document_title: Surveying

question_text: which survey assume the surface of earth as plane

question_tokens: which survey assume the surface of earth as plane

text: Surveying

text: Definition[edit]

text: The International Federation of Surveyors defines the function of surveying as:[1]

text: A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities;

text:
to determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects,   point-fields and trajectories;
to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,
to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of   the land, the sea and any structures thereon; and,
to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient surveying[edit]

text: Surveying has occurred since humans built the first large structures. In ancient Egypt, a rope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the annual floods of the Nile River. The almost perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. The Groma instrument originated in Mesopotamia (early 1st millennium BC).[2] The prehistoric monument at Stonehenge (c. 2500 BC) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.[3]

text: The mathematician Liu Hui described ways of measuring distant objects in his work Haidao Suanjing or The Sea Island Mathematical Manual, published in 263 AD.

text: The Romans recognized land surveying as a profession. They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax register of conquered lands (300 AD).[4] Roman surveyors were known as Gromatici.

text: In medieval Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village or parish. This was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking around the parish or village to establish a communal memory of the boundaries. Young boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible.

text: In England, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086. It recorded the names of all the land owners, the area of land they owned, the quality of the land, and specific information of the area's content and inhabitants. It did not include maps showing exact locations.

text: Modern surveying[edit]

text: Abel Foullon described a plane table in 1551, but it is thought that the instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a developed instrument.

text: Gunter's chain was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician Edmund Gunter. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes.

text: Leonard Digges described a Theodolite that measured horizontal angles in his book A geometric practice named Pantometria (1571). Joshua Habermel (de:Erasmus Habermehl) created a theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. Johnathon Sission was the first to incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725.[5]

text: In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used. Jesse Ramsden introduced the first precision theodolite in 1787. It was an instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. He created his great theodolite using an accurate dividing engine of his own design. Ramsden's theodolite represented a great step forward in the instrument's accuracy. William Gascoigne invented an instrument that used a telescope with an installed crosshair as a target device, in 1640. James Watt developed an optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771; it measured the parallactic angle from which the distance to a point could be deduced.

text: Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snellius (a.k.a. Snel van Royen) introduced the modern systematic use of triangulation. In 1615 he surveyed the distance from Alkmaar to Breda, approximately 72 miles (116,1 kilometres). He underestimated this distance by 3.5%. The survey was a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all. Snell showed how planar formulae could be corrected to allow for the curvature of the earth. He also showed how to resection, or calculate, the position of a point inside a triangle using the angles cast between the vertices at the unknown point. These could be measured more accurately than bearings of the vertices, which depended on a compass. His work established the idea of surveying a primary network of control points, and locating subsidiary points  inside the primary network later. Between 1733 and 1740, Jacques Cassini and his son César undertook the first triangulation of France. They included a re-surveying of the meridian arc, leading to the publication in 1745 of the first map of France constructed on rigorous principles. By this time, triangulation methods were by then well established for local map-making.

text: It was only towards the end of the 18th century that detailed triangulation network surveys mapped whole countries. In 1784, a team from General William Roy's Ordnance Survey of Great Britain began the Principal Triangulation of Britain. The first Ramsden theodolite was built for this survey. The survey was finally completed in 1853. The Great Trigonometric Survey of India began in 1801. The Indian survey had an enormous scientific impact. It was responsible for one of the first accurate measurements of a section of an arc of longitude, and for measurements of the geodesic anomaly. It named and mapped Mount Everest and the other Himalayan peaks. Surveying became a professional occupation in high demand at the turn of the 19th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. The profession developed more accurate instruments to aid its work. Industrial infrastructure projects used surveyors to lay out canals, roads and rail.

text: In the US, the Land Ordinance of 1785 created the Public Land Survey System. It formed the basis for dividing the western territories into sections to allow the sale of land. The PLSS divided states into township grids which were further divided into sections and fractions of sections.

text: Napoleon Bonaparte founded continental Europe's first cadastre in 1808. This gathered data on the number of parcels of land, their value, land usage, and names. This system soon spread around Europe.

text:
Robert Torrens introduced the Torrens system in South Australia in 1858. Torrens intended to simplify land transactions and provide reliable titles via a centralized register of land. The Torrens system was adopted in several other nations of the English-speaking world.
Surveying became increasingly important with the arrival of railroads in the 1800s. Surveying was necessary so that railroads could plan technologically and financially viable routes.

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
At the beginning of the century surveyors had improved the older chains and ropes, but still faced the problem of accurate measurement of long distances. Dr Trevor Lloyd Wadley developed the Tellurometer during the 1950s. It measures long distances using two microwave transmitter/receivers.[6]
During the late 1950s Geodimeter introduced electronic distance measurement (EDM) equipment.[7] EDM units use a multi frequency phase shift of light waves to find a distance.[8] These instruments saved the need for days or weeks of chain measurement by measuring between points kilometers apart in one go.

text: Advances in electronics allowed miniaturization of EDM. In the 1970s the first instruments combining angle and distance measurement appeared, becoming known as total stations. Manufacturers added more equipment by degrees, bringing improvements in accuracy and speed of measurement. Major advances include tilt compensators, data recorders, and on-board calculation programs.

text: The first satellite positioning system was the US Navy TRANSIT system. The first successful launch took place in 1960. The system's main purpose was to provide position information to Polaris missile submarines. Surveyors found they could use field receivers to determine the location of a point. Sparse satellite cover and large equipment made observations laborious, and inaccurate. The main use was establishing benchmarks in remote locations.

text: The US Air Force launched the first prototype satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 1978. GPS used a larger constellation of satellites and improved signal transmission to provide more accuracy. Early GPS observations required several hours of observations by a static receiver to reach survey accuracy requirements. Recent improvements to both satellites and receivers allow Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveying. RTK surveys get high-accuracy measurements by using a fixed base station and a second roving antenna. The position of the roving antenna can be tracked.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The theodolite, total station, and RTK GPS survey remain the primary methods in use.

text: Remote sensing and satellite imagery continue to improve and become cheaper, allowing more commonplace use. Prominent new technologies include three-dimensional (3D) scanning and use of lidar for topographical surveys. UAV technology along with photogrammetric image processing is also appearing.

text: Surveying equipment[edit]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite, measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners,  GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments screw onto a tripod when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used.

text: The theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane. A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope makes against the vertical, known as the zenith angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known direction (bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.

text: The gyrotheodolite is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the absence of reference marks. It is used in underground applications.

text: The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device (EDM). A total station can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since their introduction, total stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic devices.[citation needed]

text: Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to return the light pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to a remote computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning System. Real time kinematic GPS systems have increased the speed of surveying, but they are still only horizontally accurate to about 20 mm and vertically to 30–40 mm.[9]

text: GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods used. Static GPS uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable length of time. The long span of time lets the receiver compare  measurements as the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites orbit also provide the measurement network with well conditioned geometry. This produces an accurate baseline that can be over 20 km long. RTK surveying uses one static antenna and one roving antenna. The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and atmospheric conditions. The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure the points needed for the survey. The two antennas use a radio link that allows the static antenna to send corrections to the roving antenna. The roving antenna then applies those corrections to the GPS signals it is receiving to calculate its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller distances than static methods. This is because divergent conditions further away from the base reduce accuracy.

text: Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses. Theodolites and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first world countries. The constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively cheap instrument. Total stations are workhorses for many professional surveyors because they are versatile and reliable in all conditions. The productivity improvements from a GPS on large scale surveys makes them popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects. One-person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to measure without extra workers to aim the telescope or record data. A fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a helicopter, using a GPS to record the location of the helicopter and a laser scanner to measure the ground. To increase precision, surveyors place beacons on the ground (about 20 km (12 mi) apart). This method reaches precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight height).[10]

text: Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as tripods and instrument stands; staves and beacons used for sighting purposes; PPE; vegetation clearing equipment; digging implements for finding survey markers buried over time; hammers for placements of markers in various surfaces and structures; and portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.

text: Software[edit]

text: Land surveyors, construction professionals and civil engineers using total station, GPS, 3D scanners and other collector data use Land Surveying Software to increase efficiency, accuracy and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of contemporary land surveying.[11]

text: Surveying techniques[edit]

text:
Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors that can affect the accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to create vectors, bearings, coordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps. Measurements are often split into horizontal and vertical components to simplify calculation.
GPS and astronomic measurements also need measurement of a time component.

text: Distance measurement[edit]

text: Before EDM devices, distances were measured using a variety of means. These included chains with links of a known length such as a Gunter's chain, or measuring tapes made of steel or invar. To measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes were pulled taut to reduce sagging and slack. The distance had to be adjusted for heat expansion. Attempts to hold the measuring instrument level would also be made. When measuring up a slope, the surveyor might have to "break" (break chain) the measurement- use an increment less than the total length of the chain. Perambulators, or measuring wheels, were used to measure longer distances but not to a high level of accuracy. Tacheometry is the science of measuring distances by measuring the angle between two ends of an object with a known size. It was sometimes used before to the invention of EDM where rough ground made chain measurement impractical.

text: Angle measurement[edit]

text: Historically, horizontal angles were measured by using a compass to provide a magnetic bearing or azimuth. Later, more precise scribed discs improved angular resolution. Mounting telescopes with reticles atop the disc allowed more precise sighting (see theodolite). Levels and calibrated circles allowed measurement of vertical angles. Verniers allowed measurement to a fraction of a degree, such as with a turn-of-the-century transit.

text: The plane table provided a graphical method of recording and measuring angles, which reduced the amount of mathematics required. In 1829 Francis Ronalds invented a reflecting instrument for recording angles graphically by modifying the octant.[12]

text: By observing the bearing from every vertex in a figure, a surveyor can measure around the figure. The final observation will be between the two points first observed, except with a 180° difference. This is called a close. If the first and last bearings are different, this shows the error in the survey, called the angular misclose. The surveyor can use this information to prove that the work meets the expected standards.

text: Levelling[edit]

text: The simplest method for measuring height is with an altimeter using air pressure to find height. When more precise measurements are needed, means like precise levels (also known as differential leveling) are used. When precise leveling, a series of measurements between two points are taken using an instrument and a measuring rod. Differences in height between the measurements are added and subtracted in a series to get the net difference in elevation between the two endpoints. With the Global Positioning System (GPS), elevation can be measured with satellite receivers. Usually GPS is somewhat less accurate than traditional precise leveling, but may be similar over long distances.

text: When using an optical level, the endpoint may be out of the effective range of the instrument. There may be obstructions or large changes of elevation between the endpoints. In these situations, extra setups are needed. Turning is a term used when referring to moving the level to take an elevation shot from a different location. To "turn" the level, one must first take a reading and record the elevation of the point the rod is located on. While the rod is being kept in exactly the same location, the level is moved to a new location where the rod is still visible. A reading is taken from the new location of the level and the height difference is used to find the new elevation of the level gun. This is repeated until the series of measurements is completed. The level must be horizontal to get a valid measurement. Because of this, if the horizontal crosshair of the instrument is lower than the base of the rod, the surveyor will not be able to sight the rod and get a reading. The rod can usually be raised up to 25 feet high, allowing the level to be set much higher than the base of the rod.

text: Determining position[edit]

text: The primary way of determining one's position on the earth's surface when no known positions are nearby is by astronomic observations. Observations to the sun, moon and stars could all be made using navigational techniques. Once the instrument's position and bearing to a star is determined, the bearing can be transferred to a reference point on the earth. The point can then be used as a base for further observations. Survey-accurate astronomic positions were difficult to observe and calculate and so tended to be a base off which many other measurements were made. Since the advent of the GPS system, astronomic observations are rare as GPS allows adequate positions to be determined over most of the surface of the earth.

text: Reference networks[edit]

text: Few survey positions are derived from first principles. Instead, most surveys points are measured relative to previous measured points. This forms a reference or control network where each point can be used by a surveyor to determine their own position when beginning a new survey.

text: Survey points are usually marked on the earth's surface by objects ranging from small nails driven into the ground to large beacons that can be seen from long distances. The surveyors can set up their instruments on this position and measure to nearby objects. Sometimes a tall, distinctive feature such as a steeple or radio aerial has its position calculated as a reference point that angles can be measured against.

text: Triangulation is a method of horizontal location favoured in the days before EDM and GPS measurement. It can determine distances, elevations and directions between distant objects. Since the early days of surveying, this was the primary method of determining accurate positions of objects for topographic maps of large areas. A surveyor first needs to know the horizontal distance between two of the objects, known as the baseline. Then the heights, distances and angular position of other objects can be derived, as long as they are visible from one of the original objects. High-accuracy transits or theodolites were used, and angle measurements repeated for increased accuracy. See also Triangulation in three dimensions.

text: Offsetting is an alternate method of determining position of objects, and was often used to measure imprecise features such as riverbanks. The surveyor would mark and measure two known positions on the ground roughly parallel to the feature, and mark out a baseline between them. At regular intervals, a distance was measured at right angles from the first line to the feature. The measurements could then be plotted on a plan or map, and the points at the ends of the offset lines could be joined to show the feature.

text: Traversing is a common method of surveying smaller areas. The surveyor starts from an old reference mark or known position and places a network of reference marks covering the survey area. They then measure bearings and distances between the reference marks, and to the target features. Most traverses form a loop pattern or link between two prior reference marks so the surveyor can check their measurements.

text: Datum and coordinate systems[edit]

text: Many surveys do not calculate positions on the surface of the earth, but instead measure the relative positions of objects. However, often the surveyed items need to be compared to outside data, such as boundary lines or previous surveys objects. The oldest way of describing a position is via latitude and longitude, and often a height above sea level. As the surveying profession grew it created Cartesian coordinate systems to simplify the mathematics for surveys over small parts of the earth. The simplest coordinate systems assume that the earth is flat and measure from an arbitrary point, known as a 'datum' (singular form of data). The coordinate system allows easy calculation of the distances and direction between objects over small areas. Large areas distort due to the earth's curvature. North is often defined as true north at the datum.

text: For larger regions, it is necessary to model the shape of the earth using an ellipsoid or a geoid. Many countries have created coordinate-grids customized to lessen error in their area of the earth.

text: Errors and accuracy[edit]

text: A basic tenet of surveying is that no measurement is perfect, and that there will always be a small amount of error.[13] There are three classes of survey errors:

text:
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey.
Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit-level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected.
Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next.

text: Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used. Errors can be detected by comparing the results of the two measurements.

text: Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the Principle of least squares method.

text: The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one-hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near-perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.

text: Types of surveys[edit]

text: Local organisations or regulatory bodies class specializations of surveying in different ways. Broad groups are:

text:
As-built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As-built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as-built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information.
Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re-establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the lines of the parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.
Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying.
Construction surveying
Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re-measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made.
Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non-level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off-shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement.
Engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice.
Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan.
Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.
Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation.
LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area.
Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process.
Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages.
Mortgage survey:  A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan.
Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified.
Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying.
Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair.
Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties.
Topographic survey: a survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece of land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot.

text: Plane and geodetic surveying[edit]

text: Based on the considerations and true shape of the earth, surveying is broadly classified into two types.

text: Plane surveying assumes the earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as plane triangles. It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the earth's shape are too small to matter.[14]

text: In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into account while calculating reduced levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of surveying is usually employed for large survey works. Survey works up to 100 square miles (260 square kilometers ) are treated as plane and beyond that are treated as geodetic.[15] In geodetic surveying necessary corrections are applied to reduced levels, bearings and other observations.[16]

text: The surveying profession[edit]

text: The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved. Engineering, especially civil engineering, often needs surveyors.

text: Surveyors help determine the placement of roads, railways, reservoirs, dams, pipelines, retaining walls, bridges, and buildings. They establish the boundaries of legal descriptions and political divisions. They also provide advice and data for geographical information systems (GIS) that record land features and boundaries.

text: Surveyors must have a thorough knowledge of algebra, basic calculus, geometry, and trigonometry. They must also know the laws that deal with surveys, real property, and contracts.

text: Most jurisdictions recognize three different levels of qualification:

text: Survey assistants or chainmen are usually unskilled workers who help the surveyor. They place target reflectors, find old reference marks, and mark points on the ground. The term 'chainman' derives from past use of measuring chains. An assistant would move the far end of the chain under the surveyor's direction.

text: Survey technicians  often operate survey instruments, run surveys in the field, do survey calculations, or draft plans. A technician usually has no legal authority and cannot certify his work. Not all technicians are qualified, but qualifications at the certificate or diploma level are available.

text: Licensed, registered, or chartered surveyors usually hold a degree or higher qualification. They are often required to pass further exams to join a professional association or to gain certifying status. Surveyors are responsible for planning and management of surveys. They have to ensure that their surveys, or surveys performed under their supervision, meet the legal standards. Many principals of surveying firms hold this status.

text: Licensing[edit]

text: Licensing requirements vary with jurisdiction, and are commonly consistent within national borders. Prospective surveyors usually have to receive a degree in surveying, followed by a detailed examination of their knowledge of surveying law and principles specific to the region they wish to practice in, and undergo a period of on-the-job training or portfolio building before they are awarded a license to practise. Licensed surveyors usually receive a post nominal, which varies depending on where they qualified. The system has replaced older apprenticeship systems.

text: A licensed land surveyor is generally required to sign and seal all plans. The state dictates the format, showing their name and registration number.

text: In many jurisdictions, surveyors must mark their registration number on survey monuments when setting boundary corners. Monuments take the form of capped iron rods, concrete monuments, or nails with washers.

text: Surveying institutions[edit]

text: Most countries' governments regulate at least some forms of surveying. Their survey agencies establish regulations and standards. Standards control accuracy, surveying credentials, monumentation of boundaries and maintenance of geodetic networks. Many nations devolve this authority to regional entities or states/provinces. Cadastral surveys tend to be the most regulated because of the permanence of the work. Lot boundaries established by cadastral surveys may stand for hundreds of years without modification.

text: Most jurisdictions also have a form of professional institution representing local surveyors. These institutes often endorse or license potential surveyors, as well as set and enforce ethical standards. The largest institution is the International Federation of Surveyors (Abbreviated FIG, for French: Fédération Internationale des Géomètres). They represent the survey industry worldwide.

text: Building surveying[edit]

text: Most English-speaking countries consider building surveying a distinct profession. They have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. Building surveyors focus on investigating the condition of buildings as well as legal compliance work.

text: Cadastral surveying[edit]

text: One of the primary roles of the land surveyor is to determine the boundary of real property on the ground. The surveyor must determine where the adjoining landowners wish to put the boundary. The boundary is established in legal documents and plans prepared by attorneys, engineers, and land surveyors. The surveyor then puts monuments on the corners of the new boundary. They might also find or resurvey the corners of the property monumented by prior surveys.

text:
Cadastral land surveyors are licensed by governments.
The cadastral survey branch of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) conducts most cadastral surveys in the United States.[17] They consult with Forest Service, National Park Service, Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and others. The BLM used to be known as the General Land Office (GLO).

text: In states organized per the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), surveyors must carry out BLM cadastral surveys under that system.

text: Cadastral surveyors often have to work around changes to the earth that obliterate or damage boundary monuments. When this happens, they must consider evidence that is not recorded on the title deed. This is known as extrinsic evidence.[18]

text: Noteworthy surveyors[edit]

text: Three of the four U.S. Presidents on Mount Rushmore were land surveyors. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln surveyed colonial or frontier territories prior to serving office.

text: David T. Abercrombie practiced land surveying before starting an outfitter store of excursion goods. The business would later turn into Abercrombie & Fitch lifestyle clothing store.

text: Percy Harrison Fawcett is a British surveyor that explored the jungles of South America attempting to find the Lost City of Z. His biography and expeditions were recounted in the book The Lost City of Z and were later adapted on film screen.

text: Quantity surveying[edit]

text: A quantity surveyor (QS) is a construction industry professional with expert knowledge on construction costs and contracts. They are not to be confused with land surveyors or land survey engineers.


document_title: The Dukes of Hazzard (film)

question_text: where was the movie dukes of hazzard filmed

root

text: The Dukes of Hazzard (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cousins Bo (Seann William Scott), Luke (Johnny Knoxville), and Daisy Duke (Jessica Simpson) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse (Willie Nelson) in Hazzard County, Georgia. The cousins' primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as the "General Lee". Along the way, the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg, widely known as "Boss Hogg" (Burt Reynolds), and his willing but dimwitted henchman, Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (M. C. Gainey).

tag: p

text: After Rosco has the General Lee impounded after Bo and Luke’s attempt to run away from a daughter of one their many moonshine customers, Billy Prickett (James Roday), a famous stock-car driver, enters Hazzard to participate in the rally. Meanwhile, Rosco plants a fake moonshine still ("'cause he's too dumb to find the real one") in Uncle Jesse's barn and seizes the Duke property in the interest of eminent domain for Boss Hogg, forcing the family to temporarily reside with neighbor and Uncle Jesse's love-interest, Pauline (Lynda Carter). Pauline informs the Dukes that Rosco seized another farm on charges, so Bo and Luke investigate a local construction site and find geologic core samples with the help of bait-shop owner Sheev (Kevin Heffernan). Meanwhile, Coltrane makes arrangements to seize the General Lee as "evidence" from the local auto body shop run by the Dukes' friend Cooter Davenport (David Koechner), who instead turns the car into a hot rod and applies a new paint job and horn, in return for finally getting payment for all the work he has done ("...'cause that's how this works...") for the boys in the past.

text: After retrieving the General Lee before Rosco can, the Dukes go to Atlanta to visit a local university geology lab, meeting with Katie-Lynn Johnson (Nikki Griffin), a Hazzard county girl and the Dukes' love interest, and her Australian roommate Annette (Jacqui Maxwell). At the lab, they discover Boss Hogg's intentions of turning the county into a strip coal mine. They are later arrested by Atlanta Police after running from campus police. Back in Hazzard, Daisy learns, with the help of Sheriff's Deputy Enos Strate (Michael Weston), that Billy Prickett has been hired by Boss Hogg to participate in the rally as a ringer.  Boss Hogg then heads to Atlanta, where he informs the Duke boys, in lock-up, that they are too late to stop him and reveals that the vote on Hogg's proposition is at the same time as the rally, explaining Billy Prickett's involvement. During a transfer from detainment, Daisy helps the boys escape from the patrol car, and they speed home to try to inform the townsfolk, escaping Atlanta Police, and the Georgia State Patrol after Bo outmaneuvers the city cops.

text: Upon returning home, the Dukes discover that Boss Hogg and Rosco had taken Uncle Jesse and Pauline hostage, an obvious trap for the boys, and that Billy is in on the scheme because he is ashamed of the town's low status. The two race to the farmhouse to cause a distraction to the waiting Hazzard County sheriff's deputies and Georgia state troopers, while Daisy and Cooter rescue Jesse and Pauline. Meanwhile, the college girls head to the rally with Sheev to inform the townsfolk about the vote on the strip-mining ordinance. Because of Sheev's armadillo hat and lack of pants, no one listens, so Bo leaves for the rally while Luke and Jesse team up to foil the county and state police who are chasing Bo, interfering with the race. Upon crossing the finish line first, before Billy, the two continue racing back and forth all the way into town, leading the townsfolk to the courthouse just in time to vote against Boss Hogg's proposed ordinance. At the courthouse, Daisy takes advantage of the governor of Georgia's presence and TV cameras to convince him to pardoning the boys, so Uncle Jesse takes the opportunity to knock out Boss Hogg and gets a pardon for assaulting a county commissioner at the same time.

text: The final scene shows a cook-out at the Dukes' house where Pauline convinces Uncle Jesse, who could not be found because he was "using the meat smoker", to get up and play the television series' main theme. Bo and Luke are romantically involved with the girls in the General Lee when they are caught by Luke's other love-interest Laurie Pullman (Alice Greczyn) from the introduction of the film, who proceeds to chase them with a shotgun as they drive away.

text: During the credits, outtakes from the production of the film are shown.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Knoxville as Luke Duke
Seann William Scott as Bo Duke
Jessica Simpson as Daisy Duke
Burt Reynolds as Boss Hogg
Willie Nelson as Uncle Jesse Duke
David Koechner as Cooter Davenport
M. C. Gainey as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
Michael Weston as Deputy Enos Strate
Lynda Carter as Pauline
James Roday as Billy Prickett
Kevin Heffernan as Derek "Sheev" Sheevington
Nikki Griffin as Katie-Lynn Johnson
Jacqui Maxwell as Annette
Alice Greczyn as Laurie Pullman
Junior Brown as The Balladeer (narrator)
Joe Don Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite
Barry Corbin as Bill Pullman
Andrew Prine as Angry Man
Randy Orton as Bo Duke (Stunt double)

tag: ul

text: Cameos[edit]

text: All five members of the comedy film troupe Broken Lizard make appearances in the film, classified as cameos, except for Kevin Heffernan, who had a larger speaking role (Sheev).

text:
Steve Lemme appears as Jimmy Pullman, the son of Bill Pullman, in an early car chase scene in which he accidentally shoots the inside of his father's truck.
Jay Chandrasekhar and Erik Stolhanske reprise their roles as Ramathorn and Rabbit from the Broken Lizard comedy, Super Troopers. The characters are now campus security officers, who give a warning to the Duke boys for driving too slowly.
Paul Soter appears as TV newsman Rick Shakely, who is reporting from the Hazzard Road Rally.
Charlie Finn, who played a dimwitted fast-food employee in Super Troopers, appears as a dimwitted geology student who assists the Duke boys with the coal samples.

text:
During the bar-fight scene, Indy-car driver A. J. Foyt IV appears as himself.[citation needed]
Bloopers roll under the ending credits, one of which features Rip Taylor interrupting the bedroom scene with Luke and the two college girls. Taylor had previously appeared with Knoxville in Jackass: The Movie.

text: Production[edit]

text: Stunts[edit]

text: Knoxville said he was initially reluctant to take on the role, but was persuaded by script changes and the presence of Dan Bradley as stunt coordinator and second unit for the car chase scenes. Knoxville praised him, saying, "everyone in Hollywood wants Dan Bradley to shoot their car stuff".[1]

text: Locations[edit]

text: The majority of the film was shot in and around Clinton, Louisiana. The street scenes are set in Atlanta, but filmed in the New Orleans Central Business District, and the university scenes were shot on the campus of Louisiana State University.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was number one at the box office its opening weekend and grossed $30.7 million on 3,785 screens. It also had an adjusted-dollar rank of number 24 all-time for August releases.[2] The film eventually collected $111 million worldwide, although it was much less successful financially outside the United States.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film one star, calling it a "lame-brained, outdated wheeze" and wondered that Burt Reynolds' part in the film is "karma-wise... the second half of what Smokey and the Bandit was the first half of".[3] Ebert also named it the second-worst film of the year and Richard Roeper named it the worst film of 2005.[4]

text: According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 14% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 168 reviews; the website's consensus called the film "A dumb, goofy, and vacuous adaptation of a TV show where plot is simply an excuse to string together the car chases." The film received an average rating of 33% on Metacritic based on 36 reviews, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews."[5] Longtime fans of the original Dukes of Hazzard series were generally disappointed by the film.[6]

text: Awards[edit]

text: At the 26th Golden Raspberry Awards, the film received seven nominations, but did not win any.

text:
Worst Picture - lost to Dirty Love
Worst Director (Jay Chandrasekhar) - lost to John Mallory Asher for Dirty Love
Worst Screenplay (John O'Brien) - lost to Jenny McCarthy for Dirty Love
Worst Supporting Actor (Burt Reynolds) - lost to Hayden Christensen in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Worst Supporting Actress (Jessica Simpson) - lost to Paris Hilton in House of Wax
Worst Screen Couple (Jessica Simpson and her Daisy Dukes) - lost to Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell in Bewitched
Worst Remake or Sequel - lost to Son of the Mask

text: At the People's Choice Awards, Simpson won the "Favorite Song from a Movie" award for her cover of Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'".

text: The film was nominated for two MTV Movie Awards, including Best On-Screen Team (Johnny Knoxville, Seann William Scott, and Jessica Simpson), and Sexiest Performance (Jessica Simpson).

text: Simpson won the Choice Breakout Female award for her role in the film at the Teen Choice Awards.

text: Controversy[edit]

text:
Before the release of this film, Warner Bros. reportedly paid $17.5 million to the producer of Moonrunners, the movie that inspired the television series. This was soon followed by a claim from screenwriter Gy Waldron. The Hollywood Reporter reported that James Best, who portrayed Rosco P. Coltrane in the original series, filed suit in late July 2011 over royalties he was contracted to receive over spinoffs that "used his identity".[7]
Ben Jones, who played Cooter Davenport in the original series, criticized the film for its emphasis on sexual content, suggesting that the original series was more family-oriented and not as sexualized.[8] He called for fans of the television series to boycott the film "unless they clean it up before the August 5th release date."

text: Some have countered that the original series also contained sexual themes, primarily Catherine Bach's (Daisy Duke) much-displayed "short shorts" (which have become so ubiquitous in American culture that skimpy blue jean cutoff shorts are now often simply called "Daisy Dukes"). In a film review, a New York Daily News entertainment columnist said the movie's sex humor is "cruder" than the TV series, but that it is "nearly identical to the TV series in... its ogling of the posterior of cousin Daisy Duke."[9]

text: Although initially he commented that he enjoyed the new style of relationship between the movie versions of Bo and Luke, John Schneider, who played Bo Duke in the original series, was later asked if he saw the film and said: "My gosh... it was terrible! It wasn’t Dukes. It was true to whatever it was; I just don’t know what that was!"[10]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" (and added her own lyrics) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Performed from the point of view of her character in the movie, Simpson's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and was released as the soundtrack's first single in 2005. It became Simpson's fifth top-20 single in the United States and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery.[11] Both the original Ram Jam version of "Black Betty", and the Sylvia Massy produced remake by Spiderbait appear in the film. "If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" and "Shoot to Thrill" are played by AC/DC.[12]

text: Unrated Cut[edit]

text: In 2008, an unrated cut restored changes made to get a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America. The unrated cut was released on DVD, and included rated and unrated bonus features, including unrated deleted scenes and blooper scenes. This edition was not rated by the MPAA, but would have unquestionably been rated R for nudity, language, and violent driving stunts.[13]

text: Prequel[edit]

text: A prequel to the film, titled The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning, was released to television on March 4, 2007, and released to DVD on March 13, 2007.


document_title: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo

question_text: how many animals are at the cleveland zoo

question_tokens: how many animals are at the cleveland zoo

text: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo

text: History[edit]

text: The Zoo, originally named the Cleveland Zoological Park, first opened in 1882 at Wade Park where the Cleveland Museum of Art now stands. During its early years, the Zoo only held animals of local origin. In 1907, the city of Cleveland moved the Zoo to its current location in Old Brooklyn, and the Zoo acquired its first elephant.[4] Beginning in 1910, the Zoo constructed Monkey Island, sea lion pools, and a moated bear exhibit. By 1940, the Zoo was home to three elephants and its first (permanent) elephant resident since 1924.[4] That same year, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History assumed control of the Zoo.

text: Between 1955 and the transfer of management to the Cleveland Metroparks in 1975, the Zoo experienced rapid expansion despite setbacks due to flooding: the Zoo's reptile collection and several other buildings were lost when Big Creek overflowed in January 1959.[1] Although the Zoo had recovered by 1962, it would not have another permanent reptile collection until the opening of the RainForest thirty years later. Construction began on the Primate & Cat Building in 1975 (the Aquatics section would be added in 1985), later followed by the RainForest in 1992, Wolf Wilderness in 1997, Australian Adventure in 2000, and the Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine in 2004.[1] The Zoo's official website states that it currently has 3,000 animal residents representing more than 600 different species.[5]

text: Building/exhibit history[edit]

text: The following is a timeline of when selected buildings and exhibits were created:

text:
1882: Cleveland Zoological Park opens at Wade Park (now University Circle)
1884: Wade Hall is built
1907: Cleveland's City Council moves the Zoo to its current location; the Cleveland Museum of Art is built
1934: Monkey Island is completed
1956: Pachyderm Building is built
1970: Wade Hall is moved to its current location on the shore of Waterfowl Lake
1975: Construction began on the Primate & Cat Building
1985: Aquatics portion of the Primate & Cat Building is added
1992: The RainForest is completed
1997: Wolf Wilderness is completed
2000: Australian Adventure is completed
2004: Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine opens
2011: African Elephant Crossing opens[6]
2016: Rosebrough Tiger Passage opens

text: Leadership Emeritus, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (CMZ)[edit]

text: Distinguished Emeritus Staff (CMZ)[edit]

text: National Zoo Association Awarded Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Staff with Honorary Memberships[edit]

text: Retired Cleveland Metroparks Zoo administrators and career zoo and aquarium professionals Daniel Moreno and Donald Kuenzer were recognized as Honorary Membership Winners by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Recipients of Honorary Membership are recognized as the most esteemed and distinguished zoo professionals in North America.

text: According to the AZA website, Honorary Membership is conferred by the AZA Board of Directors upon those AZA members who have made "significant contributions to the zoological profession during their careers."[7]

text: Moreno and Kuenzer are included in a list of other notable North American zoo and aquarium professionals. Other recipients include William G. Conway, Hon. PhD (Director General/President Emeritus, Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society), Lester Fisher, DVM (Veterinarian/Director Emeritus, Lincoln Park Zoo), Murray Fowler, DVM (Veterinarian/Professor, University of California), Jack Hanna, Hon. PhD (Director Emeritus, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium), Charles H. Hoessle, Hon. PhD (Director Emeritus, Saint Louis Zoo), Marvin Jones (Registrar Emeritus, San Diego Zoo), Peter Karsten (Director Emeritus, Calgary Zoo), Edward Maruska, (Director Emeritus, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden), Dennis Meritt, Jr., Ph.D. (Professor/Assistant Director Emeritus, Depaul University/Lincoln Park Zoo), George B. Rabb, PhD (President/Director Emeritus, Brookfield Zoo), Alan H. Shoemaker, MS (Curator Emeritus, Riverbanks Zoo), Kurt Benirschke, MD (Board of Trustees, San Diego Zoo), Gary K. Clarke (Director Emeritus, Topeka Zoo), Roger Conant, Hon ScD (Curator Emeritus, Toledo Zoo) and Ted A. Beattie (President/Director Emeritus, Shedd Aquarium).[8]

text: Daniel Moreno[edit]

text: Dan Moreno joined the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo after serving three decades at the helm of the Cleveland Aquarium as both its director and curator under the auspices of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.[9] The Cleveland Aquarium's animal collection was "absorbed" by the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo in 1986 after structural elements of the aquarium building forced its closing.

text: Until his retirement in 1997, Moreno managed the aquatic animal collections at the Cleveland Zoo under General Curator Don Kuenzer. He supervised animal husbandry programs for the Rainforest and Aquatics exhibits. Moreno was a charter member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (originally the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums) and served on its Board of Directors from 1971 to 1976.[10]

text: In 2012, the Greater Cleveland Aquarium opened to the public as the only free standing aquarium in the state of Ohio.[11][better source needed]

text: Donald Kuenzer[edit]

text: Don Kuenzer retired after a 40-year career serving in multiple capacities, including senior curator, general curator and acting director. In 1961, Kuenzer began his career at the Cleveland Zoo's Petting Farm as an attendant animal care technician. After serving as an animal keeper, he was promoted to Assistant General Curator in 1975 by zoo director Dr. Leonard Goss.[12][13]

text: Kuenzer was credited with designing The Rainforest, a state-of-the art indoor naturalistic living exhibit dedicated to the display of tropical and subtropical species from multiple continents.[14] He served on the Board of Regents for the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

text: Past Directors/Directors Emeritus, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo[edit]

text: Leonard Goss, DVM, PhD (7th Director)[edit]

text: Dr. Goss (1913-1999) was a veterinary pathologist and retired from the Cleveland Zoo (later renamed the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo) as its director in 1979. Prior to assuming the director position in Cleveland, he was the fourth chief veterinarian at the New York Zoological Society's Bronx Zoo as well as assistant director of the Bronx Zoo. Dr. Goss was President of the AZA and twice Vice-President.[15]

text: At the Bronx Zoo, which is the headquarters for the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Goss conducted clinical, epidemiological and pathological research in collaboration with eminent field zoologist George Schaller. Schaller was the Director of the Bronx Zoo's Animal Research and Conservation Center, which is now referred to as the Wildlife Conservation Society's Global Conservation Program.[16]

text: The Cleveland Zoo has since made efforts to replicate this type of collaborative research relationship as demonstrated by Drs. Goss and Schaller in the 1970's and more recently by Atlanta, Chicago (Lincoln Park & Brookfield), National, San Diego, and Saint Louis zoos.

text: In the mid and late 1990's General Curator Hugh Quinn hired Patricia McDaniels as the first of three successive curators for the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's Science and Conservation section. The unit now has a veterinary epidemiologist on staff. Sharon Deem, DVM, PhD Dipl. ACZM (now with the Saint Louis Zoo), was the first formally trained epidemiologist on staff and was both a researcher and experienced clinician from the National Zoo.[17][18]

text: When Dr. Goss, a graduate of the Cornell University and The Ohio State University veterinary colleges returned to Ohio to assume the role as director of the Cleveland Zoo, he continued to conduct research in zoological medicine and related animal science disciplines.[19] Goss was a president of the Board of Directors of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (previously the "American Zoo and Aquarium Association", and originally the "American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums").

text: Michael Vitantonio (8th Director)[edit]

text: Michael "Mike" Vitantonio was hired as the eighth director of the Cleveland Zoo in its 130 plus year history.

text: Steve H. Taylor, BS (9th Director)[edit]

text: Inspired by the TV show Zoorama, Zoo Director Emeritus Steve H. Taylor began his zoo career in 1972 as an animal keeper at the Los Angeles Zoo. According to his website, he is now a "Zoo Consultant and Entertaining Speaker".[20][21]

text: Taylor continues to advise zoos, including the Akron Zoo as both a professional consultant and member of its Board of Trustees. He also served on the Board of Directors of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Prior to moving to Ohio, Taylor was the director of the 5-hectare Sacramento Zoo.

text: Taylor resigned as director of the 5-hectare zoo in Sacramento to accept the directorship of the 70-hectare zoo in Cleveland. In his memoirs, published in a newsletter, Taylor described the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo to be poorly managed and "undistinguished" when he assumed the position as its 9th director. He credits himself for improving the conditions for both animals and staff over his 24-year career in Cleveland.[22]

text: Exhibits[edit]

text: The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo is divided into several bio-thematic areas that house animals from different regions of the world. Each area is themed for the particular region of the world they represent, although the older areas (such as the Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building) are less thematic than those that were constructed more recently. Upon entering, visitors arrive in the Welcome Plaza which features administrative buildings, an amphitheater, food court, and the Zoo's largest souvenir shop. Numerous smaller concession/souvenir stands are located throughout the park.

text: Aside from walking, Zoo patrons may opt to ride the two "ZooTram" lines which shuttle visitors between the Welcome Plaza (near African Elephant Crossing) and the Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building; and between the Welcome Plaza (near the food court) and the Northern Trek.

text: The RainForest[edit]

text: The RainForest, opened in 1992, is one of the most popular exhibits at the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. It is contained in a large, two-story building with over 2 acres (8,100 m2) of floor space, making it one of the largest indoor tropical environments in the world. The RainForest boasts more than 10,000 plants and over 600 animals from the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas.[23] The opening of the RainForest also introduced the Metroparks Zoo's first permanent reptile collection since the flooding in 1959.[1]

text: The RainForest is housed in a large glass and granite building, just outside the main entrance to the Zoo. The structure is divided into an outer ring—featuring an assortment of tropical plants, exhibits containing small mammals, a cafeteria, and a gift shop—and an inner area that contains the principal animal exhibits. Animal habitats are located on both floors of the RainForest. The exhibits contained on the ground floor are collectively known as the "Lower Forest", and those on the second floor are known as the "Upper Forest".

text: Upon entering the RainForest, visitors are immediately greeted by a cascading, 25-foot (7.6 m) waterfall and a large tropical garden that soars upwards two stories. The wall behind the waterfall resembles Ancient Mayan ruins. Within the wall are a series of exhibits featuring small, New World mammals such as ocelot, emperor tamarins, Geoffroy's tamarins, Goeldi's marmosets and endangered golden lion tamarins.[24] The outer ring of the RainForest is also home to a wide variety of tropical plants including lancepods, balsam apples, tropical almonds, lipstick trees, numerous varieties of orchid, a kapok tree, and the rare titan arum (corpse flower). The central exhibit, called "Tropical Rain Storm", is a lifelike recreation of a rainforest island where simulated tropical rainfall occurs periodically. The island is inhabited by several Indian porcupines.

text: Animals contained in the RainForest include: Egyptian fruit bats, giant anteaters, capybaras, scarlet ibis, prehensile-tailed porcupines, two-toed sloths, Asian water monitors, green and black poison arrow frogs, macaws, mouse deer, a reticulated python, green vine snakes, batagur turtles, Bornean orangutans, oriental small-clawed otters, François' langurs, extremely rare fishing cats, and several gharials as well as ocelots, invertebrates, amphibians, turtles and chevrotains.

text: African Savanna[edit]

text: The African Savanna area is located near the park entrance. Visitors can observe African lions, flamingos, giraffes, zebras, bontebok, a variety of African birds, black rhinos, and colobus monkeys. the African elephant crossing contains elephants and meerkats.[25] On July 11, 2007, the Zoo's black rhinoceros, Inge, gave birth to a female calf named Zuri.

text: The Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine

text: As part of Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's focus on conservation, the Zoo constructed the Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine in September 2004. The Center hosts medical, laboratory and surgical suites, in addition to a ward and quarantine area. Its veterinary hospital is equipped with the first CT scanner for use in a zoo hospital.[26] Located in a nearby pavilion is the Reinberger Learning Lab, where Zoo patrons can learn about veterinary care at every stage of an animal's life. The Learning Lab offers interactive, hands-on educational displays as well as views into surgical suites where visitors may observe treatment procedures in progress.

text: Monkey Island

text: Completed in 1934, Monkey Island is a large, concrete island surrounded by water. When the exhibit first opened, Monkey Island housed a staggering population of 150 monkeys that had been donated to the Zoo by the May Company. Since then, the Zoo has reduced the number of monkeys to seven in order to reflect the changing standards of zoo animal care.[27] The island structure is littered with numerous tree trunks, ropes and shelters for both recreation and exercise. The exhibit is currently home to a Klipspringer and colobus monkeys.[27]

text: African Savanna

text: Consisting of several large yards, the African Savanna features a variety of mammals and birds. The exhibit houses animals such as Masai giraffes, Grant's zebras, bonteboks, ostriches, grey crowned cranes, as well as several species of African storks and geese. Visitors can also feed the giraffes from the viewing decks at the southern end of the enclosure during the warmer months.

text: African Elephant Crossing

text: In 2011, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo opened its newest exhibit, African Elephant Crossing. At a total cost of $25 million, the state of the art habitat quadrupled the elephants' living space, allowing the zoo to increase its number of African elephants from three, to a herd of eight to ten. The exhibit features two large ranges—the Savanna and the Mopani—spread out over several acres. The ranges include deep ponds so that the elephants can swim, as well as expanded sleeping quarters. Areas of the ranges are also heated to maximize the elephants' habitat during the winter months. Periodically throughout the day, the elephants are shepherded across the pathway between the ranges, allowing visitors an up-close view of the animals. In addition to expanding the number of African elephants, the African Elephant Crossing exhibit introduced meerkats, naked mole rats, an African rock python and several species of birds.

text: Australian Adventure[edit]

text: The Australian Adventure area is an 8-acre (3.2 ha) exhibit designed to resemble the Australian outback. It is home to wallaroos, kangaroos, and wallabies that roam freely throughout Wallaby Walkabout. Zoo patrons can learn how sheep are sheared at Kookaburra Station, and experience up-close encounters with Merino sheep, goats, and other farm animals in the adjoining Contact Yard. The Australian Adventure is also home to a 55-foot (17 m) Yagga Tree, which contains animal exhibits and a snake slide for younger visitors.[28] Due to Northeast Ohio's inclement winters, Australian Adventure is weather dependent in the colder months.

text: Gum Leaf Hideout

text: Located in Koala Junction, Gum Leaf Hideout is home to the zoo's collection of numbats, koalas, Goodfellow's tree-kangaroos, and short-beaked echidnas. The exhibit also features interactive displays that teach visitors about the devastating effects of deforestation on Australian ecosystems.

text: Reinberger Homestead

text: Modeled after a traditional 19th-century sheep station, the Reinberger Homestead offers Zoo visitors a look into Australian home life.

text: Wallaby Walkabout

text: Designed to replicate the Australian outback, Wallaby Walkabout features winding paths that visitors share with kangaroos, wallabies, and wallaroos during the months of April through October.[29] The landscape includes vegetation intended to be consumed by the animals. In July 2007, the Zoo fell under scrutiny from PETA after a one-year-old kangaroo was struck and killed by the exhibit's "Boomerang Railway" train. In response, the Zoo quickly dismissed the employee who was operating the train, and installed a fence along the tracks to prevent future injuries from happening.[30]

text: Wilderness Trek[edit]

text: The Wilderness Trek area is home to cold climate animals such as Siberian tigers, reindeer, grizzly bears, white-lipped deer, the endangered Persian onager, and Bactrian camels, which remain active outdoors year-round. The polar bear and California sea lion/harbor seal exhibits feature large pools for visitors to observe the animals at play. The Metroparks Zoo also contains one of the largest collections of bear species in North America, including grizzly bears, Andean bears, Malayan sun bears, North American black bears, and sloth bears.[31]

text: Wolf Wilderness

text: Wolf Wilderness gives visitors a comprehensive look into the environment and wildlife of a northern temperate forest. Wolf Lodge, which anchors the exhibit, serves as an education and viewing center for gray wolves, beavers, and a variety of wetland species. Wolf Wilderness is one of the principal North American habitats at the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. The exhibit consists of the Wolf Lodge, a large woodland enclosure for the wolves, a 65,000-gallon pond, and panoramic viewing rooms.

text: Visitors access the exhibit through the Wolf Lodge, a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) building that is modeled after a 19th-century fur trading post.[32] Upon entering, visitors arrive in the welcome center, which offers information on the indigenous animals of North America's deciduous forests and wetlands; this room leads into the two main exhibit areas.

text: The first exhibit room is dedicated to the six Mexican gray wolves contained in a vast, wooded area directly behind the Wolf Lodge. Zoo patrons are able to observe the wolves through a large viewing room with floor-to-ceiling windows, which look out into the habitat. Surveillance cameras within the enclosure are linked to monitors in the viewing room, allowing visitors to see the wolves even when they are out of direct view.

text: The viewing room leads into the second exhibit area—the wetlands and wolf display room. Here, visitors can observe both the wolves and several other North American animals through floor-to-ceiling windows, similar to the viewing room. Although visitors can also view the wolves from this room, the principal exhibits are the Canadian beaver habitat, the 65,000-US-gallon (250,000 l; 54,000 imp gal) freshwater pond, and the Zoo's collection of bald eagles.[33] The Canadian beaver habitat features an artificial beaver dam with cross-sectional windows that grant visitors a chance to view the beavers' nest within. The freshwater pond is adjacent to the viewing windows, thereby creating an aquarium effect that allows visitors to see what a wetland pond looks like beneath the water's surface. The pond contains numerous fish indigenous to the North American wetlands.

text: Rosebrough Tiger Passage

text: Opened June 3, 2016, this exhibit features "four separate, interconnected habitat areas for the [zoo's] tigers to roam", and includes "two overhead elevated pathways".[34][35][36]

text: Primate, Cat & Aquatics[edit]

text: Opened originally as the Primate & Cat Building in 1975, the Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building houses one of the largest collections of primate species in North America,[37] including western lowland gorillas, New World monkeys, aye-ayes, and several species of lemur. However, the building does not house the Zoo's entire primate population; numerous primate species can also be found in the RainForest. In 1985, the Cleveland Aquarium permanently closed and donated its collection of exotic fishes and invertebrates to the Metroparks Zoo.[1] A section of the Primate & Cat building was renovated to accommodate the new Aquatics section, which currently features 35 salt- and freshwater exhibits including a variety of sharks, piranhas, a giant Pacific octopus, electric eels, and hundreds of living coral.[2]

text: The Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building also features outdoor exhibits such as the outdoor section of the gorilla exhibit, snow leopards, red pandas, and fossas. Interestingly, the Zoo's slowest resident, the Aldabra giant tortoise, can be found in the enclosure directly across from the Zoo's fastest resident, the cheetah.

text: Waterfowl Lake[edit]

text: The marshy shallows of Waterfowl Lake are home to Chilean flamingos and trumpeter swans. During the summer months, Müller's gibbons and lemurs populate the lake's islands, and use ropes suspended above the water to navigate between them. Visitors can observe predatory birds such as Andean condors and Steller's sea eagles in-flight within towering, outdoor flight cages on the lake's eastern shore.[38] The nearby Public Greenhouse contains hundreds of tropical plant species in addition to a seasonal butterfly exhibit.[38] Waterfowl Lake is also the site of Wade Hall, one of the oldest zoo buildings in North America.[39] Today, the hall serves as a Victorian ice cream parlor.

text: Notability and Recognition[edit]

text: Recognition[edit]

text: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Recognized Among Five "Best" Zoos in Ohio[edit]

text: The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo is one of five city zoos in Ohio. The 'Buckeye State' has been referred to as a "Zoo State", as only California rivals Ohio in the sheer number of options zoogoers have for visiting reputable zoos.

text: A 2014 "Top Ten" ranking of the nation's zoos by USA Today (based on data provided by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums) recognized the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo for being nominated for the USA Today award. Three other Ohio zoos were nominated and won awards for the 'Best US Zoo' contest: the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden and the Toledo Zoo.[40]

text: Notable Animals[edit]

text: Timmy (Gorilla)[edit]

text: Arguably the most famous animal resident in the Cleveland Metropark Zoo's history, Timmy attained greater fame as a very prolific sire at the Bronx Zoo. Although, he was known as the "dud stud" at the Cleveland zoo, he proved to be quite virile after he arrived at the Bronx Zoo on loan. Timmy was managed indoors in human care for 25 years before being sent on breeding loan to the Wildlife Conservation Society's main campus and headquarters at the Bronx Zoo.

text: The move was highly controversial. The consideration of separating Timmy from his companion Kate, was met with much protest by animal rights activists and was the subject of a federal court case. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Director Emeritus Steve H. Taylor cites the law suit surrounding the breeding loan as one of the most significant in the history of moderns zoos.[41]

text: However, Timmy went on to sire more 13 offspring in New York, many of which were conceived in the Bronx Zoo's state-of-the-art Congo Gorilla Forest exhibit, which opened after his arrival in New York City.[42][43]

text: Okpara[edit]

text: Sired by Timmy and born to Pattycake (gorilla) at the Bronx Zoo, Okpara returned to Cleveland before moving on to another facility.

text: Blackie[edit]

text: In 2014, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's Nile Hippopotamus "Blackie", was euthanized at approximately 60 years of age.[44] Blackie may have been the longest-lived male Nile hippopotamus ever recorded in human care in North America. As far as hippos go, he had a gentle demeanor and weighed approximately 3700 lbs.[44]

text: Aldabra Tortoises[edit]

text: The Zoo cares for three tortoises, including a pair of animals both exceeding 100 years of age.[44]

text: Services and Special Events[edit]

text: Education and Outreach[edit]

text: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo hosts day and overnight camps for children ages 5 to 14 during the summer months. The Summer Day Camp program teaches children about conservation and encourages understanding of the natural world. Overnight opportunities include stays in the Australian Adventure's Reinberger Homestead; stays in the Wolf Lodge, where guests can use the same tracking technology utilized by field scientists; and the African-themed "Rising Waters Safari Camp".[45] Campers at Rising Waters stay in the zoo's African Savanna for an authentic safari experience complete with animal encounters. Each overnight program combines elements of Australian, Native American and African culture with an overarching theme of conservation.[45]

text: Other educational opportunities include the Zoo's "Keeper for a Day" program, which is open to middle school, high school, and college students who are interested in a career working with animals. Similar to a job shadowing program, program participants spend a day working with animal professionals in the Zoo's Conservation Education Division.[46] Participants are tasked with preparing meals, cleaning enclosures, conducting training exercises, and providing animals with enrichment items to stimulate them both mentally and physically.

text: Conservation Support[edit]

text: The zoo also offers numerous grant opportunities which fund research and conservation projects around the world.[47] In 2011, the zoo and Zoological Society awarded grants to more than 90 field conservation projects and programs in 39 countries.[48] Some of these projects include elephant conservation in southern Africa, studying gorilla ecology and behavior in central Africa, and anti-poaching initiatives for Asiatic freshwater turtles.[48] Over the past ten years, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo has supported more than 600 conservation projects in nearly 100 countries.[49] Current initiatives include "Quarters for Conservation" and spreading awareness of the burgeoning Palm Oil Crisis in Malaysia and Indonesia.

text: Events[edit]

text: Boo at the Zoo

text: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's annual fall event, "Boo at the Zoo", takes place in October. Visitors can observe the various cold weather animals that still roam outside, and are encouraged to wear costumes to the park.[50] The Boo at the Zoo event is a safe Halloween option that offers animal shows, live performances, and other fall-related activities.

text: DINOSAURS!

text: During the summer months, the Zoo features prehistoric animals along the wooded path around Waterfowl Lake. Younger visitors have the opportunity to dig for "fossils" and learn about the field of paleontology. The 2007 and 2010 "DINOSAURS!" exhibits showcased dinosaurs from around the world: Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Pteranodon, Omeisaurus, Dilophosaurus, Baryonyx, Iguanodon, Styracosaurus, Apatosaurus, Kentrosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Suchomimus and more.[51] The 2013 "DINOSAURS!" exhibit featured 20 animatronic dinosaurs, including Quetzalcoatlus and Troodon.

text: Rentals[edit]

text: Stillwater Place

text: In Spring 2015, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo opened a new reception event center, Stillwater Place.[52] Offering scenic views of nearby Waterfowl Lake and a capacity of up to 300 guests, Stillwater Place is open year-round and caters to many occasions, such as weddings, birthdays, reunions and more.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Zoo History: Attendance Climbs Again at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo". clemetzoo.com. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Attendance Climbs Again at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo". clemetzoo.com. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "List of Accredited Zoos and Aquariums". aza.org. AZA. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "All elephants at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo in United States". elephant.se. Elephant Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/discover.asp
Jump up ^ African Elephant Crossing, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ https://www.aza.org/honorary-membership-award
Jump up ^ https://www.aza.org/honorary-membership-winners
Jump up ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Aquarium
Jump up ^ http://drumandcroaker.org/pdf/1997.pdf
Jump up ^ Greater Cleveland Aquarium
Jump up ^ http://oldbrooklynhistory.org/gallery/OBN/07JanOBN.pdf
Jump up ^ http://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/people/articles/animal-house
Jump up ^ http://www.si.com/vault/1992/10/05/127257/is-it-live-or-is-it-larson-an-arizona-company-turns-out-strikingly-authentic-habitats-for-zoos-and-aquariums
Jump up ^ .....LEONARD_J__GOSS__DVM__Ph_D__Cleveland_Metroparks_.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.wcsarchivesblog.org/celebrating-over-a-century-of-zoological-health/
Jump up ^ http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Press-Room/Cleveland-Metroparks-Zoo-Hires-Conservationist-for-1134.aspx
Jump up ^ https://issuu.com/waza/docs/waza-news_4-2013/13
Jump up ^ http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1952-09-27#folio=CV1
Jump up ^ http://www.stevetaylorzoo.com
Jump up ^ https://issuu.com/waza/docs/waza-news_4-2013/13
Jump up ^ https://issuu.com/waza/docs/waza-news_4-2013/13
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/tour/area.asp?area_id=1
Jump up ^ The RainForest, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/animals/index.asp?action=details&camefrom=class&animals_id=1049&strQuery=[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/sasczm/
^ Jump up to: a b Monkey Island, http://www.clemetzoo.com/tour/exhibit.asp?exhibit_id=2
Jump up ^ Australian Adventure, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
Jump up ^ Wallaby Walkabout Info: http://www.clemetzoo.com/tour/exhibit.asp?exhibit_id=14
Jump up ^ PETA wants zoo fined for Kangaroo death
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/tour/exhibit.asp?exhibit_id=35
Jump up ^ Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Website, http://www.clemetzoo.com/tour/exhibit.asp?exhibit_id=12
Jump up ^ Wolf Wilderness, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
Jump up ^ Cleveland Zoological Society. "Rosebrough Tiger Passage". Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Julien, Sanaa (24 September 2015). "Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Announces New Tiger Exhibit for 2016" (Press release). Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Ischay, Lynn (3 June 2016). "Rosebrough Tiger Passage Opens at Zoo". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Metroparks Zoo - Virtual Tour". Clemetzoo.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.clemetzoo.com/tour/area.asp?area_id=6
Jump up ^ Wade Hall, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-us-zoo/
Jump up ^ https://issuu.com/waza/docs/waza-news_4-2013/13
Jump up ^ http://resourcelibrary.clemetzoo.com/historicals/10
Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/gorilla-mist-timmy-studly-simian-moves-ky-article-1.572015
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/01/blackie_oldest_hippo_in_north.html
^ Jump up to: a b Overnight Camps, http://www.clemetzoo.com/education/ovrnghts/overnights.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/education/keeper/
Jump up ^ http://www.clemetzoo.com/conservation/grants/
^ Jump up to: a b Conservation Report 2011: http://issuu.com/clevelandzoosociety/docs/conservation_report_2011
Jump up ^ Conservation, http://www.clemetzoo.com/conservation/field/
Jump up ^ Boo at the Zoo, http://www.clemetzoo.com/events/event.asp?event_id=7
Jump up ^ DINOSAURS!, http://www.clemetzoo.com/whats_new/dinosaurs/
Jump up ^ Stillwater Place, http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Zoo/Zoo-Venues/Stillwater-Place-16.aspx

tag: ol


document_title: Flagrant foul

question_text: when did flagrant fouls start in the nba

text: Flagrant foul

text: NBA[edit]

text: The NBA enacted its flagrant foul rule in the 1990-91 season,[1] to deter contact which, in addition to being against the rules, puts an opponent's safety or health at risk.

text: The NBA defines[2] two levels of flagrant fouls, "Flagrant 1" and "Flagrant 2". Flagrant 2 has the additional element of "excessive" violence and results in the immediate ejection of the offender. Flagrant 1 does not result in the offender's ejection unless the same player commits a second Flagrant 1 foul in the same game. Referees have discretion in determining which level to call.

text: Fines[edit]

text: Flagrant fouls over the course of the season can result in monetary fines and suspension, at the sole discretion of the Commissioner of the NBA.[2]

text: Game tactics[edit]

text: The flagrant foul rule deters undesired play by awarding possession of the ball to the offended team as an extra penalty.  A simple personal foul may let the fouling team regain possession of the ball (by rebound or by award after a made free throw). However, a flagrant foul results in free throws and possession afterwards.

text: Toward the end of a game, when a trailing team is committing intentional fouls to regain the ball, it must be careful not to use unnecessary or excessive contact, because a foul ruled Flagrant gives no advantage to the team committing the foul.

text: FIBA[edit]

text: FIBA basketball rules have a similar foul called an unsportsmanlike foul, which is comparable to a Flagrant 1. Two of these in one game lead to automatic ejection of the player. An unsportsmanlike foul can also be called if a player fouls with no intention to play the ball (including excessive holding or shirt grabbing), as well as if a player fouls another player on a fast break from behind. FIBA's disqualifying foul is comparable to a Flagrant 2 and results in immediate ejection of the offender.

text: The penalty for an unsportsmanlike or disqualifying foul is two free throws and possession at midcourt for the opposing team.

text: United States scholastic rules[edit]

text: U.S. college and high school rules define a flagrant foul as a personal or technical foul that is extreme or severe.

text: NCAA[edit]

text: The NCAA's Playing Rules Oversight Panel adopted the "flagrant" term before the 2011-12 season for both men's and women's basketball.[3] However, the NCAA's women's rules committee abandoned the "flagrant" terminology effective with the 2017–18 season, choosing to adopt FIBA's "unsportsmanlike" and "disqualifying" categories.[4] Flagrant, unsportsmanlike, and disqualifying fouls are counted as personal fouls and technical fouls.

text:
A flagrant 1 foul (men's) or unsportsmanlike foul (women's) involves excessive or severe contact during a live ball, including especially when a player "swings an elbow and makes illegal, non-excessive contact with an opponent above the shoulders". This offense includes the former "intentional foul" of fouling an opposing player to prevent an easy breakaway score. In women's basketball only, the unsportsmanlike foul also includes contact dead-ball technical fouls. The penalty for a flagrant 1 or unsportsmanlike foul is two free throws and a throw-in for the opposing team at the out-of-bounds spot nearest the foul.
A flagrant 2 foul (men's) or disqualifying foul (women's) involves unsportsmanlike conduct that is extreme in nature, including "when a player swings an elbow excessively and makes contact above the shoulders", or excessive or severe contact during a dead ball (men only). Fighting is also a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul. The penalty for a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul is immediate ejection of the offender, plus two free throws and a throw-in for the opposing team at the division line opposite the scorer's table.

text: Certain conduct constitutes a flagrant foul despite not being malevolent or unsportsmanlike.[5]

text: NFHS[edit]

text: In the United States, the NFHS rulebook defines flagrant fouls in Rule 10: Fouls and Penalties. The word "flagrant" itself is defined in Rule 2: Definitions; 2-16c calls it "a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponent in danger of serious injury, and/or involves violations that are extremely or persistently vulgar or abusive conduct."

text: Equivalents in other sports[edit]

text:
In American football, such fouls generally result in an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty and possibly ejection.
In football, such fouls generally result in either a yellow card or a red card being issued.
In ice hockey, such fouls sometimes result in a boarding, attempt to injure or other infraction being called and may result in either a major or game misconduct, or match penalty.


document_title: 2018–19 NBA season

question_text: when does the nba regular season schedule get released

text: 2018–19 NBA season

text: Transactions

text: Retirement

text:
On May 10, 2018, Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA. Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[1]
On May 25, 2018 after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams, Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge.[2]
On July 17, 2018 after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams, Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA.[3]

text: Free agency

text: Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.

text: Coaching changes

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team
2017–18 season
2018–19 season

Atlanta Hawks
Mike Budenholzer
Lloyd Pierce

Charlotte Hornets
Steve Clifford
James Borrego

Detroit Pistons
Stan Van Gundy
Dwane Casey

Milwaukee Bucks
Joe Prunty (interim)
Mike Budenholzer

New York Knicks
Jeff Hornacek
David Fizdale

Orlando Magic
Frank Vogel
Steve Clifford

Phoenix Suns
Jay Triano (interim)
Igor Kokoškov

Toronto Raptors
Dwane Casey
Nick Nurse

tag: table

text: Off-season

text:
On April 12, 2018, the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs.[4] In addition, associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired.
On April 12, 2018, the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs.[5]
On April 13, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs.[6]
On April 25, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways.[7]
On May 1, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J. B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team.[8]
On May 2, 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach.[9]
On May 7, 2018, the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach.[10]
On May 7, 2018, the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.[11]
On May 10, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach.[12]
On May 11, 2018, the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason.[13]
On May 11, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach.[14]
On May 17, 2018, the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach.[15]
On May 30, 2018, the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach.[16]
On June 11, 2018, the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach.[17]
On June 14, 2018, the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach.[18]

text: Preseason

text: The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12.

text: International games

text: The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29. And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.[19]

text: The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8.[20]

text: Regular season

text: The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released at 4:00 p.m. ET on August 10, 2018.[21]

text: International games

text: On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.[22]

text: On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.[23]

text: Arenas

text:
This will be the Golden State Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco. The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019.[24]
This will be the Milwaukee Bucks' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018. The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018.[25][26]
The Toronto Raptors' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[27][28]

text: Media

text: This will be the third year of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.[citation needed]

text: Uniforms

text:
On June 6, 2018, the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[29][30]
On July 31, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[31]
On August 2, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[32]