document_title: Appendix (anatomy)

question_text: where is the appendix located on a man

question_tokens: where is the appendix located on a man

text: Appendix (anatomy)

text: Structure[edit]

text: The human appendix averages 9 cm in length but can range from 2 to 20 cm. The diameter of the appendix is usually between 7 and 8 mm. The longest appendix ever removed was 26 cm long. It was removed from a patient in Zagreb, Croatia.[1] The appendix is usually located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, near the right hip bone. The base of the appendix is located 2 cm beneath the ileocecal valve that separates the large intestine from the small intestine. Its position within the abdomen corresponds to a point on the surface known as McBurney's point.

text: The appendix is connected to the mesentery in the lower region of the ileum, by a short region of the mesocolon known as the mesoappendix.[2]

text: Variation[edit]

text: Some identical twins—known as mirror image twins—can have a mirror-imaged anatomy, a congenital condition with the appendix located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.[3][4][5] Intestinal malrotation may also cause displacement of the appendix to the left side.

text: While the base of the appendix is at a fairly constant location—2 cm below the ileocecal valve, the tip of the appendix can be variably located—in the pelvis, outside the peritoneum or behind the cecum.[6] The prevalence of the different positions varies amongst populations with the retrocecal position being most common in Ghana and Sudan, with 67.3% and 58.3% occurrence respectively, in comparison to Iran and Bosnia where the pelvic position is most common, with 55.8% and 57.7% occurrence respectively.[7][8][9][10]

text: In very rare cases (laparotomies for suspected appendicitis have given a frequency of 1 in 100,000), the appendix may not be present at all.[11]

text: Sometimes there is a semi-circular fold of mucous membrane at the opening of the appendix. This valve of the vermiform appendix is also called Gerlach's valve.[2]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Maintaining gut flora[edit]

text: Although it has been long accepted that the immune tissue surrounding the appendix and elsewhere in the gut—called gut associated lymphoid tissue—carries out a number of important functions, explanations were lacking for the distinctive shape of the appendix and its apparent lack of specific importance and function as judged by an absence of side effects following its removal.[12] Therefore, the notion that the appendix is only vestigial became widely held.

text: William Parker, Randy Bollinger, and colleagues at Duke University proposed in 2007 that the appendix serves as a haven for useful bacteria when illness flushes those bacteria from the rest of the intestines.[13][14] This proposal is based on an understanding that emerged by the early 2000s of how the immune system supports the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria,[15][16] in combination with many well-known features of the appendix, including its architecture, its location just below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine, and its association with copious amounts of immune tissue. Research performed at Winthrop–University Hospital showed that individuals without an appendix were four times more likely to have a recurrence of Clostridium difficile colitis.[17] The appendix, therefore, may act as a safe house for good bacteria.[13] This reservoir of bacteria could then serve to repopulate the gut flora in the digestive system following a bout of dysentery or cholera, or boost it following a milder gastrointestinal illness.[14]

text: Immune and lymphatic system[edit]

text: The appendix has been identified as an important component of mammalian mucosal immune function, particularly B cell mediated immune responses and extrathymically derived T cells. This structure helps in the proper movement and removal of waste matter in the digestive system, contains lymphatic vessels that regulate pathogens, and lastly, might even produce early defences that prevent deadly diseases. Additionally, it is thought that this may provide more immune defences from invading pathogens and getting the lymphatic system's B and T cells to fight the viruses and bacteria that infect that portion of the bowel and training them, so that immune responses are targeted and more able to reliably and less dangerously fight off pathogens.[18] In addition there are different immune cells called innate lymphoid cells that function in the gut, to help the appendix maintain digestive health.[19][20]

text: Vestigiality[edit]

text: The human appendix had been proposed to be a vestigial structure, a structure that has lost all or most of its original function, or that has evolved to take on a new function. The suggestion was that it is the shrunken remnant of the cecum thought to have been present in a remote ancestor of humans. This notion is still widely held. A 2013 study, however, refutes the idea of an inverse relationship between cecum size and appendix size and presence.[21] Ceca, which occur in the digestive tracts of many herbivores (e.g. ox, horse), house mutualistic bacteria and ingested small stones that help animals digest the cellulose molecules found in plants.[22]

text: It is widely present in euarchontoglires (a superorder of mammals that includes rodents and primates) and has also evolved independently in the diprotodont marsupials, monotremes, and is highly diverse in size and shape.[21][23]

text: A possible scenario for the progression from a fully functional cecum to the current human appendix was put forth by Charles Darwin. He suggested that the appendix was used for digesting leaves as primates. It may be a vestigial organ of ancient humans that has degraded to nearly nothing of its original purpose, or evolved to take on a new purpose over the course of evolution. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as found in the horse or the koala, appears to support this theory. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage. As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the mutations survived. It is suggested that these alleles became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.[24]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The most common diseases of the appendix (in humans) are appendicitis and carcinoid tumors (appendiceal carcinoid).[25] Appendix cancer accounts for about 1 in 200 of all gastrointestinal malignancies. In rare cases, adenomas are also present.[26]

text: Appendicitis[edit]

text: Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. Pain often begins in the center of the abdomen, corresponding to the appendix's development as part of the embryonic midgut. This pain is typically a dull, poorly localized, visceral pain.[27]

text: As the inflammation progresses, the pain begins to localize more clearly to the right lower quadrant, as the peritoneum becomes inflamed. This peritoneal inflammation, or peritonitis, results in rebound tenderness (pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure). In particular, it presents at McBurney's point, 1/3 of the way along a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. Typically, point (skin) pain is not present until the parietal peritoneum is inflamed, as well. Fever and an immune system response are also characteristic of appendicitis.[27]

text: Appendicitis usually requires the removal of the inflamed appendix, in an appendectomy either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, the appendix may rupture, leading to peritonitis, followed by shock, and, if still untreated, death.[27]

text: Surgery[edit]

text: The surgical removal of the appendix is called an appendectomy. This removal is normally performed as an emergency procedure when the patient is suffering from acute appendicitis. In the absence of surgical facilities, intravenous antibiotics are used to delay or avoid the onset of sepsis. In some cases, the appendicitis resolves completely; more often, an inflammatory mass forms around the appendix. This is a relative contraindication to surgery.

text: The appendix is also used for the construction of an efferent urinary conduit, in an operation known as the Mitrofanoff procedure,[28] in people with a neurogenic bladder.

text: The appendix is also used as a means to access the colon in children with paralysed bowels or major rectal sphincter problems. The appendix is brought out to the skin surface and the child/parent can then attach a catheter and easily wash out the colon (via normal defaecation) using an appropriate solution.[29]

text: History[edit]

text: Dr. Heather F. Smith of Midwestern University and colleagues explained:

text: Recently ... improved understanding of gut immunity has merged with current thinking in biological and medical science, pointing to an apparent function of the mammalian cecal appendix as a safe-house for symbiotic gut microbes, preserving the flora during times of gastrointestinal infection in societies without modern medicine. This function is potentially a selective force for the evolution and maintenance of the appendix. Three morphotypes of cecal-appendices can be described among mammals based primarily on the shape of the cecum: a distinct appendix branching from a rounded or sac-like cecum (as in many primate species), an appendix located at the apex of a long and voluminous cecum (as in the rabbit, greater glider and Cape dune mole rat), and an appendix in the absence of a pronounced cecum (as in the wombat). In addition, long narrow appendix-like structures are found in mammals that either lack an apparent cecum (as in monotremes) or lack a distinct junction between the cecum and appendix-like structure (as in the koala). A cecal appendix has evolved independently at least twice, and apparently represents yet another example of convergence in morphology between Australian marsupials and placentals in the rest of the world. Although the appendix has apparently been lost by numerous species, it has also been maintained for more than 80 million years in at least one clade.[23]

text: In a more recent paper, the appendix was found to have evolved at least 32 times (and perhaps as many as 38 times) and to have been lost no more than six times.[21] This suggests that the cecal appendix has a selective advantage in many situations and argues strongly against its vestigial nature. This complex evolutionary history of the appendix, along with a great heterogeneity in its evolutionary rate in various taxa, suggests that it is a recurrent trait.[30]

text: Such a function may be useful in a culture lacking modern sanitation and healthcare practice, where diarrhea may be prevalent. Current epidemiological data on the cause of death in developed countries collected by the World Health Organization in 2001 show that acute diarrhea is now the fourth leading cause of disease-related death in developing countries (data summarized by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation). Two of the other leading causes of death are expected to have exerted limited or no selection pressure.[31][32]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child

Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system (frontal view)

Vermiform appendix

Ileo-cecal valve and vermiform appendix

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix tip

Cross section of the appendix with Enterobius with H&E stain

Histology of vermiform appendix


document_title: List of the most common U.S. place names

question_text: what is most common city name in us

question_tokens: what is most common city name in us

root

text: Postal Service data[edit]

text: The United States Postal Service has published a list of the most common city[2] and post office[3] names within the United States, as of 2017:

tag: p

text:
Cities
Post Offices

1 Franklin (31)
1 Clinton (26)

2 Clinton, Washington (29 each)
2 Madison (25)

3 Arlington (28)
3 Franklin, Washington (24 each)

4 Chester, Georgetown, Madison, Salem (27 each)
4 Chester, Marion (23 each)

5 Fairfield, Greenville, Kingston, Marion, Riverside, Springfield (26 each)
5 Greenville, Springfield (22 each)

tag: table

text: All place names[edit]

text: Washington (88)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Washington, Connecticut
city

Washington, D.C.
federal district

Washington, Georgia
city

Washington, Illinois
city

Washington Park, Illinois
village

Washington, Indiana
city

Washington, Iowa
city

North Washington, Iowa
city

Washington Mills, Iowa
unincorporated community

Washington Prairie, Iowa
unincorporated community

Washington, Kansas
city

Washington, Kentucky
village

Mount Washington, Kentucky
city

Washington, Louisiana
town

Washington, Maine
town

Washington, Massachusetts
town

Mount Washington, Massachusetts
town

Washington Grove, Maryland
town

Washington, Michigan
town

Washington, Mississippi
unincorporated community

Washington, Missouri
city

Washington, Nebraska
village

Washington, New Hampshire
town

Washington, New Jersey
borough

Port Washington North, New York
village

Washingtonville, New York
village

Washington, North Carolina
city

Washington Park, North Carolina
town

Washington, Ohio
city

Port Washington, Ohio
village

Old Washington, Ohio
village

Washingtonville, Ohio
village

Washington Court House, Ohio
city

Washington, Oklahoma
town

Washington, Pennsylvania
city

Washingtonville, Pennsylvania
borough

Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas
unincorporated community

Washington, Utah
city

Washington Terrace, Utah
city

Washington, Vermont
town

Washington, Virginia
town

Washington, West Virginia
CDP

Washington, Wisconsin
unincorporated community

Port Washington, Wisconsin
city

text:
The State of Washington
31 of the 50 United States are home to a County of Washington.
There are 5 Washington Townships in the State of New Jersey.
There are no fewer than 7 Towns of Washington (and one Town of Port Washington) in the State of Wisconsin which correspond to townships rather than municipalities.

tag: ul

text: Springfield (41)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Springfield, Alabama
town

Springfield, Arkansas
town

Springfield, Colorado
town

Springfield, Florida
city

Springfield, Georgia
city

Springfield, Idaho
unincorporated community

Springfield, Illinois
city

Springfield, Kentucky
city

Springfield, Louisiana
town

Springfield, Maine
town

Springfield, Massachusetts
city

Springfield, Michigan
city

Springfield, Minnesota
city

Springfield, Missouri
city

Springfield, Nebraska
city

Springfield, New Hampshire
town

Springfield, New York
town

Springfield, New Jersey (Burlington County)
township

Springfield, New Jersey (Union County)
township

Springfield, Ohio
city

Springfield, Oregon[4]
city

Springfield, Pennsylvania
CDP

Springfield, South Carolina
town

Springfield, South Dakota
city

Springfield, Tennessee
city

Springfield, Vermont
town

Springfield, Virginia
CDP

Springfield, West Virginia
CDP

Springfield, Wisconsin (Dane County)
town

Springfield, Wisconsin (Jackson County)
town[5]

Springfield, Wisconsin (Marquette County)
town

Springfield, Wisconsin (St. Croix County)
town

Springfield, Wisconsin (Walworth County)
town

text: Franklin (35)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Franklin, Alabama
town

Franklin, Arkansas
town

Franklin, Connecticut
town

Franklin, Georgia
city

Franklin, Idaho
city

Franklin, Illinois
village

Franklin, Indiana
city

Franklin, Iowa
city

Franklin, Kansas
town

Franklin, Kentucky
city

Franklin, Louisiana
town

Franklin, Maine
town

Franklin, Massachusetts
city

Franklin, Michigan
village

Franklin, Minnesota
city

Franklin, Missouri
city

Franklin, Nebraska
city

Franklin, New Hampshire
city

Franklin, New Jersey
borough

Franklin, Delaware County, New York
village

Franklin, Franklin County, New York
town

Franklin, North Carolina
town

Franklin County, Ohio
county

Franklin, North Carolina
town

Franklin, Oregon
town

Franklin, Ohio
city

Franklin, Cambria County, Pennsylvania
borough

Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania
city

Franklin, South Dakota
town

Franklin, Tennessee
city

Franklin, Texas
city

Franklin, Vermont
town

Franklin, Virginia
city

Franklin, West Virginia
town

Franklin, Wisconsin
city

Franklin, Louisiana
parish

text: Lebanon (32)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Lebanon, Alabama

Lebanon, Arizona

Lebanon, Arkansas

Lebanon, Colorado

Lebanon, Connecticut

Rising Sun-Lebanon, Delaware

Lebanon, Georgia

Lebanon, Illinois

Lebanon, Indiana

Lebanon, Iowa

Lebanon, Kansas

Lebanon, Kentucky

Mount Lebanon, Louisiana

Lebanon, Maine

Lebanon, Township, Michigan

Lebanon, Mississippi

Lebanon, Missouri

Lebanon, Nebraska

Lebanon, New Hampshire

Lebanon, New Jersey

Lebanon, New York

Lebanon Township, North Carona

Lebanon, North Dakota

Lebanon, Ohio

Lebanon, Oklahoma

Lebanon, Oregon

Lebanon, Pennsylvania

Lebanon, South Carolina

Lebanon, South Dakota

Lebanon, Tennessee

Lebanon, Virginia

Lebanon, Wisconsin

text: Greenville (30)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Greenville, Alabama
city

Greenville, California
CDP

Greenville, Delaware
CDP

Greenville, Florida
town

Greenville, Georgia
city

Greenville, Illinois
city

Greenville, Indiana
town

Greenville, Iowa
city

Greenville, Kentucky
city

Greenville, Maine
town

Greenville, Massachusetts
city

Greenville, Michigan
city

Greenville, Mississippi
city

Greenville, Missouri
city

Greenville, New Hampshire
town

Greenville, New Jersey
former township

Greenville, Greene County, New York
town

Greenville, Orange County, New York
town

Greenville, Westchester County, New York
CDP

Greenville, North Carolina
city

Greenville, Ohio
city

Greenville, Pennsylvania
borough

Greenville, Rhode Island
CDP

Greenville, South Carolina
city

Greenville, Texas
city

Greenville, Utah
town

Greenville, Virginia
CDP

Greenville, Logan County, West Virginia
CDP

Greenville, Monroe County, West Virginia
CDP

Greenville, Wisconsin
CDP

text: Bristol (29)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Bristol, Colorado
unincorporated community

Bristol, Connecticut
city

Bristol, Florida
city

Bristol, Georgia
city

Bristol, Illinois
unincorporated community

Bristol, Indiana
town

Bristol, Iowa
township

Bristol, Louisiana
Populated place

Bristol, Maryland
unincorporated community

Bristol, Maine
town

Bristol, Michigan
unincorporated community

Bristol, Minnesota
township

Bristol, Missouri
populated place

Bristol, Nevada
ghost town

Bristol, New Hampshire
town

Bristol, New York
town

Bristol, Ohio
unincorporated community

Bristol, Pennsylvania
borough

Bristol Township, Pennsylvania
township

Bristol, Rhode Island
town

Bristol, South Dakota
city

Bristol, Tennessee
city

Bristol, Texas
community

Bristol, Vermont
town

Bristol, Virginia
city

Bristol, Washington
community

Bristol, Dane County, Wisconsin
town

Bristol, Kenosha County, Wisconsin
town

Bristol, West Virginia
town

text: Clinton (29)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Clinton, Arkansas
city

Clinton, Connecticut
town

Clinton, Illinois
city

Clinton, Indiana
city

Clinton, Iowa
city

Clinton, Kentucky
city

Clinton, Louisiana
town

Clinton, Maine
town

Clinton, Maryland
CDP

Clinton, Massachusetts
town

Clinton, Macomb County, Michigan
CDP

Clinton, Lenawee County, Michigan
village

Clinton, Minnesota
city

Clinton, Mississippi
city

Clinton, Missouri
city

Clinton, Montana
CDP

Clinton, Nebraska
village

Clinton, New Jersey
town

Clinton, Clinton County, New York
town

Clinton, Dutchess County, New York
town

Clinton, Oneida County, New York
village

Clinton, North Carolina
city

Clinton, Ohio
village

Clinton, Oklahoma
city

Clinton, South Carolina
city

Clinton, Tennessee
city

Clinton, Utah
city

Clinton, Washington
CDP

Clinton, Wisconsin
village

text: Fairview (28)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Fairview, Alabama
town

Fairview, California
CDP

Fairview, Georgia
CDP

Fairview, Illinois
village

Fairview Park, Indiana
town

Fairview, Kansas
city

Fairview, Christian County, Kentucky
town

Fairview, Kenton County, Kentucky
city

Fairview, Lyon County, Kentucky
town

Fairview, Maryland
CDP

Fairview, Missouri
town

Fairview, Montana
town

Fairview, Bergen County, New Jersey
borough

Fairview, Monmouth County, New Jersey
CDP

Fairview, Dutchess County, New York
CDP

Fairview, Westchester County, New York
CDP

Fairview, North Carolina
CDP

Fairview, North Carolina
town

Fairview, Ohio
village

Fairview, Oklahoma
city

Fairview, Oregon
city

Fairview, Pennsylvania
borough

Fairview, South Dakota
town

Fairview, Tennessee
city

Fairview, Texas
town

Fairview, Utah
city

Fairview, West Virginia
town

Fairview, Wyoming
CDP

text: Salem (26)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Salem, Fulton County, Arkansas
city

Salem, Saline County, Arkansas
CDP

Salem, Connecticut
town

Salem, Georgia
CDP

Salem, Illinois
city

Salem, Indiana
city

Salem, Iowa
city

Salem, Kentucky
city

Salem, Massachusetts
city

Salem, Michigan
village

Salem, Missouri
city

Salem, Nebraska
village

Salem, New Hampshire
town

Salem, New Jersey
city

Salem, New Mexico
CDP

Salem, New York
village

Salem, North Carolina
CDP

Salem, Ohio
city

Salem, Oklahoma
CDP

Salem, Oregon
city

Salem, South Carolina
town

Salem, South Dakota
city

Salem, Utah
city

Salem, Virginia
city

Salem, West Virginia
city

Salem, Kenosha County, Wisconsin
town

text: Madison (24)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Madison, Alabama
city

Madison, Arkansas
city

Madison, Connecticut
town

Madison, Florida
city

Madison, Georgia
city

Madison, Illinois
city

Madison, Indiana
city

Madison, Kansas
city

Madison, Maine
town

Madison Heights, Michigan
city

Madison, Minnesota
city

Madison, Mississippi
city

Madison, Missouri
city

Madison, Nebraska
city

Madison, New Hampshire
town

Madison, New Jersey
borough

Madison, New York
village

Madison, North Carolina
town

Madison, Ohio
village

Madison, Pennsylvania
borough

Madison, South Dakota
city

Madison, Tennessee
village

Madison, Virginia
town

Madison, West Virginia
city

Madison, Wisconsin
capital

text: Georgetown (24)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Georgetown, Arkansas
town

Georgetown, California
CDP

Georgetown, Colorado
town

Georgetown, Connecticut
CDP

Georgetown, Delaware
town

Georgetown, Chatham County, Georgia
CDP

Georgetown, Quitman County, Georgia
city

Georgetown, Idaho
city

Georgetown, Illinois
city

Georgetown, Indiana
several places

Georgetown, Floyd County, Indiana
town

Georgetown, St. Joseph County, Indiana
CDP

Georgetown, Kentucky
city

Georgetown, Louisiana
village

Georgetown, Maine
town

Georgetown, Massachusetts
town

Georgetown Township, Michigan
township

Georgetown, Minnesota
city

Georgetown, Mississippi
town

Georgetown, New York
town

Georgetown, Ohio
village

Georgetown, Beaver County, Pennsylvania
borough

Georgetown, South Carolina
city

Georgetown, Tennessee
village

Georgetown, Texas
city

Georgetown, Washington DC
principality

text: Arlington (22)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Arlington, Arizona
town

Arlington, Georgia
city

Arlington, Illinois
village

Arlington, Iowa
city

Arlington, Kansas
city

Arlington, Kentucky
city

Arlington, Massachusetts
town

Arlington, Minnesota
city

Arlington, Nebraska
village

Arlington, New York
CDP

Arlington, North Carolina
town

Arlington, Ohio
village

Arlington, Oregon
city

Arlington, South Dakota
city

Arlington, Tennessee
town

Arlington, Texas
city

Arlington, Vermont
town

Arlington County, Virginia
urban county

Arlington, Northampton County, Virginia
CDP

Arlington, Washington
city

Arlington, Wisconsin
village

Arlington, Wyoming
CDP

text: Ashland (23)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Ashland, Alabama
city

Ashland, California
CDP

Ashland Township, Indiana
town

Ashland, Illinois
village

Ashland, Kansas
city

Ashland, Kentucky
city

Ashland, Louisiana
village

Ashland, Maine
town

Ashland, Massachusetts
town

Ashland, Mississippi
town

Ashland, Missouri
city

Ashland, Montana
CDP

Ashland, Nebraska
city

Ashland, New Hampshire
town

Ashland, New Jersey
CDP

Ashland, Chemung County, New York
town

Ashland, Greene County, New York
town

Ashland, Ohio
city

Ashland, Oklahoma
town

Ashland, Oregon
city

Ashland, Pennsylvania
borough

Ashland, Virginia
town

Ashland, Wisconsin
city

text: Dover (23)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Dover, Arkansas
city

Dover, California
city

Dover, Delaware
city

Dover, Florida
CDP

Dover, Idaho
city

Dover, Illinois
village

Dover Hill, Indiana
cdp

Dover, Kansas

Dover, Kentucky
city

Dover, Massachusetts
town

Dover Township, Michigan (Lake County)
township

Dover Township, Michigan (Lenawee County)
township

Dover Township, Michigan (Otsego County)
township

Dover, Minnesota
city

Dover, Missouri
town

Dover, New Hampshire
city

Dover, New Jersey
town

Dover, North Carolina
town

Dover, Ohio
city

Dover, Oklahoma
town

Dover, Pennsylvania
borough

Dover, Tennessee
city

Dover, Vermont
town

text: Oxford (22)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Oxford, Alabama
city

Oxford, Arkansas
city

Oxford, Connecticut
town

Oxford, Florida
city

Oxford, Georgia
city

Oxford, Idaho
city

Oxford, Indiana
town

Oxford, Iowa
city

Oxford, Kansas
city

Oxford, Kentucky
village

Oxford, Maine
town

Oxford, Maryland
town

Oxford, Massachusetts
town

Oxford, Michigan
village

Oxford, Mississippi
city

Oxford, Missouri
village

Oxford, Nebraska
village

Oxford, New Jersey
CDP

Oxford, New York
village

Oxford, North Carolina
city

Oxford, Ohio
city

Oxford, Pennsylvania
borough

Oxford, Wisconsin
village

text: Jackson (21)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Jackson, Alabama
city

Jackson, California
city

Jackson, Georgia
city

Jackson, Kentucky
city

Jackson, Louisiana
town

Jackson, Maine
town

Jackson, Michigan
city

Jackson, Minnesota
city

Jackson, Mississippi
city

Jackson, Missouri
city

Jackson, Montana
village

Jackson, Nebraska
village

Jackson, New Hampshire
town

Jackson, New Jersey
town

Jackson, New York
town

Jackson, North Carolina
town

Jackson, Ohio
city

Jackson, South Carolina
Town

Fort Jackson, South Carolina
military base

Jackson, Tennessee
city

Jackson, Wisconsin
village

Jackson, Wyoming
town

text: Burlington (21)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Burlington, Colorado
city

Burlington, Connecticut
town

Burlington, Illinois
village

Burlington, Indiana
town

Burlington, Iowa
city

Burlington, Kansas
city

Burlington, Kentucky
CDP

Burlington, Maine
town

Burlington, Massachusetts
town

Burlington, Michigan
village

Burlington, New Jersey
city

Burlington, New York
town

Burlington, North Carolina
city

Burlington, North Dakota
city

Burlington, Ohio
CDP

Burlington, Oklahoma
town

Burlington, Pennsylvania
borough

Burlington, Vermont
city

Burlington, Washington
city

Burlington, Wisconsin
city

Burlington, Wyoming
town

text: Manchester (22)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Manchester, Connecticut
town

Manchester, Georgia
city

Manchester, Illinois
village

North Manchester, Indiana
town

Manchester, Iowa
city

Manchester, Kansas
city

Manchester, Kentucky
city

Manchester, Maine
town

Manchester, Maryland
town

Manchester, Michigan
village

Manchester, Minnesota
city

Manchester, Missouri
city

Manchester, New Hampshire
city

Manchester, New Jersey
township

Manchester, New York
village

Manchester, Ohio
village

Manchester, Oklahoma
town

Manchester, Pennsylvania
borough

Manchester, Tennessee
city

Manchester, Vermont
town

Manchester, Virginia
community

Manchester, Washington
CDP

Manchester, Massachusetts
town

text: Milton (21)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Milton, Delaware
town

Milton, Florida
city

Milton, Georgia
city

Milton, Illinois
village

Milton, Indiana
town

Milton, Iowa
city

Milton, Kentucky
city

Milton, Louisiana
town

Milton, Massachusetts
town

Milton, New Hampshire
town

Milton, Saratoga County, New York
CDP

Milton, Ulster County, New York
CDP

Milton, North Carolina
town

Milton, North Dakota
city

Milton, Ohio
townships in 5 counties

Milton, Pennsylvania
borough

Milton, Tennessee
village

Milton, Vermont
town

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Milton, West Virginia
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text: Newport (20)[edit]

text:
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Newport, Arkansas
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Newport, Michigan
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Newport, Oregon
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CDP

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text:
Place
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township

Auburn, Pennsylvania
borough

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city

Auburn, West Virginia
town

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CDP

text: Centerville (20)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Centerville, Delaware
unincorporated

Centerville, Georgia
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Centerville, Massachusetts
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Centerville, Montgomery County, Ohio
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Centerville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania
borough

Centerville, Washington County, Pennsylvania
borough

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CDP

Centerville, South Dakota
city

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town

Centerville, Texas
city

Centerville, Utah
city

Centerville, Virginia
town

Centerville, Washington
CDP

text: There are 4 Centerville, Wisconsin locations.

text: Clayton (20)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Clayton, Alabama
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Clayton, California
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Clayton, Delaware
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borough

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town

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village

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town

Clayton, Washington
CDP

Clayton, Wisconsin
village

text: Dayton (20)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Dayton, Alabama
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village

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CDP

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Dayton, New Jersey
CDP

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borough

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city

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city

Dayton, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
two towns

Dayton, Wyoming
town

text: Lexington (19)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Lexington, Alabama
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Lexington, Illinois
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village

Lexington, Minnesota
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town

Lexington, Virginia
city

text: Milford (20)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Milford, Connecticut
city

Milford, Delaware
city

Milford, Illinois
village

Milford, Kosciusko County, Indiana
town

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Milford, Kansas
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village

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town

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village

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village

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Milford, New Jersey
borough

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village

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borough

Milford, Texas
town

Milford, Utah
city

New Milford, Connecticut
town

text: Mount Vernon (19)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Mount Vernon, Alabama
town

Mount Vernon, Arkansas
city

Mount Vernon, California
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Mount Vernon, Georgia
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Mount Vernon, Illinois
city

Mount Vernon, Indiana
city

Mount Vernon, Iowa
city

Mount Vernon, Kentucky
city

Mount Vernon, Maine
town

Mount Vernon, Maryland
CDP

Mount Vernon, Missouri
city

Mount Vernon, New Hampshire
town

Mount Vernon, New York
city

Mount Vernon, Ohio
city

Mount Vernon, Oregon
city

Mount Vernon, South Dakota
city

Mount Vernon, Tennessee
village

Mount Vernon, Texas
town

Mount Vernon, Virginia
CDP

Mount Vernon, Washington
city

text: Oakland (19)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Oakland, California
city

Oakland, Florida
city

Oakland, Illinois
city

Oakland, Iowa
city

Oakland, Kentucky
city

Oakland, Maine
town

Oakland, Maryland
town

Oakland Township, Michigan (Oakland County)
township

Oakland, Mississippi
town

Oakland, Missouri
city

Oakland, Nebraska
city

Oakland, New Jersey
borough

Oakland, New York
town

Oakland, Ohio
village

Oakland, Oklahoma
town

Oakland, Oregon
city

Oakland, Pennsylvania
borough

Oakland, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
CDP

Oakland, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
borough

Oakland, South Carolina
CDP

Oakland, Tennessee
town

text: Winchester (19)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Winchester, Arkansas
city

Winchester, California
CDP

Winchester, Connecticut
town

Winchester, Idaho
city

Winchester, Illinois
city

Winchester, Indiana
city

Winchester, Iowa
city

Winchester, Kansas
city

Winchester, Kentucky
city

Winchester, Massachusetts
town

Winchester, Missouri
city

Winchester, Nevada
town

Winchester, New Hampshire
town

Winchester, New Jersey
town

Winchester, Ohio
village

Winchester, Oklahoma
town

Winchester, Tennessee
city

Winchester, Texas
town

Winchester, Virginia
city

Winchester, Wyoming
CDP

text: Cleveland (18)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Cleveland, Alabama
town

Cleveland, Florida
CDP

Cleveland, Georgia
city

Cleveland, Illinois
village

Cleveland, Minnesota
city

Cleveland, Mississippi
city

Cleveland, Missouri
city

Cleveland, New York
village

Cleveland, North Carolina
town

Cleveland, North Dakota
city

Cleveland, Ohio
city

Cleveland, Oklahoma
city

Cleveland, Tennessee
city

Cleveland, Texas
city

Cleveland, Utah
town

Cleveland, Virginia
town

Cleveland, West Virginia
town

Cleveland, Wisconsin
village

text: Hudson (18)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Hudson, Colorado
town

Hudson, Florida
CDP

Hudson, Illinois
village

Hudson, Indiana
town

Hudson, Iowa
city

Hudson, Kansas
city

Hudson, Kentucky
village

Hudson, Maine
town

Hudson, Massachusetts
town

Hudson, Michigan
city

Hudson, New Hampshire
town

Hudson, New York
city

Hudson, North Carolina
town

Hudson, Ohio
city

Hudson, South Dakota
town

Hudson, Texas
city

Hudson, Wisconsin
city

Hudson, Wyoming
town

text: Kingston (18)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Kingston, Georgia
city

Kingston, Idaho
village

Kingston, Illinois
village

Kingston, Massachusetts
town

Kingston, Michigan
village

Kingston, Minnesota
city

Kingston, Missouri
city

Kingston, Nevada
village

Kingston, New Hampshire
town

Kingston, New Jersey
CDP

Kingston, New York
city

Kingston, Ohio
village

Kingston, Oklahoma
town

Kingston, Pennsylvania
borough

Kingston, Rhode Island
CDP

Kingston, Tennessee
city

Kingston, Utah
town

Kingston, Washington
CDP

Kingston, Wisconsin
village

text: Riverside (18)[edit]

text:
Place
Type

Riverside, Alabama
town

Riverside, California
city

Riverside, Georgia
town

Riverside, Illinois
village

Riverside, Iowa
city

Riverside, Maryland
CDP

Riverside, Missouri
city

Riverside, New Jersey
town

Riverside, Steuben County, New York
village

Riverside, Suffolk County, New York
CDP

Riverside, Ohio
city

Riverside, Umatilla County, Oregon
CDP

Riverside, Pennsylvania
borough

Riverside, Rhode Island
village

Riverside, Texas
city

Riverside, Utah
CDP

Riverside, Washington
town

Riverside, Wyoming
town


question_text: who is luke's father in the lightning thief

question_tokens: who is luke 's father in the lightning thief

text: Plot[edit]

text: In New York City, Zeus and Poseidon meet at the top of the Empire State Building, where Zeus reveals that his master lightning bolt has been stolen and accuses Poseidon's demigod son, Percy Jackson, of the theft. Poseidon reminds him that Percy is unaware of his true identity, but Zeus declares that unless his master bolt is returned to Mount Olympus before the summer solstice, in two weeks' time, war will be waged between all the gods.

text: Percy is a 16-year-old boy who appears to his peers to be dyslexic and has a unique ability to stay underwater for a long time. While on a school field trip to the local museum, Percy is attacked by Alecto, a Fury disguised as his substitute English teacher, Mrs. Dodds who demands the lightning bolt. Percy's best friend, Grover Underwood, and his Latin teacher, Mr. Brunner— both of whom appear disabled— help Percy and scare off Alecto. Upon learning of Alecto's reason for the attack, Brunner gives Percy a pen, claiming that it is a powerful weapon, and has Grover take Percy and his mother Sally to Camp Half-Blood, leaving behind Sally's abusive husband, Gabe Ugliano. However, upon arriving at the camp, the three are attacked by the Minotaur, who appears to kill Sally, who is unable to enter the camp. Grover tells Percy to use the pen that he received from Brunner, and Percy discovers it is a sword. He uses his sword to fight the Minotaur, without initial success. Percy kills the Minotaur with his own horn, then faints from shock.

text: Three days later, Percy wakes up in the camp. He learns he is the son of Poseidon, Grover is a disguised Satyr and his junior protector and Brunner is the Centaur, Chiron, also initially disguised. Chiron suggests that Percy go to Mount Olympus to convince Zeus of his innocence. Percy begins training to use his demigod powers, which include water manipulation and using water to heal. He also meets other demigods, including Annabeth Chase, daughter of Athena; and Camp Leader Luke Castellan, son of Hermes. Percy is visited by a fiery apparition of his uncle Hades, who reveals that Sally is with him in the Underworld and that he will return her safely if Percy hands over the lightning bolt. Defying Chiron's orders, Percy decides to go to the Underworld believing if he can convince Hades of his innocence, Hades will release his mother, joined by Grover and Annabeth. They visit Luke, who gives them a map showing the location of three pearls belonging to Hades' wife, Persephone, which they can use to escape the Underworld. They are also given a pair of winged sneakers Luke stole from his father and a shield Luke describes as his favorite.

text: The trio heads out, locating the first pearl at an old garden center before they suddenly encounter Medusa, who tries to kill them until she is decapitated by Percy; they take her head with them for later use. They locate the second pearl in the Parthenon in Nashville; Percy uses the winged shoes to take it from a statue of Athena. However, they are then confronted by the Hydra, which Grover turns to stone using Medusa's head. The last pearl is located at the Lotus Casino in Las Vegas, where the three eat lotus flowers, which make them forget their reason for being there. They stay in the casino for five days until Poseidon speaks in Percy's mind, helping Percy return to his senses. Percy frees Grover and Annabeth from the effects of the flowers and they flee, discovering that the casino is run by the Lotus-Eaters, and they had been keeping people captive since ancient times. With all three pearls, Percy, Grover, and Annabeth head into the Underworld, the portal to which is located in Hollywood.

text: In the Underworld, they meet Hades and Persephone. Though Percy tells Hades that he does not have the lightning bolt, Hades finds it hidden inside Luke's shield, revealing that Luke is the lightning thief. Persephone knocks Hades unconscious with the lightning bolt to get her revenge on him for imprisoning her for all eternity and hands the bolt to Percy. However, because they only have three pearls, Grover remains with Persephone to allow Percy's mother to leave. Percy, Annabeth, and Sally teleport to the Empire State Building but are attacked by Luke, who wants to destroy Mount Olympus to secure the demigods' place as the new rulers of Western Civilization. After a fight across Manhattan, Percy defeats and apparently kills Luke and returns the lightning bolt to Zeus, who forgives Percy and allows Poseidon to briefly speak with his son. The film ends with Percy and Annabeth reuniting with Grover, furloughed from Hades and sporting a new pair of small horns that designate his promotion to Percy's senior protector. Percy and Annabeth are reunited, and they nearly kiss but Annabeth tricks Percy and they continue to train.

text: In the post-credits scene, Ugliano is kicked out of the apartment by Sally. He decides to get a beer on his way out, but finds a note from Percy saying that he should not open the refrigerator. He breaks the lock anyway and is turned to stone and killed by Medusa's head inside, on a serving plate. One of her snakes blurs the screen, revealing the movie's end. The sound of Ugliano turning to stone is heard while the screen is black.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, the demigod son of Poseidon[9]
Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Percy's protector, a satyr[9]
Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, the demigod daughter of Athena, and Percy's romantic foil[10]
Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, the demigod son of Hermes
Sean Bean as Zeus, god of the sky, thunder, lightning, king of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus and brother of Poseidon and Hades. He blames Percy for stealing his bolt.
Kevin McKidd as Poseidon, Percy's father, god of the seas, earthquakes, horses and brother of Zeus and Hades[11]
Steve Coogan as Hades, god of the Underworld, the dead, riches and brother of Zeus and Poseidon[12]
Melina Kanakaredes as Athena, Annabeth's mother, goddess of crafts, domestic arts, strategic warfare, peace and wisdom[11]
Rosario Dawson as Persephone, goddess of springtime and wife of Hades[12]
Dylan Neal as Hermes, Luke's father, god of trade, thieves, travelers, sports, athletes, and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus.
Erica Cerra as Hera, goddess of birth, family, marriage, women and queen of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus, sister and wife of Zeus
Stefanie von Pfetten as Demeter, goddess of agriculture, fertility, and the harvest, sister of Zeus and mother of Persephone
Dimitri Lekkos as Apollo, god of the sun, light, knowledge, healing, plague and darkness, the arts, music, poetry, prophecy, archery, and twin brother of Artemis
Ona Grauer as Artemis, goddess of the hunt, virginity, the moon, and all animals, and twin sister of Apollo
Serinda Swan as Aphrodite, goddess of love, beauty, wife of Hephaestus and lover of Ares
Conrad Coates as Hephaestus, god of fire, forge, blacksmiths, craftsmen and husband of Aphrodite
Ray Winstone as Ares, god of war, lover of Aphrodite (uncredited)[citation needed]
Luke Camilleri as Dionysus, god of wine, celebrations, ecstasy, and theatre
Uma Thurman as Medusa, a gorgon cursed by Athena[11]
Pierce Brosnan as Chiron, also known as Mr. Brunner, a centaur who trains heroes at Camp Half-Blood, the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hera
Maria Olsen as Mrs. Dodds / Alecto, a Fury, servant to Hades
Julian Richings as Charon, ferryman of the River Styx, servant to Hades
Catherine Keener as Sally Jackson, Percy's mother[13]
Joe Pantoliano as Gabe Ugliano, Percy's stepfather

text: Production[edit]

text: In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book.[14] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project.[15] Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver.[11] Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens.[16] Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009.[17] Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009.[18] Christophe Beck composed the score.[19] Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind. "I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters".[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened on February 12, 2010, in 3,356 theaters; its opening weekend box-office results totaled $31,236,067[4] in the U.S., finishing at #3 below The Wolfman, which opened at #2 with $31,479,235 and below Valentine's Day, which opened at #1 with $56,260,707.[21] The film had a strong opening weekend for its genre, posting the highest opening weekend for a fantasy film not from the Harry Potter, Chronicles of Narnia, or Lord of the Rings series.[22] As of September 14, 2010, it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world, bringing it to $226,497,209.[4]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 49% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 142 collected reviews, with an average score of 5.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Though it may seem like just another Harry Potter knockoff, Percy Jackson benefits from a strong supporting cast, a speedy plot, and plenty of fun with Greek mythology."[23] It also holds a Metacritic score of 47 out of 100, based on 31 sampled reviews, indicating "mixed to average reviews."[24] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as "standard Hollywood product... unadventurous and uninteresting".[25] The reviewer for The Washington Post thought "the movie suffers by taking itself a little too seriously. It's not just that it's a lot less funny than the book. It's also a lot less fun".[26] On BBC Radio 5, Mark Kermode criticized the similarity of the film to director Chris Columbus's Harry Potter films, likening it to a Harry Potter parody book and dubbing it Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins.[27] This comment later sparked a satirical fan creation with precisely that title, narrated by Stephen Fry.[28]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category/Recipient(s)
Result
References

2010 MTV Movie Awards
Breakthrough Performance
Logan Lerman

Nominated
[29]

Best Fight
Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards 2010
Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy
Rosario Dawson

Nominated
[30][31]

Choice: Breakout Female
Alexandra Daddario

Nominated

Choice: Breakout Male
Logan Lerman

Nominated

Choice: Fight
Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel

Nominated

37th Saturn Awards
Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Logan Lerman

Nominated
[32]

2010 Scream Awards
Best Cameo
"Rosario Dawson"

Nominated
[33]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief

Soundtrack album by Christophe Beck

Released
February 9, 2010 (2010-02-09)

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
59:07

Label
ABKCO Records

text: All music composed by Christophe Beck.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Prelude"
2:29

2.
"The Minotaur"
5:09

3.
"Chiron"
2:02

4.
"Victory"
1:32

5.
"The Fury"
2:16

6.
"Dyslexia"
1:02

7.
"The Hydra"
6:54

8.
"Medusa"
2:43

9.
"Son of Poseidon"
1:57

10.
"The Parthenon"
3:42

11.
"Hollywood"
2:32

12.
"Lost Souls"
2:35

13.
"Fighting Luke, Part 1"
3:54

14.
"Fighting Luke, Part 2"
2:47

15.
"Hades"
2:47

16.
"Mount Olympus"
1:27

17.
"Poseidon"
3:07

18.
"Homecoming"
3:06

19.
"End Credits"
7:12

text: Songs featured in the film that were not included in the soundtrack:

text:
No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Highway to Hell"
AC/DC
3:28

2.
"I'll Pretend"
Dwight Yoakam
2:22

3.
"A Little Less Conversation"
Elvis Presley
3:30

4.
"Poker Face"
Lady Gaga
3:58

5.
"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)"
Three Dog Night
2:58

6.
"Tik Tok"
Kesha
3:21

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010.[34] GameZone's Michael Splechta gave it a 6/10, saying "Percy Jackson might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie-in games, but fans of turn-based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare-bones game."[35] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the game has a score of 56 (citing "mixed or average reviews") based on 6 reviews.[36]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD[7] and Blu-ray.[8] The movie itself charted at the top of the charts (DVD sales) with $13,985,047 in revenue in its first week.[37] As of October 2011, the movie had sold 2,087,368 DVDs with over $37 million in sales.[38]

text: Stand-alone sequel[edit]

text: In October 2011, 20th Century Fox announced a stand-alone sequel based on the second book, The Sea of Monsters.[39][40] The film was released on August 7, 2013.[41]