document_title: United States Medical Licensing Examination

question_text: when do medical students take step 2 of the usmle

text: Purpose[edit]

text: The USMLE assesses a physician's ability to apply knowledge, concepts, and principles, and to determine fundamental patient-centered skills that are important in health and disease and that constitute the basis of safe and effective patient care. Examination committees composed of medical educators and clinicians from across the United States and its territories create the examination materials each year. At least two committees critically appraise each test item or case, revising or discarding any materials that are in doubt.[2]

text: Steps[edit]

text: All three steps of the USMLE exam must be passed before a physician with an M.D. degree is eligible to apply for an unrestricted license to practice medicine in the United States. U.S. osteopathic medical school graduates are permitted to take either the USMLE or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX) exam for medical licensure. Students who have graduated from medical schools outside the US and Canada must pass all three steps of the USMLE to be licensed to practice in the US, regardless of the title of their degree.

text: Overall pass rates for the individual Step exams that comprise the USMLE are:[3]

text:
Step 1 (2015): 94% for U.S. M.D. medical school graduates (96% in first-time takers), 93% for U.S. D.O. osteopathic medical school graduates (93% in first-time takers), and 72% for international medical school graduates (78% for first-time takers).
Step 2 CK (2014-2015): 94% for U.S. M.D. medical school graduates (96% in first-time takers), 92% for U.S. D.O. medical school graduates (92% in first-time takers), and 71% for international medical school graduates (75% for first-time takers).
Step 2 CS (2014-2015): 96% for U.S. M.D. medical school graduates (96% in first-time takers) and 90% for U.S. D.O. medical school graduates (90% in first-time takers), and 78% for international medical school graduates (80% for first-time takers).
Step 3 (2015): 98% for U.S. M.D. medical school graduates (98% in first-time takers), 83% for U.S. D.O. medical school graduates (91% in first-time takers), and 85% for international medical school graduates (89% in first-time takers).

text: Step 1[edit]

text: USMLE Step 1 assesses whether medical school students or graduates understand and can apply important concepts of the basic sciences to the practice of medicine. Step 1 ensures mastery of not only the sciences that provide a foundation for the safe and competent practice of medicine in the present, but also the scientific principles required for maintenance of competence through lifelong learning. Step 1 is constructed according to an integrated content outline that organizes basic science material along two dimensions: system and process. It includes the following subjects[4]: Anatomy, Behavioral sciences, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Interdisciplinary topics, such as nutrition, genetics, and aging.

text: Step 1 is a one-day examination. It is divided into seven 60-minute blocks and administered in one 8-hour testing session The number of questions per block on a given examination form will vary, but will not exceed 40. The total number of items on the overall examination form will not exceed 280.

text: US medical students take Step 1 at the end of the Basic Sciences portion of the curriculum, usually after the second year of medical school. The Step 1 score is frequently used in medical residency applications as a measure of a candidate's likelihood to succeed in that particular residency (and on that specialty's board exams), and it has been cited by residency program directors as their most important criterion in selecting graduating medical students for their residency program.[5] Average USMLE Step 1 scores for various residencies are available in Charting Outcomes in the Match.

text: If the student passes the exam, he or she may not repeat it to achieve a higher score, and any failed attempt is permanently recorded. This "one-time deal" situation is the reason the Step 1 is unanimously viewed as the most arduous and paramount examination a medical student will ever sit during his or her entire career. It has substantial bearing on the specialties and location a residency applicant is competitive for.

text: Step 2[edit]

text: USMLE Step 2 is designed to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply medical knowledge, skills and understanding of clinical science essential for provision of patient care under supervision. US medical students typically take Step 2 during the fourth year of medical school. Step 2 is further divided into two separate exams:

text: Step 2 CK[edit]

text: USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge assesses whether medical school students or graduates can apply medical knowledge, skills, and understanding of clinical science essential for the provision of patient care under supervision and includes emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Step 2 ensures that due attention is devoted to principles of clinical sciences and basic patient-centered skills that provide the foundation for the safe and competent practice of medicine.

text: Step 2 CK is a one-day examination. It is divided into eight 60-minute blocks, administered in one 9-hour testing session. Test item formats may vary within each block. It is constructed according to an integrated content outline that organizes clinical science material along two dimensions: physician task and disease category. It includes the following subjects:[6] internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, preventive medicine, psychiatry, surgery, other areas relevant to provision of care under supervision.

text: Step 2 CS[edit]

text: USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills assesses the ability of medical school students or graduates to apply medical knowledge, skills, and understanding of clinical science essential for the provision of patient care under supervision, and includes emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Step 2 ensures that due attention is devoted to the principles of clinical sciences and basic patient- centered skills that provide the foundation for the safe and effective practice of medicine.The exam contains the following subjects: Integrated Clinical Encounter (ICE), Communication and Interpersonal Skills (CIS), and Spoken English Proficiency (SEP).[7]

text: Step 2 CS uses standardized patients to test medical students and graduates on their ability to gather information from patients, perform physical examinations, and communicate their findings to patients and colleagues. The examination is offered in five cities across the country:

text:
Philadelphia
Chicago
Atlanta
Houston
Los Angeles

text: Administration of the Step 2-CS began in 2004. Prior to 2004, a similar exam, the Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) was used to assess the clinical skills of foreign medical graduates.

text: Step 3[edit]

text: USMLE Step 3 is the final exam in the USMLE sequence and assesses whether you can apply medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical science essential for the unsupervised practice of medicine, with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings. Graduates of US medical schools typically take this exam at the end of the first year of residency. Examinee are tested on the following subjects: central nervous system, eye/ear/nose/mouth/throat, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, behavioral/emotional disorders, musculoskeletal system, skin/subcutaneous tissue, endocrine/nutrition/metabolic disorders, kidneys/urinary tract, reproductive system, pregnancy/childbirth, neonate/childhood illnesses, blood and blood-forming organs, infectious/parasitic diseases, injuries/wound/toxic effects/burns, and health maintenance issues. [8]

text: Step 3 is a two-day examination. The first day of testing includes 233 multiple-choice items divided into 6 blocks of 38-40 items; 60 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items. Items with an associated pharmaceutical advertisement or scientific abstract are included in each of these multiple-choice blocks. There are approximately 7 hours in the test session on the first day.

text: There are approximately 9 hours in the test session on the second day. This day of testing includes 180 multiple-choice items, divided into 6 blocks of 30 items; 45 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items. This is followed by 13 case simulations, each of which is allotted a maximum of 10 or 20 minutes of real time.

text: Test Sites[edit]

text: The USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK exams can be taken at Prometric test centers worldwide. The Step 2 CS and the Step 3 can only be taken in the USA.

text: Relevance of predictive measures[edit]

text: A study from 2016 showed little to no correlation between MCAT scores and USMLE step 1 scores, as well as little to no correlation between MCAT scores and the NBME scores[9]. However, since the 82 students on whom this study was conducted all attended the same allopathic medical school, the usefulness of these results in the broader medical school population may be of limited value.[9]

text: Furthermore, research conducted on students between 1998 and 2004, although outdated, and conducted on an undisclosed number of students, was conducted on a longer timeline, and shows that the Biological Science (BS) section of the MCAT did indeed predict better performance on the USMLE step 1, but not any other section, and found that Grade point average in undergraduate science courses is a strong predictor of performance on the USMLE step 1 and step 2 exams, and that the Biological Science section of the MCAT, but not any other section, predicted USMLE step 1 and step 2 exam performance, though this information is outdated, and unclear of whether this was also only conducted at a single institution or more than one, making this study's results of limited value.[10] The same study claims that the selectivity of undergraduate institution is also a predictor of step 1 and step 2 performance, even when controlling for undergraduate GPA and MCAT score.[10]

text: Similar exams[edit]

text:
The "Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination" (COMLEX-USA) is required for osteopathic physicians in the United States
The American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examination (APMLE) is required for Podiatric Physicians in the United States.

text: In other countries[edit]

text:
[Pakistan Medical And Dental Council (PMDC)], Pakistan
National Medical Licentiate Examination, India
Nepal Medical Council (NMC), in Nepal.
[ Ujian Kompetensi Dokter Indonesia (UKDI) Indonesian Doctor Competence Examination], in Indonesia.
Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination, in Canada
Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board test (similar exam used in United Kingdom)
Australian Medical Council (AMC) in Australia.
Medical Council of India (MCI-FMGE conducted by National Board of Examinations)
Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Medicas (ENARM) in Mexico
Saudi Medical Licensing Examination (SMLE) in Saudi Arabia
Ärztliche Prüfungen, overseen by the IMPP, in Germany


document_title: Power Rangers Time Force

question_text: who plays alex in power rangers time force

root

text: Power Rangers Time Force

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the year 3000, Time Force is a police agency that deals with the crimes of mutants, outcasts of society who have developed super powers. Ransik, one of the most dangerous mutants, is arrested and sentenced to life for his crimes including murder and the plan to travel back in time to take over the world. However, after sentencing, he escapes and manages to go back in time to the year 2001, but seemingly kills Alex, the Red Time Force Ranger, in the process. Alex's fiancé Jen, as well as Time Force members Lucas, Katie, and Trip, decide to break protocol and go back in time after Ransik. However, upon arriving in the year 2001, they find that the rest of their Chrono morphers are locked, and cannot be used until someone with Alex's DNA uses the Red Ranger morpher. To that end, they find Alex's ancestor Wes Collins, who unlocks the morphers, and then helps them battle Ransik's army of mutants as the Time Force Power Rangers, though Wes and Jen, upset over Alex's death, don't see eye-to-eye initially.

tag: p

text: As Ransik continues his quest for total domination of Earth, archaeologists discover a box that, unknown to them, contains the Quantum Ranger morpher and powers. Both Ransik and the Rangers are well aware of its contents, and make attempts to retrieve it. The box eventually falls into the hand of Eric Myers, a member of the Silver Guardians, the city's police force managed by Wes' father, Albert Collins and Wes's old rival. Eric activates the power, and becomes the Quantum Ranger. Eric, however, becomes cocky and irresponsible with his power, forcing Wes and the Rangers to try to get it back from him; however, Eric defeated them and he kept his powers. Soon he learns the responsibility of using the Quantum Powers and becomes the leader of the Silver Guardians as the Quantum Ranger.

text: Eventually, the Rangers begin receiving help from an unseen ally from the future in the form of the Time Shadow Megazord. Soon, this ally arrives in 2001 and reveals himself to be Alex, stating that he is alive because something the Rangers have done in the present has altered the future, and that he has returned to fix it. Alex reveals to Wes what was meant to happen in the original timeline and encourages him to take action to set it right. Wes reluctantly agrees, and relinquishes control of his morpher to Alex so he can take care of his father's business while his father lays ill. Alex then briefly leads the team, but his relationship with the Rangers becomes strained when they realize Alex has changed. Alex eventually realizes that Wes is the true Red Ranger and, having nearly destroyed his relationship with Jen, returns the morpher.

text:
When Ransik makes his final assault on Earth, with a powerful army in large amounts Alex orders the Rangers to return to the future, for fear that if they hesitate, they may not be able to return at all. Wes, however, would have to remain behind. The Rangers refuse, and fight Ransik alongside Wes, who, knowing his friends can't stay, forces them into returning to the year 3000, leaving only himself and Eric to stop Ransik, or die trying.  When the Rangers return to the future, they learn that Silver Hills was saved, but Wes died in the process. The Rangers are ordered to have their minds erased of their memories from 2001, and encouraged to resume their lives.  Angered, Jen returns Alex's engagement ring, and the Rangers return to 2001 to help Wes and Eric.  During the final battle, Ransik accidentally injures his daughter Nadira and, traumatized over nearly killing her, surrenders to the Rangers. Right before the Rangers return Ransik and Nadira to the future, Wes and Jen, having soothed over their initially rocky relationship, profess their love for one another. As the Rangers depart, Wes stays behind with Eric to co-command the Silver Guardians.
They later meet the Rangers from Power Rangers Wild Force in the two-part episode "Reinforcements from the Future".

text: Cast[edit]

text: Time Force Rangers

text:
Jason Faunt as Wesley "Wes" Collins, the Red Time Force Ranger and the second-in-command.
Erin Cahill as Jennifer "Jen" Scotts, the Pink Time Force Ranger and the leader of the team.
Kevin Kleinberg as Trip Regis, the Green Time Force Ranger.
Deborah Estelle Philips as Katie Walker, the Yellow Time Force Ranger.
Michael Copon as Lucas Kendall, the Blue Time Force Ranger.
Daniel Southworth as Eric Myers, the Quantum Ranger and the leader of the Silver Guardians.

tag: ul

text: Allies

text:
Edward Laurence Albert as Mr. Albert Collins, Wes' billionaire father and founder of the Silver Guardians.
Brianne Siddall as the voice of Circuit
Jason Faunt as Alex, Wesley's future descendent.
Douglas Fisher as Phillips, The Collins' butler
Roy Werner as Captain Logan
Ken Merckx as Dr. Michael Zaskin

text: Villains

text:
Vernon Wells as Ransik
Kate Sheldon as Nadira
Eddie Frierson as the voice of Frax
Neil Kaplan as the voice of Gluto

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Awards and Nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2002

29th Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Sound Mixing

Chuck Buch and Edward F. Suski

Nominated

tag: table


document_title: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

question_text: when was the last time tottenham hotspur won a cup

question_tokens: when was the last time tottenham hotspur won a cup

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

text: History

text: Formation and early years (1882–1908)

text: Originally named Hotspur Football Club, the club was formed on 5 September 1882 by a group of schoolboys led by Robert Buckle. They were members of the Hotspur Cricket Club and the football club was formed to play sports during the winter months.[6] A year later the boys sought help with the club from John Ripsher, the Bible class teacher at All Hallows Church, who became the first president of the club and its treasurer. Ripsher helped and supported the boys through the club's formative years, reorganised and found premises for the club.[7][8][9] In April 1884 the club was renamed "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" to avoid confusion with another club, London Hotspur, whose post had been mistakenly delivered to North London.[10][11]

text: Initially, the boys played games between themselves and friendly matches against other local clubs. The first recorded match took place on 30 September 1882 against a local team named the Radicals, which Hotspur lost 2–0.[12] The team entered their first cup competition in the London Association Cup, and won 5–2 in their first competitive match on 17 October 1885 against a company's works team called St Albans.[13] The club's fixtures began to attract the interest of the local community and attendances at its home matches increased. In 1892, they played for the first time in a league, the short-lived Southern Alliance.[14]

text: The club turned professional on 20 December 1895 and, in the summer of 1896, was admitted to Division One of the Southern League. On 2 March 1898, the club also became a limited company, the Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company.[14] Soon after, Frank Brettell became the first ever manager of Spurs, and he signed John Cameron, who took over as player-manager when Brettell left a year later. Cameron would have a significant impact on Spurs, helping the club win its first trophy, the Southern League title. The following year, on 27 April 1901, Spurs won the FA Cup by beating Sheffield United 3–1 (in a replay of the 1901 Cup final) and became the only non-League club to achieve the feat since the formation of The Football League in 1888.[15]

text: Early decades in the Football League (1908–1958)

text: In 1908, the club was elected into the Football League Second Division and won promotion to the First Division in their first season, and finished runners-up in their first year in the league. In 1912, Peter McWilliam became manager; Tottenham finished bottom of the league at the end of the 1914–15 season when football was suspended due to the First World War. Spurs were relegated to the Second Division on the resumption of league football after the war, but quickly returned to the First Division as Second Division champions of the 1919–20 season.[16]

text: On 23 April 1921, McWilliam guided Spurs to their second FA Cup win, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 in the Cup Final. Spurs finished second to Liverpool in the league in 1922, but would finish mid-table in the next five seasons. Spurs were relegated in the 1927–28 season after McWilliam left. For most of the 1930s and 40s, Spurs languished in the Second Division, apart from a brief return to the top flight in the 1933–34 and 1934–35 seasons.[17]

text: Former Spurs player Arthur Rowe became manager in 1949. Rowe developed a style of play, known as "push and run", that proved to be successful in his early years as manager. He took the team back to the First Division after finishing top of the Second Division in the 1949–50 season.[18] In his second season in charge, Tottenham won their first ever top tier league championship title when they finished top of the First Division for the 1950–51 season. Rowe resigned in April 1955 due to a stress-induced illness from managing the club.[19][20] Before he left, he signed one of Spurs' most celebrated players, Danny Blanchflower, who would win the FWA Footballer of the Year twice while at Tottenham.[21]

text: Bill Nicholson and the glory years (1958–1974)

text: Bill Nicholson took over as manager in October 1958. He would become the club's most successful manager, guiding the team to major trophy success three seasons in a row in the early 1960s: the Double in 1961, the FA Cup in 1962 and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1963.[22] Nicholson signed Dave Mackay and John White in 1959, two influential players of the Double-winning team, and Jimmy Greaves in 1961, the most prolific goal-scorer in the history of the top tier of English football.[23][24]

text: The 1960–61 season started with a run of 11 wins, followed by a draw and another four wins, at that time the best ever start by any club in the top flight of English football.[25] The title was won on 17 April 1961 when they beat the eventual runner-up Sheffield Wednesday at home 2–1, with three more games still to play.[26] The Double was achieved when Spurs won 2–0 against Leicester City in the final of the 1960–61 FA Cup. It was the first Double of the 20th century, and the first since Aston Villa achieved the feat in 1897.[27] The next year Spurs won their second consecutive FA Cup after beating Burnley in the 1962 FA Cup Final.[28]

text: On 15 May 1963, Tottenham became the first British team to win a European trophy by winning the 1962–63 European Cup Winners' Cup when they beat Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the final.[29] Spurs also became the first British team to win two different European trophies when they won the 1971–72 UEFA Cup with a rebuilt team that included Martin Chivers, Pat Jennings, and Steve Perryman.[30] They had also won the FA Cup in 1967,[31] and two League Cups (in 1971 and 1973). In total, Nicholson won eight major trophies in his 16 years at the club as manager.[22]

text: Burkinshaw to Venables (1974–1992)

text: Spurs went into a period of decline after the successes of the early 1970s, and Nicholson resigned after a poor start to the 1974–75 season.[32]  The team was then relegated at the end of the 1976–77 season with Keith Burkinshaw as manager. Burkinshaw quickly returned the club to the top flight, building a team that included Glenn Hoddle, as well as two Argentinians, Osvaldo Ardiles and Ricardo Villa, whose signings were particularly uncommon in the British game as foreign players in British football were rare at that time.[33] The team that Burkinshaw rebuilt went on to win the FA Cup in 1981 and 1982[34] and the UEFA Cup in 1984.[35]

text: The 1980s was a period of change that began with a new phase of redevelopment at White Hart Lane, as well as a change of directors. Irving Scholar took over the club and moved it in a more commercial direction, the beginning of the transformation of English football clubs into commercial enterprises.[36][37] Debt at the club would again lead to a change in the boardroom, and Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar in June 1991 to take control of Tottenham Hotspur plc.[38][39][40] Venables, who had become manager in 1987, signed players such as Paul Gascoigne and Gary Lineker. Under Venables, Spurs won the 1990–91 FA Cup, making them the first club to win eight FA Cups.[41]

text: Premier League football (1992–present)

text: Tottenham was one of the five clubs that pushed for the founding of the Premier League, created with the approval of The Football Association, replacing the Football League First Division as the highest division of English football.[42] Despite a succession of managers and players such as Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann and David Ginola, for a long period in the Premier League until the late 2000s, Spurs finished mid-table most seasons with few trophies won. They won the League Cup in 1999 under George Graham, and again in 2008 under Juande Ramos. Performance improved under Harry Redknapp with players such as Gareth Bale and Luka Modrić, and the club finished in the top five in the early 2010s.[43][44]

text: In February 2001, Sugar sold his share holding in Spurs to ENIC Sports plc, run by Joe Lewis and Daniel Levy, and stepped down as chairman.[45] Lewis and Levy would eventually own 85% of the club, with Levy responsible for the running of the club.[46][47] The current manager is Mauricio Pochettino, who was appointed in May 2014.[48] Led by Harry Kane, Spurs finished second in the 2016–17 season, their highest placed league finish since the 1962–63 season.[49]

text: Stadia/playing grounds

text: Early grounds

text: Spurs played their early matches on public land at the Park Lane end of Tottenham Marshes, where they had to mark out and prepare their own pitch.[6] Occasionally fights broke out on the marshes in disputes with other teams over the use of the ground.[50] The first Spurs game reported by the local press took place on Tottenham Marshes on 6 October 1883 against Brownlow Rovers, which Spurs won 9–0.[51] It was at this ground that, in 1887, Spurs first played the team that would later become their arch rivals, Arsenal (then known as Royal Arsenal) leading 2–1 until the match was called off due to poor light after the away team arrived late.[52]

text: As they played on public parkland, the club could not charge admission fees and, while the number of spectators grew to a few thousand, it yielded no gate receipts. In 1888, the club rented a pitch at Asplins Farm, next to the railway line at Northumberland Park, at a cost of £17 per annum, where spectators were charged 3d a game, raised to 6d for cup ties.[53] The first game at the Park was played on 13 October 1888, a reserve match that yielded gate receipts of 17 shillings. The first stand with just over 100 seats and changing rooms underneath was built at the ground for the 1894–95 season at a cost of £60. However, the stand was blown down a few weeks later and had to be repaired.[54] In April 1898, 14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. Spectators climbed on the roof of the refreshment stand for a better view of the match. The stand collapsed, causing a few injuries. As Northumberland Park could no longer cope with the larger crowds, Spurs were forced to look for a larger ground and moved to the White Hart Lane site in 1899.[55]

text: White Hart Lane

text: The White Hart Lane ground was built on a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons and located behind a public house named the White Hart on Tottenham High Road (White Hart Lane actually lies a few hundred yards north of the main entrance). The ground was initially leased from Charringtons, and the stands they used at Northumberland Park were moved here, giving shelter for 2,500 spectators.[56] Notts County were the first visitors to 'the Lane' in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and yielding £115 in receipts; Spurs won 4–1.[57] Queens Park Rangers became the first competitive visitors to the ground and 11,000 people saw them lose 1–0 to Tottenham. In 1905, Tottenham raised enough money to buy the freehold to the land, as well as land at the northern (Paxton Road) end.[56]

text: After Spurs were admitted to the Football League, the club started to build a new stadium, with stands designed by Archibald Leitch being constructed over the next two and a half decades. The West Stand was added in 1909, the East Stand was also covered this year and extended further two years later. The profits from the 1921 FA Cup win were used to build a covered terrace at the Paxton Road end and the Park Lane end was built at a cost of over £3,000 some two years later. This increased the stadium's capacity to around 58,000, with room for 40,000 under cover. The East Stand (Worcester Avenue) was finished in 1934 and this increased capacity to around 80,000 spectators and cost £60,000.[56]

text: Starting in the early 1980s, the stadium underwent another major phase of redevelopment. The West Stand was replaced by an expensive new structure in 1982, and the East Stand was renovated in 1988. In 1992, following the Taylor Report's recommendation that Premier League clubs eliminate standing areas, the lower terraces of the south and east stand were converted to seating, with the North Stand becoming all-seater the following season. The South Stand redevelopment was completed in March 1995 and included the first giant Sony Jumbotron TV screen for live game coverage and away match screenings.[58] In the 1997–98 season the Paxton Road stand received a new upper tier and a second Jumbotron screen.[58]  Minor amendments to the seating configuration were made in 2006, bringing the capacity of the stadium to 36,310.[56]

text: By the turn of the millennium, the capacity of White Hart Lane had become lower than other major Premier League clubs. Talks began over the future of the ground with a number of schemes considered, such as increasing the stadium capacity through redevelopment of the current site, or using of the 2012 London Olympic Stadium in Stratford.[59][60] Eventually the club settled on the Northumberland Development Project, whereby a new stadium would be built on a larger piece of land that incorporated the existing site. In 2016, the northeast corner of the stadium was removed to facilitate the construction of the new stadium. As this reduced the stadium capacity below that required for European games, Tottenham Hotspur played every European home game in 2016–17 at Wembley Stadium.[61] Domestic fixtures of the 2016–17 season continued to be played at the Lane, but demolition of the rest of the stadium started the day after the last game of the season,[62] and White Hart Lane was completely demolished by the end of July 2017.[63]

text: Tottenham Hotspur Stadium

text: In October 2008, the club announced a plan to build a new stadium immediately to the north of the existing White Hart Lane stadium, with the southern half of the new stadium's pitch overlapping the northern part of the Lane.[64] This proposal would become the Northumberland Development Project. The club submitted a planning application in October 2009 but, following critical reactions to the plan, it was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application for the stadium and other associated developments. The new plan was resubmitted and approved by Haringey Council in September 2010,[65] and an agreement for the Northumberland Development Project was signed 20 September 2011.[66]

text: After a long delay over the compulsory purchase order of local businesses located on land to the north of the stadium and a legal challenge against the order,[67][68] resolved in early 2015,[69] planning application for another new design was approved by Haringey Council on 17 December 2015.[70] Construction started in 2016,[71] and the new stadium is scheduled to open during the 2018–19 season.[72] While it is under construction, all Tottenham home games in the 2017–18 season and the first in 2018–19 would be played at Wembley Stadium.[73] The new stadium would be called Tottenham Hotspur Stadium until a naming-rights agreement is reached.[74]

text: Crest

text: Since the 1921 FA Cup final the Tottenham Hotspur crest has featured a cockerel. Harry Hotspur, after whom the club is named, was said to have been given the nickname Hotspur as he dug in his spurs to make his horse go faster as he charged in battles,[75] and he was also said to be fond of fighting cocks fitted with spurs.[50] The club used spurs as a symbol in 1900, which then evolved into a fighting cock.[75] A former player named William James Scott made a bronze cast of a cockerel standing on a football at a cost of £35, and this 9-foot 6-inch figure was then placed on top of the West Stand the end of the 1909–10 season.[75] Since then the cockerel and ball emblem has become a part of the club's identity.[76]

text: Between 1956 and 2006 Spurs used a faux heraldic shield featuring a number of local landmarks and associations. The lions flanking the shield came from the Northumberland family (of which Harry Hotspur was a member). The castle is Bruce Castle, 400 yards from the ground and the trees are the Seven Sisters. The arms featured the Latin motto Audere Est Facere (to dare is to do).[50]

text: In 1983, to overcome unauthorised "pirate" merchandising, the club's badge was altered by adding the two red heraldic lions and the motto scroll. This device appeared on most Spurs' playing kits for the next 23 years.[50]

text: In 2006, in order to rebrand and modernise the club's image, the club badge and coat of arms were replaced by a professionally designed logo/emblem.[77] This revamp showed to be more sleeker and elegant on an old-time football. The club claims that they dropped their club name and would be using the rebranded logo only.[78] In November 2013, Tottenham forced non-league club Fleet Spurs to change their badge because its new design was "too similar" to the Tottenham crest.[79]

text:
Crest 1956–1983

Crest 1983–2005

Crest 2006 – present

text: Kit

text: The first Tottenham kit included a navy blue shirt with a letter H on a scarlet shield on the left breast. In 1884, the club changed to a "quartered" kit similar in style to that of Blackburn Rovers after watching them win in the 1884 FA Cup Final.[50] Shortly after moving to Northumberland Park, the kit changed again to red shirt and blue shorts. Five years later, after becoming a professional club, they switched to a chocolate and gold striped kit.[50]

text: In the 1898–99 season, their final year at Northumberland Park, the club switched colours to the white shirts and blue shorts. This colour choice was in homage to Preston North End who had recently done the Double.[80][81] White and navy blue have remained as the club's basic colours ever since, with the white shirts giving the team the nickname "The Lilywhites".[82] In 1921, after they had won the FA Cup, the cockerel badge was added to the shirt. In 1939 numbers first appeared on shirt backs.  In 1991, the club was the first to wear long-cut shorts, an innovation at a time when football kits all featured shorts cut well above the knee.[50]

text: The early supplier of Spurs' jerseys was a local firm on Seven Sisters Road, HR Brookes.[53] In the 1920s, Bukta produced the jerseys for the club. From the mid-1930s onwards, Umbro supplied the kits for Spurs for forty years until it was replaced by Admiral in 1977, followed by Le Coq Sportif in 1980.[50]. In 1985, Spurs entered into a business partnership with Hummel, who then supplied the strips.[83] However, the attempt by Tottenham to expand the business side of the club failed, and in 1991, they returned to Umbro.[84] This was followed by Pony in 1995, Adidas in 1999, and Kappa in 2002.[50][85]  In 2006, they signed a five-year deal with Puma.[86] In March 2011, Under Armour announced a five-year deal to supply Spurs with shirts and other apparel from the start of 2012–13.[87][88] The home and away kits were revealed in July 2012 in London,[89] with the third kit revealed the following month via the promotion of Electronic Arts' FIFA 13 video game.[90]  The shirts incorporate technology that can monitor the players' heart rate and temperature and send the biometric data to the coaching staff.[91]

text: Shirt sponsorship in English football was first adopted by the non-league club Kettering Town F.C. in 1976, and this practice then spread to the major clubs.[91] In December 1983, soon after the club was floated on the London Stock Exchange, Holsten became the first commercial sponsor logo to appear on a Spurs shirt.[92] When Thomson was chosen as kit sponsor in 2002 some Tottenham fans were unhappy as the shirt-front logo was red, the colour of their closest rivals, Arsenal.[93] In 2006, Tottenham secured a £34 million sponsorship deal with internet casino group Mansion.com.[94] In July 2010, Spurs announced a two-year shirt sponsorship contract with software infrastructure company Autonomy said to be worth £20 million.[95] A month later they unveiled a £5 million deal with leading specialist bank and asset management firm Investec as shirt sponsor for the Champions League and domestic cup competitions for the next two years.[96][97] Since 2014, AIA has been the main shirt sponsor in a deal worth over £16 million annually.[98][99]

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Nike would be supplying Spurs' kits in a "multi-year agreement" after Under Armour's contract expired. The 2017–18 kit was released on 30 June, featuring the Spurs' crest encased in a shield, paying homage to Spurs' 1960–61 season, where they became the first post-war-club to win both the Football League First Division and the FA Cup.[100]

text: Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

text:
Period

Kit manufacturer[50]

Kit sponsor[50]

1903–12
HR Brookes
No sponsor

1921–30
Bukta

1935–77
Umbro

1977–80
Admiral

1980–83
Le Coq Sportif

1983–85
Holsten

1985–91
Hummel

1991–95
Umbro

1995–99
Pony
Hewlett-Packard

1999–2002
Adidas
Holsten

2002–06
Kappa
Thomson Holidays

2006–10
Puma
Mansion.com Casino & Poker

2010–11
Autonomy Corporation1[101]

2011–12
Aurasma12[50]

2012–13
Under Armour

2013–14
Hewlett-Packard3[102]

2014–17
AIA[98]

2017–Present
Nike[103]

text: 1 Only appeared in the Premier League. Investec Bank appeared in the Champions League, FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[97][104]

text: 2 Aurasma is a subsidiary of the Autonomy Corporation.

text: 3 Hewlett-Packard is the parent company of the Autonomy Corporation and only appeared in the Premier League. AIA appeared in the FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[105]

text: Ownership

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. became a limited company, The Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company Ltd, on 2 March 1898 so as to raise funds for the club and limit the personal liability of its members. 8,000 shares were issued at £1 each, although only 1,558 shares were taken up in the first year.[106] Members of the Wale family, who had association with the club since the 1930s and were chairmen of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. in the 1960s and 1970s, were once the largest shareholder of the club.[107] In the early 1980s, cost overruns in the construction of a new West Stand together with the cost of rebuilding the team in previous years led to financial difficulties for the club. In November 1982, Irving Scholar bought 25% of the club for £600,000, and together with Paul Bobroff gained control of the club.[40] Scholar floated Tottenham Hotspur plc, which wholly owns the football club, on the London Stock Exchange in 1983, the first European sports club to be listed in a stock market.[36] The share issue was successful with 3.8 million shares quickly sold.[108] Ill-judged financial decisions led to accumulating debts,[106] and in June 1991 Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar to buy the club, initially as equal partner with each investing £3.25 million. Sugar increased his stake to £8 million by December 1991 and became the dominant partner with effective control of the club. In May 1993, Venables was sacked from the board after a dispute.[109]  By 2000, Sugar began to consider selling the club,[110] and in February 2001, he sold the major part of his shareholding to ENIC International Ltd.[111]

text: Between 2001 and 2011 shares in Tottenham Hotspur F.C. were listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM index). The majority shareholder, ENIC International Ltd, is an investment company established by the British billionaire Joe Lewis. Daniel Levy, Lewis's partner at ENIC, is Executive Chairman of the club. They had acquired 29.9% after buying 27% share of the club for £22 million from Sugar in 1991.[111] Shareholding by ENIC increased over the decade through the purchase of the remaining 12% holding of Alan Sugar in 2007 for £25m,[112][113] and the 9.9% stake belonging to Stelios Haji-Ioannou through Hodram Inc in 2009. On 21 August 2009 the club reported that they had issued a further 30 million shares to fund the initial development costs of the new stadium project, and that 27.8 million of these new shares had been purchased by ENIC.[114] The Annual Report for 2010 indicated that ENIC had acquired 76% of all Ordinary Shares and also held 97% of all convertible redeemable preference shares, equivalent to a holding of 85% of share capital.[115] Following an announcement at the 2011 AGM, in January 2012 the club confirmed that they had been transferred into the private ownership of ENIC.[116]

text: Support

text: Tottenham has a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, drawn largely from North London and the Home counties. The attendance figures for its home matches, however, have fluctuated over the years. Five times between 1946 and 1969, Tottenham had the highest average attendance in England.[117][118] Tottenham was 9th in average attendances for the 2008–09 Premier League season, and 11th for all Premier League seasons.[119] In the 2017–18 season when Tottenham used Wembley as its home ground, it had the second highest attendance in the Premier League.[120] Historical supporters of the club have included such figures as philosopher A.J. Ayer.[121][122] There are many official supporters' clubs located around the world,[123] while an independent supporters club, the Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust, is officially recognised by the club as the representative for Spurs supporters.[124][125]

text: Historically, the club had a significant Jewish following from the Jewish communities in East and Northeast London, with around a third of its supporters estimated to be Jewish in the 1930s.[126] It no longer has a greater Jewish contingent among its fans than other major London clubs (Jewish supporters are estimated to form at most 5% of its fanbase), it is nevertheless identified as a Jewish club by rival fans.[127] This has led to much antisemitic provocation with chants of "Yids" or "Yiddos" against Tottenham supporters.[128][129] In response to the abusive chants, Tottenham supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish alike, began to chant back the insults and adopt the "Yids" or "Yid Army" identity starting from around the late 1970s or early 1980s.[130] Some fans view adopting "Yid" as a badge of pride, helping defuse its power as an insult.[131] The use of "Yid" as a self-identification, however, has been controversial; some argued that the word is offensive and its use by Spurs fans "legitimis[es] references to Jews in football",[132] and that such racist abuse should be stamped out in football.[133]  Others, such as Prime Minister David Cameron, argued that there is "a difference between Spurs fans self-describing themselves as Yids and someone calling someone a Yid as an insult" as its use by the Spurs fans is not motivated by hate and therefore cannot be considered hate speech.[134]

text: Fan culture

text: There are a number of songs associated with the club and frequently sung by Spurs fans, such as "Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur". The song originated in 1961 after Spurs completed the Double in 1960–61, and the club entered the European Cup for the first time. Their first opponents were Górnik Zabrze, the Polish champions, and after a hard-fought match Spurs suffered a 4–2 reverse. Tottenham's tough tackling prompted the Polish press to describe them as "they were no angels". These comments incensed a group of three fans and for the return match at White Hart Lane they dressed as angels wearing white sheets fashioned into togas, sandals, false beards and carrying placards bearing biblical-type slogans. The angels were allowed on the perimeter of the pitch and their fervour whipped up the home fans who responded with a rendition of "Glory Glory Hallelujah", which is still sung on terraces at White Hart Lane and other football grounds.[135] The Lilywhites also responded to the atmosphere to win the tie 8–1. Then manager of Spurs, Bill Nicholson, wrote in his autobiography:

text: A new sound was heard in English football in the 1961–2 season. It was the hymn Glory, Glory Hallelujah being sung by 60,000 fans at White Hart Lane in our European Cup matches. I don't know how it started or who started it, but it took over the ground like a religious feeling.

text: There had been a number of incidences of hooliganism involving Spurs fans, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. Significant events include the rioting by Spurs fans in Rotterdam at the 1974 UEFA Cup Final against Feyenoord, and again during the 1983–84 UEFA Cup matches against Feyenoord in Rotterdam and Anderlecht in Brussels.[137] Although fan violence has since abated, the occasional incidences of hooliganism continued to be reported.[138][139]

text: Rivalries

text: Tottenham supporters have rivalries with several clubs, mainly within the London area. The fiercest of these is with north London rivals Arsenal. The rivalry began in 1913 when Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground, Plumstead to Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, and this rivalry intensified in 1919 when Arsenal were unexpectedly promoted to the First Division, taking a place that Tottenham believed should have been theirs.[140] They also share notable rivalries with fellow London clubs Chelsea and West Ham United.[141]

text: Social responsibility

text: The club through its Community Programme has, since 2006, been working with Haringey Council and the Metropolitan Housing Trust and the local community on developing sports facilities and social programmes which have also been financially supported by Barclays Spaces for Sport and the Football Foundation.[142][143] The Tottenham Hotspur Foundation received high-level political support from the prime minister when it was launched at 10 Downing Street in February 2007.[144]

text: In March 2007 the club announced a partnership with the charity SOS Children's Villages UK.[145] Player fines will go towards this charity's children's village in Rustenburg, South Africa with the funds being used to cover the running costs as well as in support of a variety of community development projects in and around Rustenburg. In the financial year 2006–07, Tottenham topped a league of Premier League charitable donations when viewed both in overall terms[146] and as a percentage of turnover by giving £4,545,889, including a one-off contribution of £4.5 million over four years, to set up the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.[147] This compared to donations of £9,763 in 2005–06.[148]

text: The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10:10 project which encourages individuals, businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues. They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint. To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models, they turned down their heating dials and took less short-haul flights among a host of other things.[149] After working with 10:10 for one year, they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by 14%.[149]

text: In contrast, they have successfully sought the reduction of section 106 planning obligations connected to the redevelopment of the stadium in the Northumberland Development Project. Initially the development would incorporate 50% affordable housing (100 out of 200), but this was reduced to 0 out of 285[150] when Spurs suggested that the development was not financially viable with this obligation. In addition, a payment of £16m for community infrastructure was reduced to £0.5m.[150]  This is controversial in an area which has suffered high levels of deprivation as Spurs had bought up properties for redevelopment, removing existing jobs and businesses for property development but not creating enough new jobs for the area.[151] The club however argued that the project, when completed, would support 3,500 jobs and inject an estimated £293 million into the local economy annually,[152] and that it would serve as the catalyst for a wider 20-year regeneration programme for the Tottenham area.[153][154]

text: Tottenham Hotspur Ladies

text: Tottenham's women's team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies. They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991–92 season and played in the London and South East Women's Regional Football League (then fourth tier of the game). They won promotion after topping the league in 2007–08. In the 2016–17 season they won the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division and a subsequent playoff, gaining promotion to the FA Women's Super League 2.[155]

text: Honours

text: Major honours

text: Domestic

text: League competitions

text:
First Division/Premier League:
Winners (2): 1950–51, 1960–61(D)
Second Division/Championship:
Winners (2): 1919–20, 1949–50

text: Cup competitions

text:
FA Cup:
Winners (8): 1900–01, 1920–21, 1960–61(D), 1961–62, 1966–67, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1990–91
League Cup:
Winners (4): 1970–71, 1972–73, 1998–99, 2007–08
FA Charity Shield/FA Community Shield:
Winners (7): 1921, 1951, 1961, 1962, 1967*, 1981*, 1991* (*shared)

text: European

text:
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:
Winners (1): 1962–63
UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League:
Winners (2): 1971–72, 1983–84

text: Statistics and records

text: Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[157][158] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goal scoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[159]

text: Tottenham's record league win is 9–0 against Bristol Rovers in the Second Division on 22 October 1977.[160][161] The club's record cup victory came on 3 February 1960 with a 13–2 win over Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup.[162] Spurs' biggest top-flight victory came against Wigan Athletic on 22 November 2009, when they won 9–1 with Jermain Defoe scoring five goals.[161][163] The club's record defeat is an 8–0 loss to 1. FC Köln in the Intertoto Cup on 22 July 1995.[164]

text: The record home attendance at White Hart Lane was 75,038 on 5 March 1938 in a cup tie against Sunderland.[165] The highest recorded home attendances were at their temporary home, Wembley Stadium, due to its higher capacity – 85,512 spectators turned up on 2 November 2016 for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League game against Bayer Leverkusen,[166] while 83,222 attended the North London Derby against Arsenal on 10 February 2018 which is the highest attendance recorded for any Premier League game.[167]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position

Player

1

GK

Hugo Lloris (captain)

2

DF

Kieran Trippier

3

DF

Danny Rose

4

DF

Toby Alderweireld

5

DF

Jan Vertonghen (third captain)

6

DF

Dávinson Sánchez

7

FW

Son Heung-min

8

MF

Harry Winks

9

FW

Vincent Janssen

10

FW

Harry Kane (vice-captain)

11

MF

Érik Lamela

12

MF

Victor Wanyama

13

GK

Michel Vorm

14

MF

Georges-Kévin N'Koudou

No.

Position

Player

15

MF

Eric Dier

16

DF

Kyle Walker-Peters

17

MF

Moussa Sissoko

18

FW

Fernando Llorente

19

MF

Mousa Dembélé

20

MF

Dele Alli

21

DF

Juan Foyth

22

GK

Paulo Gazzaniga

23

MF

Christian Eriksen

24

DF

Serge Aurier

25

MF

Josh Onomah

27

MF

Lucas Moura

33

DF

Ben Davies

38

DF

Cameron Carter-Vickers

text: Reserves and academy

text: Club management and support staff

text:
Role

Name

Manager
 Mauricio Pochettino[169]

Assistant manager
 Jesús Pérez[170]

First team coach
 Miguel D'Agostino[171]

First team goalkeeping coach
 Toni Jiménez[172]

Head of sports science, fitness and conditioning
 Nathan Gardiner[173]

International technical coordinator
 Steffen Freund[174]

Head of recruitment and analysis
 Steve Hitchen[175]

text: Club directors

text:
Role

Name[176][177]

Executive chairman
Daniel Levy

Finance director
Matthew Collecott

Director
Donna-Maria Cullen

Director
Darren Eales

non-executive director
Sir Keith Mills

non-executive director
Kevan Watts

non-executive director
Ron Robson

text: Managers and players

text: Managers and head coaches in club's history

text: Listed according to when they became managers for Tottenham Hotspur:

text:
(C) – Caretaker
(FTC) – First team coach

text:
1898  Frank Brettell
1899  John Cameron
1907  Fred Kirkham
1912  Peter McWilliam
1927  Billy Minter
1930  Percy Smith
1935  Wally Hardinge (C)
1935  Jack Tresadern
1938  Peter McWilliam
1942  Arthur Turner
1946  Joe Hulme
1949  Arthur Rowe
1955  Jimmy Anderson
1958  Bill Nicholson
1974  Terry Neill
1976  Keith Burkinshaw
1984  Peter Shreeves
1986  David Pleat
1987  Doug Livermore and  Trevor Hartley (C)
1987  Terry Venables
1991  Peter Shreeves
1992  Doug Livermore and  Ray Clemence (FTC)

1993  Osvaldo Ardiles
1994  Steve Perryman (C)
1994  Gerry Francis
1997  Chris Hughton (C)
1997  Christian Gross
1998  David Pleat (C)
1998  George Graham
2001  David Pleat (C)
2001  Glenn Hoddle
2003  David Pleat (C)
2004  Jacques Santini
2004  Martin Jol
2007  Clive Allen (C)
2007  Juande Ramos
2008  Harry Redknapp
2012  André Villas-Boas
2013  Tim Sherwood
2014  Mauricio Pochettino

text: Club hall of fame

text: The following players are noted as "greats" for their contributions to the club or have been inducted into the club's Hall of Fame:[178][179][180] The most recent additions to the club's Hall of Fame are Steve Perryman and Jimmy Greaves on 20 April 2016.[181]

text:
Osvaldo Ardiles
 Ricardo Villa
 Clive Allen
 Les Allen
 Paul Allen
 Darren Anderton
 Peter Baker
 Phil Beal
 Bobby Buckle
 Keith Burkinshaw
 Martin Chivers
 Tommy Clay
 Ray Clemence
 Ralph Coates
 Garth Crooks
 Jimmy Dimmock

 Ted Ditchburn
 Terry Dyson
 Paul Gascoigne
 Arthur Grimsdell
 Jimmy Greaves
 Willie Hall
 Ron Henry
 Glenn Hoddle
 Jack Jull
 Cyril Knowles
 Gary Lineker
 Gary Mabbutt
 Paul Miller
 Billy Minter
 Tom Morris
 Alan Mullery

 Bill Nicholson
 Maurice Norman
 Steve Perryman
 Martin Peters
 John Pratt
 Graham Roberts
 Teddy Sheringham
 Bobby Smith
 Vivian Woodward
 Chris Waddle
 Fanny Walden
 David Ginola
 Steffen Freund
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Chris Hughton
 Danny Blanchflower

 Pat Jennings
 Steve Archibald
 Bill Brown
 John Cameron
 Alan Gilzean
 Dave Mackay
 John White
 Ronnie Burgess
 Mike England
 Cliff Jones
 Terry Medwin
 Taffy O'Callaghan

text: Player of the Year

text:
1987  Gary Mabbutt
1988  Chris Waddle
1989  Erik Thorstvedt
1990  Paul Gascoigne
1991  Paul Allen
1992  Gary Lineker
1993  Darren Anderton
1994  Jürgen Klinsmann

1995  Teddy Sheringham
1996  Sol Campbell
1997  Sol Campbell
1998  David Ginola
1999  Stephen Carr
2000  Stephen Carr
2001  Neil Sullivan
2002  Simon Davies

2003  Robbie Keane
2004  Jermain Defoe
2005–06  Robbie Keane
2006–07  Dimitar Berbatov
2007–08  Robbie Keane
2008–09  Aaron Lennon
2009–10  Michael Dawson
2010–11  Luka Modrić

2011–12  Scott Parker
2012–13  Gareth Bale
2013–14  Christian Eriksen
2014–15  Harry Kane
2015–16  Toby Alderweireld
2016–17  Christian Eriksen
2017–18  Jan Vertonghen

text: Affiliated clubs

text:
Internacional[183]
 San Jose Earthquakes[184]
 South China[185]
 Supersport United[186]


document_title: Time in the United States

question_text: when does time change in the united states

text: Time in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States, many towns and cities set their clocks to noon when the sun passed their local meridian, pre-corrected for the equation of time on the date of observation, to form local mean solar time. Noon occurred at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph.

text: The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved.[1] American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train (sometimes hundreds of miles in a day), according to the Library of Congress. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from. Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time.  Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, but this was only a partial solution to the problem.[1]

text: Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18, 1883, when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities.[2]

text: In October 1884, the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom (UK). The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the world's time standard.  The US time-zone system grew from this, in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian.[1]

text: From GMT to UTC[edit]

text: GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1960, when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated as UTC.  It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0°.[3] It does not observe daylight saving time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community.

text: United States time zones[edit]

text: Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260.[4] The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs, if observed. It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation, in coordination with the states, to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time.[5] As of August 9, 2007, the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC.[6] Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich (GMT).

text: Only the full-time zone names listed below are official; abbreviations are by common use conventions, and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones.

text: The United States uses nine standard time zones. As defined by US law[7] they are:

text:
The Atlantic standard time zone
The Eastern standard time zone
The Central standard time zone
The Mountain standard time zone
The Pacific standard time zone
The Alaska standard time zone
The Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone
The Samoa standard time zone
The Chamorro standard time zone

tag: ol

text: View the standard time zone boundaries here.

text: Standard time and daylight saving time[edit]

text:
Time Zone

Standard Time

Daylight Time

States in Zone

Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone

HST (UTC−10:00)

HDT (UTC−09:00)

Alaska, Hawaii (no DST)[8]

Alaska Time Zone

AKST (UTC−09:00)

AKDT (UTC−08:00)

Alaska

Pacific Time Zone

PST (UTC−08:00)

PDT (UTC−07:00)

California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada

Mountain Time Zone

MST (UTC−07:00)

MDT (UTC−06:00)

Arizona (no DST outside of Navajo Nation), Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho

Central Time Zone

CST (UTC−06:00)

CDT (UTC−05:00)

Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin

Eastern Time Zone

EST (UTC−05:00)

EDT (UTC−04:00)

Connecticut, Florida, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia

text: Zones used in the contiguous U.S.[edit]

text: From east to west, the times zones of the contiguous United States are:

text:
The Eastern standard time zone: (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley.
The Central standard time zone: (Zone S), which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, and Great Plains.
The Mountain standard time zone: (Zone T), which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains.
The Pacific standard time zone: (Zone U), which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast, plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle.

text: Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.[edit]

text:
The Alaska standard time zone: (AKST; UTC−09:00; Zone V), which comprises most of the state of Alaska.
The Hawaii-Aleutian standard time zone: (or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time) (HST; UTC−10:00; zone W), which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain (west of 169°30′W).

text: Zones outside the states[edit]

text:
The Samoa standard time zone (SST; UTC−11:00; Zone X), which comprises American Samoa.
The Chamorro standard time zone: (ChST; UTC+10:00; Zone K), which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
The Atlantic standard time zone: (AST; UTC-4:00; Zone Q), which comprises Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.

text: Minor Outlying Islands[edit]

text: Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. §260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time. In practice, military crews may simply use Zulu time (UTC±00:00) when on these islands. Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC−12, while Wake Island is in UTC+12:00. Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line, it can, for example, be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island. Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef (UTC−11:00); Johnston Atoll (UTC−10:00); and Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, and Serranilla Bank (UTC−05:00).

text: Antarctic research stations[edit]

text: In Antarctica, the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC−03:00, while McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station use UTC+12:00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand.

text: Boundaries between the zones[edit]

text: (Described from north to south along each boundary.)

text: Eastern-Central boundary[edit]

text:
roughly follows the border between Wisconsin (to the south and west) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (to the north and east); the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (namely Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties) observe CT, all other counties in the U.P. observe ET
follows Lake Michigan
divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state
follows the border between Illinois (west) and Indiana (east)
divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state
divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville, Kentucky running from northwest to southeast.
divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee, except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee, from the rest of Tennessee.
follows the border between Alabama (west) and Georgia (east), although Phenix City, Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time.
divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee, Florida.

text: Central-Mountain boundary[edit]

text:
divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state
divides South Dakota roughly in half
divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state
divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado (Greeley, Hamilton, Sherman, and Wallace counties) from the rest of the state (three other counties which border Colorado—Cheyenne, Morton, and Stanton counties—observe CST)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Oklahoma (east) (although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma–New Mexico state line, Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County, Oklahoma unofficially observes MST)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Texas (east)
divides El Paso County, Hudspeth County, and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas

text: Mountain-Pacific boundary[edit]

text:
follows the border between northern Idaho (to the west) and northwestern Montana (to the east)
turns west at 45°33.46′N 114°33.89′W / 45.55767°N 114.56483°W / 45.55767; -114.56483 (just south of Nez Perce Pass), and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River
follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins, where the Salmon River turns north.  This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone, except for the small loop described next.
turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border (at 45°51.3′N 116°47.5′W / 45.8550°N 116.7917°W / 45.8550; -116.7917).  This loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more-westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River.
turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) to the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon
turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon to its western border, where it turns south
follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45° (42°27′ N), where it turns east, and returns to the Oregon/Idaho border
turns south and follows the border between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east)
turns east and follows the border between Idaho (north) and Nevada (south) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W.
turns south and follows the border between Nevada (west) and Utah (east), except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada, and putting it in the Mountain Time Zone. Jackpot, Nevada, just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles (40 km) west of the time zone south turn, also observes Mountain Time, on an unofficial basis.
follows the border between Nevada (west) and Arizona (east)
follows the border between California (west) and Arizona (east), mostly defined by the Colorado River, to the border between the U.S. and Mexico.

text: Daylight saving time[edit]

text: The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time (DST) for an additional month beginning in 2007. The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November.

text: Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates:

text:
Year
Start date
Ending date

2006
April 2
October 29

2007
March 11
November 4

2008
March 9
November 2

2009
March 8
November 1

2010
March 14
November 7

2011
March 13
November 6

2012
March 11
November 4

2013
March 10
November 3

2014
March 9
November 2

2015
March 8
November 1

2016
March 13
November 6

2017
March 12
November 5

2018
March 11
November 4

2019
March 10
November 3

2020
March 8
November 1

text: In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966, each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory:

text:
Most use the standard time for their zone (or zones, where a state is divided between two zones), except for using daylight saving time during the summer months.  Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October.  Two subsequent amendments, in 1986 and 2005, have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November.  Arizona time zones
Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year. However:
The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory, including the portion that lies in Arizona. But the Hopi Nation, which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona, does not observe DST.  (See map inset right.)
In 2005, Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2, 2006, that placed the entire state on daylight saving time (see Time in Indiana). Before then, Indiana officially used standard time year-round, with the following exceptions:
The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time.
Also, some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time, but did (unofficially) observe DST.

text: Time representation[edit]

text: There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States; see Category:Clock towers in the United States.


document_title: Is There Anybody Out There?

question_text: who plays guitar on is there anybody out there

text: Is There Anybody Out There?

text: Music[edit]

text: The first half of the piece has the same concept of "Hey You", being a distress call from Pink. Musically, it's a droning bass synthesizer with various sound effects layered on top, and a repeating chorus of "Is there anybody out there?". The shrill siren-like sound effect used during this song is also used in an earlier Pink Floyd work, "Echoes". The noise was originally used as a sort of whale call for the deep-water-based "Echoes", and is created by David Gilmour using a wah-wah pedal with the cables reversed.

text: The second half of the song is an instrumental classical guitar solo. Interestingly, it is not widely known who played it: In several interviews, David Gilmour has said that he tried to perform it, and was not satisfied with the final result ("I could play it with a leather pick but couldn't play it properly fingerstyle").[3] Accordingly, session musician Joe DiBlasi[4] was brought in by Michael Kamen to play with the rest of the orchestra. He was ultimately wrongly credited as "Ron DiBlasi" on the album sleeve because Roger Waters only remembered that it was a three-letter name; Ron was the closest name he could remember to Joe when creating the record.

text: Plot[edit]

text: At this point in the plot, the bitter and alienated Pink is attempting to reach anybody outside of his self-built wall. The repeated question "Is there anybody out there?" suggests that no response is heard.

text: On the other hand, Comfortably Numb, some songs later in the album, starts with the sentence "Hello, Is there anybody in there?" addressed to Pink.

text: Film Version[edit]

text: In the film, during the ominous opening to the song, Pink is standing in front of the completed wall, and throws himself against it several times as if trying to escape. Then, during the acoustic guitar section, it cuts to Pink laying out all his possessions on the floor of the hotel room in neat piles. At the end of the song, it cuts to the bathroom where Pink shaves off his eyebrows and body hair, and tries to cut off his nipples with the razor, severing them.

text: TV excerpts[edit]

text: There are two excerpts from the TV programmes Gunsmoke and Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. overlaid in the background of the track.

text: The Gunsmoke excerpt is from the episode entitled "Fandango" (first aired: 11 February 1967); Dialog starts at 32:54 of the show; the dialogue is as follows:

text:
Marshall Dillon: Well, we got only about an hour of daylight left. We better get started.
Miss Tyson: Is it unsafe to travel at night?
Marshall Dillon: It'll be a lot less safe to stay here. Your father's gonna pick up our trail before long.
Miss Tyson: Can Lorca ride?
Marshall Dillon: He'll have to ride. Lorca, time to go! Chengra, thank you for everything. Let's go.
Miss Tyson: Goodbye, Chengra!
Chengra: Goodbye, Missy!
Miss Tyson: I'll be back — one day.
Chengra: The bones have told Chengra.
Miss Tyson: Take care of yourself.
Chengra: Marshall, look after my Missy.

text: The Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. excerpt is from the episode entitled "Gomer Says "Hey" to the President" (first aired: 20 October 1967); Dialog starts at 1:45 of the show; the dialogue is as follows:

text:
Sgt. Carter: All right, I'll take care of them part of the time.
(This is where the next song in the album, "Nobody Home" starts.)
Sgt. Carter: But there's somebody else that needs taking care of in Washington.
Cpl. Chuck Boyle: Who's that?
Sgt. Carter: Rose Pilchek.
Cpl. Chuck Boyle: Rose Pilchek? Who's that?
Sgt. Carter: 36-24-36. Does that answer your question?
Cpl. Chuck Boyle: Who is she?
Sgt. Carter: She was Miss Armoured Division in 1961. And she was still growing.
Cpl. Chuck Boyle: How'd you get to meet her?

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
David Gilmour – whale/seagull sound (guitar and wah-wah pedal), vocals
Roger Waters – vocals, bass guitar
Richard Wright – Prophet-5 synthesiser

text: with:

text:
Bob Ezrin – synthesiser, string synth
Joe DiBlasi – classical guitar
Michael Kamen – string arrangements

text: Personnel per Fitch and Mahon.[5]

text: Versions[edit]

text:
An alternate version appears in the film Pink Floyd – The Wall
The Oliver Hart song "Ode to the Wall", from The Many Faces of Oliver Hart, samples this song extensively.[citation needed]
The Zac Brown Band song "Junkyard", from Jekyll + Hyde, samples the song extensively.


document_title: List of National Football League annual sacks leaders

question_text: who led the league in sacks this year

question_tokens: who led the league in sacks this year

text: This is a list of National Football League players who have led the regular season in sacks each year. Sacks became an official statistic in 1982. Michael Strahan of the New York Giants holds the record with 22.5, which he had during the 2001 season. In 2013, the NFL created the Deacon Jones Award to recognize the season leader in sacks. There have only been two players lead in sacks with 2 different teams, Jared Allen (2007 with the Chiefs and 2011 with the Vikings) and Kevin Greene (1994 with the Steelers and 1996 with the Panthers). The Chiefs and the Vikings have had the most players lead the NFL in sacks with 4.

text: Sack leaders[edit]

text: Set record*

text:
Year
Player
Sacks
Team

1982
Doug Martin *
11.5
Minnesota Vikings

1983
Mark Gastineau *
19.0
New York Jets

1984
Mark Gastineau *
22.0
New York Jets

1985
Richard Dent
17.0
Chicago Bears

1986
Lawrence Taylor
20.5
New York Giants

1987
Reggie White
21.0
Philadelphia Eagles

1988
Reggie White
18.0
Philadelphia Eagles

1989
Chris Doleman
21.0
Minnesota Vikings

1990
Derrick Thomas
20.0
Kansas City Chiefs

1991
Pat Swilling
17.0
New Orleans Saints

1992
Clyde Simmons
19.0
Philadelphia Eagles

1993
Neil Smith
15.0
Kansas City Chiefs

1994
Kevin Greene
14.0
Pittsburgh Steelers

1995
Bryce Paup
17.5
Buffalo Bills

1996
Kevin Greene
14.5
Carolina Panthers

1997
John Randle
15.5
Minnesota Vikings

1998
Michael Sinclair
16.5
Seattle Seahawks

1999
Kevin Carter
17.0
St. Louis Rams

2000
La'Roi Glover
17.0
New Orleans Saints

2001
Michael Strahan
22.5
New York Giants

2002
Jason Taylor
18.5
Miami Dolphins

2003
Michael Strahan
18.5
New York Giants

2004
Dwight Freeney
16.0
Indianapolis Colts

2005
Derrick Burgess
16.0
Oakland Raiders

2006
Shawne Merriman
17.0
San Diego Chargers

2007
Jared Allen
15.5
Kansas City Chiefs

2008
DeMarcus Ware
20.0
Dallas Cowboys

2009
Elvis Dumervil
17.0
Denver Broncos

2010
DeMarcus Ware
15.5
Dallas Cowboys

2011
Jared Allen
22.0
Minnesota Vikings

2012
J. J. Watt
20.5
Houston Texans

2013
Robert Mathis
19.5
Indianapolis Colts

2014
Justin Houston
22.0
Kansas City Chiefs

2015
J. J. Watt
17.5
Houston Texans

2016
Vic Beasley
15.5
Atlanta Falcons

2017
Chandler Jones
17.0
Arizona Cardinals


document_title: Until It's Time for You to Go

question_text: who wrote the song until it time for you to go

text: Until It's Time for You to Go

text:
"Until It's Time for You to Go"Song by Buffy Sainte-Mariefrom the album Many a MileReleased
1965Songwriter(s)
Buffy Sainte-Marie

text: "Until It's Time for You to Go" is a song from the 1965 album Many a Mile by Canadian First Nations singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie.  It was a UK Top 20 hit for British group The Four Pennies in 1965, and for Elvis Presley in 1972,[1] and a US Hot 100 single for Neil Diamond in 1970 and New Birth featuring future Supremes member Susaye Greene in 1973.  Andy Williams released a version in 1972 on his album, Love Theme from "The Godfather".

text: Buffy Sainte-Marie included a French language reworking of the song, "T'es pas un autre", on her 1967 album Fire & Fleet & Candlelight. French translation was made by Quebecer songwriter Claude Gauthier.

text: The lyrics concern an ordinary man and woman who love each other, but cannot stay together because they come from different worlds.  The singer asks her (or his) lover: "Don't ask why/Don't ask how/Don't ask forever/Love me now."  According to Sainte-Marie, the song "popped into my head while I was falling in love with someone I knew couldn't stay with me."[2]  Besides The Four Pennies, Diamond and Presley, it has been covered by Paul Anka, Eddy Arnold, Chet Atkins, Emilie-Claire Barlow, Shirley Bassey, The Boston Pops Orchestra, Glen Campbell, Vikki Carr, Anita Carter, Cher, Jim Croce, Bobby Darin, Bette Davis, Ken Dodd, Roberta Flack, Robert Goulet, Françoise Hardy, Cleo Laine, Pierre Lalonde (in French), Claudine Longet, Joe Longthorne, Vera Lynn, Johnny Mathis, Willie Nelson, Michael Nesmith, New Birth, Helen Reddy, Nancy Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Grover Washington, Jr., Evie Sands, Dottie West, and Andy Williams.