document_title: Banknotes of the pound sterling

question_text: when did the £100 note go out of circulation

question_tokens: when did the £ 100 note go out of circulation

text: Banknotes of the pound sterling

text: History[edit]

text: Until the middle of the 19th century, privately owned banks in Great Britain and Ireland were free to issue their own banknotes. Paper currency issued by a wide range of provincial and town banking companies in England,[3][4][5] Wales,[6] Scotland[7] and Ireland[8] circulated freely as a means of payment.

text: As gold shortages affected the supply of money, note-issuing powers of the banks were gradually restricted by various Acts of Parliament,[9] until the Bank Charter Act 1844 gave exclusive note-issuing powers to the central Bank of England. Under the Act, no new banks could start issuing notes; and note-issuing banks gradually vanished through mergers and closures. The last private English banknotes were issued in 1921 by Fox, Fowler and Company, a Somerset bank.[9]

text: However, some of the monopoly provisions of the Bank Charter Act only applied to England and Wales.[10] The Bank Notes (Scotland) Act was passed the following year, and to this day, three retail banks retain the right to issue their own sterling banknotes in Scotland, and four in Northern Ireland.[11][12] Notes issued in excess of the value of notes outstanding in 1844 (1845 in Scotland) must be backed up by an equivalent value of Bank of England notes.[13]

text: Following the partition of Ireland, the Irish Free State created an Irish pound in 1928; the new currency was pegged to sterling until 1979. The issue of banknotes for the Irish pound fell under the authority of the Currency Commission of the Republic of Ireland, which set about replacing the private banknotes with a single Consolidated Banknote Issue in 1928.[14] In 1928 a Westminster Act of Parliament reduced the fiduciary limit for Irish banknotes circulating in Northern Ireland to take account of the reduced size of the territory concerned.

text: Elizabeth II was not the first British monarch to have her face on UK banknotes. George II, George III and George IV appeared on early Royal Bank of Scotland notes and George V appeared on 10 shilling and 1 pound notes issued by the British Treasury between 1914 and 1928. However, prior to the issue of its Series C banknotes in 1960, Bank of England banknotes generally did not depict the monarch. Today, notes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks do not depict the monarch.

text: The monarch is depicted on banknotes issued by the Crown dependencies and on some of those issued by overseas territories.

text: Key dates[edit]

text: The following events and Acts of Parliament affected the course of banknote history in Great Britain and Ireland:

text:
Year
Event
Extent
Impact

1694
Bank of England Act 1694
England & Wales
Incorporation of the Bank of England[9]

1695
An Act creating the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland
Scotland
Creation of the Bank of Scotland, principally as a trading bank[15]

1696
First banknotes issued by the Bank of Scotland
Scotland
The first notes in pounds sterling issued[16]

1707
Acts of Union 1707

England & Wales
Scotland

English and Scottish parliaments merged into the Parliament of Great Britain

1708 1709

Bank of England Act 1708
Bank of England Act 1709
England & Wales
Prohibition of companies or partnerships of more than six people to set up banks and issue notes, preventing smaller banks from printing their own money[9]

1727
Chartering of the Royal Bank of Scotland
Scotland
Broke the monopoly of the Bank of Scotland, initiated the banking war when the Royal Bank attempted to drive the Bank of Scotland out of business by stockpiling and then presenting its notes for payment.

1800
Act of Union 1800
Great Britain & Ireland
British and Irish parliaments merged into the Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland

1826
Country Bankers Act 1826
England & Wales
Allowed joint stock banks with more than six partners which were at least 65 miles away from London to print their own money. Bank of England allowed to open branches in major English provincial cities, enabling wider distribution of its notes.[9]

1826

Bank Notes Act 1826
Bankers (Scotland) Act 1826

Great Britain
Prohibition of circulation of notes under £5 in England. Attempts to apply this law in Scotland fail after a protest by Sir Walter Scott, and the Scottish £1 note is saved.[11]

1833
Bank Notes Act 1833
England & Wales
Gave Bank of England notes official status as "legal tender" for all sums above £5 in England and Wales to guarantee public confidence in the notes even in the event of a gold shortage.[9]

1844
Bank Charter Act 1844
UK
Took away the note-issuing rights of any new banks; existing note-issuing banks barred from expanding their issue. Began process of giving Bank of England monopoly over banknote issue in England and Wales.[9]

1845
Bank Notes (Scotland) Act 1845
Scotland
Regulated issue of notes in Scotland; most Scottish banknotes had to be backed up by Bank of England money[11]

1908
Bank closure
Wales
The last private note issuer in Wales, the North and South Wales Bank, loses its note-issuing rights under the 1844 act after it is acquired by Midland Bank.

1914
Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914
UK
HM Treasury given temporary wartime powers to issue banknotes to the values of £1 and 10/- (ten shillings) in the UK (ended 1928)

1921
Bank closure
England
The last private note issuer in England, Fox, Fowler and Company of Somerset, loses its note-issuing rights under the 1844 Act after it is acquired by Lloyds Bank.[9]

1928
Irish pound established
Ireland
Following Partition of Ireland, Irish pound is established as a separate currency (but at parity with sterling until 1979); Northern Ireland remains within sterling

1954
Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954
UK
Extended the Bank Notes Act 1833 to make Bank of England notes under £5 in value legal tender; act also applied to Scotland, making English 10/- and £1 legal tender for the first time. Bank of England withdrew low-denomination notes in 1969 and 1988, removing legal tender from Scotland.

2008
Banking Act 2009
UK
As a consequence of the Financial Crisis of 2007–12, this Bill altered the rules governing the issue of private banknotes in Scotland and Northern Ireland, and requires commercial issuing banks to hold backing assets to protect the value of their notes in the event of commercial failure of the bank.

tag: table

text: Everyday use and acceptance[edit]

text: The wide variety of sterling notes in circulation means that acceptance of different pound sterling banknotes varies. Their acceptance may depend on the experience and understanding of individual retailers, and it is important to understand the idea of "legal tender", which is often misunderstood (see section below). The assumption that all sterling notes are legitimate and of equal value, and are accepted by merchants anywhere, has become a tourism headache in some parts of the UK.[citation needed] In summary, the various banknotes are used as follows:

text: Question of legal tender[edit]

text: Legal tender is a narrow technical concept for the settlement of debt, and it has little practical meaning for many everyday transactions such as buying goods in shops. But it does apply, for example, to the settlement of a restaurant bill, where the food has been eaten prior to demand for payment and so a debt exists. Essentially, any two parties can agree to any item of value as a medium for exchange when making a purchase (in that sense, all money is ultimately an extended form of barter). If a debt exists that is legally enforceable and the debtor party offers to pay with some item that is not "legal tender", the creditor may refuse such payment and declare that the debtor is in default of payment; if the debtor offers payment in legal tender, the creditor is required to accept it or else the creditor is in breach of contract. Thus, if in England party A owes party B 1,000 pounds sterling and offers to pay in Northern Irish banknotes, party B may refuse and sue party A for non-payment; if party A provides Bank of England notes, party B must acknowledge the debt as legally paid even if party B would prefer some other form of payment.

text: Banknotes do not have to be classed as legal tender to be acceptable for trade; millions of retail transactions are carried out each day in the UK using debit cards and credit cards, none of which is a payment using legal tender. Equally, traders may offer to accept payment in foreign currency, such as Euro, Yen or US Dollars. Acceptability as a means of payment is essentially a matter for agreement between the parties involved.[17][22]

text: Millions of pounds' worth of sterling banknotes in circulation are not legal tender, but that does not mean that they are illegal or of lesser value; their status is of "legal currency" (that is to say that their issue is approved by the parliament of the UK) and they are backed up by Bank of England securities.[23]

text: Bank of England notes are the only banknotes that are legal tender in England and Wales. Scottish and Northern Irish banknotes are not legal tender anywhere, and Jersey, Guernsey and Manx banknotes are only legal tender in their respective jurisdictions. Although these banknotes are not legal tender in the UK, this does not mean that they are illegal under English law, and creditors and traders may accept them if they so choose. Traders may, on the other hand, choose not to accept banknotes as payment, as contract law across the United Kingdom allows parties not to engage in a transaction at the point of payment if they choose not to.[18]

text: In Scotland and Northern Ireland, no banknotes, not even those issued in those countries, are legal tender.[11] They have a similar legal standing to cheques or debit cards, in that their acceptability as a means of payment is essentially a matter for agreement between the parties involved, although Scots law requires any reasonable offer for settlement of a debt to be accepted.

text: Until 1988, the Bank of England issued one pound notes, and these notes did have legal tender status in Scotland and Northern Ireland while they existed. The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 defined Bank of England notes of less than £5 in value as legal tender in Scotland.[24] Since the English £1 note was removed from circulation in 1988, this leaves a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is no paper legal tender in Scotland. The UK Treasury has proposed extending legal tender status to Scottish banknotes.[citation needed] The proposal has been opposed by Scottish nationalists who claim it would reduce the independence of the Scottish banking sector.[25]

text: Most of the notes issued by the note-issuing banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland have to be backed by Bank of England notes held by the issuing bank. The combined size of these banknote issues is well over a billion pounds. To make it possible for the note-issuing banks to hold equivalent values in Bank of England notes, the Bank of England issues special notes with denominations of one million pounds ("Giants") and one hundred million pounds ("Titans") for internal use by the other banks.

text: Bank notes are no longer redeemable in gold, and the Bank of England will only redeem sterling banknotes for more sterling banknotes or coins. The contemporary sterling is a fiat currency which is backed only by securities; in essence IOUs from the Treasury that represent future income from the taxation of the population. Some economists term this "currency by trust", as sterling relies on the faith of the user rather than any physical specie.

text: Issuing banks and authorities[edit]

text: The following table lays out the various banks or authorities which are authorised to print pound sterling banknotes, organised by territory:

text:
United Kingdom

England & Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland

Bank of England

Bank of Scotland
Royal Bank of Scotland
Clydesdale Bank

Bank of Ireland
First Trust Bank
Danske Bank
Ulster Bank

Crown dependencies

The Isle of Man
Bailiwick of Jersey
Bailiwick of Guernsey

Isle of Man Government
(Manx pound)

States of Jersey
(Jersey pound)

States of Guernsey
(Guernsey pound)

British overseas territories

Gibraltar
Saint Helena
Falkland Islands

Government of Gibraltar
(Gibraltar pound)

Government of Saint Helena
(Saint Helena pound)

Government of the Falkland Islands
(Falkland Islands pound)

text:
= notes issued by a government or treasury

= notes issued by a central bank

= notes issued by a retail bank

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: Bank of England notes[edit]

text: In 1921, the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the rights of other banks to issue notes was restricted.

text: The bank issued its first banknotes in 1694, although before 1745 they were written for irregular amounts, rather than predefined multiples of a pound. It tended to be times of war, which put inflationary pressure on the British economy, that led to greater note issue. In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, when the lowest-value note issued by the Bank was £20, a £10 note was issued for the first time. In 1793, during the war with revolutionary France, the Bank issued the first £5 note. Four years later, £1 and £2 notes appeared, although not on a permanent basis. Notes did not become entirely machine-printed and payable to the bearer[clarification needed] until 1855.

text: At the start of the First World War, the government issued £1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign gold coins. The first coloured banknotes were issued in 1928, and were also the first notes to be printed on both sides. The Second World War saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes: to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (some as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.

text: There are no Welsh banknotes in circulation; Bank of England notes are used throughout Wales. The last Welsh banknotes were withdrawn in 1908 upon the closure of the last Welsh bank, the North and South Wales Bank.[27] An attempt was made in 1969 by a Welsh banker to revive Welsh banknotes, but the venture was short-lived and the notes did not enter general circulation, surviving today only as a collectors' curiosity.[28]

text: All Bank of England notes issued since Series C in 1960 depict Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse side, in full view facing left; her image also appears as a hidden watermark, facing right; recent issues have the anti-photocopier security EURion constellation around.

text: Historical figures[edit]

text:
Bank of England notes since series D

Image
Value
Size (mm)
Reverse portrait
Issued
Withdrawn
Time in circulation

Series D

[1]
10/-
121 × 62[29]
Sir Walter Raleigh[30]
by Unknown
Never issued

50p

[2]
£1
135 × 67[31]
Sir Isaac Newton
by Sir Godfrey Kneller
9 February 1978
11 March 1988
10 years, 1 month and 2 days

[3]
£5
145 × 78[31]
Duke of Wellington
by Sir Thomas Lawrence
11 November 1971
29 November 1991
20 years, 2 weeks and 4 days

[4]
£10
151 × 85[31]
Florence Nightingale
by Unknown
20 February 1975
20 May 1994
19 years and 3 months

[5]
£20
160 × 90[31]
William Shakespeare
by Kent & Scheemakers
9 July 1970
19 March 1993
22 years, 8 months, 1 week and 3 days

[6]
£50
169 × 95[31]
Sir Christopher Wren
by Sir Godfrey Kneller
20 March 1981
20 September 1996
16 years and 6 months

Series E

[7]
£5
135 × 70[32]
George Stephenson
by Charles Turner
7 June 1990
21 November 2003
13 years, 5 months, 1 week and 6 days

[8]
£10
142 × 75[33]
Charles Dickens
by John Watkins
29 April 1992
31 July 2003
11 years, 3 months and 2 days

[9]
£20
149 × 80[34]
Michael Faraday
by Henry Dixon
5 June 1991
28 February 2001
9 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days

[10]
£50
156 × 85[35]
Sir John Houblon
by Robert Grave
20 April 1994
30 April 2014
20 years, 1 week and 3 days

Series E (Revision)

[11]
£5
135 × 70[32]
Elizabeth Fry
by Charles Robert Leslie
21 May 2002
5 May 2017
14 years, 11 months and 2 weeks

[12]
£10
142 × 75[33]
Charles Darwin
by Julia Margaret Cameron
7 November 2000
In use
16 years, 11 months and 4 weeks

[13]
£20
149 × 80[34]
Sir Edward Elgar
by Unknown
22 June 1999
30 June 2010
11 years, 1 week and 1 day

Series F

[14]
£20
149 × 80[34]
Adam Smith
by James Tassie
13 March 2007
In use
10 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 1 day

[15]
£50
156 × 85[35]
Matthew Boulton & James Watt
by William Ridley and Sir Thomas Lawrence
2 November 2011
In use
6 years and 2 days

Series G

[16]
£5
125 × 65[36]
Sir Winston Churchill
by Yousuf Karsh
13 September 2016
In use[37]
1 year, 1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day

[17]
£10
132 × 69[36]
Jane Austen
by James Andrews
14 September 2017
In use[38]
1 month and 3 weeks

[18]
£20
139 × 73[36]
J. M. W. Turner
by J.M.W. Turner
By 2020
To be released[39]

High Value

[19]
£1,000,000
210 × 148[40]
None
1968
uncirculated

[20]
£100,000,000
297 × 210[40]
2004

text: In the mid 1960s, shortly after the introduction of Series C, the Bank of England proposed to introduce a new banknote series featuring people from British history. In addition to enhancing the appearance of banknotes, the complexity of the new designs was intended to make counterfeiting harder. The task of designing the new Series D notes was given to the Bank's new in-house designer, Harry Eccleston, who not only designed the notes themselves, but also created three individual portraits of the Queen.[i] It was initially envisaged that all of the denominations of notes then in circulation would be issued under Series D. To that end, a Series D 10 shilling note was designed, featuring Sir Walter Raleigh, which would become the 50 pence note upon decimalisation, and intended to be the first of the new series to be issued. However, inflation meant that the lifespan of such a note would be too short - estimates by the Decimal Currency Board suggested that a 10 shilling note would last approximately five months[42] - and it was more economical to have a coin instead: the fifty pence coin was introduced in 1969.[30][43] Instead, the £20 note was the first Series D note to enter circulation in 1970, with William Shakespeare on the reverse.[44]

text: The Series D £1 note, featuring Sir Isaac Newton, was discontinued in 1984, having been replaced by a pound coin the year before, and was officially withdrawn from circulation in 1988. Nonetheless, all banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation, may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes. Other banks may also decide to exchange old banknotes, but they are under no obligation to do so.

text: In the E revision series the £50 note was never issued, £100 notes were last used by the Bank of England in 1945.

text: Current circulation[edit]

text: As of November 2017, the Bank of England banknotes in circulation are from three distinct series. The two largest denominations are from Series F (£20 first issued in 2007, £50 first issued in 2011). The £5 and £10 notes are from Series G (first issued in 2016 & 2017), with the £10 note from the revised Series E (first issued in 2000) still in circulation.

text: The notes currently in circulation are as follows:

text:
£5 depicting Winston Churchill, the Elizabeth Tower, and the maze at Blenheim Palace, the quote "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." from a 1940 speech by Churchill, a view of the Palace of Westminster and the Nobel Prize medal.
Series E £10 depicting Charles Darwin, a hummingbird and HMS Beagle
Series G £10 showing Jane Austen (from a portrait by James Andrews), the quote "I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!" from Pride and Prejudice, an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet and a view of Godmersham Park in Kent.[45][46]
£20 depicting Adam Smith, with an illustration of 'The division of labour in pin manufacturing'
£50 depicting Matthew Boulton and James Watt, with steam engine and Boulton's Soho factory.

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text: The launch of the new Series F banknotes was announced on 29 October 2006 by the Governor of the Bank of England. The first of these new notes, a £20 note, features the Scottish economist, Adam Smith, the first Scot to appear on an English note (the first non-Englishman, Anglo-Irish Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington appeared on the Series D £5 in 1971). Smith also features on £50 notes issued by the Clydesdale Bank. Previous issues of Bank of England £20 notes were known to have suffered from a higher incidence of counterfeiting (276,000 out of 290,000 cases detected in 2007) than any other denomination.[47] The note, which also includes enhanced security features, entered circulation on 13 March 2007.[48]

text: The next new Series F banknote, the £50 note, entered circulation on 2 November 2011. It is the first Bank of England banknote to feature two Britons on the reverse: James Watt (another Scotsman) and Matthew Boulton.[49]

text: The first note of Series G, the polymer £5 note, entered circulation on 13 September 2016,[50]; the £10 note on 14 September 2017,[45][51]; and these will be followed by the £20 by 2020.[52]

text: Polymer notes[edit]

text: In April 2013, the Bank of England announced that its next planned new note issue, intended to be the £5 note in 2016, will feature former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[53] The selection of Churchill to replace Elizabeth Fry raised some debate about the representation of women on British banknotes, with critics raising concerns that Bank of England notes would portray exclusively male figures.[54] In July 2013 it was announced that the Series F £10 note design would bear a portrait of 19th century author Jane Austen.[55] In 2015, the Bank announced that they were accepting suggestions from the public for a figure from the visual arts to appear on the £20 note to replace Adam Smith, with the new note to be introduced from 2018–2020.[56] In April 2016, it was announced that J. M. W. Turner had been selected to appear on the new £20 note.[39]

text: In September 2013 the Bank of England opened a period of public consultation about the introduction of polymer, or plastic, banknotes, which would be introduced into circulation from 2016 if the proposals were supported.[57][58][59] The polymer notes will be "around 15% smaller" than the notes being replaced.[60]

text: In December 2013, the Bank confirmed that plastic or polymer notes would be brought into circulation in 2016 with the introduction of the £5 note featuring Sir Winston Churchill.[61][62] The Jane Austen polymer £10 note went into circulation in September 2017.[45][63]

text: A spokesman for LINK, the company that operates many of the cash machines in the United Kingdom, said machines would need to be altered to fit the smaller £5 banknotes.[64]

text: The remaining planned polymer note will be the £20 showing J.M.W. Turner (from a self-portrait), the quote "Light is therefore colour" from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a view of The Fighting Temeraire.[65]

text: As of November 2017 the Bank of England has no plans to introduce a Series G £50 note. The Series F version was introduced in 2011, while its predecessor was in circulation for twenty years, so the Bank is yet to make a decision on whether or not to replace it. An additional consideration is calls to withdraw the £50 note entirely as a way of combatting tax evasion, and the fact that cash transactions using such a high value note are becoming increasingly rare.[66][67]

text: High-value notes[edit]

text: Not since 1945 has there been bigger notes than £50 issued for general circulation by the Bank of England but Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland still use £100 notes. Higher-value notes are used within the banks – particularly the £1 million and £100 million notes used to maintain parity with Scottish and Northern Irish notes. Banknotes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks have to be backed pound for pound by Bank of England notes (other than a small amount representing the currency in circulation in 1845), and special million pound notes are used for this purpose. Their design is based on the old Series A notes.[40][68]

text: Scotland and Northern Ireland[edit]

text: While provincial banks in England and Wales lost the right to issue paper currency altogether, the practice of private banknote issue has continued in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The right of Scottish banks to issue notes is popularly attributed to the author Sir Walter Scott, who in 1826 waged a campaign to retain Scottish banknotes under the pseudonym Malachi Malagrowther. Scott feared that the limitation on private banknotes proposed with the Bankers (Scotland) Act 1826 would have adverse economic consequences if enacted in Scotland because gold and silver were scarce and Scottish commerce relied on small notes as the principal medium of circulating money. His action eventually halted the abolition of private banknotes in Scotland.[69]

text: Scottish and Northern Irish banknotes are unusual, firstly because they are issued by retail banks, not central banks, and secondly, as they are technically not legal tender anywhere in the UK – not even in Scotland or Northern Ireland – they are in fact promissory notes.[17][70]

text: Seven retail banks have the authority of HM Treasury to issue sterling banknotes as currency.[71][72] Despite this, the notes can be refused at the discretion of recipients in England and Wales, and are often not accepted by banks and exchange bureaus outside of the United Kingdom. This is particularly true in the case of the Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note, which is the only £1 note to remain in circulation within the UK.[73]

text: In 2000, the European Central Bank indicated that, should the United Kingdom join the Euro, Scottish banks (and, by extension, Northern Irish banks) would have to cease banknote issue.[74] During the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, the future of private banknotes in the United Kingdom was uncertain.

text: After the financial crisis of 2007–08, a number of banks were rescued from collapse by the United Kingdom government. The Banking Act 2009 was passed to improve protection for holders of banknotes issued by the authorised banks, so that the notes would have the same level of guaranteed value to that of Bank of England notes.[75][76] Critics of the 2009 Act expressed concerns that it would restrict the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland by removing many of the provisions of the earlier Acts quoted above.[77] Under the original proposals, banks would have been forced to lodge sterling funds with the Bank of England to cover private note issue for a full week, rather than over a weekend, thereby losing four days' interest and making banknote production financially unviable. Following negotiations among the UK Treasury, the Bank of England and the Scottish banks, it was agreed that the funds would earn interest, allowing them to continue to issue their own notes.[78]

text: During the public debate leading up to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, the question of Scotland's future currency was discussed. While the SNP had advocated for a currency union between an independent Scotland and the remnant of the United Kingdom,[79] HM Treasury issued a statement in April 2013 stating that the present relationship with the Bank of England could be changed after independence, with the result that Scottish banks might lose the ability to issue banknotes backed by Bank of England funds.[80][81][82]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Until 1701 Scotland issued its own pound, the Pound Scots. The issuing of retail-bank banknotes in Scotland is subject to the Bank Charter Act 1844, Banknotes (Scotland) Act 1845, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928, and the Coinage Act 1971. Pursuant to some of these statutes, the Commissioners for Revenue and Customs publishes an account of "the Amount of Notes authorised by Law to be issued by the several Banks of Issue in Scotland, and the Average Amount of Notes in Circulation, and of Bank of England Notes and Coin held" in the London Gazette. See for example Gazette Issue 58254 published 21 February 2007 at page 2544.[83]

text: Bank of Scotland notes[edit]

text: All Bank of Scotland notes bear a portrait of Sir Walter Scott on the front in commemoration of his 1826 Malachi Malagrowther campaign for Scottish banks to retain the right to issue their own notes. [84] Bank of Scotland's 2007 redesign of their banknotes are known as the Bridges of Scotland series. These notes were introduced on 17 September 2007, and show Scotland's most famous bridges on the reverse side. The Bridges of Scotland series is currently being refreshed with the issue of new polymer notes with designs that follow the same basic theme of "bridges". The previous Tercentenary series notes are being withdrawn from circulation and replaced with the 2007 series (or polymer series as these are issued), but remain legal currency.

text: Following the announcement that HBOS (Bank of Scotland's parent company) would be taken over by Lloyds TSB in September 2008, it was confirmed that the new banking company would continue to print bank notes under the Bank of Scotland name.[85] According to the Bank Notes (Scotland) Act 1845, the bank could have lost its note-issuing rights, but by retaining headquarters within Scotland, banknote issue will continue.[86]

text:
Bank of Scotland banknotes

Image
Denomination
Obverse
Reverse

Tercentenary Series (1995)

[21]
£5
Sir Walter Scott
vignette of oil and energy

£10
vignette of distilling and brewing

[22]
£20
vignette of education and research

£50
vignette of arts and culture

£100
vignette of leisure and tourism

Bridges of Scotland Series (2007)

£5
Sir Walter Scott
the Brig o' Doon

£10
the Glenfinnan Viaduct

£20
the Forth Bridge

£50
the Falkirk Wheel

£100
the Kessock Bridge

Polymer Series (2016 onwards)

[23]
£5
Sir Walter Scott
the Brig o' Doon

[24]
£10
the Glenfinnan Viaduct

text: Royal Bank of Scotland notes[edit]

text: As of August 2017, the Royal Bank of Scotland is in the process of adopting a new series of banknotes. These will be made of polymer. Two (the £5 and £10 notes) have already been released, whilst a new £20 note is being designed. The £5 note shows Nan Shepherd on the obverse accompanied by a quote from her book 'The Living Mountain', and the Cairngorms in the background. The reverse displays two mackerel, with an excerpt from the poem ‘The Choice’ by Sorley MacLean.[87] The obverse of the £10 note shows Mary Somerville, with a quote from her work 'The Connection of the Physical Sciences', and Burntisland beach in the background. The reverse displays two otters and an excerpt from the poem ‘Moorings’ by Norman MacCaig.[88] The obverse of the £20 note, to be introduced in 2020, will show Catherine Cranston. [89]

text: The previous series of Royal Bank of Scotland notes, originally issued in 1987, remains in circulation, although it is now in the process of being replaced by polymer notes. On the front of each note is a picture of Lord Ilay (1682–1761), the first governor of the bank, based on a portrait painted in 1744 by the Edinburgh artist Allan Ramsay.[90] The front of the notes also feature an engraving of the bank's former headquarters in St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. The background graphic on both sides of the notes is a radial star design which is based on the ornate ceiling of the banking hall in the old headquarters building.[91] On the back of the notes are images of Scottish castles, with a different castle for each denomination.

text: Occasionally the Royal Bank of Scotland issues commemorative banknotes. Examples include the £1 note issued to mark the 150th Anniversary of the birth of Alexander Graham Bell in 1997, the £20 note for the 100th birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 2000, the £5 note honouring veteran golfer Jack Nicklaus in his last competitive Open Championship at St Andrews in 2005, and the £10 note issued in commemoration of HM Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee in 2012. These notes are much sought-after by collectors and they rarely remain long in circulation.

text:
Royal Bank of Scotland banknotes

Image
Denomination
Obverse
Reverse

Ilay Series (1987)

£1
Lord Ilay
Edinburgh Castle

£5
Culzean Castle

[25]
£10
Glamis Castle

[26]
£20
Brodick Castle

[27]
£50
Inverness Castle (introduced 2005)

[28]
£100
Balmoral Castle

Polymer Series (2016 onwards)

[29]
£5
Nan Shepherd
mackerel

[30]
£10
Mary Somerville
otters

text: Clydesdale Bank notes[edit]

text: Clydesdale Bank has three series of banknotes in circulation at present. The most recent set of notes, the Polymer Series started coming into circulation in March 2015, when the Clydesdale Bank became the first bank in Great Britain to issue polymer banknotes. The £5 commemorative notes, issued to mark the 125th anniversary of the construction of the Forth Bridge, contain several new security features including a reflective graphic printed over a transparent "window" in the banknote.[92][93] Further notes in the polymer series will be introduced over time, replacing the previous paper notes.

text: The ploymer notes continue the theme of the World Heritage Series of paper banknotes, introduced in autumn 2009. The new notes each depict a different notable Scot on the front and on the reverse bear an illustration of one of Scotland's UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[94]

text: Banknotes of the earlier Famous Scots Series portray notable Scottish historical people along with items and locations associated with them.[95]

text: The Clydesdale Bank also occasionally issues special edition banknotes, such as a 10-pound note celebrating the bank's sponsorship of the Scotland team at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

text:
Clydesdale Bank banknotes

Image
Denomination
Obverse
Reverse

Famous Scots Series

[31]
£5
Robert Burns
vignette of a field mouse from Burns' poem To a Mouse

[32]
£10
Mary Slessor
vignette of a map of Calabar, Nigeria, and African missionary scenes

[33]
£20
King Robert the Bruce
vignette of the Bruce on horseback with the Monymusk Reliquary against a background of Stirling Castle

[34]
£50
Adam Smith
vignette of industry tools against a background of sailing ships

[35]
£100
Lord Kelvin
vignette of the University of Glasgow

World Heritage Series (2009)

[36]
£5
Sir Alexander Fleming
vignette of St Kilda

[37]
£10
Robert Burns
vignette of Edinburgh Old and New Towns

[38]
£20
King Robert the Bruce
vignette of New Lanark

[39]
£50
Elsie Inglis
vignette of the Antonine Wall

[40]
£100
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
vignette of Neolithic Orkney

Polymer Series (2015 onwards)

[41]
£5
Sir William Arrol
vignette of the Forth Bridge

[42]
£10
Robert Burns
vignette of Edinburgh Old and New Towns

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: In Northern Ireland, four retail banks exercise their right to issue pound sterling notes: Bank of Ireland, First Trust Bank, Danske Bank (formerly Northern Bank) and Ulster Bank.[96] Northern Bank and Ulster Bank are the only two banks that have issued special commemorative notes so far.

text: Bank of Ireland notes[edit]

text: Like other Northern Irish banks, Bank of Ireland retains its note-issuing rights from before the partition of Ireland; while Bank of Ireland is headquartered in Dublin, it issues sterling notes within the United Kingdom. In spite of its name, Bank of Ireland is not, and never has been, a central bank; it is a retail bank. Its sterling notes should not be confused with banknotes of the former Irish pound which were in use in the Republic of Ireland before the adoption of the euro in 2001.

text: Banknotes issued by Bank of Ireland are of a uniform design, with denominations of £5, £10 £20, £50 and £100 each differentiated by colour. The notes all feature an illustration of a seated woman, Hibernia, and the heraldic shields of the Counties of Northern Ireland.[97] Until April 2008, all Bank of Ireland notes featured an illustration of Queen's University of Belfast on the reverse side. A new series of £5, £10 and £20 notes issued in April 2008 depicts the Old Bushmills Distillery and these new notes will gradually replace the previous series as older notes are withdrawn from circulation.[98][99]

text: First Trust Bank[edit]

text: First Trust Bank issues notes in denominations of £10, £20, £50 and £100. The notes bear portraits of generic Northern Irish people on the front with varied illustrations on the reverse.[100] Until 1993 the bank issued notes under its former trading name, Allied Irish Banks.

text:
Denomination
Obverse
Reverse

£10
Generic young man
The ship Girona

£20
Generic old woman
the chimney at Lacada Point, Giant's Causeway

£50
Generic old man
a 1588 commemorative Medal & Cherubs

£100
Old man & woman together
the Spanish Armada

text: Danske Bank[edit]

text: In 2012 Northern Bank adopted the name of its Copenhagen-based parent company Danske Bank Group and rebranded its retail banking operation.[101][102] In June 2013 the bank issued a new series of £10 and £20 notes bearing the new brand name; at the same time it also announced that it would cease production of £50 and £100 notes. Older notes bearing the Northern Bank name will continue in circulation for some time as they are gradually withdrawn, and remain acceptable forms of payment.[103][104] In spite of the Danish name on the new notes, banknotes issued by Danske Bank are sterling notes and should not be confused with banknotes of the Danish krone issued by the Danmarks Nationalbank, Denmark's central bank.

text: Danske Bank does not issue £5 notes, but a special commemorative £5 note was issued by the Northern Bank to mark the Year 2000; uniquely among sterling notes, it was a polymer banknote, printed on synthetic polymer instead of paper. It is the only one of the bank's pre-2004 notes still in circulation; all others were recalled following the £26.5 million pound robbery at its Belfast headquarters in 2004.

text:
Denomination
Obverse
Reverse

£5
"Alpha" (α) motif, solar system, stars
Stars, globe, electronic circuitry & the Space Shuttle

£10
J. B. Dunlop
Dome and pediment of Belfast City Hall

£20
Harry Ferguson

£50
Sir S.C. Davidson

£100
James Martin

text: Ulster Bank[edit]

text: Ulster Bank notes all feature a vignette of three Northern Ireland views: the Mourne Mountains, the Queen Elizabeth Bridge and the Giant's Causeway. Notes issued from 1 January 2007 feature the Royal Bank of Scotland Group logo.

text: In November 2006 Ulster Bank issued its first commemorative banknote – an issue of one million £5 notes commemorating the first anniversary of the death of Northern Irish footballer George Best.

text: Channel Islands[edit]

text: The Channel Islands are grouped for administrative purposes into the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey. The islands are not part of the United Kingdom but are dependencies of the British Crown and in currency union with the UK. Both Jersey and Guernsey issue their own banknotes. These notes circulate freely between the two territories, so Jersey notes are commonly used in Guernsey, and vice versa. Private banknotes are no longer in circulation in the Channel Islands. These pounds are sterling pounds but the word "sterling" is omitted as with the English notes.[citation needed] These notes are legal tender in their jurisdictions but are not legal tender in the UK.[105]

text: The Government of Alderney (a part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey) is also licensed to issue its own currency, the Alderney pound, but only mints special commemorative sterling coins and does not issue banknotes.[106]

text: Jersey Pound[edit]

text: The current series of notes entered circulation on 29 April 2010.[107] The obverse of the notes includes a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II based on a photograph by Mark Lawrence, alongside a view of an important Jersey landmark, with text in English. The reverse of each note includes an image of one of Jersey's numerous historic coastal defence towers, built in the late 18th century, as well as a further image of cultural or landscape importance, images of the twelve parish crests, and with denomination worded in French and Jèrriais. The watermark is a Jersey cow, and further security features include a see-through map of Jersey, and on the £10, £20 and £50 a patch hologram showing a varying image of the coat of arms of Jersey and the Island of Jersey on a background pattern of La Corbière lighthouse.[108] On 1 June 2012, a £100 note was issued to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.[109]

text:
Denomination
Colour
Obverse design
Reverse design

£1
Green
Queen Elizabeth II; Liberation Sculpture in Saint Helier
Le Hocq Tower; La Hougue Bie

£5
Sky blue
Queen Elizabeth II; Le Rât Cottage
Archirondel Tower; Les Augrès Manor

£10
Burnt Sienna
Queen Elizabeth II; Hermitage of Saint Helier
Seymour Tower; Lalique sculpture in the Glass Church

£20
Violet
Queen Elizabeth II; States Building
La Rocco Tower; States Chamber

£50
Red
Queen Elizabeth II; Mont Orgueil
Tower, Ouaisné; La Marmotière, Les Écréhous

£100
Purple
Queen Elizabeth II; map of Jersey and Cotentin peninsula
Royal mace of Jersey; Flag of Jersey

text: The previous series, gradually being withdrawn from circulation in 2010, depicted Queen Elizabeth II on the front and various landmarks of Jersey or incidents in Jersey history on the reverse.

text: States of Guernsey notes[edit]

text: The Guernsey Pound is legal tender in Guernsey, but also circulates freely in Jersey. These pounds are sterling pounds but the word "sterling" is omitted on banknotes, as on the English ones. It is also accepted in the UK.[clarification needed] These notes can also be exchanged in banks and in bureaux de change although it has been reported that British banks no longer accept £1 Guernsey banknotes because they no longer have the facility for handling £1 UK banknotes. In addition to coins, the following banknotes are used:

text:
£1 note, green, Daniel De Lisle Brock, Bailiff of Guernsey (1762–1842) and Royal Court, St Peter Port (1840) on front and the Market, St Peter Port on back
£5 note, pink, Queen Elizabeth II and the Town Church, St Peter Port on front, and Fort Grey and Hanois Lighthouse (1862) on the back
£10 note, blue/orange, Queen Elizabeth II and Elizabeth College, St Peter Port on the front and Saumarez Park, Les Niaux Watermill, Le Trepied Dolmen on the back
£20 note, pink, Queen Elizabeth II and St James Concert Hall, St Peter Port on the front and Vale Castle and St Sampson's Church on the back
£50 note, light brown, Queen Elizabeth II and the Royal Court House on the front and St Andrew's Church and La Gran'mère on the back

text: Isle of Man[edit]

text: The Isle of Man Government issues its own banknotes and coinage, which are legal tender in the Isle of Man. Manx pounds are a local issue of the pound sterling, but the word "sterling" does not appear on the banknotes. These notes can be exchanged in banks and in bureaux de change in the United Kingdom.

text: The front of all Manx banknotes features images of Queen Elizabeth II (not wearing a crown: she is only "Lord" on the island) and the Triskeles (three legs emblem). Each denomination features a different scene of the Island on its reverse side:

text:
£1 – Tynwald Hill
£5 – Castle Rushen
£10 – Peel Castle
£20 – the Laxey Wheel
£50 – Douglas Bay

text: British overseas territories[edit]

text: Three British overseas territories use their own separate currencies called pounds which are at par with the pound sterling. The governments of these territories print their own banknotes which in general may only be used within their territory of origin. Bank of England notes usually circulate alongside the local note issues and are accepted as legal currency.

text: Gibraltar[edit]

text: In Gibraltar, banknotes are issued by the Government of Gibraltar. The pound was made sole legal tender in 1898 and Gibraltar has issued its own banknotes since 1934.[110] The notes bear an image of the British monarch on the obverse and the wording "pounds sterling", meaning that more retailers in the UK will accept them.

text: Falkland Islands[edit]

text: The Falkland Islands pound is the currency of the Falkland Islands. Banknotes are issued by the Falkland Islands Government. The illustrations on all notes are the same, featuring the British monarch, wildlife and local scenes; denominations are distinguished by the size and colour of the notes.

text: St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[edit]

text: St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha's constituent territories of Saint Helena and Ascension Island use the Saint Helena pound. Banknotes in these areas are issued by the Saint Helena Government and bear the image of the British monarch.

text: Counterfeiting[edit]

text: According to the central banks, the ratio of counterfeited bank notes is about 10 in one million of real bank notes for the Swiss franc, 50 in one million for the Euro, 100 in one million for United States dollar and 300 in one million for Pound sterling.[111]


question_text: who sang the song mrs brown you have a lovely daughter

root

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"

Single by Herman's Hermits

from the album Herman's Hermits

B-side
"I Gotta Dream On"

Released
April 1965

Format
7", 45rpm

Recorded
De Lane Lea Studios, London, 1 December 1964

Genre
Beat, pop

Length
2:45

Label
MGM

Songwriter(s)
Trevor Peacock

Producer(s)
Mickie Most

Herman's Hermits singles chronology

"Silhouettes"
(1965)
"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"
(1965)
"Wonderful World"
(1965)

"Silhouettes"
(1965)
"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"
(1965)
"Wonderful World"
(1965)

text: "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" is a popular song written by British actor, screenwriter and songwriter Trevor Peacock.[1] It was originally sung by actor Tom Courtenay in The Lads, a British TV play of 1963, and released as a single on UK Decca.[2]

tag: p

text: The best-known version of the song is by Herman's Hermits, who took it to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in May 1965, and number one in Canada the month before. The single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 12 — the third highest debut of the decade (after the Beatles' "Hey Jude" and "Get Back").[3] The Hermits never released the track — or their other US 1965 number one, "I'm Henry VIII, I Am" — as a single in their native Britain. "Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" was recorded as an afterthought in two takes and featured unique muted lead and rhythm guitar by Derek Leckenby and Keith Hopwood and heavily accented lead vocals by Peter Noone, with backing vocals from Karl Green and Keith Hopwood. The band never dreamed it would be a single let alone hit number one in the US. According to Noone the song was well known to British bands; it would often be performed at birthday parties, substituting the surname of the girl whose party was being celebrated, i.e., "Mrs. Smith" or "Mrs. Jones" instead of "Mrs. Brown".

text: Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1965 album Chipmunks à Go-Go.

text: The song was released in Japan on Odeon Records, a subsidiary of Toshiba, as OR-1272. It was backed by the song "Wonderful World".

text: It was recorded by Nellie McKay for her 2015 album My Weekly Reader.


document_title: Shiver my timbers

question_text: where does the phrase shiver me timbers come from

text: Shiver my timbers

text: History[edit]

text: Although the Oxford English Dictionary says the expression "shiver my timbers" probably first appeared in a published work by Frederick Marryat called Jacob Faithful (1835),[1] the phrase actually appeared in print as early as 1795, in a serial publication called "Tomahawk, or Censor General",[2] which gives an "extract of a new MS tragedy called 'Opposition'." In the words of the "old sailor":

text: The phrase appears in a news article: August 23, 1832 The Times from London, · Page 2 [3] showing that the phrase was in use at the time.

text: The Argus Newspaper Archive: November 10, 1839 - Page 9 [4] records the use in the news event as: "As for nine French men-of-war are laying along side us jist now, and overhauling our rigging and tactics, splinter my timbers into shivers if I don't think they are all buccaneers..." would indicate the meaning of "shivers" as the breaking into wedges, small pieces or slivers. Alternatively the word "slivers" itself (meaning a small, thin, narrow piece of something cut or split off a larger piece, which also defines a  "splinter"), may be the word "shivers" expresses. The exact phrase is used earlier on the same page "Here's a breeze in a bumboat! shiver my timbers and top-lights, what will our Majesty's loblolly-boys say...". While the exact meaning may be different, the use was still that of an exclamation.

text: The expression is a derivative of actual 18th century nautical slang, when the phrase "timbers!" or "my timbers!" meant an exclamation (cf. "my goodness!") as can be seen in Poor Jack, a song from 1789 by Charles Dibdin.[5]

text: The opening of the phrase, 'shiver my..', also predates Jacob Faithful with the following lines from John O'Keeffe's 1791 comic play Wild Oats an earlier example:

text: Pirate stereotypes[edit]

text: "Shiver my timbers" was most famously popularized by the archetypal pirate Long John Silver in Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island (1883). Silver used the phrase seven times, as well as variations such as "shiver my sides", "shiver my soul" and "shake up your timbers". Another pirate, Israel Hands, also uses the phrase at one point.

text: Marryat and Stevenson both wrote grammatically correct Victorian fiction, even when their characters were pirates. The use of "me" instead of "my", which is common to many British regional accents, has appeared in popular culture such as with Popeye; in fact, one of his earliest cartoons from 1934 is entitled Shiver Me Timbers! The phrase was also commonly used in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons books, where it was said at least once in almost every book, most commonly by "Amazon Pirate" Nancy Blackett.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
"Shiver me timbers" and "blow me down" are commonly said by Popeye.
The opening number of the children's film Muppet Treasure Island is entitled "Shiver My Timbers." Several of the variants used in the original book are present in the chorus, including "shiver my soul," "shiver my bones," "shiver my sides," and "shiver my sails."
In the Canadian CGI-animated action-adventure cartoon series ReBoot, the software pirate captain Gavin Capacitor uses the pirate catchphrase mutation "Shiver me templates!".
In the Monk episode "Mr. Monk is On the Air", Steven Weber's radio jockey character says a variation on the exclamation ("jiggle me timbers") on the air as his new catchphrase and this is revealed to be an important plot device in the episode.
Tom Waits' 1974 album The Heart of Saturday Night includes his song by this name.


document_title: List of 1997 box office number-one films in the United States

question_text: what was the number 1 box office motion picture for the week of christmas in december 1997

text: This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in the United States during 1997.

text:
#
Weekend end date
Film
Total weekend gross[1]
Notes

1
000000001997-01-05-0000January 5, 1997
Michael
$12,144,926

2
000000001997-01-12-0000January 12, 1997
The Relic
$9,064,143

3
000000001997-01-19-0000January 19, 1997
Beverly Hills Ninja
$12,220,920

4
000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997
Jerry Maguire
$5,518,727
Jerry Maguire reclaimed #1 in its sixth week of release.

5
000000001997-02-02-0000February 2, 1997
Star Wars (Special Edition)
$35,906,661
Star Wars (Special Edition) held the record for the highest weekend debut in January.

6
000000001997-02-09-0000February 9, 1997
Star Wars (Special Edition)
$24,277,091

7
000000001997-02-16-0000February 16, 1997
Star Wars (Special Edition)
$21,370,589

8
000000001997-02-23-0000February 23, 1997
The Empire Strikes Back (Special Edition)
$21,975,993

9
000000001997-03-02-0000March 2, 1997
The Empire Strikes Back (Special Edition)
$13,145,852

10
000000001997-03-09-0000March 9, 1997
Private Parts
$14,616,333

11
000000001997-03-16-0000March 16, 1997
Return of the Jedi (Special Edition)
$16,293,531

12
000000001997-03-23-0000March 23, 1997
Liar Liar
$31,423,025
Liar Liar broke Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles's record ($25.4 million) for the highest weekend debut in March and for the highest weekend debut for a spring release.

13
000000001997-03-30-0000March 30, 1997
Liar Liar
$25,377,435

14
000000001997-04-06-0000April 6, 1997
Liar Liar
$18,275,295

15
000000001997-04-13-0000April 13, 1997
Anaconda
$16,620,887

16
000000001997-04-20-0000April 20, 1997
Anaconda
$12,013,566

17
000000001997-04-27-0000April 27, 1997
Volcano
$14,581,740

18
000000001997-05-04-0000May 4, 1997
Breakdown
$12,307,128

19
000000001997-05-11-0000May 11, 1997
The Fifth Element
$17,031,345

20
000000001997-05-18-0000May 18, 1997
The Fifth Element
$11,410,863

21
000000001997-05-25-0000May 25, 1997
The Lost World: Jurassic Park
$72,132,785
The Lost World: Jurassic Park broke Batman Forever's record ($52.7 mil) for the highest weekend debut of all time, and Mission: Impossible's records ($45.4 mil) for the highest weekend debut in May and the highest Memorial Day weekend debut. The Lost World: Jurassic Park had the highest weekend debut in 1997.

22
000000001997-06-01-0000June 1, 1997
The Lost World: Jurassic Park
$34,116,390

23
000000001997-06-08-0000June 8, 1997
Con Air
$24,131,738

24
000000001997-06-15-0000June 15, 1997
Speed 2: Cruise Control
$16,158,942

25
000000001997-06-22-0000June 22, 1997
Batman & Robin
$42,872,605

26
000000001997-06-29-0000June 29, 1997
Face/Off
$23,387,530

27
000000001997-07-06-0000July 6, 1997
Men in Black
$51,068,455
Men in Black broke Independence Day's records ($50.2 mil) for the highest weekend debut in July and the highest Fourth of July weekend debut.

28
000000001997-07-13-0000July 13, 1997
Men in Black
$30,062,317

29
000000001997-07-20-0000July 20, 1997
Men in Black
$19,029,928

30
000000001997-07-27-0000July 27, 1997
Air Force One
$37,132,505
Air Force One broke Interview with the Vampire's record ($36.4 mil) for the highest weekend debut for an R-rated film.

31
000000001997-08-03-0000August 3, 1997
Air Force One
$25,731,622

32
000000001997-08-10-0000August 10, 1997
Conspiracy Theory
$19,313,566

33
000000001997-08-17-0000August 17, 1997
Cop Land
$13,510,482

34
000000001997-08-24-0000August 24, 1997
G.I. Jane
$11,094,241

35
000000001997-08-31-0000August 31, 1997
G.I. Jane
$8,183,861

36
000000001997-09-07-0000September 7, 1997
Fire Down Below
$6,073,094

37
000000001997-09-14-0000September 14, 1997
The Game
$14,337,029

38
000000001997-09-21-0000September 21, 1997
In & Out
$15,019,821

39
000000001997-09-28-0000September 28, 1997
The Peacemaker
$12,311,939

40
000000001997-10-05-0000October 5, 1997
Kiss the Girls
$13,215,167

41
000000001997-10-12-0000October 12, 1997
Kiss the Girls
$11,122,441

42
000000001997-10-19-0000October 19, 1997
I Know What You Did Last Summer
$15,818,645
I Know What You Did Last Summer broke Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare's record ($12.9 million) for highest weekend debut for a slasher film.

43
000000001997-10-26-0000October 26, 1997
I Know What You Did Last Summer
$12,507,880

44
000000001997-11-02-0000November 2, 1997
I Know What You Did Last Summer
$9,406,297

45
000000001997-11-09-0000November 9, 1997
Starship Troopers
$22,058,773

46
000000001997-11-16-0000November 16, 1997
The Jackal
$15,164,595

47
000000001997-11-23-0000November 23, 1997
Mortal Kombat: Annihilation
$16,771,694

48
000000001997-11-30-0000November 30, 1997
Flubber
$26,725,207

49
000000001997-12-07-0000December 7, 1997
Flubber
$11,292,933

50
000000001997-12-14-0000December 14, 1997
Scream 2
$32,926,342
Scream 2 broke Beavis and Butt-Head Do America's record ($20.1 million) for the highest weekend debut in December, I Know What You Did Last Summer's record ($15.8 million) for the highest weekend debut for a Slasher film & Pocahontas's record ($29.5 million) for highest weekend debut for a film featuring a female protagonist.

51
000000001997-12-21-0000December 21, 1997
Titanic
$28,638,131
Titanic held the record for the highest grossing film of all time ($1.8 billion) until Avatar surpassed it on January 24, 2010.

52
000000001997-12-28-0000December 28, 1997
Titanic
$35,455,673
Titanic broke Scream 2's record ($32.9 mil) for the highest weekend gross in December (which had been set two weeks earlier).

text: Highest-grossing films[edit]

text:
Highest-grossing films of 1997[2]

Rank
Title
Studio
Starring
Director
Domestic Gross

1.
Titanic
Paramount/20th Century Fox/Lightstorm
Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, Billy Zane, Kathy Bates, Frances Fisher, Gloria Stuart, David Warner, Victor Garber, Jonathan Hyde, Bernard Hill, Danny Nucci, Suzy Amis and Bill Paxton
James Cameron
$600,788,188

2.
Men in Black
Columbia/Amblin
Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith, Linda Fiorentino, Vincent D'Onofrio, Tony Shalhoub and Rip Torn
Barry Sonnenfeld
$250,690,539

3.
The Lost World: Jurassic Park
Universal/Amblin
Jeff Goldblum, Julianne Moore, Pete Postlethwaite, Arliss Howard, Richard Attenborough, Vince Vaughn, Vanessa Lee Chester, Richard Schiff and Peter Stormare
Steven Spielberg
$229,086,679

4.
Liar Liar
Universal
Jim Carrey, Maura Tierney, Jennifer Tilly, Swoosie Kurtz, Amanda Donohoe, Justin Cooper and Cary Elwes
Tom Shadyac
$181,410,615

5.
Air Force One
Columbia
Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman, Wendy Crewson, Paul Guilfoyle, William H. Macy, Liesel Matthews, Dean Stockwell and Glenn Close
Wolfgang Petersen
$172,956,409

6.
As Good as It Gets
TriStar/Gracie
Jack Nicholson, Helen Hunt, Greg Kinnear, Cuba Gooding, Jr., Skeet Ulrich and Shirley Knight
James L. Brooks
$148,478,011

7.
Good Will Hunting
Miramax
Matt Damon, Robin Williams, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård
Gus Van Sant
$138,433,435

8.
My Best Friend's Wedding
TriStar
Julia Roberts, Dermot Mulroney, Cameron Diaz, Rupert Everett and Philip Bosco
P.J. Hogan
$127,120,029

9.
Tomorrow Never Dies
United Artists
Pierce Brosnan, Jonathan Pryce, Michelle Yeoh, Teri Hatcher and Judi Dench
Roger Spottiswoode
$125,304,276

10.
Face/Off
Paramount
John Travolta, Nicolas Cage, Joan Allen, Alessandro Nivola, Gina Gershon, Nick Cassavetes and Dominique Swain
John Woo
$112,276,146

11.
Batman & Robin
Warner Bros./PolyGram
George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Uma Thurman, Alicia Silverstone, Michael Gough, Pat Hingle, Elle Macpherson and Robert Swenson
Joel Schumacher
$107,325,195

12.
George of the Jungle
Disney
Brendan Fraser, Leslie Mann, Thomas Haden Church, Richard Roundtree, Holland Taylor and John Cleese
Sam Weisman
$105,263,257

13.
Scream 2
Dimension
Neve Campbell, David Arquette, Courteney Cox, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Jamie Kennedy, Laurie Metcalf, Jerry O'Connell, Timothy Olyphant and Jada Pinkett Smith
Wes Craven
$101,363,301

14.
Con Air
Touchstone
Nicolas Cage, John Cusack, John Malkovich, Steve Buscemi, Ving Rhames, Colm Meaney, Mykelti Williamson and Rachel Ticotin
Simon West
$101,117,573

15.
Contact
Warner Bros.
Jodie Foster, Matthew McConaughey, James Woods, John Hurt, Tom Skerritt, David Morse, Jena Malone and Angela Bassett
Robert Zemeckis
$100,920,329

16.
Hercules
Disney
voices of Tate Donovan, Danny DeVito, James Woods, Susan Egan, Rip Torn and Charlton Heston
Ron Clements and John Musker
$99,112,101

17.
Flubber
Disney
Robin Williams, Marcia Gay Harden, Christopher McDonald, Ted Levine and Raymond J. Barry
Les Mayfield
$92,977,226

18.
Conspiracy Theory
Warner Bros./Silver
Mel Gibson, Julia Roberts and Patrick Stewart
Richard Donner
$75,982,834

19.
I Know What You Did Last Summer
Columbia
Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe, Freddie Prinze, Jr., Bridgette Wilson, Johnny Galecki and Anne Heche
Jim Gillespie
$72,586,134

20.
Dante's Peak
Universal
Pierce Brosnan, Linda Hamilton, Charles Hallahan, Elizabeth Hoffman and Grant Heslov
Roger Donaldson
$67,127,760


document_title: Mamma Mia! (film)

question_text: what is the name of the hotel in mamma mia

text: Mamma Mia! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.

text: Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.

text: Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.

text: At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.

text: In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.

text: Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, each agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried  as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.
Chris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.

text:
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: A soundtrack album was released on July 7, 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally, respectively. The recording was produced by Benny Andersson. The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film, including a hidden track. The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25, 2008.

text:
"I Have a Dream" – Sophie
"Honey, Honey" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Mamma Mia" – Donna
"Chiquitita" – Rosie, Tanya and Donna†
"Dancing Queen" – Tanya, Rosie and Donna
"Our Last Summer" – Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna
"Lay All Your Love on Me" – Sky and Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Voulez-Vous" – Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper
"The Name of the Game" – Sophie‡
"SOS" – Sam and Donna
"Does Your Mother Know" – Tanya and Pepper
"Slipping Through My Fingers" – Donna and Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" – Donna
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – Sam and Donna†
"When All Is Said and Done"  – Sam and Donna
"Take a Chance on Me" – Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry
"Waterloo" – Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie†
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie§

tag: ol

text:
† Featured in the film, but omitted from the soundtrack album.
‡ Included in the soundtrack album, but omitted from the film.
§ Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track.

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August/September 2007),[3] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[3] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[3] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.

text: The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[4]

text: The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[5][6]

text: Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[7] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[9]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[10] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.

text: In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[11] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[13]  It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.

text: In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[14] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]

text: When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[15]

text: The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[16] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[citation needed]

text: BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[20] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, and expressed a "need to vomit".[21] Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[22] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together: "Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."[23][dead link] Angie Errigo of Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[24]

text: The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[25] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[26] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[27] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[28] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

ACE Eddie Awards

February 15, 2009

Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical

Lesley Walker

Nominated

[30]

British Academy Film Awards

February 8, 2009

Outstanding British Film

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[31]

Best Film Music

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Nominated

Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film

Judy Craymer

Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards

February 17, 2009

 Excellence in Contemporary Film

Ann Roth

Nominated

[32]

Empire Awards

March 29, 2009

Best Soundtrack

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Won

[33]

Golden Globe Awards

January 11, 2009

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[34]

Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical

Meryl Streep

Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards

February 21, 2009

Worst Supporting Actor

Pierce Brosnan

Won

[35]

Golden Reel Awards

February 21, 2009

Best Sound Editing – Music in a Musical Feature Film

Tony Lewis, Martin Lowe, Robert Houston

Won

[36]

Grammy Awards

February 8, 2009

Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Various Artists

Nominated

[37]

Irish Film and Television Awards

February 14, 2009

Best International Actress

Meryl Streep

Won

[38]

MTV Movie Awards

May 31, 2009

Best Breakthrough Female Performance

Amanda Seyfried

Nominated

[39]

National Movie Awards

September 8, 2008

Best Musical[40]

Mamma Mia!

Won

[40]

Best Female Performance

Meryl Streep

Won

Best Male Performance

Pierce Brosnan

Nominated

Colin Firth

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

January 7, 2009

Favorite Movie Comedy

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[41]

Favorite Cast

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

Favorite Song from a Soundtrack

"Mamma Mia"

Won

Rembrandt Awards

March 9, 2009

Best Female Actress

Meryl Streep

Won

[42]

Best International Actress

Won

Best International Film

Phyllida Lloyd

Won

Satellite Awards

December 14, 2008

Best Actress in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical

Meryl Streep

Nominated

[43]

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios, said that it would take a while, but there would be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[44]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[45] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[46] It was announced that Seyfried,[47] Cooper, Streep, Firth and Brosnan would be returning.[48] In July 2017, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[49]


document_title: Visual design elements and principles

question_text: what is the meaning of elements of design

text: Visual design elements and principles

text: Design elements[edit]

text: Design elements are the basic units of any visual design which form its structure and convey visual messages.[2][3] Painter and design theorist Maitland E. Graves (1902-1978), who attempted to gestate the fundamental principles of aesthetic order in visual design,[4] in his book, The Art of Color and Design (1941), defined the elements of design as Line, Direction, Shape, Size, Texture, Value, and Color (in that order), concluding that "these elements are the materials from which all designs are built."[5]

text: Color[edit]

text: Color is not the main role in the elements of design[6] with the color wheel being used as a tool, and color theory providing a body of practical guidance to color mixing and the visual impacts of specific color

text:
Color can aid organization to develop a color strategy and stay consistent with those colors.[6]
It can give emphasis to create a hierarchy to the piece of art.
It is also important to note that color choices in design change meaning within cultural contexts. For example, white is associated with purity in some cultures while it is associated with death in others.

text: Attributes[edit]

text:
Hue[6]
Values, tints and shades of colors that are created by adding black to a color for a shade and white for a tint. Creating a tint or shade of color reduces the saturation.[6]
Saturation gives a color brightness or dullness, and by doing this it makes the color more vibrant than before.[6]

text: The three primary hues which cannot be created by mixing are red, yellow and blue. In practice, however, a more practical set of "double primaries" is utilized to allow for creating more intense saturation of colors. One author recommending this double primary system of color mixing is Michael Wilcox in his book: BLUE AND YELLOW DON'T MAKE GREEN.

text: Line[edit]

text: Line is an element of art defined by a point moving in space. It is probably the most fundamental of the elements of design as it is usually the starting place for much of artistic creation. Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curved. They can be any width or texture. And can be continuous, implied, or broken.

text: Shape[edit]

text: A shape is defined as a two or more dimensional area that stands out from the space next to or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or because of differences of value, color, or texture.[7] All objects are composed of shapes and all other 'Elements of Design' are shapes in some way.[8]

text: Categories[edit]

text:
Mechanical Shapes or Geometric Shapes are the shapes that can be drawn using a ruler or compass. Mechanical shapes, whether simple or complex, produce a feeling of control or order.[8]
Organic Shapes are freehand drawn shapes that are complex and normally found in nature. Organic shapes produce a natural feel.[8]

text: Texture[edit]

text: Meaning the way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can be added to attract or repel interest to an element, depending on the pleasantness of the texture.[8]

text:
Tactile texture is the actual three-dimension feel of a surface that can be touched. Painter can use impasto to build peaks and create texture.[8]
Visual texture is the illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys, like the tree pictured. Any texture shown in a photo is a visual texture, meaning the paper is smooth no matter how rough the image perceives it to be.[8]

text: Most textures have a natural touch but still seem to repeat a motif in some way. Regularly repeating a motif will result in a texture appearing as a pattern.[8]

text: Space[edit]

text: In design, space is concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated design, the design will take place on. For a two-dimensional design, space concerns creating the illusion of a third dimension on a flat surface:[8]

text:
Overlap is the effect where objects appear to be on top of each other. This illusion makes the top element look closer to the observer. There is no way to determine the depth of the space, only the order of closeness.
Shading adds gradiation marks to make an object of a two-dimensional surface seem three-dimensional.
Highlight, Transitional Light, Core of the Shadow, Reflected Light, and Cast Shadow give an object a three-dimensional look.[8]
Linear Perspective is the concept relating to how an object seems smaller the farther away it gets.
Atmospheric Perspective is based on how air acts as a filter to change the appearance of distant objects.

text: Form[edit]

text: Form may be described as any three-dimensional object. Form can be measured, from top to bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). Form is also defined by light and dark. It can be defined by the presence of shadows on surfaces or faces of an object. There are two types of form, geometric (man-made) and natural (organic form). Form may be created by the combining of two or more shapes. It may be enhanced by tone, texture and color. It can be illustrated or constructed.

text: Principles of design[edit]

text: Principles applied to the elements of design that bring them together into one design. How one applies these principles determines how successful a design may be.[2]

text: Unity/harmony[edit]

text: According to Alex White, author of The Elements of Graphic Design, to achieve visual unity is a main goal of graphic design. When all elements are in agreement, a design is considered unified. No individual part is viewed as more important than the whole design. A good balance between unity and variety must be established to avoid a chaotic or a lifeless design.[6]

text: Methods[edit]

text:
Perspective: sense of distance between elements.
Similarity: ability to seem repeatable with other elements.
Continuation: the sense of having a line or pattern extend.
Repetition: elements being copied or mimicked numerous times.
Rhythm: is achieved when recurring position, size, color, and use of a graphic element has a focal point interruption.
Altering the basic theme achieves unity and helps keep interest.

text: Balance[edit]

text: It is a state of equalized tension and equilibrium, which may not always be calm.[6]

text: Types[edit]

text:
Symmetry
Asymmetrical balance produces an informal balance that is attention attracting and dynamic.
Radial balance is arranged around a central element. The elements placed in a radial balance seem to 'radiate' out from a central point in a circular fashion.
Overall is a mosaic form of balance which normally arises from too many elements being put on a page. Due to the lack of hierarchy and contrast, this form of balance can look noisy but sometimes quiet.

text: Hierarchy[edit]

text: A good design contains elements that lead the reader through each element in order of its significance. The type and images should be expressed starting from most important to the least important.

text: Scale/proportion[edit]

text: Using the relative size of elements against each other can attract attention to a focal point. When elements are designed larger than life, scale is being used to show drama.[6]

text: Dominance/emphasis[edit]

text: Dominance is created by contrasting size, positioning, color, style, or shape.The focal point should dominate the design with scale and contrast without sacrificing the unity of the whole.[6]

text: Similarity and contrast[edit]

text: Planning a consistent and similar design is an important aspect of a designer's work to make their focal point visible. Too much similarity is boring but without similarity important elements will not exist and an image without contrast is uneventful so the key is to find the balance between similarity and contrast.[6]

text: Similar environment[edit]

text: There are several ways to develop a similar environment:[6]

text:
Build a unique internal organization structure.
Manipulate shapes of images and text to correlate together.
Express continuity from page to page in publications. Items to watch include headers, themes, borders, and spaces.
Develop a style manual and adhere to it.

text: Contrasts[edit]

text:
Space

Filled / Empty
Near / Far
2-D / 3-D

Position

Left / Right
Isolated / Grouped
Centered / Off-Center
Top / Bottom

Form

Simple / Complex
Beauty / Ugly
Whole / Broken

Direction

Stability / Movement

Structure

Organized / Chaotic
Mechanical / Hand-Drawn

Size

Large / Small
Deep / Shallow
Fat / Thin

Color

Grey scale / Color
Black & White / Color
Light / Dark

Texture

Fine / Coarse
Smooth / Rough
Sharp / Dull

Density

Transparent / Opaque
Thick / Thin
Liquid / Solid

Gravity

Light / Heavy
Stable / Unstable

text: Movement is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the artwork, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines edges, shape and color within the artwork, and more.


document_title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

question_text: who plays max in day of the dead bloodline

text: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Plot[edit]

text: Medical student Zoe Parker reluctantly attends a party at her college, Whittendale University, at the behest of her friends. While retrieving a keg of beer from the morgue, Zoe is confronted by her disturbed patient Max. Max, who is in love with her, attacks and attempts to rape her. However, a corpse reanimates and bites into Max’s throat. Zoe flees and warns everyone at the party, but hordes of the corpses, later dubbed Rotters, burst in and kill all except Zoe, who escapes through a window, only to find the city besieged by Rotters. The survivors of the initial outbreak are sent to refugee camps; Zoe is sent to High Rock Emergency Bunker, run by Lieutenant Miguel Salazar.

text: 5 years later, High Rock Emergency Bunker has lost contact with the other camps. Zoe and her friend Elyse serve as the camp doctors, treating illnesses and using Rotter blood samples to create a cure for the Rotters, though Miguel believes a cure is impossible. Miguel, at Zoe’s urging, sends Zoe, Elyse, his brother and her boyfriend Baca, Frank, Lucy, Derek, and Thomas on a supply run to retrieve medication from Whittendale University for Lily, a little girl suffering bacterial pneumonia. While taking medication from a professor’s office, Zoe encounters Max, now partially a Rotter. Horrified, Zoe flees and accidentally attracts the attention of other Rotters. The group saves her, but Frank is infected and is killed. Zoe successfully administers the medicine to Lily; however Max has managed to enter the camp.

text: Due to Frank’s death, animosity between Zoe and Miguel increase. While walking on her own, Zoe is attacked by Max, but signals for help and is rescued by Miguel, Baca, Thomas, Lucy, and Derek. Realizing that Max is not fully a Rotter, Zoe convinces Miguel to allow her to use Max’s blood to create a vaccine, and Miguel gives her 48 hours to create it, having been convinced by Frank’s wife Elle. Zoe and Elyse realize they need to test Max’s blood on blood samples from Live Rotters. She convinces Baca to help her by opening the gates to allow one Rotter in and take a blood sample from it. Though it initially goes well, Rotters burst through the gates and kill Thomas and infect Elyse. Miguel kills several Rotters and seals the doors to the compound, and, ignoring Zoe’s pleas that she can use the vaccine on Elyse, kills her.

text: Miguel tells Baca that earlier he saw Zoe’s name carved into Max’s arm; when Baca confronts Zoe about this, she tells him about Max’s rape attempt. Max steals the keys to his handcuffs from Alphonse in a scuffle. Max begins to taunt Zoe, telling her repeatedly “You are mine” before freeing himself and attempting to rape her again; however, he is fended off by Baca. Lily’s mother who Max had previously infected, chases after Lily and kills Derek, only for Max to kill her and chase Lily to the motor pool.

text: The remaining military personnel arrive, but Max opens the doors and allows a horde of Rotters inside, which kill Miguel, Elle, Lucy, and several others, though most of the Rotters are killed. Lily flees outside and Zoe chases after her. Max follows them and follows them into a greenhouse, where Zoe, hidden in mud, disembowels and decapitates Max. Zoe and Lily walk back into the compound, where she finds an infected Baca about to commit suicide. Zoe convinces Baca she can cure him with the vaccine and injects him with it, curing him. Some time later, High Rock Emergency Bunker has been repaired and Zoe sends a message to any remaining survivors that they have the vaccine, while the Rotters’ growls are heard from within a nearby forest.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnathon Schaech as Max
Sophie Skelton as Zoe Parker
Marcus Vanco as Baca Salazar
Jeff Gum as Miguel Salazar
Mark Rhino Smith as Alphonse
Cristina Serafini as Elle
Lillian Blankenship as Lily
Shari Watson as Elyse
Atanas Sreberev as Frank
Ulyana Chan as Lucy
Nathan Cooper as Savin
Vladimir Mihailov as Thomas

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 10, 2013 it was announced that there would be a remake of Day of the Dead, titled Day of the Dead: Bloodline. Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman, two of the producers behind Texas Chainsaw 3D[7] have obtained the rights. Campbell, who had a small role in the first remake said "We want to keep it as close to the Romero version as possible. To make sure that his fans are happy. These are not going to be zombies climbing walls and doing back flips like in World War Z." Campbell and Grobman held meetings with possible writers to figure out the best way to adapt the story.[7] It began filming in June 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally planned to be released in 2017, though it was later announced that it was delayed to a later release date of January 5, 2018.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 0% based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 2.1/10.[8]

text: Michael Gingold of Rue Morgue called the idea of a remake "a foolish and pointless exercise" and said the film's themes were "strictly and tediously standard-issue."[9] Brian Tallerico on Rogerebert.com gave the film a star-and-a-half, stating there were a few well-choreographed action scenes but "I was just watching people I didn’t care about yell at each other and make really stupid decisions."[10] Matt Donato of We Got This Covered gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and stated "Day Of The Dead: Bloodline somehow dethrones 2008's earlier remake attempt as an even more forgettable 'reimagining' (aka rip-off)."[11]


document_title: I'll See You in My Dreams (1924 song)

question_text: who wrote the song i'll see you in my dreams

question_tokens: who wrote the song i 'll see you in my dreams

text: I'll See You in My Dreams (1924 song)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "I'll See You in My Dreams" is a popular song. It was written by Isham Jones, with lyrics by Gus Kahn, and was published in 1924. Originally recorded by Isham Jones and the Ray Miller Orchestra, it charted for 16 weeks during 1925, spending seven weeks at number 1.[1] Other popular versions in 1925 were by Marion Harris; Paul Whiteman; Ford & Glenn; and Lewis James.[2]

text: The song was chosen as the title song of the 1951 film I'll See You in My Dreams, a musical biography of Kahn.

text: Popular recordings of it were made by many leading artists including Cliff Edwards, Louis Armstrong, Pat Boone, Bing Crosby (recorded November 27, 1947),[3] Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald, Mario Lanza, Tony Martin, Anita O'Day, The Platters, Ezio Pinza, Sue Raney, Jerry Lee Lewis (1958, instrumental), Andy Williams,[4] and Linda Scott.[5] A "Texas Swing" version of the song was recorded by Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys.

text: The song was also recorded by Django Reinhardt and the Quintet of the Hot Club of France, and inspired Merle Travis to record it as a guitar instrumental. Many other guitarists including Chet Atkins and Thom Bresh followed in Merle's footsteps. Michel Lelong, a French guitarist, published the first tab of this Travis' arrangement for the American publisher/guitarist Stefan Grossman's Guitare Workshop during the 1980s, following by Thom Bresh (Merle Travis 's son) for Homespun Tapes, and Marcel Dadi for Stefan Grossman 's Guitar Worshop.

text: It was recorded by Mario Lanza on his Coca-Cola Show of 1951-2 and is available on a compilation album mastered from those same shows, and featuring the same title, I'll See You in My Dreams, released by BMG in 1998.

text: An early version was recorded by Hawaiian steel guitar originator Joseph Kekuku in 1925.[6]

text: Other cover versions[edit]

text:
1963 The Bachelors recorded their version of the song and this appeared on their first EP, The Bachelors.[7]
In 1976, Ron Goodwin and His Orchestra recorded the song on their album Rhythm and Romance.
In 1976, British female vocal duo the Pearls released a disco version of the song, which was pressed in the US on a 10" promo disc as well as the regular 7" single.[8]
A 1953/54 version by Eddie Cochran was released in 1997 on the album Rockin' It Country Style.[9]
In the late 1980s to the end of the 1990s, Mark Knopfler and Chet Atkins performed it live as a medley with John Lennon's "Imagine".[10]
In 1999, guitarist Howard Alden recorded an instrumental version of this song for the soundtrack of the movie Sweet and Lowdown.
The English singer Joe Brown performed a version of the song on the ukulele as the finale of the George Harrison tribute concert, Concert for George, in 2002.
In 2003, the Portuguese metal band Moonspell recorded a version that would serve as soundtrack for the short horror movie I'll See You in My Dreams, of which was also recorded a music video.[11]
In 2005, American singer-songwriter Ingrid Michaelson recorded a cover of the song for her debut album Slow the Rain.[12]
In 2010, Australian singer Melinda Schneider recorded the song for her Doris Day tribute album Melinda Does Doris.
In 2013, The National frontman Matt Berninger recorded the song with Vince Giordano and the Nighthawks Orchestra for the third volume of the Boardwalk Empire soundtrack.

text: Film appearances[edit]

text:
1940 The song was on the soundtrack for the film Kitty Foyle, which won Ginger Rogers her only Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. Played on the radio at the speakeasy and reprised by the band at the nightclub. It is also danced to by Ginger Rogers and Dennis Morgan.
1944 Follow the Boys - performed by Jeanette MacDonald.
1946 Margie - sung by Jeanne Crain (dubbed by Louanne Hogan)
1946 Instrumental versions of the song were featured prominently in the 20th Century Fox motion picture The Razor's Edge (arranged by Herbert Spencer); as well as in the opening of the 1946 Tom and Jerry cartoon episode, "The Milky Waif".
1951 I'll See You in My Dreams - sung by a chorus during the opening and closing credits, also by Doris Day, and it is played at the surprise party
1975 Hearts of the West