document_title: A Rose for Emily

question_text: historical time period of a rose for emily

text: A Rose for Emily

text: Title[edit]

text: Faulkner described his reasoning for the title "A Rose For Emily" as an allegorical title; this woman had undergone a great tragedy, for this Faulkner pitied her. And as a salute, he handed her a rose.[2] The word rose in the title has multiple meanings to it. The rose may be seen as Homer, interpreting the rose as a dried rose. Homer's body could be the dried rose, such as one that is pressed between the pages of a book, kept in perfect condition as Emily did with Homer's body.[3] The "Rose" also represents secrecy. Roses have been portrayed in Greek legends as a gift of secrecy and of confidentiality, known as sub rosa, introducing that the "Rose" is a symbol of silence between the narrator and Miss Emily, the narrator keeps Emily's secrets until her death.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story opens with a brief first-person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson, an elderly Southern woman whose funeral is the obligation of their small town. It then proceeds in a non-linear fashion to the narrator's recollections of Emily's archaic and increasingly strange behavior throughout the years. Emily is a member of a family of the antebellum Southern aristocracy. After the Civil War, the family falls into hard times. She and her father, the last two of the clan, continue to live as if in the past; Emily’s father refuses for her to marry. Her father dies when Emily is about the age of 30, which takes her by surprise. She refuses to give up his corpse, and the townspeople write it off as her grieving process. The townspeople pity Emily not only after her father's death, but also during his life when he wouldn't let Emily marry.

text: After her father's death, the only person seen moving about Emily's home is a Negro man, serving as Emily's butler, going in and out with a market basket. Although Emily did not have a strong relationship with her community, she did give art lessons to young children within her town. The townspeople even referred to her as Miss Emily as a sign of the respect that they had for her. With the acceptance of her father's death, Emily somewhat revives, even changing the style of her hair and becomes friendly with Homer Barron. He is a Northern laborer who comes to town shortly after Mr. Grierson’s death. The connection surprises some of the community while others are glad she is taking an interest. However, Homer claims that he is not a marrying man but, a bachelor. Emily shortly buys arsenic from a druggist in town, telling him that it will be used to kill rats. However, the townspeople are convinced that she will use it to poison herself. Emily’s distant cousins are called into town by the minister’s wife to supervise Miss Emily and Homer Barron. Homer leaves town for some time, reputedly to give Emily a chance to get rid of her cousins, and returns three days later after the cousins have left. Homer is never seen again.

text: Despite these turnabouts in her social status, Emily continues to behave haughtily, as she had before her father died. Her reputation is such that the city council finds itself unable to confront her about a strong smell that has begun to emanate from the house. Instead, they decide to send men to her house under the cover of darkness to sprinkle lime around the house, after which the smell dissipates. The mayor of the town, Colonel Sartoris, made a gentleman's agreement to overlook her taxes as an act of charity, though it was done under a pretense of repayment towards her father to assuage Emily's pride after her father had died. Years later, when the next generation has come to power, Emily insists on this informal arrangement, flatly refusing that she owes any taxes; the council declines to press the issue. Emily has become a recluse: she is never seen out of the house, and only rarely accepts people into it. The community comes to view her as a "hereditary obligation" on the town, who must be humored and tolerated.

text: The funeral is a large affair; Emily had become an institution, so her death sparks a great deal of curiosity about her reclusive nature and what remains of her house. After she is buried, a group of townsfolk enter her house to see what remains of her life there. The door to her upstairs bedroom is locked; some of the townsfolk kick in the door to see what has been hidden for so long. Inside, among the possessions that Emily had bought for Homer, lies the decomposed corpse of Homer Barron on the bed; on the pillow beside him is the indentation of a head and a single strand of gray hair, indicating that Emily had slept with Homer's corpse.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Emily Grierson - The main character of the story. Emily's father kept her from seeing suitors and controlled her social life, essentially keeping her in isolation until his death, when she is 30 years old. Her struggle with loss and attachment is the impetus for the plot.

text: Homer Barron - Emily's romantic interest, he is later found dead and decomposed in Emily's bedroom after her funeral.

text: The Narrator - An unnamed member(s) of the town who watched the events of Emily's life unfold in its entirety.

text: Colonel Sartoris - The former mayor who remitted Emily's taxes.

text: Mr. Grierson - Emily's father, the patriarchal head of the Grierson family, who was well respected in the town. His control over Emily's personal life prohibited her from romantic involvement.

text: The cousins - Emily's extended relatives, they come to town during Emily's courting of Homer Barron to check on Emily's well-being.

text: Tobe - Emily's cook/gardner, who is also very likely her secret keeper: during the years of Emily's isolation, he provides no details of her life to the townspeople and promptly disappears directly following her death.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Faulkner tells this story in a series of flashbacks and stretches the story out over decades. By presenting the story in terms of present and past events, he can examine how they influence each other. Faulkner presents two visions of time in the story; one based on mathematical precision and one that is more subjective. In terms of mathematical precision, time moves on and what exists is only the present. In terms of the more subjective time, time moves on but memories can exist no matter how much time changes. Those memories stay unhindered. Through this Faulkner could analyze the depth at which Miss Emily could change as a character.[4]

text: Themes[edit]

text: "A Rose for Emily" discusses many dark themes that characterized the Old South. Death is an important theme because it thematically reflects the decaying of the South in the 1930s by relating it to Emily's need to cling to tradition by sleeping next to the corpse of Homer Barron. There is also a reference to the stagnant mindset of the Old South in their inability to initially accept Homer Barron, a Northerner, into their lives.

text: Resistance is a strong underlying theme in William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”. Emily Grierson has been oppressed by her father for most of her life and hasn’t questioned it because that was her way of living. Once her father has passed, she refuses to give his corpse up for burial—this resistance shows her unwillingness to adapt to change. Emily is portrayed as a victim which is why the reader is able to forgive her for her felony of murdering Homer Barron later on in the story. She falls victim to the ruling hand of her father, and to society; she has to uphold the noblesse oblige to which she was born into.[5] Another form of resistance is when Miss Emily refuses to pay her taxes, because of an agreement between her father and Colonial Sartoris. When the present mayor and aldermen insist Miss Emily pay the taxes she refuses and continues to live in her house[6].

text: Control is a persistent theme throughout the story. Emily's father was an intimidating and manipulative figure, keeping her from experiencing life the way she wanted it. She was never able to grow, learn, live her life, start a family, and marry the one she truly loved. Even after Emily's father died, his presence and impact on his daughter was still apparent. Discussing Emily and her father, the townspeople said "We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.".[7] Emily is small, powerless, and in the background wearing white, a symbol of innocence and purity. The controlling and powerful nature of her father is shown, he is in the foreground of the painting taking up space, holding a horsewhip, standing in with his legs apart, and silhouetted in black.

text: Another theme that characterizes the story is the isolation that Emily makes for herself, juxtaposed with the interest of the town in the life of Emily. Emily is alone, yet always being watched by the townspeople. She is both isolated and a part of the community.[8] Not only is Emily always being observed by the townspeople, but her father is still watching her although he has passed. He contributes to her isolation because while he was alive and even after he had passed, he pushes away the suitors who could have loved Miss Emily.

text: The theme of time is also represented by this story, "A Rose for Emily". This story established two opposing attitudes about time against each other, the North and South each representing a generation. condemning them both.The world of the present and the world of tradition. This theme is represented by the North and the South. Homer, who represents the North, portrays the world of the present and the new generation. Miss Emily represents the South and the old generation. The South expresses the refusal to accept the present and the clinging onto the past, the world of tradition.[9] Another example of the theme time is the refusal Miss Emily has to hire a new butler, no matter how old her current one is. Her butler symbolizes the old ways in which Miss Emily was raised[10].

text: The themes in this story all tie into each other and create the character that Miss Emily is. The theme of death describes how Miss Emily cannot let go of death that she has been dealing with. This death theme also describes the Old South during that time. The old Southern ways are slowly dying just as her life is crumbling apart. Her father died and she kept his decaying corpse with her and then shortly after, she did the same thing with Homer. This is a sign of isolation from everyone else in society. Everyone has left her and the people that really connected with her were gone in a short amount of time. Miss Emily killed Homer in fear that he would leave her just as her father did. Everyone seemed to push Miss Emily away in the town, that is why her isolation reached such an extreme level. Miss Emily is reaching out for help because she keeps hiding corpses in her house. She cannot deal with the loss of the people that are closest to her.[11]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Floyd C. Watkins wrote about the structure of "A Rose for Emily" in "Modern Language Notes". Watkins claims that this is Faulkner's best story and is among the best American writers of this time period. Faulkner had to carefully dissect his sections, bringing importance to every aspect of Miss Emily's life, but Watkins sees this as a "structural problem" but later goes on to rave about the symmetry of this short story. Watkins enjoys this story in its entirety, and is impressed by Faulkner's ordering, as building suspense was an important aspect in the response.[12]

text: This critical response by John Skinner explores the interpretations of Faulkner’s short story in detail while reviewing the importance of over analyzing a piece of literary work. William Faulkner published this story in the 1930s, Skinner had published his critical response in 1985. More than 40 years has passed and people are still ignoring his claim; “A Rose for Emily” should not be interpreted any further. The characters and theme of this tale have been scrutinized by many. There have been numerous interpretations for what Miss Emily stands for; Skinner gives examples of scholars including S.W. M. Johnson “Emily represented a refusal to submit to, or even concede, the inevitability of change”. Whereas William Going pictures Emily as a rose, “the treasured memory of the confederate veterans”. The point of view according to Skinner, is of immediate relevance to the story as the chief character, the narrator tells the chronology of the story. This narrator gives approximately “round figures” for the important events of the accounts. Yet the exact chronology is of little relevance to the overall importance of the story itself. John Skinner states that Faulkner should be taken literally, appreciate his formal subtlety in his works.[13]

text: Alice Petry introduces a different type of critical response that is not focused on the usual subjects. Rather, she focuses on the complex and provocative language. For example, Hall discusses how the sentence, "Thus she passed from generation to generation-dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil and perverse" has been considered misleading, but is in fact strategically placed to provide foreshadowing and unification of plot. The five descriptive words used in the sentence each correspond to one of the five parts in the order they are seen. For example, the adjective "inescapable" corresponds to Part II, to the incident of the strange smell coming from Miss Emily's home. Faulkner's placement of these adjectives at the end of Part IV serves as an important unifying sentence that connects all five parts to each other.[14]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
A Rose for Emily—PBS adaptation with Anjelica Huston.
The Zombies' song "A Rose for Emily" retells the story, and is about a strong theme present in the story: Miss Emily living and dying alone, unloved.[15]
Andrea Camilleri has a similar theme in his novel The Scent of the Night influencing his character Detective Salvo Montalbano.


document_title: Brown marmorated stink bug

question_text: what is the smell of a stink bug

question_tokens: what is the smell of a stink bug

root

text: Brown marmorated stink bug

text: Description[edit]

text: The adults are approximately 1.7 centimetres (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming the shield shape characteristic of other stink bugs. They are various shades of brown on both the top and undersides, with gray, off-white, black, copper, and bluish markings. Markings unique to this species include alternating light bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding. The stink glands are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs, and on the dorsal surface of the abdomen.[7]

tag: p

text: Behavior[edit]

text: The brown marmorated stink bug is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears. It is a sucking insect, a "true bug", that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant in order to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant pathogens.

text: The brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family.[8] The bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when autumn evenings become colder, often in the thousands. In one home more than 26,000 stinkbugs were found overwintering.[9] Adults can live from several months to a year.[10][11] They will enter under siding, into soffits, around window and door frames, chimneys, or any space which has openings big enough to fit through. Once inside the house, they will go into a state of hibernation. They wait for winter to pass, but often the warmth inside the house causes them to become active, and they may fly clumsily around light fixtures. Two important vectors of this pest are the landscape ornamentals Tree of Heaven and Princess Tree.[12]

text: The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-Octenal.[13] The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor that smells like coriander."[5] The stink bug's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor.

text: During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs. The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of this is not yet clear.[14]

text: In the United States[edit]

text: The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan. It is believed to have hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types of machinery. The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in September 1998.[4][15] Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year.[8][16] Between 2001 and 2010 there were fifty-four reported sightings of BMSB at shipping ports in the United States.[17] However, stink bugs are listed as non-reportable, meaning that they do not need to be reported or have any required action taken to remove the insect. This allowed the insect to enter the United States relatively easily as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold conditions.

text: Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug recovered as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a black light trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension (RCE) Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program in Milford, New Jersey. [18] In 2002, it was again collected in New Jersey from black light traps located in Phillipsburg and Little York and was found on plant material in Stewartsville. It was quickly documented and established in many counties in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut and New York on the eastern coast of the United States. By 2009, this agricultural pest had reached Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and Oregon.[19] In 2010 this pest was found in additional states including Indiana,[20] Michigan,[21] Minnesota,[22] and other states.[23] As of November 2011 it had spread to 34 U.S. states[5] and by 2012 to 40 and showed an increase of 60% in total numbers over 2011.[24]

text: Population increase[edit]

text: As of 2010, seventeen states had been categorized as having established BMSB populations, and several other states along the eastern half of the United States were reported as having more than normal numbers of stink bugs.[25][26] Stink bug populations rise because the climate in the United States is ideal for their reproduction. In optimal conditions an adult stink bug will develop within 35 to 45 days after hatching.[17] Female stink bugs are capable of laying four hundred eggs in their lifetime.[27] BMSB is also capable of producing at least one successful generation per year in all areas of the United States, no matter the climate. In warmer climates, multiple generations can occur annually, which can range from two generations in states such as Virginia to six generations in states such as California, Arizona, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.[17][28][29]

text: The addition of two more generations allowed the population to explode, leading to the establishment of several other populations in neighboring states. Currently there does not appear to be any environmental limiting factors that are slowing their distribution across the United States. They also are extremely mobile insects capable of moving from host to host without causing disruption in their reproductive processes. Currently it is estimated that BMSB populations will continue to grow and spread to other states, especially during unusual periods of warm weather.[citation needed]

text: Agricultural effects[edit]

text: The brown marmorated stink bug is a serious agricultural pest that has been readily causing damage to crops across the Eastern United States. They feed on a wide array of plants including apples, apricots, Asian pears, cherries, corn, grapes, lima beans, peaches, peppers, tomatoes, and soybeans.[30] This makes them extremely versatile as they do not require a specific plant to feed on. To obtain their food stink bugs use their stylets to pierce the plant tissue in order to extract the plant fluids.[31] In doing so, the plant loses necessary fluids that can lead to deformation of seeds, destruction of seeds, destruction of fruiting structures, delayed plant maturation, and increased vulnerability to harmful pathogens.[31] While harvesting the plant's juices, the stink bug injects saliva into the plant creating a dimpling of the fruit's surface, and rotting of the material underneath.

text: The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and scarring of the fruit, leaf destruction, and a mealy texture to the harvested fruits and vegetables. In most cases the signs of stink bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market as the insides are usually rotten. In field crops such as corn and soy beans the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in fruit plants. When stink bugs feed on corn they go through the husk before eating the kernels, hiding the damage until the husks are removed during harvesting. The same damage is seen in soy beans as the stink bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds. One visual cue of stink bug damage to soybean crops is the "stay green" effect, where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season, while other plants in the field die off normally. One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink bugs are known for the "edge effect", in which they tend to infest crops thirty to forty feet from the edge of the field. Farmers or individuals who suspect having stink bugs in their crops should contact their respective State Department of Agriculture for information on how to manage the infestation and possible ways to prevent future incidences.

text: Control[edit]

text: Control of stink bugs is a priority of the Department of Agriculture which has developed an artificial pheromone which can be used to bait traps.[citation needed] Because the bugs insert their proboscis below the surface of fruit and then feed, some insecticides are ineffective; in addition, the bugs are mobile, and a new population may fly in after the resident population has been killed, making permanent removal nearly impossible. In the case of soybean infestations research shows that spraying only the perimeter of a field may be the most effective method of preventing stinkbugs from damaging the crops. However even this method is limited as new populations move back into the area, or the existing population simply moves to unaffected areas. There is also evidence that stink bugs are developing a resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, a common chemical used to combat infestations.[17] Other insecticides currently in field trials that are showing promising results are oxamly (96% mortality rate) and moribund (67% mortality rate).[17] Many other commonly used insecticides are merely used to keep the insects out of fields, rather than actually killing them. The most successful method of protecting apples found thus far is the use of Kaolin clay.[17] As of 2012[update], native predators such as wasps and birds were showing increased signs of feeding on the bugs as they adapt to the new food source.[24] Managing this pest species is challenging because there are currently few effective pesticides that are labeled for use against them. Researchers are looking into ways to effectively control this species but many more experiments are needed to develop a consistent pesticide.

text: Similarity in appearance to native species[edit]

text: Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus, the best identification for adults is the white band on the antennae. It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug including Acrosternum, Euschistus, and Podisus, except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white (visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded) and a white stripe or band on the next to last (4th) antennal segment.[32] The adult rice stink bug (Oebalus pugnax) is distinguishable from the brown marmorated stink bug by noting the straw color, the smaller size, and the elongated shape of the rice stink bug.[33]

text: Predators[edit]

text: In China, Trissolcus japonicus,[34] a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae, is a primary predator.[35] This species is not currently present in the U.S., but is undergoing study for possible introduction.[5] The major problem with this idea is the possibility that japonicus will also become an invasive species with no native predators. Before introducing the Chinese wasp, scientists are trying to find natural predators of the stink bug already present in the United States. To do so they have studied other species of parasitoid wasps native to the United States. They found that several other species of the parasitoid wasps attacked stink bug eggs in Virginia soybean fields.[36] Researchers have also experimented with different spider species as well as the Wheel bug. Several spider species attacked both the eggs as well as live stink bugs. Pill bugs eat stinkbug eggs.[37] The Wheel bug, however, was the most voracious predator and attacked the eggs as well as stink bugs more consistently.[38] Scientists are hoping that other animals such as birds will eventually begin preying on stink bugs as populations continue to rise.

text: Life cycle[edit]

text:
Eggs on leaf

Newly hatched eggs

Newly hatched eggs

Nymph

5th instar nymph

Last instar nymph

Adult

Halyomorpha halys

tag: ul


document_title: Southern belle

question_text: where did the term southern belle come from

text: Southern belle

text: Origin[edit]

text: The image of the Southern belle developed in the South during the antebellum era. It was based on the young, unmarried woman in the plantation-owning upper class of Southern society.[2]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The image of a Southern belle is often characterized by fashion elements such as a hoop skirt, a corset, pantalettes, a wide-brimmed straw hat, and gloves. As signs of tanning were considered working-class and unfashionable during this era, parasols and fans are also often represented.[2]

text: Southern belles were expected to marry respectable young men, and become ladies of society dedicated to the family and community.[2] The Southern belle archetype is characterized by Southern hospitality, a cultivation of beauty, and a flirtatious yet chaste demeanor.[3]

text: For example, Sallie Ward, who was born into the Southern aristocracy of Kentucky in the Antebellum South, was called a Southern belle.[4]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Southern belle archetype has been criticized as part of an overall idealization of the Antebellum era American South in popular culture.[5][6] Slavery figured strongly into the region's economy during the plantation era. In turn, the image of the idyllic Southern plantation is considered by many to be insensitive to the plight of slaves.[7]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: During the early 20th century, the release of the film Gone with the Wind popularized the image of the Southern belle.

text: Southern belles have also been featured in A Streetcar Named Desire, The Glass Menagerie, Jezebel, Fried Green Tomatoes, Wacky Races, Steel Magnolias, and Sweet Home Alabama.

text: Dick Pope, Sr., promoter of Florida tourism, played an important role in popularizing the archetypal image.[8] Hostesses at his famed Cypress Gardens were portrayed as Southern belles in promotional materials for the theme park.[9] The X-Men member Rogue is the team's self-described Southern belle.


document_title: God's Problem Child

question_text: who sings god's problem child with willie

question_tokens: who sings god 's problem child with willie

text: God's Problem Child

text: Content[edit]

text: The title track was written by Jamey Johnson and Tony Joe White, and features vocals by Leon Russell in one of his last recordings. Alison Krauss provides background vocals on the tracks "True Love" and "Little House on the Hill". The original album title, I'm Not Dead, refers to the recurrent hoaxes announcing Nelson's death. "Delete and Fast-Forward" describes Nelson's view on the 2016 United States elections. The release includes a song written by Cannon's mother, Lyndel Rhodes.[2] It also includes "He Won't Ever Be Gone", a tribute to Merle Haggard written by Gary Nicholson. Seven tracks on the album are written by Nelson and Cannon. Alongside traditional music retailers, the release was made available for pre-order on the website PledgeMusic along with promotional merchandise.[1]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: The album's lead single, "A Woman's Love", and its respective video premiered on Rolling Stone's website on February 14, 2017.[5] The video for the single "It Gets Easier" was later premiered by the Los Angeles Times on March 9.[6] Later, on March 28, the video for "Old Timer" first appeared on The Daily Beast.[7]

text: Upon its release, God's Problem Child reached number one on Billboard's Top Country Albums with 36,000 album-equivalent units and 34,000 pure sales. It became Nelson's sixteenth country album chart-topper, while it also entered the Billboard 200 at number ten.[8]

text:
Professional ratings

Aggregate scores

Source
Rating

Metacritic
83/100[4]

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic

Rolling Stone

Uncut
8/10

PopMatters

Record Collector

Paste
8.5/10

Pichfork
7.6/10

Austin American-Statesman
Favorable

tag: table

text: AllMusic awarded the album four stars out of five. The review noted an improvement in Nelson's voice, compared to his releases of 2016. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine concluded, "It's simply an uncommonly strong latter-day record from Willie Nelson: there isn't a hint of fussiness and the songs and the performances are so understated, they only seem richer with repeated spins".[9] Rolling Stone praised the album observing that age is a focus of Nelson's new songwriting giving him "(a) renewed purpose as a lyricist and heightened vulnerability as a vocalist".[10]

text: Uncut rated the album eight out of ten, and favored Nelson's songwriting, while it called the single "Still Not Dead" one of Nelson's "modern masterpieces".[11] Popmatters delivered a favorable review, calling it an "indisputable high point" of Nelson's latest records.[12] Record Collector rated the album four out of five stars, hailing Nelson as a "bona fide legend who’s never sounded more alive".[13] Paste felt that the release was "as vital" as the rest of Nelson's repertoire.[14]

text: Pichfork summed up the album by calling Nelson "(a) cosmic joker contemplating mortality with endearing humor and touching honesty".[15] The Austin American-Statesman opined that it was "Nelson’s best album since the 1990s" and attributed its success to "(a) near-perfect balance between Willie as songwriter and as interpreter".[16] Sounds Like Nashville added that "Nelson isn’t going to go quietly in the night. The 'Red Headed Stranger' has never done anything in that fashion, and at age 84, the singer continues to come out swinging on all cylinders."[17]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: The album debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Country Albums chart, selling 34,000 in copies (36,000 equivalent albums in total) in its first week. This is his record-extending 50th top 10 album on the Top Country Albums chart. It also debuted at number ten on Billboard 200, which make this Nelson's sixth top 10 album on the chart.[18] It has sold 92,300 copies in the United States as of September 2017.[19]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"Little House on the Hill"
Lyndel Rhodes
3:02

2.
"Old Timer"
Donnie Fritts, Lenny LeBlanc
3:34

3.
"True Love"
Willie Nelson, Buddy Cannon
3:01

4.
"Delete and Fast Forward"
Nelson, Cannon
3:25

5.
"A Woman's Love"
Mike Reid, Sam Hunter
3:23

6.
"Your Memory Has a Mind of Its Own"
Nelson, Cannon
3:29

7.
"Butterfly"
Sonny Throckmorton, Mark Sherrill
3:51

8.
"Still Not Dead"
Nelson, Cannon
2:33

9.
"God's Problem Child"
Jamey Johnson, Tony Joe White
4:57

10.
"It Gets Easier"
Nelson, Cannon
3:07

11.
"Lady Luck"
Nelson, Cannon
3:31

12.
"I Made a Mistake"
Nelson, Cannon
3:17

13.
"He Won't Ever Be Gone"
Gary Nicholson
3:15

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Barry Bales – bass
Jim "Moose" Brown – keyboards
Buddy Cannon – backing vocals, acoustic guitar
Melonie Cannon – backing vocals
Fred Eltringham – drums, percussion, tambourine
Kevin Grantt – bass
Ben Haggard – backing vocals, electric guitar
Jamey Johnson – backing vocals
Alison Krauss – backing vocals
Rachel Loy – bass
James Mitchell – electric guitar
Mickey Raphael – harmonica, Jew's-harp
Bobby Terry – acoustic guitar, steel guitar
Tony Joe White – harmonica, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Lonnie Wilson – drums

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[20]
38

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[21]
41

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[22]
120

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[23]
30

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[24]
67

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[25]
76

Irish Albums (IRMA)[26]
43

New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[27]
5

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[28]
39

Scottish Albums (OCC)[29]
18

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[30]
42

UK Albums (OCC)[31]
64

US Billboard 200[32]
10

US Top Country Albums (Billboard)[33]
1


document_title: List of Heisman Trophy winners

question_text: who has won back to back heisman trophies

text: List of Heisman Trophy winners

text: Key[edit]

text:
*
First overall draft pick in the NFL Draft

†
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

‡
First overall draft pick and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

text: List of Heisman Trophy winners[edit]

text:
Heisman Winners

Year
Image
Name
School
Position
Points
 % of Points Possible[15]
Class

1935

Berwanger, JayJay Berwanger*
Chicago
Halfback
84
43.08%
4 !Senior

1936

Kelley, LarryLarry Kelley
Yale
End
219
36.41%
4 !Senior

1937

Frank, ClintClint Frank
Yale
Halfback
524
32.89%
4 !Senior

1938

O'Brien, DaveyDavey O'Brien
TCU
Quarterback
519
29.62%
4 !Senior

1939

Kinnick, NileNile Kinnick
Iowa
Halfback/Quarterback
651
31.00%
4 !Senior

1940

Harmon, TomTom Harmon*
Michigan
Halfback
1,303
54.29%
4 !Senior

1941

Smith, BruceBruce Smith
Minnesota
Halfback
554
49.99%
4 !Senior

1942

Sinkwich, FrankFrank Sinkwich*
Georgia
Halfback
1,059
56.15%
4 !Senior

1943

Bertelli, AngeloAngelo Bertelli*
Notre Dame
Quarterback
648
64.80%
4 !Senior

1944

Horvath, LesLes Horvath
Ohio State
Quarterback/Halfback
412
18.31%
4 !Senior

1945

Blanchard, DocDoc Blanchard
Army
Fullback
860
33.81%
3 !Junior

1946

Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
Army
Halfback
792
79.20%
4 !Senior

1947

Lujack, JohnnyJohnny Lujack
Notre Dame
Quarterback
742
74.20%
4 !Senior

1948

Walker, DoakDoak Walker†
SMU
Halfback
778
28.56%
3 !Junior

1949

Hart, LeonLeon Hart*
Notre Dame
End
995
36.53%
4 !Senior

1950

Janowicz, VicVic Janowicz
Ohio State
Halfback/Punter
633
22.03%
3 !Junior

1951

Kazmaier, DickDick Kazmaier
Princeton
Halfback
1,777
60.01%
4 !Senior

1952

Vessels, BillyBilly Vessels
Oklahoma
Halfback
525
14.32%
4 !Senior

1953

Lattner, JohnnyJohnny Lattner
Notre Dame
Halfback
1,850
49.14%
4 !Senior

1954

Ameche, AlanAlan Ameche
Wisconsin
Fullback
1,068
27.01%
4 !Senior

1955

Cassady, HowardHoward Cassady
Ohio State
Halfback
2,219
55.87%
4 !Senior

1956

Hornung, PaulPaul Hornung‡
Notre Dame
Quarterback
1,066
26.96%
4 !Senior

1957

Crow, John DavidJohn David Crow
Texas A&M
Halfback
1,183
31.12%
4 !Senior

1958

Dawkins, PetePete Dawkins
Army
Halfback
1,394
39.01%
4 !Senior

1959

Cannon, BillyBilly Cannon*
LSU
Halfback
1,929
53.72%
4 !Senior

1960

—

Bellino, JoeJoe Bellino
Navy
Halfback
1,793
52.89%
4 !Senior

1961

Davis, ErnieErnie Davis*
Syracuse
Halfback/Linebacker/Fullback
824
25.18%
4 !Senior

1962

—

Baker, TerryTerry Baker*
Oregon State
Quarterback
707
21.25%
4 !Senior

1963

Staubach, RogerRoger Staubach†
Navy
Quarterback
1,860
55.21%
3 !Junior

1964

—

Huarte, JohnJohn Huarte
Notre Dame
Quarterback
1,026
30.98%
4 !Senior

1965

Garrett, MikeMike Garrett
USC
Halfback
926
26.61%
4 !Senior

1966

Spurrier, SteveSteve Spurrier
Florida
Quarterback
1,679
48.25%
4 !Senior

1967

—

Beban, GaryGary Beban
UCLA
Quarterback
1,968
63.50%
4 !Senior

1968

Simpson, O. J.O. J. Simpson‡
USC
Halfback
2,853
80.64%
4 !Senior

1969

—

Owens, SteveSteve Owens
Oklahoma
Fullback
1,488
40.92%
4 !Senior

1970

Plunkett, JimJim Plunkett*
Stanford
Quarterback
2,229
58.78%
4 !Senior

1971

—

Sullivan, PatPat Sullivan
Auburn
Quarterback
1,597
42.25%
4 !Senior

1972

—

Rodgers, JohnnyJohnny Rodgers
Nebraska
Wide receiver/Running back
1,310
38.75%
4 !Senior

1973

—

Cappelletti, JohnJohn Cappelletti
Penn State
Running back
1,057
32.78%
4 !Senior

1974

Griffin, ArchieArchie Griffin
Ohio State
Running back
1,920
59.53%
3 !Junior

1975
Griffin, ArchieArchie Griffin
Ohio State
Running back
1,800
57.64%
4 !Senior

1976

Dorsett, TonyTony Dorsett†
Pittsburgh
Running back
2,357
74.97%
4 !Senior

1977

Campbell, EarlEarl Campbell‡
Texas
Running back
1,547
49.11%
4 !Senior

1978

Sims, BillyBilly Sims*
Oklahoma
Running back
1,896
26.25%
3 !Junior

1979

—

White, CharlesCharles White
USC
Running back
1,695
53.81%
4 !Senior

1980

—

Rogers, GeorgeGeorge Rogers*
South Carolina
Running back
1,128
35.81%
4 !Senior

1981

Allen, MarcusMarcus Allen†
USC
Running back
1,797
57.05%
4 !Senior

1982

Walker, HerschelHerschel Walker
Georgia
Running back
1,926
61.14%
3 !Junior

1983

Rozier, MikeMike Rozier
Nebraska
Running back
1,801
57.17%
4 !Senior

1984

Flutie, DougDoug Flutie
Boston College
Quarterback
2,240
71.11%
4 !Senior

1985

Jackson, BoBo Jackson*
Auburn
Running back
1,509
47.90%
4 !Senior

1986

Testaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde*
Miami
Quarterback
2,213
70.25%
4 !Senior

1987

Brown, TimTim Brown†
Notre Dame
Wide receiver
1,442
45.78%
4 !Senior

1988

Sanders, BarryBarry Sanders†
Oklahoma State
Running back
1,878
68.27%
3 !Junior

1989

Ware, AndreAndre Ware
Houston
Quarterback
1,073
38.96%
3 !Junior

1990

Detmer, TyTy Detmer
BYU
Quarterback
1,482
53.87%
3 !Junior

1991

Howard, DesmondDesmond Howard
Michigan
Wide receiver/Punt returner
2,077
75.50%
3 !Junior

1992

Torretta, GinoGino Torretta
Miami
Quarterback
1,400
50.84%
4 !Senior

1993

Ward, CharlieCharlie Ward
Florida State
Quarterback
2,310
83.79%
4 !Senior

1994

Salaam, RashaanRashaan Salaam
Colorado
Running back
1,743
63.15%
3 !Junior

1995

George, EddieEddie George
Ohio State
Running back
1,460
52.84%
4 !Senior

1996

Wuerffel, DannyDanny Wuerffel
Florida
Quarterback
1,363
49.38%
4 !Senior

1997

Woodson, CharlesCharles Woodson
Michigan
Cornerback/Punt returner
1,815
65.69%
3 !Junior

1998

Williams, RickyRicky Williams
Texas
Running back
2,355
85.23%
4 !Senior

1999

Dayne, RonRon Dayne
Wisconsin
Running back
2,042
73.83%
4 !Senior

2000

Weinke, ChrisChris Weinke
Florida State
Quarterback
1,628
58.86%
4 !Senior

2001

—

Crouch, EricEric Crouch
Nebraska
Quarterback
770
27.75%
4 !Senior

2002

Palmer, CarsonCarson Palmer*
USC
Quarterback
1,328
48.01%
4 !Senior

2003

White, JasonJason White
Oklahoma
Quarterback
1,481
53.54%
3 !Junior

2004

Leinart, MattMatt Leinart
USC
Quarterback
1,325
47.85%
3 !Junior

2005
(vacated)

Reggie Bush
USC
Running back
2,541
91.77%
3 !Junior

2006

Smith, TroyTroy Smith
Ohio State
Quarterback
2,540
91.63%
4 !Senior

2007

Tebow, TimTim Tebow
Florida
Quarterback
1,957
70.52%
2 !Sophomore

2008

Bradford, SamSam Bradford*
Oklahoma
Quarterback
1,726
62.13%
2 !Sophomore

2009

Ingram Jr., MarkMark Ingram Jr.
Alabama
Running back
1,304
46.99%
2 !Sophomore

2010

Newton, CamCam Newton*
Auburn
Quarterback
2,263
81.55%
3 !Junior

2011

Griffin III, RobertRobert Griffin III
Baylor
Quarterback
1,687
60.66%
3 !Junior

2012

Manziel, JohnnyJohnny Manziel
Texas A&M
Quarterback
2,029
72.88%
1 !Freshman

2013

Winston, JameisJameis Winston*
Florida State
Quarterback
2,205
79.12%
1 !Freshman

2014

Mariota, MarcusMarcus Mariota
Oregon
Quarterback
2,534
90.92%
3 !Junior

2015

Henry, DerrickDerrick Henry
Alabama
Running back
1,832
65.73%
3 !Junior

2016

—

Jackson, LamarLamar Jackson
Louisville
Quarterback
2,144
79.50%
2 !Sophomore

2017

Mayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield
Oklahoma
Quarterback
2,398
86.00%
4 !Senior

text: Trophies won by school[edit]

text: This is a list of the colleges and universities who have had a player win a Heisman trophy: Ohio State and Notre Dame are tied for the most trophies at 7 each (USC's 2005 award having been voluntarily forfeited). Ohio State has the distinction of the only two-time winner, Archie Griffin, leaving their total players to have won the trophy at six. In total, players from 39 different schools have won a Heisman Trophy, while 18 schools have more than one trophy.

text:
School
Trophies
held

Notre Dame
7

Ohio State
7

Oklahoma
6

USC
6†

Army
3

Auburn
3

Florida
3

Florida State
3

Michigan
3

Nebraska
3

Alabama
2

Georgia
2

Miami
2

Navy
2

Texas
2

Texas A&M
2

Wisconsin
2

Yale
2

Baylor
1

BYU
1

Boston College
1

Colorado
1

Chicago
1

Houston
1

Iowa
1

Louisville
1

LSU
1

Minnesota
1

Oklahoma State
1

Oregon
1

Oregon State
1

Penn State
1

Pittsburgh
1

Princeton
1

South Carolina
1

SMU
1

Stanford
1

Syracuse
1

TCU
1

UCLA
1

text: † The 2005 trophy was forfeited by Reggie Bush and is not tallied here.


document_title: The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)

question_text: who plays murray's brother in the goldbergs

question_tokens: who plays murray 's brother in the goldbergs

text: The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Goldbergs is set in the 1980s in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. The show is loosely based on the showrunner's own childhood, during which he videotaped events, many of which are re-enacted throughout the program. It shows the reality of the '80s from a young boy's eyes.[6]

text: The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon-Covey as matriarch Beverly. Their two older children are Erica (Hayley Orrantia) and Barry (Troy Gentile). The youngest child, Adam (Sean Giambrone), documents his family life with his video camera. Beverly's father, Albert "Pops" Solomon (George Segal), is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren (often behind his daughter's back).

text: The present-day "Adult Adam" (Patton Oswalt) narrates every episode as taking place in "1980-something". The narrator takes creative liberties with the time frame, resulting in occasional anachronisms. For example, the second-season episode "Just Say No" has references to both the Walter Mondale/Geraldine Ferraro presidential campaign (which took place in 1984) and the TV shows American Gladiators and America's Funniest Home Videos (both of which debuted in 1989).

text: Many references to real-life Philadelphia-area businesses are made, including the Wawa Inc. convenience store chain, Gimbel's department store, Willow Grove Park Mall, and Kremp's Florist of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Beverly Goldberg (née Solomon),[3] the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs. She frequently injects herself into her children's lives, often to their embarrassment, and is supremely confident in their abilities.
Sean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg,[3] the pop-culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and geeky, he often films his family's activities on a VHS camcorder. He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker.

Patton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg,[7] who narrates the show from the present day.

Jeff Garlin as Murray Christian Goldberg,[3] the gruff, somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs. Unlike Beverly, he is realistic about his children's abilities and believes she smothers them too much. Despite his apathetic tendencies at home, he values hard work and has worked full-time since his teenage years. He also wants his children to learn how to fend for themselves, and calls them morons if they mess up. He runs his father-in-law's furniture business, loves sports, and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs.
Troy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg,[3] the overconfident, slightly dim-witted middle child of the Goldbergs. Though seemingly untalented in every way (except in ice hockey and wrestling, at which he excels), he remains highly self-assured while trying to become popular in high school. He is determined to dominate everything he does, including sports, loves rap music, and is the leader of a crew called JTP (whose group name his fellow members repeat whenever it is said).
Hayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg,[3] the nonchalant oldest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and musically gifted but rebellious, she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers.
George Segal as Albert "Pops" Solomon,[3] Beverly's laid back widower father. Though an elderly man with a number of goofy characteristics, he acts much younger than his age, often giving sage advice to his grandchildren. Adam considers him as his best friend. He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably, and he now lets his son-in-law Murray run the business.
AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis (Season 3–4; recurring 1–2, 5-present),[8] Erica's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school, whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on. To the surprise of many, Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first-season finale, the two slowly grow closer together in season two, and eventually become an unlikely couple.
Sam Lerner as 'Madman' Geoff Schwartz (Season 5-present; recurring 2-4),[9] one of Barry's best friends. The nickname "Madman" is a form of ironic humor, given how well-behaved the character is, especially compared to Barry. He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections. At the end of the third season, he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff's feelings. He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Troy Winbush as Puchinski, a police officer who sometimes runs afoul of the Goldbergs' craziness, and often sympathises with Beverly.
Cedric Yarbrough as Vic, Murray's friend and co-worker from Canada.
Ben Zelevansky as Dale, the manager of the arcade frequented by Adam, Barry, and Pops. (season 1)
Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell, Adam's classmate who becomes his girlfriend. In the season 2 finale, it is revealed Dana may be moving to Seattle. The season 3 premiere confirms she is now living in Seattle. Adam and Dana continue a long-distance relationship, but it ends when the two realize how different they have become. (season 1-3; guest season 4)
Jackson Odell as Ari Caldwell, a popular student, a friend of Erica and Lexi, and Dana's older brother. (season 1-2)
Virginia Gardner as Lexi Bloom, Barry's crush. (season 1, mentioned season 4)
Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miriam Ferguson, one of Pops' lovers. (season 1)
Jennifer Irwin as Virginia Kremp, Chad's mother, neighbor to the Goldbergs.
Jacob Hopkins as Chad Kremp, Virginia's youngest son and a close friend of Adam.
Tyler Stokes as Drew Kremp, Chad's older brother and Erica's ex-boyfriend. (season 1 and 3)
Dan Fogler as Marvin Goldberg, Murray's carefree, unreliable younger brother. He moves in with the family near the end of season four, living in their basement.
Tim Meadows as Jonathan "Andre" Glascott, a disenchanted teacher who also delivers pizza and gives guitar lessons for extra money. He serves as the school's hapless guidance counselor.
Barbara Alyn Woods as Mrs. Caldwell, Dana and Ari's mother. Woods is the real-life mother of Natalie Alyn Lind, who portrays Dana. (season 1)
Stephanie Katherine Grant as Emmy "Muscles" Mirsky, a girl in the neighborhood with whom Adam likes to spend time. Because they grew up together, Adam tends to treat her like "one of the guys".
Kenny Ridwan as Dave Kim, an awkward classmate and friend of Adam's, who is always addressed by both his first and last names, even by his own mother.
Cooper Roth (season 1) and Zayne Emory (season 2-3) as J. C. Spink, a bully who torments Adam. The original film producer who inspired the character portrays a school bus driver.
Mason Cook as Tyler Stansfield, a puny but fierce classmate of Adam.
Dustin Ybarra as Nitrous, a university student who occasionally interacts with Beverly. Usually Beverly has to make a demand of Nitrous, which he will agree to, but only after trying to coerce her into showing him her breasts or giving him $1 million. (season 1 and 3)
Bryan Callen as Rick Mellor, the high school's no-nonsense gym teacher and coach.
Joey Luthman as Roger McFadden, a nerdy classmate of Barry's. (season 1)
Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Earl Ball, the principal of the Goldberg children's high school. Beverly frequently confronts him when she knows something has gone wrong in her children's classes or school activities. (season 2-present)
Ana Gasteyer as Susan Cinoman, a music teacher at the Goldberg children's high school and love interest of Rick Mellor. (season 2-present)
Noah Munck as 'Naked' Rob Smith, one of Barry's best friends who goes shirtless at any opportunity. (season 2-present)
Matt Bush as 'Ladies' Man' Andy Cogan, one of Barry's best friends who is frequently teased for his short stature. (season 2-present)
Nathan Gamble as Garry Ball, the Principal's rebellious son and Adam's only cool friend. (season 2-3)
Dan Bakkedahl as Mr. Woodburn, Adam's lonely and depressed science teacher. (season 2)
Suzy Nakamura as Mrs. Kim, Dave Kim's mother and the owner of a Chinese restaurant frequented by the Goldbergs. (season 2)
Rob Huebel as John Calabasas, an opportunistic businessman with several careers. (season 2-3)
Judd Hirsch as Ben "Pop Pop" Goldberg, Murray's cantankerous, opinionated father. He frequently fights with Murray, with whom he has trouble communicating, and he views Pops as a rival. (seasons 3-present; Pop Pop first appeared in one season 2 episode, and was portrayed by Paul Sorvino)
Allie Grant as Evelyn "Evey" Silver, a girl Beverly tries to set up Barry with. Erica is deeply disturbed by this, because Evey is eerily similar to Beverly. She later becomes Geoff Schwartz's girlfriend. (season 2-present)
David Koechner as Bill Lewis, Lainey's father who is raising her as a single parent. To Murray's dismay, Bill is a major fan of the Dallas Cowboys, starting a rivalry between the two. Bill and Murray eventually become good friends as they discover that, outside of football, they have a lot in common. (season 2-present)
Nate Hartley as Dan, a nerdy punching bag, who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time. (season 2-present)
Charlie DePew as Anthony Balsamo, a popular, good-looking student and Lainey's ex-boyfriend. (season 2-3)
Sam Kindseth as David Sirota, Adam's goofy friend and classmate. In the present he is an American political commentator and radio host. (season 2-3)
Michaela Watkins as Ms. Taraborelli, a socially awkward Spanish and sex education teacher. (season 2)
Christopher Avila as Raji Mitra, an intelligent student Beverly hires to tutor Lainey. (season 3)
Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins, a ponytailed, saxophone-playing troublemaker who, much like Barry Goldberg, has a high opinion of himself. He is always seen wearing a Rush tour t-shirt. Erica dated him briefly. (season 3-present)
Niko Guardado as Rubén Amaro, Jr., a highly popular student and champion athlete. In adulthood, he will become a major league baseball player and General Manager of Philadelphia Phillies. (season 3-present)
Alex Jennings as Carla Mann, a vaguely popular student and friend of Erica and Lainey who is a bit of a troublemaker. She is also an on-off girlfriend of Johnny Atkins. (season 3-present)
Froy Gutierrez as Benjamin "Handsome Ben" Bauman, a highly popular student whom Adam sees as his rival, though Ben is always friendly to him.
Quincy Fouse as Taz Money, a popular friend of Adam. (season 3)
Lucky: Lucky is an actual dog introduced in season 3 as the Goldberg family pet.
Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley; a punk rocker-turned-Deadhead who becomes the newest member of the JTP, over Barry's initial objections. Adult Adam's voice-over later confides that Matt would become Barry's closest friend after high school. (season 4-present)
Rowan Blanchard as Jackie Geary, Adam's girlfriend who shares his love of science fiction. (season 4-present).[10]
Alison Rich as Valley Erica, Erica's Valley girl roommate at college; the two have the same first name, but decidedly different personalities. (season 5)

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Brec Bassinger as Zoe McIntosh, a girl Adam had a crush on. (season 1, episode 1 and season 4, episode 3)
Tom Cavanagh as Charles Kremp, Chad's father. (season 1, episode 8)
Martin Starr as Andre, the local video store clerk who bans Murray after an excessively late rental. (season 1)
Thomas Lennon as Taun-Taun Todd, a Star Wars fan that Erica and Adam meet while waiting in line to see Return of the Jedi. (season 1, episode 22)
David Spade as Gus, a sketchy manufacturer of fake IDs. (season 2, episode 1)
Charlie Sheen as the man in police station, reprising his iconic role from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. (season 2, episode 14)
Nick Swardson as Rick, a sketchy black market toy dealer. (season 2, episode 15)[11]
Chuck Norris as himself (voice only), who is heard from offscreen reading a letter to Barry. (season 3)
Weird Al Yankovic as himself. (season 3, episode 15)
Chad Coleman as Leon, a manager of Spencer's Gifts store. (season 4)
Martin Kove as Master John, reprising his role as Cobra Kai dojo sensei. (season 4)
Ilan Mitchell-Smith as Mr. Connelly, the science teacher in the fifth-season premiere episode "Weird Science." Mitchell-Smith portrayed Wyatt Donnelly in the film Weird Science.
Bill Goldberg as Nick Mellor, Coach Mellor's brother (Season 5)

text: Cameos from real-life Counterparts[edit]

text:
"Handsome" Ben Beauman and "Regular" Amy Gross as Double Dare Producers
Jackie Geary as her mother
Chad Kremp as a deli worker (season 1), and as his father (season 4)
JC Spink as Joe the Bus Driver
R. D. Robb as a photographer
Mike Levy and Mike Levy as Computer Technicians

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
23
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
76
6.20[12]

2
24
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)
57
8.37[13]

3
24
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)
57
7.62[14]

4
24
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
54
6.97[15]

5
TBA
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011. After Adam Goldberg's previous show, Breaking In, was canceled, he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC, who agreed to immediately produce it.[16][17] On January 11, 2013, Wendi McLendon-Covey was cast as the pilot's lead;[18] later, Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast.[19][20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon. On May 10, 2013, ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013–14 American television season.[21] It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1, 2013.[22] The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios.

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Rewind," was written at Goldberg's request by I Fight Dragons, his favorite band, specifically for the show.[23] A soundtrack, featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members, was released on December 6, 2017.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Goldbergs pilot received mixed reviews, averaging a score of 52% on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics.[25]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called it "one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver", giving credit to the show's "outstanding writing" and "strong cast".[26] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said "you'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations".[27]

text: Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show was "obnoxiously loud".[28] David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said the show is "just awful".[29] Tierney Bricker of E! News gave a more positive review, saying that the show is "like Modern Family mixed with A Christmas Story".[30]

text: The Goldbergs was included in TV Guide's 2013 Top Twenty "Best Shows of the Year",[31] along with The Hollywood Reporter[32] and Today.[33] In addition, SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013–2014.[34]

text: The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100% fresh with five reviews,[35] and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season.[citation needed] The show continued to be well received, with Entertainment Weekly calling the season two premiere "the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate, real-world term: love".[36]

text: After the series was renewed for season 3, ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for "a long time".[37]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)
Nielsen Rating (18-49)

Date
Premiere Viewers
(in millions)
Premiere 18-49
rating/share
Date
Finale Viewers
(in millions)
Finale 18-49
rating/share

1
Tuesday 9:00 pm
23

September 24, 2013

8.94[38]
3.1/8[38]

May 13, 2014

4.26[39]
1.5/5[39]
2013–2014
#76[40]
6.20[40]
N/A

2
Wednesday 8:30 pm
24

September 24, 2014

7.31[41]
2.4/6[41]

May 13, 2015

6.70[42]
2.0/7[42]
2014–2015
#57[43]
8.34[43]
2.8[43]

3
24

September 23, 2015

7.62[44]
2.4/8[44]

May 18, 2016

6.39[45]
1.9/7[45]
2015–2016
#57[14]
7.62[14]
2.5[14]

4
Wednesday 8:00 pm
24

September 21, 2016

6.90[46]
2.0/8[46]

May 17, 2017

5.27[47]
1.4/6[47]
2016–2017
#54[15]
6.97[15]
2.1[15]

5

September 27, 2017

6.20[48]
1.8/7[48]

2017–2018

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Goldbergs originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013.[49] The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television.[50]

text: In Australia, the show airs on the Seven Network. It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015, in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015. In France, the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+.

text: The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08). In India, the series is aired on Star World. In Germany, the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16, 2016.[51] In Portugal, the series is aired on Fox Comedy.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11, Nick at Nite on September 18, Pop on September 24, and will also begin to air on TV Land.

text: Cancelled spin-off[edit]

text: It was announced that Goldberg will develop a spin-off Goldbergs series for ABC set in the 90s with Bryan Callen's character of Rick Mellor.[52] On May 17, 2017, ABC passed on the spin-off.[53] The spin-off would have been titled "Schooled".[54]


document_title: Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees

question_text: when do the yankees wear their pinstripe uniforms

text: Team logos and insignia[edit]

text: Current cap logo

text:
Jersey logo 1903–1904

Current jersey logo

text: Current print insignia

text: Throughout much of their tenure as the Highlanders, the logo was variations of a stylized N and Y, which lay separately on either side of the jersey's breast. In 1905, the two locked for one season, but not in the way used today. It wasn't until 1909 that the team changed to the familiar interlocking NY that would be the team logo long after the team became known as the Yankees, and would continue to be the cap insignia until today. The interlocking NY was originally designed by Tiffany & Co. and struck on a medal of honor presented in 1877 to John McDowell, a New York City police officer shot in the line of duty.[1][2]

text: The primary logo, created in 1947 by sports artist Henry Alonzo Keller,[3] consists of "Yankees" against a baseball, written in red script with a red bat forming the vertical line of the K, an Uncle Sam hat hanging from the barrel. The logo was slightly changed over the years, with the current version first appearing in the 1970s.

text: The interlocking NY has varied greatly, and there are currently three major versions in use. The first is the cap insignia, in which the N and Y are of about the same size and unadorned. The second is the logo on the breast of the home jersey. This logo first appeared there in 1912, continued through the 1913 renaming to the New York Yankees,[4] and after disappearing in 1917, returned for good in 1936, although there have been many small but apparent changes through the years. In the jersey logo, the Y is larger, the letters more blocky, and the curves more exaggerated. The third is the print logo which is used extensively in marketing, is painted behind home plate at the Stadium, and appears on the team's batting helmets. Since the start of the 2017 season, this logo was 3-dimensional on the helmets. The N is larger and more curved, and the letters have large serifs at the end.

text: In 1992, the Yankees along with all MLB teams, had an MLB logo on the back of their caps for the first time. The following year, the Yankees became one of the last teams to wear a cap with a green underbrim. They did not switch to a gray underbrim until 1994, when most teams had been wearing a gray underbrim since the late 1980s. In the 1996 World Series, the Yankees, along with the Atlanta Braves, became the first teams to wear their caps with World Series patches sewn on the side. In 1998, the Yankees had the number #39 sewn on the back of their caps, next to the MLB logo, for Darryl Strawberry, because he was suffering from colon cancer at the time. When the MLB season opened in 2001, it was the 100th Anniversary of the American League. The Yankees had an AL 100th Anniversary patch on the side of their caps for the opening day series. When the Yankees celebrated their 100th Anniversary in 2003, they had a patch on the side of their caps, commemorating it as well. The Yankees along with all MLB teams stopped wearing wool caps, beginning in the year 2007. The new caps now have a black underbrim to reduce glare, and a more 3D MLB logo on the back. In 2009, to celebrate the inaugural season at Yankee Stadium, the Yankees had an inaugural season patch on the back of their caps. It is the first time in MLB history that a patch was in the back of a cap instead of just the MLB logo. However, the Yankees players that played in the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, in St. Louis had the regular MLB logo on the back of their caps. Starting in the 2010 MLB season, the Yankees MLB logo on the back of the caps and the back collar of the jerseys had gray behind the bat of the MLB logo instead of the usual red, which was present on Yankee caps since 1992.

text: The Yankees use a block letter "NEW YORK" wordmark on the gray road uniform which has also become emblematic. There is also a print version of the full name, which is of a more fanciful script than the name appears in the team logo.

text: Design and appearance of uniform[edit]

text: The team colors are navy, gray, and white. The home uniform is white with distinctive pinstripes and a navy interlocking "NY" at the chest. The away uniform is gray with a navy "NEW YORK" written across the chest. The player number is on the back of the uniform jersey, and is not accompanied by the player name. A navy cap with a white interlocking "NY" logo is worn with both uniforms.

text: Contrary to baseball legend, the Yankees did not start wearing pinstriped uniforms to make Babe Ruth look slimmer in the late 1920s and 1930s.  In truth, the Yankees added pinstripes to their uniforms on a permanent basis soon after Ruppert bought the team in 1915[5] after briefly wearing pinstripes in 1912.

text: In 1929, the New York Yankees became the first team to make numbers a permanent part of the uniform. Numbers were handed out based on the order in the lineup. In 1929, Earle Combs wore #1, Mark Koenig #2, Babe Ruth #3, Lou Gehrig #4, Bob Meusel #5, Tony Lazzeri #6, Leo Durocher #7, Johnny Grabowski #8, Benny Bengough #9, and Bill Dickey #10. The team has never issued #0 or #00.[6] When other teams began putting names on the backs of jerseys in the 1960s, the Yankees did not follow suit. Many companies have created replica Yankee jerseys and other apparel with the player name above the number on the back for fans to purchase, but the only official Yankee uniforms that have ever had names on the back are special uniforms used during MLB's Players Weekend, an annual event first held on August 25–27, 2017.[7] Apart from the Players Weekend jerseys,[7] the Yankees are the only team in Major League Baseball that has never displayed the logo of the official uniform supplier, currently Majestic Athletic, on game jerseys or pants supplied to players. They are also one of only two teams (the other being the Detroit Tigers) in Major League Baseball to shun the trend of creating a third "alternate" jersey.

text: The home uniform has been the same (apart from minor changes) since 1936 – longer than any current uniform design in Major League Baseball – although patches commemorating milestones or special events may be worn for all or part of a season. The team will occasionally wear a black armband on the left sleeve, usually in honor of a Yankee great that died (in the case of some players, his number is frequently sewn above the armband).

text: In 1990, the Yankees wore a #1 patch on their left sleeve in tribute to Billy Martin, who died in a car crash on Christmas Day of 1989. It was the first time the Yankees paid tribute to a retired legend by putting their jersey number on their left sleeve. They did the same for Mickey Mantle in 1995, Joe DiMaggio in 1999, Phil Rizzuto in 2007 and Yogi Berra in late 2015.

text: For the 2008 season, the team wore a patch commemorating the 2008 All-Star Game, another commemorating the last season in Yankee Stadium, and a black armband to honor Bobby Murcer who died July 12, 2008 due to complication related to brain cancer.[8]

text: In 2009, to commemorate the inaugural season at Yankee Stadium, the Yankees had an inaugural season patch on the left sleeve of the jersey.

text: Beginning in the 2010 season, the MLB logo, on the back collar of their jerseys, has gray behind the bat of the MLB logo, instead of the usual red, which was on the jersey since 2000, when all of the MLB teams started wearing the MLB logo on the back collar. Upon the deaths of owner George Steinbrenner and P.A. announcer Bob Sheppard, the Yankees sported two patches from July 16 until the end of the season; the left breast patch in memory of Steinbrenner, and a left shoulder patch in memory of Sheppard. The Yankees also added a black armband in memory of Ralph Houk upon his death on July 21.

text: Although the Yankees have worn the same road uniform since 1918 (with the exception of 1927 to 1930, when the arched "NEW YORK" was replaced by the word "YANKEES"), a radical change was proposed in 1974. Marty Appel, in his book Now Pitching for the Yankees, describes the proposed uniforms:[9]

text:
“

In 1974 I walked into (then-General Manager) Gabe Paul's office to find samples of new Yankee road uniforms draped across his sofa. They were the opposite of the home pinstripes – they were navy with white pinstripes. The NY logo was in white. Gabe liked them. I nearly fainted. Although the drab gray road uniforms were not exciting, with the plain NEW YORK across the chest, they were just as much the Yankees' look as were the home uniforms. I think my dramatic disdain helped saved (sic) the day and saved the Yankees from wearing those awful pajamas on the field.

”

text: The Yankees did, however, make some minor updates to the road uniforms that season, including adding striping patterns to the sleeves and a white outline to the jersey numbers and the "NEW YORK" arch. This has remained since and was the only significant change to the road uniform until mid-2016 season when the road batting helmets became painted with a matte finish, rather than the gloss still used for home games.

text: Special uniforms and caps[edit]

text: The Yankees have worn throwback uniforms on two special occasions. In 1996, the Yankees wore the uniforms of the New York Black Yankees on a day celebrating Negro league baseball. In 2012, the Yankees wore replicas of their 1912 uniforms, with an alternate interlocking N-Y logo and without numbers, for a game celebrating Fenway Park's centennial.[10]

text: During a July 4, 2008 game against the Boston Red Sox, the Yankees wore a special stars-and-stripes cap with an American flag pattern inside the interlocking N-Y. It was "thought to be the first time in their history" that the Yankees had worn a special edition cap. All other teams in Major League Baseball, including the Red Sox, sported similar designs inside their cap logos.[11]

text: As a Memorial Day promotion, the Yankees donned red caps with stars-and-stripes logos for a May 25, 2009 game against the Texas Rangers.[12] The Yankees also wore these caps for a July 4, 2009 game against the Toronto Blue Jays and for a September 11, 2009 game against the Baltimore Orioles.[13] The latter game is particularly notable, as it was the game in which Derek Jeter earned his 2,722nd base hit, breaking the franchise record held by Lou Gehrig.

text: During the 2010 season, the Yankees wore special off-white caps with a similar stars-and-stripes logo in games played on Memorial Day, Independence Day weekend, and Patriot Day. Proceeds from sales of these caps support Welcome Back Veterans, a non-profit organization "targeting veterans' greatest needs, including mental health and job training/placement." All United States-based teams wore similarly-styled caps on these days.  (The one Canadian franchise wore a Maple Leaf design, owing to their national emblem.)[14]

text: For Memorial Day, 2013 (May 27) each Major League Baseball club wore caps and jerseys "featuring an authentic military digital camouflage design licensed from the United States Marine Corps."[15] The Yankees, playing on the road at Citi Field, wore camouflage caps with a white "NY", and jerseys with camouflage "New York" on the front and camouflage numbers on the back.[16]

text: The Yankees uniform for 2017 Players Weekend was part of a league-wide initiative in which all 30 teams used special color pullover jerseys with contrasting sleeves, inspired by uniforms frequently used by youth baseball teams. All teams also wore special caps. Since the weekend coincided with the final days of the 2017 Little League World Series, all jerseys bore a unique logo that drew design cues from the MLB and Little League logos. The Yankees jersey was navy with gray sleeves featuring the "YANKEES" script used since 1950 (dispensing with pinstripes for the first time in more than a century), and the team used a gray cap with the traditional interlocking "NY" logo. Also as part of the initiative, all uniforms had names on the back (a first for any official Yankees uniform), and players were encouraged to place nicknames instead of family names on their jerseys—for example, Aaron Judge's uniform that weekend had "ALL RISE" on the back. Brett Gardner and Tyler Austin became the first Yankees ever to have their last names on the back of their uniforms. [7][17] For the 2018 Players Weekend, most Yankees used nicknames, but Greg Bird, Jacoby Ellsbury, Brett Gardner, Ben Heller, and Judge used their last names.[18]

text: Personal appearance and dress code[edit]

text: Under George Steinbrenner, long hair and facial hair below the lip were prohibited;[19] the practice has been continued under Hal Steinbrenner since control of the Yankees was transferred to him after the 2008 season. Players who do not fit these criteria must shave the excess hair. In the past, visible tattoos were also prohibited[citation needed] and players wore navy arm bands to cover them,[citation needed] although this practice has since been discontinued.

text: Although this is a policy that all baseball teams once had, the Yankees are currently the only team with such a policy (though former Chicago White Sox general manager Ken Williams was known for asking players to cut their hair, the club does not now nor during his time as GM have a policy banning long hair) and have gotten notoriety enforcing it. Many players, most notably Reggie Jackson, Jeff Reardon, Roger Clemens, Kevin Youkilis, Jason Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Johnny Damon, and Randy Johnson either had long hair, significant facial hair, or both before playing for the Yankees, but were clean-cut by the time they had their press conferences unveiling them as members of the Yankees.

text: There have been some defiances of the dress code, however. Most notable incident involved pitcher Goose Gossage, who had a horseshoe mustache in deliberate defiance of George Steinbrenner. Jackson, though he currently sports only a mustache as a "special assistant" with the organization, did have a full beard during parts of his stay with the Yankees. Don Mattingly, the face of the franchise for the 1980s and the first half the 1990s, was briefly benched in 1991 for letting his hair grow too long and the team did not let him play until it was cut, but was eventually reinserted into the lineup after it became apparent that he was not going to cut it.

text: Several players, including Clemens, Giambi, Sheffield, Johnson, Damon, Andrew Miller, David Wells, and Joba Chamberlain, grew significant facial hair after their departures from the organization. Journeyman outfielder Darnell McDonald had long dreadlocks throughout his career and had to cut them when joining the Yankees despite only being on their roster for three days when the Yankees released him.

text: The Yankees are so well known with their dress code that players for other teams have been rumored to be signing for the Yankees if they adopt a clean-cut look before actually signing with them. In December 2012, San Francisco Giants pitcher Tim Lincecum, known for his long locks, cut his hair short. Although his hair was also short during his rookie season with the Giants in 2007, one Twitter commenter joked that he may have been preparing to play for the Yankees in 2014, since he was entering a contract year with the Giants in 2013.[20] Other players have refused to sign with the team due to these restrictions, such as Lincecum's teammate Brian Wilson, who said he would never shave his trademark beard to sign with the Yankees.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Skittles products

question_text: when did sweet and sour skittles come out

text: List of Skittles products

text: Skittles candy products, produced by the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, come in a wide variety. Most of the varieties are available only in particular regions of the world. The oldest Skittles product is Original Fruit Skittles, which was originally released in Europe in 1974, and was launched in the United States in 1979.[1] The most recent flavor, Trick Plays, was released in August 2017. Earlier Skittles products tended to focus on fruit flavors, more recent products have branched out to include flavors such as chocolate, bubble gum, popcorn, mint, and sours. Skittles products also come in a wide variety of colors, although different Skittles products often use the same colors for sweets with different flavors. For example, the color yellow is associated with lemon flavor in Original Fruit Skittles and as banana berry in Tropical Skittles.

text: The original Skittles in the United States were orange, lemon, lime, grape and strawberry. [2] Skittles no longer has the original Skittles for sale in the United States, although they label the package as if they are original. Skittles lime was changed to green apple.[3][4]

text: List[edit]

text:
Name
Colors and flavors
Notes
Year

Original Skittles - 1974

Blackcurrant or Grape (purple), see notes
Lemon (yellow)
Green Apple or Lime (green), see notes
Orange (orange)
Strawberry (red)
Cherry cola (blue) Included in a limited edition in the UK.

In the UK and Sweden, purple Skittles are blackcurrant.
In Taiwan, South Korea, China, Australia, and, as of 2013, the United States of America Lime is replaced with Green Apple flavor.
Lime was moved to the "Darkside" flavor in 2013. Green Apple also replaced Lime in the United States for a brief time in April 2008, as part of a promotion.[5] In 2013, this change was made permanent.

1974[1]

Tropical (Rainforest)

Banana Berry (yellow)
Kiwi Lime (green)
Mango Tangelo (orange)
Pineapple Passion fruit (blue)
Strawberry Starfruit (pink)

Tropical Skittles typically have two flavors in one skittle.[1]
1989[1]

Wild Berry

Berry Punch (violet)
Melon Berry (green)
Raspberry (blue)
Strawberry (pink)
Wild Cherry (red)

Was launched in Australia and New Zealand in 2012 and in the UK in 2014. A variant with fizzy powder existed in 2010-2011 (known as Fizzl'd Fruits), but some of the colors were changed.
1989[1]

Tart-N-Tangy
Flavors were those that represent the sour Skittles that were released after these were discontinued with slight differences to the flavors. Specifics on the flavors are sketchy.
Discontinued in 1992. Was later replaced by Sour Skittles in the bright green package.
1989

Crazy Cores
(shell color, core)

Blue Raspberry Lemon (B, Y)
Cherry Lemonade (R, Y)
Mango Peach (O, R)
Melon Berry (P, G)
Strawberry Watermelon (G, P)

Sold in bulk stores in the U.S. (e.g., Sam's Club)
Introduced in the UK in 2011. Withdrawn from the UK in 2013, replaced by Confused Skittles
2008[6]/2011 (UK)

Skittles Confused
The flavors were meant to be Fruit Skittles with the colors and flavors mixed up, showing the answers on the back.
Skittles with mixed up flavors and colors. Sold for a short time in the UK in 2008. They came in purple bags with a large question mark.
2008

Confused?
Similar to an incarnation previously sold in the UK where the same colored shell can contain different flavors, a green piece may be cherry in one bag, and peach in another.

Blue Raspberry
Cherry
Lemon
Mango + Peach
Lime
Watermelon
Mandarin
Blueberry
Raspberry
Melon Berry

Part of the 2013 UK brand re-launch. Carried the tagline 'Confuse the Rainbow, Taste the Rainbow'

Sour

Sour Grape (purple)
Sour Lime (green)*
Sour Lemon (yellow)
Sour Strawberry (red)
Sour Orange (orange)
Green Apple (green)*

Vary in flavor in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

*Sour Green Apple replaced Sour Lime in the U.S., likely in late 2012.[7]

2001[1]

Crazy Sours

Sour Apple (green)
Sour Cherry Berry (purple)
Sour Mandarin (orange)
Sour Pineapple (yellow)
Sour Raspberry (pink)

The former Tart & Tangy. Available in Europe. (Sours are also available in Europe)
2003

Smoothie Mix

Lemon Berry (light yellow)
Mixed Berry (pastel purple)
Orange, Mango (faded orange)
Peach Pear (light green)
Strawberry Banana (light peach)

In 2009,[1] Smoothie Mix Skittles were introduced.
The name comes from a smoothie, which is a fruit mix drink.
Product sold in either orange bags or boxes.[1]

2009[1]

Ice Cream Treats

Caramel Ripple (light brown)
Chocolate (dark brown)
Orange
Strawberry (pink)
Vanilla (beige)
Vanilla Swirl (orange)

Mainly sold in bodegas in urban cities
2010[8]

Carnival

Bubble Gum (pink)
Candy Apple (light yellow)
Cotton Candy (baby blue)
Liquorice (red)
Green Slushy (green)

N/A
N/A ended in 2010/2011

Skittles Unlimited

Bubblegum (baby blue)
Jam Doughnut (brown red)
Popcorn (light yellow)
Toffee Apple (green)

In 2011, Limited Edition Carnival Skittles were re-released as 'Skittles Unlimited'
Sold in Canada in blued packaging as a limited edition.

N/A

Double Sour

Sour Green Apple (green)
Sour Lemon (yellow)
Sour Blue Raspberry (blue)
Sour Strawberry (red)
Sour Watermelon (pink)

These types of Skittles are coated with a double portion of very sour citric acid crystals.
Like Sour Skittles, this product is sold in either bright green bags or boxes.

N/A

Extreme Fruit
Gum

Blue Raspberry (blue)
Wild Cherry (red)
Green Apple (green)
Tangerine (orange)
Watermelon (pink)

These Skittles have the same flavors as Extreme Fruit Skittles Bubble Gum.
Comes in either black bags or boxes.

2006[1]

Mint

Spearmint
Wintergreen

Unlike ordinary Skittles, they came in plastic containers instead of bags.[9]
2013

Skittles Mints

Cool Mint (blue)
Peppermint (white)
Toffee Mint (green-brown)
Spearmint (dark green)
Sweet Mint (pale green)

A variety of mint-flavored Skittles, different from Mint Skittles, sold for a time in Europe.
Instead of the usual bag or plastic containers,
they were sold in a 55-gram (1.94-oz) deep turquoise-colored box.

N/A

Extra Chewy Mints

Cool Mint (white)
Peppermint (blue)
Spearmint (green)
Sweet Mint (sea green)

Revival of the Skittles Mints under the "Extra" brand, with all flavors but "Toffee Mint" included. Later renamed as just "Chewy Mints"
N/A

Chocolate

Hot Chocolate (white, later red)
Milk Chocolate (brown)
Mocha Chocolate (green)
Nutty Chocolate (tan)
Wild Chocolate (blue)

Sold in 1.94 oz (55 g) bags just like M&M's.
2008[1]

Chocolate Mix

Chocolate Caramel (brown)
Brownie Batter (dark brown/black)
Chocolate Pudding (auburn)
S'mores (copper)
Vanilla (off-white/buff)

Packaged in brown bags and boxes.
2007[8]

Liquorice

Black Liquorice (black)
Liquorice Aniseed (green)
Liquorice Mint (white)
Liquorice Spice (red)
Liquorice Vanilla (orange)

These were sold in Europe in 55-gram (1.94-oz) boxes instead of the usual bags.
N/A

Citrus

Mandarin Orange (light orange)
Pink Grapefruit (pink)
Lemon (yellow)
Lime (green)
Orange (dark orange)

Sold in Australia with Orange wrapping.
N/A

Fresh Mint

Mint

N/A
N/A

Skittles Sensations

Chili Berry (red)
Cool Raspberry (blue)
Juicy Orange (orange)
Lemon Tingle (yellow)
Sour Apple (green)

Skittles with 'hot' and 'cool' flavors.
2009

Skittles Fizzl'd Fruits

Berry Punch (violet)
Melon Berry (green)
Raspberry (blue)
Strawberry (pink)
Wild Cherry (red)

Wild Berry Skittles with fizzing powder coating. Discontinued in 2012 due to low sales.
2010[8]

Skittles Blenders

Strawberry Lime Blast (pink)
Cherry Tropicolada (red)
Green Apple Watermelon Freeze (green)
Mango Lemonade Blast (peach)
Melon Berry Blast (blue)

Skittles with two flavors blended together.
2011.[8] Discontinued in 2014

Skittles Riddles

Watermelon
Cherry
Punch
Apple
Raspberry

Skittles with colors that don't match the flavors. They were similar to the 2008 Confused Skittles from the UK, where the same colored shell can contain different flavors. A green piece may be apple in one bag, and cherry in another. Colors include red, pink, green, teal, and blue.
2012. Marketed as 'Confused Skittles' in the UK. Discontinued in 2014 (US)

Skittles Darkside

Wicked Pomegranate (Red)
Forbidden Fruit (US)(Blue)/Sweet Strawberry (UK) (Purple)
Midnight Lime (Green)
Dark Berry (US)(Purple)/ Dark Berry (UK) (Blue)
Blood Orange (Orange)

Skittles with a slight bold fruit taste. Was launched in the UK in 2015 as a limited edition flavor.
2013. Discontinued in 2015, relaunched 2016 for a limited time Halloween release only.

Skittles Dessert

Raspberry Sorbet (Red)
Blueberry Tart (Blue)
Key Lime Pie (Green)
Orange Creme (Orange)
Strawberry Milkshake (Pink)

Skittles with dessert flavors, found at Wal-Marts in the United States beginning late November 2013 and in Canada beginning in 2014
2013. Discontinued in 2016

Seattle Mix Skittles

Raspberry (Blue)
Melon Berry (Green)

Limited Edition. Only available with Skittles Football Auction items in January 2014. Re-released as Super Bowl XLIX edition in 2015.
2014

Skittles Orchards

Red Apple (light red)
Cherry (dark red)
Lime (green)
Peach (peach)
Orange (orange)

Skittles with fruit flavor you might find on an Orchard
2014.

Flavor Mash-Ups!

Banana Berry (yellow)
Kiwi Lime (green)
Mango Tangelo (orange)
Pineapple Passion fruit (blue)
Strawberry Starfruit (pink)
Berry Punch (violet)
Melon Berry (green)
Raspberry (blue)
Strawberry (pink)
Wild Cherry (red)

Contains a mix of Tropical and Wild Berry Skittles
2015

Skittles Sweets & Sours

Sweet Strawberry (pink)
Sweet Orange (orange)
Sour Cherry (red)
Sweet Watermelon (green)
Sour Blue Raspberry (blue)

Skittles with sweet and sour flavors.
2016.

Skittles America Mix

Wild Berry (light blue)
Blackberry (dark blue)
Strawberry (red)
Raspberry (dark red)
Yumberry (white)

Skittles with colors of the American flag.
April-July 2016

Skittles Cauldron

Petrified Pear (Light Green)
Gripping Grape (Purple)
Twisted Tangerine (Orange)
Bogey Berry (Blue)
Lurking Lemon (Yellow)

Skittles with spooky flavors
Halloween 2016 and 2017

Skittles Brightside

Paradise Punch (Blue)
Kiwi Banana (Yellow)
Tangerine (Orange)
Watermelon (Green)
Pink Lemonade (Pink)

Skittles with bright colors. Found in some Walmarts in October 2016, expected for a nationwide release 2017
2017

Skittles Fruits & Sours

Strawberry (Red)
Lime (Green)
Blackcurrant (Purple)
Sour Mandarin (Orange)
Sour Pineapple (Yellow)
Sour Raspberry (Pink)

Mixture of 3 flavours from Fruits and Crazy Sours flavours. Limited Edition in the UK.
Early-Mid 2017

Skittles Pride Fruits

Strawberry
Orange
Blackcurrant
Lemon
Lime

Fruit Skittles all in white to celebrate Pride Month in June 2017 in the UK.
June 2017

Skittles Trick Plays

Comeback Cherry
Audible Apple
Raspberry Rush
Strawberry Sneak
For-the-Win Watermelon

Limited edition US release in partnership with the National Football League.
Colors don't match the flavors (colors are pink, light green, teal, blue, and red).
Fall 2017

Skittles Sweet Heat

Fiery Watermelon (Light Red)
Blazin' Mango (Light Orange)
Flamin' Orange (Orange)
Sizzlin' Strawberry (Pink)
Lemon Spark (Yellow)

Skittles with a spicy kick.
Colors are in shades of red, orange, and yellow.
December 2017

Skittles Love Mix

Watermelon (Light Red)
White grape (White)
Strawberry (Red)
Cherry (Dark Red)
Yumberry (White)

Target-only release
January 2018