document_title: Cerebrospinal fluid

question_text: the csf returns to the bloodstream by way of

text: Cerebrospinal fluid

text: Structure[edit]

text: Circulation[edit]

text: There is about 125-150 mL of CSF at any one time.[1] This CSF circulates within the ventricular system of the brain. The ventricles are a series of cavities filled with CSF. The majority of CSF is produced from within the two lateral ventricles. From here, CSF passes through the interventricular foramina to the third ventricle, then the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle. From the fourth ventricle, the fluid passes into the subarachnoid space through four openings – the central canal of the spinal cord, the median aperture, and the two lateral apertures.[1] CSF is present within the subarachnoid space, which covers the brain, spinal cord, and stretches below the end of the spinal cord to the sacrum.[1][2] There is a connection from the subarachnoid space to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear making the cerebrospinal fluid continuous with the perilymph in 93% of people.[3]

text: CSF moves in a single outward direction from the ventricles, but multidirectionally in the subarachnoid space.[3] Fluid movement is pulsatile, matching the pressure waves generated in blood vessels by the beating of the heart.[3] Some authors dispute this, posing that there is no unidirectional CSF circulation, but cardiac cycle-dependent bi-directional systolic-diastolic to-and-fro cranio-spinal CSF movements.[4]

text: Contents[edit]

text: CSF is derived from blood plasma and is largely similar to it, except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has some different electrolyte levels. Due to the way it is produced, CSF has a higher chloride level than plasma, and an equivalent sodium level.[2][5]

text: CSF contains approximately 0.3% plasma proteins, or approximately 15 to 40 mg/dL, depending on sampling site.[6] In general, globular proteins and albumin are in lower concentration in ventricular CSF compared to lumbar or cisternal fluid.[7]  This continuous flow into the venous system dilutes the concentration of larger, lipid-insoluble molecules penetrating the brain and CSF.[8] CSF is normally free of red blood cells, and at most contains only a few white blood cells. Any white blood cell count higher than this constitutes pleocytosis.[9]

text: Development[edit]

text: At around the third week of development, the embryo is a three-layered disc, covered with ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. A tube-like formation develops in the midline, called the notochord. The notochord releases extracellular molecules that affect the transformation of the overlying ectoderm into nervous tissue.[10] The neural tube, forming from the ectoderm, contains CSF prior to the development of the choroid plexuses.[3] The open neuropores of the neural tube close after the first month of development, and CSF pressure gradually increases.[3]

text: As the brain develops, by the fourth week of embryological development three swellings have formed within the embryo around the canal, near where the head will develop. These swellings represent different components of the central nervous system: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon.[10] Subarachnoid spaces are first evident around the 32nd day of development near the rhombencephalon; circulation is visible from the 41st day.[3] At this time, the first choroid plexus can be seen, found in the fourth ventricle, although the time at which they first secrete CSF is not yet known.[3]

text: The developing forebrain surrounds the neural cord. As the forebrain develops, the neural cord within it becomes a ventricle, ultimately forming the lateral ventricles. Along the inner surface of both ventricles, the ventricular wall remains thin, and a choroid plexus develops, producing and releasing CSF.[10] CSF quickly fills the neural canal.[10] Arachnoid villi are formed around the 35th week of development, with aracnhoid granulations noted around the 39th, and continuing developing until 18 months of age.[3]

text: The subcommissural organ secretes SCO-spondin, which forms Reissner's fiber within CSF assisting movement through the cerebral aqueduct. It is present in early intra-uterine life but disappears during early development.[3]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Function[edit]

text: CSF serves several purposes:

text:
Buoyancy: The actual mass of the human brain is about 1400–1500 grams; however, the net weight of the brain suspended in CSF is equivalent to a mass of 25-50 grams.[11][1] The brain therefore exists in neutral buoyancy, which allows the brain to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight, which would cut off blood supply and kill neurons in the lower sections without CSF.[5]
Protection: CSF protects the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit, by providing a fluid buffer that acts as a shock absorber from some forms of mechanical injury.[1][5]
Prevention of brain ischemia: The prevention of brain ischemia is made by decreasing the amount of CSF in the limited space inside the skull. This decreases total intracranial pressure and facilitates blood perfusion.[1]
Homeostasis: CSF allows for regulation of the distribution of substances between cells of the brain,[3] and neuroendocrine factors, to which slight changes can cause problems or damage to the nervous system. For example, high glycine concentration disrupts temperature and blood pressure control, and high CSF pH causes dizziness and syncope.[5]
Clearing waste: CSF allows for the removal of waste products from the brain,[1] and is critical in the brain's lymphatic system.[12] Metabolic waste products diffuse rapidly into CSF and are removed into the bloodstream as CSF is absorbed.[13]

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text:
Comparison of Average Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Substance
CSF
Serum

Water Content (%)
99
93

Protein (mg/dL)
35
7000

Glucose (mg/dL)
60
90

Osmolarity (mOsm/L)
295
295

Sodium (mEq/L)
138
138

Potassium (mEq/L)
2.8
4.5

Calcium (mEq/L)
2.1
4.8

Magnesium (mEq/L)
2.0–2.5[14]
1.7

Chloride (mEq/L)
119
102

pH
7.33
7.41

text: The brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day,[2] at a rate of about 25 mL an hour.[1] This transcellular fluid is constantly reabsorbed, so that only 125–150 mL is present at any one time.[1]

text: Most (about two-thirds to 80%) of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus.[1][2] The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels present within sections of the four ventricles of the brain. It is present throughout the ventricular system except for the cerebral aqueduct, frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, and occipital horn of the lateral ventricle.[15] CSF is also produced by the single layer of column-shaped ependymal cells which line the ventricles; by the lining surrounding the subarachnoid space; and a small amount directly from the tiny spaces surrounding blood vessels around the brain.[2]

text: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in two steps. Firstly, a filtered form of plasma moves from fenestrated capillaries in the choroid plexus into an interstitial space,[1] with movement guided by a difference in pressure between the blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid.[3] This fluid then needs to pass through the epithelium cells lining the choroid plexus into the ventricles, an active process requiring the transport of sodium, potassium and chloride that draws water into CSF by creating osmotic pressure.[3] Unlike blood passing from the capillaries into the choroid plexus, the epithelial cells lining the choroid plexus contain tight junctions between cells, which act to prevent most substances flowing freely into CSF.[16]

text: Water and carbon dioxide from the interstitial fluid diffuse into the epithelial cells. Within these cells, carbonic anhydrase converts the substances into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. These are exchanged for sodium and chloride on the cell surface facing the interstitium.[3] Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and potassium are then actively secreted into the ventricular lumen.[2][3] This creates osmotic pressure and draws water into CSF,[2] facilitated by aquaporins.[3] Chloride, with a negative charge, moves with the positively charged sodium, to maintain electroneutrality.[2] Potassium and bicarbonate are also transported out of CSF.[2] As a result, CSF contains a higher concentration of sodium and chloride than blood plasma, but less potassium, calcium and glucose and protein.[5] Choroid plexuses also secrete growth factors, vitamins B1, 12 C, folate, beta-2 microglobulin, arginine vasopressin and nitrous oxide into CSF.[3] A Na-K-Cl cotransporter and Na/K ATPase found on the surface of the choroid endothelium, appears to play a role in regulating CSF secretion and composition.[3][1]

text: Orešković and Klarica hypothesise that CSF is not primarily produced by the choroid plexus, but is being permanently produced inside the entire CSF system, as a consequence of water filtration through the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid of the surrounding brain tissue, regulated by AQP-4.[4]

text: There are circadian variations in CSF secretion, with the mechanisms not fully understood, but potentially relating to differences in the activation of the autonomic nervous system over the course of the day.[3]

text: Reabsorption[edit]

text: CSF returns to the vascular system by entering the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations.[2] These are outpouchings of the arachnoid mater into the venous sinuses around the brain, with valves to ensure one-way drainage.[2] This occurs because of a pressure difference between the arachnoid mater and venous sinuses.[3] CSF has also been seen to drain into lymphatic vessels,[17] particularly those surrounding the nose via drainage along the olfactory nerve through the cribriform plate. The pathway and extent are currently not known,[1] but may involve CSF flow along some cranial nerves and be more prominent in the neonate.[3] CSF turns over at a rate of three to four times a day.[2] CSF has also been seen to be reabsorbed through the sheathes of cranial and spinal nerve sheathes, and through the ependyma.[3]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: The composition and rate of CSF generation are influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.[3] For example, when CSF pressure is higher, there is less of a pressure difference between the capillary blood in choroid plexuses and CSF, decreasing the rate at which fluids move into the choroid plexus and CSF generation.[3] The autonomic nervous system influences choroid plexus CSF secretion, with activation of the sympathetic nervous system increasing secretion and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing it.[3] Changes in the pH of the blood can affect the activity of carbonic anhydrase, and some drugs (such as frusemide, acting on the Na-K-Cl cotransporter) have the potential to impact membrane channels.[3]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Pressure[edit]

text: CSF pressure, as measured by lumbar puncture, is 10–18 cmH2O (8–15 mmHg or 1.1–2 kPa) with the patient lying on the side and 20–30 cmH2O (16–24 mmHg or 2.1–3.2 kPa) with the patient sitting up.[18] In newborns, CSF pressure ranges from 8 to 10 cmH2O (4.4–7.3 mmHg or 0.78–0.98 kPa). Most variations are due to coughing or internal compression of jugular veins in the neck. When lying down, the CSF pressure as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the intracranial pressure.

text: Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain.[19] Hydrocephalus can occur because of obstruction of the passage of CSF, such as from an infection, injury, mass, or congenital abnormality.[19][20] Hydrocephalus without obstruction associated with normal CSF pressure may also occur.[19] Symptoms can include problems with gait and coordination, urinary incontinence, nausea and vomiting, and progressively impaired thinking.[20] In infants, hydrocephalus can cause an enlarged head, as the bones of the skull have not yet fused, seizures, irritability and drowsiness.[20] A CT scan or MRI scan may reveal enlargement of one or both lateral ventricles, or causative masses or lesions,[19][20] and lumbar puncture may be used to demonstrate and in some circumstances relieve high intracranial pressure.[21] Hydrocephalus is usually treated through the insertion of a shunt, which diverts fluid to another part of the body, such as a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.[19][20]

text: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition of unknown cause characterised by a rise in CSF pressure. It is associated with headaches, double vision, difficulties seeing, and a swollen optic disc.[19] It can occur in association with the use of Vitamin A and tetracycline antibiotics, or without any identifiable cause at all, particularly in younger obese women.[19] Management may include ceasing any known causes, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as acetazolamide, repeated drainage via lumbar puncture, or the insertion of a shunt such as a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.[19]

text: CSF leak[edit]

text: CSF can leak from the dura as a result of different causes such as physical trauma or a lumbar puncture, or from no known cause when it is termed spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak.[22] It is usually associated with intracranial hypotension: low CSF pressure.[21] It can cause headaches, made worse by standing, moving and coughing,[21] as the low CSF pressure causes the brain to "sag" downwards and put pressure on its lower structures.[21] If a leak is identified, a beta-2 transferrin test of the leaking fluid, when positive, is highly specific and sensitive for the detection for CSF leakage.[22] Medical imaging such as CT scans and MRI scans can be used to investigate for a presumed CSF leak when no obvious leak is found but low CSF pressure is identified.[23] Caffeine, given either orally or intravenously, often offers symptomatic relief.[23] Treatment of an identified leak may include injection of a person's blood into the epidural space (an epidural blood patch), spinal surgery, or fibrin glue.[23]

text: Lumbar puncture[edit]

text: CSF can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of neurological diseases, usually obtained by a procedure called lumbar puncture.[24] Lumbar puncture is carried out under sterile conditions by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. CSF is extracted through the needle, and tested.[22] About one third of people experience a headache after lumbar puncture,[22] and pain or discomfort at the needle entry site is common. Rarer complications may include bruising, meningitis or ongoing post lumbar-puncture leakage of CSF.[1]

text: Testing often including observing the colour of the fluid, measuring CSF pressure, and counting and identifying white and red blood cells within the fluid; measuring protein and glucose levels; and culturing the fluid.[22][24] The presence of red blood cells and xanthochromia may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage; whereas central nervous system infections such as meningitis, may be indicated by elevated white blood cell levels.[24] A CSF culture may yield the microorganism that has caused the infection,[22] or PCR may be used to identify a viral cause.[24] Investigations to the total type and nature of proteins reveal point to specific diseases, including multiple sclerosis, paraneoplastic syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus, neurosarcoidosis, cerebral angiitis;[1] and specific antibodies such as Aquaporin 4 may be tested for to assist in the diagnosis of autoimmune conditions.[1] A lumbar puncture that drains CSF may also be used as part of treatment for some conditions, including idiopathic intracranial hypertension and normal pressure hydrocephalus.[1]

text: Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the intracranial pressure, which might be increased in certain types of hydrocephalus. However, a lumbar puncture should never be performed if increased intracranial pressure is suspected due to certain situations such as a tumour, because it can lead to fatal brain herniation.[22]

text: Anaesthesia and chemotherapy[edit]

text: Some anaesthetics and chemotherapy are injected intrathecally into the subarachnoid space, where they spread around CSF, meaning substances that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier can still be active throughout the central nervous system.[25][26] Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid and is used in general anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.[25]

text: History[edit]

text: Various comments by ancient physicians have been read as referring to CSF. Hippocrates discussed "water" surrounding the brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus, and Galen referred to "excremental liquid" in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose. But for some 16 intervening centuries of ongoing anatomical study, CSF remained unmentioned in the literature. This is perhaps because of the prevailing autopsy technique, which involved cutting off the head, thereby removing evidence of CSF before the brain was examined.[27]

text: The modern rediscovery of CSF is now credited to Emanuel Swedenborg. In a manuscript written between 1741 and 1744, unpublished in his lifetime, Swedenborg referred to CSF as "spirituous lymph" secreted from the roof of the fourth ventricle down to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. This manuscript was eventually published in translation in 1887.[27]

text: Albrecht von Haller, a Swiss physician and physiologist, made note in his 1747 book on physiology that the "water" in the brain was secreted into the ventricles and absorbed in the veins, and when secreted in excess, could lead to hydrocephalus.[27] Francois Magendie studied the properties of CSF by vivisection. He discovered the foramen Magendie, the opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle, but mistakenly believed that CSF was secreted by the pia mater.[27]

text: Thomas Willis (noted as the discoverer of the circle of Willis) made note of the fact that the consistency of CSF is altered in meningitis.[27] In 1869 Gustav Schwalbe proposed that CSF drainage could occur via lymphatic vessels.[1]

text: In 1891, W. Essex Wynter began treating tubercular meningitis by tapping the subarachnoid space, and Heinrich Quincke began to popularize lumbar puncture, which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.[27] In 1912, a neurologist William Mestrezat gave the first accurate description of the chemical composition of CSF.[27] In 1914, Harvey W. Cushing published conclusive evidence that CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus.[27]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: During phylogenesis, CSF is present within the neuraxis before it circulates.[3] The CSF of Teleostei fish is contained within the ventricles of the brains, but not in a nonexistent subarachnoid space.[3] In mammals, where a subarachnoid space is present, CSF is present in it.[3] Absorption of CSF is seen in amniotes and more complex species, and as species become progressively more complex, the system of absorption becomes progressively more enhanced, and the role of spinal epidural veins in absorption plays a progressively smaller and smaller role.[3]

text: The amount of cerebrospinal fluid varies by size and species.[28] In humans and other mammals, cerebrospinal fluid, produced, circulating, and reabsorbed in a similar manner to humans, and with a similar function, turns over at a rate of 3–5 times a day.[28] Problems with CSF circulation leading to hydrocephalus occur in other animals.[28]


document_title: Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)

question_text: when did wendys come out with vanilla frosty

root

text: Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)

text: Product description[edit]

text: The dessert is a type of frozen dairy dessert. It was only available as chocolate until vanilla was introduced in 2006 after repeated requests by consumers,[1] although the Wendy's on Central Ave in Yonkers has had the Vanilla Frosty since 1993.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The Frosty was invented by Borden's dairyman John Bowers at the request of Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's. When the first Wendy's opened in 1969, chocolate, which is actually a combination of chocolate and vanilla (swirl), was the only flavor offered. Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's, thought that 100 percent chocolate would be too overpowering a flavor when paired with a Wendy's burger and fries meal. A second flavor, vanilla, was introduced in 2006.[1]


document_title: Becki Newton

question_text: who played quinn on how i met your mother

text: Becki Newton

text: Early life And Education[edit]

text: Newton was born in New Haven, Connecticut. Her maternal grandfather was composer and arranger Bruce Chase. She began performing musicals and plays at local theaters, and studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where she graduated with a B.A. in European History.

text: After graduation, Newton then moved to New York City and landed several roles in television commercials for such companies as the Olive Garden.[1] Newton also appeared in a PSA video about the dangers of drinking for Human Relations Media, called "Keg Party."

text: Career[edit]

text: Newton portrayed the character Amanda Tanen in the ABC comedy-drama series Ugly Betty from 2006 to 2010. With co-star Michael Urie, Newton co-hosted the official Ugly Betty podcast. She also starred in ABC.com's web series Mode After Hours opposite Urie. Ugly Betty was canceled in 2010 after four seasons, allowing the show to receive a proper series finale.[2]

text: In late 2009, Newton performed at a New York City Center Encores! presentation of the Gershwin musical Girl Crazy, which was directed by Jerry Zaks. She portrayed Molly Gray and performed opposite real-life husband Chris Diamantopoulos.[3]

text: Newton starred in the television series Love Bites in 2011. The hour-long romantic comedy was created by executive producer Cindy Chupack, who worked on Sex and the City.[4] NBC announced the pick up of the series in May 2010.[5] However, with Newton announcing her pregnancy, co-star Jordana Spiro contractually obligated to stay with her other show, My Boys (which was later cancelled), and Chupack's desire to leave the show, Love Bites was pushed back to midseason.[6][7] Love Bites aired in July 2011 on NBC and was cancelled after eight episodes.[8] In November 2011, Newton was cast on CBS's How I Met Your Mother as Quinn Garvey, a love interest for Neil Patrick Harris's character Barney Stinson where she played a stripper.[9] In 2013, Newton starred in the midseason Fox comedy series The Goodwin Games.[10]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Newton met her husband, actor Chris Diamantopoulos, in a subway station in New York, and they married on May 12, 2005.[1] It was announced on July 1, 2010 that Newton and Diamantopolous were expecting their first child.[11][12] She gave birth to a son in early November 2010[13] and a daughter in early 2014.[14]

text: Her older brother, Matt Newton, is also an actor.[15] He played the recurring role of Marc St. James' boyfriend Troy in the fourth and final season of Ugly Betty. Her mother, Jennifer, is an award-winning artist,[16] and her aunt, Stephanie Chase, is a classical violinist.[17]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film

Year
Title
Role

2004
P.S.
Rebecca

2007
August Rush
Jennifer

tag: table

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2001
Burly TV
Herself
Host

2003
Cold Case
Young Melanie Whitley
Episode: "Look Again"

2003–04
Guiding Light
Fantasy daughter
Unknown episodes

2004
American Dreams
Mindy
3 episodes

2004
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Colleen Heaton
Episode: "Weak"

2005
Charmed
"Glamoured" Piper Halliwell
Episode: "Something Wicca This Way Goes...?"

2006–10
Ugly Betty
Amanda Tanen
Main cast; 85 episodes
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series

2007
Ugly Betty
Ruthie
Episode: "Sofia's Choice"

2007
American Dad!
Blonde hoe
Voice; episode: "When a Stan Loves a Woman"

2007
American Dad!
Mrs. Hannigan
Voice; episode: "I Can't Stan You"

2007–08
Ugly Betty
Young Fey Sommers
2 episodes

2011
Love Bites
Annie Matopoulos
Main cast; 6 episodes

2012–13
How I Met Your Mother
Quinn Garvey
10 episodes

2013
Goodwin Games, TheThe Goodwin Games
Chloe Goodwin
Main cast; 7 episodes

2014
Mickey Mouse
Cruise Ship Waitress
Voice; episode: "Flipperboobootosis"

2014
American Dad!
Margie
Voice; episode: "Introducing the Naughty Stewardesses"

2015
Weird Loners
Caryn Goldfarb
Main cast; 6 episodes

text:
Web

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2008–09
Mode After Hours
Amanda Tanen
19 episodes

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Awards
Category
Film/TV
Result

2007
Screen Actors Guild Award
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Ugly Betty
Nominated

2008
Screen Actors Guild Award
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Ugly Betty
Nominated

2009
Glamour Awards
Glamour Award for Comedy Actress
Ugly Betty
Won[18]

2013
OFTA Awards
Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
How I Met Your Mother
Nominated


document_title: Cardi B

question_text: when did cardi b get on love and hip hop

text: Cardi B

text: Early life

text: Almanzar was born on October 11, 1992 in The Bronx borough of New York City to a Dominican father and Trinidadian mother.[10][11] She was raised in the Highbridge neighborhood of the South Bronx,[12][13][14][15] and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her "such a thick […] accent.".[16] As a youth, Cardi B was a member of the Bloods, and has said she was a gang member since the age of 16.[17][18] She went on to attend Renaissance High School For Musical Theater & Technology, a vocational high school on the Herbert H. Lehman High School campus.[19][20]

text: During her teenage years, Cardi B was employed at a supermarket in Lower Manhattan, which was the last job that she held before turning to stripping at the age of 19.[21][22] Upon being fired from the supermarket, her former manager recommended she work at a strip club. She has said she became a stripper to escape poverty and domestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time.[23] Cardi B has also said becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: "It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started stripping I went back to school."[24][25][26] She says stripping was her only way out, a way to earn enough money to escape her dire situation and get an education. Nonetheless, she eventually dropped out of college.[4]

text: In 2013, Cardi B began to gain publicity due to several of her videos going viral on social media, on Vine and her official Instagram page.[6]

text: Career

text: Music

text: 2015–2017: Career beginnings and debut mixtape

text: In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaican reggae fusion singer Shaggy's remix to his single "Boom Boom", alongside fellow Jamaican dancehall singer Popcaan.[27] She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song "Cheap Ass Weave", her rendition of English rapper Lady Leshurr's "Queen's Speech 4".[28][29] On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, a mixtape titled Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.[30][31] In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover of Vibe magazine's "Viva" issue.[32][33] On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilation Underestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B, Hood Celebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem and Josh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. KSR Group's flagship artist Cardi B said "I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance, twerk and at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney," in regard to the compilation's single "What a Girl Likes."[34]

text: On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second mixtape, Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.[35][36] In February 2017, Cardi B partnered with MAC Cosmetics and Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for an event for New York Fashion Week.[37] In late February, it was reported that Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract with Atlantic Records.[38][39] On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was the opening act for East Coast hip hop group The Lox's Filthy America... It's Beautiful Tour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappers Lil' Kim and Remy Ma.[40][41] In April 2017, she was featured in i-D's "A-Z of Music" video sponsored by Marc Jacobs.[42]

text: In May 2017, the nominees for the 2017 BET Awards were announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated for Best New Artist and Best Female Hip-Hop Artist.[43][44] Although she failed to win any awards, losing to Chance the Rapper and Remy Ma, respectively, Cardi B performed at the BET Awards afterparty show.[45][46] On June 11 2017, during Hot 97's annual Summer Jam music festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along with The Lady of Rage, MC Lyte, Young M.A, Monie Love, Lil' Kim and Queen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single "U.N.I.T.Y." about female empowerment.[47][48]

text: 2017–present: Breakthrough and Invasion of Privacy

text: On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, titled "Bodak Yellow" via digital distribution.[49][50] In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover of The Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.[51] On July 18, 2017, she performed "Bodak Yellow" on The Wendy Williams Show, where she was also interviewed by Williams.[52] When the host asked where her professional name derived from, Cardi B responded with the distilled beverage Bacardi, as people would call her that. Her sister is named Hennessy Carolina, referencing the cognac (French brandy): "My sister's name, her name is Hennessy, so everybody used to be like Bacardi to me [...] then I shortened it to Cardi B, and the 'B' stands for whatever [...] depending on the day."[53][54]

text: In August 2017, "Bodak Yellow" entered the top two of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart,[55] and reached number one on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[56] She performed at MoMA PS1 on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000.[57] On the Hot 100 chart dated September 25, 2017, Cardi B claimed the top spot with "Bodak Yellow", becoming the first female rapper to do so with a solo single since Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" debuted atop the chart in 1998.[58] It stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singer Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017.[59][60] Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100, since it was launched in 1958.[61] "Bodak Yellow" was eventually certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). An editor of The New York Times called it "the rap anthem of the summer".[57] With her collaborations "No Limit" and "MotorSport", she became first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,[62] and the first female artist to achieve the same on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[63]

text: In October 2017, Cardi B headlined Power 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongside The Weeknd, Migos and Lil Uzi Vert, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York.[64] In December, she released a collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Ozuna titled "La Modelo",[65] and the second single from her debut album, "Bartier Cardi".[66] On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on Bruno Mars' remix version of "Finesse",[67] and also appeared in the 90's inspired video. On January 18, Cardi B became the first woman to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop chart.[68] She released the single "Be Careful" on March 30.[69] Her debut studio album Invasion of Privacy was released on April 6, 2018 to critical acclaim.[70][71] During a performance on Saturday Night Live in April 2018, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy after much media speculation.[72] The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.[73] The single "I Like It", which features vocals from Bad Bunny and J Balvin, became her second number one on the Hot 100, as she became the first female rapper to achieve that.[7] Her collaboration with Maroon 5, "Girls Like You," has reached number three in the chart.[74] With "Girls Like You" following "I Like It" at the top of Radio Songs, Cardi B became the first female rapper to ever replace herself at number one on that chart.[75]

text: Television

text: In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.[76] She is considered the breakout star of the show's sixth season.[77] The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music.[78]

text: She appeared on the December 9, 2015 episode of Uncommon Sense with Charlamagne.[79][80] On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode of Khloé Kardashian's Kocktails with Khloé: In it, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.[81][82] In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of the BET series Being Mary Jane. TVLine describes her character, Mercedes, as a "round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversized, ratchet personality."[83][3][84]

text: Cardi B guest-starred on the celebrity panel show Hip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017 episodes.[85][86] On July 18, she appeared on The Wendy Williams Show[87][88] where she performed "Bodak Yellow", as well as answered questions about her name and the status of her love life.[54] Since then Cardi B has appeared on various television shows to promote her music, including The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,[89] Saturday Night Live,[90] and Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[91]

text: Artistry

text: Influences

text: In Billboard's "You Should Know" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainers Missy Elliott and Tweet, respectively.[16] She also cited American pop singers Madonna and Lady Gaga as two of her favorite artists.[16] She has credited Puerto Rican rapper Ivy Queen[92] and Jamaican dancehall artist Spice[93] as influences as well.

text: When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, "When I first started rapping [...] I liked certain songs from Khia and Trina, and they [were] fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time," crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued saying "a lot of girls they can not afford red bottoms, a lot of girls they can not afford foreign cars [...] but I know that every girl has beef with a girl [...] I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'"[94][95]

text: Musical style

text: AllMusic editor David Jeffries called Cardi B "a raw and aggressive rapper in the style of Lil' Kim and Foxy Brown."[10] Stereogum called her voice "a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping your MetroCard." They continued to call her voice "an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap."[96] In a 2017 Complex article about her, the editor wrote "unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B 24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music."[97] Her first studio album Invasion of Privacy is primarily a hip hop record, which comprises elements of trap and Latin.[98]

text: Other ventures

text: In February 2017, she partnered with M.A.C and Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for an event for New York Fashion Week.[37] During an April 2017 interview with HotNewHipHop, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by fashion designers.[5] Her April appearance in i-D's "A-Z of Music" video was sponsored by designer Marc Jacobs,[42] and she made the cover of The Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.[54]

text: In August 2017, the Style section of The New York Times's Sunday edition did a half-page story on her. The writer reported on her preparations for her first public performance in New York City, at MoMA PS1, describing her appearance as she arrived to the interview in "leggings, an Atlanta Braves 'Los Bravos' logo jersey and white Adidas Yeezy sneakers". She also covered Cardi's affinity for Christian Louboutin heels (a running theme in her song "Bodak Yellow"), and the custom local designer, LaQuan Smith, whose red dress she wore to perform.[57]

text: Public image

text: Cardi B identifies as a feminist.[99][100] The New York Times wrote "on Love & Hip Hop: New York some viewers saw her as a hero of female empowerment, as she made pronouncements like

text: 'Ever since I started using guys, I feel so much better about myself. I feel so damn powerful.'"[101]

text: When commenting on her rise to stardom The Fader wrote "one video in particular tipped her popularity over the edge. It was a 13-second clip that doubles as a neat précis of her ethos:

text: 'People be asking me, 'What do you does? Are you a model? Are you, like, a comedian or something?' Nah, I ain't none of that. I'm a hoe. I'm a stripper hoe. I'm about this shmoney.'"[22][102]

text: Cardi B was a member of the Bloods, and has said she became a gang member at the age of 16.[17][18] However, she since has stated that she would not encourage joining a gang.[103]

text: Political statements

text: Cardi B has been called "unabashedly, directly political"[103] and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such as gun control.[104] During the 2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans of Donald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to "vote for daddy Bernie [Sanders]."[105] At the 60th annual Grammy Awards in 2018, she appeared in a video along with Hillary Clinton to narrate a portion of Fire and Fury, Michael Wolff's insider's account of Donald Trump's administration, and stated "“Why am I even reading this s–t? I can’t believe this. I can’t believe — this is how he really lives his life?”[106]

text: She has praised president Franklin D. Roosevelt as the "real 'Make America Great Again'" for advocating for the Social Security program and the New Deal project in general,[107] and has noted her admiration for his wife Eleanor Roosevelt's humanitarianism and advocacy for African-Americans.[108] She said of Franklin D. Roosevelt, "he helped us get over the Depression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering from polio at the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security."[109] Senator Bernie Sanders has praised Cardi B for her "leading role" in calling attention to Social Security.[110]

text: Personal life

text: Cardi B is Catholic;[111] she has mentioned her "strong relationship" with God in interviews, often saying that she directly communicates with God.[112][113][114][115]

text:
As of early 2017, Cardi B began publicly dating fellow American rapper Offset, of the southern hip hop group Migos.[57] When speaking on her relationship with Offset, Cardi B told The Fader, "It’s been a blessing, me meeting him and meeting his friends. I see how hard they work. And that motivated me to work even harder. And I see how good things are going for them and how popping it is to be number one. And I’m like, I want that. A lot of people just see they jewelry and they money, but I don’t think a lot of people see how hard they work for that shit every single day."[6] Cardi B and Offset became engaged on October 27, after Offset proposed to Cardi B at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, during the Power 99 Powerhouse concert.[116] On April 7, 2018, Cardi B revealed that she was pregnant with Offset's child on Saturday Night Live.[117] On June 25, 2018, TMZ found a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had secretly gotten married in September 2017 privately in their bedroom. Cardi B later went on to confirm this revelation in a social media post.[118]
On July 10, 2018, Cardi B gave birth to her first child, Kulture Kiari Cephus.[119]

text: Cardi B's younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, also has a strong following on social media and has accompanied her to award shows, such as the 2017 Grammy Awards.[120]

text: Awards and nominations

text: Cardi B received her first two nominations at the 2017 BET Awards.[121] In September 2017, the nominees for the annual BET Hip Hop Awards were unveiled, revealing Cardi B to be in the lead, alongside DJ Khaled and Kendrick Lamar, with nine nominations,[122] winning five. She received two nominations at the 60th Grammy Awards: Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song for "Bodak Yellow".[123] She has won a Billboard Music Award,[124] two iHeartRadio Music Awards.[125] and two BET Awards.[126] Cardi B received the most nominations for the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards with 10 mentions.[127][128]

text: Discography

text: Invasion of Privacy (2018)

tag: ul

text: Filmography

text:
Television

Year

Title

Role

Notes

2015–17

Love & Hip Hop: New York

Herself

Main cast, seasons 6–7

2015

Uncommon Sense with Charlamagne

Herself

Season 1, episode: 23

2016

Kocktails with Khloé

Herself

Season 1, episode: "Khloé Kardashian Spills the Tea"

2017

Being Mary Jane

Mercedes

Season 4, episode: "Getting Real"

2017

Hip Hop Squares

Herself, panelist

Season 1, episodes: "Ray J vs Princess Love", "Jessica White vs Joe Budden"

2018

Saturday Night Live

Herself, musical guest

Episode: "Chadwick Boseman/Cardi B"

2018

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

Herself, co-host

1 episode

text: Concert tours

text: The Lox – Filthy America... It's Beautiful (2017)


document_title: List of Air Canada destinations

question_text: where does air canada fly to in italy

question_tokens: where does air canada fly to in italy

text: List of Air Canada destinations

text: Map[edit]

text: List[edit]

text:
Hub

Hub

^

Focus city

*

Future Destination

#

Seasonal Destination

[T]

Terminated Destination

text:
Country

City

Province or state

IATA

ICAO

Airport

Refs

Antigua and Barbuda
St. John's
—
ANU
TAPA
VC Bird International Airport

Argentina
Buenos Aires
Greater Buenos Aires
EZE
SAEZ
Ministro Pistarini International Airport

Aruba
Oranjestad
—
AUA
TNCA
Queen Beatrix International Airport

Australia
Brisbane
Queensland
BNE
YBBN
Brisbane Airport

Australia
Melbourne
Victoria
MEL
YMML
Melbourne Airport

Australia
Sydney
New South Wales
SYD
YSSY
Kingsford Smith Airport

Austria
Vienna
Lower Austria
VIE
LOWW
Vienna International Airport [T]

Bahamas
George Town, Exuma
—
GGT
MYEF
Exuma International Airport [T]

Bahamas
Freeport
—
FPO
MYGF
Grand Bahama International Airport [T]

Bahamas
Nassau
—
NAS
MYNN
Lynden Pindling International Airport [T]

Bahamas
San Salvador
—
ZSA
MYSM
San Salvador Airport #

Barbados
Bridgetown
—
BGI
TBPB
Grantley Adams International Airport

Belgium
Brussels
—
BRU
EBBR
Brussels Airport

Bermuda
Hamilton
—
BDA
TXKF
Bermuda International Airport

Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
State of Rio de Janeiro
GIG
SBGL
Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport [T]

Brazil
São Paulo
State of São Paulo
GRU
SBGR
São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport

Canada
Abbotsford
British Columbia
YXX
CYXX
Abbotsford International Airport [T]

Canada
Calgary
Alberta
YYC
CYYC
Calgary International Airport Hub

Canada
Comox
British Columbia
YQQ
CYQQ
Comox Airport

Canada
Deer Lake
Newfoundland and Labrador
YDF
CYDF
Deer Lake Airport (Newfoundland)

Canada
Edmonton
Alberta
YEG
CYEG
Edmonton International Airport

Canada
Fort McMurray
Alberta
YMM
CYMM
Fort McMurray Airport

Canada
Sydney
Nova Scotia
YQY
CYQY
Sydney/J.A. Douglas McCurdy Airport #

Canada
Halifax
Nova Scotia
YHZ
CYHZ
Halifax Stanfield International Airport ^

Canada
Hamilton
Ontario
YHM
CYHM
John C. Munro International Airport

Canada
Kelowna
British Columbia
YLW
CYLW
Kelowna International Airport #

Canada
London
Ontario
YXU
CYXU
London International Airport

Canada
Montréal
Quebec
YUL
CYUL
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Hub

Canada
Montréal/Mirabel
Quebec
YMX
CYMX
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport [T]

Canada
Ottawa
Ontario
YOW
CYOW
Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport ^

Canada
Quebec City
Quebec
YQB
CYQB
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport

Canada
Regina
Saskatchewan
YQR
CYQR
Regina International Airport

Canada
Saskatoon
Saskatchewan
YXE
CYXE
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport

Canada
St. John's
Newfoundland and Labrador
YYT
CYYT
St. John's International Airport

Canada
Toronto
Ontario
YYZ
CYYZ
Toronto Pearson International Airport Hub

Canada
Vancouver
British Columbia
YVR
CYVR
Vancouver International Airport Hub

Canada
Victoria
British Columbia
YYJ
CYYJ
Victoria International Airport

Canada
Whitehorse
Yukon
YXY
CYXY
Erik Nielsen International Airport #

Canada
Winnipeg
Manitoba
YWG
CYWG
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport ^

Canada
Yellowknife
Northwest Territories
YZF
CYZF
Yellowknife Airport

Cayman Islands
George Town
—
GCM
MWCR
Owen Roberts International Airport

Chile
Santiago
—
SCL
SCEL
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport

China
Beijing
—
PEK
ZBAA
Beijing Capital International Airport

China
Shanghai
—
PVG
ZSPD
Shanghai Pudong International Airport

Colombia
Bogotá
—
BOG
SKBO
El Dorado International Airport [T]

Costa Rica
Liberia
—
LIR
MRLB
Daniel Oduber International Airport #

Costa Rica
San José
—
SJO
MROC
Juan Santamaría International Airport [T]

Croatia
Zagreb
Zagreb County
ZAG
LDZA
Zagreb Airport [T]

Cuba
Cayo Coco
Ciego de Ávila Province
CCC
MUCC
Jardines del Rey Airport #

Cuba
Cayo Largo del Sur
Isla de la Juventud
CYO
MUCL
Vilo Acuña Airport [T]

Cuba
Havana
—
HAV
MUHA
José Martí International Airport

Cuba
Holguín
Holguín Province
HOG
MUHG
Frank País Airport [T]

Cuba
Santa Clara
Villa Clara Province
SNU
MUSC
Abel Santa María Airport #

Cuba
Varadero
Matanzas Province
VRA
MUVR
Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport

Curaçao
Curaçao
—
CUR
TNCC
Hato International Airport #

Czech Republic
Prague
—
PRG
LKPR
Václav Havel Airport Prague [T]

Denmark
Copenhagen
—
CPH
EKCH
Copenhagen Airport

Dominican Republic
La Romana
—
LRM
MDLR
La Romana International Airport [T]

Dominican Republic
Puerto Plata
—
POP
MDPP
Gregorio Luperón International Airport #

Dominican Republic
Punta Cana
—
PUJ
MDPC
Punta Cana International Airport #

Dominican Republic
Samana
—
AZS
MDCY
Samaná El Catey International Airport #

Dominican Republic
Santo Domingo
—
SDQ
MDSD
Las Américas International Airport [T]

France
Lyon
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
LYS
LFLL
Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport

France
Nice
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
NCE
LFMN
Nice Côte d'Azur Airport [T]

France
Paris
Île-de-France
CDG
LFPG
Charles de Gaulle Airport

Germany
Berlin
—
TXL
EDDT
Berlin Tegel Airport [T]

Germany
Düsseldorf
North Rhine-Westphalia
DUS
EDDL
Düsseldorf Airport [T]

Germany
Frankfurt
Hesse
FRA
EDDF
Frankfurt Airport

Germany
Munich
Bavaria
MUC
EDDM
Munich Airport

Greece
Athens
—
ATH
LGAV
Athens International Airport [T]

Grenada
St. George's
—
GND
TGPY
Maurice Bishop International Airport [T]

Guadeloupe
Pointe-à-Pitre
—
PTP
TFFR
Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport

Haiti
Port-au-Prince
—
PAP
MTPP
Toussaint Louverture International Airport [T]

Hong Kong
Hong Kong
—
HKG
VHHH
Hong Kong International Airport

Iceland
Reykjavík
—
KEF
BIKF
Keflavík International Airport *

India
Delhi
Delhi
DEL
VIDP
Indira Gandhi International Airport

India
Mumbai
Maharashtra
BOM
VABB
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport *

Ireland
Dublin
Leinster
DUB
EIDW
Dublin Airport *
[4]

Ireland
Shannon
Munster
SNN
EINN
Shannon Airport *

Israel
Tel Aviv
—
TLV
LLBG
Ben Gurion Airport

Italy
Milan
Lombardy
MXP
LIMC
Milan–Malpensa Airport #

Italy
Rome
Lazio
FCO
LIRF
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport

Italy
Venice
Veneto
VCE
LIPZ
Venice Marco Polo Airport [T]

Jamaica
Kingston
—
KIN
MKJP
Norman Manley International Airport [T]

Jamaica
Montego Bay
—
MBJ
MKJS
Sangster International Airport

Japan
Nagoya
Aichi Prefecture
NGO
RJGG
Chūbu Centrair International Airport [T]

Japan
OsakaResumes 12 May 2019
Osaka Prefecture
KIX
RJBB
Kansai International Airport [#]
[5]

Japan
Tokyo
Chiba Prefecture
NRT
RJAA
Narita International Airport

Japan
Tokyo
Tokyo Metropolis
HND
RJTT
Haneda Airport

Martinique
Fort-de-France
—
FDF
TFFF
Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport

Mexico
Acapulco
Guerrero
ACA
MMAA
General Juan N. Álvarez International Airport [T]

Mexico
Bahías de Huatulco
Oaxaca
HUX
MMBT
Bahías de Huatulco International Airport [T]

Mexico
Cancún
Quintana Roo
CUN
MMUN
Cancún International Airport

Mexico
Cozumel
Quintana Roo
CZM
MMCZ
Cozumel International Airport

Mexico
Ixtapa/ZihuatanejoResumes 1 November 2018
Guerrero
ZIH
MMZH
Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo International Airport #

Mexico
Mexico City
—
MEX
MMMX
Mexico City International Airport

Mexico
Puerto Vallarta
Jalisco
PVR
MMPR
Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport #

Mexico
San José del Cabo
Baja California Sur
SJD
MMSD
Los Cabos International Airport #

Morocco
Casablanca
–
CMN
GMMN
Mohammed V International Airport *
[6]

Netherlands
Amsterdam
—
AMS
EHAM
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Panama
Panama City
—
PTY
MPTO
Tocumen International Airport

Peru
Lima
Callao Province
LIM
SPIM
Jorge Chávez International Airport [T]

Philippines
Manila
National Capital Region
MNL
RPLL
Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Poland
Warsaw
Masovian Voivodeship
WAW
EPWA
Warsaw Chopin Airport

Portugal
Lisbon
Lisbon District
LIS
LPPT
Lisbon Portela Airport [T]

Puerto Rico
San Juan
—
SJU
TJSJ
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport #

Russia
Moscow
—
SVO
UUEE
Sheremetyevo International Airport [T]

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Basseterre
—
SKB
TKPK
Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport [T]

Saint Lucia
Vieux-Fort
—
UVF
TLPL
Hewanorra International Airport

Singapore
Singapore
—
SIN
WSSS
Singapore Changi Airport [T]

Sint Maarten
Philipsburg
—
SXM
TNCM
Princess Juliana International Airport [T]

South Korea
Seoul
Seoul Capital Region
ICN
RKSI
Incheon International Airport

Spain
Barcelona
Catalonia
BCN
LEBL
Barcelona–El Prat Airport [T]

Spain
Madrid
Community of Madrid
MAD
LEMD
Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport

Switzerland
Geneva
Canton of Geneva
GVA
LSGG
Geneva Airport

Switzerland
Zürich
Canton of Zürich
ZRH
LSZH
Zürich Airport

Taiwan
Taipei
—
TPE
RCTP
Taoyuan International Airport

Thailand
Bangkok
—
BKK
VTBS
Suvarnabhumi Airport [T]

Trinidad and Tobago
Port of Spain
—
POS
TTPP
Piarco International Airport [T]

Turkey
Istanbul
Istanbul Province
IST
LTBA
Istanbul Ataturk Airport #

Turks and Caicos Islands
Providenciales
—
PLS
MBPV
Providenciales International Airport

United Arab Emirates
Dubai
Emirate of Dubai
DXB
OMDB
Dubai International Airport

United Kingdom
Belfast
Northern Ireland
BFS
EGAA
Belfast International Airport [T]

United Kingdom
Birmingham
England
BHX
EGBB
Birmingham Airport, West Midlands [T]

United Kingdom
Glasgow
Scotland
GLA
EGPF
Glasgow Airport [T]

United Kingdom
London
England
LHR
EGLL
Heathrow Airport

United Kingdom
Manchester
England
MAN
EGCC
Manchester Airport [T]

United States
Anchorage
Alaska
ANC
PANC
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport #

United States
Austin
Texas
AUS
KAUS
Austin–Bergstrom International Airport

United States
Boston
Massachusetts
BOS
KBOS
Logan International Airport

United States
Charleston
South Carolina
CHS
KCHS
Charleston International Airport [T]

United States
Charlotte
North Carolina
CLT
KCLT
Charlotte Douglas International Airport

United States
Chicago
Illinois
ORD
KORD
O'Hare International Airport

United States
Cleveland
Ohio
CLE
KCLE
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport

United States
Columbia
South Carolina
CAE
KCAE
Columbia Metropolitan Airport [T]

United States
Dallas
Texas
DFW
KDFW
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport

United States
Denver
Colorado
DEN
KDEN
Denver International Airport

United States
Vail
Colorado
EGE
KEGE
Eagle County Regional Airport

United States
Fort Lauderdale
Florida
FLL
KFLL
Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport

United States
Fort Myers
Florida
RSW
KRSW
Southwest Florida International Airport

United States
HonoluluResumes 28 October 2018
Hawaii
HNL
PHNL
Honolulu International Airport

United States
Houston
Texas
IAH
KIAH
George Bush Intercontinental Airport

United States
Jacksonville
Florida
JAX
KJAX
Jacksonville International Airport [T]

United States
KahuluiResumes 28 October 2018
Hawaii
OGG
PHOG
Kahului Airport

United States
KonaBegins 14 December 2018
Hawaii
KOA
PHKO
Kona International Airport #

United States
Las Vegas
Nevada
LAS
KLAS
McCarran International Airport [T]

United States
LihueBegins 14 December 2018
Hawaii
LIH
PHLI
Lihue Airport #

United States
Los Angeles
California
LAX
KLAX
Los Angeles International Airport

United States
Memphis
Tennessee
MEM
KMEM
Memphis International Airport [T]

United States
Miami
Florida
MIA
KMIA
Miami International Airport

United States
Myrtle Beach
South Carolina
MYR
KMYR
Myrtle Beach International Airport [T]

United States
Newark
New Jersey
EWR
KEWR
Newark Liberty International Airport

United States
New York City
New York
JFK
KJFK
John F. Kennedy International Airport [T]

United States
New York City
New York
LGA
KLGA
LaGuardia Airport

United States
Ontario
California
ONT
KONT
LA/Ontario International Airport [T]

United States
Orange County
California
SNA
KSNA
John Wayne Airport [T]

United States
Orlando
Florida
MCO
KMCO
Orlando International Airport #

United States
Palm SpringsBegins 28 October 2018
California
PSP
KPSP
Palm Springs International Airport [#]

United States
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
PHL
KPHL
Philadelphia International Airport

United States
PhoenixResumes 28 October 2018
Arizona
PHX
KPHX
Sky Harbor International Airport [#]

United States
Portland
Oregon
PDX
KPDX
Portland International Airport #

United States
Richmond
Virginia
RIC
KRIC
Richmond International Airport [T]

United States
Salt Lake City
Utah
SLC
KSLC
Salt Lake City International Airport #
[7]

United States
Sacramento
California
SMF
KSMF
Sacramento International Airport [T]

United States
San Diego
California
SAN
KSAN
San Diego International Airport [T]

United States
San Francisco
California
SFO
KSFO
San Francisco International Airport

United States
San Jose
California
SJC
KSJC
San Jose International Airport [T]

United States
Sarasota
Florida
SRQ
KSRQ
Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport [T]

United States
Seattle/Tacoma
Washington
SEA
KSEA
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport

United States
Tampa
Florida
TPA
KTPA
Tampa International Airport

United States
Washington D.C.
—
DCA
KDCA
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport

United States
West Palm Beach
Florida
PBI
KPBI
Palm Beach International Airport #

Venezuela
Caracas
—
CCS
SVMI
Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela) [T]

Venezuela
Porlamar
—
PMV
SVMG
Del Caribe "Santiago Mariño" International Airport [T]


question_text: how many 7 11 locations are there in the us

text: Etymologies[edit]

text: The company's first outlets were named "Tote'm Stores" because customers "toted" away their purchases. Some stores featured genuine Alaskan totem poles in front of the store. In 1946, the chain's name was changed from "Tote'm" to "7-Eleven" to reflect the company's new, extended hours, 7:00 am to 11:00 pm, seven days per week.[4] In November 1999, the corporate name of the US company was changed from "The Southland Corporation" to "7-Eleven Inc."[5][6]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1927, Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs, milk, and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas, with permission from one of Southland's founding directors, Joe C. Thompson, Sr.[7] Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available, Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items. He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation, which oversaw several locations in the Dallas area.[4]

text: In 1928, Jenna Lira brought a totem pole as a souvenir from Alaska and placed it in front of the store. The pole served as a marketing tool for the company, as it attracted a great deal of attention. Soon, executives added totem poles in front of every store and eventually adopted an Alaska Native-inspired theme for their stores. Later on, the stores began operating under the name "Tote'm Stores". In the same year, the company began constructing gasoline stations in some of its Dallas locations as an experiment. Joe Thompson also provided a distinct characteristic to the company's stores, training the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store. Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service boys. This became the major factor in the company's success as a retail convenience store.[citation needed]

text: In 1931, the Great Depression affected the company, sending it toward bankruptcy. Nevertheless, the company continued its operations through re-organization and receivership. A Dallas banker, W.W. Overton Jr., also helped to revive the company's finances by selling the company's bonds for seven cents on the dollar. This brought the company's ownership under the control of a board of directors.[8]

text: In 1946, in an effort to continue the company's post-war recovery, the name of the franchise was changed to 7-Eleven to reflect the stores' new hours of operation, which were unprecedented at the time. In 1963, 7-Eleven experimented with a 24-hour schedule in Austin, Texas, after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer demand.[4] Later on, 24-hour stores were established in Fort Worth and Dallas, Texas, as well as Las Vegas, Nevada.[9] In 1971, Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak-A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman, Sr. (1903–1985), of Shreveport, Louisiana.[10][11]

text: With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California, the company entered the franchise business. The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb-Ko, Inc. of Saginaw, Michigan, which became the first US domestic area 7-Eleven licensee.

text: In the late 1980s, Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover, prompting the Thompson family to take steps to convert the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer.[12] In December 1987, John Philp Thompson, the chairman and CEO of 7-Eleven, completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company.[13] The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing, the company was required to offer a portion of stock as an inducement to invest in the company's bonds.[14][15]

text: Various assets, such as the Chief Auto Parts chain,[16] the ice division,[17] and hundreds of store locations,[18] were sold between 1987 and 1990 to relieve debt incurred during the buyout. This downsizing also resulted in numerous metropolitan areas losing 7-Eleven stores to rival convenience store operators. In October 1990, the heavily indebted Southland Corp. filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to transfer control of 70% of the company to Japanese affiliate Ito-Yokado.[19]

text: Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991, after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito-Yokado and Seven-Eleven Japan. These two Japanese entities now controlled 70% of the company, with the founding Thompson family retaining 5%.[20] In 1999, Southland Corp. changed its name to 7-Eleven, Inc., citing the divestment of operations other than 7-Eleven.[21] Ito-Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7-Eleven became its subsidiary in 2005. In 2007, Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations, with an additional 1,000 7-Eleven stores in the United States.

text: For the 2010 rankings, 7-Eleven climbed to the No. 3 spot in Entrepreneur Magazine's 31st Annual Franchise 500, "the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world". This was the 17th year 7-Eleven was named in the top 10.

text: Also in 2010, the first "green" 7-Eleven store opened in DeLand, Florida. The store features U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) elements. Also, the environmentally-friendly design brings the store savings in energy costs. That same year, 7-Eleven went mobile with the launch of the iconic Slurpee drink's iPhone and Android Application (App). The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7-Eleven stores and provides driving directions. The following year, 7-Eleven celebrated its 40,000th store opening and within two years of that milestone opened its 50,000th store.

text: Products and services[edit]

text: 7-Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee[22] drinks, a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1965 (Oklahoma's stores are known as Icy Drink),[23] and Big Gulp beverages, introduced in 1976.[24][25] Other products include: 7-Select[26] private-brand products,[27] coffee, fresh-made daily sandwiches, fresh fruit, salads, bakery items, hot and prepared foods, gasoline, dairy products, carbonated beverages and energy drinks, juices, financial services, and product delivery services.

text: 7-Eleven is known for its relatively large drink sizes. 7-Eleven offers beverages that are 32 ounces (946ml) (Big Gulp), 44 U.S. fluid ounces (1.301 L) (Super Big Gulp), 53 ounces (1567ml) (X-Treme Gulp), 64 ounces (1893ml) (Double Gulp), or 128 ounces (3785ml) (Team Gulp). These beverage sizes were all among the largest sold soft drinks when they were introduced.[28] 7-Eleven has often been associated with these large sodas in popular culture. For example, Mayor Michael Bloomberg's proposed ban on large sodas in New York City was frequently referred to as the 'Big Gulp ban'.[29]

text: In 2012, 7-Eleven changed the size of the Double Gulp from 64 ounces to 50 ounces (1478ml). The older style cups were too wide at the bottom and did not fit beverage holders in cars. This was not a reaction to the large soda ban proposal, according to a spokesperson.[30]

text: Global operations[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: 7-Eleven first opened in Hong Kong in 1981, and today operates as a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm. It is popularly called tsat jai (七仔, meaning "little seven") or se fun (些粉, based on the English "seven"). As of 2012, 7-Eleven had 964 stores in Hong Kong, of which 563 were operated by franchisees.[31] Hong Kong reportedly has the second-highest density of 7-Eleven stores, after Macao. All 7-Eleven stores in Hong Kong accept the ubiquitous Octopus card as a method of payment.[32] They also accept payments for utility bills and public housing rent.[33]

text: In November 1980, Southland Corporation and Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine Matheson signed a franchise agreement to bring 7-Eleven to the territory.[34] The first 7-Eleven shop opened in Happy Valley on 3 April 1981.[35][36] The chain expanded aggressively across Hong Kong throughout the 1980s. The 50th store opened in Kwai Chung on 6 October 1983, while the 200th was inaugurated by Simon Keswick at Tai Po Centre on 7 May 1987.[37][38] The stores were sold to Dairy Farm, part of the Jardine Matheson group, in 1989.[39]

text: Octopus card readers were introduced in all 7-Eleven stores in July 1999, although at first these could only be used to add value to the card.[40][41] In September 2004, the number of locations in Hong Kong was substantially boosted when Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop, a rival convenience store chain, from SCMP Retailing (HK). The chain's 84 shops, located mainly in MTR and Kowloon–Canton Railway stations (as well as shopping centres and housing estates), were converted to 7-Eleven stores.[42][43]

text: In 2009, a 7-Eleven location in Quarry Bay opened with a hot food counter, called "7 Café", selling traditional Hong Kong street food and milk tea.[44] This feature was subsequently extended to select other 7-Eleven locations across Hong Kong under the "Daily Café" and "Hot Shot" brands.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In 2008, 7-Eleven announced plans to expand its business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra. Modern Sevel Indonesia's initial plans were to focus on opening stores in Jakarta, targeting densely populated commercial and business areas.[45] There are 190 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia as of 2014[update] and it has reduced to only 166 stores as September 2016.

text: In April 2017, PT Modern Seven Indonesia announced that they will be acquired by PT Charoen Pokphand Restu Indonesia, subsidiary of Charoen Pokphand Group in Thailand. The acquisition process planned to be completed before June 2017.[46] Charoen Pokphand Group is also the master franchise holder of approximately 9500 7-Eleven stores in Thailand. But on June 22, 2017, PT Modern International Tbk announced that all the remaining 30 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia will be closed on June 30, 2017 due to the cancellation of its acquisition process.[47]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Japan has more 7-Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world, where they often bear the name of its holding company "Seven & I Holdings". Of the 64,319 stores around the globe, 20,260 stores (31 percent of global stores) are located in Japan,[48] with 2,601 stores in Tokyo alone.[49] On September 1, 2005, Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd., a new holding company, became the parent company of 7-Eleven, Ito-Yokado, and Denny's Japan. 7-Eleven has stores in all prefectures of Japan, except Okinawa Prefecture.

text: The aesthetics of the store are somewhat different from that of 7-Eleven stores in other countries as the stores offer a wider selection of products and services. Following the example of other convenience stores in Japan, 7-Eleven has solar panels and LEDs installed in about 1,400 of its stores.[50]

text: Macau[edit]

text: 7-Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm, the same conglomeration group operating Hong Kong's 7-Eleven. With only 25.9 square kilometres, Macau has 45 stores, making it the single market with the highest density of 7-Eleven stores, containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers.

text: China[edit]

text: 7-Eleven opened its first store in China in Shenzhen, Guangdong in 1992 and later expanded to Beijing in 2004, Chengdu[51] and Shanghai in 2011, Qingdao in 2012, and Chongqing in 2013. In China's 7-Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered, the Chinese name 思乐冰 (sīlèbīng) is used. They also offer a wide array of warm food, including traditional items like steamed buns, and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri (饭团). Beverages, alcohol, candy, periodicals, and other convenience items are available as well. The majority of these stores are open for 24 hours a day.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Malaysian 7-Eleven stores are owned by 7-Eleven Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., which operates 2,225 stores nationwide. 7-Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4, 1984, by the Berjaya Group Berhad. The first 7-Eleven store was opened in October 1984, in Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur.[52][53]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, 7-Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, located in Quezon City, opened in 1984. In 2000, President Chain Store Corporation (PCSC) of Taiwan, also a licensee of 7-Eleven, purchased the majority shares of PSC and thus formed a strategic alliance for the convenience store industry within the area. The number of stores reached 1,602 at the end of 2015. As of 2017, there are 2,285 7-Eleven stores all over The Philippines. Some 7-Eleven branches are in near the gas stations like in Caltex, it has transferred from Star Mart in mid-2000's to 2010 due to close of Star Mart in the Philippines.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, 7-Eleven forms the largest chain of convenience stores island-wide. There are 393 7-Eleven stores scattered throughout the country as of February 2018. Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings, franchised under a licensing agreement with 7-Eleven Incorporated. The first 7-Eleven store in Singapore was opened along Upper Changi Road in 1983, and in 1986 the first franchised 7-Eleven store (under the Jardine Matheson Group) was opened. The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore, a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group, in 1989.

text: In 2006, Shell Singapore and 7-Eleven agreed to rebrand all 68 of its Shell Select convenience stores into 7-Eleven. The partnership was terminated in October 2017, and the remaining 52 7-Eleven stores in Shell petrol stations will be gradually rebranded back into Shell Select.[54]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: 7-Eleven has a major presence in the Republic of Korea convenience store market, where it competes with CU (store), GS25 (formerly LG25), and independent competitors. There are 9,231 7-Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea; with only Japan and Thailand hosting more stores. The first 7-Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa-gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group. In January 2010, Lotte Group acquired the Buy the Way convenience store chain and rebranded its 1,000 stores under the 7-Eleven brand.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, 7-Eleven is the largest convenience store chain and is owned by President Chain Store Corporation under Uni-President Enterprises Corporation. The first fourteen stores opened in 1979, and struggled to make a profit. Southland Corporation partnered with Uni-President to modernize the stores. However, business was still slow, and Uni-President opted to stock Asian foods. In 1986, 7-Eleven made its first profit in Taiwan.[55] The 5,000th store was opened in July 2014.[56] In January 2018, an experimental and unstaffed shop branded the X-Store was opened.[57] There are 5,221 stores currently in Taiwan.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: The first store opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok. The franchise in Thailand is the CP ALL Public Company Limited, which in turn grants franchises to operators. In January 2018 there were 10,300 stores in Thailand.[58] 7-Eleven holds a 70 percent market share in the convenience store category.[59] Thailand has the second largest number of 7-Eleven stores after Japan.[60]

text: Turkey[edit]

text: 7-Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989, opening its first store on September 12, 1989.[61] Major stakeholder of the master franchise, Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993, after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister.[62] In the 2010s, 7-Eleven left the Turkish market, transferring most of its stores to franchise owners.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7-Eleven in Dubai, United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015.[63][64][65] The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017.[63][65] The first store was opened in October 2015. The country has 13 stores by January 2018.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Seven and i-Holding making the first 7-Eleven was open in Saigon Trade Center in 2017. As of January 2018, Vietnam has 11 stores in Ho Chi Minh City.

text: Europe[edit]

text: The first European 7-Eleven store was opened in Stockholm, Sweden in 1978.[66] 7-Eleven was available in Spain until 2000 with many stores inside Repsol petrol stations, as well as some other petrol-stations across the country. 7-Eleven stores are now solely located in the Scandinavian region of Europe.[67]

text: The owner of the master franchise for 7-Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel, an arm of the Norwegian retail group, Reitan Group. After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain, HydroTexaco (now YX Energy), in Norway and Sweden in 2006, it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7-Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell. Other stores remain under the YX brand.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14, 1993. There are 183 stores, mostly in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, and Odense, including eight stores at Copenhagen Central Station. In Denmark, 7-Eleven has an agreement with Shell, with a nationwide network of Shell/7-Eleven service stations, and an agreement with DSB to have 7-Eleven stores at most S-train stations.

text: Norway[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven store in Norway was opened at Grünerløkka in Oslo on September 13, 1986. As of January 2018, there are 153 7-Eleven stores in Norway, more than 50% located in Oslo. Norway has the northernmost 7-Eleven in the world, situated in Tromsø. On a per-capita basis, Norway has one 7–Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians, compared to Canada, which has one for every 74,000 Canadians.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The Reitan Group has held the license in Sweden since December 1997. In the mid-1990s period, 7-Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then-licensee, Small Shops, an American-based company, resulting in many stores being sold and closed down. For a time, there were only 7-Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg.

text: 7-Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001, when a convenience store opened in Lund. Later in the 2000s, the Swedish 7-Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of the Reitan Group in its management of the 7-Eleven franchise, which the Reitan Group eventually admitted to on its website.

text: On 27 August 2007, the Reitan Group and Shell, announced a ten-year agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, as 7-Elevens. The contract meant that 7-Eleven would expand from 77 stores to 189 stores in Sweden.[68] The country now has 187 stores.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: During the 1980s, small 7-Eleven convenience stores were common in the larger towns and cities of London and the South East of England. The first shop opened in London, in Sydenham South East London in 1985.[69] The company ceased trading operations in 1997, but considered resuming UK trading in 2014.[70]

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary, Alberta, on June 29, 1969. There are 640 7-Eleven stores in Canada as of 2017[update].[71] Winnipeg, Manitoba, has the world's largest number of Slurpee consumers, with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7-Eleven opened on March 21, 1970.[72] All 7-Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated.[73] Like its U.S. counterparts every July 11 the stores offer free Slurpees on "7-Eleven Day".

text: A limited number of 7-Eleven locations feature gas stations from Shell Canada, Petro-Canada, or Esso. In November 2005, 7-Eleven started offering the Speak Out Wireless cellphone service in Canada. 7-Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMs—in June 2012, these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7-Eleven abandoned the Ottawa, Ontario, market in December 2009 after selling its six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores, a regional chain. Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers, Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program.[74][75] 7-Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche-Tard and Boni-soir, and by independent dépanneurs.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, the first 7-Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa (now Iconn) and 7-Eleven, Inc. under the name Super 7. In 1995, Super 7 was renamed to 7-Eleven, which now has 1,835 stores in several areas of the country. When stores are located within classically designed buildings (such as in Centro Histórico buildings) or important landmarks, the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering. The main competitors in Mexico are OXXO (Femsa), Super City (Soriana), and Farmacias Guadalajara, among others.

text: United States[edit]

text: Supermarket News ranked 7-Eleven's North American operations No. 11 in the 2007 "Top 75 North American Food Retailers," based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US$15.0 billion.[76] Based on the 2005 revenue, 7-Eleven is the 24th largest retailer in the United States.[77] As of 2013[update], 8,144 7-Eleven franchised units exist across the United States. Franchise fees range between US$10,000 – $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies.[78] 7-Eleven America has its headquarters in the Cypress Waters development in Irving, Texas.[79][80] Small-size Slurpees are free on "7-Eleven Day", on July 11.

text: 7-Eleven Stores of Oklahoma have operated independently since 1953 under an agreement with William Brown. It is now led by his son, James Brown.[81] As part of this franchise agreement, 7-Elevens in Oklahoma bear slight differences to stores elsewhere: for instance, products such as Big Bite hot dogs are not sold there, the Slurpee is branded as the "Icy Drink", and Oklahoma stores operate their own loyalty program called "Thx!", which does not intersect with the national 7Rewards system. There are currently 8,421 stores in the country.

text: Fuel[edit]

text: In the U.S., many 7-Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo, which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation. 50% of Citgo was sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., and the remaining 50% was acquired in 1990. Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7-Eleven, other oil companies are also co-branded with 7-Eleven, including Fina, Exxon, Gulf, Marathon, BP, Shell, Chevron (some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron, and Texaco prior to the 7-Eleven purchase in late 2012), and Pennzoil. Conoco is the largest 7-Eleven licensee in North America.[82]

text: 7-Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida. This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011.[83][84]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven in Australia opened on August 24, 1977, in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh. The majority of stores are located in metropolitan areas, particularly in central business district areas. Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises, with a central administration. 7-Eleven bought Mobil's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010,[85] converting them to 7-Eleven outlets, resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand. In South Australia all Mobil petrol stations were sold to Peregrine Corporation and branded as On the Run petrol stations.[86]

text: 7-Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items, including daily newspapers, drinks, confectionery, and snack foods. They sell gift cards, including three types of pre-paid Visa cards. The chain has partnered with BankWest, placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide. Each year on November 7, 7-Eleven promotes "7-Eleven Day" by giving away a free Slurpee to customers.[87]

text: In April 2014, 7-Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia, with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years. The first store was opened on October 30, 2014 in the city of Fremantle.[88][89] The country has 675 stores as of January 2018.

text: Wage theft[edit]

text: In August 2015, Fairfax Media and the ABC's Four Corners program reported on the employment practices of certain 7-Eleven franchisees in Australia.[90][91] The investigation found that many 7-Eleven employees were being underpaid at rates of around A$10 to A$14 per hour before tax, well under the legally-required minimum award rate of A$24.69 per hour.[90]

text: Franchisees underpaying their staff would typically maintain rosters and pay records that would appear to show the employee being paid the legally-required rate, however these records would in fact only include half of the hours the employee actually worked in a week. Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records, resulting in them effectively being paid half the legally-required rate.[90]

text: It was also reported that workers were often not paid loadings and penalty rates that they are legally entitled to, for working overtime hours, nights, weekends, and public holidays.[90]

text: After these reports came to light and received widespread attention, some employees had alleged to Fairfax Media that they had begun to be paid correctly through the 7-Eleven payroll system, however would then be asked by the franchisee to pay back half their wages in cash.[92] 7-Eleven subsequently announced they would fund an inquiry to investigate instances of wage fraud. The inquiry is to be conducted by an independent panel chaired by former Australian Competition and Consumer Commission chairman Allan Fels, and with the support of professional services firm Deloitte.[93] The inquiry invited submissions from current and former 7-Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid, and assess each individual claim.[94]

text: In September 2015, chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon announced they would resign from the company. Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers, while Bob Baily was appointed as interim chief executive.[95]

text: The Four Corners investigation into 7-Eleven won a Walkley Award in 2015.[96] In December 2015, Stewart Levitt of law firm Levitt Robinson Solicitors, who featured prominently in the Four Corners program, announced a potential class action lawsuit against 7-Eleven head office on behalf of franchisees who had allegedly been lured into signing on with 7-Eleven by false representations.[97]