document_title: Love's Enduring Promise

question_text: who plays missy in love's enduring promise

question_tokens: who plays missy in love 's enduring promise

text: Love's Enduring Promise

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Missie Davis (January Jones) is a young woman who, although working as a school teacher, spends lots of time reading. Her father has a near-fatal accident but is saved by a mysterious stranger with a troubled past (Logan Bartholomew). When she meets a rich young man who is just like the heroes in the novels she reads (Mackenzie Astin), she is torn between them and has to decide what is really important.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

January Jones
Missie Davis

Mackenzie Astin
Grant Thomas

Cliff De Young
Zeke LaHaye

Logan Bartholomew
Willie Nathan ('Nate') LaHaye

K'Sun Ray
Aaron Davis

Cara DeLizia
Annie Walker

Dominic Scott Kay
Mattie LaHaye

Logan Arens
Arnie Davis

Dale Midkiff
Clark Davis

Katherine Heigl
Marty Davis

Michael Bartel
Willie ('Nate') age 15

E.J. Callahan
Asa

Katia Coe
Clara

Douglas Fisher
Edward Trumball

Joshua Michael Kwiat
Surveyor

Robert F. Lyons
Doc Watkins

Blaine Pate
Sam

Matthew Peters
Brian Murphy

text: Differences from the novel[edit]

text:
This book picks up three years after Love Comes Softly, with Missie being 5 years old, Clare (Aaron in the film) being 3, and Arnie being born in the third chapter. The book takes them up to Missie's teen years. Missie and Clare are closer together in age than they are depicted in the film.
Zeke LaHaye and his wife have three children in the novel: Tessie, Nathan, and Willie. Tessie and Nathan are not mentioned in the film. Willie's full name in the film is Willie Nathan LaHaye, as mentioned in the novel Love's Long Journey. Willie did not have a younger brother named Mattie in the novel. His mother and sister die.
Clark and Marty have a daughter, Elvira "Ellie", and another son, Luke, who are not shown in the film. Many other characters mentioned in the book are not mentioned in the film, such as Nandry and Clae Larson. Though Ellie isn't seen or mentioned in some of the other films in the original series, she is shown as a character with her brother Aaron in the film Love's Christmas Journey
In the book, Missie only courted Ben and Ma Graham's son before Willie LaHaye.
Some of the situations in the film were not directly from the book.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The following people won a Camie Award in 2005 for their part in making the film:

text:
Robert Halmi Jr. (executive producer)
Larry Levinson (executive producer)
Lincoln Lageson (executive producer)
William Spencer Reilly (executive producer)
Michael Landon Jr. (director/screenwriter)
Cindy Kelley (screenwriter)
Janette Oke (author of original book)
January Jones (actress)
Logan Bartholomew (actor)
Mackenzie Astin (actor)
Dale Midkiff (actor)
Katherine Heigl (actress)

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
Epiphany Prize ... Most Inspiring TV Program from MovieGuide
Grace Award ... Most Inspiring Television Acting for Dale Midkiff from MovieGuide

text: Notes[edit]

text: In real life Jones, who portrays Heigl's almost-adult stepdaughter, is 10 months her senior.


document_title: Nathan Fillion

question_text: who does nathan fillion voice in rick and morty

root

text: Nathan Fillion

text: Early life[edit]

text: Fillion was born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the younger of two sons of Bob Fillion and Cookie Fillion (née Early),[4] both retired English teachers.[5] Both sides of his father's family were part of the Quebec diaspora in Fall River, Massachusetts,[6][7] and his mother had a Norwegian maternal grandfather and a Finnish maternal grandmother.[4][8]

tag: p

text: Fillion was raised in Edmonton's Mill Woods[9] and attended Holy Trinity Catholic High School, Concordia University College of Alberta, and the University of Alberta, where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Society.[10] He has been an American citizen since 1997.[11] His older brother, Jeff, is principal of St. Elizabeth Seton Roman Catholic Elementary/Junior High School in Edmonton.[10]

text: Career[edit]

text: After working in several theatre, television, and film productions, including Theatresports with Rapid Fire Theatre and the improvised soap opera Die-Nasty, Fillion moved to New York City in 1994 where he acted in the soap opera One Life to Live as Joey Buchanan, for which he was nominated in 1996 for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series. In 1997, he left the series to pursue other projects (but would return for a brief guest appearance in 2007).[12]

text: After moving to Los Angeles, he played a supporting role in the sitcom Two Guys, a Girl, and a Pizza Place, and was cast as James Frederick "The Minnesota" Ryan in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan. Fillion had a recurring role as Caleb in 2003 in the final five episodes of the final season of Joss Whedon's series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

text: In 2002, Fillion starred as Captain Malcolm Reynolds in the Joss Whedon science fiction television series Firefly, for which he won the Cinescape Genre Face of the Future – Male award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA. Fillion also won the Syfy Genre Awards in 2006 for Best Actor/Television and was runner-up for Best Actor/Movie.[13] Fillion called his time on Firefly the best acting job he ever had,[14] and compares every job he has had to it.[15] Although the show was cancelled, it was adapted to the big screen; he reprised his role as Mal in Whedon's movie Serenity (2005).

text: Fillion lent his voice to the animated series King of the Hill in 2001, the video game Jade Empire (as the voice of Gao the Lesser), and the animated series Justice League Unlimited (as Vigilante in the episodes "Hunter's Moon" and "Patriot Act") in 2005-06. He portrayed Green Lantern/Hal Jordan in Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, Justice League: Doom, Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox and Justice League: Throne of Atlantis. Fillion starred in James Gunn's 2006 horror film Slither. For his starring role as Bill Pardy, he garnered a 2006 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards nomination in the category of Dude You Don't Wanna Mess With.[16]

text: Fillion starred in the romantic comedy film Waitress, written and directed by Adrienne Shelly, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2007, and opened in theaters on May 2, 2007. Waitress grossed $22,125,001 in worldwide sales as of May 13, 2008, and $29.22 million in rentals as of January 28, 2008.[17][18] Fillion starred in White Noise 2: The Light. He made one appearance in the 2006–2007 season of the television show Lost, as Kevin, Kate's ex-husband.[citation needed]

text: In October 2006, Fillion signed a talent holding contract with the Fox Broadcasting Company, and in December 2006, The Hollywood Reporter[19] confirmed that Fillion was cast as Alex Tully in the series Drive, which debuted on Fox in the spring of 2007. Drive was created by Tim Minear. Ivan Sergei played Alex Tully in the original pilot episode of Drive. The first two Drive episodes premiered on April 13, 2007, in Canada (April 15, 2007 in the United States). However, the show did not deliver the ratings Fox desired, and on April 25, 2007, the network announced that the series was cancelled.[20][21] The final two produced episodes were supposed to air back-to-back on Fox in July 2007 but did not actually become available until July 15 when they were posted on the Drive MySpace page.[22]

text: He reprised his 1990s role as One Life to Live's Joey for the series' 9,999th and 10,000th episodes, aired August 16 and 17, 2007.[23][24][25]

text: Fillion joined the cast of ABC's Desperate Housewives at the beginning of the fall 2007 season as Dr. Adam Mayfair. His first appearance was in the episode "Now You Know", which aired on September 30, 2007. His final appearance was the final episode of season 4.

text: He voiced the role of an ODST Gunnery sergeant in the Xbox 360 game Halo 3, alongside fellow Firefly stars Alan Tudyk and Adam Baldwin. At one point early in the first mission, he identifies himself as "[Sergeant] Reynolds" over the radio, referring to his character's name from the TV series Firefly. All three actors are given personalities in the game that match those of their characters from Firefly. He provides the voice and portrayed likeness for Gunnery Sergeant Edward Buck in Halo 3: ODST,[26] Halo 5: Guardians, and a brief appearance in Halo: Reach.

text: In March 2009, the first episode of the ABC television series Castle aired, in which Fillion starred as the titular character Richard Castle, a mystery novelist who helps the NYPD solve crimes. In May 2009, ABC green-lit the production of the series for a second season.[27] In 2009, Fillion was nominated for Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama for his performance in Castle. On March 30, 2010, ABC announced that Castle had been renewed for its third season with a 22-episode full-season order.[28] Castle was renewed for a fourth season on January 10, 2011,[29] a fifth season on May 10, 2012,[30] a sixth season on May 10, 2013,[31] and a seventh season on May 8, 2014. The show was cancelled by ABC in 2016 with the final episode airing on May 16 of that year. [32]

text: BuddyTV ranked him #10 on its list of "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2009",[33] #19 in 2010,[34] #20 in 2011[35] and #39 in 2012;[36] #7 on its list of "The 15 Best Drama Lead Actors of the 2011-2012 TV Season";[37] named his character's relationship with the other main character as #18 (and the Best Flirting Relationship) on its list "Love Is All Around: Best TV Relationships of 2010",[38] #13 (and the Best Delayed Relationship) on its list of "The Best Relationships of 2011",[39] #15 on its list of "The Special Relationships: TV’s Top 50 Love Stories of the Past Decade",[40] #1 on its list "Love... Or Not: The Top 12 Will-They-or-Won't-They Couples of 2012"[41] and #2 on its list "Lip Smacking Good: The Best Kisses of 2012";[42] named Castle as #6 on its list of "The 11 Best Returning TV Shows of 2011",[43] #11 on "The 15 Best Dramas of the 2011-2012 TV Season"[44] and #12 on "The 12 Best Dramas of 2012".[45]

text: Fillion was featured in a spoof porn web video on Spike called "Nailing Your Wife", part of the PG Porn series.[46] Fillion made a brief cameo appearance in the season 5 episode "Revolving Doors" of the web series The Guild.[47] In late September 2011, Fillion guest starred as the Action Sports 1 anchor in the web series Husbands.[48] He played Dogberry in the independent film Much Ado About Nothing (2012), based on the Shakespeare play of the same name, written, directed and produced by Joss Whedon.[49][50]

text: Since 2011, Fillion has appeared as the recurring Space Western character Cactoid Jim in performances of the podcasted live show The Thrilling Adventure Hour, a stage show premised on the idea that actors are performing as characters in a radio show. The character of Cactoid Jim first appeared as part of the recurring segment "Sparks Nevada, Marshal on Mars", but was soon given his own segment, called "Cactoid Jim: King of the Martian Frontier". Fillion has advertised his participation as a guest star on The Thrilling Adventure Hour by means of including filmed elements of the live show on the DVD set for season 4 of Castle.

text: In 2012, he appeared in the episode "The Daly Superheroes" of the web series The Daly Show.[51] On February 17, 2013, Fillion hosted the 2013 WGA West Coast Awards.[52]

text: In 2014 he appeared in the video game Destiny as the character Cayde-6 as a somewhat minor character. Over the next few years his role became larger with expansions to the game. Fillion returned to the role in Destiny 2, and is featured prominently in the game.

text: He is currently working with Alan Tudyk on a web series called Con Man, loosely based on their experiences on the convention circuit after Firefly.[53]

text: In contemporary culture[edit]

text: Fillion has been associated with the public artist Martin Firrell since 2009. He is the subject of two works of contemporary public art by Firrell: Complete Hero (digital projections of text and video portraiture to the West and North elevations of the Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, London, 2009)[54] and Metascifi (a digital app investigating American television science fiction series for ideas and strategies for living well).[55]

text: Fillion was the 'face' of Complete Hero. The artist explained the choice of Fillion as follows: "I wanted to make a piece of work that looked at all kinds of heroism, not just the usual derring-do of white square-jawed men. But I thought it would be interesting to start with a white, square-jawed man and Nathan Fillion agreed to take part."[54]

text: In Metascifi, Fillion discusses the deeper significance of his Firefly character Captain Mal Reynolds, reflecting on some of the universal preoccupations of any human life: death, love, evil, intimacy, power, vulnerability, violence and freedom.[55]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In 2007, Fillion and author PJ Haarsma co-founded the non-profit organization Kids Need to Read, to help inspire kids' imaginations by getting more books into underfunded libraries.[56]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1994
Strange and Rich
Walter Hoade

1998
Saving Private Ryan
Pvt. James Frederick 'Minnesota' Ryan

1999
Blast from the Past
Cliff

2000
Dracula 2000
Father David

2003
Water's Edge
Robert Graves

2004
Outing Riley
Luke Riley

2005
Serenity
Malcolm 'Mal' Reynolds

2006
Slither
Bill Pardy

2007
White Noise: The Light
Abe Dale

Waitress
Dr. Jim Pomatter

2008
Trucker
Runner

2009
Wonder Woman
Steve Trevor
Voice role; Direct-to-video

2010
Super
The Holy Avenger

2011
Green Lantern: Emerald Knights
Hal Jordan / Green Lantern
Voice role; Direct-to-video

2012
Justice League: Doom
Hal Jordan / Green Lantern
Voice role; Direct-to-video

The Patriot of America
Captain James Slade
Voice role

Much Ado About Nothing
Dogberry

2013
Monsters University
Johnny Worthington III
Voice role

Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox
Hal Jordan / Green Lantern
Voice role; Direct-to-video

Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters
Hermes
Replacing Dylan Neal from the first film

2014
Party Central
Johnny Worthington III
Voice role; Short film

Guardians of the Galaxy
Alien prison inmate
Voice role; cameo role

2015
Justice League: Throne of Atlantis
Hal Jordan / Green Lantern
Voice role; Direct-to-video

Highway of Tears
Narrator
Documentary

2017
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2[57]
Simon Williams
Cameo, still photograph; deleted scene

Cars 3
Sterling
Voice role

Henchmen
Captain Superior
Voice role; Post-production

2018
Nomis

Post-production

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1993
Ordeal in the Arctic
Master Warrant Officer Tom Jardine
TV film

1994–97; 2007
One Life to Live
Joey Riley Buchanan

1996
Spin City
Guy
Uncredited
Episode: "A Star Is Born"

1997
Total Security
Troy Larson
Episode: "Das Bootie"

1998
Maggie Winters
Ronald
Episode: "Mama's Got a Brand New Bag"

1998–2001
Two Guys and a Girl
Johnny Donnelly
60 episodes

1999
Outer Limits, TheThe Outer Limits
Michael Ryan
Episode: "Star Crossed"

2001
King of the Hill
Frisbee Guy (voice)
Episode: "Luanne Virgin 2.0"

2002
Pasadena
Rev. Glenn Collins
3 episodes

2002–03
Firefly
Malcolm 'Mal' Reynolds
14 episodes

2003
Alligator Point
Bill
Pilot

Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Caleb
5 episodes

Miss Match
Adam Logan
6 episodes

2004
Hollywood Division
Det. Tommy Garrett
Pilot

2005–06
Justice League Unlimited
Vigilante (voice)
3 episodes

2006
Lost
Kevin Callis
Episode: "I Do"

2007
Drive
Alex Tully
6 episodes

2007–14
Robot Chicken
Various voices
5 episodes

2007–08
Desperate Housewives
Dr. Adam Mayfair
12 episodes

2009–16
Castle
Richard Castle
Main role; 173 episodes

2010–16
Venture Bros., TheThe Venture Bros.
Brown Widow / Jared (voice)
4 episodes

2012
American Dad!
Joel Larson / Joe Kidney / American Businessman Klaus (voices)
2 episodes

2013
Writers Guild of America Awards 2012
Host
Television special

2014–15
Community
Bob Waite
Episodes: "Analysis of Cork-Based Networking" (2014) and "Ladders" (2015)

2014–16
Gravity Falls
Preston Northwest (voice)[58]
4 episodes

2015
The Big Bang Theory
Himself
Episode: "The Comic Book Store Regeneration"

Kroll Show
Mountie McMinniman
Episode: "Twins"

Drunk History
Wernher Von Braun
Episode: "Space"

2016
Talking Dead
Himself
Season 6, episode 10

HarmonQuest
Tetter Spice
Episode: "Earthscar Village"

2016–17
Modern Family
Rainer Shine
6 episodes

2017
Santa Clarita Diet
Gary West
Episode: "So Then a Bat or A Monkey"

Rick and Morty
Cornvelious Daniel (voice)
Episode: "The Rickshank Rickdemption"

Brooklyn Nine-Nine
Mark Devereaux
Episode: "Serve & Protect"

Big Mouth
Nathan Fillion (voice)
Episode: "Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"

2018
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Jacques Snicket
[59]

text: Web[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2008
Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog
Captain Hammer
Internet miniseries

James Gunn's PG Porn
Chris
Episode: "Nailing Your Wife"

2011
Morning After, TheThe Morning After
Himself
Episode: "1.173"

The Guild
Himself
Episode: "Revolving Doors"

The Nerdist: Year in Review
Himself
Season 1, Episode 2

2011
Husbands
Anchor
Episode: "Being Britney!"

2012
The Daly Show
Himself
Episode: "The Daly Superheroes"

Neil's Puppet Dreams
Dr. Mayfair
Episode: "Doctor's Office"

2015–present
Con Man
Jack Moore

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

2005
Jade Empire
Gao the Lesser (voice)

2007
Halo 3
Sergeant Reynolds (voice)

2009
Halo 3: ODST
Gunnery Sergeant Buck (voice)

2010
Halo: Reach
Gunnery Sergeant Buck (voice)

2014
Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff
Himself (voice)

Destiny
Cayde-6 (voice)[60]

2015
Saints Row: Gat out of Hell
God (voice)

Destiny: The Taken King
Cayde-6 (voice)[61][62]

Halo 5: Guardians
Spartan Edward Buck (voice, likeness, and motion capture)

2016
Con Man: The Game
Jack Moore (voice)[63]

2017
Destiny 2
Cayde-6 (voice)

text: Audiobook[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

2013
World War Z
Stanley McDonald (voice)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Association
Category
Result
Ref.

1996
One Life to Live
Daytime Emmy Award
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series
Nominated
[64]

Soap Opera Digest Award
Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Younger Leading Actor
Nominated
[65]

2003
Firefly
Saturn Award
Saturn Award for Cinescape Genre Face of the Future - Male
Won
[66]

2005
Serenity
SFX Award
SFX Award for Best Actor
Won
[67]

Empire Awards
Empire Award for Best Newcomer
Nominated
[68]

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated
[69]

2007
Desperate Housewives
Screen Actors Guild Award
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Nominated
[70]

Waitress
EDA Award
EDA Award for Best Seduction (with Keri Russell)
Nominated
[71]

2009
Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog
Streamy Awards
Best Male Actor in a Comedy Web Series
Nominated
[72]

Castle
Satellite Awards
Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Nominated
[73]

2010
PG Porn
Streamy Awards
Streamy Awards for Best Guest Star in a Web Series
Nominated
[74]

2011
Castle
TV Guide Award
TV Guide Award for Favorite Couple Who Should Get Together (with Stana Katic)
Won
[75]

Green Lantern: Emerald Knights
Behind the Voice Actors Award
Behind the Voice Actors Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a TV Special/Direct-to-DVD Title of Theatrical Short
Nominated
[76]

2012
Castle
TV Guide Award
TV Guide Award for Favorite TV Couple (with Stana Katic)
Won
[77]

People's Choice Award
People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Drama Actor
Won
[78]

2013
TV Guide Award
TV Guide Award for Favorite TV Couple (with Stana Katic)
Won
[79]

People's Choice Award
People's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic TV Actor
Won
[80]

2014
TV Guide Award
TV Guide Award for Favorite Actor
Nominated
[81]

People's Choice Award
People's Choice Award for Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (with Stana Katic)
Nominated
[82]

2015
People's Choice Award
People's Choice Award for Favorite Crime Drama TV Actor
Won
[83]

People's Choice Award
People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Duo (with Stana Katic)
Nominated
[83]

2016
People's Choice Award
People's Choice Award for Favorite Crime Drama TV Actor
Won
[84]


document_title: Premier League Player of the Month

question_text: who won player of the month in epl

question_tokens: who won player of the month in epl

text: Premier League Player of the Month

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Contents

1994–95 · 1995–96 · 1996–97 · 1997–98 · 1998–99 · 1999–2000
2000–01 · 2001–02 · 2002–03 · 2003–04 · 2004–05 · 2005–06 · 2006–07 · 2007–08 · 2008–09 · 2009–10
2010–11 · 2011–12 · 2012–13 · 2013–14 · 2014–15 · 2015–16 · 2016–17 · 2017–18

text:
Key

Award was shared with another player

GK
Goalkeeper

DF
Defender

MF
Midfielder

FW
Forward

text:
Month
Year[nb 2]
Nationality
Player
Team
Position
Ref

5 !August
1994.51994
 Germany
Klinsmann, JürgenJürgen Klinsmann
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[7]

6 !September
1994.61994
 England
Lee, RobRob Lee
Newcastle United
E !MF
[7]

7 !October
1994.71994
 England
Ince, PaulPaul Ince
Manchester United
E !MF
[7]

8 !November
1994.81994
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer†
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[7]

8 !November
1994.81994
 England
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton†
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[7]

9 !December
1994.91994
 England
Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
E !MF
[7]

1 !January
1995.11995
 England
Waddle, ChrisChris Waddle
Sheffield Wednesday
E !MF
[7]

2 !February
1995.21995
 Scotland
Ferguson, DuncanDuncan Ferguson
Everton
FW
[7]

3 !March
1995.31995
 Ghana
Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
Leeds United
FW
[7]

4 !April
1995.41995
 England
Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman
Arsenal
A !GK
[7]

5 !August
1995.51995
 France
Ginola, DavidDavid Ginola
Newcastle United
E !MF
[10]

6 !September
1995.61995
 Ghana
Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
Leeds United
FW
[10]

7 !October
1995.71995
 England
Sinclair, TrevorTrevor Sinclair
Queens Park Rangers
E !MF
[10]

8 !November
1995.81995
 England
Lee, RobRob Lee
Newcastle United
E !MF
[10]

9 !December
1995.91995
 England
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
Liverpool
FW
[10]

1 !January
1996.11996
 England
Collymore, StanStan Collymore†
Liverpool
FW
[10]

1 !January
1996.11996
 England
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler†
Liverpool
FW
[10]

2 !February
1996.21996
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Aston Villa
FW
[10]

3 !March
1996.31996
 France
Cantona, EricEric Cantona
Manchester United
FW
[10]

4 !April
1996.41996
 Russia
Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
Everton
E !MF
[10]

5 !August
1996.51996
 England
Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham
Manchester United
E !MF
[11]

6 !September
1996.61996
 Czech Republic
Berger, PatrikPatrik Berger
Liverpool
E !MF
[11]

7 !October
1996.71996
 England
Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
E !MF
[11]

8 !November
1996.81996
 England
Wright, IanIan Wright
Arsenal
FW
[11]

9 !December
1996.91996
 Italy
Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
Chelsea
FW
[11]

1 !January
1997.11997
 England
Flowers, TimTim Flowers
Blackburn Rovers
A !GK
[11]

2 !February
1997.21997
 Jamaica
Earle, RobbieRobbie Earle
Wimbledon
E !MF
[11]

3 !March
1997.31997
 Brazil
Juninho Paulista, Juninho Paulista
Middlesbrough
E !MF
[11]

4 !April
1997.41997
 Ireland
Evans, MickeyMickey Evans
Southampton
FW
[11]

5 !August
1997.51997
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[12]

5 !September
1997.61997
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[12]

7 !October
1997.71997
 Costa Rica
Wanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope
Derby County
FW
[12]

8 !November
1997.81997
 England
Cole, AndyAndy Cole†
Manchester United
FW
[12]

8 !November
1997.81997
 England
Davies, KevinKevin Davies†
Southampton
FW
[12]

9 !December
1997.91997
 England
McManaman, SteveSteve McManaman
Liverpool
E !MF
[12]

1 !January
1998.11998
 England
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Coventry City
FW
[12]

2 !February
1998.21998
 England
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[12]

3 !March
1998.31998
 Austria
Manninger, AlexAlex Manninger
Arsenal
A !GK
[12]

4 !April
1998.41998
 France
Petit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit
Arsenal
E !MF
[12]

5 !August
1998.51998
 England
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
Liverpool
FW
[13]

6 !September
1998.61998
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[13]

7 !October
1998.71998
 Ireland
Keane, RoyRoy Keane
Manchester United
E !MF
[13]

8 !November
1998.81998
 England
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Aston Villa
FW
[13]

9 !December
1998.91998
 France
Ginola, DavidDavid Ginola
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[13]

1 !January
1999.11999
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Manchester United
FW
[13]

2 !February
1999.21999
 France
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Arsenal
FW
[13]

3 !March
1999.31999
 England
Parlour, RayRay Parlour
Arsenal
E !MF
[13]

4 !April
1999.41999
 England
Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
Everton
FW
[13]

5 !August
1999.51999
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Coventry City
FW
[14]

6 !September
1999.61999
 Turkey
Izzet, MuzzyMuzzy Izzet
Leicester City
E !MF
[14]

7 !October
1999.71999
 England
Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
Sunderland
FW
[14]

8 !November
1999.81999
 Finland
Hyypiä, SamiSami Hyypiä
Liverpool
DF
[14]

9 !December
1999.91999
 Ireland
Keane, RoyRoy Keane
Manchester United
E !MF
[14]

1 !January
2000.12000
 England
Southgate, GarethGareth Southgate
Aston Villa
DF
[14]

2 !February
2000.22000
 England
Merson, PaulPaul Merson
Aston Villa
E !MF
[14]

3 !March
2000.32000
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Manchester United
FW
[14]

4 !April
2000.42000
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[14]

5 !August
2000.52000
 England
Smith, AlanAlan Smith
Leeds United
FW
[15]

6 !September
2000.62000
 England
Flowers, TimTim Flowers
Leicester City
A !GK
[15]

7 !October
2000.72000
 England
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Manchester United
FW
[15]

8 !November
2000.82000
 England
Robinson, PaulPaul Robinson
Leeds United
A !GK
[15]

9 !December
2000.92000
 England
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
Southampton
FW
[15]

1 !January
2001.12001
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Leeds United
FW
[15]

2 !February
2001.22001
 England
Pearce, StuartStuart Pearce
West Ham United
DF
[15]

3 !March
2001.32001
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[15]

4 !April
2001.42001
 Scotland
McAllister, GaryGary McAllister
Liverpool
E !MF
[15]

5 !August
2001.52001
 France
Saha, LouisLouis Saha
Fulham
FW
[16]

6 !September
2001.62001
 Argentina
Verón, Juan SebastiánJuan Sebastián Verón
Manchester United
E !MF
[16]

7 !October
2001.72001
 England
Ferdinand, RioRio Ferdinand
Leeds United
DF
[16]

8 !November
2001.82001
 England
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Liverpool
E !MF
[17]

9 !December
2001.92001
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[16]

1 !January
2002.12002
 England
Bent, MarcusMarcus Bent
Ipswich Town
FW
[16]

2 !February
2002.22002
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[16]

3 !March
2002.32002
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[18]

4 !April
2002.42002
 Sweden
Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg
Arsenal
E !MF
[16]

5 !August
2002.52002
 France
Wiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord
Arsenal
FW
[19]

6 !September
2002.62002
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[19]

7 !October
2002.72002
 Italy
Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
Chelsea
FW
[20]

8 !November
2002.82002
 England
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
Southampton
FW
[19]

9 !December
2002.92002
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[19]

1 !January
2003.12003
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[19]

2 !February
2003.22003
 France
Pirès, RobertRobert Pirès
Arsenal
E !MF
[19]

3 !March
2003.32003
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[19]

4 !April
2003.42003
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[19]

5 !August
2003.52003
 England
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Portsmouth
FW
[21]

6 !September
2003.62003
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[21]

7 !October
2003.72003
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[21]

8 !November
2003.82003
 Nigeria
Okocha, Jay-JayJay-Jay Okocha
Bolton Wanderers
E !MF
[21]

9 !December
2003.92003
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[21]

1 !January
2004.12004
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[21]

2 !February
2004.22004
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp†
Arsenal
FW
[21]

2 !February
2004.22004
 Brazil
Edu, Edu†
Arsenal
E !MF
[21]

3 !March
2004.32004
 Finland
Forssell, MikaelMikael Forssell
Birmingham City
FW
[21]

4 !April
2004.42004
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[21]

5 !August
2004.52004
 Spain
Reyes, José AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes
Arsenal
FW
[22]

6 !September
2004.62004
 England
King, LedleyLedley King
Tottenham Hotspur
DF
[22]

7 !October
2004.72004
 England
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Crystal Palace
FW
[22]

8 !November
2004.82004
 Netherlands
Robben, ArjenArjen Robben
Chelsea
E !MF
[22]

9 !December
2004.92004
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[23]

1 !January
2005.12005
 England
Terry, JohnJohn Terry
Chelsea
DF
[22]

2 !February
2005.22005
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[22]

3 !March
2005.32005
 England
Cole, JoeJoe Cole
Chelsea
E !MF
[22]

4 !April
2005.42005
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[22]

5 !August
2005.52005
 England
Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
Charlton Athletic
FW
[24]

6 !September
2005.62005
 England
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Charlton Athletic
E !MF
[24]

7 !October
2005.72005
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[24]

8 !November
2005.82005
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[24]

9 !December
2005.92005
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[25]

1 !January
2006.12006
 England
Ferdinand, AntonAnton Ferdinand
West Ham United
DF
[24]

2 !February
2006.22006
 England
Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
Bolton Wanderers
E !MF
[24]

3 !March
2006.32006
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[24]

4 !April
2006.42006
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[26]

5 !August
2006.52006
 Wales
Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
E !MF
[27]

6 !September
2006.62006
 England
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Everton
FW
[28]

7 !October
2006.72006
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[28]

8 !November
2006.82006
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[28]

9 !December
2006.92006
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[8]

1 !January
2007.12007
 Spain
Fabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
E !MF
[29]

2 !February
2007.22007
 Wales
Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
E !MF
[30]

3 !March
2007.32007
 Czech Republic
Cech, PetrPetr Čech
Chelsea
A !GK
[31]

4 !April
2007.42007
 Bulgaria
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov†
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[32]

4 !April
2007.42007
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane†
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[32]

5 !August
2007.52007
 England
Richards, MicahMicah Richards
Manchester City
DF
[33]

6 !September
2007.62007
 Spain
Fabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
E !MF
[34]

7 !October
2007.72007
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[35]

8 !November
2007.82007
 England
Agbonlahor, GabrielGabriel Agbonlahor
Aston Villa
FW
[36]

9 !December
2007.92007
 Paraguay
Santa Cruz, RoqueRoque Santa Cruz
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[37]

1 !January
2008.12008
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[38]

2 !February
2008.22008
 Spain
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
Liverpool
FW
[39]

3 !March
2008.32008
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[40]

4 !April
2008.42008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[41]

5 !August
2008.52008
 Portugal
Deco, Deco
Chelsea
E !MF
[42]

6 !September
2008.62008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[43]

7 !October
2008.72008
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[44]

8 !November
2008.82008
 France
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Chelsea
FW
[45]

9 !December
2008.92008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[46]

1 !January
2009.12009
 Serbia
Vidić, NemanjaNemanja Vidić
Manchester United
DF
[47]

2 !February
2009.22009
 England
Jagielka, PhilPhil Jagielka
Everton
DF
[48]

3 !March
2009.32009
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[49]

4 !April
2009.42009
 Russia
Arshavin, AndreiAndrei Arshavin
Arsenal
E !MF
[1]

5 !August
2009.52009
 England
Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[50]

6 !September
2009.62009
 Spain
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
Liverpool
FW
[51]

7 !October
2009.72009
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[52]

8 !November
2009.82009
 England
Bullard, JimmyJimmy Bullard
Hull City
E !MF
[53]

9 !December
2009.92009
 Argentina
Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
Manchester City
FW
[54]

1 !January
2010.12010
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[55]

2 !February
2010.22010
 Australia
Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer
Fulham
A !GK
[56]

3 !March
2010.32010
 France
Malouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda
Chelsea
E !MF
[57]

4 !April
2010.42010
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[58]

5 !August
2010.52010
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[59]

6 !September
2010.62010
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[60]

7 !October
2010.72010
 Netherlands
van der Vaart, RafaelRafael van der Vaart
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[61]

8 !November
2010.82010
 Sweden
Elmander, JohanJohan Elmander
Bolton Wanderers
FW
[62]

9 !December
2010.92010
 France
Nasri, SamirSamir Nasri
Arsenal
E !MF
[63]

1 !January
2011.12011
 Bulgaria
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
Manchester United
FW
[64]

2 !February
2011.22011
 England
Parker, ScottScott Parker
West Ham United
E !MF
[65]

3 !March
2011.32011
 Brazil
Luiz, DavidDavid Luiz
Chelsea
DF
[66]

4 !April
2011.42011
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[67]

5 !August
2011.52011
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko
Manchester City
FW
[68]

6 !September
2011.62011
 Spain
Silva, DavidDavid Silva
Manchester City
E !MF
[69]

7 !October
2011.72011
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[70]

8 !November
2011.82011
 England
Parker, ScottScott Parker
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[71]

9 !December
2011.92011
 Senegal
Ba, DembaDemba Ba
Newcastle United
FW
[72]

1 !January
2012.12012
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[73]

2 !February
2012.22012
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[74]

3 !March
2012.32012
 Iceland
Sigurðsson, GylfiGylfi Sigurðsson
Swansea City
E !MF
[75]

4 !April
2012.42012
 Croatia
Jelavić, NikicaNikica Jelavić
Everton
FW
[76]

6 !September
2012.62012
 Scotland
Fletcher, StevenSteven Fletcher
Sunderland
FW
[77]

6 !October
2012.62012
 Spain
Mata, JuanJuan Mata
Chelsea
MF
[78]

8 !November
2012.82012
 Belgium
Fellaini, MarouaneMarouane Fellaini
Everton
MF
[79]

9 !December
2012.92012
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Manchester United
FW
[80]

1 !January
2013.12013
 England
Fondre, Adam leAdam le Fondre
Reading
FW
[81]

2 !February
2013.22013
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[82]

3 !March
2013.32013
 Belgium
Vertonghen, JanJan Vertonghen
Tottenham Hotspur
DF
[83]

4 !April
2013.42013
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Manchester United
FW
[84]

5 !August
2013.52013
 England
Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
Liverpool
FW
[85]

6 !September
2013.62013
 Wales
Ramsey, AaronAaron Ramsey
Arsenal
MF
[86]

7 !October
2013.72013
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[87]

8 !November
2013.82013
 Netherlands
Krul, TimTim Krul
Newcastle United
GK
[88]

9 !December
2013.92013
 Uruguay
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Liverpool
FW
[89]

1 !January
2014.12014
 England
Johnson, AdamAdam Johnson
Sunderland
FW
[90]

2 !February
2014.22014
 England
Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
Liverpool
FW
[91]

3 !March
2014.32014
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
MF
[9]

3 !March
2014.32014
 Uruguay
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Liverpool
FW
[9]

4 !April
2014.12014
 England
Wickham, ConnorConnor Wickham
Sunderland
FW
[92]

8 !August
2014.12014
 Spain
Costa, DiegoDiego Costa
Chelsea
FW
[93]

9 !September
2014.12014
 Italy
Pellè, GrazianoGraziano Pellè
Southampton
FW
[94]

10 !October
2014.12014
 Senegal
Sakho, DiafraDiafra Sakho
West Ham United
FW
[95]

11 !November
2014.12014
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[96]

12 !December
2014.22014
 England
Austin, CharlieCharlie Austin
Queens Park Rangers
FW
[97]

1 !January
2014.22015
 England
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[98]

2 !February
2014.22015
 England
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[99]

3 !March
2014.22015
 France
Giroud, OlivierOlivier Giroud
Arsenal
FW
[100]

4 !April
2014.22015
 Belgium
Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
Aston Villa
FW
[101]

4 !August
2014.22015
 Ghana
Ayew, AndréAndré Ayew
Swansea City
FW
[102]

September
2015
 France
Anthony Martial
Manchester United
FW
[103]

October
2015
 England
Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
FW
[104]

November
2015
 England
Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
FW
[105]

December
2015
 Nigeria
Odion Ighalo
Watford
FW
[106]

January
2016
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[107]

February
2016
 England
Fraser Forster
Southampton
GK
[108]

March
2016
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[109]

April
2016
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[110]

August
2014.22016
 England
Raheem Sterling
Manchester City
MF
[111]

September
2014.22016
 South Korea
Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[112]

October
2014.22016
 Belgium
Eden Hazard
Chelsea
MF
[113]

November
2014.22016
 Spain
Diego Costa
Chelsea
FW
[114]

December
2014.22016
 Sweden
Zlatan Ibrahimović
Manchester United
FW
[115]

January
2014.22017
 England
Dele Alli
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[116]

February
2014.22017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[117]

March
2014.32017
 Belgium
Romelu Lukaku
Everton
FW
[117]

April
2014.22017
 South Korea
Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[117]

August
2017
 Senegal
Sadio Mané
Liverpool
FW
[117]

September
2017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[118]

October
2017
 Germany
Leroy Sané
Manchester City
MF
[119]

November
2017
 Egypt
Mohamed Salah
Liverpool
FW
[120]

December
2017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[121]

January
2018
 Argentina
Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[122]

February
2018
 Egypt
Mohamed Salah
Liverpool
FW
[123]

March
2018
 Egypt
Mohamed Salah
Liverpool
FW
[124]

April
2018
 Ivory Coast
Wilfried Zaha
Crystal Palace
MF
[125]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: The below table lists those who have won on more than one occasion.

text:
Indicates current Premier League player

Italics
Indicates players still playing professional football

text:
Rank
Player
Wins

1st
Steven Gerrard[nb 3]
6

Harry Kane

3rd
Sergio Agüero
5

Wayne Rooney

Robin van Persie

6th
Dennis Bergkamp[nb 4]
4

Thierry Henry

Frank Lampard

Cristiano Ronaldo

Alan Shearer[nb 5]

Paul Scholes

12th
Robbie Keane[nb 6]
3

Mohamed Salah

Gareth Bale

Peter Odemwingie

Ruud van Nistelrooy

Dwight Yorke

Ashley Young

18th
Nicolas Anelka
2

James Beattie

Dimitar Berbatov

Diego Costa

Dion Dublin

Cesc Fàbregas

Tim Flowers

Robbie Fowler[nb 7]

Ryan Giggs

David Ginola

Andrew Johnson

Roy Keane

Matthew Le Tissier

Rob Lee

Danny Murphy

Scott Parker

Teddy Sheringham

Son Heung-min

Daniel Sturridge

Luis Suárez[nb 8]

Chris Sutton[nb 9]

Fernando Torres

Jamie Vardy

Tony Yeboah

Gianfranco Zola

text: Awards won by position[edit]

text:
Position
Wins

Forward
7002115000000000000♠115[nb 10]

Midfielder
7001770000000000000♠77[nb 11]

Defender
7001120000000000000♠12

Goalkeeper
9

text: Awards won by nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Wins

 England
7001940000000000000♠94[nb 12]

 France
7001170000000000000♠17

 Netherlands
7001150000000000000♠15[nb 13]

 Spain
7000900000000000000♠9

 Argentina
7000700000000000000♠7

 Ireland
7000600000000000000♠6[nb 14]

 Wales
7000600000000000000♠6

 Belgium
7000500000000000000♠5

 Nigeria
7000500000000000000♠5

 Portugal
7000500000000000000♠5

 Brazil
7000400000000000000♠4[nb 15]

 Egypt
7000300000000000000♠3

 Italy
7000300000000000000♠3

 Scotland
7000300000000000000♠3

 Sweden
7000300000000000000♠3

 Trinidad and Tobago
7000300000000000000♠3

 Ghana
7000300000000000000♠3

 Senegal
7000300000000000000♠3

 Bulgaria
7000200000000000000♠2[nb 16]

 Czech Republic
7000200000000000000♠2

 Finland
7000200000000000000♠2

 Germany
7000200000000000000♠2

 Russia
7000200000000000000♠2

 South Korea
7000200000000000000♠2

 Uruguay
7000200000000000000♠2[nb 17]

 Australia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Austria
7000100000000000000♠1

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7000100000000000000♠1

 Costa Rica
7000100000000000000♠1

 Croatia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Germany
7000100000000000000♠1

 Iceland
7000100000000000000♠1

 Ivory Coast
7000100000000000000♠1

 Jamaica
7000100000000000000♠1

 Paraguay
7000100000000000000♠1

 Serbia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Turkey
7000100000000000000♠1

text: Awards won by club[edit]

text:
Club
Wins

Manchester United
7001340000000000000♠34[nb 18]

Arsenal
7001280000000000000♠28[nb 19]

Liverpool
7001260000000000000♠26[nb 20][nb 21]

Tottenham Hotspur
7001210000000000000♠21[nb 22]

Chelsea
7001180000000000000♠18

Manchester City
7001150000000000000♠15

Aston Villa
7000900000000000000♠9

Newcastle United
7000800000000000000♠8

Southampton
7000800000000000000♠8[nb 23]

Everton
7000700000000000000♠7

Leeds United
7000600000000000000♠6

Blackburn Rovers
7000500000000000000♠5[nb 24]

Sunderland
7000500000000000000♠5

Leicester City
7000400000000000000♠4

West Ham United
7000400000000000000♠4

Bolton Wanderers
7000300000000000000♠3

West Bromwich Albion
7000300000000000000♠3

Charlton Athletic
7000200000000000000♠2

Coventry City
7000200000000000000♠2

Crystal Palace
7000200000000000000♠2

Fulham
7000200000000000000♠2

Queens Park Rangers
7000200000000000000♠2

Swansea City
7000200000000000000♠2

Birmingham City
7000100000000000000♠1

Derby County
7000100000000000000♠1

Hull City
7000100000000000000♠1

Ipswich Town
7000100000000000000♠1

Middlesbrough
7000100000000000000♠1

Portsmouth
7000100000000000000♠1

Reading
7000100000000000000♠1

Sheffield Wednesday
7000100000000000000♠1

Wimbledon
7000100000000000000♠1


document_title: Illustrator

question_text: who uses adobe illustrator in the design industry

text: Illustrator

text: Techniques[edit]

text: Use reference images to create scenes and characters. This can be as simple as looking at an image to inspire your artwork, or creating character sketches and detailed scenes from different angles to create the basis of a picture book world. Some traditional illustration techniques include watercolor, pen and ink, airbrush art, oil painting, pastels, wood engraving, and linoleum cuts.

text: John Held, Jr. was an illustrator who worked in a variety of styles and media, including linoleum cuts, pen and ink drawings, magazine cover paintings, cartoons, comic strips, and set design, while also creating fine art with his animal sculptures and watercolor, many established illustrators attended an art school or college of some sort and were trained in different painting and drawing techniques.

text: Traditional illustration seems to have made a resurgence in the age of social media thanks to social networks like Instagram, Facebook, Pinterest, and YouTube. Currently traditional and digital illustration are both flourishing.

text: Universities and art schools offer specific courses in illustration (for example in the UK, a BA (Hons) Degree) so this has become a new avenue into the profession. Many illustrators are freelance, commissioned by publishers (of newspapers, books, or magazines) or advertising agencies. Most scientific illustrations and technical illustrations are also known as information graphics. Among the information graphics specialists are medical illustrators who illustrate human anatomy, often requiring many years of artistic and medical training.

text: A particularly popular medium with illustrators of the 1950s and 1960s was casein, as was egg tempera. The immediacy and durability of these media suited illustration's demands well. The artwork in both types of paint withstood the rigors of travel to clients and printers without damage.

text: Digital illustration[edit]

text: Digital illustration is the technique of using a computer to produce original artwork. Digital illustrators use a combination of illustration software and image editing software to create computer art. Digital illustration is not merely the manipulation of images with software; it is the actual creation of new art with digital tools.[5]

text: Computer illustration, or digital illustration, is the use of digital tools to produce images under the direct manipulation of the artist, usually through a pointing device, such as a tablet or a mouse.

text: Computers dramatically changed the industry and today, many cartoonists and illustrators create digital illustrations using computers, graphics tablets, and scanners. Software such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and Affinity Designer are now widely used by those professionals.

text: Related links[edit]

text:
Category:Illustrators
Airbrush artist
Archaeological illustration
Architectural illustrator
Cartoonist
Fashion illustration
Graphic designer
List of illustrators
Marker rendering
Painters
Pictorial maps
Storyboard artist
Visualizer

tag: ul

text: Societies and organizations[edit]

text:
Directory of Illustration
Illustratörcentrum
Society of Illustrators
American Illustration
Communication Arts
Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators
San Francisco Society of Illustrators
Society of Illustrators of Los Angeles
The Association of Illustrators
The Illustrators Partnership of America
AIIQ - l’Association des Illustrateurs et Illustratrices du Québec
Colorado Alliance of Illustrators
The Association Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors
Guild of Natural Science Illustrators
The Association of Medical Illustrators
Guild of Natural Science Illustrators-Northwest
Illustrators Australia
French illustrators
Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450-1950 (DSI) (with more than 6000 entries)
Urban Sketchers


document_title: United States presidential line of succession

question_text: who becomes the president if the president and the vice president die

text: Current order[edit]

text: The current presidential order of succession is as follows:[4]

text:
Key
Eligible Democrat (D)

Eligible Republican (R)

Eligible Independent (I)

Eligible unknown

Not eligible

text:
No.
Office
Current officer

1
Vice President
Mike Pence (R)

2
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Paul Ryan (R)

3
President pro tempore of the Senate
Orrin Hatch (R)

4
Secretary of State
John J. Sullivan (R) [a]

5
Secretary of the Treasury
Steven Mnuchin (R)

6
Secretary of Defense
Jim Mattis (I)

7
Attorney General
Jeff Sessions (R)

8
Secretary of the Interior
Ryan Zinke (R)

9
Secretary of Agriculture
Sonny Perdue (R)

10
Secretary of Commerce
Wilbur Ross (R)

11
Secretary of Labor
Alex Acosta (R)

12
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Alex Azar (R)

13
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Ben Carson (R)

–
Secretary of Transportation
Elaine Chao (R)[b]

14
Secretary of Energy
Rick Perry (R)

15
Secretary of Education
Betsy DeVos (R)

16
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Robert Wilkie (R)[a]

17
Secretary of Homeland Security
Kirstjen Nielsen (I)

^ Jump up to: a b This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession. See Acting officers below.
Jump up ^ Not a natural-born citizen (Chao acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and consequently is ineligible for the presidency.

text: Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department's creation or the department of which their department is the successor (the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War, and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare).[a]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Eligibility requirements[edit]

text: To be eligible to serve as president, a person must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, at least 35 years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19(e)).

text: Acting officers[edit]

text: Acting officers may be eligible. In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission, a private non-partisan think tank, reported,

text: The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[5]

text: Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945[edit]

text: Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency.[6]

text: The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives, and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker, though this is not technically a requirement; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line, ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established.

text: In his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation. However, the changes to the succession, when signed into law, placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president.[7]

text: Some of Truman's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar.[8] Further motivation may have been provided by Truman's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.[7]

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution:

text:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve. The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19).
Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president-elect dies before his term begins, the vice president-elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president-elect was elected. The section also provides that if, on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the president-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the vice president-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president-elect qualifies. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect is eligible or available to serve.
The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1: that the vice president is the direct successor of the president. He or she becomes president if the president dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled, such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit.
The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession, by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty (through death, resignation, or removal from office), the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began.

text: Acting President of the United States[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that:

text: In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed, or a President elected.

text: This originally left open the question whether "the same" refers to "the said office" or only "the powers and duties of the said office." Some historians, including Edward Corwin[9] and John D. Feerick,[9] have argued that the framers' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency; however, there is also much evidence to the contrary, the most compelling of which is Article I, section 3, of the Constitution itself, the relevant text of which reads:

text:
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse  [sic] their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

text: This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the presidency devolved upon the vice president on his succession. Thus, the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent, apart from adding new protocols for presidential disability.[original research?] Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested, and it was left to Vice President John Tyler, the first presidential successor in U.S. history, to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment.

text: Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation, Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely Acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office. However, some contemporaries—including John Quincy Adams,[9][10] Henry Clay[11] and other members of Congress[10][11] Whig party leaders[11] and even Tyler's own cabinet[10][11]—believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself.

text: Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[12] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[11] and this precedent was followed thereafter. The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that "In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President." The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president.

text: History of succession law set by Congress[edit]

text: Presidential Succession Act 1792[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1792

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress. The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the Democratic-Republicans, to follow the vice president in the succession. There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line. The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president, followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

text: In either case, these officers were to "act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected." The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year, but no such election ever took place.

text: Presidential Succession Act 1886[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1886

text: In 1881, after the death of President Garfield, and in 1885, after the death of Vice President Hendricks, there had been no President pro tempore in office, and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene, no Speaker either,[13] leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president. When Congress convened in December 1885, President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act, which was passed in 1886. Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president's Cabinet, with the Secretary of State first in line. In the first 100 years of the United States, six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president, while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office. As a result, changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable.[citation needed]

text: Presidential Succession Act 1947[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1947

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman, added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line, but switched the two from the 1792 order. It remains the sequence used today[update]. Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department (which governed the Army) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense, the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War. The office of Secretary of the Navy, which had existed as a Cabinet-level position since 1798, had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization, and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act.

text: Postmaster General removed 1971[edit]

text: Until 1971, the Postmaster General, the head of the Post Office Department, was a member of the Cabinet, initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added. Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession.[14]

text: Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006[edit]

text: The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002. On March 9, 2006, pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub.L. 109–177, the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession. The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established. Despite custom, many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list – below the Attorney General, above the Secretary of the Interior, and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense – because the Secretary, already in charge of disaster relief and security, would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries.[citation needed] Despite this, the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the "Secretary of Homeland Security" follows the "Secretary of Veterans Affairs" in the succession, effectively at the end of the list.[15]

text: Successions beyond Vice President of the United States[edit]

text: While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president, and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president, no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president. On March 4, 1849, President Zachary Taylor's term began, but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday, citing religious beliefs, and the vice president was not sworn either. As the last President pro tempore of the Senate, David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president, and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day. However, Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either, and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired.[16][17]

text: In 1865, when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln, the office of vice president became vacant. At that time, the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate, and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become Acting President. This posed a conflict of interest, as Wade's "guilty" vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties. Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin.

text: In his book The Shadow Presidents, which he published in 1979, Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election, when the First World War was raging in Europe. In view of the contemporary international turmoil, President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away, instead of waiting through the lame duck period, which at that time had a duration of almost four months. President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear. The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State. Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign, and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession, Hughes would become president immediately. As it happened, President Wilson won re-election, so the plan was never put into action.[18]

text: Since the 25th Amendment's ratification, its Second Section, which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above, has been invoked twice.

text: During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy, House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line. As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon's removal or resignation possible, Albert would have become acting president and—under Title 3, Section 19(c) of the U.S. Code—would have been able to "act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term" on January 20, 1977. Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him, a Democrat, to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican. Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties, he would do so only as a caretaker. However, with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency, which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked, these series of events were never tested. Albert again became first-in-line during the first four months of Ford's presidency, before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller,[citation needed] which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked.

text: In 1981, when President Ronald Reagan was shot, Vice President George H. W. Bush was traveling in Texas. Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter's question regarding who was running the government by stating:

text: Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.[19]

text: A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig's remarks. Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority, due to his implied reference to the Constitution. Haig and his supporters, noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon's resignation, said he only meant that he was the highest-ranking officer of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States on-site, managing things temporarily until the U.S. Vice President returned to Washington.[citation needed]

text: Constitutional concerns[edit]

text: Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency.[20] James Madison, one of the authors of the Constitution, raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton.[21] Two of these issues can be summarized:

text:
The term "Officer" in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an "Officer of the United States", who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch. The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense.
Under the principle of separation of powers, the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch. For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president, they must resign their position, at which point they are no longer in the line of succession. This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox. However, the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president "upon his resignation as Speaker" and as a member of Congress,[22] allowing for a seamless transition.

text: In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:[23]

text:
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt (such as those expressed above by James Madison) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party". For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the president, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as president, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president).

tag: ol


document_title: Ostracism

question_text: ostracism is the basis for what in current american culture

text: Ostracism

text: Procedure[edit]

text: The name is derived from the ostraka (singular ostrakon, ὄστρακον), referring to the pottery shards that were used as voting tokens. Broken pottery, abundant and virtually free, served as a kind of scrap paper (in contrast to papyrus, which was imported from Egypt as a high-quality writing surface, and was thus too costly to be disposable).

text: Each year the Athenians were asked in the assembly whether they wished to hold an ostracism. The question was put in the sixth of the ten months used for state business under the democracy (January or February in the modern Gregorian Calendar). If they voted "yes", then an ostracism would be held two months later. In a section of the agora set off and suitably barriered,[2] citizens gave the name of those they wished to be ostracised to a scribe, as many of them were illiterate, and they then scratched the name on pottery shards, and deposited them in urns. The presiding officials counted the ostraka submitted and sorted the names into separate piles. The person whose pile contained the most ostraka would be banished, provided that an additional criterion of a quorum was met, about which there are two principal sources:

text:
According to Plutarch,[3] the ostracism was considered valid if the total number of votes cast was at least 6,000.
According to a fragment of Philochorus,[4] the "winner" of the ostracism must have obtained at least 6,000 votes.

text: Plutarch's evidence for a quorum of 6,000, on a priori grounds a necessity for ostracism also per the account of Philochorus, accords with the number required for grants of citizenship in the following century and is generally preferred.[5][6][7][8]

text: The person nominated had ten days to leave the city. If he attempted to return, the penalty was death. Notably, the property of the man banished was not confiscated and there was no loss of status. After the ten years, he was allowed to return without stigma. It was possible for the assembly to recall an ostracised person ahead of time; before the Persian invasion of 479 BC, an amnesty was declared under which at least two ostracised leaders—Pericles' father Xanthippus and Aristides 'the Just'—are known to have returned. Similarly, Cimon, ostracised in 461 BC, was recalled during an emergency.[9]

text: Distinction from other Athenian democratic processes[edit]

text: Ostracism was crucially different from Athenian law at the time; there was no charge, and no defence could be mounted by the person expelled. The two stages of the procedure ran in the reverse order from that used under almost any trial system — here it is as if a jury are first asked "Do you want to find someone guilty?", and subsequently asked "Whom do you wish to accuse?". Equally out of place in a judicial framework is perhaps the institution's most peculiar feature: that it can take place at most once a year, and only for one person. In this it resembles the Greek pharmakos or scapegoat — though in contrast, pharmakos generally ejected a lowly member of the community.

text: A further distinction between these two modes (and one not obvious from a modern perspective) is that ostracism was an automatic procedure that required no initiative from any individual, with the vote simply occurring on the wish of the electorate — a diffuse exercise of power. By contrast, an Athenian trial needed the initiative of a particular citizen-prosecutor. While prosecution often led to a counterattack (or was a counterattack itself), no such response was possible in the case of ostracism as responsibility lay with the polity as a whole. In contrast to a trial, ostracism generally reduced political tension rather than increased it.

text: Although ten years of exile would have been difficult for an Athenian to face, it was relatively mild in comparison to the kind of sentences inflicted by courts; when dealing with politicians held to be acting against the interests of the people, Athenian juries could inflict very severe penalties such as death, unpayably large fines, confiscation of property, permanent exile and loss of citizens' rights through atimia. Further, the elite Athenians who suffered ostracism were rich or noble men who had connections or xenoi in the wider Greek world and who, unlike genuine exiles, were able to access their income in Attica from abroad. In Plutarch, following as he does the anti-democratic line common in elite sources, the fact that people might be recalled early appears to be another example of the inconsistency of majoritarianism that was characteristic of Athenian democracy. However, ten years of exile usually resolved whatever had prompted the expulsion. Ostracism was simply a pragmatic measure; the concept of serving out the full sentence did not apply as it was a preventative measure, not a punitive one.

text: One curious window on the practicalities of ostracism comes from the cache of 190 ostraka discovered dumped in a well next to the acropolis.[10] From the handwriting they appear to have been written by fourteen individuals and bear the name of Themistocles, ostracised before 471 BC and were evidently meant for distribution to voters. This was not necessarily evidence of electoral fraud (being no worse than modern voting instruction cards), but their being dumped in the well may suggest that their creators wished to hide them. If so, these ostraka provide an example of organized groups attempting to influence the outcome of ostracisms. The two-month gap between the first and second phases would have easily allowed for such a campaign.[citation needed]

text: There is another interpretation, however, according to which these ostraka were prepared beforehand by enterprising businessmen who offered to them for sale to citizens who could not easily inscribe the desired names for themselves or who simply wished to save time.[11]

text: The two-month gap is a key feature in the institution, much as in elections under modern liberal democracies. It first prevented the candidate for expulsion being chosen out of immediate anger, although an Athenian general such as Cimon would have not wanted to lose a battle the week before such a second vote.[9] Secondly, it opened up a period for discussion (or perhaps agitation), whether informally in daily talk or public speeches before the Athenian assembly or Athenian courts.* In this process a consensus, or rival consensuses, might emerge. Further, in that time of waiting, ordinary Athenian citizens must have felt a certain power over the greatest members of their city; conversely, the most prominent citizens had an incentive to worry how their social inferiors regarded them.

text: Period of operation[edit]

text: Ostracism was not in use throughout the whole period of Athenian democracy (circa 506–322 BC), but only occurred in the fifth century BC. The standard account, found in Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians 22.3,[12] attributes the establishment to Cleisthenes, a pivotal reformer in the creation of the democracy. In that case ostracism would have been in place from around 506 BC. The first victim of the practice, however, was not expelled until 487 BC — nearly twenty years later. Over the course of the next sixty years some twelve or more individuals followed him. The list may not be complete, but there is good reason to believe the Athenians did not feel the need to eject someone in this way every year. The list of known ostracisms runs as follows:

text:
487 Hipparchos son of Charmos, a relative of the tyrant Peisistratos
486 Megacles son of Hippocrates; Cleisthenes' nephew (possibly ostracised twice[13])
485 Kallixenos nephew of Cleisthenes and head of the Alcmaeonids at the time (not known for certain)[citation needed]
484 Xanthippus son of Ariphron; Pericles' father
482 Aristides son of Lysimachus
471 Themistocles son of Neocles (last possible year)
461 Cimon son of Miltiades
460 Alcibiades son of Kleinias (possibly ostracised twice[13])
457 Menon son of Meneclides [less certain]
442 Thucydides son of Melesias
440s Callias son of Didymos [less certain]
440s Damon son of Damonides [less certain]
416 Hyperbolus son of Antiphanes (±1 year)

text: Around twelve thousand political ostraka have been excavated in the Athenian agora and in the Kerameikos.[citation needed] The second victim, Cleisthenes' nephew Megacles, is named by 4647 of these, but for a second undated ostracism not listed above. The known ostracisms seem to fall into three distinct phases: the 480s BC, mid-century 461–443 BC and finally the years 417–415: this matches fairly well with the clustering of known expulsions, although Themistocles before 471 may count as an exception. This suggests that ostracism fell in and out of fashion.[14]

text: The last known ostracism was that of Hyperbolos in circa 417 BC. There is no sign of its use after the Peloponnesian War, when democracy was restored after the oligarchic coup of the Thirty had collapsed in 403 BC. However, while ostracism was not an active feature of the 4th-century version of democracy, it remained; the question was put to the assembly each year, but they did not wish to hold one.

text: Purpose[edit]

text: Because ostracism was carried out by thousands of people over many decades of an evolving political situation and culture, it did not serve a single monolithic purpose. Observations can be made about the outcomes, as well as the initial purpose for which it was created.

text: The first rash of people ostracised in the decade after the defeat of the first Persian invasion at Marathon in 490 BC were all related or connected to the tyrant Peisistratos, who had controlled Athens for 36 years up to 527 BC. After his son Hippias was deposed with Spartan help in 510 BC, the family sought refuge with the Persians, and nearly twenty years later Hippias landed with their invasion force at Marathon. Tyranny and Persian aggression were paired threats facing the new democratic regime at Athens, and ostracism was used against both.

text: Tyranny and democracy had arisen at Athens out of clashes between regional and factional groups organised around politicians, including Cleisthenes. As a reaction, in many of its features the democracy strove to reduce the role of factions as the focus of citizen loyalties. Ostracism, too, may have been intended to work in the same direction: by temporarily decapitating a faction, it could help to defuse confrontations that threatened the order of the State.

text: In later decades when the threat of tyranny was remote, ostracism seems to have been used as a way to decide between radically opposed policies. For instance, in 443 BC Thucydides son of Melesias (not to be confused with the historian of the same name) was ostracised. He led an aristocratic opposition to Athenian imperialism and in particular to Pericles' building program on the acropolis, which was funded by taxes created for the wars against Persia. By expelling Thucydides the Athenian people sent a clear message about the direction of Athenian policy.[15] Similar but more controversial claims have been made about the ostracism of Cimon in 461 BC.

text: The motives of individual voting citizens cannot, of course, be known. Many of the surviving ostraka name people otherwise unattested. They may well be just someone the submitter disliked, and voted for in moment of private spite. As such, it may be seen as a secular, civic variant of Athenian curse tablets, studied in scholarly literature under the Latin name defixiones, where small dolls were wrapped in lead sheets written with curses and then buried, sometimes stuck through with nails for good measure.

text: In one anecdote about Aristides, known as "the Just", who was ostracised in 482, an illiterate citizen, not recognising him, came up to ask him to write the name Aristides on his ostrakon. When Aristides asked why, the man replied it was because he was sick of hearing him being called "the Just".[16] Perhaps merely the sense that someone had become too arrogant or prominent was enough to get someone's name onto an ostrakon. Ostracism rituals could have also been an attempt to dissuade people from covertly committing murder or assassination for intolerable or emerging individuals of power so as to create an open arena or outlet for those harboring primal frustrations and urges or political motivations. The solution for murder, in Gregory H. Padowitz's theory, would then be "ostracism" which would ultimately be beneficial for all parties – the unfortunate individual would live and get a second chance and society would be spared the ugliness of feuds, civil war, political jams and murder.

text: Fall into disuse[edit]

text: The last ostracism, that of Hyperbolos in or near 417 BC, is elaborately narrated by Plutarch in three separate lives: Hyperbolos is pictured urging the people to expel one of his rivals, but they, Nicias and Alcibiades, laying aside their own hostility for a moment, use their combined influence to have him ostracised instead. According to Plutarch, the people then become disgusted with ostracism and abandoned the procedure forever.

text: In part ostracism lapsed as a procedure at the end of the fifth century because it was replaced by the graphe paranomon, a regular court action under which a much larger number of politicians might be targeted, instead of just one a year as with ostracism, and with greater severity. But it may already have come to seem like an anachronism as factional alliances organised around important men became increasingly less significant in the later period, and power was more specifically located in the interaction of the individual speaker with the power of the assembly and the courts. The threat to the democratic system in the late 5th century came not from tyranny but from oligarchic coups, threats of which became prominent after two brief seizures of power, in 411 BC by "the Four Hundred" and in 404 BC by "the Thirty", which were not dependent on single powerful individuals. Ostracism was not an effective defence against the oligarchic threat and it was not so used.

text: Analogues[edit]

text: Other cities are known to have set up forms of ostracism on the Athenian model, namely Megara, Miletos, Argos and Syracuse. In the last of these it was referred to as petalismos, because the names were written on olive leaves. Little is known about these institutions. Furthermore, pottery shards identified as ostraka have been found in Chersonesos Taurica, leading historians to the conclusion that a similar institution existed there as well, in spite of the silence of the ancient records on that count.[17]

text: A similar modern practice is the recall election, in which the electoral body removes its representation from an elected officer. It is interesting to note that unlike under modern voting procedures, the Athenians did not have to adhere to a strict format for the inscribing of ostraka. Many extant ostraka show that it was possible to write expletives, short epigrams or cryptic injunctions beside the name of the candidate without invalidating the vote.[18] For example:

text:
Kallixenes, son of Aristonimos, "the traitor"
Archen, "lover of foreigners"
Agasias, "the donkey"
Megacles, "the adulterer"

text: Modern usage[edit]

text: The social psychologist Kipling Williams has written extensively on ostracism as a modern phenomenon. Williams defines ostracism as "any act or acts of ignoring and excluding of an individual or groups by an individual or a group".[19] Williams suggests that the most common form of ostracism in a modern context is refusing to communicate with a person. By refusing to communicate with a person, that person is effectively ignored and excluded.[20] The advent of the internet has made ostracism much easier to engage in, and conversely much more difficult to detect, with Williams and others describing this online ostracism as "cyberostracism". In email communication, in particular, it is relatively easy for a person or organization to ignore and exclude a specific person, through simply refusing to communicate with the person. Karen Douglas thus describes "unanswered emails" as constituting a form of cyberostracism,[21] and similarly Eric Wesselmann and Kipling Williams describe "ignored emails" as a form of cyberostracism.[22]

text: Williams and his colleagues have charted responses to ostracism in some five thousand cases, and found two distinctive patterns of response. The first is increased group-conformity, in a quest for re-admittance; the second is to become more provocative and hostile to the group, seeking attention rather than acceptance.[23]

text: Whistleblowing[edit]

text: Research suggests that ostracism is a common reprisal strategy used by organizations in response to whistleblowing. Kipling Williams, in a survey on US whistleblowers, found that 100% reported post-whistleblowing ostracism.[24] Alexander Brown similarly found that post-whistleblowing ostracism is a common response, and indeed describes ostracism as form of "covert" reprisal, as it is normally so difficult to identify and investigate.[25]

text: Qahr and ashti[edit]

text: Qahr and Ashti is a culture-specific Iranian form of personal shunning, most frequently of another family member.[26] Qahr and ashti are described by Dr. Kambiz Behzadi[27] as:

text: Qahr (to not be on speaking terms with someone) and ashti (to make up) represent a complex culture-specific fusion of emotional dynamics, cognitive evaluations, and behavioral tendencies, which codes both negative and 'distancing' emotions and initiates a set of social actions and gestures that lead to amelioration of that emotional state.[28]

text: While modern Western concepts of ostracism are based upon enforcing conformity within a societally-recognized group,[29] Iranian Qahr is a private (batin), family-oriented affair of conflict or display of anger[30] that is never disclosed to the public at large, as to do would be a breach of social etiquette.[31]

text: In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the husband only has the right to show qahr towards his wife, the wife does not have this right to show qahr towards her husband,[32] as the husband's family rank is that of Head of Household while the wife has a much lower family ranking.[33] She may practice qahr only towards others of equal or lower status.

text: Qahr is avoidance of a lower-ranking family member who has committed a perceived insult. It is one of several ritualized social customs of Iranian culture.[34]

text: Gozasht, an Iranian word meaning 'tolerance, understanding and a desire or willingness to forgive'[35] is an essential componant of Qahr and Ashti[35] for both psychological needs of closure and cognition, as well as a culturally accepted source for practicing necessary religious requirements of tawbah (repentance, see Koran 2:222)[36] [37] and du'a (supplication).[38]