document_title: List of Sonic the Hedgehog characters

question_text: what type of animal is silver from sonic the hedgehog

text: List of Sonic the Hedgehog characters

text: Characters

text: Sonic the Hedgehog

text: Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku Za Hejjihoggu), trademarked Sonic The Hedgehog,[1] is a blue hedgehog and the main protagonist of the series. Developed as a replacement for their existing Alex Kidd mascot, as well as Sega's response to Mario, his first appearance was in the arcade game, Rad Mobile (as a cameo), before making his official debut in Sonic the Hedgehog (1991). Sonic's greatest ability is his running speed, and he is known as the world's fastest hedgehog.[2] Using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds, he becomes Super Sonic and achieve even greater speeds.

text: Doctor Eggman

text: Doctor Ivo Robotnik[3] (ロボトニック, Robotonikku), better known by his alias Doctor Eggman[4] (ドクター・エッグマン, Dokutā Egguman), is a mad scientist and the main antagonist of the series. Debuting in the first game of the series, Sonic the Hedgehog, he was shown attempting to collect the Chaos Emeralds and turn all of the animals inhabiting the land into robots. He is a self-proclaimed or certifiable genius with an IQ of 300.[5][6][7] His fondness for mechas has made him a renowned authority on robotics. Ultimately, Eggman's goal is to conquer the world and create his ultimate utopia, Eggmanland (alternatively known as the Eggman Empire and Robotnikland).[8]

text: When Sega had petitioned its research and development department to create a character who would replace Alex Kidd as its company mascot, a caricature of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was also among the proposed designs. It lost to Sonic the Hedgehog, but eventually became the basis for Dr. Eggman instead.[9][10]

text: Miles "Tails" Prower

text: Miles Prower (マイルス・パウアー, Mairusu Pauā), better known by his nickname Tails (テイルス, Teirusu) is a two-tailed fox who is Sonic's best friend and sidekick. His name is a pun on "miles per hour". He is able to use his two tails to propel himself into the air like a helicopter for a limited time. Yasushi Yamaguchi, originally the main artist and zone designer for Sega's Sonic Team, designed Tails for an internal competition for a sidekick to Sonic. His first appearance was in Sonic 2 for the Game Gear, where he was kidnapped by Robotnik for a "hefty" ransom, and was first made playable in the Genesis version of Sonic the Hedgehog 2.[11] Tails has appeared in almost every Sonic game since his first appearance. Tails also starred in two solo spinoff games for the Sega Game Gear in 1995 - Tails' Skypatrol, and Tails Adventures.[12] Frequently portrayed as a sweet-natured[13] and humble fox,[14] Tails used to be picked on because of his twin tails, before he met Sonic.[15] Tails has a very high IQ and has great mechanical ability.

text: Amy Rose

text: Amy Rose (エミー・ローズ, Emī Rōzu) is a pink girl hedgehog who believes herself to be Sonic's girlfriend.[16] Her first appearance in the games was in Sonic CD, introduced and kidnapped by Metal Sonic, although she was alluded to "Princess Sally" in the Western game manuals, in order to tie in with the cartoon.[17] After this appearance, she became known as Amy. Her first playable appearance was in Sonic Drift, although that game was not released outside Japan, making Sonic Drift 2 her first playable game for other regions. Not possessing the speed or strength of other characters, Amy uses a "Piko Piko Hammer" as her weapon.[16]

text: Metal Sonic

text: Metal Sonic (メタル・ソニック, Metaru Sonikku) is an evil robotic version of Sonic created by Dr. Robotnik. He first appears in Sonic the Hedgehog CD. He is given orders to go back in time and change the past so that Dr. Robotnik can rule the future. Sonic must race him in Stardust Speedway to free Amy Rose. He is severely wounded when he crashes and falls, but is rejuvenated by Robotnik in Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode II, only to be defeated again in a similar style. He returns in Knuckles' Chaotix, where he attempts to obtain the Chaos Rings, but he is stopped by the Chaotix. Metal Sonic notably acted as the main antagonist in Sonic Heroes, appearing in a new form as Neo Metal Sonic before transforming into the game's final boss, the Metal Overlord. Upon being defeated by Super Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles, he reverts to his traditional appearance. He also appears as the main antagonist in the Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA), where Eggman records Sonic's abilities and uploads them to Metal Sonic, who proceeds in attempting to destroy the world before being tossed into lava by Sonic. Metal Sonic appears as a bonus playable character in Sonic Rivals, reprogrammed to aid Eggman Nega in his attempt to take over the world. He returns as a playable character in Sonic Rivals 2, now under orders from Eggman to aid Shadow in stopping Eggman Nega's plans. In Sonic Free Riders, Metal Sonic is a playable character and the final opponent in the game's story mode. In Sonic Generations, he appears in his classic form as a rival boss, battling Classic Sonic in Stardust Speedway before ultimately being destroyed. Metal Sonic returns as a boss character in Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric and Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal. He also appears in the Sonic Boom episode, "It Wasn't Me, It Was the One-Armed Hedgehog". Metal Sonic appears as a boss in the Sonic story mode of Lego Dimensions.

text: Metal Sonic also appeared as a playable character in the multiplayer mode of Sonic Adventure 2: Battle, as well as Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed, and all the Mario & Sonic titles beginning with Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games. Collecting all the emblems in Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut unlocks Metal Sonic as a bonus playable character in Sonic's stages, and purchasing both episodes of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 unlocks bonus levels in which Metal Sonic is playable.

text: He possesses a laser cannon built into his abdomen, a jet engine protruding from his back, and a force field device. He usually only communicates with a series of electronic noises. The only notable time Metal Sonic was able to talk was in Sonic Heroes in which he was voiced by Jun'ichi Kanemaru in Japanese and Ryan Drummond in English.

text: GameDaily placed Metal Sonic 13th on their "Top 25 Video Game Robots" list, describing him as Dr. Robotnik's "greatest creation" and praising the strength of his abilities.[18]

text: Knuckles the Echidna

text: Knuckles the Echidna (ナックルズ・ザ・エキドゥナ, Nakkurusu Za Ekiduna) is Sonic's friendly rival. First introduced in the Genesis game Sonic the Hedgehog 3, Knuckles lives on Angel Island, which hovers in the sky due to the power of the Master Emerald. As the last surviving member of the Echidna people who once inhabited the island, his duty is to guard the Master Emerald.

text: During conception of Sonic the Hedgehog 3, the development team wanted to create a new rival for Sonic. The final design of Knuckles was the result of dozens of possible designs inspired by numerous different animals.[19] A character with many different abilities and skills, he is physically one of the strongest characters of the Sonic series.[20] His strength and mastery of martial arts, specialising in punches, enables him to perform feats such as shattering boulders with his fists, while he can trap air under his dreadlocks in order to glide for short distances.

text: EggRobo

text: An EggRobo (エッグロボ, Eggurobo) is an egg-shaped humanoid robot which resembles Doctor Eggman. They first appeared as enemies in the game Sonic & Knuckles. In Sonic's storyline, they only appeared as standard enemies in the Sky Sanctuary Zone. In Knuckles' story, however, one EggRobo in particular replaces Eggman as the end-of-zone boss in a number of levels. An EggRobo later appears in Sonic R as a playable character, and in the form of a kart racer in Sonic Adventure 2.

text: Fang the Sniper

text: Fang the Sniper (ファング・ザ・スナイパー, Fangu Za Sunaipā),[21] initially known as Nack the Weasel[22] in English localizations, is a purple wolf/weasel hybrid[23] (a wolf/jerboa hybrid in Japan[24][25]) that first appeared in the Game Gear video game Sonic the Hedgehog: Triple Trouble in 1994. His character is a treasure hunter in search of the Chaos Emeralds; however he does not know of their true power and merely wants to sell them for profit.[22] He is a slick,[23] sneaky, and mischievous[21] character who will steal the Emeralds for an easier job.[22] Fang tries hard to outwit others, but is held back by his naivety and often fails.[21]

text: Outside of Triple Trouble, Fang had playable roles in Sonic Drift 2 and Sonic the Fighters in 1995 and 1996, and had been planned to be in the cancelled Sonic Xtreme. He has not had any significant roles since, though he made a cameo appearance on an in-game poster in 2011's Sonic Generations, and as a robot character's illusion in Sonic Mania in 2017.[citation needed]

text: Chaotix

text: The Chaotix are a group of four characters who debuted in the game Knuckles' Chaotix as the main characters, later forming their own detective agency in Sonic Heroes. IGN described the characters as "charming" and noted that they were introduced before fans became weary of all the new characters in the series.[26]

text: Big the Cat

text: Big the Cat[27] first appeared in the 1998 Dreamcast game Sonic Adventure, where he was placed to justify the presence of a fishing rod in the game, although he was conceived beforehand.[28] Big is a large, blue anthropomorphic cat, who is depicted as—while unintelligent—sweet, easygoing, and physically strong.[29][30]

text: In Sonic Adventure, Big's story involves fishing his frog friend, Froggy,[31] out of various bodies of water after Froggy swallows a Chaos Emerald and part of the tail of Chaos, the game's antagonist. In Sonic Heroes, Big teams up with Amy Rose and Cream the Rabbit to search for Froggy and a lost Chao creature called Chocola. He is also a more minor playable character in other Sonic games like Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood and Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing and a non-player character in titles such as the Nintendo DS version of Sonic Colors. Reflecting the story of Adventure, Big appears in the Sonic X anime and the Sonic the Hedgehog comics.

text: Big has been derided by the video game press and fanbase for his obesity, low intelligence, one-dimensional development and uselessness within his games; he has appeared on several lists of the worst video game characters of all time and within the Sonic cast.[32][33][34] Due to his poor reception and apparent uselessness, Sonic Team decided to remove him from any future games starting in 2012,[35] although head Takashi Iizuka has since stated that a game starring Big is a possibility.[36] Big has, however, made additional cameo appearances. He made a brief appearance in the Sonic the Hedgehog world in Lego Dimensions, where he asks for the player's assistance in catching Froggy as a side-quest.[37]

text: Chaos

text: Chaos (カオス, Kaosu) is a Chao mutated by the Chaos Emeralds that acts as a guardian for its species, protects the Master Emerald, and provides clear water around its altar.[38] It is a water-like being that can easily manipulate its body, allowing it to stretch limbs or liquefy itself. Without any Chaos Emeralds, it is known as "Chaos Zero", but with each Emerald it absorbs, it transforms into a more powerful form, eventually becoming "Perfect Chaos" with all 7 Emeralds.

text: Its first appearance is in Sonic Adventure, where Dr. Eggman attempts to use it to conquer the world. Chaos tracks down the emeralds, becomes "Perfect Chaos", and floods all of Station Square, but is ultimately defeated by Super Sonic. It reappears in Sonic Adventure 2 as a bonus multiplayer character, in Sonic Battle as a playable fighter, and in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games as an ice version of Perfect Chaos. He reappears in his perfect form in Sonic Generations as a boss where he has a new look with green teeth and dark blue reptilian skin for the upper half of his body.[39] This was supposed to be how he always looked, but the technology of the Dreamcast at the time made this look impossible.[40] Chaos appears as the final boss in the Sonic the Hedgehog pack of Lego Dimensions.

text: E-100 Series

text: The E-100 Series is a group of robots created by Doctor Eggman, who uses them in his quest to conquer the world; However some of their members have since gone rogue.[41]

text: E-100 Alpha (アルファ, Arufa), better known as Zero, is the first of the E-100 series and considered the prototype of the line.[42] He was created by Dr. Eggman and ordered to capture the Chaos Emerald from Amy Rose's Flicky friend, Birdie. He first appeared in Sonic Adventure as the main antagonist in Amy's story, where he repeatedly tries to capture Birdie. At the end of Amy's story, she destroys him. In Sonic Advance 2, he appears in special stages, trying to prevent players from getting the seven Chaos Emeralds.

text: E-102 Gamma (E-102ガンマ, Ī-Ichi-Zero-Ni Ganma) also primarily appears in Sonic Adventure. He is a red, bulky robot[43] with a powerful gun built into his arm.[44] Gamma turns against his master after a heartfelt conversation with Amy Rose, who becomes his friend.[45][46] He offers shoot-'em-up gameplay to a largely platforming-focused game.[47] Gamma later appears as a playable character in Sonic Battle. He has garnered mixed comments from critics.[48] While Xbox World generally commended his story,[49] others criticized the slow and repetitive nature of his gameplay.[50][51][52]

text: E-123 Omega (オメガ, Omega) first appears in Sonic Heroes, Eggman seals Omega within an abandoned base, along with Shadow, until Rouge the Bat releases Shadow from his stasis pod, accidentally reactivating Omega.[53] Omega decides to team up with the other two in order to obtain revenge on Eggman and prove that he is the most powerful robot of all.[54] He returns with the same goal in Shadow the Hedgehog, and teams up with Shadow in certain levels to destroy Eggman's robots. During Sonic the Hedgehog 2006, he is playable after Rouge orders him to support Shadow many years in the future.[55] He is also one of the secret unlockable characters in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood.[56] He also appeared in the DS version of Sonic Colors where he challenges Sonic to perform a mission, and reveals to Sonic the location of Eggman's base in the Asteroid Coaster world. Omega has appeared in Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games as a rival in speed skating and intense short track[57] and in Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games as a rival in the 100m Sprint.

text: Omega has an array of destructive weapons concealed in his arms, including machine guns, flamethrowers, missile launchers, beam cannons and rocket-propelled drills. He can also retract his hands in order to attach a spinning Shadow and Rouge in their place, either using the two as melee weapons or firing them.[53] Omega has seen negative reception. Eurogamer staff writer Tom Bramwell called Omega a "lesser" character among the Heroes cast.[58] An Electronic Gaming Monthly preview of Heroes referred to him as an imitation of the T-1000s from the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[59] However, Jeremy Dunham from IGN called Omega a "supreme machine".[60]

text: Omochao

text: Omochao (オモチャオ, /ˈoʊmoʊtʃaʊ/) is a robotic Chao with a propeller on its head. Omochao was introduced in Sonic Adventure as part of the Chao Races, and it later appeared in Sonic Adventure 2, where it serves as an in-game manual to teach players how to play the game. Since then, it has appeared in a multitude of Sonic games, such as a guide in the training level and instructions for what everything does in Sonic Heroes, or as a type of gun in Shadow the Hedgehog, a referee in Sonic Riders, a collectable card, and referee in Sonic Rivals 2, a referee in Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games, giving hints in Sonic Advance 3, and as a supporting character in multiplayer of Sonic and the Secret Rings. He has also been seen as the host of the World Grand Prix in Sonic Free Riders. He also appears in Sonic Generations as an optional gameplay guide. "Omochao" is a pun on "omocha" (玩具, toy) and "chao".

text: Tikal the Echidna

text: Tikal (ティカル, Tikaru, /tɪˈkæl/) is an echidna, who is the daughter of Chief Pachacamac (パチャカマ, Pachakama) from the same tribe that Knuckles the Echidna descends, the Knuckles Tribe.[61] She first appears in Sonic Adventure and returns in Sonic Adventure 2. Thousands of years before the main events of the series, she opposes her father's power-hungry ways of invading other countries.[62] She eventually comes into contact with Chaos and a group of Chao at the shrine of the Master Emerald, who accept her due to her friendliness to them. She tries to reason with him about raiding the shrine for the emeralds, but he, hesitated by what she said to him, briefly snaps at her and orders the Knuckles Clan to attack. When the Clan does as it is told, they ran over Tikal and the Chao, which angers Chaos, as he punishes Pachacamac and the Knuckles Clan for what they did to Tikal and the Chao, by destroying them, absorbing the negative power of the emeralds. After that, Tikal tells the Master Emerald to stop Chaos, as it seals her inside itself.[63] Several thousand years later, Doctor Eggman shatters the Master Emerald and awakens the angry Chaos and Tikal's spirit. Tikal helps the main characters defeat Chaos and then leaves with it.[64] She has only had small cameos in Sonic games since the two Sonic Adventure games.

text: Shadow the Hedgehog

text: Shadow the Hedgehog (シャドウ・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Shadō Za Hejjihoggu) is an artificially created life form in the design of a black and red male hedgehog, similar to Sonic. His trademark hover skates propel him at extreme speeds that rival those of Sonic.[65]

text: According to official profiles, Shadow was created 50 years ago by Professor Gerald Robotnik as the "Ultimate Life Form",[66] which is ageless and immortal.[67] Sharp witted and seemingly always on the edge,[7][68] once he has set himself to a goal, he will do whatever it takes to accomplish it,[7] regardless of any danger.[69] After the trauma of the death of his only friend, Maria Robotnik, Shadow strives to fulfill his purpose and keep the promise he made to her.[7][69] Although his relationship with Sonic seems to have developed from antagonistic to friendly rivalry, animosity from not understanding their different mindsets still occurs.[70]

text: However, Shadow shares a lot of similarities with Sonic.[69][71] He can perform spin attacks common to Sonic,[66] which are a variation on the tendency for hedgehogs to roll into tight balls for protection. Additionally, with the power of a Chaos Emerald, Shadow can warp time and space with Chaos Control.[66][68][69] Shadow is also able to use a variety of other Chaos powers, such as "Chaos Spear" and "Chaos Blast".[69]

text: Using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds, Shadow uses super transformation to transform into Super Shadow[72] and bestows new abilities of flight and near invulnerability, with normal abilities of speed and enhanced Chaos powers.

text: Professor Gerald Robotnik

text: Professor Gerald Robotnik (プロフェッサー・ジェラルド・ロボトニック, Purofessā Jerarudo Robotonikku) is the grandfather of Maria Robotnik and Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik. Fifty years before the main series, he attempted to create the "Ultimate Life Form" under the funding of the United Federation, hoping that it can help cure Maria's illness. He appears in Sonic Adventure 2 and Shadow the Hedgehog.

text: Maria Robotnik

text: Maria Robotnik (マリア・ロボトニック, Maria Robotonikku) is a character that appears mostly in flashbacks in Sonic Adventure 2 and Shadow the Hedgehog. She is the granddaughter of Professor Gerald Robotnik, and is the cousin of Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik. Maria suffers from the illness known as "NIDS" (Neuro-Immuno Deficiency Syndrome), which was incurable at the time. Gerald takes on Project Shadow in order to save her life. Soon after Shadow is created, the two bond deeply, though it is short-lived as a government organization named "G.U.N." soon raids the ARK, fatally shooting Maria. Before she dies, she encases Shadow in an escape pod and asks him to bring hope to humanity and give humans a chance to be happy. This experience with Maria scars Shadow for life, but ultimately his determination to keep his promise to her leads him to team up with Sonic and save the Earth multiple times.

text: Maria's first, and only, playable appearance is in Shadow the Hedgehog, where she can be controlled as a partner character by a second player during specific in-game missions.

text: Rouge the Bat

text: Rouge the Bat (ルージュ・ザ・バット, Rūju Za Batto) is a white, anthropomorphic bat who made her first appearance in Sonic Adventure 2 in 2001, and who has been featured in several games since. She is depicted as a professional treasure hunter devoted to the pursuit of jewels,[73] calling herself the "World's Greatest Treasure Hunter". She has a tendency to ignore abstract morality or manners for potential profit;[74] her "feminine charm" makes her appear careless, but she is actually scheming and manipulative.[73] Additionally, she serves as a part-time spy for the government.[73] She fights using kicks, especially her signature "Screw Kick," and she can fly using her wings.[75]

text: Cream the Rabbit and Cheese

text: Cream the Rabbit (クリーム・ザ・ラビット, Kurīmu Za Rabitto) is a peach-colored rabbit with a constant companion named Cheese (チーズ, Chīzu), a blue Chao with a red bow bow-tie. Their names were based on "cream cheese".[76][77] Cream is portrayed as being naive because of being brought up like a princess by her mother, Vanilla.[78] She always politely minds her manners[79] but sometimes acts childishly.[79] Cream can achieve flight for short periods of time by flapping with her two large ears,[78] while Cheese often attacks on Cream's behalf by ramming into her adversaries.[80]

text: Cream first appeared as a playable character in Sonic Advance 2.[81] She returned in Sonic Heroes as part of "Team Rose", working together with Amy Rose and Big the Cat to defeat Metal Sonic,[82] and then again for Sonic Advance 3.[83]

text: Since her first trio of games, she has been relegated to being an extra playable character in Sonic spinoffs and multiplayer games. She is a playable character in the Sonic and the Secret Rings multiplayer mode, a playable fighter within Sonic Battle, a secret unlockable party member in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood[84] and a playable racer in Sonic Riders, Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity, and Sonic Free Riders.

text: Cream has received mostly negative opinions from the video game press. Thomas East of Official Nintendo Magazine ranked her as the fifth worst Sonic character, criticizing various aspects of her like her high-pitched voice, repetitious speech in Sonic Heroes, "ridiculous smile", and single eyelash on each eye.[85] Christian Nutt of GameSpy singled her out as one of the negative features of Sonic Advance 2, calling her "corny" and "dopey-looking".[86] GamesRadar writer Jim Sterling ranked her as his second worst, stating that she "represents perhaps everything that's wrong with Sonic the Hedgehog characters", particularly finding her name to be random.[87] Similarly, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer exclaimed "oh God" at her and Cheese's names.[88] David Houghton of GamesRadar ranked her name as one of the 25 worst among all video game characters, seeing a double entendre in the word "cream".[89] In contrast, Xbox World's review of Heroes stated that "we love Cream" and called her "the best new Sonic character since Tails."[90]

text: G.U.N. Commander

text: The G.U.N. Commander (司令官, Shireikan) is the leader of the Guardian Units of Nations (G.U.N.), a major military organization in the Sonic universe. His childhood took place aboard the ARK, a massive space station that was first explored in Sonic Adventure 2, although he did not appear in that game. While there, he befriended Maria Robotnik and witnessed the creation of Shadow. His family was killed when G.U.N. attacked the ARK, and he began to harbor a deep resentment towards Shadow as a result, though he would later join the organization. He appears throughout Shadow the Hedgehog as an antagonist; he tries to kill Shadow at first, though in one of the game's branching pathways, he realizes that Shadow has no memories of the incident and lets him go. Dialogue from levels in this game indicates that he has at least one child and one grandchild. The Commander also appears in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood, where he allies with the game's playable characters against the Marauders, an antagonistic nation.

text: Blaze the Cat

text: Blaze the Cat (ブレイズ・ザ・キャット, Bureizu Za Kyatto) is a purple cat princess from an alternate dimension. She has been appointed as guardian of the Sol Emeralds, her dimension's version of the Chaos Emeralds,[91] making her role similar to that of Knuckles the Echidna.[92] She is portrayed as calm and levelheaded, hiding her true feelings.[93] She is sometimes "bogged down" by her own strict discipline and devotion to her position, making her appear withdrawn.[93] Blaze can control fire,[91] but wears a cape to conceal it as she was teased about her pyrokinetic abilities when she was young.[92] Using the Sol Emeralds, she transforms into Burning Blaze. Blaze wears a purple dress and white tights with pink high heels and a yellow necklace.

text: Blaze debuted in Sonic Rush as a playable character along with Sonic.[94] She arrives in Sonic's dimension from another dimension along with the Sol Emeralds. While searching for the Emeralds, she befriends Sonic and Cream and helps them stop Dr. Eggman and Eggman Nega before returning to her dimension. She reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog as Silver the Hedgehog's friend during the future of Sonic's dimension. The two attempt to fix their ruined future world by traveling back in time. Blaze ends up sacrificing her life to seal Iblis, the fiery monster that has destroyed their world, inside herself, but is brought back to life at the end of the game when Sonic destroyed Iblis in his own time period. She appeared again as the main character in Sonic Rush Adventure, where Sonic and Tails are transported to her dimension and help her retrieve the "Jeweled Scepter".[95]

text: Since her first trio of games, she has been relegated to being an extra playable character in Sonic spinoffs and multiplayer games. She is an unlockable multiplayer character in the Sonic and the Secret Rings and Sonic and the Black Knight, a playable racer in Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity and Sonic Free Riders and a playable athlete in all five Mario and Sonic at the Olympics games. She also appears together with Silver in Sonic Colors DS in several cutscenes and missions.

text: Eggman Nega

text: Eggman Nega (エッグマン・ネガ, Egguman Nega) is Eggman's descendant from 200 years in the future, first introduced in Sonic Rush as the arch-enemy of Blaze the Cat and later Silver the Hedgehog.[96] He is known to cause trouble not only through time travel, but through inter-dimensional travel as well. Although his outward appearance resembles that of Doctor Eggman, his personality is different.[97] He is heartless and calculating, but maintains polite speech and manners.[97] His exact role in the overall series varies; in the Sonic Rush series, he works alongside the original Eggman as a team,[98] while in the Sonic Rivals series, he tends to use the fact that he resembles Eggman to his advantage, letting Eggman take the heat for his actions.[99]

text: Babylon Rogues

text: The Babylon Rogues are a group of avian thieves. They have only appeared collectively in the three racing games Sonic Riders, Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity and Sonic Free Riders. Producer Takashi Yuda considered them best-suited for Sonic series racing games, and noted in a 2006 interview that Sonic characters are usually designed with one specific storyline in mind.[100]

text: The Rogues have received predominantly negative comments from gaming journalists. Alex Navarro and Joe Dodson of GameSpot separately criticized their clichéd backstory,[101][102] as did Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell.[103] IGN's Jack DeVries specifically called Jet a "jerk" and stated that his voice is annoying, especially in Free Riders.[104]

text: Jet the Hawk

text: Jet the Hawk (ジェット・ザ・ホーク, Jetto Za Hōku) is a green hawk and the leader of the Babylon Rogues,[105] and nicknamed the "Legendary Wind Master"[106] due to his mastery of Extreme Gear.[107] This mastery comes from his forefathers.[105] His skills make him a possible match to Sonic the Hedgehog,[107] whom he considers a rival.[105] Jet is aware of his duties as leader but must sometimes be helped by his team.[105] Filled with extreme pride, the thing he likes most other than treasure is himself.[105] He despises losing and those who are faster or more confident than him and fights using Bashyo Fans.[105]

text: Wave the Swallow

text: Wave the Swallow (ウェーブ・ザ・スワロー, Wēbu Za Suwarō) is a purple swallow who is the current team's mechanic, as her father was for the previous generation of the Babylon Rogues.[108] Gifted in this craft,[108] she has a superb mechanical knowledge of Extreme Gear, which surpasses both Miles "Tails" Prower and Dr. Eggman.[109] Because of this knowledge, she is full of confidence.[110] She hates thick-headed or stupid people and notices everything, but her advice tends to be understandable only to her.[110] Although she looks on Jet the Hawk as an "unreliable younger brother" and can be stubborn, she follows his leadership.[110]

text: Storm the Albatross

text: Storm the Albatross (ストーム・ザ・アルバトロス, Sutōmu Za Arubatorosu) is a hulking albatross who is described as the muscle of the Babylon Rogues and Jet the Hawk's "right hand man."[111] The strength of his loyalty to Jet is greater than any other and he hates rivals to the team.[112] When he is angry, he becomes destructive;[112] and the raw power of his physical strength makes up for his lower intelligence[111] and lack of speed.[113] With his quick temper, he may stutter when flustered,[111] and he hates having to wait.[112]

text: Silver the Hedgehog

text: Silver the Hedgehog (シルバー・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Shirubā Za Hejjihoggu) is a silver-furred hedgehog from 200 years in the future of the main timeline. He first appeared in the 2006 Sonic the Hedgehog. His individual episode revolves around him traveling back in time with Blaze the Cat to find and slay Sonic the Hedgehog, who they believe is the cause of their world being destroyed in the future. Silver's primary ability is telekinesis;[114] he is able to levitate objects and use them as projectiles to either defeat enemies, or interact with his environment.[115] Like Sonic and Shadow, he transforms into "super form" by using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds.

text: Silver's creation was inspired by the game's early development stages, where the development team was making huge levels with multiple paths through them, and decided they wanted to include a new character with unique abilities for an alternate way to play through the levels.[114] The design team developed over fifty different concepts for the character.[114] At one point he was to actually be an orange mink named Venice (named after the city of the same name), but the developers ultimately decided against this, fearing a mink would not blend in with the rest of the characters.[114] They ended up deciding to make another hedgehog instead.[114] Orange was originally decided for his fur, but they soon moved away from that in color, in favor to a white-gray one.[114] While developing the character models and textures, they focused on using the hardware to develop the textures rather than just use white-gray, which lead to Silver's color and name.[114] Additionally, Silver's backstory was inspired by Trunks from the 1984 manga Dragon Ball, who made a similar journey to the past to kill two androids that would eradicate most of humanity in his own time; the script for Sonic the Hedgehog (2006) flat-out states "Essentially, think Trunks from Dragon Ball Z."[116]

text: Since his first appearance in Sonic the Hedgehog (2006), he has mainly appeared in the Sonic series spinoffs, multiplayer games, and small cameo roles. He is one of the playable characters in Sonic Rivals and Sonic Rivals 2, a playable character strictly in the multiplayer modes in Sonic and the Secret Rings and Sonic and the Black Knight, a playable racer in Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity,[117] and Sonic Free Riders, and a playable athlete in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games and the 2012 Olympic games sequel. He appears in Sonic Generations as a boss in the stages Crisis City (console version) and Tropical Resort (3DS version). Additionally, Silver was one of a few Sega characters to make a cameo in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, in the background of Sonic's Green Hill Zone stage,[118] and as a trophy and sticker.[119]

text: The character has generally not been very well received by critics.[120][121]

text: Orbot and Cubot

text: Orbot (オーボット, Ōbotto, /ˈɔːrbɒt/) is a robotic assistant of Dr. Eggman who first appears in Sonic Unleashed. While he generally assists in monitoring Eggman's data, he often makes sarcastic remarks pointing out general flaws in Eggman's plans, prompting a quick smack in return. He appears again in Sonic Colors, alongside a similar robot named Cubot (キューボット, Kyūbotto, /ˈkjuːbɒt/).[122] Conversely to Orbot, Cubot is rather slow, not witty, and suffers from a defect that causes him to randomly speak with different accents.[123] They also made a cameo in Sonic Generations and later reappeared in Sonic Lost World assisting Dr. Eggman. The duo made a cameo in Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games as one of the helping characters in the London Party, copying stickers for the participants.[124] The duo also appeared in Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games as the hosts of the Action and Answer Tour and in the Sonic Boom animated series. Digital Spy praised their inclusion in the plot of Sonic Colors especially Cubot, when tasked cleaning up another robot Sonic had destroyed, saying "When you consider what we're doing from a robot's perspective, this is actually pretty gruesome".[122]

text: Wisps

text: Wisps (ウィスプ, Uisupu) are a race of extraterrestrial creatures who live on a grassy, lush planet called Planet Wisp.[125][126] The mother of all Wisps is a much larger, pink one named Mother Wisp.[127] She created Planet Wisp and raised all of her children.[128] Wisps speak a common language that Sonic and Tails cannot understand,[129] though Tails builds a translation device in the game Sonic Colors.[130] Their Japanese and English name comes from Tails' translation of a word in their language;[131] other characters in the game simply refer to them as "aliens".[132][133] Wisps are composed of an energy force called "Hyper-go-ons",[134] which they can use to phase into the body of playable protagonist Sonic and give him temporary elemental powers.[125][135] They come in numerous breeds, each carrying one of many elemental powers known as "Color Powers".[125] When Sonic collects a Wisp, he can use its power once at will; however, he can only carry one at a time.[136]

text: There are numerous types of Wisps, each with its own special ability. Colors introduced ten types between the Wii and Nintendo DS versions of the game; some only appear in one version. For example, Purple Wisps, whose "Frenzy" ability turns Sonic into a difficult-to-control demon that can chomp through obstacles, is exclusive to the Wii version,[137] but Violet Wisps, which scale up Sonic's density to black hole-like levels and causes him to absorb enemies, obstacles, and rings, appear only in the DS version.[138] However, others appear in both versions, such as Yellow Wisps, which allow Sonic to drill underground and find otherwise inaccessible areas.[137] Lost World introduced more types of Wisps while keeping some old types.[139] Among these are Magenta Wisps, which bounce Sonic across paths of musical notes by having the player tap them on the Wii U's touch screen,[140] and Black Wisps, which turn Sonic into a bomb that can roll over enemies and explode.[141] The Colors manual describes each type of Wisp as having a different general personality; for example, Cyan Wisps, which allow Sonic to bounce off surfaces, are scatterbrained and energetic, while Orange Wisps, which blast him rapidly into the air, have fluctuating and explosive emotions.[142]

text: In Sonic Colors, Eggman builds an amusement park spanning the Wisps' planets under the pretense of making up for past transgressions.[126][143][144] Suspicious, Sonic and Tails investigate and rescue two Wisps from Orbot and Cubot.[133][145][146] One of them, a talkative male White Wisp named Yacker, tags along with Sonic and Tails during the game.[147] It turns out that Eggman is converting Wisps to a corrupted, purple (Wii version) or violet (DS version) state to fuel a mind control ray and control the universe.[148][149][150] Sonic frees Wisps from their confines in each level,[151] then uses several of them to defeat Eggman at the end of the game.[152] However, Eggman's mind control cannon malfunctions and creates a black hole, which sucks Sonic in until the Wisps combine their power to pull him out and neutralize the black hole.[153] Yacker frees the remaining Wisps, reverts them from their corrupted form, thanks Sonic and Tails,[154] and leaves.[155] The DS version features Mother Wisp as a post-game boss, as she was corrupted by the corrupted Wisps' Hyper-go-ons.[156][157] Wisps have also appeared in the level "Planet Wisp" in Sonic Generations[158] and the comics.[159] Iizuka stated in an interview that the Wisps were added to Colors to "expand and strengthen the platform action gameplay" without forcing the player to switch to other playable characters.[160] Another goal was to encourage players to revisit already-played levels; Sonic Team accomplished this by adding segments requiring certain types of Wisps to levels preceding their first appearances.[161] Iizuka has said that he now considers them a staple in the Sonic series.[162]

text: Critics have given mixed opinions toward Wisps and their integration into Sonic gameplay. IGN's Arthur Gies called them "the big addition" to Sonic Colors, outshining its polished physics and controls.[125] Dave McComb of film magazine Empire called them "cutesy" and "strange",[163] while John Meyer of Wired found them "cuddly" and Dale North of Destructoid called them "a cute little alien race".[164][165] Randy Nelson from Joystiq called them "plush" and speculated that they could easily lend their image to profitable merchandise.[166] Positive attention has been directed at the variety of Wisps available in Sonic Colors and Lost World and at the variety of gameplay styles they brought to the titles: for example, Gies stated that "almost all of them add interesting quirks to Sonic's basic abilities."[125] Reviewing the Nintendo DS version of Colors, Tim Turi from Game Informer stated that "each adds an interesting new gameplay mechanic" to the game.[138] Gies and Turi also praised the ability to revisit old levels with Wisps unlocked afterwards.[125][138] Nintendo Power's Steve Thomason identified them as "a truly interesting addition to the Sonic formula" amidst a series of missteps, and praised their "cleverly designed" variety.[137] Computer and Video Games writer Chris Scullion described Wisps in Lost World as "familiar power-ups that emulate mechanics in Mario's Wii adventures" as part of a larger, ambivalent point about the game being derivative of Super Mario Galaxy.[167] However, control and pacing aspects of the Wisps in general, as well as of individual types, have been criticized: for example, Gies opined that "for almost every useful ability there is a complete dud" and bemoaned the Wii controls.[168] Justin Speer from GameTrailers thought similarly and added that the Wisps "don't really feel like they belong".[169] Hardcore Gamer Magazine's review of Lost World stated that none of the Wisps make satisfying use of the Wii U's gamepad.[170] Chris Shilling of Eurogamer found them to "lead to clumsy touchscreen or gyro interludes that kill a level's pacing."[171]

text: Sticks the Badger

text: Sticks the Badger (スティックス・ザ・バジャー, Sutikkusu Za Bajā) is an orange and brown badger first introduced in the animated Sonic Boom television series. Her characteristics are wild and energetic, having lived in the wilderness alone for most of her life. Nonetheless, she is portrayed as wanting to strengthen her newfound friendship with Sonic, Amy, Tails and Knuckles.[172] Sticks appears in Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal, where she is described as "infantile" by Scott Thompson of IGN[173] and an "unlikeable idiot" by Becky Cunningham of GamesRadar,[174] albeit a "nice addition" by Chris Carter of Destructoid.[175]

text: She also appears in Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as an archer.


document_title: Currency appreciation and depreciation

question_text: how does a currency lose or gain value

question_tokens: how does a currency lose or gain value

root

text: Currency appreciation and depreciation

text: Causes[edit]

text: In a floating exchange rate system, a currency's value goes up (or down) if the demand for it goes up more (or less) than the supply does. In the short run this can happen unpredictably for a variety of reasons, having to do with trade flows, speculation, or other factors in the international capital market. For example, a surge in purchases of foreign goods by home country residents will cause a surge in demand for foreign currency with which to pay for those goods, causing a depreciation of the home currency.

tag: p

text: A longer-run trend of appreciation (or depreciation) is likely to be caused by home country inflation being lower (higher) on average than inflation in other countries, according to the principle of long-run purchasing power parity.

text: Effects[edit]

text: An appreciation of a country's currency makes it cheaper to buy foreign currency with which to pay for foreign goods, leading to more of that activity, and leading to downward pressure on the home price level as the foreign-goods component of the market basket, used for calculating the price level, becomes less expensive. In contrast, purchases of home country goods by foreigners become more expensive since the home country currency has become more expensive to obtain. A depreciation of the home currency has the opposite effects.


document_title: Women's College World Series

question_text: who has won the most college softball world series

text: Women's College World Series

text: Division I[edit]

text: NCAA[edit]

text:
Year
Champion[3]
Title
Series
Score
Runner-up
Tie-3rd
Tie-5th
Tie-7th

1982
UCLA
WCAA
2–0 (8 inn)
Fresno State
NorPac
Cal St. Fullerton
WCAA
Arizona State
WCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Western Michigan
MAC
Creighton
Gateway
Oklahoma State
Big Eight

1983
Texas A&M
Southwest
2–0 (12 inn)
Cal State Fullerton
WCAA
UCLA
WCAA
South Carolina
Independent
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Pacific
NorPac
Indiana
Big Ten
Missouri
Big Eight

1984
UCLA
WCAA
1–0 (13 inn)
Texas A&M
Southwest
Northwestern
Big Ten
Nebraska
Big Eight
Adelphi
Atlantic 10
Fresno State
NorPac
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Utah State
High Country

1985
2–1 (9 inn)
Nebraska*
Big Eight
Cal St. Fullerton
PCAA
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Adelphi
Atlantic 10
Northwestern
Big Ten
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Utah
High Country

1986
Cal State Fullerton
PCAA
3–0
Texas A&M
Southwest
California
NorPac
Indiana
Big Ten
Creighton
Gateway
Long Beach State
PCAA
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Northwestern
Big Ten

1987
Texas A&M
Southwest
4–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Cal St. Fullerton
PCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Central Michigan
MAC
Fresno State
PCAA
Arizona State
Pac-10
Florida State
Metro

1988
UCLA
Pac-10
3–0
Fresno State
PCAA
Arizona
Pac-10
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Texas A&M
Southwest
Aldelphi
Atlantic 10
Northern Illinois
North Star

1989
1–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Oregon
Pac-10
South Carolina
Metro
Toledo
MAC

1990
2–0
Florida State
Metro
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Long Beach State
Big West
UNLV
Big West
Arizona
Pac-10
Kent State
MAC

1991
Arizona
Pac-10
5–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
Big West
Long Beach State
Big West
Florida State
Metro
Missouri
Big Eight
UNLV
Big West
Utah
WAC

1992
UCLA
Pac-10
2–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Fresno State
Big West
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
California
Pac-10
Long Beach State
Big West
Florida State
ACC
Kansas
Big Eight

1993
Arizona
Pac-10
1–0
UCLA
Pac-10
Southwestern Louisiana
Sun Belt
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Cal St. Northridge
WAC
Connecticut
Big East
Florida State
ACC
Long Beach State
Big West

1994
4–0
Cal State Northridge
WAC
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Utah
WAC
Illinois–Chicago
Mid-Con
Missouri
Big Eight

1995
UCLA**
Pac-10
4–2
Arizona
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
UNLV
Big West
Cal St. Fullerton
Big West
SW Louisiana
Sun Belt
Michigan
Big Ten
Princeton
Ivy

1996
Arizona
Pac-10
6–4
Washington
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
UCLA
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
SW Louisiana
Sun Belt
Michigan
Big Ten
Princeton
Ivy

1997
10–2 (5 inn)
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Washington
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
Michigan
Big Ten
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
South Carolina
SEC

1998
Fresno State
WAC
1–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Oklahoma State
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Nebraska
Big 12
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
Texas
Big 12

1999
UCLA
Pac-10
3–2
Washington
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA
Arizona
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Arizona State
Pac-10
Southern Miss
Conference USA

2000
Oklahoma
Big 12
3–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Southern Miss
Conference USA
Alabama
SEC
Washington
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA

2001
Arizona
Pac-10
1–0
UCLA
Pac-10
LSU
SEC
Stanford
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
Oklahoma
Big 12
Iowa
Big Ten
Michigan
Big Ten

2002
California
Pac-10
6–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Arizona State
Pac-10
Florida State
ACC
Nebraska
Big 12
UCLA
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Oklahoma
Big 12

2003
UCLA
Pac-10
1–0 (9 inn)
California
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Texas
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10
Alabama
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt

2004
3–1
LSU
SEC
Stanford
Pac-10
Florida State
ACC
Oklahoma
Big 12
Michigan
Big Ten
Washington
Pac-10

2005***
Michigan
Big Ten
0–5
5–2
4–1 (10 inn)
UCLA
Pac-10
Tennessee
SEC
Texas
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Arizona
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA

2006
Arizona
Pac-10
8–0
5–0
Northwestern
Big Ten
Tennessee
SEC
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona State
Pac-10
Texas
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Oregon State
Pac-10

2007
0–3
1–0 (10 inn)
5–0
Tennessee
SEC
Northwestern
Big Ten
Washington
Pac-10
Baylor
Big 12
DePaul
Big East
Arizona State
Pac-10
Texas A&M
Big 12

2008
Arizona State
Pac-10
3–0
11–0
Texas A&M
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Florida
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Virginia Tech
ACC

2009
Washington
Pac-10
8–0
3–2
Florida
SEC
Alabama
SEC
Georgia
SEC
Arizona
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Arizona State
Pac-10
Missouri
Big 12

2010
UCLA
Pac-10
6–5 (8 inn)
15–9
Arizona
Pac-10
Georgia
SEC
Tennessee
SEC
Florida
SEC
Hawaii
WAC
Missouri
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10

2011
Arizona State
Pac-10
14–4
7–2
Florida
SEC
Alabama
SEC
Baylor
Big 12
California
Pac-10
Missouri
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Oklahoma State
Big 12

2012
Alabama
SEC
1–4
8–6
5–4
Oklahoma
Big 12
California
Pac-12
Arizona State
Pac-12
Oregon
Pac-12
LSU
SEC
South Florida
Big East
Tennessee
SEC

2013
Oklahoma
Big 12
5–3 (12 inn)
4–0
Tennessee
SEC
Washington
Pac-12
Texas
Big 12
Michigan
Big Ten
Florida
SEC
Arizona State
Pac-12
Nebraska
Big Ten

2014
Florida
SEC
5–0
6–3
Alabama
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Baylor
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Kentucky
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt
Florida State
ACC

2015
3–2
0–1
4–1
Michigan
Big Ten
Auburn
SEC
LSU
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12
Alabama
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Tennessee
SEC

2016
Oklahoma
Big 12
3–2
7–11 (8 inn)
2–1
Auburn
SEC
Florida State
ACC
LSU
SEC
Michigan
Big Ten
Georgia
SEC
Alabama
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12

2017
7-5 (17 inn)
5-4
Florida
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Washington
Pac-12
LSU
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12
Baylor
Big 12
Texas A&M
SEC

tag: table

text: * Nebraska's runner-up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA.

text: ** The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations. Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland, Australia midway through the 1995 season. After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship, Harding, the MVP of the tournament, returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit. Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding, the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns.[4][5]

text: *** Beginning in 2005, a best-of-three series determines the national championship.

text: AIAW[edit]

text: From 1969–1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

text:
Year
Champion[3]
Title Series Game Score(s)
Runner-up

1969
John F. Kennedy College
2–0
Illinois State

1970
0–2
7–6
Southwest Missouri State

1971
6–0
4–0
Iowa State

1972
Arizona State
0–1
8–5 (11 inn)
University of Tokyo–Nihon

1973
0–4
4–3 (16 inn)
Illinois State

1974
Southwest Missouri State
14–7
Northern Colorado

1975
Nebraska Omaha
1–11
6–4
Northern Iowa

1976
Michigan State
3–0
Northern Colorado

1977
Northern Iowa
0–1 (9 inn)
7–0
Arizona

1978
UCLA
3–0
Northern Colorado

1979
Texas Woman's
1–0
1–0
UCLA

1980[a]
Utah State
1–0
2–1
Indiana

1981[b]
1–6
4–3
Cal State Fullerton

1982
Texas A&M
4–1
5–3 (8 inn)
Oklahoma State

text:
Jump up ^ Officially named the "AIAW Division I National Softball Championship."[3]:54
Jump up ^ Officially named the "AIAW College Softball World Series."[3]:58

tag: ol

text: NCAA team titles by school[edit]

text:
School
Number
Year Won

UCLA
11
1982, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2010

Arizona
8
1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2007

Oklahoma
4
2000, 2013, 2016, 2017

Arizona State
2
2008, 2011

Texas A&M
2
1983, 1987

Florida
2
2014, 2015

Alabama
1
2012

Cal State Fullerton
1
1986

Fresno State
1
1998

Michigan
1
2005

Washington
1
2009

California
1
2002

*UCLA also won the 1995 title, but it has since been vacated by the NCAA; see above.

text: AIAW team titles by school[edit]

text:
School
Championships[3]
Years

John F. Kennedy College (Nebraska)
3
1969, 1970, 1971 (all DGWS)

Arizona State
2
1972 (DGWS), 1973

Utah State
2
1980, 1981

Florida State
2
1981, 1982 (both Slow Pitch)

(Southwest) Missouri State
1
1974

Nebraska Omaha
1
1975

Michigan State
1
1976

Northern Iowa
1
1977

UCLA
1
1978

Texas Woman's
1
1979

Texas A&M
1
1982

text: Championships & appearances by school[edit]

text:
Color coded by current conference; table is sortable
Bold indicates team championship

tag: ul

text:
School
Championships[3]
(through 2017)
Title Games
(through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(through 2017)

UCLA‡
12
21
29
1978, 1979, 1981, 1982,[a] 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017

Arizona
8
14
26
1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Arizona State
4
4
18
1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982,[a] 1987, 1999, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013

California
1
3
15
1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1986, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012

Oklahoma
4
5
15
1975, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017

Fresno State
1
5
12
1982,[a] 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999

Michigan
1
2
13
1982,[b] 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016

Texas A&M
3
6
11
1979, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 2007, 2008, 2017

Washington
1
3
11
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017

Northern Colorado
0
3
11
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

Oklahoma State
0
1
11
1977, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1982,[a] 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2011

South Carolina
0
0
11
1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1989, 1997

Alabama
1
2
11
2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016

(Southwest) Missouri State
1
2
10
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982[b]

Nebraska–Omaha
1
1
10
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

Nebraska‡
0
0
9
1970, 1971, 1982,[a] 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2002, 2013

Cal State–Fullerton
1
3
8
1980, 1981, 1982,[a] 1983, 1985, 1986 1987, 1995

Illinois State
0
2
8
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1981

Western Illinois
0
0
8
1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982[b]

Florida State
0
0
9
1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2016

Florida
2
5
8
2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017

Tennessee
0
2
7
2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015

Missouri
0
0
7
1981, 1983, 1991, 1994, 2009, 2010, 2011

Cal Poly Pomona
0
0
7
1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989

Kansas
0
0
7
1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1992

Michigan State
1
1
6
1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981

Louisiana–Lafayette
0
0
6
1993, 1995, 1996, 2003, 2008, 2014

Oregon
0
0
6
1976, 1980, 1989, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017

Massachusetts
0
0
6
1974, 1978, 1980, 1992, 1997, 1998

Long Beach State
0
0
5
1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

Northwestern
0
1
5
1984, 1985, 1986, 2006, 2007

Texas
0
0
5
1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2013

Utah
0
0
5
1976, 1982,[b] 1985, 1991, 1994

Creighton
0
0
5
1969, 1980, 1981, 1982,[a] 1986

Wayne State (Nebraska)
0
0
5
1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Utah State
2
2
4
1978, 1980, 1981, 1984

Northern Iowa
1
2
4
1973, 1975, 1976, 1977

Indiana
0
1
4
1979, 1980, 1983, 1986

DePaul
0
0
4
1999, 2000, 2005, 2007

Iowa
0
0
4
1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

LSU
0
0
6
2001, 2004, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017

Oregon State
0
0
4
1977, 1978, 1979, 2006

Southern Illinois (Carbondale)
0
0
4
1970, 1971, 1977, 1978

South Dakota State
0
0
4
1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Luther College (Iowa)
0
0
4
1970, 1971, 1972, 1974

John F. Kennedy College (Nebraska)
3
3
3
1969, 1970, 1971

Texas Woman's University
1
1
3
1975, 1978, 1979

Baylor
0
0
4
2007, 2011, 2014, 2017

Louisiana Tech
0
0
3
1983, 1985, 1986

Adelphi (New York)
0
0
3
1984, 1985, 1988

UNLV
0
0
3
1990, 1991, 1995

Western Michigan
0
0
3
1980, 1981, 1982[a]

Kearney State College (Nebraska)
0
0
3
1969, 1970, 1971

Minot State (ND)
0
0
3
1970, 1971, 1972

Emporia State (Kansas)
0
0
3
1971, 1972, 1979

Weber State (Utah)
0
0
3
1973, 1974, 1975

North Dakota State
0
0
3
1973, 1974, 1975

Iowa State
0
1
2
1971, 1973

Cal State–Northridge
0
1
2
1993, 1994

Georgia
0
0
3
2009, 2010, 2016

Princeton
0
0
2
1995, 1996

Southern Mississippi
0
0
2
1999, 2000

Stanford
0
0
2
2001, 2004

Central Michigan
0
0
2
1982,[b] 1987

Minnesota–Duluth
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Midland Lutheran (Nebraska)
0
0
2
1970, 1971

New Mexico
0
0
2
1980, 1981

Rutgers
0
0
2
1979, 1981

Concordia (Nebraska)
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Upper Iowa
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Eastern Illinois
0
0
2
1971, 1974

Central Missouri State
0
0
2
1971, 1972

Ball State (Indiana)
0
0
2
1973, 1975

Indiana State
0
0
2
1974, 1976

East Stroudsburg State (PA)
0
0
2
1975, 1976

Northern State (SD)
0
0
2
1975, 1976

Texas–Arlington
0
0
2
1976, 1977

Cal State–Sacramento
0
0
2
1976, 1977

Minnesota
0
0
2
1976, 1978

Auburn
0
0
2
2015, 2016

Connecticut
0
0
1
1993

Hawaii
0
0
1
2010

Illinois–Chicago
0
0
1
1994

Kent State (Ohio)
0
0
1
1990

Kentucky
0
0
1
2014

Northern Illinois
0
0
1
1988

Pacific (CA)
0
0
1
1983

South Florida
0
0
1
2012

Toledo
0
0
1
1989

Virginia Tech
0
0
1
2008

St. Petersburg Junior College (FL)
0
0
1
1969

Black Hills State College (SD)
0
0
1
1969

Midwestern College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1970

Parsons College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

Wartburg College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

Wisconsin State University–Eau Claire
0
0
1
1971

South Dakota
0
0
1
1971

Southwest Baptist College (MO)
0
0
1
1971

Buena Vista College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

Simpson College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

University of Tokyo–Nihon
0
1
1
1972

Keene State College (NH)
0
0
1
1972

Purdue University
0
0
1
1972

West Georgia College
0
0
1
1974

Golden West College (CA)
0
0
1
1974

Winona State College (MN)
0
0
1
1974

Nassau Community College (NY)
0
0
1
1974

Oregon College of Education
0
0
1
1975

Northwest Missouri State
0
0
1
1975

Ohio University
0
0
1
1975

Mankato State (MN)
0
0
1
1975

Tarkio College (MO)
0
0
1
1976

Northwestern Oklahoma State
0
0
1
1976

Mayville State College (ND)
0
0
1
1976

West Chester State College (PA)
0
0
1
1977

Springfield College (Mass.)
0
0
1
1977

Portland State (Oregon)
0
0
1
1978

Stephen F. Austin (Texas)
0
0
1
1978

Chapman College (California)
0
0
1
1979

Pittsburgh (Pitt Panthers)
0
0
1
2015

New Mexico State
0
0
1
1981

Ohio State
0
0
1
1982[b]

Rhode Island
0
0
1
1982[b]

U.S. International University (CA)
0
0
1
1982[b]

text: ‡ UCLA's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska's 1985 runner-up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h NCAA WCWS participant in 1982, when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l AIAW WCWS participant in 1982, when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name

text: Championships & appearances by conference[edit]

text: This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 (both Division I tournaments in 1982—AIAW and NCAA—were called "Women's College World Series").

text:
Conference
Championships
(Through 2017)
Title Game/Series Appearances
(Through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(Through 2017)

Pac-12[c 1]
23
36
82

SEC
3
10
40

Big 12
4
5
30

Big Ten
1
3
23

Big West[c 2]
1
4
19

Big Eight[c 3] [c 4]

12

WAC[c 5]
1
2
11

Atlantic 10

6

Southwest[c 6] [c 4]
2
4
5

ACC

9

Conference USA[c 7]

5

Sun Belt

6

CCAA

4

MAC

4

Metro[c 7][c 4]

4

Southland

3

Big East[c 8]

3

Ivy

2

Missouri Valley[c 9]

2

Independent

1

Summit League[c 10]

1

NorPac[c 11] [c 4]

1
3

North Star[c 12] [c 4]

1

WCAA[c 13] [c 4]
3
3
6

text:
Jump up ^ UCLA's 1995 WCWS participation & title were vacated by the NCAA, and are not included in these figures; see above. The Pac-12, which adopted its current name on July 1, 2011, retains all historical records from its years as the Pac-10. The conference had adopted the "Pac-10" name in 1978, but did not begin sponsoring women's sports until the 1986–87 school year.
Jump up ^ The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until July 1988. Totals include all appearances by conference members under both names, but includes only appearances after the conference began sponsoring women's sports in 1984–85.
Jump up ^ Nebraska's 1985 WCWS participation & title game appearance were vacated by the NCAA, and are not included in these totals. The Big Eight merged with four teams from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 in 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Conference is now defunct.
Jump up ^ The Western Athletic Conference (WAC) did not sponsor women's sports until the 1990–91 academic year, after absorbing the High Country Athletic Conference (HCAC), a parallel women's-only conference. The WAC maintains all historic records from the HCAC; totals include Utah State's 1984 and Utah's 1985 appearances while in the HCAC.
Jump up ^ Texas A&M won two titles, made four title game appearances and five WCWS appearances while they were still members of the Southwest Conference. This conference is now defunct. Texas A&M was a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996, but left for the Southeastern Conference in July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Following the breakup of the Metro in 1991 by Florida State, South Carolina, Cincinnati, and Memphis, the Metro and its breakaway Great Midwest Conference reunified in 1995 as Conference USA.
Jump up ^ Although the charter of the original Big East Conference was inherited by the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 Big East split, the current Big East Conference maintains all athletic records of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors.
Jump up ^ Records include those of the former Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference when it was originally a women's-only conference parallel to the MVC. In 1985, after the MVC stopped sponsoring football, the Gateway took on football as its only men's sport. In 1992, the women's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC, which maintains all historic records of Gateway women's sports. The football side of the conference maintained the Gateway charter, first as the Gateway Football Conference and now the Missouri Valley Football Conference.
Jump up ^ The Mid-Continent Conference adopted its current name of The Summit League in June 2007.
Jump up ^ The NorPac, in full the Northern Pacific Conference, was a women's-only conference that operated from 1982 to 1986. The conference disbanded when the then-Pac-10, home to five of the final seven NorPac members, began sponsoring women's sports in 1986–87. The remaining two schools, which were members of the PCAA for men's sports, moved their women's sports to that conference.
Jump up ^ The North Star Conference was a women's-only conference that merged into the Mid-Continent Conference, now The Summit League, in 1992. The Summit maintains all historic records of North Star sports.
Jump up ^ The WCAA, in full the Western Collegiate Athletic Association, was a women's-only conference that operated from 1981 to 1986. Its final five members were all members of the conference known at the time as the Pac-10, and moved their women's sports to that league.


document_title: John Deere 9630

question_text: what is the biggest john deere tractor in the world

text: John Deere 9630

text:
John Deere 9630

A John Deere 9630

Type
agricultural

Manufacturer
John Deere

Production
2007-2011

Weight
37,290 lb (16.9 t) (shipping)
39,465 lb (17.9 t) (operating)
54,165 lb (24.6 t) (ballasted)

Propulsion
wheels

text: The John Deere 9630 is an agricultural tractor model manufactured by John Deere. It is one of the largest production tractors in the world, and was the largest made by John Deere upon its release in 2007 until the end of its production in 2013.[1] The 9630 has a 530-horsepower (400 kW) six cylinder diesel engine that displaces 826.7 cubic inches (13.55 l), and was tested at 427 hp (318 kW) on the drawbar (53,666 lbf (238.72 kN) max pull on the drawbar).[1] The 9630 is an articulated tractor, coming stock with eight equally sized tires, duals in the front and back. Its ballasted weight ("loaded" tires, wheelweights, etc.) is over 25 short tons (23 t).

text: Tracked variant[edit]

text: The 9630 is also available with tracks instead of tires and is the 9630T.[1] The 9630T is significantly different from the 9630 in that it is not articulated. It has only two tracks instead of being articulated and having four like an Case IH QuadTrac. This results in it having a significantly different design.


document_title: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes

question_text: when did season 5 of orange is the new black release

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

1
1
"I Wasn't Ready"
Michael Trim
Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan
Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
2
"Tit Punch"
Uta Briesewitz
Marco Ramirez
Red & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

3
3
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Jodie Foster
Sian Heder
Sophia & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

4
4
"Imaginary Enemies"
Michael Trim
Gary Lennon
Miss Claudette
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

5
5
"The Chickening"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Aleida & Daya
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

6
6
"WAC Pack"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Nicky & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

7
7
"Blood Donut"
Matthew Penn
Sara Hess
Watson
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

8
8
"Moscow Mule"
Phil Abraham
Marco Ramirez
Red
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

9
9
"Fucksgiving"
Michael Trim
Sian Heder
Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

10
10
"Bora Bora Bora"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Piper & Tricia
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

11
11
"Tall Men with Feelings"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Piper & Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

12
12
"Fool Me Once"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Pennsatucky
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

13
13
"Can't Fix Crazy"
Michael Trim
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
none
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

14
1
"Thirsty Bird"
Jodie Foster
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Piper
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

15
2
"Looks Blue, Tastes Red"
Michael Trim
Jenji Kohan
Taystee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

16
3
"Hugs Can Be Deceiving"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Suzanne
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

17
4
"A Whole Other Hole"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Morello
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

18
5
"Low Self Esteem City"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Gloria
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

19
6
"You Also Have a Pizza"
Allison Anders
Stephen Falk
Poussey
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

20
7
"Comic Sans"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Black Cindy
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

21
8
"Appropriately Sized Pots"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
Rosa
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

22
9
"40 Oz. of Furlough"
S. J. Clarkson
Lauren Morelli
Red
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

23
10
"Little Mustachioed Shit"
Jennifer Getzinger
Sian Heder
Piper & Alex
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

24
11
"Take a Break from Your Values"
Constantine Makris
Nick Jones
Sister Ingalls
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

25
12
"It Was the Change"
Phil Abraham
Sara Hess
Vee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

26
13
"We Have Manners. We're Polite."
Constantine Makris
Jenji Kohan
none
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

27
1
"Mother's Day"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

28
2
"Bed Bugs and Beyond"
Constantine Makris
Jim Danger Gray
Bennett
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

29
3
"Empathy Is a Boner Killer"
Michael Trim
Nick Jones
Nicky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

30
4
"Finger in the Dyke"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Big Boo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

31
5
"Fake It Till You Fake It Some More"
Nicole Holofcener
Tara Herrmann
Flaca
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

32
6
"Ching Chong Chang"
Anthony Hemingway
Sara Hess
Chang
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

33
7
"Tongue-Tied"
Julie Anne Robinson
Sian Heder
Norma
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

34
8
"Fear, and Other Smells"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Alex
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

35
9
"Where My Dreidel At"
Andrew McCarthy
Jordan Harrison
Leanne
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

36
10
"A Tittin' and a Hairin'"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
Pennsatucky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

37
11
"We Can Be Heroes"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Caputo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

38
12
"Don't Make Me Come Back There"
Uta Briesewitz
Sara Hess
Aleida & Daya
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

39
13
"Trust No Bitch"
Phil Abraham
Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

40
1
"Work That Body for Me"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

41
2
"Power Suit"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Maria
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

42
3
"(Don't) Say Anything"
Andrew McCarthy
Jim Danger Gray
Soso
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

43
4
"Doctor Psycho"
Erin Feeley
Carly Mensch
Healy
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

44
5
"We'll Always Have Baltimore"
Tricia Brock
Jordan Harrison
Maritza
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

45
6
"Piece of Shit"
Uta Briesewitz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

46
7
"It Sounded Nicer in My Head"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Lolly
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

47
8
"Friends in Low Places"
Phil Abraham
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

48
9
"Turn Table Turn"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Blanca
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

49
10
"Bunny, Skull, Bunny, Skull"
Phil Abraham
Carly Mensch
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

50
11
"People Persons"
Lev L. Spiro
Nick Jones
Suzanne
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

51
12
"The Animals"
Matthew Weiner
Lauren Morelli
Bayley
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

52
13
"Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again"
Adam Bernstein
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Poussey
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

53
1
"Riot FOMO"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

54
2
"Fuck, Marry, Frieda"
Constantine Makris
Jordan Harrison
Frieda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

55
3
"Pissters!"
Phil Abraham
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Linda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

56
4
"Litchfield's Got Talent"
Nick Sandow
Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann
Alison
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

57
5
"Sing It, White Effie"
Phil Abraham
Molly Smith Metzler
Watson
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

58
6
"Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally"
Andrew McCarthy
Lauren Morelli
Taystee
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

59
7
"Full Bush, Half Snickers"
Uta Briesewitz
Anthony Natoli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

60
8
"Tied to the Tracks"
Michael Trim
Carolina Paiz
Daya
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

61
9
"The Tightening"
Erin Feeley
Jordan Harrison
Red
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

62
10
"The Reverse Midas Touch"
Laura Prepon
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Piscatella
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

63
11
"Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling"
Wendey Stanzler
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

64
12
"Tattoo You"
Mark A. Burley
Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz
Piper & Alex
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

65
13
"Storm-y Weather"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)


document_title: List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members

question_text: who does plankton's voice in spongebob squarepants

question_tokens: who does plankton 's voice in spongebob squarepants

text: Regular cast[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text:
Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants

Audio sample of the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants from the episode "The Secret Box" (2001).

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: SpongeBob SquarePants has featured the voices of Tom Kenny, Clancy Brown, Rodger Bumpass, Bill Fagerbakke, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan since it began. Stephen Hillenburg started developing the SpongeBob concept into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, which he directed. While creating the show and writing its pilot episode in 1997, he and the show's then-creative director Derek Drymon were also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters.[1]

text: For the voice of SpongeBob, the main character, Hillenburg approached Kenny, who previously worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life.[2] Drymon said, "Steve [Hillenburg] wanted to find an original sounding voice [for SpongeBob]."[1] Hillenburg utilized Kenny's and other people's personalities to help create the personality of SpongeBob.[3] The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor character in Rocko's Modern Life. Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use. Hillenburg, however, remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice.[3] Kenny says that SpongeBob's high-pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique. They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.[4] Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab. For the character, Brown uses a voice that he describes as "piratey" with "a little Scottish brogue."[5] According to him, his Mr. Krabs voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice.[5] Bumpass provides the voice of Squidward Tentacles, and other characters. Squidward was "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy", said Bumpass. He said that the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions".[6]

text: Mr. Lawrence had met Hillenburg previously on Rocko's Modern Life. When working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all of the characters.[7] Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence started out by voicing a variety of minor characters. This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode.[7][1] Mr. Lawrence stated in an interview with Thomas F. Wilson that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this. You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice.' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'"[7] Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton. Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character.[8] Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound whenever she speaks.[9] Talley and Mr. Lawrence often improvise their characters' dialogue. In 2009, Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over."[10] He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth. [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"[7]

text: Fagerbakke voices SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star. He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob. Fagerbakke said, "Steve is such a lovely guy, and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever." He described his experience in the audition, saying "I was just going in for another audition, and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child-like humanity in the show. I couldn't pick that up from the audition material at all. I was just kind of perfunctorially trying to give the guy what he wanted."[11] Carolyn Lawrence provides Sandy Cheeks' voice. When Lawrence was on a sidewalk in Los Feliz, Los Angeles with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo, her friend said to the director that Lawrence had "an interesting voice". Grillo invited Lawrence to audition and she then got the role.[12][13] Mrs. Puff's voice is provided by American actress Mary Jo Catlett, who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H.[14] As of 2017, voicing Mrs. Puff has become her only remaining regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she feels that voicing Mrs. Puff requires less preparation than her performances in person.[15] Lori Alan voices Pearl. During her audition for the role, she was shown an early drawing of Pearl and took note of how the character was much larger than the rest of the cast. She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone. She aimed to make Pearl's voice invoke the sound of whales’ low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable."[16] In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said that she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but at the same time needed "an abnormally large voice."[17]

text: Mr. Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth", was voiced by staff writer Paul Tibbitt.[18][19][20] However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005.[21] Irwin also provides the voices of other characters in the show, including Margaret SquarePants, SpongeBob's mother. In the Christmas special "Christmas Who?", the characters of Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, and his pet called Potty the Parrot debuted. The former is portrayed by Kenny in live-action, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the latter.[22] After Hillenburg's departure as the series' showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot.[23]

text: Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual".[24] Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded".[24] It takes about four hours to record an 11-minute episode.[25] For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on recording sessions at Nickelodeon Studios, and they directed the actors.[26] In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director.[26] Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999.[26] Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".[26]

text: The cast members get residuals every time the episodes they appeared in are aired, which Carolyn Lawrence described as "a very complicated mathematical calculation."[25] Lawrence said in 2008 that it was a "declining scale" and they were "still in negotiations... both sides are still talking." She further stated that "they're still trying to work it out."[25]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)

Tom Kenny[27][24]
SpongeBob SquarePants
Gary the Snail

French Narrator
Hans

Patchy the Pirate
Harold SquarePants

Dirty Bubble[A]
Grandpa SquarePants

Other miscellaneous characters

Clancy Brown[27]
Mr. Krabs

Other miscellaneous characters

Rodger Bumpass[27]
Squidward Tentacles

Other miscellaneous characters

Bill Fagerbakke[27]
Patrick Star

Other miscellaneous characters

Mr. Lawrence[27]
Plankton
Potty the Parrot[B]

Realistic Fish Head
Larry the Lobster

Other miscellaneous characters

Jill Talley[27]
Karen

Other miscellaneous characters

Carolyn Lawrence[27]
Sandy Cheeks

Other miscellaneous characters

Mary Jo Catlett[27]
Mrs. Puff

Other miscellaneous characters

Lori Alan[27]
Pearl

Other miscellaneous characters

text: Other regular cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)

Carlos Alazraqui
Scooter

Other miscellaneous characters

Dee Bradley Baker[26][28]
Bubble Bass
Squilliam Fancyson

Old Man Jenkins
Perch Perkins

Other miscellaneous characters

Sirena Irwin[29]
Mama Krabs[B]
Margaret SquarePants

Other miscellaneous characters

Bob Joles[30]
Man Ray[C]

Mark Fite[31][32]
Various characters

Thomas F. Wilson[33][34]
Various characters

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)
Notes

Tim Conway

Barnacle Boy[35]
Conway first appeared in 1999 with his former McHale's Navy co-star Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man;[36] he has since appeared in over 15 episodes.

Brian Doyle-Murray

The Flying Dutchman[27]
Doyle-Murray appeared in ten episodes throughout the first eight seasons. He is scheduled to return for one episode of season 11 after a six-year absence.[37]

Marion Ross

Grandma SquarePants[38]
Ross has appeared since 2001.[39]

John O'Hurley

King Neptune[40]
O'Hurley has appeared three times as King Neptune since the character's first appearance in 2000.[41][42]

Michael McKean

Captain Frostymug
Lonnie
McKean appeared twice during the show's ninth season, voicing Captain Frostymug in "License to Milkshake" and Lonnie the shark in "Sharks vs. Pods".[43][44]

text: Former cast members[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)
Notes

Brad Abrell

Bubble Buddy
Abrell voiced Bubble Buddy and other minor characters during the show's second season. He reprised his role as Bubble Buddy for the eighth season episode "Bubble Buddy Returns" but has not made an appearance since.[45]

Ernest Borgnine

Mermaid Man
Borgnine made the most guest appearances on the show, voicing the character since 1999 to his death in 2012.[36][46]

Stephen Hillenburg

Potty the Parrot
Hillenburg voiced the recurring character from 2000 to 2004. When he left the show as the showrunner, writer Tibbitt was given the role voicing the character as it reappeared in the fifth season episode "Friend or Foe".[23]

Sara Paxton

Various characters
Paxton voiced many minor child characters in the show's first three seasons, but has not recorded new dialogue since.[47][48][49] An archival recording of Paxton's voice is used in the tenth-season episode "Unreal Estate."

Paul Tibbitt

Potty the Parrot
Tibbitt took over the role of Potty from Stephen Hillenburg in 2005 and last voiced the character in 2012.

Camryn Walling

Various characters
Walling voiced several child characters throughout the show's first two seasons, but has not recorded new dialogue since.[45] An archival recording of Walling's voice is used in the tenth-season episode "Unreal Estate."

Frank Welker

Welker voiced several animal characters—including Clamu, Baby Oyster, Mystery the Seahorse, and the gorilla—between 2001 and 2003, but has not appeared since.[45]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Episode
Result
Ref(s).

2001
Catlett, Mary JoMary Jo Catlett
Annie Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production
Mrs. Puff
"No Free Rides"
Nominated
[50]

2001
Kenny, TomTom Kenny
Annie Award
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production
SpongeBob SquarePants
"Wormy"
Nominated
[50]

2008
Kenny, TomTom Kenny
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
SpongeBob SquarePants
"Spy Buddies"
Nominated
[51]

2010
Kenny, TomTom Kenny
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in a Television Production
SpongeBob SquarePants
"Truth or Square"
Won
[52]

2012
Bumpass, RodgerRodger Bumpass
Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Squidward Tentacles

Nominated
[53]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ A. Guest star Charles Nelson Reilly originally provided the voice of the character.[54] Reilly died in 2007.[55][56]
^ B. Replaced Paul Tibbitt.
^ C. Replaced John Rhys-Davies, who has voiced Man Ray in two episodes.[57][58]


document_title: Sweet Home Alabama

question_text: who played lead guitar on sweet home alabama

text: Sweet Home Alabama

text: Creation and recording[edit]

text: None of the three writers of the song were from Alabama; Ronnie Van Zant and Gary Rossington were both born in Jacksonville, Florida, whilst Ed King was from Glendale, California. In an interview with Garden & Gun, Rossington explained the writing process. "I had this little riff," he said. "It’s the little picking part and I kept playing it over and over when we were waiting on everyone to arrive for rehearsal. Ronnie and I were sitting there, and he kept saying, 'play that again'. Then Ronnie wrote the lyrics and Ed and I wrote the music."[2]

text: "Sweet Home Alabama" was a major chart hit for a band whose previous singles had "lazily sauntered out into release with no particular intent". The hit led to two TV rock show offers, which the band turned down.[3] In addition to the original appearance on Second Helping, the song has appeared on numerous Lynyrd Skynyrd collections and live albums.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: "Sweet Home Alabama" was written as an answer to two songs, "Southern Man" and "Alabama" by Neil Young, which dealt with themes of racism and slavery in the American South. "We thought Neil was shooting all the ducks in order to kill one or two," said Ronnie Van Zant at the time.[3]  The following excerpt shows the Neil Young mention in the song:

text: Well, I heard Mister Young sing about herWell, I heard ol' Neil put her downWell, I hope Neil Young will rememberA Southern man don't need him around anyhow

text: In his 2012 autobiography Waging Heavy Peace, Young commented on his role in the song's creation, writing "My own song 'Alabama' richly deserved the shot Lynyrd Skynyrd gave me with their great record. I don't like my words when I listen to it. They are accusatory and condescending, not fully thought out, and too easy to misconstrue".[4]

text: Van Zant's other response was also controversial, with references to the Governor of Alabama, George Wallace (a noted supporter of segregation) and the Watergate scandal:

text: In Birmingham, they love the governor (boo boo boo)Now we all did what we could doNow Watergate does not bother meDoes your conscience bother you?Tell the truth...Sweet home Alabama, oh, sweet home babyWhere the skies are so blue and the governor's true

text: Music historians point out that the choice[not in citation given] of Birmingham in connection with the governor (rather than the capital Montgomery) is significant[not in citation given] for the controversy as "In 1963, the city was the site of massive civil rights activism, as thousands of demonstrators led by Martin Luther King, Jr. sought to desegregate downtown businesses... [and] was the scene of some of the most violent moments of the Civil Rights Movement. Segregationist police chief Bull Connor unleashed attack dogs and high-pressure water cannons against peaceful marchers, including women and children; just weeks later, Ku Klux Klansmen bombed a black church, killing four little girls."[5]

text: In 1975, Van Zant said: "The lyrics about the governor of Alabama were misunderstood. The general public didn't notice the words 'Boo! Boo! Boo!' after that particular line, and the media picked up only on the reference to the people loving the governor."[6] "The line 'We all did what we could do' is sort of ambiguous," Al Kooper notes. "'We tried to get Wallace out of there' is how I always thought of it."[6] Towards the end of the song, Van Zant adds "where the governor's true" to the chorus's "where the skies are so blue," a line rendered ironic by the previous booing of the governor. Journalist Al Swenson argues that the song is more complex than it is sometimes given credit for, suggesting that it only looks like an endorsement of Wallace.[6] "Wallace and I have very little in common," Van Zant himself said, "I don't like what he says about colored people."[6]

text: Music historians examining the juxtaposition of invoking Richard Nixon and Watergate after Wallace and Birmingham note that one reading of the lyrics is an "attack against the liberals who were so outraged at Nixon's conduct" while others interpret it regionally: "the band was speaking for the entire South, saying to northerners, we're not judging you as ordinary citizens for the failures of your leaders in Watergate; don't judge all of us as individuals for the racial problems of southern society".[5]

text: It can further be added that Ronnie Van Zant wore a Neil Young t-shirt (with the image of Young's Tonight's The Night LP cover) at several occasions, for instance at the concert at Oakland Coliseum Stadium, California, 7.February 1977 [7][8] and also at the Street Survivors LP cover. [9].

text: Muscle Shoals[edit]

text: One verse of the song includes the line, "Now Muscle Shoals has got the Swampers/And they've been known to pick a song or two." This refers to the town of Muscle Shoals, Alabama, a popular location for recording popular music because of the "sound" crafted by local recording studios and back-up musicians. "The Swampers" referred to in the lyrics are the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. These musicians, who crafted the "Muscle Shoals Sound", were inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1995[10] for a "Lifework Award for Non-Performing Achievement" and into the Musician's Hall Of Fame in 2008 (the performers inducted into the latter were the four founding Swampers—Barry Beckett, Roger Hawkins, David Hood, Jimmy Johnson—plus Pete Carr, Clayton Ivey, Randy McCormack, Will McFarlane, and Spooner Oldham).[11][12] The nickname "The Swampers" was given to the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section by producer Denny Cordell during a recording session by singer/songwriter Leon Russell, in reference to their 'swampy' sound.

text: Part of the reference comes from the 1971–1972 demo reels that Lynyrd Skynyrd had recorded in Muscle Shoals with Johnson as a producer/recording engineer. Johnson helped refine many of the songs first heard publicly on the Pronounced album, and it was Van Zant's "tip of the hat" to Johnson for helping out the band in the early years and essentially giving the band its first break.

text: Lynyrd Skynyrd remains connected to Muscle Shoals, having since recorded a number of works in the city and making it a regular stop on their concert tours.

text: The PBS show Independent Lens aired a documentary on Muscle Shoals and its place in music history in mid-April 2014.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Lynyrd Skynyrd

text:
Ronnie Van Zant – lead vocals
Ed King – lead guitar, backing vocals (first "woo" at the end of the last chorus)
Leon Wilkeson – bass guitar, backing vocals (second "woo" at the end of the last chorus)
Bob Burns – drums
Billy Powell – piano
Allen Collins – rhythm guitar (left channel)
Gary Rossington – rhythm guitar (right channel), acoustic guitar (left channel)

text: Additional personnel

text:
Al Kooper – backing vocals (left channel)
Clydie King – background vocals[3]
Merry Clayton – background vocals[3]

text: Charts[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1974-76)

Peakposition

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13]

56

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[14]

6

Germany (Official German Charts)[15]

87

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[16]

51

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17]

31

US Billboard Hot 100[18]

9

Chart (2008)

Peakposition

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[19]

44

text: Year-end chart[edit]

text:
Chart (1974)

Peakposition

US Cashbox Top 100

58

Canadian RPM Top Singles

81

text: Sales and certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Italy (FIMI)[20]

Platinum

50,000*

United Kingdom (BPI)[21]

Platinum

600,000

United States (RIAA)[22]

Gold

3,680,000 (digital)[23]

sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: "All Summer Long"[edit]

text: Kid Rock's 2008 song "All Summer Long" samples "Sweet Home Alabama" on the chorus and uses the guitar solo and piano outro, as well as the "turn it up" shout before the guitar solo; Billy Powell is featured on the track. "All Summer Long" also samples Warren Zevon's "Werewolves of London", which has similar chord progression to "Sweet Home Alabama". Since Kid Rock's release, the original song has also charted at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart.

text: The song is credited to Matthew Shafer, Waddy Wachtel, R.J. Ritchie, Leroy Marinell, Warren Zevon, Edward King, Gary Rossington and Ronnie Van Zant.

text: Zevon apparently hated "Sweet Home Alabama" and referred to it as "that dead band's song". He surmised that those who listen to it only do so because their own lives are miserable, and his views on the song are articulated in "Play It All Night Long", which appears on his 1980 album Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School.[24]

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
In September 2007, Alabama Governor Bob Riley announced the phrase "Sweet Home Alabama" would be used to promote Alabama state tourism in a multimillion-dollar ad campaign.[25]
Before every race at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, where two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races are annually held, the song plays before the green flag is waved. This tradition dates back to at least the late 1990s.
As of 2009, the State of Alabama has begun using the phrase "Sweet Home Alabama" as an official slogan on license plates for motor vehicles, with Governor Bob Riley noting that Lynyrd Skynyrd's anthem is the third most-played song referring to a specific destination.[26] (This is also the second Alabama license plate in a row to make reference to a popular song, with the state's previous plate having featured "Stars Fell on Alabama".)
In the 1980s and 1990s, the song played during warmups of the University of Alabama in Huntsville Charger Hockey team during home games. This song can also be heard before, during, and after many University of Alabama sporting events.  Majority of the Alabama fan base have mixed the words "Roll Tide Roll" in the middle of the chorus to relate Alabama sports to the Great State of Alabama.
In 1990, southern gangster rap group The Geto Boys sampled Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama" on "Gangsta of Love". Contained on later versions of their self-titled LP, the mix uses a sample from "Sweet Home" instead of the Steve Miller Band's "The Joker" due to copyright issues. The version included on the original pressing of its 1989 album Grip It! On That Other Level had contained the Miller Band sample.[citation needed]

text: Recognition and awards[edit]

text:
In May 2006, National Review ranked the song number 4 on its list of "50 greatest conservative rock songs".[27]
In July 2006, CMT ranked it number 1 on the "20 Greatest Southern Rock songs".
In 2004, the song was ranked number 398 on Rolling Stone's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
In 2007, the song was used on the Top Gear Greatest Driving Songs album.
In 1997, the song was used in movie Con Air. While the song plays in background, Garland Greene (by Steve Buscemi) says to Poe and Baby-O: "Define irony. Bunch of idiots dancing on a plane to a song made famous by a band that died in a plane crash", a reference to the band's 1977 plane crash. The song is also used briefly in the end credits beginning with Buscemi's character gambling until the end of the main cast credits.