document_title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

question_text: when is the ways played in black panther

text: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Black Panther: The Album[edit]

text:
Black Panther: The Album

Soundtrack album by Kendrick Lamar and various artists

Released
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)

Studio

Windmark
No Excuses
Groovy Sounds
Ruff
Deuce Station
EastWest
The Grill
Conway
5Star Production
West Ink Records
Empire
Low Key
Electric Lady
HOB

Genre

Experimental hip hop
pop-rap[1]

Length
49:12

Label

Top Dawg
Aftermath
Interscope

Producer

Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith (exec.)
Kendrick Lamar (also exec.)
Dave "Miyatola" Free (assoc.)
30 Roc
Aaron Bow
Al Shux
BadBadNotGood
Cardo
Cubeatz
DJ Dahi
Doc McKinney
Frank Dukes
Hykeem Carter
Illmind
Kurtis McKenzie
Ludwig Göransson
Matt Schaeffer
Mike Will Made It
Robin Hannibal
Rascal
Scribz Riley
Sounwave
Teddy Walton
Twon Beatz

Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology

Thor: Ragnarok
(2017)
Black Panther: The Album
(2018)
Avengers: Infinity War
(2018)

Kendrick Lamar chronology

Damn
(2017)
Black Panther: The Album
(2018)

Singles from Black Panther: The Album

"All the Stars"
Released: January 4, 2018
"King's Dead"
Released: January 11, 2018
"Pray for Me"
Released: February 2, 2018

text: Background[edit]

text: Kendrick Lamar produced the film's curated soundtrack, titled Black Panther: The Album, along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith. Black Panther director Ryan Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his "artistic themes align with those we explore in the film."[2] Lamar was initially only going to work on a few songs for the film, but after he watched a majority of the film, he decided to create the album. Sounwave, a producer on the album, said that "the production, the hooks and ideas" for the album were created in August 2017 when Lamar was on The Damn Tour. When the tour concluded the following month, the effort began to "execute our ideas and reach out to people" to appear on the album.[3] The album and Lamar's involvement was teased as an easter egg in Lamar's music video for his single "Love" in late December 2017, with a clapperboard reading "B.Panther soundtrack coming soon".[4]

text: Lamar released the first single for the album, "All the Stars", in January 2018, in which he collaborated with fellow Top Dawg artist SZA.[2] Shortly after, a new trailer for the film featured "Opps" by Lamar and Vince Staples.[5] A second song by Lamar with Jay Rock, Future and James Blake called "King's Dead" was released later in the month.[6] On February 2, 2018, "Pray for Me" by Lamar and The Weeknd was released as the album's third single.[7] Black Panther: The Album was released on February 9, 2018.[8] The cover art for the album was illustrated by Nikolas A. Draper-Ivey.[9] The soundtrack debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 154,000 equivalent album units (of that sum, 52,000 came from pure album sales).[10] The album remained on the number one spot in its second week, selling 131,000 equivalent album units (of that sum, 40,000 were pure album sales).[11]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Credits adapted from digital booklet.[12][13]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Black Panther" (performed by Kendrick Lamar)

Kendrick Duckworth
Mark Spears
Kevin Gomringer
Tim Gomringer
Matt Schaeffer

Kendrick Lamar
Sounwave
Cubeatz[a]
Schaeffer[b]

2:11

2.
"All the Stars" (performed by Kendrick Lamar and SZA)

Duckworth
Spears
Al Shuckburgh
Solána Rowe
Anthony Tiffith

Sounwave
Al Shux

3:56

3.
"X" (performed by Schoolboy Q, 2 Chainz, and Saudi)

Duckworth
Spears
Ramon Ibanga
Quincy Hanley
Tauheed Epps
Anele Mbisha

Sounwave
Illmind[a]

4:27

4.
"The Ways" (performed by Khalid and Swae Lee)

Duckworth
Spears
Matthew Tavares
Chester Hansen
Leland Whitty
Alexander Sowinski
Khalid Robinson
Khalif Brown

Sounwave
BadBadNotGood
Lamar

3:59

5.
"Opps" (performed by Vince Staples and Yugen Blakrok)

Duckworth
Spears
Ludwig Göransson
Vincent Staples

Sounwave
Göransson

3:01

6.
"I Am" (performed by Jorja Smith)

Duckworth
Spears
Jorja Smith
Tobias Breuer
Troy Chester

Sounwave
Lamar

3:29

7.
"Paramedic!" (performed by SOB X RBE)

Duckworth
Dacoury Natche
Spears
K. Gomringer
T. Gomringer
Juwon Lee
Graham Harris
Wayman Barrow
Jabbar Brown

DJ Dahi
Sounwave
Cubeatz

3:39

8.
"Bloody Waters" (performed by Ab-Soul, Anderson Paak and James Blake)

Duckworth
Spears
Robin Braun
Herbert Stevens IV
James Litherland

Sounwave
Lamar
Robin Hannibal[a]

4:32

9.
"King's Dead" (performed by Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar, Future and James Blake)

Duckworth
Michael Williams II
Travis Walton
Spears
Johnny McKinzie
Nayvadius Wilburn
Litherland
Samuel Gloade
Antwon Hicks

Mike Will Made It
Teddy Walton
Sounwave[b]
30 Roc[c]
Twon Beatz[c]
AxlFolie[c]

3:50

10.
"Redemption Interlude"

Duckworth
Hykeem Carter
Zacari Pacaldo

Carter
Lamar

1:25

11.
"Redemption" (performed by Zacari and Babes Wodumo)

Duckworth
Walton
Kurtis McKenzie
Mike Riley
Pacaldo
Bongekile Simelane
Mandla Maphumulo

McKenzie
Walton
Scribz Riley
Aaron Bow[b]

3:42

12.
"Seasons" (performed by Mozzy, Sjava and Reason)

Duckworth
Spears
Adam Feeney
Timothy Patterson
Jabulani Hadebe
Robert Gill

Sounwave
Lamar
Frank Dukes

4:02

13.
"Big Shot" (performed by Kendrick Lamar and Travis Scott)

Duckworth
Ronald LaTour
Brock Korsan
K. Gomringer
T. Gomringer
Spears
Jacques Webster

Cardo
Cubeatz
Sounwave[b]
Schaeffer[b]

3:42

14.
"Pray for Me" (performed by The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar)

Abel Tesfaye
Duckworth
Feeney
Martin McKinney

Frank Dukes
Doc McKinney

3:31

Total length:
49:19

text: Notes

text:
^[a] signifies a co-producer.
^[b] signifies an additional producer.
^[c] signifies an uncredited co-producer.[14][15]
"Paramedic!", "Bloody Waters" and "Redemption Interlude" feature additional vocals by Zacari.
"Pray for Me" features background vocals by Samrawit Hailu.
"X", "The Ways", "Opps", "I Am", "Paramedic!", "Redemption Interlude", "Redemption", and "Seasons" feature uncredited vocals by Kendrick Lamar.[16]
"Redemption Interlude" features uncredited vocals by Hykeem Carter.[citation needed]
"Redemption" features uncredited vocals by Mampintsha.[17]

text: Sample credits

text: "Big Shot" contains an uncredited interpolation of "New Freezer" by Rich the Kid featuring Kendrick Lamar.[18]

text: Additional personnel[edit]

text: Musicians

text:
Ezinma – string arrangement (tracks 1, 2)
Sounwave – string arrangement (tracks 1, 2)
Bēkon – additional strings (tracks 6, 12)
Rascal – original sample (track 6)
Knukuth – original sample (track 6)
James Blake – additional keys (track 8)
Rob Gueringer – additional bass and guitar (track 12)

text: Technical

text:
Matt Schaeffer – recording (tracks 1-9, 11, 13), mixing (tracks 1-10, 12)
Sam Ricci – recording (track 2)
James Hunt – recording (track 3)
Ruff Nkosi – recording (Saudi, track 3; Sjava, track 12)
Nolan Presley – recording (2 Chainz, track 3)
Michael Law Thomas – recording (Vince Staples, track 5)
LMNZ – recording (Yugen Blakrok, track 5)
Max Perry – recording (SOB X RBE, track 7)
Joshua Smith – recording (James Blake, track 8)
Nevin J. Thomas – recording (Anderson Paak, track 8)
Eric Manco – recording (Future, track 9)
Hykeem Carter – recording (track 10)
Zacari – recording (track 10)
Mandla Maphumulo – recording (Babes Wodumo, track 11)
DaveO – recording (Mozzy, track 12)
Mark "Keitel" Lowe, Jr. – recording (Reason, track 12)
Jimmy Cash – recording (Travis Scott, track 13)
Beatriz Artola – recording (Kendrick Lamar, track 14)
Shin Kamiyama – recording (The Weeknd, track 14)
Mike Sonier – recording (The Weeknd, track 14)
Doc McKinney – recording (Samrawit Hailu, track 14)
Barry McCready – assistant engineering (track 14)
Derek "MixedByAli" Ali – mixing (tracks 11, 13)
Jaycen Joshua – mixing (track 14)
Cyrus Taghipour – mixing assistance (tracks 11, 13)
David Nakaji – mixing assistance (track 14)
Mike Bozzi – mastering (all tracks)
Mike Dean – mastering (track 13)
Chris Athens – mastering (track 14)

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Aggregate scores

Source
Rating

Metacritic
80/100[19]

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[20]

The A.V. Club
B+[21]

The Guardian
[22]

NME
[23]

Pitchfork
7.5/10[24]

Rolling Stone
[25]

Vice
A[1]

text: Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 80 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] Alex Petridis of The Guardian stated that the soundtrack "hangs together as a standalone album, albeit a less consistent one than Lamar's solo releases." Commenting on the various tracks, many of which Petridis felt had "heady" ideas, he concluded the album "often feels like an enjoyable interstitial release rather than an essential one. Still, that may simply say something about the standards its curator has set in recent years."[22] Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club felt that the Black Panther soundtrack was "one of the best rap albums of this young year", adding that "the tracks play it safe, but the project itself does not, an audacious exertion of energy from one of the planet's most universally revered musicians... the album doesn't need the film; it works on its own, developing its own themes at its own pace, channeled inimitably through the sensibilities of Kendrick Lamar and TDE." Purdom felt that Black Panther: The Album could stand alongside other artist-driven soundtracks for films like Tron: Legacy, Coffy and 8 Mile.[21] Writing for Vice, Robert Christgau called the music "star-studded, hooky-to-jingly, sneakily experimental pop-rap product tinged with the flick's racialized broad-stroke humanitarianism", and credited Lamar for "marking every [song] with a verse or chorus or hook defined by the least regal of the great rap flows, unassumingly slurred while making every word count".[1]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[26]
2

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[27]
13

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[28]
8

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[29]
35

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[30]
1

Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[31]
1

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[32]
2

Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[33]
2

French Albums (SNEP)[34]
18

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[35]
12

Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[36]
4

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[37]
2

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[38]
1

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]
7

UK Compilations Chart (OCC)[40]
9

US Billboard 200[10]
1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[41]
Platinum
1,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2018
Billboard Music Awards
Top Soundtrack
Nominated
[42]

BET Awards
Album of the Year
Pending
[43]

text: Black Panther (Original Score)[edit]

text:
Black Panther (Original Score)

Film score by Ludwig Göransson

Released
February 16, 2018

Recorded
October and December 2017

Studio
Abbey Road Studios

Genre
Film score

Length
95:07

Label

Hollywood
Marvel Music

Ludwig Göransson chronology

Hasan Minhaj: Homecoming King
(2017)
Black Panther (Original Score)
(2018)
Death Wish
(2018)

Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology

Thor: Ragnarok
(2017)
Black Panther
(2018)
Avengers: Infinity War
(2018)

text: Background[edit]

text: Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film's score by April 2017. This is his third feature film collaboration with Coogler, after Fruitvale Station and Creed.[44] Göransson "felt incredible pressure to pay homage to African culture and its traditional music. It's not lost on me that I'm a Swedish guy from one of the coldest countries in the world."[45] Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the "base" of his soundtrack.[46][47] He accompanied Baaba Maal on his tour throughout Senegal, recording Maal and other Senegalese artists Maal introduced to him. Maal sings in the Fula language on some of the tracks.[48] While in Africa, Göransson became fond of the sound the talking drum produced, which he incorporated as the sound for T'Challa and "was the first seed of how the instrumentation affected the process." He also came across the tambin, which was incorporated in his sounds for Erik Killmonger.[47] Göransson sent his tambin recordings to Michael B. Jordan, who plays Killmonger, to help him prepare for the role.[45] A sabar drummer performed "challenge rhythms" for T'Challa's competitors and the kora and vuvuzelas "provided additional color" for Göransson.[48]

text: When Göransson was in South Africa, he visited the International Library of African Music in Grahamstown and listened to the music of "thousands of different tribes in Africa" from field recordings, much of which no longer exists because of colonization. Describing his score, Göransson said, "The most difficult part is that as soon as you put production and orchestra on top of African music, it doesn't sound African anymore. So the challenge was incorporating these things and making them still feel African."[47] Coogler praised the collaboration between Lamar and Göransson, as Göransson "was able to manipulate the score to incorporate some of [The Album] songs and weave them in and out of the orchestral stuff that he was already doing."[3] Göransson recorded the score in October and December 2017,[48] at Abbey Road Studios over two weeks,[49] and utilized a 132-piece western classical orchestra, African percussionists and a 40-person choir,[50] which sang in Xhosa.[48] Göransson and John Ashton Thomas conducted the orchestra recording.[49] The album for the score was released digitally on February 16, 2018.[50]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Ludwig Göransson.[51]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Wakanda Origins"
1:44

2.
"Royal Talon Fighter"
4:00

3.
"Wakanda"
2:20

4.
"Warrior Falls"
4:06

5.
"The Jabari"
1:08

6.
"Waterfall Fight"
4:03

7.
"Ancestral Plane"
4:27

8.
"Killmonger"
2:55

9.
"Phambili"
2:31

10.
"Casino Brawl"
3:32

11.
"Busan Car Chase"
2:49

12.
"Questioning Klaue"
3:32

13.
"Outsider"
2:07

14.
"Is This Wakanda?"
2:46

15.
"Killmonger's Challenge"
5:07

16.
"Killmonger vs. T'Challa"
3:30

17.
"Loyal to the Throne"
1:35

18.
"Killmonger's Dream"
3:15

19.
"Burn It All"
3:24

20.
"Entering Jabariland"
2:42

21.
"Wake Up T'Challa"
6:08

22.
"The Great Mound Battle"
3:48

23.
"Glory to Bast"
6:06

24.
"The Jabari, Pt. II"
2:22

25.
"A Kings Sunset"
4:28

26.
"A New Day"
1:47

27.
"Spaceship Bugatti"
1:23

28.
"United Nations / End Titles"
7:32

Total length:
1:35:07

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[52]
193

US Billboard 200[53]
64

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2018
Saturn Awards
Best Film Music
Pending
[54]


document_title: Fisher's exact test

question_text: what is the test statistic for fisher exact test

root

text: Fisher's exact test

text: Purpose and scope[edit]

text: The test is useful for categorical data that result from classifying objects in two different ways; it is used to examine the significance of the association (contingency) between the two kinds of classification. So in Fisher's original example, one criterion of classification could be whether milk or tea was put in the cup first; the other could be whether Bristol thinks that the milk or tea was put in first. We want to know whether these two classifications are associated—that is, whether Bristol really can tell whether milk or tea was poured in first. Most uses of the Fisher test involve, like this example, a 2 × 2 contingency table. The p-value from the test is computed as if the margins of the table are fixed, i.e. as if, in the tea-tasting example, Bristol knows the number of cups with each treatment (milk or tea first) and will therefore provide guesses with the correct number in each category. As pointed out by Fisher, this leads under a null hypothesis of independence to a hypergeometric distribution of the numbers in the cells of the table.

tag: p

text: With large samples, a chi-squared test (or better yet, a G-test) can be used in this situation. However, the significance value it provides is only an approximation, because the sampling distribution of the test statistic that is calculated is only approximately equal to the theoretical chi-squared distribution. The approximation is inadequate when sample sizes are small, or the data are very unequally distributed among the cells of the table, resulting in the cell counts predicted on the null hypothesis (the “expected values”) being low. The usual rule of thumb for deciding whether the chi-squared approximation is good enough is that the chi-squared test is not suitable when the expected values in any of the cells of a contingency table are below 5, or below 10 when there is only one degree of freedom (this rule is now known to be overly conservative[5]). In fact, for small, sparse, or unbalanced data, the exact and asymptotic p-values can be quite different and may lead to opposite conclusions concerning the hypothesis of interest.[6][7] In contrast the Fisher exact test is, as its name states, exact as long as the experimental procedure keeps the row and column totals fixed, and it can therefore be used regardless of the sample characteristics. It becomes difficult to calculate with large samples or well-balanced tables, but fortunately these are exactly the conditions where the chi-squared test is appropriate.

text: For hand calculations, the test is only feasible in the case of a 2 × 2 contingency table. However the principle of the test can be extended to the general case of an m × n table,[8][9] and some statistical packages provide a calculation (sometimes using a Monte Carlo method to obtain an approximation) for the more general case.[10]

text: Example[edit]

text: For example, a sample of teenagers might be divided into male and female on the one hand, and those that are and are not currently studying for a statistics exam on the other. We hypothesize, for example, that the proportion of studying individuals is higher among the women than among the men, and we want to test whether any difference of proportions that we observe is significant. The data might look like this:

text:
Men
  Women
Row total

Studying
1
9
10

  Not-studying
11
3
14

Column total
12
12
24

tag: table

text: The question we ask about these data is: knowing that 10 of these 24 teenagers are studiers, and that 12 of the 24 are female, and assuming the null hypothesis that men and women are equally likely to study, what is the probability that these 10 studiers would be so unevenly distributed between the women and the men? If we were to choose 10 of the teenagers at random, what is the probability that 9 or more of them would be among the 12 women, and only 1 or fewer from among the 12 men?

text: Before we proceed with the Fisher test, we first introduce some notations. We represent the cells by the letters a, b, c and d, call the totals across rows and columns marginal totals, and represent the grand total by n. So the table now looks like this:

text:
Men
  Women
Row Total

Studying
a
b
a + b

  Non-studying
c
d
c + d

Column Total
a + c
b + d
a + b + c + d (=n)

text: Fisher showed that the probability of obtaining any such set of values was given by the hypergeometric distribution:

text:
p
=

(

a
+
b

a

)

(

c
+
d

c

)

(

n

a
+
c

)

=

(

a
+
b

b

)

(

c
+
d

d

)

(

n

b
+
d

)

=

(
a
+
b
)
!

(
c
+
d
)
!

(
a
+
c
)
!

(
b
+
d
)
!

a
!

b
!

c
!

d
!

n
!

{\displaystyle p={\frac {\displaystyle {{a+b} \choose {a}}\displaystyle {{c+d} \choose {c}}}{\displaystyle {{n} \choose {a+c}}}}={\frac {\displaystyle {{a+b} \choose {b}}\displaystyle {{c+d} \choose {d}}}{\displaystyle {{n} \choose {b+d}}}}={\frac {(a+b)!~(c+d)!~(a+c)!~(b+d)!}{a!~~b!~~c!~~d!~~n!}}}

text:
where

(

n
k

)

{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}

 is the binomial coefficient and the symbol ! indicates the factorial operator. With the data above (using the first of the equivalent forms), this gives:

text:
p
=

(

10
1

)

(

14
11

)

/

(

24
12

)

=

10
!

14
!

12
!

12
!

1
!

9
!

11
!

3
!

24
!

≈
0.001346076

{\displaystyle p={{\tbinom {10}{1}}{\tbinom {14}{11}}}/{\tbinom {24}{12}}={\tfrac {10!~14!~12!~12!}{1!~9!~11!~3!~24!}}\approx 0.001346076}

text:
The formula above gives the exact hypergeometric probability of observing this particular arrangement of the data, assuming the given marginal totals, on the null hypothesis that men and women are equally likely to be studiers. To put it another way, if we assume that the probability that a man is a studier is

p

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}

, the probability that a woman is a studier is also

p

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}

, and we assume that both men and women enter our sample independently of whether or not they are studiers, then this hypergeometric formula gives the conditional probability of observing the values a, b, c, d in the four cells, conditionally on the observed marginals (i.e., assuming the row and column totals shown in the margins of the table are given). This remains true even if men enter our sample with different probabilities than women. The requirement is merely that the two classification characteristics—gender, and studier (or not)—are not associated.

text:
For example, suppose we knew probabilities

P
,
Q
,

p
,
q

{\displaystyle P,Q,{\mathfrak {p,q}}}

 with

P
+
Q
=

p

+

q

=
1

{\displaystyle P+Q={\mathfrak {p}}+{\mathfrak {q}}=1}

 such that (male studier, male non-studier, female studier, female non-studier) had respective probabilities

(
P

p

,
P

q

,
Q

p

,
Q

q

)

{\displaystyle (P{\mathfrak {p}},P{\mathfrak {q}},Q{\mathfrak {p}},Q{\mathfrak {q}})}

 for each individual encountered under our sampling procedure. Then still, were we to calculate the distribution of cell entries conditional given marginals, we would obtain the above formula in which neither

p

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}

 nor

P

{\displaystyle P}

 occurs. Thus, we can calculate the exact probability of any arrangement of the 24 teenagers into the four cells of the table, but Fisher showed that to generate a significance level, we need consider only the cases where the marginal totals are the same as in the observed table, and among those, only the cases where the arrangement is as extreme as the observed arrangement, or more so. (Barnard's test relaxes this constraint on one set of the marginal totals.) In the example, there are 11 such cases. Of these only one is more extreme in the same direction as our data; it looks like this:

text:
Men
  Women
Row Total

Studying
0
10
10

  Non-studying
12
2
14

Column Total
12
12
24

text:
For this table (with extremely unequal studying proportions) the probability is

p
=

(

10
0

)

(

14
12

)

/

(

24
12

)

≈
0.000033652

{\displaystyle {p={\tbinom {10}{0}}{\tbinom {14}{12}}}/{\tbinom {24}{12}}\approx 0.000033652}

.

text: In order to calculate the significance of the observed data, i.e. the total probability of observing data as extreme or more extreme if the null hypothesis is true, we have to calculate the values of p for both these tables, and add them together. This gives a one-tailed test, with p approximately 0.001346076 + 0.000033652 = 0.001379728. For example, in the R statistical computing environment, this value can be obtained as fisher.test(rbind(c(1,9),c(11,3)), alternative="less")$p.value. This value can be interpreted as the sum of evidence provided by the observed data—or any more extreme table—for the null hypothesis (that there is no difference in the proportions of studiers between men and women). The smaller the value of p, the greater the evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis; so here the evidence is strong that men and women are not equally likely to be studiers.

text: For a two-tailed test we must also consider tables that are equally extreme, but in the opposite direction. Unfortunately, classification of the tables according to whether or not they are 'as extreme' is problematic. An approach used by the fisher.test function in R is to compute the p-value by summing the probabilities for all tables with probabilities less than or equal to that of the observed table. In the example here, the 2-sided p-value is twice the 1-sided value—but in general these can differ substantially for tables with small counts, unlike the case with test statistics that have a symmetric sampling distribution.

text: As noted above, most modern statistical packages will calculate the significance of Fisher tests, in some cases even where the chi-squared approximation would also be acceptable. The actual computations as performed by statistical software packages will as a rule differ from those described above, because numerical difficulties may result from the large values taken by the factorials. A simple, somewhat better computational approach relies on a gamma function or log-gamma function, but methods for accurate computation of hypergeometric and binomial probabilities remains an active research area.

text: Controversies[edit]

text:
Despite the fact that Fisher's test gives exact p-values, some authors have argued that it is conservative, i.e. that its actual rejection rate is below the nominal significance level.[11][12][13] The apparent contradiction stems from the combination of a discrete statistic with fixed significance levels.[14][15] To be more precise, consider the following proposal for a significance test at the 5%-level: reject the null hypothesis for each table to which Fisher's test assigns a p-value equal to or smaller than 5%. Because the set of all tables is discrete, there may not be a table for which equality is achieved. If

α

e

{\displaystyle \alpha _{e}}

 is the largest p-value smaller than 5% which can actually occur for some table, then the proposed test effectively tests at the

α

e

{\displaystyle \alpha _{e}}

-level. For small sample sizes,

α

e

{\displaystyle \alpha _{e}}

 might be significantly lower than 5%.[11][12][13] While this effect occurs for any discrete statistic (not just in contingency tables, or for Fisher's test), it has been argued that the problem is compounded by the fact that Fisher's test conditions on the marginals.[16] To avoid the problem, many authors discourage the use of fixed significance levels when dealing with discrete problems.[14][15]

text: The decision to condition on the margins of the table is also controversial.[17][18] The p-values derived from Fisher's test come from the distribution that conditions on the margin totals. In this sense, the test is exact only for the conditional distribution and not the original table where the margin totals may change from experiment to experiment. It is possible to obtain an exact p-value for the 2x2 table when the margins are not held fixed. Barnard's test, for example, allows for random margins. However, some authors[14][15][18] (including, later, Barnard himself)[14] have criticized Barnard's test based on this property. They argue that the marginal success total is an (almost[15]) ancillary statistic, containing (almost) no information about the tested property.

text: The act of conditioning on the marginal success rate from a 2x2 table can be shown to ignore some information in the data about the unknown odds ratio.[19] The argument that the marginal totals are (almost) ancillary implies that the appropriate likelihood function for making inferences about this odds ratio should be conditioned on the marginal success rate.[19] Whether this lost information is important for inferential purposes is the essence of the controversy.[19]

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: An alternative exact test, Barnard's exact test, has been developed and proponents of it suggest that this method is more powerful, particularly in 2 × 2 tables. Another alternative is to use maximum likelihood estimates to calculate a p-value from the exact binomial or multinomial distributions and reject or fail to reject based on the p-value.[citation needed]

text: For stratified categorical data the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test must be used instead of Fisher's test.

text: Choi et al.[19] propose a p-value derived from the likelihood ratio test based on the conditional distribution of the odds ratio given the marginal success rate. This p-value is inferentially consistent with classical tests of normally distributed data as well as with likelihood ratios and support intervals based on this conditional likelihood function. It is also readily computable.[20]


document_title: Plywood

question_text: when did plywood start being used in furniture

text: Plywood

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "Ply" derives from the French verb plier,[1] "to fold", from the Latin verb plico, from the ancient Greek verb πλέκω.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what we now call plywood.[3] Bentham was a British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat sawn, rift sawn or quarter sawn; i.e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length.

text: About fifty years later Immanuel Nobel, father of Alfred Nobel, realized that several thinner layers of wood bonded together would be stronger than one single thick layer of wood understanding the industrial potential of laminated wood he invented the rotary lathe. [4]

text: There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent commercialization of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary Robert describes the process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry Déroulage.[5] One can thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacture was an established process in France in the 1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865[6] and industrial production started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building material.[3]

text: Artists use plywood as a support for easel paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-made artist boards for oil painting in three-layered plywood (3-ply) were produced and sold in New York as early as 1880.[7]

text: In India, plywood is more commonly called "Kitply" after a leading brand which pioneered the concept of waterproof plywood in the early 1970's

text: Structural characteristics[edit]

text: A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers. The principal function of the core layers is to increase the separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the panel's resistance to bending. As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in tension, the other in compression. Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the face layers to nearly zero at the central layer. Shear stress, by contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer fibres.

text: Types[edit]

text: Different varieties of plywood exist for different applications:

text: Softwood plywood[edit]

text: Softwood plywood is usually made either of cedar, Douglas fir or spruce, pine, and fir (collectively known as spruce-pine-fir or SPF) or redwood and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes.[8]

text: The most common dimension is 1.2 by 2.4 metres (3 ft 11 in × 7 ft 10 in) or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet × 8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4 mm to 4.3 mm. The number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet. Roofing can use the thinner 5/8" (15 mm) plywood. Subfloors are at least 3/4" (18 mm) thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists. Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove; This prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the 1/2" to 1" (12–25 mm) range.

text: Hardwood plywood[edit]

text: Hardwood plywood is made out of wood from angiosperm trees and used for demanding end uses. Hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength, stiffness and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear strength and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel-carrying capacity. Hardwood plywood has excellent surface hardness, and damage- and wear-resistance.[9]

text: Tropical plywood[edit]

text: Tropical plywood is made of mixed species of tropical wood. Originally from the Asian region, it is now also manufactured in African and South American countries. Tropical plywood is superior to softwood plywood due to its density, strength, evenness of layers, and high quality. It is usually sold at a premium in many markets if manufactured with high standards. Tropical plywood is widely used in the UK, Japan, United States, Taiwan, Korea, Dubai, and other countries worldwide. It is an excellent choice for construction purposes in many regions due to its low cost. However, many countries’ forests have been over-harvested, including the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, largely due to the demand for plywood production and export.[citation needed]

text: Aircraft plywood[edit]

text: High-strength plywood, also known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany, spruce and/or birch using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity. It was used in the construction of air assault gliders during World War II and also several fighter aircraft, most notably the multi-role British Mosquito. Nicknamed "The Wooden Wonder" plywood was used for the wing surfaces, and also flat sections such as bulkheads and the webs of the wing spars. The fuselage had exceptional rigidity from the bonded ply-balsa-ply ‘sandwich’ of its monocoque shell; elliptical in cross-section, it was formed in two separate mirror-image halves, using curved moulds.

text: Structural aircraft-grade plywood is most commonly manufactured from African mahogany, spruce or birch veneers that are bonded together in a hot press over hardwood cores of basswood or poplar or from European Birch veneers throughout. Basswood is another type of aviation-grade plywood that is lighter and more flexible than mahogany and birch plywood but has slightly less[citation needed] structural strength. Aviation-grade plywood is manufactured to a number of specifications including those outlined since 1931 in the Germanischer Lloyd Rules for Surveying and Testing of Plywood for Aircraft and MIL-P-607, the latter of which calls for shear testing after immersion in boiling water for three hours to verify the adhesive qualities between the plies and meets specifications.

text: Decorative plywood (overlaid plywood)[edit]

text: Usually faced with hardwood, including ash, oak, red oak, birch, maple, mahogany, Philippine mahogany (often called lauan, luan or meranti and having no relation to true mahogany), rosewood, teak and a large number of other hardwoods.

text: Flexible plywood[edit]

text: Flexible plywood is designed for making curved parts, a practice which dates back to the 1850s in furniture making.

text: Aircraft grade plywood, often Baltic birch, is made from 3 or more plies of birch, as thin as 1/64" thick in total, and is extremely strong and light. At 3/8" thick, mahogany 3-ply "wiggle Board" or "Bendy Board" come in 4' x 8' sheets with a very thin cross grain central ply and two thicker exterior plies, either long grain on the sheet, or cross grain. Wiggle board is often glued together in two layers once it is formed into the desired curve, so that the final shape will be stiff and resist movement. Often, decorative wood veneers are added as a surface layer.

text: In the UK single ply sheets of veneer were used to make stovepipe hats in Victorian times, so flexible modern plywood is sometimes known there as "Hatters Ply",[citation needed] although the original material was not strictly plywood, but a single sheet of veneer.

text: Marine plywood[edit]

text: Marine plywood is manufactured from durable face and core veneers, with few defects so it performs longer in both humid and wet conditions and resists delaminating and fungal attack. Its construction is such that it can be used in environments where it is exposed to moisture for long periods. Each wood veneer will be from tropical hardwoods, have negligible core gap, limiting the chance of trapping water in the plywood and hence providing a solid and stable glue bond. It uses an exterior Water and Boil Proof (WBP) glue similar to most exterior plywoods.

text: Marine plywood can be graded as being compliant with BS 1088, which is a British Standard for marine plywood. There are few international standards for grading marine plywood and most of the standards are voluntary. Some marine plywood has a Lloyd's of London stamp that certifies it to be BS 1088 compliant. Some plywood is also labeled based on the wood used to manufacture it. Examples of this are Okoumé or Meranti.

text: Other plywoods[edit]

text: Other types of plywoods include fire-retardant, moisture-resistant, wire mesh, sign-grade, and pressure-treated. However, the plywood may be treated with various chemicals to improve the plywood's fireproofing. Each of these products is designed to fill a need in industry.

text: Baltic Birch plywood is a product of an area around the Baltic Sea. Originally manufactured for European cabinet makers but now popular in the United States as well. It is very stable composed of an inner void-free core of cross-banded birch plys with an exterior grade adhesive. The face veneers are thicker than traditional cabinet grade plywood.

text: Production[edit]

text: Plywood production requires a good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a sawmill. The log is laid horizontally and rotated about its long axis while a long blade is pressed into it, causing a thin layer of wood to peel off (much as a continuous sheet of paper from a roll). An adjustable nosebar, which may be solid or a roller, is pressed against the log during rotation, to create a "gap" for veneer to pass through between the knife and the nosebar. The nosebar partly compresses the wood as it is peeled; it controls vibration of the peeling knife; and assists in keeping the veneer being peeled to an accurate thickness. In this way the log is peeled into sheets of veneer, which are then cut to the desired oversize dimensions, to allow it to shrink (depending on wood species) when dried. The sheets are then patched, graded, glued together and then baked in a press at a temperature of at least 140 °C (284 °F), and at a pressure of up to 1.9 MPa (280 psi) (but more commonly 200 psi) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched, have minor surface defects such as splits or small knot holes filled, re-sized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended.

text: Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive urea-formaldehyde glue, which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine-grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture, and use a water-resistant phenol-formaldehyde glue to prevent delamination and to retain strength in high humidity.

text: Anti-fungal additives such as Xyligen (Furmecyclox)[10] may sometimes be added to the glueline to provide added resistance to fungal attack.

text: The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic in very high concentrations. As a result, many manufacturers are turning to low formaldehyde-emitting glue systems, denoted by an "E" rating. Plywood produced to "E0" has effectively zero formaldehyde emissions.[11]

text: In addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as concern for natural resources. There are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), and Greenguard are all certification programs that ensure that production and construction practices are sustainable. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer and the end user.[12]

text: Sizes[edit]

text: The most commonly used thickness range is from 1⁄8 to 3.0 inches (3.2 to 76.2 mm). The sizes of the most commonly used plywood sheets are 4 x 8 feet (1220 x 2440 mm) which was first used by the Portland Manufacturing Company, who developed what we know of as modern veneer core plywood for the 1905 Portland World Fair. A common metric size for a sheet of plywood is 1200 x 2400 mm. 5 × 5 feet (1,500 × 1,500 mm) is also a common European size for Baltic birch ply, and aircraft ply.[13]

text: Sizes on specialised plywood for concrete-forming can range from 15⁄64 to 13⁄16 in (6 to 21 mm), and a multitude of formats exist, though 15 × 750 × 1,500 mm (.059 inch × 30 × 59 in) (19/32in × 2 ft-6in × 4 ft-11in) is very commonly used.

text: Aircraft plywood is available in thicknesses of 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) (3 ply construction) and upwards; typically aircraft plywood uses veneers of 0.5 mm (approx 1/64 in) thickness although much thinner veneers such as 0.1 mm are also used in construction of some of the thinner panels.

text: Grades[edit]

text: Grading rules differ according to the country of origin. The most popular standards are the British Standard (BS) and the American Standard (ASTM). Joyce (1970), however, list some general indication of grading rules:[14]

text:
Grade
Description

A
Face and back veneers practically free from all defects.

A/B
Face veneers practically free from all defects. Reverse veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations.

A/BB
Face as A but reverse side permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.

B
Both side veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations.

B/BB
Face veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations. Reverse side permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.

BB
Both sides permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.

C/D
For structural plywood, this grade means that the face has knots and defects filled in and the reverse may have some that are not filled. Neither face is an appearance grade, nor are they sanded smooth. This grade is often used for sheathing the surfaces of a building prior to being covered with another product like flooring, siding, concrete, or roofing materials.

WG
Guaranteed well glued only. All broken knots plugged.

X
Knots, knotholes, cracks, and all other defects permitted.

WBP
Weather and Boil Proof used in Marine Ply. Designation replaced by EN 314-3.

text: JPIC Standards

text:
Grade
Description

BB/CC
Face as BB, back as CC. BB as very little knots of less than 1/4 inches, slight discoloration, no decay, split and wormholes mended skillfully, matched colors, no blister, no wrinkle. Most popular choice for most applications.[citation needed]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Plywood is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet material. Quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, twisting and warping.

text: Exterior glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use, but because moisture affects the strength of wood, optimal performance is achieved where the moisture content remains relatively low. Subzero conditions do not affect the dimensional or strength properties of plywood, making some special applications possible.

text: Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications. It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. Most notable is the British de Havilland Mosquito bomber, with a fuselage made of birch plywood sandwiching a balsa core, and using plywood extensively for the wings. Plywood was also used for the hulls in the hard-chine Motor Torpedo Boats (MTB) and Motor Gun Boats (MGB) built by the British Power Boat Company and Vosper's. Plywood is currently successfully used in stressed-skin applications.[citation needed] The American designers Charles and Ray Eames are known for their plywood-based furniture, as is Finnish Architect Alvar Aalto and his firm Artek, while Phil Bolger has designed a wide range of boats built primarily of plywood. Jack Köper of Cape Town designed the plywood Dabchick sailing dinghy, which as of 2015[update] is still sailed by large numbers of teenagers.

text: Plywood is often used to create curved surfaces because it can easily bend with the grain. Skateboard ramps often utilize plywood as the top smooth surface over bent curves to create transition that can simulate the shapes of ocean waves.

text: Softwood plywood applications[edit]

text: Typical end uses of spruce plywood are:

text:
Floors, walls and roofs in home constructions
Wind bracing panels
Vehicle internal body work
Packages and boxes
Fencing

tag: ul

text: There are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce plywood. For these coated plywoods there are some end uses where reasonable strength is needed but the lightness of spruce is a benefit e.g.:

text:
Concrete shuttering panels
Ready-to-paint surfaces for constructions

text: Hardwood plywood applications[edit]

text: Phenolic resin film coated (Film Faced) plywood is typically used as a ready-to-install component e.g.:

text:
Panels in concrete form work systems
Floors, walls and roofs in transport vehicles
Container floors
Floors subjected to heavy wear in various buildings and factories
Scaffolding materials

text: Birch plywood is used as a structural material in special applications e.g.:

text:
Wind turbine blades
Insulation boxes for liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers

text: Smooth surface and accurate thickness combined with the durability of the material makes birch plywood a favorable material for many special end uses e.g.:

text:
High-end loud speakers
Die-cutting boards
Supporting structure for parquet
Playground equipment
Furniture
Signs and fences for demanding outdoor advertising
Musical instruments
Sports equipment

text: Tropical plywood applications[edit]

text: Tropical plywood is widely available from the South-East Asia region, mainly from Malaysia and Indonesia. Tropical plywood boasts premium quality, and strength. Depending on machinery, tropical plywood can be made with high accuracy in thickness, and is a highly preferable choice in America, Japan, Middle East, Korea, and other regions around the world.[15]

text:
Common plywood
Concrete panel
Floor base
Structure panel
Container flooring
Lamin board
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)


document_title: Ethyl methanesulfonate

question_text: alkylating agents such as ethyl methanesulfonate (ems) function as mutagens to

question_tokens: alkylating agents such as ethyl methanesulfonate ( ems ) function as mutagens to

text: Ethyl methanesulfonate

text:
Ethyl methanesulfonate[1]

Names

IUPAC name
1-Methylsulfonyloxyethane

Other names
Ethyl mesylate
Ethyl methanesulphonate

Identifiers

CAS Number

62-50-0 Y

3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

Abbreviations
EMS

ChEBI

CHEBI:23994 N

ChemSpider

5887 Y

ECHA InfoCard
100.000.488

KEGG

C19239 N

PubChem CID

6113

InChI[show]

InChI=1S/C3H8O3S/c1-3-6-7(2,4)5/h3H2,1-2H3 Y
Key: PLUBXMRUUVWRLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

InChI=1/C3H8O3S/c1-3-6-7(2,4)5/h3H2,1-2H3
Key: PLUBXMRUUVWRLT-UHFFFAOYAM

SMILES[show]

O=S(=O)(OCC)C

Properties

Chemical formula

CH3SO3C2H5

Molar mass
124.16 g/mol

Appearance
Clear colorless liquid

Density
1.1452 g/cm3 (22 °C)

Melting point
< 25 °C

Boiling point
85–86 °C (185–187 °F; 358–359 K) /10 mmHg(lit)

Hazards

NFPA 704

1
1
0

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)

Infobox references

text: Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a mutagenic, teratogenic, and possibly carcinogenic organic compound with formula C3H8SO3. It produces random mutations in genetic material by nucleotide substitution; particularly by guanine alkylation. This typically produces only point mutations. It can induce mutations at a rate of 5x10−4 to 5x10−2 per gene without substantial killing. The ethyl group of EMS reacts with guanine in DNA, forming the abnormal base O6-ethylguanine. During DNA replication, DNA polymerases that catalyze the process frequently place thymine, instead of cytosine, opposite O6-ethylguanine. Following subsequent rounds of replication, the original G:C base pair can become an A:T pair (a transition mutation). This changes the genetic information, is often harmful to cells, and can result in disease.

text: EMS is often used in genetics as a mutagen. Mutations induced by EMS can then be studied in genetic screens or other assays.


document_title: Dick Parry

question_text: who plays sax on us and them pink floyd

question_tokens: who plays sax on us and them pink floyd

text: Dick Parry

text:
Dick Parry

Born
(1942-12-22) 22 December 1942 (age 74)
Kentford, Suffolk, England

Occupation(s)
Saxophonist

Instruments
Tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone

Years active
1964 – present

Associated acts
Pink Floyd
David Gilmour
Jokers Wild

text: Richard 'Dick' Parry (born 22 December 1942 in Kentford, Suffolk, England) is an English saxophonist. He has appeared as a session musician on various albums by modern bands and artists, and is probably best known for his solo parts on the Pink Floyd songs "Money", "Us and Them", "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" and "Wearing the Inside Out".[1][2] He also played on the Bloodstone album Riddle of the Sphinx.

text: Career[edit]

text: Parry started his career as a friend of Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour.[1] He was part of a mid-1960s band also including Gilmour called Joker's Wild. From there, Gilmour persuaded him to play on Pink Floyd studio albums, including The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, and The Division Bell, as well as on every Pink Floyd live performance between 1973 and 1977, and the 1994 world tour.[1] He also toured as part of The Who's brass section on their 1979–1980 tours.

text: He played saxophone on "Celestine" for the 1997 album Big Men Cry by Banco de Gaia.

text: Parry appeared on Gilmour's live dates in 2001 and 2002, one performance of which was released as David Gilmour in Concert. He also played on the 2006 On An Island tour in Europe, the United States, and Canada, performing saxophone on "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", "Wearing the Inside Out", and "Then I Close My Eyes". Shows from the Royal Albert Hall in London, and from the Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland were released as the DVDs Remember That Night and Live in Gdańsk, respectively.[1]

text: He appeared at the Pink Floyd reunion at Live 8, where he played his saxophone part on "Money". In 2009, he toured Europe and South Africa with the Violent Femmes.[1]

text: Selected discography as saxophonist[edit]

text:
1970: J. J. Jackson's Dilemma - J. J. Jackson
1971: Quiver - Quiver
1971: Bring it back home - Mike Vernon with Rory Gallagher and Pete Wingfield
1972: Let's Make Up and Be Friendly - Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band
1972: Transatlantic - Jimmy Dawkins
1972: Mick the Lad - Mick Grabham (Procol Harum)
1972: London Gumbo - Lightnin' Slim
1973: The Dark Side of the Moon - Pink Floyd
1973: I'm the Worst Partner I Know - Kazimierz Lux
1973: Urban Cowboy - Andy Roberts (on the track "Elaine")
1975: Wish You Were Here - Pink Floyd (on "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Part V)")
1974: First of the Big Bands - Paice Ashton Lord
1974: Riddle of the Sphinx - Bloodstone
1975: Mad Dog - John Entwistle (The Who)
1975: Live 1971-1975 - Les Humphries Singers
1975: Love is a Five Letter Word - Jimmy Witherspoon
1975: Fingertips - Duster Bennett
1982: Jinx - Rory Gallagher
1993: BBC Radio One live in concert - Paice Ashton Lord
1994: The Division Bell - Pink Floyd ("Wearing the Inside Out")
1995: Pulse - Pink Floyd
1998: Big Men Cry - Banco de Gaia (on the track "Celestine")
2002: David Gilmour In Concert - David Gilmour - DVD
2008: Duchess - Deborah Bonham


document_title: The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film)

question_text: who played catherine banning in the 1999 remake of the thomas crown affair

text: The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text:
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text: At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, an attempted robbery of precious paintings fails when museum employees discover imposters posing as staff who have been smuggled in using a Trojan Horse. In all the confusion of locking down the museum and capturing the robbers, billionaire Thomas Crown (Pierce Brosnan) slips into an adjacent room and steals the painting of San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk by Monet. The insurers of the $100 million artwork send investigator Catherine Banning (Rene Russo) to assist NYPD Detective Michael McCann (Denis Leary) in solving the crime. McCann is annoyed that he has a civilian involved in the investigation, but is attracted to Banning. He asks his second in command to do a background check on her and finds she is more than just a pretty face.[how?][further explanation needed]

text: The next morning as the police are reviewing video of the robbery, Banning shows up. They notice that the room containing the Monet couldn't be seen on the screen. In discussing why with a museum employee, they deduce that something caused the temperature to rise in that room so the new cameras couldn't differentiate between people and walls. She goes back to the room with Michael where she realizes that one of the benches only has two legs when in the video it had three. They then brainstorm over what could have been in the briefcase to cause the change in temperature. Crown not only shows up to finger one of the detained robbers, but donates one of his own personal paintings that fits the same space as the Monet. After watching Crown, she looks up who has been attempting to buy Monets and finds his name on the list again and again. She convinces Michael to let her begin surveillance on him and finds that he is someone who would steal the painting not for the money, but for the excitement. After the press conference donating the new painting, Catherine attracts Crown by intimating that she knows what he did. On her way out, he asks her for a date and she accepts.

text: Before the date, Crown goes to see his therapist (Faye Dunaway), who notices a change in her patient. On their first date, Crown takes her to the museum and then to dinner, all while being tailed by the police. Their attraction is evident as is their intimate knowledge of each other's background. Catherine gets her hands on his keys and has a copy made for later. When he drops her off, he reveals he knows she has no furniture in her apartment and she returns his keys without him knowing they were ever gone. They both feel a palpable change is about to occur in their lives and press on with the cat and mouse game.

text: The next day, she illegally enters into Thomas' house and searches for the painting. Along with her team they search the entire house to no avail until she enters his study. She presses a button under the desk that opens a panel in the wall and finds the Monet. She triumphantly enters the police station where an expert is waiting to authenticate it. They find that it was a witty copy, painted over the kitschy Poker Sympathy. Enraged, she asks where to find Crown. He is at a Black and White Ball and she crashes, interrupting a dance with his beautiful young date. She angrily tells him she doesn't need him to lend her clues, and he responds that he can't be arrested for a joke. After a hot dance, they kiss and end up at Crown's home where they have sex in many rooms (and the stairs). At breakfast, his valet brings her the distinct drink she had her first day in New York, causing her to bemoan that he knew she would sleep with him (which she denied would happen on their first date). They begin to date regularly and he even takes her to his home on a Caribbean island that he claims he's never taken anyone to. When they arrive, both a painting and clothes that fit her exactly are there. He teases her about seeing the painting to the point that she puts it in the fire, only to find out that it wasn't what she thought. The next morning after a serious talk, she wakes to find him having a meeting with some serious looking men. When he finds her on the beach later, she confronts him with the knowledge that she knows he's preparing to run. He offers her a lot of money to throw the case (yet admits no wrongdoing) and come with him. When they return, a jealous Michael confronts Catherine with pictures of Crown and what he has been doing since they returned. At first she pretends she doesn't care, then folds and asks to see the pictures. They are of Crown with the same beautiful young woman again. Feeling betrayed, she hands Michael pictures of the borders of the Monet, stating that they are photographed before being insured so a forgery can be discerned.

text: Catherine is not the only one with mixed feelings. Crown has seen his therapist throughout the relationship and she warns him that they are very much alike, so Catherine won't realize that he truly cared for her until she's lost him. They continue to date and he asks her to leave with him. When she is slow to respond, he asks her if it is because of the young lady he had been photographed with, Anna. He then confesses that he purposefully allowed the police to see them together, knowing she'd find out. She then commands that his valet stop the car and she gets out, with Crown close behind. She is angry that he tried to hurt her and he responds that he only did it to insure that he was not the only one with feelings involved. He then asks her to leave with him again.

text: When she returns to the police station, Michael reminds her of the border pictures and that they found some likely forgers in the city. They go to visit them, but they each blame the other. The second (who is in jail) sparks curiosity in Catherine and she thinks there is something he knows, but isn't saying. She then goes to see Crown, and finds him packing with Anna. Feeling used, she turns to leave and he attempts to stop her so he can explain. He promises that there is nothing going on between him and Anna and that she merely wanted to be paid for a job she did for him. Catherine doesn't believe it, so he promises to return the painting so they can be together. Incredulous, she asks if he expects her to believe him. He gives her a date, time and location to meet him after he returns it and kisses her, giving her the option of leaving with him or turning him in. She breaks away in tears and leaves. She ends up at Michael's and gives Crown up.

text: The next day, the police have staked out the museum and are waiting for him to show so they can arrest him. Michael gets a phone call and divulges that the forger was Anna, the daughter of one of the forgers they visited, Heinrich Knutzhorn. Her father had owned a gallery with Crown and he had become her guardian when her father had gone to prison. Catherine is mortified at her mistake and even more so when Crown shows up dressed as the man in the painting, The Son of Man. Michael asks if she warned him and when she insists she did not, he responds that Crown knew she would betray him. He quickly blends into the crowd while sending the police on a wild goose chase when other men matching his description and dress flood the museum passing identical briefcases. The room where the Monet was is heavily guarded, so they have no idea how he is going to return it. After disposing of his Son of Man clothes, Crown throws a few tear gas shells into the room where the original Monet painting was hanging. The fire sprinklers open up and to avoid any damage the covers start to closes over the paintings. However, the door in front of the Pizarro Crown donated is stuck. The water washes away the paint to reveal the Monet. When they look to see what stopped the doors, they find a pencil stamped with, "Crown Acquisitions".

text: What occurred is now clear; immediately after stealing the original Monet painting, Thomas had Anna forge a Pizarro over it with watercolor and replaced it via the donation two days later. However, when the shields retract, they find another painting is missing; Banks of the Seine at Argenteuil by Édouard Manet. It is the painting Catherine told Crown on their first date she would have taken instead of the Monet. Her people are not responsible for it and theirs has been recovered, so it is no longer her business. Michael says he has more important crimes to concentrate on, so Crown is free to do whatever he wants. When Catherine goes to the location she was supposed to meet Thomas, she encounters a man she thinks is him. However, when he turns around, it is one of the men from the museum dressed as the Son of Man with a gift from Crown for her: the newly stolen Manet. Devastated, she goes to the airport and asks the clerk to mail the painting to Michael at police headquarters before she catches a flight to Britain.

text: Visibly shaken on the plane and clutching a shot of hard liquor, Catherine falls apart. A hand reaches through the seats from behind her and gives her a handkerchief while using a voice that doesn't quite sound right. She looks in the seat behind her to find Crown. She leaps at him, furious at his actions. The stewardess comes to see what the commotion is, but by then Thomas has calmed her by kissing her. She then whispers in his ear, "If you pull a stunt like that again, I'll break both your arms".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Pierce Brosnan as Thomas Crown, a billionaire and Catherine's lover.
Rene Russo as Catherine Banning, an insurance investigator and Thomas' lover.
Denis Leary as Detective Michael McCann, a police detective.
Fritz Weaver as John Reynolds
Frankie Faison as Detective Paretti, a police detective.
Ben Gazzara as Andrew Wallace
Mark Margolis as Heinrich Knutzhorn
Esther Cañadas as Anna Tyrol Knutzhorn
Faye Dunaway as Psychiatrist
Michael Lombard as Bobby McKinley
Simon Jones as Accountant on phone (uncredited)[4]
Cynthia Darlow as Daria

text: Dunaway played the Catherine Banning role in the 1968 original.[5] However, the character's name was Vicki Anderson.

text: Differences from the 1968 film[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film makes several major changes from the original, most notably the amount of nudity and intimacy displayed during the romance between the two main characters. The original was rated PG, the remake, rated R.

text: The original story is about a millionaire masterminding a bank heist in Boston, the remake, portrays a billionaire art thief in New York City. There was no painting stolen in the first film, with Crown and his men instead stealing $2.6 million in cash from a bank. The change in the remake was based on the idea that the more tumultuous society of the time would be less inclined to sympathize with a man who committed armed robbery out of boredom.

text: Steve McQueen's version of Thomas Crown has no physical involvement in the actual robbery; he is a behind-the-scenes mastermind. Pierce Brosnan's version steals the painting himself.

text: In the original, Crown pilots the glider himself, alone; in the remake he takes Banning for a ride.

text: The two movies end differently. In the original, the insurance investigator betrays Crown but he escapes, saddened that she did not join him. In the remake, after the betrayal and the realization that her jealousy of Anna Knutzhorn was unfounded, she unsuccessfully attempts to join him. Her sadness is short-lived as he surprises her by being on her plane headed to Europe.

text: Production[edit]

text: At first, director John McTiernan was unavailable for the project. Pierce Brosnan and his fellow producers considered several directors before returning to their original choice.[6] McTiernan then received the script and added his own ideas to the production.[7]

text: Script amendments[edit]

text: After McTiernan signed on to the project, he changed the theme of the central heist and a number of key scenes. McTiernan felt that contemporary audiences would be less forgiving of Thomas Crown if he staged two armed bank robberies for fun like McQueen did in the original, rather than if he staged an unarmed art heist. He wrote the heist based on the Trojan horse theme and on a technical failure of thermal cameras. McTiernan also deemed a polo match that was used in the original and had been rewritten into the new script to be clichéd, and he wanted a scene that conveyed more action and excitement, not just wealth. He substituted a catamaran race, in which Brosnan performed his own stunts.

text: References to 1968 film[edit]

text: There are a number of echo references to the original 1968 version of the film. The most obvious is the casting of Faye Dunaway as Crown's psychiatrist; Dunaway portrayed insurance investigator Vicki Anderson in the original. In the remake, "The Windmills of Your Mind" plays during the ballroom scene, as background music in a couple other scenes, and during the credits at the end; the song earned an Oscar for the original film. Both films share a nearly identical scene with Crown playing high-stakes golf, and in both films Crown pilots a glider for recreation.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming took place throughout New York City, including Central Park. The corporate headquarters of Lucent Technologies stood in for Crown's suite of offices. Due to its being nearly impossible to film interior scenes in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (the producers' request was "respectfully declined"),[5] the production crew made their own museum on a soundstage. Artisans were hired to create a realistic look to the set.[8] Another scene was filmed in a different city landmark: the main research library of the New York Public Library.

text: The glider scenes were shot at Ridge Soaring Gliderport and Eagle Field in Pennsylvania and at Corning-Painted Post Airport in New York. The two glider aero-tow shots were taken from film shot at different airports with different tow planes. The initial takeoff was photographed at the Harris Hill Soaring Center located at the National Soaring Museum in Elmira, NY. The glider pilot was Thomas L. Knauff, a world record holder,[9] and a member of the US Soaring Hall of Fame.[10] The glider used is a Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus, in which it is physically impossible to reach the front controls from the rear seat. Thus, the close-shot sections were shot in a modified cockpit under a blue screen in the studio.[citation needed]

text: A number of McTiernan's vehicles then appear in the next sequence, as well as his farm. The tractor in the background after the glider lands belongs to McTiernan, while the dark green Shelby Mustang that Crown drives on Martinique was originally intended to be used for Arnold Schwarzenegger's character in 1993's Last Action Hero, and was retrieved from the director's garage for this film. The six-wheeled Jeep was built specifically for the film. The house used as Crown's Caribbean getaway is owned by one of the 30 original families who settled in Martinique in the 17th century. The scenes around it, like the beach, are a montage of various other parts of Martinique, including St Pierre and the Lamentin airport.

text: Paintings[edit]

text: The paintings, copies of which were supplied by "Troubetzkoy Paintings" in New York, appearing in the film are:

text:
San Giorgio Maggiore at Twilight by Claude Monet, owned by the National Museum and Art Gallery in Cardiff, Wales.
Wheatstacks by Claude Monet, owned by the Getty Museum in Los Angeles.
Noon: Rest From Work (After Millet) by Vincent van Gogh – The painting Crown admires and calls "his haystacks," the original is owned by Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France.
The Artist's Garden at Eragny by Camille Pissarro.
The Son of Man by René Magritte – The painting that is seen several times in the film depicting a man in a suit with a Bowler hat and an apple covering his face.
Banks of the Seine at Argenteuil by Édouard Manet – The second painting to go missing, given to, and later returned by, Catherine. It is currently housed at the Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery in London.[11]
A painting in the style of Cassius Coolidge's series, Dogs Playing Poker is shown but it is not one of Coolidge's works.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Thomas Crown Affair

Soundtrack album by Bill Conti, Sting and Nina Simone

Released
September 7, 1999 (original)
March 8, 2002 (re-release)

Recorded
1999

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
37:44

Label
Ark 21 (original)
Pangaea (re-release)

text:
Soundtrack

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
 link

text: The soundtrack was composed by Bill Conti and arranged by Jack Eskew. It features a variety of jazz arrangements which harken back to the original film's version. In addition, the film ends with a reprise of the Academy Award-winning song "Windmills of Your Mind" sung by Sting. Throughout the film, segments are used of a song by Nina Simone called "Sinnerman" (from the album Pastel Blues, 1965). Mostly the non-vocal parts are used (hand-clapping and piano riffs), but in the final scenes, where Crown returns to the scene of the crime, Simone sings "Oh sinnerman, where are you gonna run to?"

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Windmills of Your Mind" – Sting
"Sinnerman" – Nina Simone
"Everything (...Is Never Quite Enough)" – Wasis Diop
"Caban La Ka Kratchie" – Georges Fordant
"Black & White X 5" – Bill Conti
"Never Change" – Bill Conti
"Meet Ms. Banning" – Bill Conti
"Goodnight/Breaking & Entering" – Bill Conti
"Glider Pt. 1" – Bill Conti
"Glider Pt. 2" – Bill Conti
"Cocktails" – Bill Conti
"Quick Exit" – Bill Conti

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film made $69,305,181 at the U.S. box office and a further $55,000,000 in other territories, totaling $124,305,181 worldwide.[3]

text: The film received generally positive reviews. Based on 99 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 70%, with an average score of 6.4/10.[12]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel has long been in development hell. In January 2007, it was reported that the sequel would be a loose remake of the 1964 film Topkapi.[13] Brosnan said in January 2009 that Paul Verhoeven was attached to direct the film.[14] In 2010, Verhoeven said he had left the project due to script changes and a change in the regime.[15]

text: In the April 2014 edition of Empire, John McTiernan revealed he had written a script for the sequel while in prison, called Thomas Crown and the Missing Lioness.[16]


document_title: Republic Day (India)

question_text: who was one of the chief guest of republic day 2018

text: Republic Day (India)

text: History of Republic Day[edit]

text:
India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.
A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later which was on 26 January 1950, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.On that day began Dr. Rajendra Prasad's first term of office as President of the Indian Union. The Constituent Assembly became the Parliament of India under the transitional provisions of the new Constitution.This date is celebrated in India as the Republic Day.

text: Celebrations[edit]

text: The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.

text: Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]

text: Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi organised by the Ministry of Defence. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]

text: Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]

text: Beating Retreat[edit]

text: The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]

text: The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.

Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.

Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.

text: Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]

text: Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

text:
Year

Guest name

Country

Note

1950

President Sukarno[11]

 Indonesia

1951

King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[12]

   Nepal

1952

1953

1954

King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[13]

 Bhutan

1955

Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[14]

 Pakistan

First guest for parade at Rajpath [15]

1956

Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler

 United Kingdom

Note[6]

Two guests[16]

Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka

 Japan

1957

Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [17]

 Soviet Union

1958

Marshall Ye Jianying[18]

 China

1959

Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [19][20][21]

 United Kingdom

2nd invitation

1960

Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[22]

 Soviet Union

2nd invitation

1961

Queen Elizabeth II[23]

 United Kingdom

3rd invitation, Note[7]

1962

Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[24]

 Denmark

Note[8]

1963

King Norodom Sihanouk[25]

 Cambodia

1964

Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [26]

 United Kingdom

4th invitation, Note[9]

1965

Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid

 Pakistan

2nd invitation

1966

No invitation

No invitation

Note[10]

1967

King Mohammed Zahir Shah [27]

 Afghanistan

Note[11]

1968

Chairman Alexei Kosygin

 Soviet Union

3rd invitation

Two guests[28]

President Josip Broz Tito

 Yugoslavia

1969

Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[29]

 Bulgaria

1970

King of the Belgians Baudouin[30][31]

 Belgium

Note[12]

1971

President Julius Nyerere[32]

 Tanzania

1972

Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [33]

 Mauritius

1973

President Mobutu Sese Seko[34]

 Zaire

1974

President Josip Broz Tito

 Yugoslavia

2nd invitation

Two guests [35]

Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike

 Sri Lanka

1975

President Kenneth Kaunda[36]

 Zambia

1976

Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[37]

 France

1977

First Secretary Edward Gierek[38]

 Poland

1978

President Patrick Hillery[39]

 Ireland

1979

Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[40]

 Australia

1980

President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

 France

2nd invitation

1981

President Jose Lopez Portillo[41]

 Mexico

1982

King Juan Carlos I[42]

 Spain

1983

President Shehu Shagari[43]

 Nigeria

1984

King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[44]

 Bhutan

2nd invitation

1985

President Raúl Alfonsín[45]

 Argentina

1986

Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[46]

 Greece

1987

President Alan Garcia[47]

 Peru

1988

President J. R. Jayewardene[48]

 Sri Lanka

2nd invitation

1989

General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[49]

 Vietnam

1990

Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[50]

 Mauritius

2nd invitation

1991

President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[51]

 Maldives

1992

President Mário Soares[51]

 Portugal

1993

Prime Minister John Major[51]

 United Kingdom

5th invitation

1994

Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[51]

 Singapore

1995

President Nelson Mandela[52]

 South Africa

1996

President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[51]

 Brazil

1997

Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[51]

 Trinidad and Tobago

1998

President Jacques Chirac[51]

 France

3rd invitation

1999

King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[51]

   Nepal

2nd invitation

2000

President Olusegun Obasanjo[51]

 Nigeria

2nd invitation

2001

President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[51]

 Algeria

2002

President Cassam Uteem[51]

 Mauritius

3rd invitation

2003

President Mohammed Khatami[51]

 Iran

2004

President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [51]

 Brazil

2nd invitation

2005

King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[51]

 Bhutan

3rd invitation

2006

King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[51]

 Saudi Arabia

2007

President Vladimir Putin[51]

 Russia

4th invitation

2008

President Nicolas Sarkozy[51]

 France

4th invitation

2009

President Nursultan Nazarbayev[51]

 Kazakhstan

2010

President Lee Myung Bak[53]

 South Korea

2011

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[54][55]

 Indonesia

2nd invitation

2012

Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[56]

 Thailand

2013

King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[57]

 Bhutan

4th invitation

2014

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[58]

 Japan

2nd invitation

2015

President Barack Obama[59]

 United States

2016

President François Hollande

 France

5th invitation[60]

2017

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[61]

 United Arab Emirates

2018

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah

 Brunei

Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[62]

Prime Minister Hun Sen

 Cambodia

2nd invitation

President Joko Widodo

 Indonesia

3rd invitation

Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith

 Laos

Prime Minister Najib Razak

 Malaysia

State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi

 Myanmar

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

 Philippines

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong

 Singapore

2nd invitation

Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha

 Thailand

2nd invitation

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc

 Vietnam

2nd invitation

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who has the most losses in nba finals

question_tokens: who has the most losses in nba finals

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are NBA Finals appearances as of the date of that NBA Finals, and are used as follows:

text: Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective teams' NBA Finals record to date.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Ref

1947
Philadelphia Warriors (1, 1–0)
Gottlieb, EddieEddie Gottlieb
4–1
Chicago Stags (1, 0–1)
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (1, 1–0)
Jeannette, BuddyBuddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (1, 1–0)
Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (1, 0–1)
Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (1, 0–1)
Cervi, AlAl Cervi
[17]

1951
Rochester Royals (1, 1–0)
Harrison, LesLes Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (1, 0–1)
Lapchick, JoeJoe Lapchick
[18]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (2, 0–2)
Al Cervi
[21]

1955
Syracuse Nationals (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
4–3
Fort Wayne Pistons (1, 0–1)
Eckman, CharlesCharles Eckman
[22]

1956
Philadelphia Warriors (3, 2–1)
Senesky, GeorgeGeorge Senesky
4–1
Fort Wayne Pistons (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
[23]

1957
Boston Celtics (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
4–3
St. Louis Hawks (1, 0–1)
Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum
[24]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1959
Boston Celtics (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
4–0
Minneapolis Lakers (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
[26]

1960
Boston Celtics (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
St. Louis Hawks (3, 1–2)
Macauley, EdEd Macauley
[27]

1961
Boston Celtics (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
St. Louis Hawks (4, 1–3)
Seymour, PaulPaul Seymour
[28]

1962
Boston Celtics (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (7, 5–2)
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
[29]

1963
Boston Celtics (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
[30]

1964
Boston Celtics (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
San Francisco Warriors (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[31]

1965
Boston Celtics (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
[32]

1966
Boston Celtics (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
[33]

1967
Philadelphia 76ers (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
4–2
San Francisco Warriors (5, 2–3)
Sharman, BillBill Sharman
[34]

1968
Boston Celtics (11, 10–1)
Russell, BillBill Russell
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (11, 5–6)
van Breda Kolff, ButchButch van Breda Kolff
[35]

1969
Boston Celtics (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
[36]

1970
New York Knicks (4, 1–3)
Holzman, RedRed Holzman
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (13, 5–8)
Mullaney, JoeJoe Mullaney
[37]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1, 1–0)
Costello, LarryLarry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1, 0–1)
Shue, GeneGene Shue
[38]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[39]

1973
New York Knicks (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
[40]

1974
Boston Celtics (13, 12–1)
Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn
4–3
Milwaukee Bucks (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
[41]

1975
Golden State Warriors (6, 3–3)
Attles, AlAl Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (2, 0–2)
Jones, K. C.K. C. Jones
[42]

1976
Boston Celtics (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
4–2
Phoenix Suns (1, 0–1)
MacLeod, JohnJohn MacLeod
[43]

1977
Portland Trail Blazers (1, 1–0)
Ramsay, JackJack Ramsay
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[44]

1978
Washington Bullets (3, 1–2)
Motta, DickDick Motta
4–3
Seattle SuperSonics (1, 0–1)
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens
[45]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[46]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (16, 7–9)
Westhead, PaulPaul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (6, 2–4)
Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham
[47]

1981
Boston Celtics (15, 14–1)
Fitch, BillBill Fitch
4–2
Houston Rockets (1, 0–1)
Harris, DelDel Harris
[48]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (17, 8–9)
Riley, PatPat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[49]

1983
Philadelphia 76ers (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
4–0
Los Angeles Lakers (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
[50]

1984
Boston Celtics (16, 15–1)
K. C. Jones
4–3
Los Angeles Lakers (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
[51]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (17, 15–2)
K. C. Jones
[52]

1986
Boston Celtics (18, 16–2)
K. C. Jones
4–2
Houston Rockets (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
[53]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (19, 16–3)
K. C. Jones
[54]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (3, 0–3)
Daly, ChuckChuck Daly
[55]

1989
Detroit Pistons (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
4–0
Los Angeles Lakers (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
[56]

1990
Detroit Pistons (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
4–1
Portland Trail Blazers (2, 1–1)
Adelman, RickRick Adelman
[57]

1991
Chicago Bulls (1, 1–0)
Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (24, 11–13)
Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy
[58]

1992
Chicago Bulls (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Portland Trail Blazers (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
[59]

1993
Chicago Bulls (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Phoenix Suns (2, 0–2)
Westphal, PaulPaul Westphal
[60]

1994
Houston Rockets (3, 1–2)
Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[61]

1995
Houston Rockets (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (1, 0–1)
Hill, BrianBrian Hill
[62]

1996
Chicago Bulls (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Seattle SuperSonics (3, 1–2)
Karl, GeorgeGeorge Karl
[63]

1997
Chicago Bulls (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Utah Jazz (1, 0–1)
Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan
[64]

1998
Chicago Bulls (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Utah Jazz (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
[65]

1999
San Antonio Spurs (1, 1–0)
Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (8, 2–6)
Van Gundy, JeffJeff Van Gundy
[66]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1, 0–1)
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
[67]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (9, 3–6)
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
[68]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1, 0–1)
Scott, ByronByron Scott
[69]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[70]

2004
Detroit Pistons (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
4–1
Los Angeles Lakers (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
[71]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[72]

2006
Miami Heat (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
4–2
Dallas Mavericks (1, 0–1)
Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson
[73]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (1, 0–1)
Brown, MikeMike Brown
[74]

2008
Boston Celtics (20, 17–3)
Rivers, DocDoc Rivers
4–2
Los Angeles Lakers (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
[75]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (2, 0–2)
Van Gundy, StanStan Van Gundy
[76]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[77]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (2, 1–1)
Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (2, 1–1)
Spoelstra, ErikErik Spoelstra
[78]

2012
Miami Heat (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
4–1
Oklahoma City Thunder (4, 1–3)
Brooks, ScottScott Brooks
[79]

2013
Miami Heat (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
4–3
San Antonio Spurs (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
[80]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[81]

2015
Golden State Warriors (7, 4–3)
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2, 0–2)
Blatt, DavidDavid Blatt
[82]

2016
Cleveland Cavaliers (3, 1–2)
Lue, TyronnTyronn Lue
4–3
Golden State Warriors (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
[83]

2017
Golden State Warriors (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[84]

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
5
4
9
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
3
4
2016
2007, 2015, 2017

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[a]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.


document_title: Plantain Garden River

question_text: which river in jamaica flows from east to west

text: Plantain Garden River

text:
Plantain Garden River

Country
Jamaica

text: The Plantain Garden River is a river in the parish of St Thomas on the island of Jamaica. It is the only major river in Jamaica that does not flow in a northerly or southerly direction.