 1956, 1978, & 2008)
Mockingbird Don't Sing (2001)
The Mod Squad (1999)
Model Behavior (2000) (TV)
Modern Boy (2008)
Modern Girls (1986)
Modern Problems (1981)
Modern Times (1936)
Modesta (1956)
Modesty Blaise (1966)
Modigliani (2004)
Mogambo (1953)
Mogliamante (1977)
The Moguls (2005)
Mohabbatein (2000)
Mohammad, Messenger of God (1976)
Mojados: Through the Night (2004)
The Mole People (1956)
Moll Flanders (1996)
Molly & Gina (1994)
The Molly Maguires (1970)
Mom and Dad (1945)
Mom and Dad Save the World (1992)
Mom's Got a Date With a Vampire (2000) (TV)
The Moment: (1979 & 2013)
A Moment to Remember (2004)
The Moment of Truth (1965 film)
Momentum: (1992, 2001 & 2003) (TV)
Mommie Dearest (1981)
Momo (1986)
Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (1945)
Momotaro's Sea Eagles (1943)
Mon Oncle (1958)
Mon oncle Antoine (1971)
Mon oncle d'Amérique (1980)
Mona Lisa (1986)
Mona Lisa Smile (2003)
Mondo Cane (1962)
Mondo New York (1988)
Mondo Topless (1966)
Mondo Trasho (1969)
Mondovino (2004)
Money from Home (1953)
Money for Nothing: (1932 & 1993)
Money Game (2015)
The Money Pit (1986)
Money Talks (1997)
Money Train (1995)
Moneyball (2011)
Mongol: The Rise of Genghis Khan (2007)
A Mongolian Tale (1995)
Monk Dawson (1998)
Monkey Business: (1931 & 1952)
Monkey Shines (1988)
Monkeybone (2001)
Monkeyshines (1889)
The Monolith Monsters (1957)
Mononoke Hime (1997)
Monrak Transistor (2001)
Monsieur Beaucaire (1924)
Monsieur Hire (1990)
Monsieur Hulot's Holiday (1954)
Monsieur Ibrahim (2003)
Monsieur Klein (1976)
Monsieur Lazhar (2011)
Monsieur N. (2003)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
Monsieur Vincent (1947)
Monsoon Wedding (2001)
Monster: (2003 & 2008)
The Monster: (1925 & 1994)
Monster in a Box (1992)
A Monster Calls (2016)
The Monster Club (1981)
Monster Dog (1984)
Monster House (2006)
Monster Hunt (2015)
Monster Hunt 2 (2018)
Monster Man (2005)
Monster Mash (1995)
Monster From a Prehistoric Planet (1967)
The Monster Squad (1987)
Monster Strike The Movie (2016)
The Monster That Challenged the World (1957)
Monster Trucks (2017)
Monster's Ball (2001)
Monster-in-Law (2005)
Monsters: (2004, 2010 & 2015)
Monsters: Dark Continent (2014)
Monsters University (2013)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
Monsters vs Aliens (2009)
Monsterz (2014)
Monstrosity (1964)
Montana (1950)
Monte Carlo (2011)
Monte Carlo or Bust (1969)
Monterey Pop (1968)
Montparnasse 19 (1958)
Monty Python series:

Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)

Monument Ave. (1998)
The Monuments Men (2013)
Moog (2004)
Moon (2009)
Moon 44 (1990)
The Moon is Blue (1953)
Moon Child (2003)
Moon Over Parador (1988)
Moon of the Wolf (1972)
Moon Zero Two (1969)
The Moon-Spinners (1964)
Moonfleet (1955)
Moonlight (2016)
Moonlight Mile (2002)
Moonlight Whispers (1999)
Moonlighting (1982)
Moonraker (1979)
Moonrise Kingdom (2012)
Moonrunners (1975)
Moonstruck (1987)
Moontrap (1989)
Moonwalker (1988)
Moosa Khan (2002)
More: (1969 & 1998)
More American Graffiti (1979)
The More the Merrier (1943)
More Than Blue (2009)
More Than Famous (2003)
Morgan (2016)
Morgan Stewart's Coming Home (1987)
Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966)
Morgenrot (1933)
Morituri (1965)
The Morning After (1986)
Morning Glory: (1933 & 2010)
Morning Patrol (1987)
Morocco (1930)
The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones (2013)
Mortal Kombat series:

Mortal Kombat (1995)
Mortal Kombat: Annihilation (1997)

The Mortal Storm (1940)
Mortal Thoughts (1991)
Mortuary (2005)
Morvern Callar (2002)
Mosaic (2007)
Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (1979)
Moscow on the Hudson (1984)
Moses (1995)
The Mosquito Coast (1986)
The Most Dangerous Game (1932)
The Most Hated Woman in America (2017)
Most Wanted (1997)
Mostly Martha (2001)
Motel Hell (1980)
Mother: (1926, 1996 & 2009)
mother! (2017)
The Mother (2003)
Mother and Child (2010)
Mother India (1957)
Mother of Mine (2005)
Mother Night (1996)
Mother of Tears (2007)
The Mother and the Whore (1973)
Mother's Day: (1980, 2010, & 2016)
Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976)
Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me (1924)
Motherhood (2009)
The Mothman Prophecies (2002)
Mothra (1961)
Mothra vs. Godzilla (1964)
Motion Painting No. 1 (1947)
Motocross Kids (2004)
The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)
Motorpsycho (1965)
Mouchette (1967)
Moulin Rouge: (1952 & 2001)
The Mountain of the Cannibal God (1979)
Mountain Cry (2015)
The Mountain Road (1960)
Mountains May Depart (TBA)
Mountains of the Moon (1990)
Mourning Becomes Electra (1947)
Mouse Menace (1946)
The Mouse That Roared (1959)
MouseHunt (1997)
La Moustache (2005)
The Mouth of the Wolf (2009)
The Mouthpiece (1932)
Move Over, Darling (1963)
A Movie (1958)
Movie 43 (2013)
Movie Crazy (1932)
Movie Critters' Big Picture (2003)
Moving (1988)
Moving Malcolm (2003)
Moving Violations (1985)
Mozu (2015)

text: Mr-Mu[edit]

text:
Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955)
Mr. & Mrs. Smith: (1941 & 2005)
Mr. 3000 (2004)
Mr. Arkadin (1955)
Mr. Baseball (1992)
Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007)
Mr. Black: Green Star (2015)
Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948)
Mr. Brooks (2007)
Mr. Butterfly (2003)
Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. (2000)
Mr. Deeds (2002)
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936)
Mr. Destiny (1990)
Mr. Donkey (2016)
Mr. Dramatic (2005)
Mr. Freedom (1969)
Mr. High Heels (2016)
Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation (1962)
Mr. Holland's Opus (1995)
Mr. Lucky (1943)
Mr. Magoo (1997)
Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962) (TV)
Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007)
Mr. Majestyk (1974)
Mr. Mike's Mondo Video (1979)
Mr. Mom (1983)
Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2002)
Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi (1997)
Mr. Nian (2016)
Mr. Nice Guy: (1987 & 1997)
Mr. Nobody (2009)
Mr. Popper's Penguins (2011)
Mr. Sardonicus (1962)
Mr. Saturday Night (1992)
Mr. Skeffington (1944)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
Mr. Topaze (1961)
Mr. Vampire (1986)
Mr. Woodcock (2007)
Mr. Wrong (1996)
Mr. Zhao (1998)
Mrityudata (1997)
Mrs Henderson Presents (2005)
Mrs. Brown (1997)
Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie (2014)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont (2008)
Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)
Mrs. Santa Claus (1996) (TV)
Mrs. Winterbourne (1996)
Ms. 45 (1981)
Mt. Tsurugidake (2009)
Much Ado About Nothing: (1993 & 2012)
Mud (2012)
Mudhoney (1965)
El Muerto (2005)
Mug Travel (2007)
Mugavari (2000)
Mughal-e-Azam (1960)
Muhwagwa (1935)
La mujer de mi hermano (2005)
Mujhe Chand Chahiye (2000)
Mujhse Dosti Karoge! (2002)
Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004)
Mulan (1998 & 2009)
Mulan II (2005)
Mulholland Drive (2001)
Mulholland Falls (1996)
Mullet (2001)
Multi-Facial (1994)
Multiple Maniacs (1970)
Multiple Sidosis (1970)
Multiplicity (1996)
Mum & Dad (2008)
Mumbai Diaries (2011)
Mumford (1999)
The Mummy series:

The Mummy: (1932, 1999 & 2017)
The Mummy Returns (2001)
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008)
The Mummy's Curse (1944)
The Mummy's Ghost (1944)
The Mummy's Hand (1940)
The Mummy's Tomb (1942)

Münchhausen (1943)
Munchies (1987)
Munich (2005)
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003)
Muoi: The Legend of a Portrait (2007)
The Muppets series:

The Muppets (2011)
Muppet Classic Theater (1994)
The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992)
A Muppet Family Christmas (1987 TV)
Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
The Muppet Movie (1979)
Muppets from Space (1999)
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
Muppet Treasure Island (1996)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005 TV)

Murder! (1930)
Murder (2004)
Murder at 1600 (1997)
Murder 2 (2011)
Murder 3 (2013)
Murder Ahoy (1964)
A Murder Beside Yanhe River (2014)
A Murder of Crows (1999)
Murder by Death (1976)
Murder by Decree (1979)
Murder in the Big House (1942)
Murder in the First (1995)
Murder at the Gallop (1963)
Murder in the Heartland (1993)
Murder at Honeymoon Hotel (2016)
Murder Most Foul (1964)
Murder by Numbers (2002)
Murder on the Orient Express: (1974, 2001 TV & 2017)
Murder in Pacot (2014)
Murder, My Sweet (1944)
Murder-Set-Pieces (2004)
Murderball (2005)
Murderers' Row (1966)
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932)
Muriel's Wedding (1994)
Murmur of the Heart (1971)
Murmur of the Hearts (2015)
Murphy's Romance (1985)
Musa (2001)
Musafir (2004)
Muscle Tussle (1953)
The Muse (1999)
Mushrooming (2012)
Music from Another Room (1998)
Music Box (1989)
The Music Box (1932)
Music of the Heart (1999)
The Music Lovers (1971)
Music and Lyrics (2007)
The Music Man (1962)
The Musketeer (2001)
The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912)
Must Love Dogs (2005)
Mutant Aliens (2001)
Mutant Chronicles (2009)
Mute Witness (1995)
Muthu (1995)
Mutiny on the Bounty: (1935 & 1962)

text: Mv-My[edit]

text:
MVP 2: Most Vertical Primate (2002)
MVP: Most Valuable Primate (2000)
My 20th Century (1989)
My Baby's Daddy (2004)
My Beautiful Girl, Mari (2002)
My Beautiful Laundrette (1985)
My Best Fiend (1999)
My Best Friend Is a Vampire (1988)
My Best Friend's Birthday (1987)
My Best Friend's Girl (2008)
My Best Friend's Wedding (1997)
My Best Friend's Wedding (2016)
My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)
My Bloody Valentine (1981)
My Bloody Valentine 3D (2009)
My Blue Heaven (1990)
My Blueberry Nights (2007)
My Bodyguard (1980)
My Boss's Daughter (2003)
My Boss, My Hero (2001)
My Boss, My Teacher (2006)
My Boyfriend is Type B (2005)
My Boyfriend's Back (1993)
My Brilliant Career (1979)
My Bunny Lies Over the Sea (1948)
My Chauffeur (1986)
My Cousin Rachel (1952)
My Cousin Rachel (2017)
My Cousin Vinny (1992)
My Darling Clementine (1946)
My Date with Drew (2005)
My Date with the President's Daughter (1998) (TV)
My Dinner with Andre (1981)
My Dog Skip (2000)
My Fair Lady (1964)
My Family (1995)
My Father the Hero: (1991 & 1994)
My Father's Glory (1991)
My Favorite Brunette (1947)
My Favorite Martian (1999)
My Favorite Season (1993)
My Favorite Wife (1940)
My Favorite Year (1982)
My Fellow Americans (1996)
My First Mister (2001)
My Friend Dahmer (2017)
My Friend Flicka (1943)
My Friend Irma (1949)
My Friend Irma Goes West (1950)
My Geeky Nerdy Buddies (2014)
My Geisha (1962)
My Giant (1998)
My Girl (1991)
My Girl 2 (1994)
My Gun Is Quick (film) (1957)
My Hawaiian Discovery (2014)
My Learned Friend (1943)
My Left Eye Sees Ghosts (2002)
My Left Foot (1989)
My Life (1993)
My Life in Cinemascope (2004)
My Life as a Dog (1985)
My Life on Ice (2002)
My Life to Live (1962)
My Life as McDull (2001)
My Life in Pink (1997)
My Life in Ruins (2009)
My Life So Far (1999)
My Life Without Me (2003)
My Little Chickadee (1940)
My Little Eye (2002)
My Little Pony series:

My Little Pony: The Movie: (1986 & 2017)
My Little Pony: The Princess Promenade (2006)
My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas (2005)
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls (2013)

My Love: (1970, 2006 & 2007)
My Love Story!! (2015)
My Lover My Son (1970)
My Lucky Stars (1985)
My Man (2014)
My Man Godfrey (1936)
My Mighty Princess (2008)
My Mother, the Mermaid (2004)
My Name Is Bill W. (1989)
My Name Is Bruce (2007)
My Name Is Joe (1998)
My Name Is Julia Ross (1945)
My Name Is Khan (2010)
My Name Is Modesty (2003)
My Name Is Nobody (1973)
My Neighbor Totoro (1988)
My Neighbors the Yamadas (1999)
My New Partner (1985)
My New Sassy Girl (2015)
My Night at Maud's (1969)
My Night with Reg (1996)
My Old Kentucky Home (1926)
My One and Only (2009)
My Original Dream (2015)
My Own Private Idaho (1991)
My Own Swordsman (2011)
My Sassy Girl (2001)
My Sassy Girl 2 (2010)
My Scary Girl (2006)
My Science Project (1985)
My Second Brother (1959)
My Side of the Mountain (1969)
My Sister Eileen (1942)
My Sister, My Love (1966)
My Sister's Keeper (2009)
My Six Convicts (1952)
My Son the Fanatic (1998)
My Sons (1991)
My Soul to Take (2010)
My Stepmother is an Alien (1988)
My Summer of Love (2004)
My Summer Story (1994)
My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006)
My Teacher, Mr. Kim (2003)
My Tutor (1983)
My Uncle Benjamin (1969)
My Voyage to Italy (1999)
My War (2016)
My Way: (1973, 2011 & 2012)
My Week with Marilyn (2011)
My Wife Is an Actress (2001)
My Wife Is a Gangster (2001)
My Wife Is a Gangster 2 (2003)
My Wife Got Married (2008)
Myra Breckinridge (1970)
Myriad of Lights (1948)
Myself in the Distant Future (1997)
Mysterious Island (1961)
The Mysterious Island (1929)
Mysterious Object at Noon (2000)
Mysterious Skin (2004)
Mysterium Occupation (2004)
Mystery (2012)
Mystery (2014)
The Mystery of Death (2015)
Mystery of Mamo (1978)
Mystery Mansion (1983)
Mystery Men (1999)
Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)
Mystery Street (1950)
Mystery Train (1989)
Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933)
Mystery, Alaska (1999)
Mystic Pizza (1988)
Mystic River (2003)
Mystical Adventure (1988)
The Myth (2005)
The Myth of Fingerprints (1997)
Mythos (1987)

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