document_title: Three-Point Contest

question_text: who won the three point contest in 2016

question_tokens: who won the three point contest in 2016

text: Three-Point Contest

text: Rules[edit]

text: In this contest, participants attempt to make as many three-point field goals as possible from five positions behind the three-point arc in one minute. Players begin shooting from one corner of the court, and move from station to station along the three point arc until they reach the other corner.[3] At each shooting station is a rack with five basketballs. Out of the five balls, four are worth one point (the standard orange Spalding game balls) and the fifth one (a red/white/blue ABA-style ball; often nicknamed the "money ball")[4][5] is worth two points. The goal of this contest is to score as many points as possible within one minute. A perfect score used to be 30 points.[6][7] In the 2014 contest, a rack consisting only of "money balls" was added, and can be placed on any of the 5 spots of the player's choice, bringing up the maximum possible score to 34 points.[8]

text: In the qualifying round, each player has a chance to score as many points as possible. The three players with the top scores advance to the finals. The final round is played in the same way as the qualifying round, but players shoot according to the ascending order of their first-round scores. In each round, the shots and the score are confirmed by the referee and the television instant replay system.[5][9] The final round will be shot in reverse direction (left to right corner for a left-handed shooter and vice versa). In the case of a tie, multiple extra rounds of 30 seconds (60 seconds in the final) are played to determine the winner.

text: Prize money[edit]

text: Contestants compete for a total of $86,000. The first-place winner receives $35,000; the second-place finisher receives $22,500, and the third-place winner receives $15,000. Finishers, from fourth to sixth place, receive $4,500 each.[9]

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
Larry Bird, the inaugural winner of this contest, and Craig Hodges have each won three consecutive times, while Mark Price, Jeff Hornacek, Peja Stojaković and Jason Kapono have each won two consecutive times.
Craig Hodges holds the record for most shots made in one round (21/25), as well as most consecutive shots made (19).
Devin Booker (final round, 2018) holds the record with 28 points, albeit in the newer 34-point format.
Detlef Schrempf and Michael Jordan share the record for the fewest points scored in any round with five in 1988 and 1990 respectively.[10]
Kyrie Irving is the youngest player to win the contest at the age of 20.
Rimas Kurtinaitis is the only non-NBA player to participate in the contest.
Dirk Nowitzki is the only 7-foot player to win the contest.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Players with multiple wins

#
Player
First Place
Second Place

T-1
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges
3
2

T-1
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
3
0

2
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
2
2

T-3
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek
2
0

T-3
Price, MarkMark Price
2
0

T-3
Kapono, JasonJason Kapono
2
0

text:
^
Denotes players who are still active

*
Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (#)
Denotes the number of times the player has won

Team (#)
Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won

text:
Season
Location
Player
Team
Final score / max

1985–86
Dallas, TX
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Boston Celtics
7001220000000000000♠22 / 30

1986–87
Seattle, WA
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
Boston Celtics (2)
7001160000000000000♠16 / 30

1987–88
Chicago, IL
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)
Boston Celtics (3)
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30

1988–89
Houston, TX
Ellis, DaleDale Ellis
Seattle SuperSonics
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

1989–90
Miami, FL
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges
Chicago Bulls
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

1990–91
Charlotte, NC
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges (2)
Chicago Bulls (2)
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30

1991–92
Orlando, FL
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges (3)
Chicago Bulls (3)
7001160000000000000♠16 / 30

1992–93
Salt Lake City, UT
Price, MarkMark Price
Cleveland Cavaliers
7001180000000000000♠18 / 30

1993–94
Minneapolis, MN
Price, MarkMark Price (2)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
7001240000000000000♠24 / 30

1994–95
Phoenix, AZ
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
Miami Heat
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30

1995–96
San Antonio, TX
Legler, TimTim Legler
Washington Bullets
7001200000000000000♠20 / 30

1996–97
Cleveland, OH
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr
Chicago Bulls (4)
7001220000000000000♠22 / 30

1997–98
New York City, NY
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek
Utah Jazz
7001160000000000000♠16 / 30

1998–99[a]
Canceled due to the 1998-99 NBA lockout[a]

1999–00
Oakland, CA
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek (2)
Utah Jazz (2)
7001130000000000000♠13 / 30

2000–01
Washington, D.C.
Allen, RayRay Allen
Milwaukee Bucks
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

2001–02
Philadelphia, PA
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
Sacramento Kings
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30[b]

2002–03
Atlanta, GA
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković (2)
Sacramento Kings (2)
7001220000000000000♠22 / 30[b]

2003–04
Los Angeles, CA
Lenard, VoshonVoshon Lenard
Denver Nuggets
7001180000000000000♠18 / 30

2004–05
Denver, CO
Richardson, QuentinQuentin Richardson
Phoenix Suns
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

2005–06
Houston, TX
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Dallas Mavericks
7001180000000000000♠18 / 30

2006–07[11]
Las Vegas, NV
Kapono, JasonJason Kapono
Miami Heat (2)
7001240000000000000♠24 / 30

2007–08[2]
New Orleans, LA
Kapono, JasonJason Kapono (2)
Toronto Raptors
7001250000000000000♠25 / 30

2008–09
Phoenix, AZ
Cook, DaequanDaequan Cook
Miami Heat (3)
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30[b]

2009–10
Dallas, TX
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce
Boston Celtics (4)
7001200000000000000♠20 / 30

2010–11
Los Angeles, CA
Jones, JamesJames Jones
Miami Heat (4)
7001200000000000000♠20 / 30

2011–12
Orlando, FL
Love, KevinKevin Love^
Minnesota Timberwolves
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30[b]

2012–13
Houston, TX
Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving^
Cleveland Cavaliers (3)
7001230000000000000♠23 / 30

2013–14
New Orleans, LA
Belinelli, MarcoMarco Belinelli^
San Antonio Spurs
7001240000000000000♠24[b] / 34[c]

2014–15
New York City - Brooklyn, NY
Stephen Curry^
Golden State Warriors
7001270000000000000♠27 / 34[c]

2015–16
Toronto, ON
Klay Thompson^
Golden State Warriors (2)
7001270000000000000♠27 / 34[c]

2016–17
New Orleans, LA
Eric Gordon^
Houston Rockets
7001210000000000000♠21[b] / 34[c]

2017–18
Los Angeles, CA
Devin Booker^
Phoenix Suns (2)
28 / 34[c]

text: All-time participants[edit]

text:
Player
(in bold text)
Indicates the winner of the contest

Player (#)
Denotes the number of times the player has been in the contest

text:
Season
Players

1985–86
Larry Bird, Dale Ellis, Sleepy Floyd, Craig Hodges, Norm Nixon, Kyle Macy, Trent Tucker, Leon Wood

1986–87
Danny Ainge, Larry Bird (2), Michael Cooper, Dale Ellis (2), Craig Hodges (2), Detlef Schrempf, Byron Scott, Kiki Vandeweghe

1987–88
Danny Ainge (2), Larry Bird (3), Dale Ellis (3), Craig Hodges (3), Mark Price, Detlef Schrempf (2), Byron Scott (2), Trent Tucker (2)

1988–89
Michael Adams, Danny Ainge (3), Dale Ellis (4), Derek Harper, Gerald Henderson, Craig Hodges (4), Rimas Kurtinaitis, Reggie Miller, Jon Sundvold

1989–90
Larry Bird (4), Craig Ehlo, Bobby Hansen, Craig Hodges (5), Michael Jordan, Reggie Miller (2), Mark Price (2), Jon Sundvold (2)

1990–91
Danny Ainge (4), Clyde Drexler, Tim Hardaway, Hersey Hawkins, Craig Hodges (6), Terry Porter, Glen Rice, Dennis Scott

1991–92
Dell Curry, Craig Ehlo (2), Craig Hodges (7), Jeff Hornacek, Jim Les, Dražen Petrović, Mitch Richmond, John Stockton

1992–93
B. J. Armstrong, Dana Barros, Craig Hodges (8), Dan Majerle, Reggie Miller (3), Terry Porter (2), Mark Price (3), Kenny Smith

1993–94
B. J. Armstrong (2), Dana Barros (2), Dell Curry (2), Dale Ellis (5), Steve Kerr, Eric Murdock, Mark Price (4), Mitch Richmond (2)

1994–95
Nick Anderson, Dana Barros (3), Scott Burrell, Steve Kerr (2), Dan Majerle (2), Reggie Miller (4), Chuck Person, Glen Rice (2)

1995–96
Dana Barros (4), Hubert Davis, Steve Kerr (3), Tim Legler, George McCloud, Glen Rice (3), Dennis Scott (2), Clifford R. Robinson

1996–97
Dale Ellis (6), Steve Kerr (4), Tim Legler (2), Terry Mills, Sam Perkins, Glen Rice (4), John Stockton (2), Walt Williams

1997–98
Hubert Davis (2), Dale Ellis (7), Jeff Hornacek (2), Sam Mack, Reggie Miller (5), Tracy Murray, Glen Rice (5), Charlie Ward

1998–99[a]
Cancelled due to the 1998-99 NBA lockout

1999–00
Ray Allen, Mike Bibby, Hubert Davis (3), Jeff Hornacek (3), Allen Iverson, Dirk Nowitzki, Terry Porter (3), Bob Sura

2000–01
Ray Allen (2), Pat Garrity, Allan Houston, Rashard Lewis, Dirk Nowitzki (2), Steve Nash, Bryon Russell, Peja Stojaković

2001–02
Ray Allen (3), Wesley Person, Mike Miller, Steve Nash (2), Paul Pierce, Quentin Richardson, Steve Smith, Peja Stojaković (2)

2002–03
Brent Barry, Pat Garrity (2), Wesley Person (2), Peja Stojaković (3), Antoine Walker, David Wesley

2003–04
Chauncey Billups, Kyle Korver, Voshon Lenard, Rashard Lewis (2), Cuttino Mobley, Peja Stojaković (4)

2004–05
Ray Allen (4), Joe Johnson, Voshon Lenard (2), Kyle Korver (2), Vladimir Radmanović, Quentin Richardson (2)

2005–06
Gilbert Arenas, Ray Allen (5), Chauncey Billups (2), Dirk Nowitzki (3), Quentin Richardson (3), Jason Terry

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas (2), Damon Jones, Jason Kapono, Mike Miller (2), Dirk Nowitzki (4), Jason Terry (2)

2007–08
Daniel Gibson, Richard Hamilton, Jason Kapono (2), Steve Nash (3), Dirk Nowitzki (5), Peja Stojaković (5)

2008–09
Mike Bibby (2), Daequan Cook, Danny Granger, Jason Kapono (3), Rashard Lewis (3), Roger Mason

2009–10
Chauncey Billups (3), Daequan Cook (2), Stephen Curry, Channing Frye, Danilo Gallinari, Paul Pierce (2)

2010–11
Ray Allen (6), Kevin Durant, Daniel Gibson (2), James Jones, Paul Pierce (3), Dorell Wright

2011–12
Ryan Anderson, Mario Chalmers, James Jones (2), Anthony Morrow, Kevin Love, Kevin Durant (2)

2012–13
Ryan Anderson (2), Matt Bonner, Stephen Curry (2), Paul George, Kyrie Irving, Steve Novak

2013–14
Arron Afflalo, Bradley Beal, Marco Belinelli, Stephen Curry (3), Kyrie Irving (2), Joe Johnson (2), Damian Lillard, Kevin Love (2)

2014–15
Marco Belinelli (2), Stephen Curry (4), James Harden, Kyrie Irving (3), Kyle Korver (3), Wesley Matthews, J.J. Redick, Klay Thompson

2015–16
Devin Booker, Stephen Curry (5), James Harden (2), Kyle Lowry, Khris Middleton, J.J. Redick (2), Klay Thompson (2), C.J. McCollum[d]

2016–17
Klay Thompson (3), C. J. McCollum (2), Kyle Lowry (2), Eric Gordon, Kyrie Irving (4), Kemba Walker, Nick Young, Wesley Matthews (2)

2017–18
Bradley Beal (2), Devin Booker (2), Wayne Ellington, Paul George (2), Tobias Harris, Kyle Lowry (3), Klay Thompson (4), Eric Gordon (2)

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most points in a round

Player
Score/Max
Season

Devin Booker
28 / 34[c]
2018

Stephen Curry
27 / 34[c]
2015

Klay Thompson
27 / 34[c]
2016

Craig Hodges
25 / 30
1986

Jason Kapono
25 / 30
2008

Eric Gordon
25 / 34[c]
2017

Klay Thompson 2
25 / 34
2018

Craig Hodges 2
24 / 30
1991

Mark Price
24 / 30
1994

Hubert Davis
24 / 30
1998

Jason Kapono 2
24 / 30
2007

Marco Belinelli
24[b] / 34[c]
2014

Klay Thompson 3
24 / 34[c]
2015

Minimum 24

Most points in the finals

Player
Score/Max
Season

Devin Booker
28 / 34[c]
2018

Stephen Curry
27 / 34[c]
2015

Klay Thompson
27 / 34[c]
2016

Jason Kapono
25 / 30
2008

Klay Thompson 2
25 / 34
2018

Mark Price
24 / 30
1994

Jason Kapono 2
24 / 30
2007

Marco Belinelli
24[b] / 34[c]
2014

Kyrie Irving
23 / 30
2013

Larry Bird
22 / 30
1986

Steve Kerr
22 / 30
1997

Peja Stojaković
21 / 30
2004

Eric Gordon
21[b] / 34[c]
2017

Tim Legler
20 / 30
1996

Paul Pierce
20 / 30
2010

James Jones
20 / 30
2011

Matt Bonner
20 / 30
2013

Minimum 20

text:
Most shots made in one round (max 25)

Player
Shots
Season

Craig Hodges
21
1991

Craig Hodges 2
≥ 20[e]
1986

Mark Price
20
1994

Jason Kapono
20
2008

Kyrie Irving
20
2013

Stephen Curry
20
2015

Devin Booker
20
2018

Hubert Davis
19
1998

Jason Kapono 2
19
2007

Larry Bird
18
1986

Larry Bird 2
18
1988

Tim Legler
18
1996

Tim Legler 2
18
1996

Gilbert Arenas
18
2007

James Jones
18
2012

Marco Belinelli
18
2014

Klay Thompson
18
2016

Eric Gordon
18
2017

Klay Thompson 2
18
2018

Minimum 18

Most consecutive shots made (max 25)

Player
Shots
Season

Craig Hodges
19
1991

Stephen Curry
13
2015

Larry Bird
11
1986

Hubert Davis
11
1996

Stephen Curry 2
11
2016

Jason Kapono
10
2008

Ray Allen
10
2011

Kyrie Irving
10
2013

Dennis Scott
9
1991

Steve Kerr
9
1997

Kyle Korver
9
2004

Minimum 9

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a The 1999 All-Star Game was cancelled due to the 1998–99 NBA lockout.
b Denote contests that required a tiebreaking round. The final score given here came from the tiebreaker.[14]
c Starting with the 2014 Three-Point Contest, the format includes four extra "money balls".
d C.J. McCollum was named as a replacement to Chris Bosh due to the latter being unable to participate in the event with a calf injury (and later on, a blood clot in his leg).
e It is unknown how many of the five "money balls" Hodges hit during his round.


document_title: List of municipalities in Tennessee

question_text: how many cities and towns are in tennessee

root

text: List of municipalities in Tennessee

text: Tennessee is a state located in the Southern United States. There are 346 municipalities in the state of Tennessee. Municipalities in the state are designated as "cities" or "towns". As of the 2010 U.S. Census, 3,564,494 Tennesseans, or just over 56% of the state's total population of 6,346,105, resided in municipalities. The remainder resided in unincorporated areas.[1]

tag: p

text: Municipal charters[edit]

text: Before 1954, all Tennessee municipalities were established by private act of the state legislature and operated under charters established by private act of the legislature. As of 2007, 212 of the state's municipalities were operating under charters established by private act of the legislature. In 1953, amendments to the Tennessee Constitution prohibited subsequent incorporations by private act and provided for several new forms of municipal charter. Fourteen cities, including Memphis, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, three of the state's four largest cities, are "home rule cities" organized under charters approved by referendum of the citizens. Home rule charters are authorized by Article XI, Section 9, of the Tennessee State Constitution, as amended in 1953. Other municipalities are incorporated under one of several standardized types of charter authorized by state statute:[2]

text:
67 cities use a mayor-aldermanic charter under Tennessee Code Annotated (TCA) §6-1-101 et seq. Hendersonville is the largest city using this type of charter.
49 cities use a uniform city manager-commission charter under TCA §6-18-101 et seq. Brentwood is the largest city operating with a uniform manager-commission charter.
Two cities (Elizabethton and Union City) are incorporated under a modified city manager-council charter under TCA §6-30-101 et seq.
Consolidated city-county governments exist in three places: Nashville and Davidson County, Lynchburg and Moore County, and Hartsville and Trousdale County. City-county government consolidation is authorized by the Tennessee Constitution as amended in 1953 and TCA Title 7.

tag: ul

text: Some Tennessee municipalities are called "cities" and others are called "towns."[3] These terms do not have legal significance in Tennessee[4] and are not related to population, date of establishment, or type of municipal charter.

text: Under current state law (TCA Title 6), a minimum of 1,500 residents are required to incorporate as a new municipality under the mayor-alderman or city manager-commission charter, and a minimum of 5,000 residents are required to incorporate under a modified city manager-council charter. In general, unincorporated areas within three miles of an existing municipality (within five miles if the municipality has a population of 100,000 or more) are not permitted to incorporate as new municipalities. Provisions for incorporation were less restrictive in the past.

text: List of incorporated cities and towns[edit]

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
County seat[A]
Click on the title box at the top of a column to sort the table by that column.

text:
Place Name
County(ies)[B]
Population
(2010 Census)[5]
Area
(as of 2010)[5]
Form of municipal charter[2]
Incorporation
date[6]
Region

Adams
Robertson County
633
7006694116813570048♠2.68 sq mi (6.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1963

Adamsville
McNairy County
Hardin County
2,207
7007178968178424217♠6.91 sq mi (17.9 km2)
Private act
1869

Alamo
Crockett County
2,461
7006569797384273920♠2.2 sq mi (5.7 km2)
Private act
1911

Alcoa
Blount County
8,449
7007405592138078617♠15.66 sq mi (40.6 km2)
Private act
1919

Alexandria
DeKalb County
966
7006523177598287872♠2.02 sq mi (5.2 km2)
Private act
1848

Algood
Putnam County
3,495
7007104376520846540♠4.03 sq mi (10.4 km2)
Private act
1901

Allardt
Fentress County
634
7007101009536303104♠3.9 sq mi (10 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1964

Altamont
Grundy County
1,045
7007522141603043737♠20.16 sq mi (52.2 km2)
Private act
1854

Ardmore
Giles County
1,213
7007118880454264422♠4.59 sq mi (11.9 km2)
Private act
1949

Arlington
Shelby County
11,517
7007597510257054515♠23.07 sq mi (59.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1900
West

Ashland City
Cheatham County
4,541
7007281013709971456♠10.85 sq mi (28.1 km2)
Private act
1859

Athens
McMinn County
13,458
7007362080337824972♠13.98 sq mi (36.2 km2)
Private act
1870

Atoka
Tipton County
8,387
7007320122530437529♠12.36 sq mi (32.0 km2)
Private act
1838

Atwood
Carroll County
938
7006479147800412160♠1.85 sq mi (4.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1941

Auburntown
Cannon County
269
7006147629322289152♠0.57 sq mi (1.5 km2)
Private act
1949

Baileyton
Greene County
431
7006435118002536448♠1.68 sq mi (4.4 km2)
Private act
1915

Baneberry
Jefferson County
482
7006471377836081152♠1.82 sq mi (4.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1986

Bartlett
Shelby County
54,613
7007690749829026611♠26.67 sq mi (69.1 km2)
Private act
1866
West

Baxter
Putnam County
1,365
7006784766397431808♠3.03 sq mi (7.8 km2)
Private act
1915

Bean Station
Grainger County
2,826
7007139600359147110♠5.39 sq mi (14.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1996

Beersheba Springs
Grundy County
477
7007127168416217497♠4.91 sq mi (12.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1955

Bell Buckle
Bedford County
500
7006155399286620160♠0.6 sq mi (1.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1877

Belle Meade
Davidson County
2,912
7006797716337983488♠3.08 sq mi (8.0 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1938[7][8]

Bells
Crockett County
2,437
7006603467229708288♠2.33 sq mi (6.0 km2)
Private act
1889

Benton
Polk County
1,385
7006831386183417856♠3.21 sq mi (8.3 km2)
Private act
1915

Berry Hill
Davidson County
537
7006235688918040576♠0.91 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1950

Bethel Springs
McNairy County
718
7006559437431832576♠2.16 sq mi (5.6 km2)
Private act
1870

Big Sandy
Benton County
557
7006183889155833856♠0.71 sq mi (1.8 km2)
Private act
1903

Blaine
Grainger County
1,856
7007243199883560550♠9.39 sq mi (24.3 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1978

Bluff City
Sullivan County
1,733
7006414398097653760♠1.6 sq mi (4.1 km2)
Private act
1870

Bolivar
Hardeman County
5,417
7007218076998890291♠8.42 sq mi (21.8 km2)
Private act
1827

Braden
Fayette County
282
7006991965446258688♠3.83 sq mi (9.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1969

Bradford
Gibson County
1,048
7006448067943088128♠1.73 sq mi (4.5 km2)
Private act
1913

Brentwood
Williamson County
37,060
7008106785209789153♠41.23 sq mi (106.8 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1969

Brighton
Tipton County
2,735
7006722606682783744♠2.79 sq mi (7.2 km2)
Private act
1913

Bristol
Sullivan County
26,702
7007840192142992998♠32.44 sq mi (84.0 km2)
Private act
1856

Brownsville
Haywood County
10,292
7007264178787254272♠10.2 sq mi (26 km2)
Private act
1870
West

Bruceton
Carroll County
1,478
7006489507752853504♠1.89 sq mi (4.9 km2)
Private act
1925

Bulls Gap
Hawkins County
738
7006334108466233344♠1.29 sq mi (3.3 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1955

Burlison
Tipton County
425
7006279718715916288♠1.08 sq mi (2.8 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1965

Burns
Dickson County
1,468
7006968655553265664♠3.74 sq mi (9.7 km2)
Private act
1953

Byrdstown
Pickett County
803
7006396268180881408♠1.53 sq mi (4.0 km2)
Private act
1917

Calhoun
McMinn County
490
7006297848632688640♠1.15 sq mi (3.0 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1961

Camden
Benton County
3,582
7007146852325856051♠5.67 sq mi (14.7 km2)
Private act
1838

Carthage
Smith County
2,306
7006740736599556096♠2.86 sq mi (7.4 km2)
Private act
1804

Caryville
Campbell County
2,297
7007139859357958144♠5.4 sq mi (14 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1968

Cedar Hill
Robertson County
314
7006178709179613184♠0.69 sq mi (1.8 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1870

Celina
Clay County
1,495
7006440297978757120♠1.7 sq mi (4.4 km2)
Private act
1846

Centertown
Warren County
243
7006243458882371584♠0.94 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Private act
1951

Centerville
Hickman County
3,644
7007292927655279001♠11.31 sq mi (29.3 km2)
Private act
1853

Chapel Hill
Marshall County
1,445
7006839156147748864♠3.24 sq mi (8.4 km2)
Private act
1850

Charleston
Bradley County
651
7006274538739695616♠1.06 sq mi (2.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1956

Charlotte
Dickson County
1,235
7006450657931198464♠1.74 sq mi (4.5 km2)
Private act
1804

Chattanooga
Hamilton County
167,674
7008374382781349068♠144.55 sq mi (374.4 km2)
Home rule
1839
East

Church Hill
Hawkins County
6,737
7007254077833623961♠9.81 sq mi (25.4 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1958

Clarksburg
Carroll County
393
7006523177598287872♠2.02 sq mi (5.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1858

Clarksville
Montgomery County
132,929
7008254544031483822♠98.28 sq mi (254.5 km2)
Private act
1807
Middle

Cleveland
Bradley County
41,285
7007696706801680384♠26.9 sq mi (70 km2)
Private act
1842

Clifton
Wayne County
2,694
7007179486176046284♠6.93 sq mi (17.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1856

Clinton
Anderson County
9,841
7007311316570862387♠12.02 sq mi (31.1 km2)
Home rule
1801

Coalmont
Grundy County
841
7007157471277108428♠6.08 sq mi (15.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1957

Collegedale
Hamilton County
8,282
7007256408822923264♠9.9 sq mi (26 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1968

Collierville
Shelby County
43,965
7007761715503249817♠29.41 sq mi (76.2 km2)
Private act
1807
West

Collinwood
Wayne County
982
7006730376647114752♠2.82 sq mi (7.3 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1921

Columbia
Maury County
34,681
7007817400247622041♠31.56 sq mi (81.7 km2)
Private act
1817

Cookeville
Putnam County
30,435
7007850811094245376♠32.85 sq mi (85.1 km2)
Private act
1903

Coopertown
Robertson County
4,278
7007815587255944806♠31.49 sq mi (81.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1996

Copperhill
Polk County
354
7006494687729074176♠1.91 sq mi (4.9 km2)
Private act
1913

Cornersville
Marshall County
1,194
7007162133255707033♠6.26 sq mi (16.2 km2)
Private act
1849

Cottage Grove
Henry County
88
7005492097740963840♠0.19 sq mi (0.49 km2)
Private act
1856
West

Covington
Tipton County
9,038
7007296294639822438♠11.44 sq mi (29.6 km2)
Private act
1826

Cowan
Franklin County
1,737
7006536127538839552♠2.07 sq mi (5.4 km2)
Private act
1921

Crab Orchard
Cumberland County
752
7007287747679058329♠11.11 sq mi (28.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1921

Cross Plains
Robertson County
1,714
7007219889990567526♠8.49 sq mi (22.0 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1973

Crossville
Cumberland County
10,795
7007527321579264409♠20.36 sq mi (52.7 km2)
Private act
1901

Crump
Hardin County
1,428
7007346022411540889♠13.36 sq mi (34.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1988

Cumberland City
Stewart County
311
7007137528368658841♠5.31 sq mi (13.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1903

Cumberland Gap
Claiborne County
494
7005854696076410880♠0.33 sq mi (0.85 km2)
Private act
1907

Dandridge
Jefferson County
2,812
7007166277236683571♠6.42 sq mi (16.6 km2)
Private act
1799

Dayton
Rhea County
7,191
7007204091063094476♠7.88 sq mi (20.4 km2)
Private act
1903

Decatur
Meigs County
1,598
7006776996433100800♠3 sq mi (7.8 km2)
Private act
1838

Decaturville
Decatur County
867
7006429938026315776♠1.66 sq mi (4.3 km2)
Private act
1850

Decherd
Franklin County
2,361
7007123024435240960♠4.75 sq mi (12.3 km2)
Private act
1868

Dickson
Dickson County
14,538
7007518774618500300♠20.03 sq mi (51.9 km2)
Private act
1873

Dover
Stewart County
1,417
7007100491538681036♠3.88 sq mi (10.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1805

Dowelltown
DeKalb County
355
7006204609060716544♠0.79 sq mi (2.0 km2)
Private act
1949

Doyle
White County
537
7006339288442454016♠1.31 sq mi (3.4 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1905

Dresden
Weakley County
3,005
7007144262337745715♠5.57 sq mi (14.4 km2)
Private act
1827

Ducktown
Polk County
475
7006681166873018368♠2.63 sq mi (6.8 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1951

Dunlap
Sequatchie County
4,815
7007278164723050086♠10.74 sq mi (27.8 km2)
Private act
1901

Dyer
Gibson County
2,341
7006590517289156608♠2.28 sq mi (5.9 km2)
Private act
1899

Dyersburg
Dyer County
17,145
7007452470922875699♠17.47 sq mi (45.2 km2)
Private act
1850
West

Eagleville
Rutherford County
604
7006598287253487616♠2.31 sq mi (6.0 km2)
Private act
1949

East Ridge
Hamilton County
20,979
7007214451015535820♠8.28 sq mi (21.4 km2)
Home rule
1921

Eastview
McNairy County
705
7007126650418595430♠4.89 sq mi (12.7 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1967

Elizabethton
Carter County
14,176
7007256408822923264♠9.9 sq mi (26 km2)
Modified manager-council
1799

Elkton
Giles County
578
7006559437431832576♠2.16 sq mi (5.6 km2)
Private act
1907

Englewood
McMinn County
1,532
7006471377836081152♠1.82 sq mi (4.7 km2)
Private act
1919

Enville
Chester County
McNairy County
189
7006375548275998720♠1.45 sq mi (3.8 km2)
Private act
1953

Erin
Houston County
1,324
7007105930513712742♠4.09 sq mi (10.6 km2)
Private act
1909

Erwin
Unicoi County
6,097
7007104635519657574♠4.04 sq mi (10.5 km2)
Private act
1903

Estill Springs
Franklin County
2,055
7007121211443563724♠4.68 sq mi (12.1 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1948

Ethridge
Lawrence County
465
7006303028608909312♠1.17 sq mi (3.0 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1907

Etowah
McMinn County
3,490
7006756276528218112♠2.92 sq mi (7.6 km2)
Home rule
1909

Fairview
Williamson County
7,720
7007438225988268851♠16.92 sq mi (43.8 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1959

Farragut
Knox County
20,676
7007419578073874432♠16.2 sq mi (42 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1980

Fayetteville
Lincoln County
6,827
7007283862696892825♠10.96 sq mi (28.4 km2)
Private act
1819

Finger
McNairy County
298
7006396268180881408♠1.53 sq mi (4.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1970

Forest Hills
Davidson County
4,812
7007238796903772979♠9.22 sq mi (23.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1957

Franklin
Williamson County
62,487
7008107355007173427♠41.45 sq mi (107.4 km2)
Private act
1799

Friendship
Crockett County
668
7006336698454343680♠1.3 sq mi (3.4 km2)
Private act
1858

Friendsville
Blount County
913
7006779586421211136♠3.01 sq mi (7.8 km2)
Private act
1953

Gadsden
Crockett County
470
7006282308704026624♠1.09 sq mi (2.8 km2)
Private act
1868

Gainesboro
Jackson County
962
7006461017883639808♠1.78 sq mi (4.6 km2)
Private act
1905

Gallatin
Sumner County
30,278
7007822321225031680♠31.75 sq mi (82.2 km2)
Private act
1801

Gallaway
Fayette County
680
7007158766271163596♠6.13 sq mi (15.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1869

Garland
Tipton County
310
7006150219310399488♠0.58 sq mi (1.5 km2)
Private act
1913

Gates
Lauderdale County
647
7006181299167723520♠0.70 sq mi (1.8 km2)
Private act
1901

Gatlinburg
Sevier County
3,944
7007268063769419776♠10.35 sq mi (26.8 km2)
Private act
1945

Germantown
Shelby County
38,844
7007517997622067200♠20 sq mi (52 km2)
Private act
1841
West

Gibson
Gibson County
396
7006157989274730496♠0.61 sq mi (1.6 km2)
Private act
1909

Gilt Edge
Tipton County
477
7006714836718452736♠2.76 sq mi (7.1 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1967

Gleason
Weakley County
1,445
7006590517289156608♠2.28 sq mi (5.9 km2)
Private act
1903

Goodlettsville
Davidson County
Sumner County
15,921
7007370886297400115♠14.32 sq mi (37.1 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1858

Gordonsville
Smith County
1,213
7007184148154644889♠7.11 sq mi (18.4 km2)
Private act
1909

Grand Junction
Hardeman County
Fayette County
325
7006305618597019648♠1.18 sq mi (3.1 km2)
Private act
1901

Graysville
Rhea County
1,502
7006303028608909312♠1.17 sq mi (3.0 km2)
Private act
1917

Greenback
Loudon County
1,064
7007209530038126182♠8.09 sq mi (21.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1957

Greenbrier
Robertson County
6,433
7007181299167723520♠7 sq mi (18 km2)
Private act
1937

Greeneville
Greene County
15,062
7007440556977568153♠17.01 sq mi (44.1 km2)
Private act
1795

Greenfield
Weakley County
2,182
7006958295600824320♠3.7 sq mi (9.6 km2)
Private act
1905

Gruetli-Laager
Grundy County
1,813
7007325302506658201♠12.56 sq mi (32.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1980

Guys
McNairy County
466
7007303546606531379♠11.72 sq mi (30.4 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1986

Halls
Lauderdale County
2,255
7006950525636493312♠3.67 sq mi (9.5 km2)
Private act
1901

Harriman
Roane County
6,350
7007273761743262515♠10.57 sq mi (27.4 km2)
Private act
1891

Harrogate
Claiborne County
4,389
7007197616092818636♠7.63 sq mi (19.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1992

Hartsville
Trousdale County
7,870
7008302096213189591♠116.64 sq mi (302.1 km2)
Consolidated city-county
1833

Henderson
Chester County
6,309
7007203573065472409♠7.86 sq mi (20.4 km2)
Private act
1869

Hendersonville
Sumner County
51,372
7007956482609147084♠36.93 sq mi (95.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1901

Henning
Lauderdale County
945
7006619007158370304♠2.39 sq mi (6.2 km2)
Private act
1875

Henry
Henry County
464
7006375548275998720♠1.45 sq mi (3.8 km2)
Private act
1907

Hickory Valley
Hardeman County
99
7005854696076410880♠0.33 sq mi (0.85 km2)
Private act
1951

Hohenwald
Lewis County
3,757
7007138564363902975♠5.35 sq mi (13.9 km2)
Private act
1911

Hollow Rock
Carroll County
718
7006463607871750144♠1.79 sq mi (4.6 km2)
Private act
1869

Hornbeak
Obion County
424
7006181299167723520♠0.7 sq mi (1.8 km2)
Private act
1923

Hornsby
Hardeman County
303
7006305618597019648♠1.18 sq mi (3.1 km2)
Private act
1920

Humboldt
Gibson County
8,452
7007251487845513625♠9.71 sq mi (25.1 km2)
Private act
1866

Huntingdon
Carroll County
3,985
7007309244580374118♠11.94 sq mi (30.9 km2)
Private act
1849
West

Huntland
Franklin County
872
7006375548275998720♠1.45 sq mi (3.8 km2)
Private act
1907

Huntsville
Scott County
1,248
7007101786532736204♠3.93 sq mi (10.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1856

Iron City
Lawrence County
Wayne County
328
7006240868894261248♠0.93 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1962

Jacksboro
Campbell County
2,020
7006657856980025344♠2.54 sq mi (6.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1967

Jackson
Madison County
65,211
7008139160061168353♠53.73 sq mi (139.2 km2)
Private act
1845
West

Jamestown
Fentress County
1,959
7006751096551997440♠2.9 sq mi (7.5 km2)
Private act
1920

Jasper
Marion County
3,279
7007245271874048819♠9.47 sq mi (24.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1852

Jefferson City
Jefferson County
8,047
7007166536235494604♠6.43 sq mi (16.7 km2)
Private act
1901

Jellico
Campbell County
2,355
7007165241241439436♠6.38 sq mi (16.5 km2)
Private act
1903

Johnson City
Washington County
Carter County
Sullivan County
63,152
7008112068785534238♠43.27 sq mi (112.1 km2)
Home rule
1869

Jonesborough
Washington County
5,051
7007133125388871270♠5.14 sq mi (13.3 km2)
Private act
1779

Kenton
Gibson County
Obion County
1,281
7006520587610177535♠2.01 sq mi (5.2 km2)
Private act
1899

Kimball
Marion County
1,395
7007126132420973363♠4.87 sq mi (12.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1962

Kingsport
Sullivan County
Hawkins County
48,205
7008131441896599552♠50.75 sq mi (131.4 km2)
Private act
1917

Kingston
Roane County
5,934
7007203314066661376♠7.85 sq mi (20.3 km2)
Private act
1799

Kingston Springs
Cheatham County
2,756
7007256926820545331♠9.92 sq mi (25.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1965

Knoxville
Knox County
178,874
7008269799061453701♠104.17 sq mi (269.8 km2)
Home rule
1791
East

Lafayette
Macon County
4,474
7007123283434051993♠4.76 sq mi (12.3 km2)
Private act
1843

La Follette
Campbell County
7,456
7007127168416217497♠4.91 sq mi (12.7 km2)
Private act
1897

LaGrange
Fayette County
133
7006468787847970816♠1.81 sq mi (4.7 km2)
Private act
1831

Lakeland
Shelby County
12,430
7007618748159559270♠23.89 sq mi (61.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1977
West

Lakesite
Hamilton County
1,826
7006435118002536448♠1.68 sq mi (4.4 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1972

La Vergne
Rutherford County
32,588
7007653195001426739♠25.22 sq mi (65.3 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1972

Lawrenceburg
Lawrence County
10,428
7007328151493579571♠12.67 sq mi (32.8 km2)
Private act
1825

Lebanon
Wilson County
26,190
7008100077140583383♠38.64 sq mi (100.1 km2)
Private act
1801

Lenoir City
Loudon County
8,642
7007220407988189593♠8.51 sq mi (22.0 km2)
Home rule
1907

Lewisburg
Marshall County
11,100
7007346022411540889♠13.36 sq mi (34.6 km2)
Private act
1837

Lexington
Henderson County
7,652
7007321676523303731♠12.42 sq mi (32.2 km2)
Private act
1824

Liberty
DeKalb County
310
7006290078668357632♠1.12 sq mi (2.9 km2)
Private act
1850

Linden
Perry County
908
7006261588799143936♠1.01 sq mi (2.6 km2)
Private act
1850

Livingston
Overton County
4,058
7007167572230738739♠6.47 sq mi (16.8 km2)
Private act
1907

Lobelville
Perry County
897
7007101527533925171♠3.92 sq mi (10.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1959

Lookout Mountain
Hamilton County
1,832
7006326338501902336♠1.26 sq mi (3.3 km2)
Private act
1890

Loretto
Lawrence County
1,714
7007102045531547238♠3.94 sq mi (10.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1949

Loudon
Loudon County
5,381
7007368555308100812♠14.23 sq mi (36.9 km2)
Private act
1850

Louisville
Blount County
2,439
7007349907393706393♠13.51 sq mi (35.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1990

Luttrell
Union County
1,074
7007101527533925171♠3.92 sq mi (10.2 km2)
Private act
1925
West

Lynchburg
Moore County
6,362
7008337786249350021♠130.42 sq mi (337.8 km2)
Consolidated city-county
1833

Lynnville
Giles County
287
7005854696076410880♠0.33 sq mi (0.85 km2)
Private act
1838

Madisonville
Monroe County
4,577
7007160838261651865♠6.21 sq mi (16.1 km2)
Private act
1866

Manchester
Coffee County
10,102
7007367260314045644♠14.18 sq mi (36.7 km2)
Private act
1838

Martin
Weakley County
11,473
7007329187488823705♠12.71 sq mi (32.9 km2)
Private act
1901
West

Maryville
Blount County
27,465
7007435118002536448♠16.8 sq mi (44 km2)
Private act
1795

Mason
Tipton County
1,609
7006541307515060224♠2.09 sq mi (5.4 km2)
Private act
1869

Maury City
Crockett County
674
7006292668656467968♠1.13 sq mi (2.9 km2)
Private act
1911

Maynardville
Union County
2,413
7007141413350824345♠5.46 sq mi (14.1 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1870

McEwen
Humphreys County
1,750
7006484327776632832♠1.87 sq mi (4.8 km2)
Private act
1917

McKenzie
Carroll County
Henry County
Weakley County
5,310
7007162133255707033♠6.26 sq mi (16.2 km2)
Private act
1868

McLemoresville
Carroll County
352
7006668216932466688♠2.58 sq mi (6.7 km2)
Private act
1949

McMinnville
Warren County
13,605
7007286711683814195♠11.07 sq mi (28.7 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1868

Medina
Gibson County
3,479
7006821026230976512♠3.17 sq mi (8.2 km2)
Private act
1907

Medon
Madison County
178
7006253818834812928♠0.98 sq mi (2.5 km2)
Private act
1860

Memphis
Shelby County
646,889
7008839156147748864♠324 sq mi (840 km2)
Home rule
1826
West

Michie
McNairy County
591
7007145557331800883♠5.62 sq mi (14.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1961

Middleton
Hardeman County
706
7006497277717184512♠1.92 sq mi (5.0 km2)
Private act
1901

Milan
Gibson County
7,851
7007230767940630937♠8.91 sq mi (23.1 km2)
Private act
1866

Milledgeville
McNairy County
Chester County
Hardin County
265
7006416988085764096♠1.61 sq mi (4.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1903

Millersville
Sumner County
Robertson County
6,440
7007355087369927065♠13.71 sq mi (35.5 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1981

Millington
Shelby County
10,176
7007822321225031680♠31.75 sq mi (82.2 km2)
Private act
1903
West

Minor Hill
Giles County
537
7006445477954977792♠1.72 sq mi (4.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1969

Mitchellville
Sumner County
189
7006134679381737472♠0.52 sq mi (1.3 km2)
Private act
1909

Monteagle
Grundy County
Marion County
1,192
7007222479978677862♠8.59 sq mi (22.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1962

Monterey
Putnam County
2,850
7006792536361762816♠3.06 sq mi (7.9 km2)
Private act
1901

Morrison
Warren County
694
7006707066754121728♠2.73 sq mi (7.1 km2)
Private act
1905

Morristown
Hamblen County
29,137
7007723901676838912♠27.95 sq mi (72.4 km2)
Private act
1867

Moscow
Fayette County
556
7006323748513792000♠1.25 sq mi (3.2 km2)
Private act
1860

Mosheim
Greene County
2,362
7007158766271163596♠6.13 sq mi (15.9 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1974

Mount Carmel
Hawkins County
5,429
7007179745174857318♠6.94 sq mi (18.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1961

Mount Juliet
Wilson County
23,671
7007512558647035494♠19.79 sq mi (51.3 km2)
Home rule
1972

Mount Pleasant
Maury County
4,561
7007319086535193395♠12.32 sq mi (31.9 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1824

Mountain City
Johnson County
2,531
7006857286064521216♠3.31 sq mi (8.6 km2)
Private act
1905

Munford
Tipton County
5,927
7007221702982244761♠8.56 sq mi (22.2 km2)
Private act
1905

Murfreesboro
Rutherford County
108,755
7008143718440242544♠55.49 sq mi (143.7 km2)
Private act
1903
Middle

Nashville
Davidson County
626,681
7009136217834675011♠525.94 sq mi (1,362.2 km2)
Consolidated city-county
1806
Middle

New Hope
Marion County
1,082
7007269358763474944♠10.4 sq mi (27 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1974

New Johnsonville
Humphreys County
1,951
7007183371158211788♠7.08 sq mi (18.3 km2)
Private act
1949

New Market
Jefferson County
1,334
7007106707510145843♠4.12 sq mi (10.7 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1911

New Tazewell
Claiborne County
3,037
7007132866390060236♠5.13 sq mi (13.3 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1887

Newbern
Dyer County
3,313
7007126391419784396♠4.88 sq mi (12.6 km2)
Private act
1858

Newport
Cocke County
6,945
7007143226342501580♠5.53 sq mi (14.3 km2)
Private act
1799

Niota
McMinn County
719
7006567207396163584♠2.19 sq mi (5.7 km2)
Private act
1911

Nolensville
Williamson County
5,861
7007192695115408998♠7.44 sq mi (19.3 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1838

Normandy
Bedford County
141
7005595697265377280♠0.23 sq mi (0.60 km2)
Private act
1858

Norris
Anderson County
1,491
7007186220145133158♠7.19 sq mi (18.6 km2)
Private act
1949

Oak Hill
Davidson County
4,529
7007206163053582745♠7.96 sq mi (20.6 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1952

Oak Ridge
Anderson County
Roane County
29,330
7008233047130168033♠89.98 sq mi (233.0 km2)
Home rule
1962

Oakdale
Morgan County
212
7006220148989378560♠0.85 sq mi (2.2 km2)
Private act
1911

Oakland
Fayette County
6,623
7007266509776553574♠10.29 sq mi (26.7 km2)
Private act
1919

Obion
Obion County
1,119
7006391088204660736♠1.51 sq mi (3.9 km2)
Private act
1903

Oliver Springs
Anderson County
Morgan County
Roane County
3,231
7007144003338934681♠5.56 sq mi (14.4 km2)
Private act
1903

Oneida
Scott County
3,752
7007245789871670886♠9.49 sq mi (24.6 km2)
Private act
1905

Orlinda
Robertson County
859
7007173529203392512♠6.7 sq mi (17 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1965

Orme
Marion County
126
7007107225507767910♠4.14 sq mi (10.7 km2)
Private act
1935

Palmer
Grundy County
672
7007127945412650598♠4.94 sq mi (12.8 km2)
Private act
1925

Paris
Henry County
10,156
7007337475450776780♠13.03 sq mi (33.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1849
West

Parker's Crossroads
Henderson County
330
7006966065565155328♠3.73 sq mi (9.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1981

Parrottsville
Cocke County
263
7006191659120164864♠0.74 sq mi (1.9 km2)
Private act
1923

Parsons
Decatur County
2,373
7007107225507767910♠4.14 sq mi (10.7 km2)
Private act
1913

Pegram
Cheatham County
2,093
7007199947082117939♠7.72 sq mi (20.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1972

Petersburg
Lincoln County
Marshall County
544
7006243458882371584♠0.94 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Private act
1837

Philadelphia
Loudon County
656
7006414398097653760♠1.6 sq mi (4.1 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1968

Pigeon Forge
Sevier County
5,875
7007342137429375385♠13.21 sq mi (34.2 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1961

Pikeville
Bledsoe County
1,608
7006631957098921984♠2.44 sq mi (6.3 km2)
Private act
1911

Piperton
Fayette County
1,445
7007707066754121728♠27.3 sq mi (71 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1974

Pittman Center
Sevier County
502
7007157212278297395♠6.07 sq mi (15.7 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1974

Plainview
Union County
2,125
7007168349227171840♠6.5 sq mi (17 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1992

Pleasant Hill
Cumberland County
563
7006404038145212416♠1.56 sq mi (4.0 km2)
Private act
1903

Pleasant View
Cheatham County
4,149
7007324266511414067♠12.52 sq mi (32.4 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1921

Portland
Sumner County
11,480
7007369850302155980♠14.28 sq mi (37.0 km2)
Private act
1905

Powell's Crossroads
Marion County
1,322
7007130535400760934♠5.04 sq mi (13.1 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1976

Pulaski
Giles County
7,870
7007186997141566259♠7.22 sq mi (18.7 km2)
Private act
1809

Puryear
Henry County
671
7006238278906150912♠0.92 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Private act
1909

Ramer
McNairy County
319
7006442887966867456♠1.71 sq mi (4.4 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1958

Red Bank
Hamilton County
11,651
7007168867224793907♠6.52 sq mi (16.9 km2)
Home rule
1945

Red Boiling Springs
Macon County
1,112
7006453247919308800♠1.75 sq mi (4.5 km2)
Private act
1953

Ridgely
Lake County
1,795
7006442887966867456♠1.71 sq mi (4.4 km2)
Private act
1909

Ridgeside
Hamilton County
390
7005440297978757120♠0.17 sq mi (0.44 km2)
Private act
1925

Ridgetop
Robertson County
Davidson County
1,874
7006753686540107776♠2.91 sq mi (7.5 km2)
Private act
1935

Ripley
Lauderdale County
8,445
7007332813472178176♠12.85 sq mi (33.3 km2)
Private act
1838

Rives
Obion County
326
7005906495838617600♠0.35 sq mi (0.91 km2)
Private act
1905

Rockford
Blount County
856
7006831386183417856♠3.21 sq mi (8.3 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1970

Rockwood
Roane County
5,562
7007209012040504115♠8.07 sq mi (20.9 km2)
Private act
1903

Rocky Top[9]
Anderson County
Campbell County
1,781
7006411808109543424♠1.59 sq mi (4.1 km2)
Private act
1939

Rogersville
Hawkins County
4,420
7006880595957514240♠3.4 sq mi (8.8 km2)
Private act
1903

Rossville
Fayette County
664
7007131053398383001♠5.06 sq mi (13.1 km2)
Private act
1903

Rutherford
Gibson County
1,151
7006595697265377280♠2.3 sq mi (6.0 km2)
Private act
1799

Rutledge
Grainger County
1,122
7007121470442374758♠4.69 sq mi (12.1 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1797

St. Joseph
Lawrence County
782
7006911675814838272♠3.52 sq mi (9.1 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1870

Saltillo
Hardin County
303
7006238278906150912♠0.92 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Private act
1951

Samburg
Obion County
217
7006212379025047551♠0.82 sq mi (2.1 km2)
Private act
1909

Sardis
Henderson County
381
7006621597146480640♠2.4 sq mi (6.2 km2)
Private act
1859

Saulsbury
Hardeman County
81
7005932395719720960♠0.36 sq mi (0.93 km2)
Private act
1849

Savannah
Hardin County
6,982
7007168867224793907♠6.52 sq mi (16.9 km2)
Private act
1833

Scotts Hill
Henderson County
Decatur County
984
7006976425517596672♠3.77 sq mi (9.8 km2)
Private act
1917

Selmer
McNairy County
4,396
7007253559836001894♠9.79 sq mi (25.4 km2)
Private act
1901

Sevierville
Sevier County
14,807
7007627813117945446♠24.24 sq mi (62.8 km2)
Home rule
1795

Sharon
Weakley County
944
7006292668656467968♠1.13 sq mi (2.9 km2)
Private act
1901

Shelbyville
Bedford County
20,335
7007481996787333529♠18.61 sq mi (48.2 km2)
Private act
1819

Signal Mountain
Hamilton County
7,554
7007198393089251737♠7.66 sq mi (19.8 km2)
Private act
1919

Silerton
Hardeman County
Chester County
111
7006170939215282176♠0.66 sq mi (1.7 km2)
Private act
1923

Slayden
Dickson County
178
7006347058406785024♠1.34 sq mi (3.5 km2)
Private act
1913

Smithville
DeKalb County
4,530
7007153068297320857♠5.91 sq mi (15.3 km2)
Private act
1843

Smyrna
Rutherford County
39,974
7007769485467580825♠29.71 sq mi (76.9 km2)
Private act
1869

Sneedville
Hancock County
1,387
7006595697265377280♠2.3 sq mi (6.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1850

Soddy-Daisy
Hamilton County
12,714
7007607093213062758♠23.44 sq mi (60.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1969

Somerville
Fayette County
3,094
7007324525510225100♠12.53 sq mi (32.5 km2)
Private act
1854

South Carthage
Smith County
1,322
7006701886777901056♠2.71 sq mi (7.0 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1963

South Fulton
Obion County
2,354
7006854696076410880♠3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1903

South Pittsburg
Marion County
2,992
7007155399286620160♠6 sq mi (16 km2)
Private act
1901

Sparta
White County
4,925
7007174565198636646♠6.74 sq mi (17.5 km2)
Private act
1841

Spencer
Van Buren County
1,601
7007177932183180083♠6.87 sq mi (17.8 km2)
Private act
1846

Spring City
Rhea County
1,981
7006683756861128704♠2.64 sq mi (6.8 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1953

Spring Hill
Maury County
Williamson County
29,036
7007702145776712089♠27.11 sq mi (70.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1837

Springfield
Robertson County
16,440
7007345504413918822♠13.34 sq mi (34.6 km2)
Private act
1796

Stanton
Haywood County
452
7006132089393627136♠0.51 sq mi (1.3 km2)
Private act
1927

Stantonville
McNairy County
283
7006287488680247296♠1.11 sq mi (2.9 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1966

Sunbright
Morgan County
552
7006979015505707008♠3.78 sq mi (9.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1990

Surgoinsville
Hawkins County
1,801
7007145298332989849♠5.61 sq mi (14.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1815

Sweetwater
Monroe County
McMinn County
5,764
7007220666987000627♠8.52 sq mi (22.1 km2)
Home rule
1901

Tazewell
Claiborne County
2,218
7007114736473287884♠4.43 sq mi (11.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1801

Tellico Plains
Monroe County
880
7006502457693405183♠1.94 sq mi (5.0 km2)
Private act
1911

Tennessee Ridge
Houston County
Stewart County
1,368
7006960885588934656♠3.71 sq mi (9.6 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1960

Thompson's Station
Williamson County
2,194
7007485881769499033♠18.76 sq mi (48.6 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1990

Three Way
Madison County
1,709
7007117585460209254♠4.54 sq mi (11.8 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1998

Tiptonville
Lake County
4,464
7006530947562618880♠2.05 sq mi (5.3 km2)
Private act
1907

Toone
Hardeman County
364
7006271948751585280♠1.05 sq mi (2.7 km2)
Private act
1903

Townsend
Blount County
448
7006562027419942912♠2.17 sq mi (5.6 km2)
Private act
1921

Tracy City
Grundy County
1,481
7007127168416217497♠4.91 sq mi (12.7 km2)
Private act
1915

Trenton
Gibson County
4,264
7007212379025047552♠8.2 sq mi (21 km2)
Private act
1846

Trezevant
Carroll County
859
7006360008347336704♠1.39 sq mi (3.6 km2)
Private act
1911

Trimble
Dyer County
Obion County
637
7006168349227171840♠0.65 sq mi (1.7 km2)
Private act
1905

Troy
Obion County
1,371
7006385908228440064♠1.49 sq mi (3.9 km2)
Private act
1901

Tullahoma
Coffee County
Franklin County
18,655
7007610201198795161♠23.56 sq mi (61.0 km2)
Private act
1858

Tusculum
Greene County
2,663
7007124578428107161♠4.81 sq mi (12.5 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1959

Unicoi
Unicoi County
3,632
7007425017048906137♠16.41 sq mi (42.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1994

Union City
Obion County
10,895
7007309244580374118♠11.94 sq mi (30.9 km2)
Modified manager-council
1867

Vanleer
Dickson County
395
7006168349227171840♠0.65 sq mi (1.7 km2)
Private act
1913

Viola
Warren County
131
7005440297978757120♠0.17 sq mi (0.44 km2)
Private act
1901

Vonore
Monroe County
1,474
7007308985581563084♠11.93 sq mi (30.9 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1965

Walden
Hamilton County
1,898
7006927215743500288♠3.58 sq mi (9.3 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1975

Wartburg
Morgan County
918
7006248638858592256♠0.96 sq mi (2.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1905

Wartrace
Bedford County
651
7006178709179613184♠0.69 sq mi (1.8 km2)
Private act
1858

Watauga
Carter County
458
7006214969013157888♠0.83 sq mi (2.1 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1960

Watertown
Wilson County
1,477
7006339288442454016♠1.31 sq mi (3.4 km2)
Private act
1905

Waverly
Humphreys County
4,105
7007227141957276467♠8.77 sq mi (22.7 km2)
Private act
1838

Waynesboro
Wayne County
2,449
7006971245541376000♠3.75 sq mi (9.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1850

Westmoreland
Sumner County
2,206
7007102045531547238♠3.94 sq mi (10.2 km2)
Private act
1901

White Bluff
Dickson County
3,206
7007153586294942924♠5.93 sq mi (15.4 km2)
Private act
1869

White House
Sumner County
Robertson County
10,255
7007284639693325926♠10.99 sq mi (28.5 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1921

White Pine
Jefferson County
2,196
7006683756861128704♠2.64 sq mi (6.8 km2)
Private act
1915

Whiteville
Hardeman County
4,638
7006712246730342400♠2.75 sq mi (7.1 km2)
Private act
1901

Whitwell
Marion County
1,699
7006878005969403904♠3.39 sq mi (8.8 km2)
Home rule
1956

Williston
Fayette County
395
7006419578073874432♠1.62 sq mi (4.2 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1970

Winchester
Franklin County
8,530
7007303287607720345♠11.71 sq mi (30.3 km2)
Private act
1821

Winfield
Scott County
967
7007164464245006336♠6.35 sq mi (16.4 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1983

Woodbury
Cannon County
2,680
7006520587610177535♠2.01 sq mi (5.2 km2)
Private act
1838

Woodland Mills
Obion County
378
7006318568537571328♠1.23 sq mi (3.2 km2)
Mayor-alderman
1968

Yorkville
Gibson County
286
7006367778311667712♠1.42 sq mi (3.7 km2)
Uniform manager-commission
1848
West

tag: table

text:
A^ All but one of Tennessee's county seats are municipalities. The exception is Blountville, county seat of Sullivan County.
B^ For municipalities located in more than one county, the primary county (according to U.S. Census) is listed first.


document_title: Lovebug

question_text: when is love bug mating season in florida'

question_tokens: when is love bug mating season in florida '

text: Lovebug

text: Semi-annual pest status[edit]

text: Localized lovebug flights can number in the hundreds of thousands. The slow, drifting movement of the insects has been described as almost reminiscent of snow fall except that, unlike snow, the flies also rise into the air. Two major flights occur each year, first in late spring, then in late summer. In south Florida, a third (but smaller) flight can occur in December.[2]  The spring flight occurs during late April and May, and in the summer during late August and September. Flights extend over periods of four to five weeks.[5] Mating takes place almost immediately after emergence of the females. Adult females live only three to four days, while males live a little longer. They have to stick to each other at all times.[2]

text: This species' reputation as a public nuisance is due not to any bite or sting (it is incapable of either), but to its slightly acidic body chemistry. Because airborne lovebugs can exist in enormous numbers near highways, they die in large numbers on automobile windshields, hoods, and radiator grills when the vehicles travel at high speeds. If left for more than an hour or two, the remains become extremely difficult to remove. Their body chemistry has a nearly neutral 6.5 pH but may become acidic at 4.25 pH if left on the car for a day.[2]  In the past, the acidity of the dead adult body, especially the female's egg masses, often resulted in pits and etches in automotive paint and chrome if not quickly removed.[6]  However, advances in automotive paints and protective coatings have reduced this threat significantly. Now the greatest concern is excessive clogging of vehicle radiator air passages by the bodies of the adults, with a reduction of the cooling effect on engines, and the obstruction of windshields when the remains of the adults and egg masses are smeared on the glass.[2]

text: Lovebug adults are attracted to light-colored surfaces, especially if they are freshly painted, but adults congregate almost anywhere, apparently reacting to the effects of sunlight on automobile fumes, asphalt, and other products affected by environmental factors still not completely understood.[2]

text: Folklore[edit]

text: Urban legend holds that lovebugs are synthetic—the result of a University of Florida genetics experiment gone wrong.[3]

text: Much speculation about the lovebug still thrives. This is partly because the larval form of this insect is seldom seen, as it lives and feeds in the thatch of grasses for most of the year. While various fungi are suspected of being natural controls for this species,[2] biological control of these non-pest flies is not a priority for funding.

text: Research by L.L. Buschman showed that migration explained the introduction of the lovebug into Florida and other southeastern states, contrary to the urban myth that the University of Florida created them by manipulating DNA to control mosquito populations.[3]

text: Management[edit]

text: Lovebugs are subject to some significant natural controls, such as various parasitic fungi,[2]  and dry weather, which dries out the thatch, resulting in a higher mortality rate for the immatures. As the lovebug migrated around the Gulf Coast, first to Texas, then Louisiana, then further eastward, the initial populations for many years were so excessive that they caused public concern and initiated rumors of their origin. However, as pest populations migrate naturally, their natural controls are usually not far behind. While it often took decades, lovebug flights are no longer present in the huge numbers that once existed simply because their natural controls (mostly fungi) caught up with established populations. In many areas, local lovebug flights may only be present in excessively large numbers due to occasional local conditions that may not be repeated in successive years.

text: While lovebugs are not a favored food of most insectivores due to their acidic taste, lovebug larvae—and some adults—are food for birds such as quail and robins. Arthropod predators include spiders, some predatory insects such as earwigs, at least two species of beetle larvae, and centipedes.[6]

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: The lovebug has been recorded to have two flights that occur each year, in which the insect has a total lifespan of about 4–9 months depending on flight season. The first flight occurs during the months of April and May, and the second occurs in August and September.[7] The flights generally last about 4–5 weeks each time.[8]

text: Female lovebugs can lay as many as 100-350 eggs and regularly lay these eggs around decaying material on the top layer of ground soil.[9] Lovebug eggs generally hatch after 2–4 days, depending on flight season. Once the eggs have hatched, the larvae start feeding on the decaying material around them, such as decaying plants on the soil and other organic material, and live and remain in the soil until they develop to the pupa stage.[9] During the warmer months the lovebug larvae remain in the larvae phase for approximately 120 days and approximately 240 days during the cooler months.[10] Lovebugs typically stay in the pupa stage about 7–9 days before reaching the adult phase, in which they can start reproducing.[11]

text: Once adults, lovebugs are ready to start copulating to begin reproducing. Adult male lovebugs emerge first from the pupal stage, and hover around until female lovebugs emerge.[12] Mating between lovebugs takes place immediately after emergence of the adult females.[13] A male lovebug copulates and will remain paired up until the female has been fully fertilized. Copulation takes place for 2–3 days before the female detaches, lays her eggs, and dies. Adult females have been recorded to live up to seven days, while adult males may live up to two to five days, but on average lovebugs live three to four days.[14] However, Thornhill (1976c) recorded recapture data that showed males lived longer in the field than females.[2]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Hardy, D. Elmo (1940). "Studies in New World Plecia (Bibionidae: Diptera)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. Kansas: Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society. 13 (1): 15–27. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Denmark, Harold; Mead, Frank; Fasulo, Thomas (April 2010). "Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy". Featured Creatures. University of Florida/IFAS. Retrieved 22 September 2010.

^ Jump up to: a b c Leppla, Norman (September 2009). "Living with lovebugs". Electronic Data Information Source of UF/IFAS Extension. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Retrieved 23 September 2010.

Jump up ^ Buschman, Lawrent L. (June 1976). "Invasion of Florida by the "Lovebug" Plecia Nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae)" (PDF). Florida Entomologist. Florida Entomological Society. pp. 191–194. Retrieved 8 February 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b Hetrick, L. (March 1970). "Biology of the 'love-bug', (Diptera: Bibionidae)" (PDF). Florida Entomologist. Entomological Society of Florida. Retrieved 23 September 2008.

^ Jump up to: a b Short, Donald (May 2003). "Lovebugs in Florida". Electronic Data Information Source of UF/IFAS Extension. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Retrieved 17 July 2008.

Jump up ^ Cherry, R., and Raid, R. 2000. Seasonal flight of Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae) in southern Florida. Florida Entomol. 83: 94–96.

Jump up ^ Denmark, H. A., and F. W. Mead. "Lovebug - Plecia Nearctica Hardy." Lovebug – Plecia Nearctica Hardy. DPI Entomology Circular 350, 15 Aug. 1998. Web. 24 July 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b Wenston, J., D. E. Short, and M. Pfiester. "Lovebugs in Florida1." EDIS New Publications RSS. University of Florida, 2013. Web. 25 July 2014.

Jump up ^ Leppla, Norman C. "Living With Lovebugs." EDIS New Publications RSS. University of Florida/IFAS Extension, 15 Jan. 2007. Web. 24 July 2014

Jump up ^ Hetrick LA. 1970a. Biology of the "love-bug," Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae). Florida Entomologist 53: 23-26.

Jump up ^ Thornhill, Randy. "Dispersal of Plecia Nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae)." The Florida Entomologist 57.1 (1980): 45. ProQuest. Web. 24 July 2014.

Jump up ^ Thornhill, R. 1976c. Reproductive behavior of the lovebug, Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69:843-847

Jump up ^ Hieber, C., J. Cohen. 1983. Sexual Selection in the Lovebug, *Plecia nearctica*: The role of male choice. Evolution, 37(5): 987-992.

tag: ol

text:
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q1763509
BugGuide: 107905
EoL: 740516
GBIF: 1590174
iNaturalist: 127635
IRMNG: 11386119
ITIS: 121315
NCBI: 1588147

text: BibionidaeInsects described in 1940Insects of Central AmericaInsects of the United States

text: Articles with 'species' microformats


document_title: Tucker & Dale vs. Evil

question_text: where was tucker and dale vs evil filmed

text: Tucker & Dale vs. Evil

text: Plot[edit]

text: A reporter and cameraman sneak into a closed off murder scene looking for anything the police missed in the hopes of breaking a bigger story. They are ambushed by a crazed man with half of his face badly injured.

text: Allison, Chad, Chloe, Chuck, Jason, Naomi, Todd, Mitch and Mike are going camping in West Virginia. While at a gas station, they encounter Tucker and Dale, two well-meaning hillbillies who have just bought the vacation home of their dreams: a run-down lakefront cabin, deep in the woods. On Tucker's advice, Dale tries to talk to Allison, but because of his inferiority complex and appearance, he only scares her and her friends.

text: Tucker and Dale arrive at their decrepit cabin and begin repairing it. Nearby in the woods, Chad tells a story about the "Memorial Day Massacre", a hillbilly attack which took place 20 years ago. The college kids go skinny-dipping where Tucker and Dale are fishing, and Allison, startled, hits her head. Tucker and Dale save her, but her friends think she was kidnapped. When Allison wakes up in Tucker and Dale's cabin the next day, she is initially scared but befriends the two hillbillies. The other college kids arrive at the cabin to save Allison from her "psychopathic captors", and Chuck runs away to get the police. While Dale and Allison are inside the cabin, Tucker angers some bees and frantically waves around his chainsaw, which the college kids misinterpret as hostility. They scatter through the woods, and Mitch accidentally impales himself on a broken tree, killing him. After finding Mitch's body, Chad persuades the others that they are in a battle for survival.

text: Alison's friends follow Tucker and Dale back to their cabin and see Allison helping out with construction of an outhouse, but they assume she is digging her own grave. The college kids attack, but Todd and Mike end up accidentally killing themselves, and Allison is accidentally knocked unconscious again by Dale's shovel. The other kids assume the hillbillies killed them when they see Tucker trying to save Mike from the wood chipper. Tucker and Dale think the college kids are suicidal and that contacting the police will make them murder suspects. Chuck arrives back with a sheriff, who expresses doubt over Tucker and Dale's suicide pact theory. The sheriff goes inside the cabin and accidentally kills himself, and Chuck accidentally kills himself with the sheriff's gun. Chad reappears and attempts to shoot Tucker and Dale but only manages to capture Tucker, whom he ties upside down to a tree. Chad then tortures Tucker and cuts Tucker's fingers. He then sends a message to Dale to come and get Tucker.

text: Dale leaves to rescue Tucker while Chad and Naomi return to the cabin to save Allison. When Allison tries to explain the situation, they accuse her of having Stockholm syndrome. Tucker and Dale return, and Allison attempts to lead a calm discussion. Chad says his grandmother told him that his father was killed in the Memorial Day Massacre, and his mother was the lone survivor. Jason and Chloe break in to save everyone, and a fire breaks out. Tucker, Dale, and Allison escape; Naomi, Chloe and Jason die, and Chad, insane and scarred, vows revenge. After a car crash, an injured Tucker tells Dale that Chad has taken Allison to an old sawmill, where he forcibly kisses her. Dale rescues Allison, and the two barricade themselves inside an upstairs office, where they discover news clippings that reveal Chad's father to be the killer and rapist, not one of the victims. Chad becomes enraged, and Dale stops his attack by throwing a box of chamomile tea at Chad, which triggers a severe asthma attack. Chad, while standing near a window, convulses and falls to his apparent death.

text: The police and a news crew arrive late at the cabin and broadcast a news report stating that the deaths appear to be the result of a suicide pact and a deranged killer; the reporter and cameraman are the two from the opening scene. Tucker watches the report on the news while convalescing in the hospital. Dale enters, and they discuss Tucker's recovery. Tucker asks Dale whether he managed to invite Allison on a date and is happy to hear the two of them are going bowling. Later that night at the bowling alley, the two profess their feelings for each other and kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tyler Labine as Dale Dobson
Alan Tudyk as Tucker McGee
Katrina Bowden as Allison
Jesse Moss as Chad
Chelan Simmons as Chloe
Philip Granger as Sheriff
Brandon Jay McLaren as Jason
Christie Laing as Naomi
Travis Nelson as Chuck
Alex Arsenault as Todd
Adam Beauchesne as Mitch
Joseph Allan Sutherland as Mike
Karen Reigh as Cheryl
Tye Evans as Chad's Dad
Weezer as Jangers the Dog

text: The film's director, Eli Craig, and his wife Sasha have brief roles as a cameraman and reporter respectively.

text: Production[edit]

text: The production began in June 2009 with the casting of the actors. Principal photography started one month later in Calgary, Alberta.[5] In October 2009, post production ensued in British Columbia, and the first images were released as part of the American Film Market.[6] On 31 October 2009, the first trailer was released.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film premiered on 22 January 2010 at Sundance Film Festival[8] and was on 12 March 2010 part of the SXSW Film Festival.[9] The film was distributed by Magnolia and received a limited theatrical release in the US on 30 September 2011.[10] On its opening weekend, the film grossed $52,843 from 30 theaters. Domestic gross currently stands at $223,838, with foreign gross adding $4,525,678, bringing the worldwide gross to $4,749,516; almost recouping its $5,000,000 budget.[4]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 84% of 96 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.8 out of 10. The critical consensus states, "Like the best horror/comedies, Tucker & Dale vs. Evil mines its central crazy joke for some incredible scares, laughs, and—believe it or not—heart".[11] The film also has a score of 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[12]

text: Todd Gilchrist of Shock Till You Drop wrote, "Eli Craig's feature debut celebrates genre conventions while turning the traditional view of horror-movie heroes and villains upside down."[13] Roger Ebert also gave the film a positive review, writing, "Students of the Little Movie Glossary may find it funny how carefully "Tucker and Dale" works its way through upended cliches".[14] Noel Murray of The A.V. Club rated it C+ and called it "surprisingly clever" but "too slick and too cute".[15] Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote that the film "offers good-natured, confidently executed splatstick whose frequent hilarity suffers only from peaking too early."[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Leo Award[17]
Best Cinematography in a Feature Length Drama
David Geddes
Nominated

Best Feature Length Drama
Rosanne Milliken and Crawford Hawkins
Nominated

Best Overall Sound in a Feature Length Drama
Paul A. Sharpe, Graeme Hughes and Iain Pattison
Nominated

Best Sound Editing
James Fonnyadt
Nominated

Best Sound Editing in a Feature Length Drama
Dario DiSanto, Brian Campbell, James Fonnyadt, Jay Cheetham, Kirby Jinnah and Kris Casavant
Nominated

Best Stunt Coordination in a Feature Length Drama
Jodi Stecyk
Nominated

Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama
Jesse Moss
Nominated

Sitges Film Festival
Best Film[18]
Eli Craig
Won

SXSW Film Festival
Audience Award[19]
Won

Fantasia Festival
Jury Prize; Best First Feature[20]
Won

Ampia Awards
AMPIA Award; Best Feature Film
Won

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best Actor
Tyler Labine
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Katrina Bowden
Nominated

Best Limited-Release/Direct-to-Video Film
Won

Best Screenplay
Eli Craig, Morgan Jurgenson
Won

text: Sequel[edit]

text: At HorrorHound Weekend 2014, cast members Tyler Labine and Alan Tudyk confirmed that a sequel is in development.[21][22][23] In 2016, the two revealed that they are still actively developing the project despite other commitments.


document_title: A Nightmare on Elm Street

question_text: where was the original nightmare on elm street filmed

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street

text: Plot[edit]

text: Tina Gray awakens from a nightmare wherein she is attacked by a disfigured man wearing a blade-fixed glove, and her mother points out four mysterious slashes on her nightgown. The following morning, she is consoled by her best friend, Nancy Thompson, and Nancy's boyfriend, Glen Lantz. The two stay at Tina's house following her mother going out of town, but their sleepover is interrupted by Tina's boyfriend, Rod Lane. When Tina falls asleep, she is chased by the man. Rod awakens to Tina's thrashing, and witnesses her being dragged and fatally slashed by an unseen force. He flees as Nancy and Glen awaken to find a bloodied Tina dead.

text: The next day, Rod is arrested by Nancy's father, Lieutenant Don Thompson, despite his pleas of innocence. At school, Nancy falls asleep in class and the man, calling himself Freddy Krueger, chases her to the boiler room. When cornered, she burns her arm on a pipe and awakens, where she notices the burn mark on her arm. At home, Nancy falls asleep in the bathtub and is nearly drowned by Freddy. She goes to Rod at the police station, who tells her about what happened to Tina, and Nancy believes that Freddy is responsible for Tina's death.

text: Nancy invites Glen to watch over her as she falls asleep. She sees Freddy preparing to kill Rod in his cell, but then turns his attention towards her. She runs away and wakes up when her alarm clock goes off. Freddy kills Rod when he wraps the bed sheets around his neck as a noose, and Nancy and Glen go to the cell to find his body hanging. At Rod's funeral, Nancy's parents become more worried when she describes Freddy in her dreams. Her mother, Marge, takes her to a dream clinic, where she manages to grab Freddy's hat and pull it from the dream into her possession.

text: Marge begins to drink heavily and bars the windows at home. She tells Nancy that Freddy was a child murderer released on a technicality, and the parents burned him alive in a form of vigilante justice. Nancy realizes that Freddy desires revenge and she tries to call Glen to warn him, but his parents prevent her from speaking to him. Glen falls asleep and is killed by Freddy, and a large fountain of blood is released in his room. Now alone, Nancy puts Marge to sleep and asks Don, who is across the street investigating Glen's death, to break into the house in 20 minutes. She rigs booby traps around the house, and grabs Freddy out of the dream and into the real world. After Freddy suffers from the traps, she lights him on fire and locks him in the basement, before rushing to the door for help. As the police arrive to find Freddy has escaped from the basement, Nancy and Don go upstairs to see a burning Freddy smothering Marge in her bedroom. After Don puts out the fire, Freddy and Marge vanish into the bed.

text: When Don leaves the room, Freddy rises from the bed behind Nancy. When she realizes that he is powered by his victim's fear, Nancy calmly turns her back on him and he evaporates when he attempts to lunge at her, defeating him. Nancy steps outside into a bright morning where all of her friends and mother are still alive. She gets into Glen's car to go to school where the top comes down and suddenly locks them in, and the car begins to drive uncontrollably down the street. As two girls playing jump rope are seen chanting Freddy's nursery rhyme, Marge is grabbed by Freddy through the front door window.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The cast of A Nightmare on Elm Street included a crew of veteran actors such as Robert Englund and John Saxon, as well as several aspiring young actors including Johnny Depp and Heather Langenkamp.

text:
Robert Englund as Fred Krueger
John Saxon as Lt. Donald Thompson
Heather Langenkamp as Nancy Thompson
Johnny Depp as Glen Lantz
Ronee Blakley as Marge Thompson
Amanda Wyss as Christina “Tina” Gray
Nick Corri as Rod Lane
Leslie Hoffman as Hall Guard
Joe Unger as Sgt. Garcia
Charles Fleischer as Dr. King
Joseph Whipp as Sgt. Parker
Lin Shaye as Teacher
Mimi Craven as Nurse
Jack Shea as Minister
Ed Call as Mr. Lantz
Sandy Lipton as Mrs. Lantz
David Andrews as Foreman
Jeff Levine as Coroner
Donna Woodrum as Mrs.  Grayl
Paul Grenier as Mrs. Gray's Boyfriend
Ash Adams and Don Hannah as Surfers
Shashawnee Hall, Brian Reise and Carol Pritikin as Cops
Kathi Gibbs, John Richard Peterson, Chris Tashima and Antonia Yannouli as Kids (uncredited)

text: The task of creating Krueger's disfigured face fell to makeup man David Miller, who based his creation on photographs of burn victims he obtained from the UCLA Medical Center.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"It was a series of articles in the LA Times, three small articles about men from South East Asia, who were from immigrant families and had died in the middle of nightmares—and the paper never correlated them, never said, ‘Hey, we’ve had another story like this."

 — Wes Craven on the film's creation[13]

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street contains many biographical elements, taking inspiration from director Wes Craven's childhood.[14] The basis of the film was inspired by several newspaper articles printed in the Los Angeles Times in the 1970s on a group of Southeast Asian refugees, who, after fleeing to the United States from the results of war and genocide in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, were suffering disturbing nightmares, after which they refused to sleep. Some of the men died in their sleep soon after. Medical authorities called the phenomenon Asian Death Syndrome. The condition itself afflicted only men between the ages of 19 and 57 and is believed to be sudden unexplained death syndrome or Brugada syndrome, or both.[15] The 1970s pop song "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright sealed the story for Craven, giving him not only an artistic setting to "jump off" from, but a synthesizer riff for the Elm Street soundtrack as well.[16] Craven has also stated that he drew some inspiration for the film from Eastern religions.[17]

text: Other sources also attribute the inspiration for the film to be a 1968 student film project made by students of Craven's at Clarkson University. The student film parodied contemporary horror films, and was filmed along Elm Street in Potsdam, New York[18][19] (the town in the film was named Madstop—Potsdam spelled backwards).[20]

text: The film's villain, Freddy Krueger, draws heavily from Craven's early life. One night, a young Craven saw an elderly man walking on the sidepath outside the window of his home. The man stopped to glance at a startled Craven and walked off. This served as the inspiration for Krueger.[14] Initially, Fred Krueger was intended to be a child molester, but Craven eventually characterized him as a child murderer to avoid being accused of exploiting a spate of highly publicized child molestation cases that occurred in California around the time of production of the film.[12]

text: By Craven's account, his own adolescent experiences led to the naming of Freddy Krueger. He had been bullied at school by a child named Fred Krueger, and he named his villain accordingly.[12] Additionally, Craven had done the same in his earlier film The Last House on the Left (1972), where the villain's name was shortened to "Krug". The colored sweater he chose for his villain was based on the DC Comics character Plastic Man, and Craven chose to make Krueger's sweater red and green, after reading an article in Scientific American in 1982 that said the two most clashing colors to the human retina were this particular combination.[13]

text: Craven strove to make Krueger different from other horror-film villains of the era. "A lot of the killers were wearing masks: Leatherface, Michael Myers, Jason," he recalled in 2014. "I wanted my villain to have a 'mask,' but be able to talk and taunt and threaten. So I thought of him being burned and scarred." He also felt the killer should use something other than a knife, which was too common. "So I thought, How about a glove with steak knives? I gave the idea to our special-effects guy, Jim Doyle." Ultimately two models of the glove were built: one called the "hero glove" used only whenever anything needs to be cut, and the other a stunt glove less likely to cause injury.[21]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Wes Craven began writing A Nightmare on Elm Street's screenplay around 1981, after he had finished production on Swamp Thing (1982). He pitched it to several studios, but each one of them rejected it for different reasons. The first studio to show interest was Walt Disney Productions, although they wanted Craven to tone down the content to make it suitable for children and pre-teens. Craven declined.[12][13] Another early suitor was Paramount Pictures; however the studios passed on the project due to A Nightmare on Elm Street's similarity to Dreamscape (1984), a film they were producing at the time. Universal Studios also passed; Craven, who was in desperate personal and financial straits during this period, later framed their rejection letter on the wall of his office.[21]

text: Finally, the fledgling and independent New Line Cinema corporation—which had up to that point only distributed films, rather than making its own—gave the project the go-ahead.[12] During filming, New Line's distribution deal for the film fell through and for two weeks it was unable to pay its cast and crew. Although New Line has gone on to make much bigger and more profitable films, Nightmare holds such an important place in the company's history that the studio is often referred to as "The House That Freddy Built".[22]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Actor David Warner was originally slated to play Freddy.[23] Make-up tests were done,[24] but he had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts. Replacing him was difficult at first. "I couldn’t find an actor to play Freddy Krueger with the sense of ferocity I was seeking," Craven recalled on the film's 30th anniversary. "Everyone was too quiet, too compassionate towards children. Then Robert Englund auditioned. [He] wasn’t as tall I’d hoped, and he had baby fat on his face, but he impressed me with his willingness to go to the dark places in his mind. Robert understood Freddy."[21]

text: To get that understanding, Englund had darkened his lower eyelids with cigarette ash on his way to the audition and slicked his hair back. "I looked strange. I sat there and listened to Wes talk. He was tall and preppy and erudite. I posed a bit, like Klaus Kinski, and that was the audition," he said later. He took the part because it was the only project that fit his schedule during the hiatus between the V miniseries and series.[21]

text: Craven said he wanted someone very "non-Hollywood" for the role of Nancy, and he believed Langenkamp met this quality.[14] Langenkamp, who had appeared in several commercials and a TV film, took time off from her studies at Stanford to continue acting.[21] Eventually she landed the role of Nancy Thompson after an open audition, beating out more than 200 actresses including Demi Moore, Courteney Cox, Tracey Gold, and Jennifer Grey.[25] Langenkamp returned as Nancy in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), and also played herself in Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994).

text: Johnny Depp was another unknown when he was cast; he initially went to accompany a friend (Jackie Earle Haley, who went on to play Freddy in the 2010 remake) so he could audition, yet eventually got the part of Glen.[14] Glen Lantz's epic death in this movie is paid homage to by a flashback in Freddy vs. Jason and Depp gets his own nod in a cameo role in Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare as a guy on TV.[26] Craven's daughters picked Depp's headshot from the set he showed them.[21] Other actors such as Charlie Sheen (who wanted too much money[21]), John Cusack, Kiefer Sutherland, Nicolas Cage, and C. Thomas Howell were considered.[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: According to Shaye, all the film's original investors backed out at one point or another during pre-production. The original budget was merely $700,000. "It ended up at $1.1 million ... Half the funding came from a Yugoslavian guy who had a girlfriend he wanted in movies."[21]

text: Principal photography began in June 1984 in several locations throughout Los Angeles, California. The fictional address of the house that appears in the film is 1428 Elm Street; the actual house is a private home located in Los Angeles on 1428 North Genesee Avenue.[27][28] During production, over 500 gallons of fake blood were used for the special effects production.[29] For the famous blood geyser sequence, the filmmakers used the same revolving room set that was used for Tina's death.

text: They put the set so that it was upside down and attached the camera so that it looked like the room was right side up, then they poured gallons of red water into the room, because the normal film blood would not make the right effect for the geyser.  During the filming of this scene, the blood poured in an unexpected way causing the rotating room to spin.  Much of the blood spilled out of the bedroom window covering Craven and Langenkamp.[30] The scene where Nancy is attacked by Krueger in her bathtub was accomplished with a special bottomless tub. The tub was put in a bathroom set that was built over a swimming pool. During the underwater sequence Heather Langenkamp was replaced with a stuntwoman. The "melting staircase" as seen in Nancy's dream was Robert Shaye's idea; it was created using pancake mix.[30]

text: Jsu Garcia, who was credited as Rod under the name "Nick Corri", says the production was difficult for him. He had recently come off a period of homelessness, and was still dealing with the depression from that by snorting heroin in the bathroom between takes. In 2014, he revealed that he was high on that drug during the scene between him and Langenkamp in his jail cell. "His eyes were watery and they weren’t focused," Langenkamp said. "I thought, 'Wow, he’s giving the best performance of his life.'"[21]

text: A scene from  Sam Raimi's The Evil Dead appears on a television when Nancy is trying to stay awake about halfway through. This was in response to Raimi featuring a Hills Have Eyes poster in the film. Craven was so impressed that he included it on the TV, and in return a Freddy Krueger glove was featured in the tool shed in Evil Dead II: Dead by Dawn.[citation needed]

text: Wes Craven originally planned for the film to have a more evocative ending: Nancy kills Krueger by ceasing to believe in him, then awakes to discover that everything that happened in the film was an elongated nightmare. However, New Line leader Robert Shaye demanded a twist ending, in which Krueger disappears and the film all appears to have been a dream, only for the audience to discover that they are watching a dream-within-a-dream-within-a-dream, where Fred reappears as a car that "kidnaps" Nancy and her friends, followed by Fred reaching through a window on the front door to pull Nancy's mother inside.[30] Both a happy ending and a twist ending were filmed, but the final film used the twist ending. As a result, Craven (who never wanted the film to be an ongoing franchise), dropped out of working on the first sequel, Freddy's Revenge (1985).[30] Production wrapped in late July, and the film was rushed to get ready for its November release.

text: Censorship issues[edit]

text: When the film was submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system (MPAA), two cuts were required to grant it an R rating.[16]  The theatrical version was released with an R rating and 13 seconds of cuts.  In the U.K. the film was released theatrically and on home video uncut.[31] The Australian theatrical release would see the film edited to an M rating,[32] but the uncut version on VHS home video in 1985 with an Australian R rating.[33]  The uncut version would not see a U.S. release until the 1996 Elite Entertainment Laserdisc release.[34]  However all DVD, digital and Blu-ray releases use the R-rated theatrical version, meaning the uncut version has yet to be released on a digital format.[31]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Freddy exclusively attacks teenagers and his actions have been interpreted as symbolic of the often traumatic experiences of adolescence.[35] Nancy, like the archetypal teenager, experiences social anxiety and her relationship with her parents becomes very strained.  Sexuality is present in Freudian images and is almost exclusively displayed in a threatening and mysterious context (e.g., Tina's death visually evokes a rape, Freddy's glove between Nancy's legs in the bath).  The original script actually called for Krueger to be a child molester, rather than a child killer, before being murdered.[36]

text: "In Nightmare, all the adults are damaged: They're alcoholic, they're on pills, they're not around," Englund has observed. Blakley says the parents in the film "verge on being villains". Englund adds: "The adolescents have to wade through that, and Heather is the last girl standing. She lives. She defeats Freddy." Langenkamp agrees: "Nightmare is a feminist movie, but I look at it more as a 'youth power' film."[21]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first introduced to the home video market by Media Home Entertainment in early 1985 and was eventually released on Laserdisc. It has since been released on DVD, first in 1999 in the United States as part of the Nightmare on Elm Street Collection box set (along with the other six sequels), and once again in Restored "Infinifilm" Special Edition in 2006, containing various special features with contributions from Wes Craven, Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon and the director of photography.

text: The Special Edition consisted of two DVDs, one with the film picture and sound restored (DTS 5.1, Dolby Digital 5.1 and original mono audio track) and another DVD with special features. Along with the restored version of the film, DVD 1 also had two commentaries, and other nightmares (if not all) from the film's sequels (2–7 and Freddy Vs. Jason). It also included additional, extended or alternate scenes of the film, such as one scene where Marge reveals to Nancy that she had another sibling who was killed by Freddy. These unused clips/scenes were not included or added in the film but could be viewed separately from the DVD's menus.

text: On April 13, 2010, the film was released on Blu-ray Disc by Warner Home Video,[37] with all the same extras from the 2006 Special Edition included.[38] A new DVD box set containing all of the films up to that point was released on the same day.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street premiered in the United States with a limited theatrical release on November 9, 1984, opening in 165 cinemas across the country.[4] Grossing $1,271,000 during its opening weekend, the film was considered an instant commercial success. The film eventually earned a total of $25,504,513 at the American box office.[4] Additionally, A Nightmare on Elm Street was released in Europe, Canada and Australia.[40]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
In a contemporary review, Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that A Nightmare on Elm Street was closer to a Stephen King adaptation with its small-town setting, and "invented monster myth".[1] Newman concluded that the film found "Craven emerging from the his recent career slump (Swamp Thing, The Hills Have Eyes Part 2, Invitation to Hell) with a fine, perhaps definitive bogeyman to back him up." and that the film was "a superior example of an over-worked genre".[1]
Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post praised the film, stating that "for such a low-budget movie, Nightmare on Elm Street is extraordinarily polished. The script is consistently witty, the camera work (by cinematographer Jacques Haitkin) is crisp and expressive."[41] The review noted that "the genre has built-in limitations [...] but Craven faces the challenge admirably; "A Nightmare on Elm Street" is halfway between an exploitation flick and classic surrealism". The review also commented on Freddy Krueger, calling him "the most chilling figure in the genre since "The Shape" made his debut in "Halloween"."[41] Variety commented that the film was "a highly imaginative horror film", praising the special effects while finding that the film "fails to tie up his thematic threads satisfyingly at the conclusion."[42]

text: The review commented negatively on some of the scenes involving Nancy's family, noting that "the movie's worst scenes involve Nancy and her alcoholic mother".[41] On the character development, Newman stated that "the impression that about two hundred pages worth of characterisation has been compressed into cliché details like boozy Ronee Blakley demonstrating her renewed self-respect by throwing away a half-full bottle."[1] Newman also said that the nightmares in the film worked against itself, stating that "while the kissing telephone and bottomless bathtub are disorienting in the [David] Cronenberg spirit, they get in the way of the relentless, pursuing-monster aspect that Carpenter manages so well."[1]

text: Later reception[edit]

text: Author Ian Conrich praised the film's ability to rupture "the boundaries between the imaginary and real",[43] and critic James Berardinelli said it toys with audience perceptions.[11] Kelly Bulkeley interpreted the overriding theme as a social subtext, "the struggles of adolescents in American society".[44]

text: The film has a 94% approval rating based on 48 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes with and average rating of 7.7/10 and with the site's consensus saying: "Wes Craven's intelligent premise, combined with the horrifying visual appearance of Freddy Krueger, still causes nightmares to this day."[45] The film is also considered one of the best of 1984 by Filmsite.org.[46] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the past 30 years.[47] It ranked at #17 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments (2004), a five-hour program that selected cinema's scariest moments.  In 2008, Empire ranked A Nightmare on Elm Street 162nd on their list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[48] It also was selected by The New York Times as one of "The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made".[49]

text: American Film Institute recognition

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains — #40, Freddy Krueger, Villain

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Best Horror Film (1985) (nomination)
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Best Performance by a Young Actor – Jsu Garcia (1985) (nomination)
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Best DVD Classic Film Release (2007) (nomination)
Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival – Critics Award – Wes Craven (1985) (won)
Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival – Special Mention for Acting – Heather Langenkamp (1985) (won)[50]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: In 2010, a remake was released, also titled A Nightmare on Elm Street, starring Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger. The film was produced by Michael Bay, directed by Samuel Bayer and written by the team of Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer. The film was intended as a reboot to the franchise, but plans for a sequel never came to fruition after the film received mostly negative reviews.

text: On August 7, 2015, it was reported that New Line Cinema was developing a second remake with Orphan writer David Leslie Johnson.[51]  Englund expressed interest in returning to the series in a cameo role.[52]


document_title: Eureka (word)

question_text: what is the origin of the word eureka

question_tokens: what is the origin of the word eureka

text: Eureka (word)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: "Eureka" comes from the Ancient Greek word εὕρηκα heúrēka, meaning "I have found (it)", which is the first person singular perfect indicative active of the verb εὑρίσκω heuriskō "I find".[1] It is closely related to heuristic, which refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery.

text: Pronunciation[edit]

text: The accent of the English word is on the second syllable, following Latin rules of accent, which require that a penult (next-to-last syllable) must be accented if it contains a long vowel. In the Greek pronunciation, the first syllable has a high pitch accent, because the Ancient Greek rules of accent do not force accent to the penult unless the ultima (last syllable) has a long vowel. The long vowels in the first two syllables would sound like a double stress to English ears (as in the phrase Maltese cat).

text: The initial /h/ is dropped in some European languages, including Spanish, Dutch, and English, but preserved in others, such as Finnish, Danish, and German.

text: Archimedes[edit]

text: The exclamation 'Eureka!' is famously attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes. He reportedly proclaimed "Eureka! Eureka!" (i.e. twice) after he had stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose, whereupon he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. (This relation is not what is known as Archimedes' principle—that deals with the upthrust experienced by a body immersed in a fluid.[2][3]) He then realized that the volume of irregular objects could be measured with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his discovery that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran through the streets of Syracuse naked.

text: Archimedes' insight led to the solution of a problem posed by Hiero of Syracuse, on how to assess the purity of an irregular golden votive crown; he had given his goldsmith the pure gold to be used, and correctly suspected he had been cheated by the goldsmith removing gold and adding the same weight of silver. Equipment for weighing objects with a fair amount of precision already existed, and now that Archimedes could also measure volume, their ratio would give the object's density, an important indicator of purity (as gold is nearly twice as dense as silver and has significantly greater weight for the same volume of matter at standard temperatures and pressure).

text: This story first appeared in written form in Vitruvius's books of architecture, two centuries after it supposedly took place.[4] Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale, saying among other things that the method would have required precise measurements that would have been difficult to make at the time.[5] Galileo Galilei himself weighed in on the controversy, suggesting a design for a hydrostatic balance that could be used to compare the dry weight of an object with the weight of the same object submerged in water.[6] For the problem posed to Archimedes, though, there is a simple method which requires no precision equipment: balance the crown against pure gold in air, and then submerge the crown and the gold in water, separately, to determine their volumes from their respective displacements. If the volumes were identical, their densities were the same and therefore the crown must be pure gold. But if the crown's volume were greater, its density would be less than that of the gold, and therefore the crown could not be pure gold.[7]

text: Names and mottos[edit]

text: California[edit]

text: The expression is also the state motto of California, referring to the momentous discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848. The California State Seal has included the word "eureka" since its original design by Robert S. Garnett in 1850; the official text from that time describing the seal states that this word's meaning applies "either to the principle involved in the admission of the State or the success of the miner at work". In 1957 the state legislature attempted to make "In God We Trust" the state motto as part of the same post WWII anti-Communist movement that successfully added the term "under God" to the American Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, but this attempt did not succeed and "Eureka" was made the official motto in 1963.[8]

text: The city of Eureka, California, founded in 1850, uses the California State Seal as its official seal. Eureka is a considerable distance from Sutter's Mill, but was the jumping off point of a smaller gold rush in nearby Trinity County, California in 1850. It is the largest of at least eleven remaining US cities and towns named for the exclamation, "eureka!". As a result of the extensive use of the exclamation dating from 1849, there were nearly 40 locales so named by the 1880s in a nation that had none in the 1840s.[9] Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named "Eureka"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list.

text: Australia[edit]

text: "Eureka" was also associated with a gold rush in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The Eureka Stockade was a revolt in 1854 by gold miners against unjust mining license fees and a brutal administration supervising the miners. The rebellion demonstrated the refusal of the workers to be dominated by unfair government and laws. The Eureka Stockade has often been referred to as the "birth of democracy" in Australia.[10]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: Another mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss, echoed Archimedes when in 1796 he wrote in his diary, "ΕΥΡΗΚΑ! num = Δ + Δ + Δ", referring to his discovery that any positive integer could be expressed as the sum of at most three triangular numbers.[11] This result is now known as Gauss' Eureka theorem[12] and is a special case of what later became known as the Fermat polygonal number theorem.