document_title: Penny (United States coin)

question_text: when did they stop making solid copper pennies

text: Penny (United States coin)

text: History of composition[edit]

text:
Years
Material
Weight
(grains)
Weight
(grams)

1793–1795
~100% copper
208 grains
13.48

1795–1857
~100% copper
168 grains
10.89

1856–1864
88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12)
72 grains
4.67

1864–1942
bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1943
zinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent)
42 grains
2.72

1944–1946
brass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1947–1962
bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1962–1981
brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1982[7]
brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)
48 grains
3.11

copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)
38.6 grains
2.5

1983–present
copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)
38.6 grains
2.5

text: In honor of Lincoln's 200th anniversary, special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins.[8]

text: The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England, while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.[9]

text: In 1943, at the peak of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 through 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues.

text: During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected. The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons: vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue, and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging.[10] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.

text: The cent's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent.[11] Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5% zinc composition, while others used the 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors, United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating. In Fiscal Year 2013, the average one-cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents, down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011.[12]

text: The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface. The predominantly copper coins produce a higher-pitched ringing sound, while the zinc coins make a lower-pitched "clunk".[13] In addition, a full 50-cent roll of pre-1982/3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982–83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz.

text: Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures.

text: Designs[edit]

text: The coin has gone through several designs over its two-hundred-year time frame. Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through present dollars).

text: The following types of cents have been produced:

text: Large cents:

text:
Flowing Hair Chain 1793
Flowing Hair Wreath 1793
Liberty Cap 1793–1796
Draped bust 1796–1807
Classic Head 1808–1814
Coronet 1816–1839
Braided Hair 1839–1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)

text: Small cents:

text:
Flying Eagle cent (1856–1858)
Indian Head cent (1859–1909)
Lincoln cent (1909–present)

Lincoln Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs (2009)
Lincoln Union Shield[14] (2010–present)

text: Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date, but most of the digits have been old-style numerals, except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending. The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending (the same size as a 0, 1, or 2) in the early history, before switching to a descending, large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently (as of 2014[update]) in 1943. Similarly, the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945, then from 1950 and on, it became a large descending 5. From 1959 until 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent. Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent, Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin. In 1999, the New Jersey state quarter was released, which depicts George Washington on both sides, crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse. (The state quarter for South Dakota, released in 2006, also features Washington on both sides: the typical profile on the obverse, and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse.) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln, and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future.

text: An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent. The letters "VDB" stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the primary designer of the Wheat cent.

text: Lincoln cent[edit]

text: The Lincoln cent is the current one-cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 (which would have been Lincoln's 100th birthday), replacing the Indian Head cent. Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat-stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln's sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's bicentennial. There are more one-cent coins produced than any other denomination, which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item. In its lifespan, this coin has weathered both world wars, one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort. The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency.

text: History[edit]

text: When the Lincoln one-cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage, as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins. Previously, a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States, but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth proved stronger than the long-standing tradition.

text: A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln's image circulated as one-cent pieces during Lincoln's presidency; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War. These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination, appearance, size, and composition of Lincoln cents.

text: Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. President, thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto "In God We Trust" removed as offending religion. Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation's premier medalists. Roosevelt had learned of Brenner's talents in a settlement house on New York City's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas-relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln, based on a Mathew Brady photograph. Roosevelt, who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President, and who also considered himself Lincoln's political heir, ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln's 100th birthday in 1909. The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York.[15]

text: In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins—LIBERTY and the date—the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination. The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3, 1865, authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins,[16] during Lincoln's tenure in office.

text: Even though no legislation was required for the new design, approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite three weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.

text: In 1918, after the controversy over Brenner's name and initials on the reverse had died down, his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy. They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust, just under the shoulder of Lincoln.

text: In 1969, the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner's original sculptures.

text: Reverse design[edit]

text:
Reverses of the
Lincoln cent

Wheat (1909–1958)

Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)

Birth and early childhood in Kentucky (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

Formative Years in Indiana (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

Professional life in Illinois (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

Presidency in DC (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

Union shield (2010–present)

text: Wheat cent (1909–1958)[edit]

text: A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style. Between these, in the center of the coin, are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, while curving around the upper border is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, Latin for "From Many, One."

text: The original model bore Brenner's name on the reverse, curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Before the coins were issued, however, the initials "VDB" were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent. After the coin was released, many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design. Because the coin was in great demand, and because to make a change would have required halting production, the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely.

text: Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents: the 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head cents, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB, 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues. While the smallest mintage is the '09-S Indian, the '09-S VDB is the key Lincoln date, and hence is most valuable. Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7% of the plain V.D.B.

text: Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)[edit]

text: On February 12, 1959, a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, prepared the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years. The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif, with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design, together with the denomination. The initials "FG" appear on the right, near the shrubbery.

text: Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)[edit]

text: The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent's reverse be redesigned in 2009. This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth.

text: These four designs, unveiled September 22, 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:

text:
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky: this design features a log cabin and Lincoln's birth year 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz. This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln's 200th birthday, February 12, 2009, at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln's birthplace.[17] The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years (see Lincoln cent mintage figures). It has been nicknamed the "Log Cabin Penny".
Formative years in Indiana: this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting. It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed the "Indiana Penny", it was released on May 14, 2009.[18]
Professional life in Illinois: this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart. Nicknamed the "Illinois Penny", it was released on August 13, 2009.[18]
Presidency in Washington, D.C.: this design features the half-completed Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna. This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12, 2009.[18] U.S. Mint released collector's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc.

text: Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc). Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper.

text: Union shield cent (2010–present)[edit]

text: The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country".[19] Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent.[20] On April 16, 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation.[21] Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s.[22] The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield.[22][23] In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag.[24] As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12, the design for the 2010 cent was announced.[25] The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC.[25] According to the Mint, the 13 stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above."[26] The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi, an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency.[26] The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner's design.[27][25] The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959.[25] The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna.[28] In January 2010, the coins were released early in Puerto Rico;[29] this was caused by a shortage of 2009-dated pennies on the island.[27] The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010.[30] In 2017, cents minted in Philadelphia were struck with a "P" mintmark to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the U.S. Mint. 2017 is the only year that Philadelphia cents have had a mintmark.[31]

text: "Capped cents"[edit]

text: To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle, local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend "The Morro Castle Fire" These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent. According to "Mrs. Astor's Horse" by Stanley Walker:

text: Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business. A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire, September, 1934, Asbury Park" on the other. Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster. As soon as they came off the press, heart-rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about.[32]

text: Later, to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse, where the trial was held, and surrounded by the legend "HAUPTMANN TRIAL, Flemington, NJ."[33] Another part of the text in "Mrs. Astor's Horse" states:

text: A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business. He set up for business on the porch of the hotel. He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse, surrounded by the legend, Hauptmann Trial, Flemington, N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper. By running the copper strips through the press, together with the pennies, he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend. The pieces sold for five cents each, three for a dime.[32]

text: Also, from 1935 to 1938, during the Christmas season, Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus. By donating 10 cents, shoppers in Manhattan would receive these. Additionally, if they donated an extra 5 cents, their cent would come in a greeting card holder.[34] Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis. There was also a design featuring the Lord's prayer.

text: Composition[edit]

text: Bronze, 1909–1942. Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864, 95% copper and 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.

text: Wartime zinc-plated steel, 1943. The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943.

text: Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18, 1942, which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31, 1946. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.0005-inch (0.013 mm) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.[35][36]

text: Wartime brass, 1944–1946. Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to a change in composition of the wartime cent. On January 1, 1944, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended shell casings which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of tin.[citation needed] The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored.

text: Bronze, 1947–1962. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper-tin-zinc "bronze" composition was again used.

text: Brass, 1962–1982. The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5, 1962.

text: Experimental aluminum cents, 1974. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress, but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons. About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors, although they are now considered illegal to own.[37] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer, known as the Toven Specimen, and was certified as authentic in 2005.[38]

text: Copper-plated zinc, 1982–present. In mid-1982, the coin's composition was changed again, this time to copper-plated zinc. The last mostly-copper cents (95% copper metal composition) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22, 1982. The copper-plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today. They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2% zinc and 0.8% copper with an outer plating of pure copper, for an overall composition of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer (Jarden Zinc Products). Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each, these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness, and nearly in appearance, to the mostly copper (95%) cents issued before mid-1982, which weighed 3.11 grams each. A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare.[39]

text: Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916[edit]

text: When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coinage for collectors, the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof, which was thought to highlight the design, while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended. This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use. When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result was a semi-rough surface, a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims. These coins were produced in very small numbers, and the dies quickly developed small marks, known as diagnostics. These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin. Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production, they were not popular with collectors. When new, the coins were wrapped in a tarnish-proof tissue, which over time proved to be anything but. Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold, vivid colors and toning developed. It is not unusual to see vivid blues, greens, lavender, coppery orange, deep reds and purple hues on these coins. Eagerly collected by numismatists today, they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents. Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide, square outer rims, quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes.

text: Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents[edit]

text: Through mint errors, a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced. Some random errors, such as an off-center strike, slightly increase the value of the coin, and are sought after by niche collectors. However some errors were systemic, and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year. These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors.

text: The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB. Not identified until the 1970s, it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled. This coin is extremely rare in high grades.

text: In 1922, no one-cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint. However, three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties, making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia. These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no "D" cents. Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks.

text: There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze, as opposed to the steel/zinc composition used that year. There are 10 to 12 known to exist.[40] Likewise, a few 1944 cents were produced in steel/zinc.

text: In 1955, a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices, producing a prominent doubling of the date, and to a less noticeable degree, the rest of the obverse. This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent. A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint. While the 1955 doubled die cent is well-known and widely collected, the 1969-S doubled die is far rarer, with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction.[41] The same mechanism produced 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995 Doubled die cents. Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are minor, and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.

text: In 1990, 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the "S" mint mark, making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint. However, as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year, they are easily distinguishable as errors, and highly valuable.

text: The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition.

text: The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10, $500, and $5, respectively, in gem uncirculated condition. These reverse die errors are technically "mule" errors, as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Zinc, a major component of mid-1982-and-later U.S. cents, is toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such a coin, which is 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.[42] Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic.[43] Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[44] It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal.[45]

text: Numismatics and regulations[edit]

text: It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or cash them in at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies, further diminishing their utility, and the production cost (figured in U.S. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused by increasing inflation.[46] In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [COIN] Act).[47]

text: In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit, the U.S. Mint, which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury, implemented new regulations[48] on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins. Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.[49]

text: Metal content and manufacturing costs[edit]

text: The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one-cent coins was 1.79 cents, which is more than the face value of the coin.[50] After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices, recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013.[6] In the 2014 fiscal year, the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents.[51]

text: When copper reached a record high in February 2011,[52] the melt value of a 95% copper penny was more than three times its face value. As of January 21, 2014, a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents' worth of copper and zinc, making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit. In comparison, post-1982 copper-plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents.[53]

text: The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one-cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations.[50]


document_title: Supernatural (season 5)

question_text: when does cas come back in season 5

question_tokens: when does cas come back in season 5

root

text: Supernatural (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester / Lucifer
Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
Misha Collins as Castiel

tag: ul

text: Special guest star[edit]

text: Paris Hilton as Herself / Leshii

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
Mark Pellegrino and Bellamy Young as Lucifer
Rob Benedict as Chuck Shurley
Kurt Fuller as Zachariah
Mark A. Sheppard as Crowley
Jake Abel as Adam Milligan / Michael
Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
Matt Frewer as Pestilence
Rachel Miner as Meg Masters
Emily Perkins as Becky Rosen
Cindy Sampson as Lisa Braeden
Richard Speight, Jr. as the Trickster / Gabriel
Alona Tal as Jo Harvelle
Demore Barnes as Raphael
A. J. Buckley as Ed Zeddmore
Traci Dinwiddie as Pamela Barnes
Carrie Fleming as Karen Singer
Jon Gries as Martin Creaser
Chad Lindberg as Ash
Julie McNiven as Anna Milton
Adrianne Palicki as Jessica Moore
Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills
Matt Cohen as Young John Winchester / Michael
Julian Richings as Death
Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
Amy Gumenick as Young Mary Winchester
Travis Wester as Harry Spangler
Steven Williams as Rufus Turner

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In this table, the number in the first column refers to the episode's number within the entire series, whereas the number in the second column indicates the episode's number within that particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to how many Americans who watched the episode live or on the day of broadcast.

tag: p

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

83
1
"Sympathy for the Devil"
Robert Singer
Eric Kripke
September 10, 2009 (2009-09-10)
3X5201
3.40[5]

With the accidental freeing of the fallen angel Lucifer in the climax of the previous season finale by Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki), the Apocalypse has started. An unknown force whisks Sam and his brother Dean (Jensen Ackles) from the place that Lucifer has started his destructive rise, and transports them safely onto an airplane passing overhead. They seek information from the prophet Chuck Shurley (Rob Benedict), learning that their angelic ally Castiel (Misha Collins) has been killed for helping them, but he is unable to tell them much else because he is being watched by angels, who are working against the Winchesters to bring on the Apocalypse. Chuck later sends word through a fan of his work named Becky Rosen (Emily Perkins) that the angels have lost the sword of the archangel Michael—a weapon capable of defeating Lucifer—and gives them a cryptic clue as to its location. When Sam and Dean decode the clue, they are attacked by demons working for Lucifer, including their old enemy Meg Masters (Rachel Miner) and their now-possessed friend Bobby Singer (Jim Beaver). Bobby manages to overcome the demon long enough to stab himself with a demon-killing knife, severely wounding himself in the process. The Winchesters defeat the other demons, but Meg flees before they can kill her. The brothers take Bobby to the hospital, then set off to take Michael's sword before the demons do. They find the angel Zachariah (Kurt Fuller) at the place the sword is supposed to be, as Zachariah had purposefully planted the information that led them there in one of Chuck's prophetic visions. Zachariah explains that Dean is in fact Michael's "sword" as Michael's destined human host (called a "vessel"). However, Dean refuses to provide the permission required for Michael to possess him, even when Zachariah threatens to kill Sam and Bobby and tortures the brothers. Castiel soon appears and forces a frightened Zachariah to leave with the thinly-veiled suggestion that he has been miraculously revived (and Sam and Dean put on the plane) by God himself. He then hides Sam and Dean from angelic detection and disappears. Back at the hospital, Bobby is revealed to have been permanently paralyzed below the waist by spinal injuries from his having stabbed himself. Dean tries to bolster his friend's confidence by giving a stirring speech about beating both the angels and the demons, but admits to Sam in private that he believes that they are all doomed. He also admits that while he forgives Sam, he can't trust him anymore. Meanwhile, a man (Mark Pellegrino) whose family has been slaughtered by a killer begins having nightmares in which Lucifer appears to him in the form of his wife (Bellamy Young) and tries to convince him to let him take over his body so he can face God and seek justice. The man eventually agrees.

84
2
"Good God, Y'All!"
Phil Sgriccia
Sera Gamble
September 17, 2009 (2009-09-17)
3X5202
2.80[6]

Castiel borrows Dean's pendant so that he can locate God. Bobby sends Sam and Dean to respond to a frantic call from his friend Rufus Turner (Steven Williams), who is in River Pass, Colorado, a town swarming with demons. They meet their old friend Ellen Harvelle (Samantha Ferris), whose daughter Jo has also gone missing. When the three find Jo and Rufus, they appear to be possessed by demons—and strangely, they seem to think Sam, Dean, and Ellen are also possessed. It is later revealed that there are no real demons present, merely illusions brought about by War (Titus Welliver), one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, to trick panicked people into killing each other. Afterwards, Sam and Dean agree to part ways because neither of them trust Sam on the job at the moment.

85
3
"Free to Be You and Me"
J. Miller Tobin
Jeremy Carver
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
3X5203
2.66[7]

Sam receives a visit by Jessica; he tries to have a normal life by settling down at a town and working at a restaurant. Meanwhile, Dean teams up with Castiel to track down the archangel Raphael, as Castiel believes Raphael knows God's location. They manage to lure him out, however, Raphael claims that God is dead and suspects Lucifer raised Castiel from the dead. A group of hunters find Sam and want him to join on a demon hunt, but Sam refuses. The hunters return defeated and hold Sam's restaurant coworker hostage, forcing Sam to tell the truth about his involvement in the Apocalypse. Later, Jessica visits again, only this time it is really Lucifer, who informs Sam that he wants to use him as his vessel.

86
4
"The End"
Steve Boyum
Ben Edlund
October 1, 2009 (2009-10-01)
3X5204
2.62[8]

Sam calls Dean late at night and wants to team up again in the battle of the Apocalypse, but Dean declines. Dean awakens five years in the future where the Croatoan virus has devastated the world. He learns from Zachariah that it is the result of Dean's refusal to become Michael's vessel. Dean discovers a group of survivors led by his future self, who plans on confronting Lucifer in a final showdown. It is also revealed that in that future, Sam has accepted his role as Lucifer's vessel. After killing Future Dean, Future Sam / Lucifer tells Dean that whatever choices Dean will make, he will always end up in the same situation. Zachariah transports Dean back to his present and persuades Dean one more time, but Dean refuses, and Castiel saves Dean from Zachariah's wrath just in time. Dean contacts Sam and they reunite.

87
5
"Fallen Idols"
James L. Conway
Julie Siege
October 8, 2009 (2009-10-08)
3X5205
2.47[9]

The reunited Sam and Dean visit Canton, Ohio and investigate a string of very strange murders. A man who has found James Dean's car "Little Bastard" is found dead having crashed into the car windshield. Another man is murdered by someone resembling Abraham Lincoln. Suspecting that the murders are the work of famous ghosts, the brothers discover that the local wax museum curator has been collecting actual artifacts to go along with the wax statues. Although Sam and Dean get rid of the ghosts, the incidents continue when two girls report that their friend was kidnapped by Paris Hilton. They check the bodies again and discover strange seeds that lead them to believe it is the work of Leshii, a pagan god whose forest was cut down in Eastern Europe. Sam and Dean return to the museum to confront Leshii (Paris Hilton).

88
6
"I Believe the Children Are Our Future"
Charles Beeson
Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
October 15, 2009 (2009-10-15)
3X5206
2.59[10]

In Alliance, Nebraska, people are being killed by practical joke devices such as itching powder and joy buzzers. On top of that, an odd-looking Tooth Fairy has extracted a man's full set of teeth. It turns out that an eleven-year-old boy named Jesse is the reason for all this, as whatever he believes has started to become reality. Sam and Dean discover that Jesse was adopted; his biological mother reveals that she was impregnated by a demon, and that she gave Jesse up for adoption at birth. Castiel tells the Winchesters that Jesse is the Antichrist, a human/demon hybrid being imbued with essentially unlimited powers, and that they should kill it before Lucifer uses him. While Sam and Dean try to persuade Jesse to side with them, Jesse's biological mother, who has since been re-possessed by the demon father, attempts to persuade Jesse to side with her. After listening to the demon, Jesse renders her unable to speak in order to hear what Sam has to say. Sam tells Jesse that he has a choice and that it will haunt him forever if he makes the wrong one. Jesse then exorcises the demon from his mother and agrees to leave with the Winchesters. Pretending he wants to say goodbye to his adoptive parents, he goes upstairs and vanishes into thin air, protected by his powers, which make it impossible for the hunters to track him down.

89
7
"The Curious Case of Dean Winchester"
Robert Singer
Story by: Sera Gamble & Jenny Klein
Teleplay by: Sera Gamble
October 29, 2009 (2009-10-29)
3X5207
2.90[11]

Sam and Dean follow a trail of deaths of people who have mysteriously aged. They discover that a wandering warlock named Patrick has been luring people into playing poker where the stakes are years of life represented by poker chips, and that their friend Bobby has played and lost/aged 25 years. Dean plays Patrick where he buys in with 50 years, redeeming 25 to undo Bobby's aging, but he ultimately loses. Remembering the ritual Patrick cast on the poker chips, Dean and Sam try to steal the chips, but fail. Later, Patrick's accomplice offers them a spell that would cancel the aging effect, but it requires a sample of Patrick's DNA. Sam attempts to challenge Patrick in order to swipe the DNA from Patrick's toothpick but fails as Patrick is aware of the trick. Sam must then play for real as Dean's lifetime runs out.

90
8
"Changing Channels"
Charles Beeson
Jeremy Carver
November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)
3X5208
2.65[12]

While investigating a homicide in Wellington, Ohio that was apparently executed by the Incredible Hulk, Sam and Dean suspect it is the work of the Trickster, but when they go to a warehouse location to try to stake him, they find themselves as characters in a television show, and must survive a sequence of events across different shows including a sexy medical drama, a Japanese game show, a sitcom, and a police procedural, all of which attempt to have the two accept their roles as vessels. They are able to stake the Trickster, but the scenario continues as Sam is transformed into their Impala and has to act like K.I.T.T. in Knight Rider. Dean and Sam lure the Trickster into a burning circle of holy oil as they suspect he is actually an angel. The Trickster reveals he is Gabriel, who voluntarily fell from Grace several years before as he grew tired of watching his brothers fight each other, and wanted Sam and Dean to accept their roles as vessels to end the Apocalypse. Dean still refuses to become a vessel, but before they leave, he frees Gabriel from his trap and accuses him of simply being too afraid to stand up against his own family.

91
9
"The Real Ghostbusters"
James L. Conway
Story by: Nancy Weiner
Teleplay by: Eric Kripke
November 12, 2009 (2009-11-12)
3X5209
2.69[13]

Following a text message from Chuck, Sam and Dean arrive at a hotel in Vermilion, Ohio, which is the site for a Supernatural fan convention. They find out that it was their over-enthusiastic fan Becky who sent the message, and have to deal with several Sam and Dean wannabes role-playing in a fictitious ghost hunt. After a convention attendee is seriously injured, the Winchester brothers find out that the hotel houses a real ghost named Leticia Gore, an orphanage caretaker who supposedly killed four children by scalping them. Together with two copycat Winchesters they find Leticia's bones and burn them, however they are later unable to leave the premises, and another attendee is killed. Sam and Dean have Chuck keep the attendees in the convention room while they deal with the three ghost boys who had killed Leticia's son. Afterwards, Becky reveals to Sam that Bela did not give the Colt to Lilith, but instead gave it to her subordinate, Crowley.

92
10
"Abandon All Hope..."
Phil Sgriccia
Ben Edlund
November 19, 2009 (2009-11-19)
3X5210
2.51[14]

Castiel finds Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) and the brothers and Jo break into his mansion. To their surprise, Crowley shoots his henchmen, and gives Sam and Dean the Colt on the condition that they use it to kill Lucifer, as he believes that eventually Lucifer will kill his demons after he destroys humanity. Sam, Dean, Ellen, Jo and Castiel head to Carthage, Missouri, which appears deserted, except that Castiel sees it is full of reapers. When Castiel investigates, Lucifer captures him and tries to persuade him to join his side. Meanwhile, Meg Masters confronts the Winchesters and Harvelles, sending hellhounds to attack. Jo is mortally wounded, and they retreat into a hardware store. Dean confers with Bobby that the reapers are there to wait for their big boss, Death, one of the Four Horsemen. While Jo and Ellen sacrifice themselves to blow up the hellhounds, Dean and Sam confront Lucifer at the battle site where he has sacrificed the remaining townsfolk to his ritual to summon Death. Although Dean shoots Lucifer with the Colt, Lucifer recovers and heals, revealing himself as one of the five beings the Colt cannot kill. Castiel tricks Meg into getting out of Lucifer's trap, and takes the brothers to Bobby.

93
11
"Sam, Interrupted"
James L. Conway
Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
January 21, 2010 (2010-01-21)
3X5211
2.79[15]

A former hunter named Martin, who has been admitted into a mental hospital in Ketchum, Oklahoma, calls Sam and Dean for help with investigating a case. The brothers get themselves admitted as patients to check out the mysterious creature that has been attacking patients and has made their deaths look like suicide. They find out that they are dealing with a wraith, a creature that feeds on human brains and disguises itself as a human. The only way to identify a wraith is through a mirror, which reveals its true form. As the days go by, the Winchesters find themselves hallucinating. After an attempt to kill the hospital's chief of medicine, whom they suspect to be the monster, Sam is locked up and sedated with a heavy dose of tranquilizers. Despite his mind being paralyzed by the tricks the Wraith plays on it, Dean discovers that the wraith is the nurse who administered their tests in the beginning and kills it with a silver letter opener right before she is able to suck Sam's brain dry. The two then flee the mental institution and Sam admits that he has anger issues from everything that has happened.

94
12
"Swap Meat"
Robert Singer
Story by: Julie Siege & Rebecca Dessertine & Harvey Fedor
Teleplay by: Julie Siege
January 28, 2010 (2010-01-28)
3X5212
2.65[16]

Gary, a teenage nerd who resides in Housatonic, Massachusetts, meets Dean and Sam and conjures up a body-switching spell, exchanging bodies with Sam. Thrilled with his new looks, Gary takes advantage of his new appearance by hitting on women and drinking alcohol. He meets up with Dean, who at first does not realize Sam is not the real Sam. The two start working on a case and kill a ghost together, although "Sam" seems to try to take a chance to kill Dean, unknowingly to Dean. Meanwhile, Sam is stuck in Gary's body and has to deal with his strict parents and high school. He finds out that Gary owns a book with satanic symbols all over it and sets off for his locker at high school. After he has retrieved the book, he is shot by Gary's friend Trevor with a tranquilizer gun. He and another friend of Gary's, Nora, take him to a basement and reveal that they have made a pact with a demon, who offered them everything they wanted in exchange for Sam and Dean. Trevor conjures the demon, who possesses Nora and kills Trevor, whose demands irritate the demon. As the demon tastes Trevor's innards it declares they "taste like moron". The demon (still in the form of Nora) goes after Gary and tries to persuade him to meet Lucifer and "answer one little question" with yes, which would let the Devil into his true vessel. Gary refuses and after Dean fails to kill the demon, he and Gary manage to exorcise it together. In the end, Gary reverses the spell and the boys take him home. Before leaving, Sam tells Gary that he should be glad to have a normal life and a family, but when he and Dean get into the car, he states that Gary's life "sucked ass", yet Dean counters by saying that perhaps they themselves just don't know the good things they're missing out on.

95
13
"The Song Remains the Same"
Steve Boyum
Sera Gamble & Nancy Weiner
February 4, 2010 (2010-02-04)
3X5213
2.28[17]

The fallen angel Anna (Julie McNiven) has escaped from her prison in Heaven and is planning on killing Sam in order to prevent the Apocalypse. She calls Sam and Dean and asks them to meet her, but instead of the brothers encounter Castiel, who doesn't believe she has escaped but suspects there is something she is not telling them. Anna explains that she believes killing Sam will prevent the Apocalypse as without his true vessel, Lucifer won't be able to bring about the end of the world. However, Castiel refuses to let her near the Winchesters and she disappears. Later, Castiel meets up with the Winchesters and tells them that Anna has traveled back in time to 1978 to stop Mary and John Winchester from conceiving Sam. The three also travel to the past, which weakens Castiel considerably. When knocking at their parents' door, Mary recognizes Dean from his earlier visit and tells them to leave immediately, suspecting something bad is bound to happen. John, however, is thrilled to meet "relatives" from Mary's side of the family and invites them in. Anna poses as John's employer and calls him at home, telling him to come to the garage he works at. After arriving there, he is attacked by Anna. The brothers and Mary come to rescue him, and Sam is able to drive Anna out of the building by using a magical sigil. They flee to a shelter, where Dean has a talk with Mary, in which he reveals that he and Sam are her sons and that she has to leave John in order to prevent her sons from being born. However, she reveals that she is already pregnant. Suddenly, Anna and an earlier Uriel rush into the house, attacking the Winchesters which allows Anna to kill Sam. Just as Anna is about to kill Mary, the Archangel Michael, having possessed John's body, enters the room and burns Anna to death. He reveals that Cain and Abel are the brothers' ancestors and that their destiny as Michael and Lucifer's true vessels has been set since those ancient times. While he loves Lucifer, having practically raised him like Dean did Sam, he feels he has to kill his brother as he is a "good son" and that there is no such thing as free will, that everything is predestined. He then revives Sam, erases Mary and John's memory, and sends the brothers back to their time. Despite Michael's words, Dean is still determined to win their way.

96
14
"My Bloody Valentine"
Mike Rohl
Ben Edlund
February 11, 2010 (2010-02-11)
3X5215
2.51[18]

When couples start eating each other to death and killing each other, the brothers investigate and find angelic marks on the victims' hearts. They call Castiel, who suspects a rogue Cupid to be responsible for the deaths. Castiel summons the Cupid and asks him about the strange incidents, but the angel of love says he is only acting on higher orders, but that killings are not his work. After examining another victim's body, Sam follows a suspicious man and confronts him. Sam fights him and grazes him with Ruby's knife, which reveals that he is a demon. The demon flees and leaves his briefcase behind, and Sam finds his addiction to demon blood return. Soon, people start dying from binge eating or alcohol poisoning, and Castiel develops a weird craving for red meat, which leads them to believe that one of the Four Horsemen, Famine, who causes people to give in to their desires, is behind the deaths. They open the briefcase, which contains a human soul of a person. Castiel states that Famine harvests the souls of the people he killed and consumes them. Later, Dean and Castiel set out to face Famine and cut off the finger on which he wears the ring containing his power. They lock up Sam in order to prevent him from giving into his cravings and follow the demons who harvested a soul for Famine to devour. Meanwhile, demons enter the room where Sam is chained up. Sam breaks free, attacks the demons and satisfies his thirst. When Dean and Castiel arrive at the diner in which they suspect Famine to dwell, Castiel enters the building in order to attack Famine, but is held up by his desire for red meat. Dean walks in and is assaulted by the demons guarding Famine. Famine then states that Dean is not responding to his curse because he is empty inside and there is nothing that can satisfy his hunger. When Sam suddenly appears, Famine offers him the demons guarding himself, but Sam refuses. He exorcises them, and Famine devours their essences. Sam tries to use his powers on the Horseman, but Famine states that Sam's abilities will not work on him. Instead of killing the Horseman himself, Sam uses his powers to destroy the demons Famine had just swallowed, effectively killing Famine. In the end, Dean and Castiel lock Sam in Bobby's panic room in order to detox the demon blood out of his system. When Dean cannot bear to listen to Sam's screams anymore, he walks outside and calls to God for help. The name refers to the film of the same name that actor Jensen Ackles was in, as well as referencing to Devour, another film he was also in.

97
15
"Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid"
John Showalter
Jeremy Carver
March 25, 2010 (2010-03-25)
3X5214
2.95[19]

Sam and Dean investigate Bobby's hometown of Sioux Falls, South Dakota where the dead are rising from the grave, but instead of attacking humans they are happily reuniting with their families. The brothers turn to Bobby for help, but he tells them not to worry about it and to leave town. Suspicious, Dean investigates further and comes face to face with Bobby's dead wife, who seems to have no memory of what has happened to her. Soon the zombies start to become evil one by one, killing and eating their loved ones. The brothers urge Bobby to kill his "wife" before she does the same. Bobby refuses because he wants to spend a few happy hours with his resurrected wife and says that as soon as she turns evil he will take care of it. Shortly after, his wife shows signs of becoming a flesh-eating zombie. Weakened by the disease, she lies down to rest and tells Bobby that she actually remembers her demonic possession and death. She also delivers a message from Death. As Dean and Bobby prepare to head out to fight the zombies, Bobby's salvage yard is swarmed with them and Dean and Bobby end up trapped. They are rescued by Sam and local sheriff, Jody Mills (guest star Kim Rhodes), who found out the horrifying truth after her son killed her husband. In the end, Bobby reveals that the rise of the dead took place in his hometown because Death wanted to break his spirit since he stands in the way of Lucifer's plans by helping the Winchesters.

98
16
"Dark Side of the Moon"
Jeff Woolnough
Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
April 1, 2010 (2010-04-01)
3X5216
2.40[20]

Ambushed by angry hunters, Sam and Dean are killed and sent to Heaven. Castiel, talking through radios and a TV, explains to the brothers that Zachariah is searching for them. The Winchesters' task is to find the angel Joshua, who is rumored to be able to talk to God, in the Garden at the end of the Road, or Axis Mundi, through heaven. Trying to escape from Zachariah's persecution, Sam and Dean re-live the happiest moments of their lives. On their way they meet Ash, living in an illusional Roadhouse. He says that the people sent to Heaven are rewarded for their good deeds with a replica of their happiest memory. They also encounter Pamela, who states that being dead and in Heaven is not so bad, after all. Eventually, Zachariah finds the brothers and begins to torture Dean, saying that he is sick of being condemned by his fellow angels because he cannot handle "one little human." However, he is stopped by Joshua, who claims to be acting on orders from God. Taking the Winchesters to the Garden, Joshua tells Dean that God will not help them. It is revealed that He is the one who put them on that airplane in "Sympathy for the Devil", brought back Castiel and now granted them salvation in Heaven. However, He does not feel the Apocalypse is his problem and will do no more to help. Joshua then returns them to Earth with their memories, where the brothers meet Castiel and tell him everything. Castiel curses God and gives Dean his amulet back, stating that it is useless now. As the brothers leave the motel, Sam tries to convince Dean that they can still stop the Apocalypse. Before walking out the door, Dean throws his amulet into the trash can, leaving faith at the door.

99
17
"99 Problems"
Charles Beeson
Julie Siege
April 8, 2010 (2010-04-08)
3X5217
2.78[21]

Sam and Dean are cornered by demons, but saved at the last minute by Rob and his townspeople, who are aware of the Apocalypse and have been training to fight and kill demons. The small town has become very religious, and the brothers meet Pastor Gideon, who introduces them to his daughter Leah. She has been receiving visions from angels and guiding the townspeople to demons, whom the townspeople always seem to defeat and exorcise. Eventually Leah begins telling the locals that they are "Chosen" to win the Apocalypse and see their dead loved ones again in a Paradise on Earth, but to do so must get rid of "sinners" among them whose names the angels are giving to her. The brothers learn that Leah has been replaced by the Whore of Babylon, a creature from Hell that emerges during the Apocalypse and tries to condemn as many people as possible to eternal punishment in Hell by tricking them into committing Deadly Sins. The Whore had only been sending locals on demon hunting trips to earn their trust, and the exorcisms are fake. Her true agenda is to cause the townspeople to kill as many of each other as she can, and damn their souls to Hell. She can only be killed with a cypress wooden stake from a tree in Babylon and by the hand of a true servant of Heaven. The Pastor has become concerned by Leah's increasingly ruthless behavior, and while walking outside is confronted by Castiel who informs him of the truth. Reuniting with Sam and Dean, the Pastor is informed that Leah is not his real daughter but the creature that killed her. The demonic creature has to be killed and they point out that the Pastor is a true servant of Heaven. They halt the Whore just before she and her "Chosen" can burn the "sinner" townspeople to death. The Pastor is knocked out and the Whore begins battling Dean, but he manages to stake her, proving to a surprised Sam that he is a true servant of Heaven. Sam asks him if he is going to do something stupid like saying "yes" to the angel Michael. In the end, Dean leaves Sam to drive and see Lisa and tells her that, in the next few days, she's going to see "trippy" things on TV, but she need not worry because he is going to make arrangements to protect her and her son, Ben. He also confesses that when he dreams of having a happy family it is with her and Ben. Lisa is terrified and asks Dean to stay, have a beer and talk for a while, but Dean declines and leaves.

100
18
"Point of No Return"
Phil Sgriccia
Jeremy Carver
April 15, 2010 (2010-04-15)
3X5218
2.45[22]

Before Dean can go to say yes to Michael, Sam and Castiel capture him and lock him in Bobby's panic room. At the same time, the angels decide they don't need him anymore. Instead, Zachariah uses Dean and Sam's half-brother, Adam, to serve as Michael's vessel as he is related to the Winchesters by blood. Castiel rescues Adam as he revives and brings him to see his brothers and Bobby. But Adam has no problem being Michael's vessel as the angels promised to reunite him with his deceased mother and Sam tries to talk him out of it. Since Dean still has the intention to accept the archangel, Castiel and Sam lock him in a cell but Dean tricks Castiel into releasing him and escapes. Adam is convinced by Zachariah to act his part and he leaves voluntarily. Dean is chased down by Castiel and enraged at his betrayal and willingness to give in so easily, the angel drags Dean into an alleyway before subjecting him to a brutal beating that leaves Dean with several injuries. When Dean tells him to do it, Castiel knocks him unconscious and takes him back to Bobby's house. Upon going with Zachariah, Adam discovers that the angels have fooled him into tricking Dean to become Michael's vessel. Sam trusts Dean not to give himself up to the angels and releases him to help rescue Adam. Castiel goes inside the warehouse and confronts a group of angels, using a sigil on his body to banish himself and the angels away while Dean and Sam enter. They attempt to take Adam with them but are confronted by Zachariah. The angel tortures both Sam and Adam to force Dean to say yes. Dean relents and tells Zachariah to summon Michael. However, Dean reveals he's made a few conditions in order to have Michael possess him, with the first being Zachariah will be killed by Michael. Zachariah doubts Michael will hurt him, even for Dean's yes, but Dean kills Zachariah himself instead with an angel sword through the head. As Michael descends, the three brothers flee but Adam is trapped inside. Dean is unable to go back in to save Adam due to the searing heat and light, and when he enters the room moments later, the room holding Adam has disappeared. Later, Dean apologizes to Sam for his decision and tells his brother they will take the fight to them, whether they be angels or Lucifer having regained his faith due to Sam's unshakable faith in him.

101
19
"Hammer of the Gods"
Rick Bota
Story by: David Reed
Teleplay by: Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
April 22, 2010 (2010-04-22)
3X5219
2.82[23]

Sam and Dean end up in a seemingly one-star motel at the side of the road in Muncie, Indiana, but it turns out to be a four-star hotel with staff who are a little too friendly for the brothers' liking. They soon discover strange things happen at the hotel and guests are disappearing one at a time. They are soon trapped by the staff, who turn out to be a group of pagan gods, including Kali, Ganesh, Mercury, Zao Shen, Baron Samedi, Odin, and Baldur, and who want to use them as bargaining chips to stop the Apocalypse. Dean and Sam are soon joined by Gabriel under his Loki persona, who is willing to help them out. While he distracts Kali, Dean and Sam try to free the other trapped guests, however Kali is on to Gabriel and steals his sword and kills him. The brothers make a deal: release the guests and they will help the gods kill Lucifer. The gods reluctantly agree and Dean leads the hostages outside and stumbles upon a very much alive Gabriel, who explains the sword was a fake. He tells Dean he can't kill Lucifer because he's his brother, and Dean goes back inside the hotel. Lucifer is summoned by Mercury. He arrives and kills Mercury, and all of the other gods save for Kali. Gabriel shows up to help the brothers and sends them away. As he faces Lucifer for the first time in centuries, Gabriel tells him he's not loyal to him or Michael, but to humans, because despite their flaws, they're always willing to try harder and forgive. As Gabriel makes his move, Lucifer is onto him and kills him. Outside, Dean and Sam watch a movie Gabriel gave to them, in which the archangel explains to them that they can't kill Lucifer, but they can trap him back in Hell. All they need are the four rings that belong to the Horsemen to do this. As Dean and Sam set out to find them, Pestilence is revealed to be on Earth spreading disease.

102
20
"The Devil You Know"
Robert Singer
Ben Edlund
April 29, 2010 (2010-04-29)
3X5220
2.38[24]

Dean and Sam encounter Crowley while on the trail of Pestilence. Both brothers are angry at Crowley for giving them the Colt which did not work on Lucifer which he claims not to have known. Crowley mentions that he's being hunted down by his fellow demons and tells the brothers that he knows where the last two rings can be found. He directs them to Brady, the demon Handler for the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. However, Crowley will only show the way if Sam does not go with them. Later, Sam and Bobby have an argument over Sam intending to trick Lucifer back into Hell by letting Lucifer possess him. Dean meets Brady, the demon-possessed CEO of a pharmaceutical company, who is under Pestilence's orders. Dean tries to trick Brady with a proposition but the demon does not buy it, intending to just kill Dean. However, Crowley gets the drop on Brady and knocks him unconscious. Dean is warned by Crowley that Sam and Brady have a history; Brady is in fact Sam's classmate from college. The Handler possessed Brady since sophomore year, and deliberately introduced Jessica to Sam to put Azazel's plans into motion. Sam is furious and wants to kill Brady but Dean stops him. While Crowley is away, Sam traps Dean in the bathroom as he plans to kill Brady. Brady goads Sam into killing him by revealing he killed Jessica, not Azazel, but Sam manages to calm himself and leave. Crowley returns after killing a nest of demons and making it look as though Brady joined his side. However, Crowley is tracked down by a hellhound. Crowley escapes, leaving Dean, Sam and Brady in the hideout. While Dean attempts to fight off the hellhound, Crowley returns with his own hound against the other hound. After the four of them escape, Brady gives up the location for Pestilence. Dean then allows Sam to finish Brady off. Later, Crowley appears to Bobby and tells him he will reveal Death's location in exchange for his soul.

103
21
"Two Minutes to Midnight"
Phil Sgriccia
Sera Gamble
May 6, 2010 (2010-05-06)
3X5221
2.53[25]

Dean and Sam finally hear from Castiel again, but he cannot go to them because his "batteries" are drained and he has no more power; he's now practically human. Dean and Sam go after Pestilence, and nearly die from a hailstorm of diseases. Castiel shows up (he took a bus) and cuts off the Horseman's finger, using the last of his angelic strength to resist Pestilence's plagues. He takes the ring, but not before Pestilence tells them that "it's too late". Upon rejoining with Bobby, the brothers learn how Bobby "pawned" his soul to Crowley in exchange for the location of the fourth, final, and most powerful of the Four Horsemen, Death. Crowley explains that Bobby's soul is his insurance, and that he won't give it back until everything has cooled down. It turns out the deal includes a bonus; Bobby can walk again. The group splits up; Sam, along with Castiel and Bobby, head out in order to find and contain the Croatoan virus (disguised and being distributed as a swine flu vaccine). On the way, Castiel hears about Sam's plan concerning Lucifer and surprisingly encourages him. However, he warns Sam that Michael has already found a human vessel: Adam. The battle between Michael and Lucifer will commence if Sam isn't able to resist possession. At the shipping warehouse, the three are able to contain the virus and shoot those who have been infected by it. Meanwhile, Dean goes with Crowley to find Death and get the last ring. They locate Death in Chicago, which according to Bobby is about to be wiped out by the storm of the millennium. As the rain starts, Death and Dean meet in a pizza parlor, littered with the bodies of customers and staff. Death explains that he is tied to Lucifer through a spell. This is the only reason he didn't try to find Dean, but has instead had to wait for him. He offers to give him his ring, but there is one condition; agree to Sam saying yes to Lucifer so they can lure him into the trap. He'll also spare Chicago. ("I like the pizza," Death says.) Dean agrees, receiving the ring and instructions on how to use all four of them to trap Lucifer. Upon returning, he tells Bobby he lied to Death's face, but Bobby says that Death is Death, and asks Dean if he's more afraid to lose, or to lose his brother.

104
22
"Swan Song"
Steve Boyum
Story by: Eric Gewitz
Teleplay by: Eric Kripke
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)
3X5222
2.84[26]

Chuck begins to narrate the life and times of the Impala and the boys' life inside of it. Chuck reveals their time spent in the Impala and how they made it their home throughout the years before and after they began hunting. Dean finally agrees to allow Sam to say yes to Lucifer while Sam requests he not try to bring him back and to have a normal life with Lisa and Ben when he's gone. Remembering a comment made by Lucifer in the future, Dean realizes that the fallen angel is in Detroit. Sam and Dean confront Lucifer, who knows of their plan to use the Horsemen's rings to trap him back in his cage. Despite this, Sam offers himself as a vessel, hoping that he can overcome Lucifer's control and throw himself into the prison. Lucifer is too strong, and Sam disappears in his body. As Lucifer tries to make Sam happy by killing the demons sent by Azazel to manipulate him during his childhood, Dean learns from Chuck the time and location of the final battle between Michael and Lucifer. The following day at the battleground—Stull Cemetery in Stull, KS (just outside Lawrence, Kansas) — Lucifer tries to talk Michael out of fighting, but he refuses. However, Castiel interrupts the fight by banishing Michael with holy fire. An angry Lucifer kills Castiel, and then snaps Bobby's neck when he shoots him. He then starts brutally beating Dean, but stops when he notices an old army man of Sam's inside the Impala revealed earlier during Chuck's narration. Sam remembers his life growing up with Dean, and manages to take control of his body. He uses the rings to reopen the door to the cage, and prepares to jump inside. Michael returns and tries to stop him, but he too is pulled into the pit while grappling with Sam. Castiel, resurrected again by God as a more powerful angel, heals Dean and brings Bobby back to life. He returns to Heaven, hoping to bring order now that Michael is gone. As Dean attempts to move on, he seems to turn his back on hunting and returns to Lisa. Chuck smiles after finishing his narration of the story, and vanishes into thin air. Later that night, a streetlight flickers out and Sam is revealed outside Lisa's home, looking in the window at the "family" eating dinner together...

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for Supernatural's fifth season, with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 5 reviews.[27]


document_title: Roll Bounce

question_text: who does nick cannon play in roll bounce

text: Roll Bounce

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article needs an improved plot summary. (September 2015)

text: Set in 1978 Chicago, Roll Bounce tells the story of a boy named Xavier (Bow Wow) (nicknamed "X") whose mother has passed, leaving him with his father, Curtis (Chi McBride) and his sister, Sonya. After the local roller rink closes down, X and his friends are forced to skate in the ritzy uptown rink "Sweetwater". Tired of being disrespected by the skate rental distributor (Nick Cannon) and other skaters at Sweetwater, the group enters a roller disco contest. Their biggest rivals are the 5-year champion, Sweetness (Wesley Jonathan) and his crew, the Sweetwater Rollers. The film centers on X's training for the competition while trying to work through problems with his father and his pretty childhood friend, Naomi (Meagan Good).

text: In the end, it not only comes down to gaining the respect of others, but also learning to respect themselves and giving roller disco their all.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bow Wow as Xavier 'X' Smith
Chi McBride as Curtis Smith
Mike Epps as Byron
Wesley Jonathan as Sweetness
Kellita Smith as Vivian
Meagan Good as Naomi Phillips
Khleo Thomas as Mixed Mike
Nick Cannon as Bernard
Jurnee Smollett as Tori
Marcus T. Paulk as Boo
Brandon T. Jackson as Junior
Rick Gonzalez as Naps
Paul Wesley as Troy
Wayne Brady as DJ Johnny
Charlie Murphy as Victor
Darryl McDaniels as D.J. Smooth Dee

text: Reception[edit]

text: Roll Bounce received mixed to positive reviews from critics, as it holds a rating of 64% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 90 reviews.

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack features Ray J, R. Kelly, Chaka Khan, Beyoncé, Earth, Wind & Fire, Brooke Valentine, Fabolous, Michelle Williams, and Shorty Mack.

text:
Roll Bounce: The Album

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
September 20, 2005 (2005-09-20)

Genre
R&B, funk, soul, Disco

Length
53:17

Label
Sanctuary Urban Records Group

text: Roll Bounce: The Album was released on September 20, 2005 by Sanctuary Urban Records Group.

text:
No.
Title
Performer
Length

1.
"Boogie Oogie Oogie"
Brooke Valentine, Fabolous and Keyshia Cole
4:08

2.
"Bounce, Rock, Skate, Roll"
Vaughan Mason & Crew
5:29

3.
"Pure Gold"
Earth, Wind & Fire
4:01

4.
"Wishing on a Star"
Beyoncé
4:08

5.
"Quit Actin'"
Ray J, R. Kelly and Shorty Mack
3:58

6.
"Superman Lover"
Johnny "Guitar" Watson
5:42

7.
"Hollywood Swinging"
Kool & the Gang and Jamiroquai
4:13

8.
"Let's Stay Together"
Michelle Williams
3:24

9.
"Lovely Day"
Bill Withers
4:13

10.
"I Wanna Know Your Name"
Keith Sweat
4:11

11.
"Get Off"
Foxy
5:40

12.
"Le Freak"
Chic
4:16

Total length:
41:09

text:
"Flash Light" - Parliament
"Emotion" - Samantha Sang
"Can You Feel the Force" - The Real Thing
"Love to Love You Baby" - Donna Summer
"I'll Keep Loving You" - Carl Douglas
"Barracuda" - Heart
"Rock the Boat" - The Hues Corporation
"Baby Hold On" - Eddie Money
"On the Beautiful Blue Danube" - Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
"Kung Fu Fighting" - Carl Douglas
"I'm Your Boogie Man" - KC and the Sunshine Band
"Let's Roll" - Chaka Khan
"Easy" - Commodores
"For All We Know" - Donny Hathaway
"Boogie Fever" - The Sylvers
"Pick Up the Pieces" - Average White Band
"Fire" - Ohio Players
"He's the Greatest Dancer" - Sister Sledge
"Baby Come Back" - Player

text: Awards/nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Show
Category
Recipient
Result

2006
Black Movie Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Directing
Malcolm D. Lee
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Screenwriting
Norman Vance, Jr.
Nominated

Black Reel Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Brandon T. Jackson
Winner

Best Screenplay, Original or Adapted
Norman Vance, Jr.

Best Ensemble Award
Jurnee Smollett
Nominated

Best Director
Malcolm D. Lee

Best Original Soundtrack
N/A


document_title: Palazzo di Amore

question_text: who owns palazzo di amore in beverly hills

text: Palazzo di Amore

text:
Palazzo di Amore

General information

Type
Private residence

Location
Los Angeles, California

Address
9505 Lania Lane

Renovated
2014

Client
Jeff Greene

Technical details

Floor area
28,122

Design and construction

Architect
Bob Ray Offenhauser

text: Palazzo di Amore is a house in Los Angeles, California. In November 2014, it was cited as being the most expensive residential complex in the United States, listed at $195 million,[1] with 53,000 square feet of living space. The compound is being sold by Jeff Greene, a real estate billionaire who purchased the property for around $35 million and spent the next several years renovating it with the help of developer Mohamed Hadid, architect Bob Ray Offenhauser, and designer Alberto Pinto. The property was relisted for sale in 2017 with an asking price of $129 million.[2]

text: The completed house is 53,000 square feet, with 12 bedrooms including a 5,000-square foot master suite; 25 bathrooms; a 15,000 square foot entertainment center with bowling alley, 50-seat movie theater, and discotheque; a 24-car garage; and 25 acres of grounds including a wine producing vineyard, 150-person infinity pool, reflecting pool, and tennis court,[3] parking for approximately 150 cars, guard house, private drivers quarters, guest house, state-of-the-art theatre, discotheque, bowling alley, wine cellar, spa, formal gardens and city to ocean views.


document_title: Angular diameter

question_text: what is the moon's angular diameter in our sky

question_tokens: what is the moon 's angular diameter in our sky

text: Angular diameter

text: Formula[edit]

text: The angular diameter of a circle whose plane is perpendicular to the displacement vector between the point of view and the centre of said circle can be calculated using the formula[1]

text:
in which

δ

{\displaystyle \delta }

 is the angular diameter, and

d

{\displaystyle d}

 and

D

{\displaystyle D}

 are the actual diameter of and the distance to the object. When

D
≫
d

{\displaystyle D\gg d}

, we have

δ
≈
d

/

D

{\displaystyle \delta \approx d/D}

, and the result obtained is in radians.

text:
For a spherical object whose actual diameter equals

d

a
c
t

,

{\displaystyle d_{\mathrm {act} },}

 and where

D

{\displaystyle D}

 is the distance to the centre of the sphere, the angular diameter can be found by the formula

text:
The difference is due to the fact that the apparent edges of a sphere are its tangent points, which are closer to the observer than the centre of the sphere. For practical use, the distinction is only significant for spherical objects that are relatively close, since the small-angle approximation holds for

x
≪
1

{\displaystyle x\ll 1}

:[2]

text: Estimating angular diameter using outstretched hand[edit]

text: Estimates of angular diameter may be obtained by holding the hand at right angles to a fully extended arm, as shown in the figure.[3][4][5]

text: Use in astronomy[edit]

text:
In astronomy, the sizes of celestial objects are often given in terms of their angular diameter as seen from Earth, rather than their actual sizes. Since these angular diameters are typically small, it is common to present them in arcseconds. An arcsecond is 1/3600th of one degree, and a radian is 180/

π

{\displaystyle \pi }

 degrees, so one radian equals 3,600*180/

π

{\displaystyle \pi }

 arcseconds, which is about 206,265 arcseconds. Therefore, the angular diameter of an object with physical diameter d at a distance D, expressed in arcseconds, is given by:[6]

text: These objects have an angular diameter of 1 arcsecond ("):

text:
an object of diameter 1 cm at a distance of 2.06 km
an object of diameter 725.27 km at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU)
an object of diameter 45 866 916 km at 1 light-year
an object of diameter 1 AU (149 597 871 km) at a distance of 1 parsec (pc)

text: Thus, the angular diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun viewed from a distance of 1 pc is 2", as 1 AU is the mean radius of Earth's orbit.

text: The angular diameter of the Sun, from a distance of one light-year, is 0.03″, and that of the Earth 0.0003″. The angular diameter 0.03″ of the Sun given above is approximately the same as that of a person at a distance of the diameter of the Earth.[1]

text: This table shows the angular sizes of noteworthy celestial bodies as seen from the Earth:

text:
Celestial body
Angular diameter or size
Relative size

Sun
31′31″ – 32′33″
30–31 times the maximum value for Venus (orange bar below) / 1891–1953″

Moon
29′20″ – 34′6″
28–32.5 times the maximum value for Venus (orange bar below) / 1760–2046″

Helix Nebula
about 16′ by 28′

Spire in Eagle Nebula
4′40″
length is 280″

Venus
9.67″ – 1′3″

Jupiter
29.80″ – 50.59″

Saturn
14.50″ – 21.37″

Mars
3.49″ – 25.13″

Mercury
4.54″ – 13.02″

Uranus
3.31″ – 4.08″

Neptune
2.17″ – 2.37″

Ceres
0.33″ – 0.84″

Vesta
0.20″ – 0.64″

Pluto
0.065″ – 0.116″

"Planet Jehoshaphat" (hypothetical)[7]
0.015″ – 0.18″

R Doradus
0.052″ – 0.062″

Betelgeuse
0.049″ – 0.060″

Eris
0.034″ – 0.089″

Alphard
0.00909″

Alpha Centauri A
0.007″

Canopus
0.006″

Sirius
0.005936″

Altair
0.003″

Deneb
0.002″

Proxima Centauri
0.001″

Alnitak
0.0005″

A star like Alnitak at a distance where the Hubble space telescope would just be able to see it[8]
6990600000000000000♠6×10−10 arcsec

text: The table shows that the angular diameter of Sun, when seen from Earth is approximately 32 arcminutes (1920 arcseconds or 0.53 degrees), as illustrated above.

text: Thus the angular diameter of the Sun is about 250,000 times that of Sirius (Sirius has twice the diameter and its distance is 500,000 times as much; the Sun is 1010 times as bright, corresponding to an angular diameter ratio of 105, so Sirius is roughly 6 times as bright per unit solid angle).

text: The angular diameter of the Sun is also about 250,000 times that of Alpha Centauri A (it has about the same diameter and the distance is 250,000 times as much; the Sun is 4×1010 times as bright, corresponding to an angular diameter ratio of 200,000, so Alpha Centauri A is a little brighter per unit solid angle).

text: The angular diameter of the Sun is about the same as that of the Moon (the Sun's diameter is 400 times as large and its distance also; the Sun is 200,000 to 500,000 times as bright as the full Moon (figures vary), corresponding to an angular diameter ratio of 450 to 700, so a celestial body with a diameter of 2.5–4″ and the same brightness per unit solid angle would have the same brightness as the full Moon).

text: Even though Pluto is physically larger than Ceres, when viewed from Earth (e.g., through the Hubble Space Telescope) Ceres has a much larger apparent size.

text: While angular sizes measured in degrees are useful for larger patches of sky (in the constellation of Orion, for example, the three stars of the belt cover about 4.5 degrees of angular size), we need much finer units when talking about the angular size of galaxies, nebulae or other objects of the night sky. Degrees, therefore, are subdivided as follows:

text:
360 degrees (°) in a full circle
60 arc-minutes (′) in one degree
60 arc-seconds (″) in one arc-minute

text: To put this in perspective, the full moon viewed from Earth is about 1⁄2 degree, or 30 arc minutes (or 1800 arc-seconds). The Moon's motion across the sky can be measured in angular size: approximately 15 degrees every hour, or 15 arc-seconds per second. A one-mile-long line painted on the face of the Moon would appear to us to be about one arc-second in length.

text: In astronomy, it is typically difficult to directly measure the distance to an object. But the object may have a known physical size (perhaps it is similar to a closer object with known distance) and a measurable angular diameter. In that case, the angular diameter formula can be inverted to yield the Angular diameter distance to distant objects as

text: In non-Euclidean space, such as our expanding universe, the angular diameter distance is only one of several definitions of distance, so that there can be different "distances" to the same object. See Distance measures (cosmology).

text: Non-circular objects[edit]

text: Many deep sky objects such as galaxies and nebulas appear as non-circular, and are thus typically given two measures of diameter: Major Diameter and Minor Diameter. For example, the Small Magellanic Cloud has a visual apparent diameter of 5° 20′ × 3° 5′.

text: Defect of illumination[edit]

text: Defect of illumination is the maximum angular width of the unilluminated part of a celestial body seen by a given observer. For example, if an object is 40 seconds of arc across and is 75 percent illuminated, the defect of illumination is 10 seconds of arc.