document_title: The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)

question_text: who played mercedes in the count of monte cristo

text: The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1815, Edmond Dantés, Second Mate of a French merchant vessel, and his friend Fernand Mondego, representative of the shipping company, seek medical help at Elba for their ailing captain. Napoleon Bonaparte, having kept his guardians from killing the pair, exchanges his physician’s services with Edmond for the delivery of a letter.  Edmond is sworn to its secrecy, but the exchange is witnessed by Fernand.

text: In Marseille, the company owner Morrell commends Edmond for his bravery, promoting him to captain over First Mate Danglars, who had given Edmond explicit orders not to land at Elba. Edmond thereafter states his intention to marry his girlfriend, Mercédès, whom Fernand lusts after.

text: Fernand and Danglar inform on Edmond regarding Bonaparte's letter.  Villefort, the city's magistrate, has Edmond arrested, but initially prepares to exonerate Edmond until he learns the letter is addressed to Villefort's father, a Bonapartist.  He burns the letter and orders Edmond imprisoned in Château d'If. Edmond escapes, and turns to Fernand for help, but Fernand instead turns him over to the pursuing Gendarmes. Edmond is consigned to the island prison and its sadistic warden, Armand Dorleac. Villefort has Fernand assassinate his father in exchange for persuading Mercédès that Edmond has been executed for treason and that she should take comfort in Fernand.

text: Six years later, Edmond is startled in his cell by an eruption in the ground revealing another prisoner. Abbé Faria, who has been imprisoned for 11 years after he refused to tell Bonaparte the whereabouts of the treasure of Spada, has dug an escape tunnel. However, upon seeing that he is in Edmond's cell, he realizes he dug in the wrong direction. In exchange for his help digging a new escape tunnel, Edmond is educated by Faria in all manner of scholarship and swordplay for the next 7 years.  Faria dies in a tunnel cave-in but before expiring he reveals a map to the treasure.  Edmond escapes by switching himself for Faria's body in the body bag, and is thrown into the sea, pulling Dorleac along with him, whom he drowns.

text: Floating ashore, Edmond encounters a band of pirates preparing to execute a fellow pirate, Jacopo, (Luis Guzmán).  Their leader, Luigi Vampa, decides justice and entertainment would be better served by pitting Edmond and Jacopo in a knife fight. Edmond wins, but spares Jacopo, who swears himself to Edmond for life, and they both work for the pirates until they arrive in Marseille.

text: Edmond learns from Morrell, who does not recognize him, that Fernand and Danglars are complicit in his betrayal, and that Fernand and Mercédès have wed. With Jacopo, he locates Faria's treasure, and using his newfound wealth and comprehensive education, he establishes himself in Parisian society as "The Count of Monte Cristo."

text: Edmond ingratiates himself to the Mondegos by staging the kidnap and rescue of their son, Albert (Henry Cavill). He lures Fernand, Villefort and Danglars into a trap by letting slip the notion that he has located the treasure of Spada, and is shipping it through Marseille. Danglars is caught red-handed in the act of theft. Villefort is tricked into revealing his role in his father's death and is arrested.  Fernand is ruined as Edmond has his gambling debts called in.

text: Even though his appearance has dramatically changed, Edmond is recognized by Mercédès. Eventually, she softens him, and they rekindle their relationship. As Fernand prepares to flee, Mercédès reveals the only reason she married him was that she was pregnant with Albert, who is really Edmond’s son.

text: Edmond ambushes Fernand in the ruins of his family's country estate, having led Fernand to believe that the treasure of Spada would be waiting for him. Albert intervenes when Edmond attempts to kill Fernand, but Mercédès tells him of his true parentage. Fernand attempts to flee, but changes his mind upon realizing that he has nothing left to live for, and challenges Edmond to a fight to death; Edmond prevails.

text: Edmond purchases Château d'If, intending to raze it, but instead leaves it standing as he swears to Faria to use his vast resources for good.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Caviezel as Edmond Dantès, Zatara, the Count of Monte Cristo
Guy Pearce as Fernand Mondego
James Frain as J.F. Villefort
Dagmara Dominczyk as Mercedès Mondego (née Herrera)
Luis Guzmán as Jacopo
Richard Harris as Abbé Faria
Michael Wincott as Armand Dorleac, prison warden
Henry Cavill as Albert Mondego
Albie Woodington as Danglars
JB Blanc as Luigi Vampa
Alex Norton as Napoléon
Patrick Godfrey as Morrell
Freddie Jones as Colonel Villefort
Helen McCrory as Valentina Villefort
Christopher Adamson as Maurice

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Count of Monte Cristo holds a rating of 74% based on 144 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus being that, "Though it may not reach for any new artistic heights, The Count of Monte Cristo is an old-fashioned yet enjoyable swashbuckler."[4] At Metacritic, the film received a score of 61 out of 100, with generally favourable reviews.[5]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 writing, "The Count of Monte Cristo is a movie that incorporates piracy, Napoleon in exile, betrayal, solitary confinement, secret messages, escape tunnels, swashbuckling, comic relief, a treasure map, Parisian high society and sweet revenge, and brings it in at under two hours, with performances by good actors who are clearly having fun. This is the kind of adventure picture the studios churned out in the Golden Age--so traditional it almost feels new."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Count of Monte Cristo OSTSoundtrack album by Edward ShearmurReleased
25 January 2002Recorded
2001Genre
SoundtrackLength
53:03Label
RCA

text: The Count of Monte Cristo Official Soundtrack was composed and conducted by Edward Shearmur and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra.[7]

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingSoundtrackNet link


document_title: Concord grape

question_text: what type of wine is made from concord grapes

root

text: Concord grape

text: Usage[edit]

text: Concord grapes are often used to make grape jelly and are only occasionally available as table grapes,[4] especially in New England. They are the usual grapes used in the jelly for the traditional peanut butter and jelly sandwich, and Concord grape jelly is a staple product in U.S. supermarkets. Concord grapes are used for grape juice, and their distinctive purple color has led to grape-flavored soft drinks and candy being artificially colored purple while methyl anthranilate, a chemical present in Concord grapes, is used to give "grape" flavor. The dark colored Concord juice is used in some churches as a non-alcoholic alternative to wine in the service of communion.[5] Concord grapes have been used to make Kosher wine[6] and sacramental wine. The oldest sacramental winery in America, O-Neh-Da Vineyard, still produces a Concord wine for the altar.[7] Non-toxic sprays that contain methyl anthranilate can be sprayed on the bushes as a cost-effective bird control management. The spray repellent renders the fruit and foliage unpalatable to the birds.[8]

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The Concord grape was developed in 1849 by Ephraim Wales Bull in Concord, Massachusetts.[9] Bull planted seeds from wild Vitis labrusca and evaluated over 22,000 seedlings before finding what he considered the perfect grape, the original vine of which still grows at his former home. The pollen parent is unknown. Although Concord is frequently considered to be basically a Vitis labrusca cultivar, some have argued that the hermaphrodite flowers suggest at least a small amount of Vitis vinifera in its pedigree. This trait has not been proven to exist in any native American grapes. Recent genetic testing has confirmed that Concord has roughly ⅓ Vitis vinifera parentage.[10] However, Concord is definitely much more labrusca-like in its characteristics than vinifera-like. Many consider the likely male parent to have been Catawba, itself probably half labrusca, which Bull had growing nearby.

text: In 1853, Bull's grape won first place at the Boston Horticultural Society Exhibition.[9] It was then introduced to the market in 1854. Dr. Thomas Bramwell Welch developed the first Concord grape juice in 1869.[9] Through the process of pasteurization, the juice did not ferment. Welch originally introduced the grape juice to his church, to be used for communion.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
A cluster of Concord grapes

Ripe grapes (foreground) and unripe grapes (background). Unripe grapes can be made into verjuice.

Concord grapes growing on Grape Island, Massachusetts.

tag: ul


document_title: List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members

question_text: who does the voice of squidward on spongebob squarepants

text: Regular cast[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text:
Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants

Audio sample of the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants from the episode "The Secret Box" (2001).

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: SpongeBob SquarePants has featured the voices of Tom Kenny, Clancy Brown, Rodger Bumpass, Bill Fagerbakke, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan since it began. Stephen Hillenburg started developing the SpongeBob concept into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, which he directed. While creating the show and writing its pilot episode in 1997, he and the show's then-creative director Derek Drymon were also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters.[1]

text: For the voice of SpongeBob, the main character, Hillenburg approached Kenny, who previously worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life.[2] Drymon said, "Steve [Hillenburg] wanted to find an original sounding voice [for SpongeBob]."[1] Hillenburg utilized Kenny's and other people's personalities to help create the personality of SpongeBob.[3] The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor character in Rocko's Modern Life. Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use. Hillenburg, however, remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice.[3] Kenny says that SpongeBob's high-pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique. They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.[4] Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab. For the character, Brown uses a voice that he describes as "piratey" with "a little Scottish brogue."[5] According to him, his Mr. Krabs voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice.[5] Bumpass provides the voice of Squidward Tentacles, and other characters. Squidward was "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy", said Bumpass. He said that the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions".[6]

text: Mr. Lawrence had met Hillenburg previously on Rocko's Modern Life. When working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all of the characters.[7] Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence started out by voicing a variety of minor characters. This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode.[7][1] Mr. Lawrence stated in an interview with Thomas F. Wilson that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this. You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice.' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'"[7] Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton. Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character.[8] Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound whenever she speaks.[9] Talley and Mr. Lawrence often improvise their characters' dialogue. In 2009, Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over."[10] He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth. [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"[7]

text: Fagerbakke voices SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star. He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob. Fagerbakke said, "Steve is such a lovely guy, and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever." He described his experience in the audition, saying "I was just going in for another audition, and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child-like humanity in the show. I couldn't pick that up from the audition material at all. I was just kind of perfunctorially trying to give the guy what he wanted."[11] Carolyn Lawrence provides Sandy Cheeks' voice. When Lawrence was on a sidewalk in Los Feliz, Los Angeles with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo, her friend said to the director that Lawrence had "an interesting voice". Grillo invited Lawrence to audition and she then got the role.[12][13] Mrs. Puff's voice is provided by American actress Mary Jo Catlett, who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H.[14] As of 2017, voicing Mrs. Puff has become her only remaining regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she feels that voicing Mrs. Puff requires less preparation than her performances in person.[15] Lori Alan voices Pearl. During her audition for the role, she was shown an early drawing of Pearl and took note of how the character was much larger than the rest of the cast. She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone. She aimed to make Pearl's voice invoke the sound of whales’ low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable."[16] In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said that she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but at the same time needed "an abnormally large voice."[17]

text: Mr. Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth", was voiced by staff writer Paul Tibbitt.[18][19][20] However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005.[21] Irwin also provides the voices of other characters in the show, including Margaret SquarePants, SpongeBob's mother. In the Christmas special "Christmas Who?", the characters of Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, and his pet called Potty the Parrot debuted. The former is portrayed by Kenny in live-action, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the latter.[22] After Hillenburg's departure as the series' showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot.[23]

text: Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual".[24] Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded".[24] It takes about four hours to record an 11-minute episode.[25] For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on recording sessions at Nickelodeon Studios, and they directed the actors.[26] In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director.[26] Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999.[26] Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".[26]

text: The cast members get residuals every time the episodes they appeared in are aired, which Carolyn Lawrence described as "a very complicated mathematical calculation."[25] Lawrence said in 2008 that it was a "declining scale" and they were "still in negotiations... both sides are still talking." She further stated that "they're still trying to work it out."[25]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)

Tom Kenny[27][24]
SpongeBob SquarePants
Gary the Snail

French Narrator
Hans

Patchy the Pirate
Harold SquarePants

Dirty Bubble[A]
Grandpa SquarePants

Other miscellaneous characters

Clancy Brown[27]
Mr. Krabs

Other miscellaneous characters

Rodger Bumpass[27]
Squidward Tentacles

Other miscellaneous characters

Bill Fagerbakke[27]
Patrick Star

Other miscellaneous characters

Mr. Lawrence[27]
Plankton
Potty the Parrot[B]

Realistic Fish Head
Larry the Lobster

Other miscellaneous characters

Jill Talley[27]
Karen

Other miscellaneous characters

Carolyn Lawrence[27]
Sandy Cheeks

Other miscellaneous characters

Mary Jo Catlett[27]
Mrs. Puff

Other miscellaneous characters

Lori Alan[27]
Pearl

Other miscellaneous characters

text: Other regular cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)

Carlos Alazraqui
Scooter

Other miscellaneous characters

Dee Bradley Baker[26][28]
Bubble Bass
Squilliam Fancyson

Old Man Jenkins
Perch Perkins

Other miscellaneous characters

Sirena Irwin[29]
Mama Krabs[B]
Margaret SquarePants

Other miscellaneous characters

Bob Joles[30]
Man Ray[C]

Mark Fite[31][32]
Various characters

Thomas F. Wilson[33][34]
Various characters

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)
Notes

Tim Conway

Barnacle Boy[35]
Conway first appeared in 1999 with his former McHale's Navy co-star Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man;[36] he has since appeared in over 15 episodes.

Brian Doyle-Murray

The Flying Dutchman[27]
Doyle-Murray appeared in ten episodes throughout the first eight seasons. He is scheduled to return for one episode of season 11 after a six-year absence.[37]

Marion Ross

Grandma SquarePants[38]
Ross has appeared since 2001.[39]

John O'Hurley

King Neptune[40]
O'Hurley has appeared three times as King Neptune since the character's first appearance in 2000.[41][42]

Michael McKean

Captain Frostymug
Lonnie
McKean appeared twice during the show's ninth season, voicing Captain Frostymug in "License to Milkshake" and Lonnie the shark in "Sharks vs. Pods".[43][44]

text: Former cast members[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)
Notes

Brad Abrell

Bubble Buddy
Abrell voiced Bubble Buddy and other minor characters during the show's second season. He reprised his role as Bubble Buddy for the eighth season episode "Bubble Buddy Returns" but has not made an appearance since.[45]

Ernest Borgnine

Mermaid Man
Borgnine made the most guest appearances on the show, voicing the character since 1999 to his death in 2012.[36][46]

Stephen Hillenburg

Potty the Parrot
Hillenburg voiced the recurring character from 2000 to 2004. When he left the show as the showrunner, writer Tibbitt was given the role voicing the character as it reappeared in the fifth season episode "Friend or Foe".[23]

Sara Paxton

Various characters
Paxton voiced many minor child characters in the show's first three seasons, but has not recorded new dialogue since.[47][48][49] An archival recording of Paxton's voice is used in the tenth-season episode "Unreal Estate."

Paul Tibbitt

Potty the Parrot
Tibbitt took over the role of Potty from Stephen Hillenburg in 2005 and last voiced the character in 2012.

Camryn Walling

Various characters
Walling voiced several child characters throughout the show's first two seasons, but has not recorded new dialogue since.[45] An archival recording of Walling's voice is used in the tenth-season episode "Unreal Estate."

Frank Welker

Welker voiced several animal characters—including Clamu, Baby Oyster, Mystery the Seahorse, and the gorilla—between 2001 and 2003, but has not appeared since.[45]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Episode
Result
Ref(s).

2001
Catlett, Mary JoMary Jo Catlett
Annie Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production
Mrs. Puff
"No Free Rides"
Nominated
[50]

2001
Kenny, TomTom Kenny
Annie Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production
SpongeBob SquarePants
"Wormy"
Nominated
[50]

2008
Kenny, TomTom Kenny
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
SpongeBob SquarePants
"Spy Buddies"
Nominated
[51]

2010
Kenny, TomTom Kenny
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in a Television Production
SpongeBob SquarePants
"Truth or Square"
Won
[52]

2012
Bumpass, RodgerRodger Bumpass
Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Squidward Tentacles

Nominated
[53]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ A. Guest star Charles Nelson Reilly originally provided the voice of the character.[54] Reilly died in 2007.[55][56]
^ B. Replaced Paul Tibbitt.
^ C. Replaced John Rhys-Davies, who has voiced Man Ray in two episodes.[57][58]


document_title: List of historical tsunamis

question_text: when was the last tsunami to hit the united states

text: List of historical tsunamis

text: Prehistoric[edit]

text:
Date
Location
Main Article
Primary Cause
Description

≈7000–6000 BCE
Lisbon, Portugal

Unknown
A series of giant boulders and cobbles have been found 14 m above mean sea level near Guincho Beach.[3]

≈6225–6170 BCE
Norwegian Sea
Storegga Slide
Landslide
The Storegga Slides occurred 100 km north-west of the Møre coast in the Norwegian Sea, causing a very large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. This collapse involved an estimated 290 km length of coastal shelf, with a total volume of 3,500 km3 of debris.[4] Based on carbon dating of plant material recovered from sediment deposited by the tsunami, the latest incident occurred around ~6225–6170 BCE.[5][6] In Scotland, traces of the subsequent tsunami have been recorded, with deposited sediment being discovered in Montrose Basin, the Firth of Forth, up to 80 km inland and 4 metres above current normal tide levels.

≈1600 BCE
Santorini, Greece
Minoan eruption
Volcanic eruption
The volcanic eruption on Santorini, Greece is assumed to have caused severe damage to cities around it, most notably the Minoan civilization on Crete. A tsunami is assumed to be the factor that caused the most damage.

text: Before 1001 CE[edit]

text:
Date
Location
Main Article
Primary Cause
Description

479 BCE
Potidaea, Greece
479 BCE Potidaea tsunami

The earliest recorded tsunami in history.[1] During the Persian siege of the sea town Potidaea, Greece, the Greek historian Herodotus reports how the Persian attackers who tried to exploit an unusual retreat of the water were suddenly surprised by "a great flood-tide, higher, as the people of the place say, than any one of the many that had been before". Herodotus attributes the cause of the sudden flood to the wrath of Poseidon.[7]

426 BCE
Malian Gulf, Greece
426 BC Malian Gulf tsunami

In the summer of 426 BCE, a tsunami hit the gulf between the northwest tip of Euboea and Lamia.[8] The Greek historian Thucydides (3.89.1–6) described how the tsunami and a series of earthquakes affected the raging Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) and, for the first time in the history of natural science, associated quakes with waves in terms of cause and effect.[9]

373 BCE
Helike, Greece

Earthquake
An earthquake and a tsunami destroyed the prosperous Greek city of Helike, 2 km away from the sea. The fate of the city, which remained permanently submerged, was often commented upon by ancient writers[10] and may have inspired the contemporary Plato to the myth of Atlantis.

60 BCE
Portugal and Galicia

Earthquake
An earthquake of intensity IX and an estimated magnitude of 6.7 caused a tsunami along the coasts of Portugal and Galicia.[11] Little more is known due to the scarcity of records from the Roman possession of the Iberian Peninsula.

79 CE
Gulf of Naples, Italy
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
Volcanic eruption
A smaller tsunami was witnessed in the Bay of Naples by Pliny the Younger during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.[12]

115 CE
Caesarea, Israel

Earthquake (?)
Underwater geoarchaeological excavations on the shallow shelf (∼10 m depth) at Caesarea, Israel, have documented a tsunami that struck the ancient harbor at Caesarea. Talmudic sources record a tsunami that struck on 13 December A.D. 115, impacting Caesarea and Yavne. The tsunami was probably triggered by an earthquake that destroyed Antioch, and was generated somewhere on the Cyprian Arc fault system.[13]

262 CE
Southwest Anatolia (Turkey)
262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake
Earthquake
Many cities were flooded by the sea, with the cities of Roman Asia reporting the worst tsunami damage. In many places, fissures appeared in the earth and filled with water; in others, towns were overwhelmed by the sea.[14][15][16]

365 CE
Alexandria, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean
365 Crete earthquake
Earthquake
On the morning of 21 July 365 AD, a large earthquake caused a tsunami more than 100 feet (30 m) high, devastating Alexandria and the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean, killing many thousands, and hurling ships nearly two miles inland.[17][18]
This tsunami devastated many large cities in what is now Libya and Tunisia, as well as Alexandria in Egypt. The anniversary of the disaster was still commemorated annually at the end of the 6th century in Alexandria as a "day of horror."[19]
Researchers at the University of Cambridge recently carbon dated corals on the coast of Crete which were lifted 10 metres and clear of the water during the earthquake. This indicates that the tsunami was generated by an earthquake in a steep fault in the Hellenic trench near Crete. Scientists estimate that such an uplift is only likely to occur once in 5,000 years; however, the other segments of the fault could slip on a similar scale every 800 years or so.[20]

551 CE
Lebanese Coast
551 Beirut earthquake
Earthquake
The 9 July 551 CE earthquake was one of the largest seismic events in and around Lebanon during the Byzantine period. It destroyed several Lebanese coastal cities, including Beirut. The earthquake was associated with a tsunami along the Lebanese coast and a local landslide near Al-Batron. A large fire in Beirut also continued for almost two months.[21]

684 CE
Nankai, Japan
684 Hakuhō Nankai earthquake
Earthquake
The first recorded tsunami in Japan, it hit on November 29, 684 on the shore of the Kii, Shikoku, and Awaji region. The earthquake, estimated at magnitude 8.4,[11] was followed by a huge tsunami, but no estimates exist for the number of deaths.[22]

869 CE
Sanriku, Japan
869 Jogan Sanriku earthquake
Earthquake
The Sanriku region was struck by a major tsunami that caused flooding extending 4 km inland from the coast. The town of Tagajō was destroyed, with an estimated 1,000 casualties.

887 CE
Nankai, Japan
887 Ninna Nankai earthquake
Earthquake
On August 26 of the Ninna era, there was a strong shock in the Kyoto region, causing great destruction. A tsunami flooded the coastal region, and some people died. The coast of Settsu Province (Osaka Prefecture) suffered especially heavily, and the tsunami was also observed on the coast of the Sea of Hyūga (Miyazaki Prefecture).[11]

text: 1000–1700 CE[edit]

text:
Date
Location
Main Article
Primary Cause
Description

1293
Kamakura, Japan
1293 Kamakura earthquake
Earthquake
A magnitude 7.1 quake and tsunami hit Kamakura, then Japan's de facto capital, killing 23,000 after resulting fires.

1303
Eastern Mediterranean
1303 Crete earthquake
Earthquake
A team from Southern Cross University in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, found evidence of five tsunamis that hit Greece over the past 2000 years. "Most were small and local, but in 1303 a larger one hit Crete, Rhodes, Alexandria and Acre in Israel."[23]

1361
Nankai, Japan
1361 Shōhei Nankai earthquake
Earthquake
On 3 August 1361, during the Shōhei era, an 8.4 quake hit Nankaidō, followed by a tsunami. A total of 660 deaths were reported. The earthquake shook Awa, Settsu, Kii, Yamato and Awaji Provinces (Tokushima, Osaka, Wakayama and Nara Prefectures and Awaji Island). A tsunami was observed on the coast of Awa and Tosa Provinces (Tokushima and Kōchi Prefectures), in Kii Strait and in Osaka Bay. The Hot spring of Yunomine, Kii (Tanabe, Wakayama) stopped. The port of Yuki, Awa (Minami, Tokushima) was completely destroyed by the tsunami, and more than 1,700 houses were washed away.

1498
Nankai, Japan
1498 Nankai earthquake
Earthquake
On September 20, 1498, during the Meiō era, a 7.5 earthquake and tsunami hit. The ports in Kii Province (Wakayama Prefecture) damaged by a tsunami several meters high. 30–40 thousand deaths estimated.[11][24] The building around the great Buddha of Kamakura (altitude 7m) was swept away by the tsunami.[25]

1531
Lisbon, Portugal
1531 Lisbon earthquake
Earthquake
The earthquake of 26 January was accompanied by a tsunami in the Tagus River that destroyed ships in Lisbon harbour

1541
Nueva Cadiz, Venezuela

Earthquake
In 1528, Cristóbal Guerra founded Nueva Cádiz on the island of Cubagua, the first Spanish settlement in Venezuela. Nueva Cádiz, which reached a population between 1000 and 1500, was possibly destroyed in an earthquake followed by tsunami in 1541—it also could have been a major hurricane.[26] The ruins were declared a National Monument of Venezuela in 1979.

1605
Nankai, Japan
1605 Nankai earthquake
Earthquake
On February 3, 1605, in the Keichō era, a magnitude 8.1 quake and tsunami hit Japan. An enormous tsunami with a maximum known height of 30 m was observed on the coast from the Bōsō Peninsula to the eastern part of Kyushu Island. The eastern part of the Bōsō Peninsula, Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), Sagami and Tōtōmi Provinces (Kanagawa and Shizuoka Prefectures), and the southeastern coast of Tosa Province (Kōchi Prefecture) suffered particularly heavily.[11] 700 houses (41%) in Hiro, Kii (Hirogawa, Wakayama) were washed away, and 3,600 people drowned in the area of Shishikui, Awa (Kaiyō, Tokushima). Wave heights reached 5–6 meters at Kannoura, Tosa (Tōyō, Kōchi) and 8–10 m at Sakihama, Tosa (Muroto, Kōchi). 350 drowned at Kannoura and 60 at Sakihama. In total more than 5,000 drowned.

1607
Bristol Channel, Great Britain
Bristol Channel floods, 1607
Disputed
On 30 January 1607, at least 2,000 drowned, while houses and villages were swept away and an area estimated at 200 square miles (520 km2) was inundated. Until the 1990s, it was undisputed that flooding was caused by a storm surge aggravated by other factors, but recent research indicates a tsunami.[27] The probable cause is postulated as a submarine earthquake off the Irish coast.

1693
Sicily
1693 Sicily earthquake
Earthquake
A large foreshock on January 9 was followed on January 11 by the most powerful earthquake in Italian history. The ensuing tsunami devastated the Ionian Sea coast and the Straits of Messina. It remains unclear whether the tsunami was directly caused by the earthquake or by a large underwater landslide triggered by the event.

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Date
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Description

1700
Pacific Northwest, U.S. and Canada
1700 Cascadia earthquake
Earthquake
On 26 January 1700, the Cascadia earthquake, estimated Mw 9, ruptured the Cascadia subduction zone (C SZ) from offshore Vancouver Island to northern California, and caused a massive tsunami recorded in Japan and by the oral traditions of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest This wave had caught the Japanese completely off-guard, not knowing its origin, and was explained in the book, The Orphan Tsunami. .[28]

1707
Nankai, Japan
1707 Hōei earthquake
Earthquake
On 28 October 1707, during the Hōei era, a magnitude 8.4 earthquake and tsunami up to 10 meters (33 feet) in height[29] struck Tosa Province (Kōchi Prefecture). More than 29,000 houses were wrecked and washed away, causing ~30,000 deaths. In Tosa, 11,170 houses were washed away, and 18,441 people drowned. About 700 drowned and 603 houses were washed away in Osaka. Waves reached 20 m[citation needed] at Tanezaki, Tosa (Kōchi, Kōchi), and 6.58 at Murotsu, Tosa (Muroto, Kōchi). Hot springs at Yunomine, Kii (Tanabe, Wakayama), Sanji (?), Ryujin, Kii (Tanabe, Wakayama) Kanayana (Shirahama, Wakayama) and Dōgo, Iyo (Matsuyama, Ehime) stopped flowing.[11]

1741
Western Oshima, Japan

Volcano
On 29 August 1741, the western side of Oshima Peninsula, Ezo (Hokkaido) was hit by a tsunami associated with the eruption of the volcano on Ōshima island. The cause of the tsunami is thought to have been a large landslide, partly submarine, triggered by the eruption.[30] 1,467 people were killed on Ezo.[31]

1755
Lisbon, Portugal
1755 Lisbon earthquake
Earthquake
Tens of thousands of Portuguese people who survived the Great Lisbon earthquake on 1 November 1755 were killed by a tsunami 40 minutes later. Many fled to the waterfront, an area safe from fires and falling debris during aftershocks. These people observed the sea rapidly receding, revealing a sea floor littered with lost cargo and shipwrecks. The tsunami then struck with a maximum height of 15 metres (49 ft), traveling far inland.
The earthquake, tsunami, and fires killed 40,000 to 50,000 people[32] (30,000 to 40,000 in Lisbon alone, out of a population of ~200,000). Historical records of explorations by early navigators such as Vasco da Gama were lost, and among the buildings destroyed were most examples of Portugal's Manueline architecture. Europeans of the 18th century struggled to understand the disaster within religious and rational belief systems, and philosophers of the Enlightenment, notably Voltaire, wrote about the event. The philosophical concept of the sublime, as described by Immanuel Kant took inspiration in part from attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami.
The tsunami took just over 4 hours to travel over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to Cornwall in the United Kingdom. An account by Arnold Boscowitz claimed "great loss of life." It also hit Galway, Ireland, and caused serious damage to the Spanish Arch section of the city wall.

1771
Yaeyama Islands, Ryūkyū
1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami
Earthquake

An undersea earthquake of estimated magnitude 7.4 occurred near Yaeyama Islands in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom (present day Okinawa, Japan) on 4 April 1771 at about 8 A.M. The earthquake is not believed to have directly resulted in any deaths, but a resulting tsunami killed an estimated 12,000 people (9,313 on the Yaeyama Islands and 2,548 on Miyako Islands[33]). Estimates of the highest run-up on Ishigaki Island range from 30 to 85.4 meters (99 to 280 feet). The tsunami put an abrupt stop to population growth on the islands, and was followed by malaria epidemics and crop failures which further decreased the population. It took 148 years for the population to return to pre-tsunami levels.

1781
Pingtung, Taiwan

In April or May 1781, according to Records of Taiwan County, in Jiadong, Pingtung County, a ten-foot wave engulfed the town. Fish and shrimp thrashed wildly on the shore and nearby fishing villages wiped out. However, there was no earthquake reported.[34] A different source claims a 30-meter (99-foot) wave with also struck Tainan.[35] A possibility is a misrecording of date, corresponding with the above Great Yaeyama event.

1783
Calabria, Italy
1783 Calabrian earthquakes
Earthquake
The earthquake was the second of a sequence of five shocks that struck Calabria. The citizens of Scilla spent the night following the first earthquake on the beach, where they were swept away by the tsunami, causing 1,500 deaths. The tsunami was caused by the collapse of Monte Paci into the sea, near the town.

1792
Kyūshū, Japan
1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami
Volcanic processes
Tsunamis were the main cause of death for Japan's worst-ever volcanic disaster, an eruption of Mount Unzen, Hizen Province (Nagasaki Prefecture), Kyushu, Japan. Towards the end of 1791 a series of earthquakes on the western flank of Mount Unzen gradually moved towards Fugen-dake, one of Mount Unzen's peaks. In February 1792, Fugen-dake started to erupt, triggering a lava flow which continued for two months. The earthquakes continued, shifting nearer to the city of Shimabara. On the night of 21 May, two large earthquakes were followed by a collapse of the eastern flank of Mount Unzen's Mayuyama dome, causing an avalanche which swept through Shimabara and into Ariake Bay, triggering a tsunami. It is not known whether the collapse occurred as a result of an eruption of the dome or as a result of the earthquakes. The tsunami struck Higo Province (Kumamoto Prefecture) on the other side of Ariake Bay before bouncing back. Out of an estimated 15,000 fatalities, around 5,000 are thought to have been killed by the landslide, around 5,000 by the tsunami across the bay in Higo Province, and a further 5,000 by the tsunami returning to strike Shimabara. The waves reached a height of 330 ft (100 m), making this a small megatsunami.

1797
Sumatra, Indonesia
1797 Sumatra earthquake
Earthquake
On 10 February 1797, a massive earthquake estimated to have been approximately 8.4 on the moment magnitude scale, struck Sumatra in Indonesia. Many fatalities resulted although it is not known how many.

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Date
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Description

1806
Goldau, Switzerland
1806 Goldau landslide
Landslide
A landslide of 120,000,000 tonnes of rock, much of which displaced water from Lake Lauerz causing a tsunami that flooded lake side villages and resulted in the confirmed death of 457 people.

1819
Gujarat, India
1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
Earthquake
A local tsunami flooded the Great Rann of Kutch

1833
Sumatra, Indonesia
1833 Sumatra earthquake
Earthquake
On 25 November 1833, a massive earthquake estimated to have been between 8.8–9.2 on the moment magnitude scale, struck Sumatra in Indonesia. The coast of Sumatra near the quake's epicentre was hardest hit by the resulting tsunami.

1854
Nankai, Tōkai, and Kyushu, Japan
Ansei great earthquakes
Earthquake
The Ansei quake which hit the south coast of Japan, was actually a set of three earthquakes, two magnitude 8.4 quakes and a 7.4 quake over the course of several days.

An 8.4 magnitude earthquake on November 4, 1854, near Mikawa Province (Aichi Prefecture) and Tōtōmi Province (Shizuoka Prefecture) produced tsunami heights of 4–6 m (with localized run-ups up to 16.5 m, thought to be due to harbor shape).[36]
Another 8.4 magnitude earthquake on November 5 in Kii Province (Wakayama Prefecture). The resulting tsunami reached as high as 8.4 m.[37] The tsunami washed 15,000 homes away.[citation needed] The number of homes destroyed directly by the earthquake was 2,598; 1,443 people died.[11]
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake on Nov 7, 1854 in Iyo Province (Ehime Prefecture) and Bungo Province (Oita Prefecture).

The total result was 80,000–100,000 deaths.[38]

1855
Edo, Japan
1855 Ansei Edo earthquake
Earthquake
The following year, the 1855 Great Ansei Edo earthquake hit the Edo (Tokyo) region of Japan, killing 4,500 to 10,000 people. Popular stories of the time blamed the quakes and tsunamis on giant catfish called Namazu thrashing about. The Japanese era name was changed to bring good luck after four disastrous quakes/tsunamis in two years.

1867
Virgin Islands

Earthquake
On November 18, 1867, a large doublet earthquake occurred in the Virgin Islands archipelago. The shock probably occurred between the islands of Saint Thomas and Saint Croix. The highest runup of 7.6 m (25 ft) was observed at Frederiksted on Saint Croix, and came within minutes of the shocks.[39]

1867
Keelung, Taiwan

Earthquake
Dec 18, 1867, a large quake hit Keelung, Taiwan, causing crustal deformation of the mountains and opening of fissures. The water drained out of Keelung harbor so that the sea bed was revealed, then suddenly returned in a huge wave. Boats were washed into the city center and there was much damage. In many locations, the ground and the mountains split open and water poured from the fissures. Hundreds of deaths resulted.[34][35]

1868
Hawaiian Islands
1868 Hawaii earthquake
Earthquake
On 2 April 1868, a local earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.5 and 8.0 rocked the southeast coast of the Big Island of Hawaii. It triggered a landslide on the slopes of the Mauna Loa volcano, five miles (8 km) north of Pahala, killing 31 people. A tsunami then claimed 46 additional lives. The villages of Punaluu, Ninole, Kawaa, Honuapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged and the village of Apua was destroyed. According to one account, the tsunami "rolled in over the tops of the coconut trees, probably 60 feet high .... inland a distance of a quarter of a mile in some places, taking out to sea when it returned, houses, men, women, and almost everything movable." This was reported in the 1988 edition of Walter C. Dudley's book "Tsunami!" (ISBN 0-8248-1125-9).

1868
Arica, Peru (now part of Chile)
1868 Arica earthquake
Earthquake
On August 16, 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated at 8.5 struck the oceanic trench currently known as the Peru–Chile Trench. A resulting tsunami struck the port of Arica, then part of Peru, killing an estimated 25,000 in Arica and 70,000 in all. Three military vessels anchored at Arica, the US warship USS Wateree and the storeship Fredonia, and the Peruvian warship America, were swept up by the tsunami.[40]

1877
Iquique, Chile
1877 Iquique earthquake
Earthquake
On May 9, 1877, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated at 8.5 occurred off the coast of what is now Chile that caused a destructive tsunami that killed about 2541 people. This event followed the destructive earthquake and tsunami at Arica by just nine years.[41]

1881
Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands
1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake
Earthquake
The tsunami triggered by this earthquake was recorded all round the coast of the Bay of Bengal by tide gauges. This information has been used to estimate the rupture area and magnitude of the earthquake.

1883
Krakatoa, Sunda Strait, Indonesia
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
Volcanic eruption
The island volcano of Krakatoa in Indonesia exploded with devastating fury on August 26–27, 1883, blowing its underground magma chamber partly empty so that much overlying land and seabed collapsed into it. A series of large tsunami waves were generated from the collapse, some reaching a height of over 40 meters above sea level. Tsunami waves were observed throughout the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and even as far away as the American West Coast, and South America. On the facing coasts of Java and Sumatra the sea flood went many miles inland and caused such vast loss of life[42] that one area was never resettled but reverted to the jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon nature reserve.

1896
Sanriku, Japan
1896 Sanriku earthquake
Earthquake
On 15 June 1896, at around 19:36 local time, a large undersea earthquake off the Sanriku coast of northeastern Honshu, Japan, triggered tsunami waves which struck the coast about half an hour later. Although the earthquake itself is not thought to have resulted in any fatalities, the waves, which reached a height of 100 feet (30 m), killed approximately 27,000 people. In 2005, the same general area was hit by the 2005 Sanriku Japan earthquake, but with no major tsunami.

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1905
Loenvatnet, Norway

Rockfall
On January 15, 1905, a rockfall hit the lake Loenvatnet in Sogn og Fjordane, creating a 40 m (130 ft) flood wave that destroyed the villages of Ytre Nesdal and Bødal, killing 61 people.[43] The slide, which started 500 metres up the mountainside of Mount Ramnefjell, carried an approximate mass of 870,000 metric tons when it entered the lake.[44]

1906
Tumaco-Esmeraldas, Colombia-Ecuador
1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Earthquake
The earthquake triggered a tsunami that killed 500 people in Tumaco and Esmeraldas and struck Colombia, Ecuador, California, Hawaii, and Japan. Waves were 5 meters high.

1908
Messina, Italy
1908 Messina earthquake
Underwater landslide triggered by an earthquake

The aftermath of the tsunami that struck Messina in 1908

The earthquake combined with the tsunami took about 123,000 lives.[45]

1918
Puerto Rico
1918 San Fermín earthquake
Earthquake/submarine landslide
A large tsunami (that may have been associated with a submarine landslide) affected northwest Puerto Rico.[46]

1923
Kantō, Japan
1923 Great Kantō earthquake
Earthquake
The Great Kantō earthquake, which occurred in eastern Japan on 1 September 1923, and devastated Tokyo, Yokohama, and the surrounding areas, caused tsunamis which struck the Shōnan coast, Bōsō Peninsula, Izu Islands and the east coast of Izu Peninsula, within minutes in some cases. In Atami, waves reaching 12 meters were recorded. Examples of tsunami damage include about 100 people killed along Yuigahama beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50 people on the Enoshima causeway. However, tsunamis only accounted for a small proportion of the final death toll of over 100,000, most of whom were killed in fire.

1929
Newfoundland
1929 Grand Banks earthquake
Earthquake
On November 18, 1929, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred beneath the Laurentian Slope on the Grand Banks. The quake was felt throughout the Atlantic Provinces of Canada and as far away as Ottawa and Claymont, Delaware. The resulting tsunami measured over 7 meters in height and took about 2½ hours to reach the Burin Peninsula on the south coast of Newfoundland, where 28 people lost their lives in various communities. It also snapped telegraph cables laid under the Atlantic.[47]

1932
Mexico
1932 Jalisco earthquakes
Earthquake
Three very large-to-great shocks off the coast of Jalisco in June 1932 each generated tsunamis. The last and smallest event in the series occurred updip relative to the mainshock and generated the largest tsunami.[48]

1933
Sanriku, Japan
1933 Sanriku earthquake
Earthquake
On March 3, 1933, the Sanriku coast of northeastern Honshu, Japan, which suffered a devastating tsunami in 1896 (see above), was again stuck by tsunami waves resulting from an offshore magnitude 8.1 earthquake. The quake destroyed ~5,000 homes and killed 3,068 people, the vast majority as a result of tsunami waves. Especially hard hit was the coastal village of Tarō (now part of Miyako city) in Iwate Prefecture, which lost 42% of its total population and 98% of its buildings. Tarō is now protected by a tsunami wall, currently 10 meters in height and over 2 kilometers long.[49]

1934
Tafjord, Norway
Tafjord
Rockslide
On 7 April 1934, a rockslide of about 2,000,000 cubic metres (2,600,000 cu yd) of rock fell off the mountain Langhamaren from a height of about 700 metres (2,300 ft). The rock landed in the Tafjorden which created a local tsunami which killed 40 people[50] living on the shore of the fjord. The waves reached a height of 62 metres (203 ft) near the landslide, about 7 metres (23 ft) at Sylte, and about 16 metres (52 ft) at Tafjord. It was one of the worst natural disasters in Norway in the 20th century.[51]

1936
Loenvatnet, Norway

Rockfall
On September 13, approximately one million cubic metres of mountainside dislodged from the Mt. Ramnefjell at a height of 800 metres[44] and landed in lake Loenvatnet in Sogn og Fjordane, creating a 70 m (230 ft) flood wave that destroyed several farms, killing 74 people. The second such incident in 31 years, the disaster caused the permanent depopulation of the area.[52]

1944
Tōnankai, Japan
1944 Tōnankai earthquake
Earthquake
A magnitude 8.0 earthquake on 7 December 1944, about 20 km off the Shima Peninsula in Japan, which struck the Pacific coast of central Japan, mainly Mie, Aichi, and Shizuoka Prefectures. News of the event was downplayed by the authorities in order to protect wartime morale, and as a result the full extent of the damage is not known, but the quake is estimated to have killed 1223 people, the tsunami being the leading cause of the fatalities.

1945
Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean
1945 Balochistan earthquake
Earthquake
The earthquake with moment magnitude of 8.1 and a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, occurred in British India at 5:26 PST on 28 November 1945. It resulted from a fault rupture near the Makran Trench. The resulting tsunami caused damage along the Makran coastal region affecting Pakistan, Iran, Oman and India.[53][54]

1946
Nankai, Japan
1946 Nankai earthquake
Earthquake
The Nankai earthquake on 21 December 1946 had a magnitude of 8.4 and occurred at 04:19 (local time) to the southwest of Japan in the Nankai Trough. This event was one of the Nankai megathrust earthquakes, periodic earthquakes observed off the southern coast of Kii Peninsula and Shikoku, Japan every 100 to 150 years. The subsequent tsunami washed away 1451 houses and caused 1500 deaths in Japan, and was observed on tide gauges in California, Hawaii, and Peru.[11] Particularly hard hit were the coastal towns of Kushimoto and Kainan on the Kii Peninsula. The quake led to more than 1400 deaths, tsunami being the leading cause.

1946
Aleutian Islands
1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
Earthquake

Residents running from an approaching tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii

On 1 April 1946, the Aleutian Islands tsunami killed 159 people on Hawaii and five in Alaska (the lighthouse keepers at the Scotch Cap Light in the Aleutians). It resulted in the creation of a tsunami warning system known as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), established in 1949 for Oceania countries. The tsunami is known as the April Fools Day Tsunami in Hawaii because it happened on April 1 and many people thought it to be an April Fools Day prank.

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1952
Severo-Kurilsk, Kuril Islands, USSR
1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
Earthquake
The November 5, 1952 tsunami, triggered by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake, killed 2,336 on the Kuril Islands, USSR.

1956
Amorgos, Greece

Earthquake
Fifty-three deaths occurred during the largest 20th-century earthquake in Greece. The island of Santorini was damaged by the shock, and a localised tsunami affected the Cyclades and Dodecanese island groups. A maximum runup of 30 m (98 ft)) was observed on the southern coast of Amorgos.[55]

1958
Lituya Bay, Alaska, U.S.
1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami
Earthquake-triggered landslide
On the night of July 9, 1958 an earthquake along the Fairweather Fault in Alaska loosened ~40 million cubic yards (30.6 million cubic meters) of rock high above the northeastern shore of Lituya Bay. This mass of rock plunged from an altitude of approximately 3000 feet (914 meters) into the waters of Gilbert Inlet. The impact generated a local tsunami that crashed against the southwest shoreline of Gilbert Inlet with such power that it swept completely over the spur of land separating Gilbert Inlet from the main Lituya Bay. The wave continued down the length of Lituya Bay, over La Chaussee Spit and into the Gulf of Alaska. The force of the wave removed all trees and vegetation from elevations as high as 1720 feet (524 meters) above sea level. Millions of trees were uprooted and swept away by the wave. This is the highest wave that has ever been recorded, and the first time such a wave had ever been observed. The scale of this wave was so much greater than ordinary tsunamis, it eventually led to the new category of megatsunamis.

1960
Valdivia, Chile, and Pacific Ocean
1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean earthquake
Earthquake
The magnitude-9.5 earthquake of 22 May 1960, the largest earthquake ever recorded, generated one of the most destructive tsunamis of the 20th century. The tsunami spread across the Pacific Ocean, with waves measuring up to 25 meters high in places. The first tsunami wave struck at Hilo approximately 14.8 hrs after it originated off the coast of South Central Chile. The highest wave at Hilo Bay was measured at ~10.7 m (35 ft). 61 lives were lost, allegedly due to people's failure to heed warning sirens. Almost 22 hours after the quake, the waves hit the Sanriku coast of Japan, reaching up to 3 m above high tide, and killing 142 people. Up to 6,000 people died in total worldwide due to the earthquake and tsunami.[56]

1963
Vajont Dam, Monte Toc, Italy
Vajont Dam
Landslide

The Vajont Dam as seen from Longarone on 25 September 2012, showing the top 60–70 metres. The 200–250-metre (656–820-foot) megatsunami would have obscured virtually all of the sky in this picture.

The Vajont Dam was completed in 1961 under Monte Toc, 100 km north of Venice, Italy. At 262 metres (860 feet), it was one of the highest dams in the world. On October 9, 1963 an enormous landslide of about 260 million cubic metres of forest, earth, and rock, fell into the reservoir at up to 110 km per hour (68 mph). The resulting displacement of water caused 50 million cubic metres of water to overtop the dam in a 250-metre (820-foot) high megatsunami wave. The flooding destroyed the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Faè, killing 1,450 people. Almost 2,000 people (some sources report 1,909) perished in total.

1964
Niigata, Japan
1964 Niigata earthquake
Earthquake
28 people died, and entire apartment buildings were destroyed by liquefaction of the ground. The subsequent tsunami destroyed the port of Niigata.

1964
Alaska, U.S. and Pacific Ocean
1964 Alaska earthquake
Earthquake
After the magnitude 9.2 Good Friday earthquake of March 27, 1964, tsunamis struck Alaska, British Columbia, California, and coastal Pacific Northwest towns, killing 121 people. The waves were up to 100 feet (30 m) tall, and killed 11 people as far away as Crescent City, California.

1965
Shemya Island, Alaska
1965 Rat Islands earthquake
Earthquake
The February 4, 1965, Rat Islands earthquake generated a 10.7-metre (35 ft) tsunami on Shemya Island.[57]

1969
Portugal, Morocco
1969 Portugal earthquake
Earthquake
A large undersea earthquake off the coast of Portugal generated a tsunami that affected both Portugal and Morocco.[58]

1976
Moro Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines
1976 Moro Gulf earthquake
Earthquake
On August 16, 1976 at 12:11 A.M., magnitude 7.9 earthquake hit the island of Mindanao, Philippines. The resultant tsunami devastated more than 700 km of coastline bordering Moro Gulf in the North Celebes Sea. An estimated casualties included 5,000 dead, 2,200 missing or presumed dead, more than 9,500 injured and a total of 93,500 people left homeless. It devastated the cities of Cotabato, Pagadian, and Zamboanga, and the provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, and Zamboanga del Sur.

1979
Tumaco, Colombia
1979 Tumaco earthquake
Earthquake
A magnitude 8.1 earthquake occurred on 12 December 1979 at 7:59:4.3 UTC along the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. The earthquake and resulting tsunami destroyed at least six fishing villages and killed hundreds of people in the Colombian Department of Nariño. The earthquake was felt in Bogotá, Cali, Popayán, Buenaventura, Guayaquil, Esmeraldas, and Quito. The tsunami caused huge destruction in the city of Tumaco, as well as in the towns of El Charco, San Juan, Mosquera, and Salahonda on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Casualties included 259 dead, 798 wounded and 95 missing or presumed dead.

1980
Spirit Lake, Washington, U.S.
Spirit Lake (Washington), 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mount St. Helens
Volcanic eruption
On May 18, 1980, in the course of a major eruption of Mount St. Helens, the upper 460 m (1400 ft) of the mountain failed, causing a major landslide. One lobe of the landslide surged onto the nearby Spirit Lake, creating a megatsunami 260 meters (853 feet) high.[59]

1983
Sea of Japan
1983 Sea of Japan earthquake
Earthquake
On May 26, 1983 at 11:59:57 local time, a magnitude-7.7 earthquake occurred in the Sea of Japan, about 100 km west of the coast of Noshiro in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Out of the 107 fatalities, all but four were killed by the resulting tsunami, which struck communities along the coast, especially Aomori and Akita Prefectures and the Noto Peninsula. Footage of the tsunami hitting the fishing harbor of Wajima on Noto Peninsula was broadcast on TV. The waves exceeded 10 meters in some areas. Three of the fatalities were along the east coast of South Korea (whether North Korea was affected is not known). The tsunami also hit Okushiri Island, the site of a more deadly tsunami 10 years later. This tsunami killed 104 people and injured 235.

1992
Nicaragua
1992 Nicaragua earthquake
Earthquake
A 7.2+ quake hit offshore in Nicaragua, sending a devastating tsunami into the Rivas department coast, killing some 116 people. The wave magnitude, 9.9 meters high, was unusually large given the size of the earthquake.

1993
Okushiri, Hokkaido, Japan
1993 Hokkaido earthquake
Earthquake
A devastating tsunami wave struck Hokkaido in Japan as a result of a magnitude 7.8 offshore earthquake 80 miles (130 km) on 12 July 1993. Within minutes, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning that was broadcast on NHK in English and Japanese (archived at NHK library). However, at Okushiri, a small island near the epicenter, some waves reached 30 meters and struck within two to five minutes of the quake. Despite being surrounded by tsunami barriers, Aonae, a village on a low-lying peninsula, was devastated over the following hour by 13 waves over two meters high arriving from multiple directions, including waves that bounced back off Hokkaido. Of 250 people killed as a result of the quake, 197 were victims of the tsunami that hit Okushiri; the waves also caused deaths on the coast of Hokkaido. While many residents, remembering the 1983 tsunami (see above), survived by evacuating on foot to higher ground, many others underestimated how soon the waves would arrive (the 1983 tsunami took 17 minutes to hit Okushiri) and were killed as they attempted to evacuate by car along the village’s narrow lanes. The highest wave of the tsunami was 31 meters (102 ft) high.

1994
Java earthquake
1994 Java earthquake
Earthquake
Two hundred and fifty killed as a M7.8 earthquake and tsunami affected east Java and Bali on June 3, 1994.

1998
Papua New Guinea
1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake
Earthquake
On 17 July 1998, a Papua New Guinea tsunami killed approximately 2,200 people.[60] A 7.1-magnitude earthquake 24 km offshore was followed within 11 minutes by a tsunami about 15 metres tall. The tsunami was generated by an undersea landslide, which was triggered by the earthquake. The villages of Arop and Warapu were destroyed.

1999
Sea of Marmara
1999 İzmit earthquake
Earthquake
The earthquake triggered a tsunami in the Sea of Marmara, with a maximum water height of 2.52 m. 150 people were killed when the town of Degirmendere was flooded and a further five were swept into the sea at Ulaşlı.[61][62]

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2004
Indian Ocean
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Earthquake

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake; Tsunami striking Ao Nang, Thailand

Animation of the tsunami caused by the earthquake showing how the tsunami radiated from the entire length of the 1,600 km (990 mi) rupture

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3,[11] triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on 26 December 2004, that killed approximately 230,210 people (including 168,000 in Indonesia alone), making it the deadliest tsunami as well as one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. It was also caused by the third largest earthquake in recorded history. The initial surge was measured at a height of approximately 33 meters (108 ft), making it the largest earthquake-generated tsunami in recorded history. The tsunami killed people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of the quake in Indonesia, Thailand, and the north-western coast of Malaysia, to thousands of kilometres away in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and even as far away as Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania in East Africa. This trans-Indian Ocean tsunami is an example of a teletsunami, which can travel vast distances across the open ocean. In this case, it is an ocean-wide tsunami. It became known as the "Boxing Day Tsunami" because it struck on Boxing Day (26 December).
Unlike in the Pacific Ocean, there was no organized alert service covering the Indian Ocean. This was in part due to the absence of major tsunami events since 1883 (the Krakatoa eruption, which killed 36,000 people). In light of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, UNESCO and other world bodies have called for an international tsunami monitoring system.

2006
South of Java Island
2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami
Earthquake
A 7.7 magnitude earthquake rocked the Indian Ocean seabed on 17 July 2006, 200 km south of Pangandaran, a beach famous to surfers for its perfect waves. This earthquake triggered tsunamis which height varied from 2 meters at Cilacap to 6 meters at Cimerak beach, where it swept away and flattened buildings as far as 400 metres away from the coastline. More than 800 people were reported missing or dead.

2006
Kuril Islands
2006 Kuril Islands earthquake
Earthquake
On 15 November 2006, a magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurred off the coast near the Kuril Islands. In spite of the quake's large 8.3 magnitude, a relatively small tsunami was generated. The small tsunami was recorded or observed in Japan and at distant locations throughout the Pacific.

2007
Solomon Islands
2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
Earthquake
On 2 April 2007, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake struck about 40 km (25 mi) south of Ghizo Island in the western Solomon Islands at 7:39 a.m., resulting in a tsunami that was up to 12 m (36 feet) tall. The wave, which struck the coast of Solomon Islands (mainly Choiseul, Ghizo Island, Ranongga, and Simbo), triggered tsunami warnings and watches extending from Japan to New Zealand to Hawaii and eastern Australia. The tsunami killed 52 people and dozens more were injured when entire towns were inundated by waves. A state of national emergency was declared for the Solomon Islands. On the island of Choiseul, a wall of water reported to be 9.1 m (30 feet) high swept almost 400 meters inland. The largest waves hit the northern tip of Simbo Island, where two villages, Tapurai and Riquru, were completely destroyed by a 12 m wave, killing 10 people. Officials estimate that the tsunami displaced more than 5000 residents throughout the archipelago.

2007
British Columbia

Landslide
On 4 December 2007, a landslide entered Chehalis Lake in British Columbia, generating a large lake tsunami that destroyed campgrounds and vegetation many meters above the shoreline.[63]

2009
Samoa
2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami
Earthquake
A submarine earthquake took place in the Samoan Islands region at 06:48:11 local time on September 29, 2009, (17:48:11 UTC, September 29). The magnitude 8.1 quake occurred on the outer rise of the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone, and was the largest earthquake of 2009.
The subsequent tsunami caused substantial damage and loss of life in Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center recorded a 76 mm (3.0 in) rise in sea levels near the epicenter, and New Zealand scientists noted waves measuring 14 m (46 ft) at their highest on the Samoan coast. More than 189 people were killed, especially children, mostly in Samoa. Large waves with no major damage were reported on the coasts of Fiji, the northern coast of New Zealand and Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. People in the low-lying atolls of Tokelau moved to higher ground as a precaution. There were no reports of high waves from Vanuatu, Kiribati, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands.

2010
Chile
2010 Chile earthquake
Earthquake

Destruction provoked by the 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami, in Pichilemu, O'Higgins Region, Chile

On 27 February 2010, an 8.8 earthquake offshore of Chile caused a tsunami which caused serious damage and loss of life, it also caused minor effects in other Pacific nations.

2010
Sumatra
2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami
Earthquake
On 25 October 2010, a 7.7 earthquake struck near South Pagai Island in Indonesia triggering a localized tsunami that killed at least 408 people.

2011
New Zealand
2011 Christchurch earthquake
Earthquake-triggered ice fall
On 22 February 2011, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit the Canterbury Region of the South Island, New Zealand. Some 200 kilometres (120 mi) away from the earthquake's epicenter, around 30 million tonnes of ice tumbled off the Tasman Glacier into Tasman Lake, producing a series of 3.5 m (11 ft) high tsunami waves, which hit tourist boats in the lake.[64][65]

2011
Pacific coast of Japan
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Earthquake

Play media

NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation

On 11 March 2011, off the Pacific coast of Japan, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake produced a tsunami 33 feet (10 m) high along Japan's northeastern coast. The wave caused widespread devastation, with an official count of 18,550 people confirmed to be killed/missing.[66] The highest tsunami which was recorded at Miyako, Iwate reached a total height of 40.5 metres (133 ft).[67] In addition the tsunami precipitated multiple hydrogen explosions and nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. Tsunami warnings were issued to the entire Pacific Rim.[68][69]

2013
Solomon Islands
2013 Solomon Islands earthquake
Earthquake
On 6 February 2013, an earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Moment Magnitude scale struck the island nation of Solomon Islands. This earthquake created tsunami waves up to around 1 meter high. The tsunami also affected some other islands like New Caledonia and Vanuatu.

2014
Iceland
Askja
Landslide
At 11:24 PM on 21 July 2014, in a period experiencing an earthquake swarm related to the upcoming eruption of Bárðarbunga, an 800m-wide section gave way on the slopes of the Icelandic volcano Askja. Beginning at 350m over water height, it caused a tsunami 20–30 meters high across the caldera, and potentially larger at localized points of impact. Thanks to the late hour, no tourists were present; however, search and rescue observed a steam cloud rising from the volcano, apparently geothermal steam released by the landslide. Whether geothermal activity played a role in the landslide is uncertain. A total of 30–50 million cubic meters was involved in the landslide, raising the caldera's water level by 1–2 meters.[70]

2015
Chile
2015 Chile earthquake
Earthquake
On Wednesday, September 16, 2015, a major earthquake measuring 8.3 on the Moment Magnitude scale struck the west coast of Chile, causing a tsunami up to 16 feet (4.88 meters) high along the Chilean coast.

2016
New Zealand
2016 Kaikoura earthquake
Earthquake
On November 14, 2016, a big earthquake struck the South Island of New Zealand measuring 7.5 to 7.8 magnitude. A 2.5 metre tsunami hit Kaikoura and other small waves less than one metre hit various shores in New Zealand.

2017
Greenland

Landslide
On June 17, 2017, a landslide measuring 300 m × 1,100 m (980 ft × 3,610 ft) fell about 1 km (3,300 ft) into the Karrat fjord in the Uummannaq area in Western Greenland, causing a tsunami which hit the settlement Nuugaatsiaq killing four people, injuring nine and washing eleven buildings into the water.[71][72] In the beginning the tsunami had a height of 90 m (300 ft), but it was significantly lower once it hit the settlement.[72] Initially it was unclear if the landslide was caused by a small earthquake (magnitude 4),[71] but later it was confirmed that the landslide had caused the tremors.[72]

text: Highest or tallest[edit]

text:
The tallest tsunami ever recorded is the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami, which had a record height of 524 m (1,719 ft).
The only other recent megatsunamis are the 1980 Spirit Lake megatsunami, which measured 260 m (850 ft) tall and the 1963 Vajont Dam megatsunami which had an initial height of 250 m (820 ft).

text: Deadliest[edit]

text: The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed almost 230,000 people in eleven countries. The 365 CE Mediterranean tsunami's death toll may have been much higher.[citation needed]


document_title: List of best-selling albums of the 2000s (century)

question_text: who sold the most records in the 2000s

question_tokens: who sold the most records in the 2000s

text: Legend[edit]

text:
Colors

Studio albums

Greatest hits and compilations

Soundtracks

text: 30 million copies or more[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)

2000
1
The Beatles
 United Kingdom
33.0
[2]

2011
21
Adele
 United Kingdom
31.0
[3]

text: 20–29 million copies[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)

2002
Come Away with Me
Norah Jones
 United States
27.0
[4]

2000
Black & Blue
Backstreet Boys
 United States
24.0
[5]

2000
The Marshall Mathers LP
Eminem
 United States
22.9
[6]

2002
The Eminem Show
Eminem
 United States
21.4
[7]

2000
Hybrid Theory
Linkin Park
 United States
20.8
[8]

2004
Confessions
Usher
 United States
20.0
[9]

2000
Oops!... I Did It Again
Britney Spears
 United States
20.0
[10]

text: 13–19 million copies[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)

2015
25
Adele
 United Kingdom
19.3
[11]

2003
Fallen
Evanescence
 United States
17.0
[12]

2002
Let Go
Avril Lavigne
 Canada
16.2
[13]

2008
The Fame
Lady Gaga
 United States
16.2
[14]

2000
A Day Without Rain
Enya
 Ireland
16.0
[15]

2004
American Idiot
Green Day
 United States
15.0
[16]

2004
Breakaway
Kelly Clarkson
 United States
15.0
[17]

2002
A Rush of Blood to the Head
Coldplay
 United Kingdom
15.0
[18][19]

2000
No Strings Attached
NSYNC
 United States
15.0
[20]

2014
X
Ed Sheeran
 United Kingdom
14.0
[21]

2001
Take Off Your Pants and Jacket
Blink-182
 United States
14.0
[22]

2001
Laundry Service
Shakira
 Colombia
13.0
[23]

2003
Meteora
Linkin Park
 United States
13.3
[24]

2001
Missundaztood
Pink
 United States
13.0
[25]

2005
X&Y
Coldplay
 United Kingdom
13.0
[19]

text: 10–12 million copies[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)

2006
Back to Black
Amy Winehouse
 United Kingdom
12.0
[26]

2000
All That You Can't Leave Behind
U2
 Ireland
12.0
[27]

2001
Songs in A Minor
Alicia Keys
 United States
12.0
[28]

2002
A New Day Has Come
Celine Dion
 Canada
12.0
[29]

2003
Life for Rent
Dido
 United Kingdom
12.0
[30]

2004
Under My Skin
Avril Lavigne
 Canada
12.0
[31]

2003
Get Rich or Die Tryin'
50 Cent
 United States
12.0
[32]

2004
Encore
Eminem
 United States
11.4
[33]

2000
Music
Madonna
 United States
11.0
[34]

2003
Dangerously in Love
Beyoncé
 United States
11.0
[35]

2004
Back to Bedlam
James Blunt
 United Kingdom
11.0
[36]

2005
All the Right Reasons
Nickelback
 Canada
11.0
[37]

2007
Good Girl Gone Bad
Rihanna
 Barbados
10.0
[38]

2002
Stripped
Christina Aguilera
 United States
10.0
[39][40]

2001
Britney
Britney Spears
 United States
10.0
[41]

2005
Confessions on a Dance Floor
Madonna
 United States
10.0
[42]

2005
The Emancipation of Mimi
Mariah Carey
 United States
10.0
[43]

2001
Silver Side Up
Nickelback
 Canada
10.0
[37]

2002
Justified
Justin Timberlake
 United States
10.0
[44]

2002
Songs About Jane
Maroon 5
 United States
10.0
[45]

2006
FutureSex/LoveSounds
Justin Timberlake
 United States
10.0
[44]

2008
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
Coldplay
 United Kingdom
10.0
[19]

2009
I Dreamed a Dream
Susan Boyle
 United Kingdom
10.0
[46]

2010
Recovery
Eminem
 United States
10.0
[47]

2013
Frozen
Various Artists
—
10.0
[48]

2008
Fearless
Taylor Swift
 United States
10.0
[49]

2014
1989
Taylor Swift
 United States
10.0
[50]

text: Best-selling album by year[edit]

text: The charts of the best-selling albums by year in the world are compiled by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry annually since 2001. These charts are published in their two annual reports, the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers.

text:
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Sales
(in millions)
Source

2001
Hybrid Theory
Linkin Park
 United States
7.5
[51]

2002
The Eminem Show
Eminem
 United States
12.9
[52]

2003
Come Away with Me
Norah Jones
 United States
16.0
[53]

2004
Confessions
Usher
 United States
10.0
[54]

2005
X&Y
Coldplay
 United Kingdom
7.3
[55]

2006
High School Musical
Various Artists
—
7.0
[56]

2007
High School Musical 2
Various Artists
—
6.0
[57]

2008
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
Coldplay
 United Kingdom
5.8
[58]

2009
I Dreamed a Dream
Susan Boyle
 United Kingdom
6.4
[59]

2010
Recovery
Eminem
 United States
6.2
[60]

2011
21
Adele
 United Kingdom
18.1
[52]

2012
8.3
[61]

2013
Midnight Memories
One Direction
 UK /  Ireland
4.0
[62]

2014
Frozen
Various Artists
—
9.0
[63]

2015
25
Adele
 United Kingdom
17.4
[64]

2016
Lemonade
Beyoncé
 United States
2.5
[65]


document_title: Rincon

question_text: where does the last name rincon come from

text: Rincon

text: Rincon or Rincón (Spanish for corner) may refer to:

text:
Rincon (meadow)
Rincon (abandoned meander)

text: Places[edit]

text:
Rincón (Catamarca), Argentine town in Catamarca Province
Rincón de Los Sauces, Argentine town in Neuquén Province
Rincón (Córdoba), Argentine town in Córdoba Province

text: Rincon, Bonaire, one of only two towns on the island of Bonaire

text: Rincón, municipal district in La Vega Province

text: Rincon Grande, East Falkland

text: Rincón de Romos, Mexican town in Aguascalientes

text: Rincón (Morocco), Mediterranean town in Morocco between Tangier and Tétouan

text: Rincon, Bonaire, a town on the island of Bonaire

text: Rincón, Chiriquí

text: Rincón, Puerto Rico, a municipality; sleepy surf town

text:
Rincon de los Esteros, a Mexican land grant in the present Santa Clara County, California
Rincon, California, an Indian Reservation located on the East end of Valley Center, California
Rincon Hill, San Francisco, California, a neighborhood and landform
Rincon, Georgia, a city
Rincon Island, California, an artificial island located off Rincon Point on the Pacific Coast of California, USA
Rincon Mountains, a mountain range in Arizona
Rincon, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Rincon, Riverside County, California the name applied to a tract of land lying on either side of the Santa Ana River, from ten to twenty miles below Riverside, California. A settlement along the river at its crossing point, later renamed Prado, now a ghost town.
Rincon (surfspot), at the beach along Rincon Point located at the Ventura / Santa Barbara County line on the Pacific Coast of California, USA

text: People[edit]

text: Rincón can also be used as a Spanish surname that may refer to these notable people:

text:
Antonio del Rincón (1566–1601), novo-Hispanic Nahuatl-language grammarian
Carolina Rincón, Mexican actress
Daniel Rincón, Colombian road cyclist
Francisco del Rincón, Spanish archbishop
Freddy Rincón, Colombian football midfielder
Hipólito Rincón, retired Spanish footballer and radio commentator
Juan Rincón, Venezuelan baseball player
Oliverio Rincón, Colombian road cyclist
Tomás Rincón, Venezuelan footballer who has played for Hamburg SV
Yoreli Rincón, Colombian footballer who has played for the Swedish club LdB Malmö
Brazilian footballers:

Diogo Rincón, Diogo Augusto Pacheco da Fontoura, nicknamed Rincón
Gilvan Santos Souza, nickname Rincón, who plays for Santa Clara
Carlos Eduardo de Castro Lourenço, nickname Rincón, player for Troyes AC

text: Things[edit]

text:
Honda Rincon, all-terrain vehicle (ATV) made by Honda from 2003-present
Rincon, the development code-name of Microsoft's Internet Explorer 7
Rincon, a mountain bike made by Giant Bicycles
Rincon Sea Level Road, roadway built in 1913 using wooden causeways on the coast between Ventura and Santa Barbara, California
One Rincon Hill, two residential skyscrapers in San Francisco, California, including the tallest U.S. residential skyscraper west of the Mississippi River
Rincon 1, a satellite built at the University of Arizona

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rincon.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pagesPlace name disambiguation pagesDisambiguation pages with surname-holder lists

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Time is of the essence

question_text: who said time is of the essence quote

question_tokens: who said time is of the essence quote

text: Time is of the essence

text: Look up time is of the essence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Time is of the essence" is a term used in contract law in England and Wales, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, other Commonwealth counties and the United States expressing "the need for timely completion",[1] i.e. indicating that one or more parties to the agreement must perform by the time to which the parties have agreed if a delay will cause material harm. However, in the case of Foundation Development Corp. v. Loehmann's Inc. 788 P.2d 1189 (Arizona 1990), in which the lease included a Time is of the essence clause, the court ruled that a minor delay did not cause material harm and thus no breach of contract occurred.[2]

text: Compare this to an "express clause", where a specific contract term must be performed to avoid breach, such as in the court decision in Dove v. Rose Acre Farms, Inc. 434 N.E.2d 931 (Ct. App. Ind. 1982).[3]

text: Contrast this with reasonable time, where a delay in performing may be justified if it is reasonably required, based upon subjective circumstances such as unexpected weather,[4] and the phrase time at large, which describes a situation where there is no date for completion, or where the date for completion has become invalid. The contractor is then no longer bound by the obligation to complete the works by a certain date.


document_title: Radio (LL Cool J album)

question_text: what is ll cool j's first album

question_tokens: what is ll cool j 's first album

text: Radio (LL Cool J album)

text: Background[edit]

text: In March 1984, when NYU student Rick Rubin and promoter-manager Russell Simmons founded the then-independent Def Jam label, 16 year–old St. Albans, Queens native James Todd Smith was creating demo tapes in his grandparents' home.[1] His grandfather, a jazz saxophonist, purchased him $ 2,000 worth of stereo equipment, including two turntables, an audio mixer and an amplifier.[2] Smith later discussed his childhood background and rapping, stating that "By the time I got that equipment, I was already a rapper. In this neighborhood, the kids grow up in rap. It's like speaking Spanish if you grow up in an all-Spanish house. I got into it when I was about 9, and since then all I wanted was to make a record and hear it on the radio."[2] By using the mixing table he had received from his grandfather, Smith produced and mixed his own demos and sent them to various record companies throughout New York City, including Simmons' and Rubin's own Def Jam Recordings.[3]

text: Under his new stage name, LL Cool J (an acronym for Ladies Love Cool James),[4] Smith was signed by Def Jam, which led to the release of his first official record, the 12-inch single "I Need a Beat" (1984).[1] The single was a hard-hitting, streetwise b-boy song with spare beats and ballistic rhymes.[1] Smith later discussed his search for a label, stating "I sent my demo to many different companies, but it was Def Jam where I found my home."[5] That same year, Smith made his professional debut concert performance at Manhattan Center High School. In a later interview, LL Cool J recalled the experience, stating "They pushed the lunch room tables together and me and my DJ, Cut Creator, started playing. ... As soon as it was over there were girls screaming and asking for autographs. Right then and there I said 'This is what I want to do'."[6] LL's debut single sold over 100,000 copies and helped establish both Def Jam as a label and Smith as a rapper. The commercial success of "I Need a Beat", along with the Beastie Boys' single "Rock Hard" (1984), helped lead Def Jam to a distribution deal with Columbia Records the following year.[7]

text: LL Cool J dropped out of Andrew Jackson High School in Queens to record his first studio album,[8] also the first LP to be issued by Def Jam.[9] Recording sessions for the album took place at Chung King Studios in Manhattan's Chinatown under Rubin's direction throughout 1984 and 1985.[10] Notable from the personnel line-up was LL's DJ Jay Philpot, better known as "Cut Creator". A Queens native and former trombonist, Philpot met LL at a block party and they began performing together.[11] The audio mastering was handled by engineer Herb Powers at 130 West 42nd Street in the Frankford Wayne Mastering Labs and the album was set for release as Radio in November 1985, containing a dedication in the liner notes from LL Cool J to his mother and his grandparents.[12][unreliable source?][13] The album's release had been anticipated by many rap fans following LL Cool J's appearance in the hip hop movie Krush Groove, which was based on the beginnings of the Def Jam label and featured the single "I Can't Live Without My Radio" from Radio.[13]

text: Music and lyrics[edit]

text:
"I Can't Live Without My Radio"

The ghetto-blaster anthem features sparse drum machine beats and a minimalist production.
"Rock the Bells"

The boastful track samples heavy rhythmic bass lines with chiming guitar.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: The album's production, handled entirely by Rick Rubin with a remix by DJ Jazzy Jay, has been noted by critics and music writers for Rubin's minimalist style and stripped-down aggressiveness.[13][14] Steve Huey of AllMusic described the production for Radio as "bare-bones" and "skeletal", while calling the instrumentation "basically just a cranked-up beatbox."[14] The sound of Radio is mostly punctuated by DJ scratching and features occasional brief samples, which emphasize a downbeat.[14] In summing up the musical style of Radio, Huey stated "The result is rap at its most skeletal, with a hard-hitting, street-level aggression that perfectly matches LL's cocksure teenage energy."[14]

text: The lyrical themes regarding the culture and the way of life of inner city youth that surface in Radio, including the growing and popular b-boy attitude ("I Can't Live Without My Radio", "Rock the Bells") and teenage promiscuity ("Dear Yvette"), along with LL's "teenage energy", as described by writer Nelson George, helped appeal to a younger music audience and were essential in the album's commercial success.[13] LL Cool J's lyricism on Radio is highlighted by clever disses, playful boasts and braggadocio raps.[14][15] Columnist Stephen Holden of The New York Times described LL Cool J as "a brawny young giant with the animal magnetism and amiable self-assurance of the young Muhammad Ali."[2] "I Want You" and "I Can Give You More" have been recognized by listeners of hip hop as the first hip-hop ballads, and have been cited likewise by several music writers and critics.[13][16]

text: Author of the 1985 book Fresh: Hip Hop Don't Stop, writer Nelson George further elaborated on the appeal of Radio to listeners at the time, describing LL Cool J as a "minimalist homeboy who knows his beats", and stating "You can call it rap, hip hop or street, but it really is a way of hearing music—and partying hard—that expresses the experiences and attitudes of a great many inner city kids. L.L. Cool J is one of the best young talkologists around, because he speaks directly to and about his generation over large beats that recall Run-D.M.C., Trouble Funk, James Brown, and funky little bits of AC/DC and Yes ... This teenage music is built around beats, but not just any old beats. It is all about a beat with style, with personality, and L.L. Cool J has plenty of both."[13]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[17]MusicHound R&B4.5/5[18]Q[19]The Rolling Stone Album Guide[20]The Source5/5[21]Spin Alternative Record Guide9/10[22]The Village VoiceB+[23]

text: Released November 18, 1985, on Def Jam Recordings in the United States,[24] Radio earned a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time. It sold over 500,000 copies in its first five months, eventually selling over 1 million copies by 1988, according to the Recording Industry Association of America.[13][25] Radio peaked at number 6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at number 46 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[26] It entered the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart on December 28, 1985, and remained there for forty-seven weeks, while also entering the Pop Albums chart on January 11, 1986.[26] Radio remained on the chart for thirty-eight weeks.[26] By 1989, the album had earned platinum status from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), after earning a gold certification in the United States on April 14, 1986, with sales exceeding one million copies.[25]

text: Radio received positive reviews from both "street and dance music" aficionados and mainstream music critics,[27] including Robert Christgau from The Village Voice, who described it in a January 1986 article as "the most engaging and original rap album of the year".[28] LL Cool J's aggressive rapping and Rick Rubin's stripped-down production were praised by critics who also agreed that LL's lyrics set a new standard for MC's at the time.[14] The songs' lyrics were favored by critics who described LL's songwriting as clever and fun.[15] Connie Johnson of the Los Angeles Times said that he is an integral artist of hip hop's "second generation" because of his "razor-sharp wit".[29] Rolling Stone magazine's Debby Bull was impressed by his songwriting and how its originality lies in the ballads, even though "it's the sassier, dance-worthy songs that make this record such an irresistible party."[30] The critical success of the album would later result in its comparison to other LL Cool J albums, which were not as critically successful as Radio.[14][31] In his review for the Trouser Press, Ira Robbins called the album a "primary classic of hip-hop's original commercial surge" and went on to write:

text:
“

From the monster boombox on the cover to grooves like 'I Can't Live Without My Radio' and 'You Can't Dance', LL touches all the right cultural totems, delivering his sharp-tongued lines with adolescent urgency and a deliciously snotty attitude. The rhythm tracks are stripped-down and aggressive; raps on familiar subjects sidestep clichés and are clever enough to warrant repeated listening.[32]

”

text: Since its initial reception, Radio has been viewed by fans and critics as LL Cool J's greatest work, as well as one of hip hop's best albums.[33] In retrospect, some critics and music writers have given more praise to producer Rick Rubin's contributions to Radio, as well as note the importance of his production on the album. Yahoo! Music's Frank Meyer said that the album was "one of the earliest records, along with Run-DMC, to combine the vocal approach of rap with the musical arrangements and riffing of rock 'n' roll. 'I Can't Live Without My Radio' is a hip-hop classic and this album set the standard for East Coast rap for a long time."[34]

text: Radio was later ranked at number 2 on ego trip magazine's "Hip Hop's 25 Greatest Albums (1980-98)", number 69 on Rolling Stone's "100 Best LPs of the 80s", and number 71 on Blender's "100 Greatest American Albums of All Time" list.[35] In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked the album number 478 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time;[36] it was ranked number 470 in a revised list in 2012.[37] The album was also included in Rolling Stone magazine's 1997 issue of "The Essential 200 Rock Records".[38] In 1998, Radio was selected as one of The Source magazine's "100 Best Rap Albums".[39]

text: Legacy and influence[edit]

text: With the breakthrough success of his hit single "I Need a Beat" and the Radio LP, LL Cool J became one of the first hip-hop acts to achieve mainstream success along with Kurtis Blow and Run-D.M.C. Gigs at larger venues were offered to LL as he would join the 1986-'87 Raising Hell tour, opening for Run-D.M.C. and the Beastie Boys.[40] Another milestone of LL's popularity was his appearance on American Bandstand as the first hip hop act on the show.[41]

text: The album's success also helped in contributing to Rick Rubin's credibility and repertoire as a record producer. Radio, along with Raising Hell (1986) and Licensed to Ill (1986), would form a trilogy of New York City-based, Rubin-helmed albums that helped to diversify hip-hop.[10][42] Rubin's production credit on the back cover reads "REDUCED BY RICK RUBIN", referring to his minimalist production style, which gave the album its stripped-down and gritty sound. This style would serve as one of Rubin's production trademarks and would have a great impact on future hip-hop productions.[43] Rubin's early hip hop production work, before his exit from Def Jam to Los Angeles, helped solidify his legacy as a hip hop pioneer and establish his reputation in the music industry.[43]

text: Radio's release coincided with the growing new school scene and subculture, which also marked the beginning of hip-hop's "golden age" and the replacement of old school hip hop.[16][44] This period of hip hop was marked by the end of the disco rap stylings of old school, which had flourished prior to the mid-80s, and the rise of a new style featuring "ghetto blasters". Radio served as one of the earliest records, along with Run-D.M.C.'s debut album, to combine the vocal approach of hip hop and rapping with the musical arrangements and riffing sound of rock music, pioneering the rap rock hybrid sound.[45]

text: The emerging new school scene was initially characterized by drum machine-led minimalism, often tinged with elements of rock, as well as boasts about rapping delivered in an aggressive, self-assertive style. In image as in song, the artists projected a tough, cool, street b-boy attitude. These elements contrasted sharply with the 1970s P-Funk and disco-influenced outfits, live bands, synthesizers and party rhymes of acts prevalent in 1984, rendering them old school.[46] In contrast to the lengthy, jam-like form predominant throughout early hip hop ("King Tim III", "Rapper's Delight", "The Breaks"), new school artists tended to compose shorter songs that would be more accessible and had potential for radio play, and conceive more cohesive LPs than their old school counterparts; the style typified by LL Cool J's Radio.[47] A leading example of the new school sound is the song "I Can't Live Without My Radio", a loud, defiant declaration of public loyalty to his boom box, which The New York Times described as "quintessential rap in its directness, immediacy and assertion of self".[2] It was featured in the film Krush Groove (1985), which was based on the rise of Def Jam and new school acts such as Run-D.M.C. and the Fat Boys.[48]

text: The energy and hardcore delivery and musical style of rapping featured on Radio, as well as other new school recordings by artists such as Run-D.M.C., Schooly D, T La Rock and Steady B, proved to be influential to hip hop acts of the "golden age" such as Boogie Down Productions and Public Enemy.[49] The decline of the old school form of hip hop also led to the closing of Sugar Hill Records, one of the labels that helped contribute to early hip-hop and that, coincidently, rejected LL's demo tape.[31] As the album served as an example of an expansion of hip hop music's artistic possibilities, its commercial success and distinct sound soon led to an increase in multi-racial audiences and listeners, adding to the legacy of the album and hip hop as well.[45]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by James Todd Smith and Rick Rubin, except where noted..

text: Side ANo.TitleProducer(s)Length1."I Can't Live Without My Radio"Rick Rubin5:282."You Can't Dance"Rick Rubin3:373."Dear Yvette"Rick Rubin4:074."I Can Give You More"Rick Rubin5:085."Dangerous"Rick Rubin4:406."El Shabazz"Rick Rubin1:18

text: Side BNo.TitleProducer(s)Length7."Rock the Bells"Rick Rubin4:018."I Need a Beat (Remix)"Rick Rubin, Jazzy Jay4:329."That's a Lie" (featuring Russell Rush)Rick Rubin4:4210."You'll Rock"Rick Rubin4:4411."I Want You"Rick Rubin4:51

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text:
A shortened version of "I Can't Live Without My Radio" appears on the Krush Groove soundtrack.
Track 6 – Hidden a cappella track known as "El Shabazz" or "Three the Hard Way". A longer version of the song was released under the title "El Shabazz" as the B-side of "Rock the Bells".
"I Need a Beat (Remix)" – Written by Rubin, LL, and Adrock; remixed by Jazzy Jay.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
James Todd Smith - Vocals (Credited as L.L. Cool J)
Jay Philpot - DJ (Credited as DJ Cut Creator)
Russell Rush - Guest vocals track 9

text:
Rick Rubin - Producer
Jazzy Jay - Producer on track 8
Steve Ett - Recording engineer
Steve Byram - Album cover design
Nelson George - Liner notes
Herb Powers Jr. - Mastering engineer
Josh Cheuse, Janette Beckman - Liner photography (Credited on the reissue)

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1985)

Peakposition

UK Albums Chart

71

US Billboard 200

46

US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums

6

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[50]

Platinum

1,000,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone