document_title: List of Academy Award-winning families

question_text: father and daughter who have won an oscar

text: List of Academy Award-winning families

text: Extended family[edit]

text: This list includes winners who are direct relatives of other winners, including in-laws, aunts/uncles and first cousins.

text: The Shearers have the most wins, with 16. The Newmans were nominated the most often, all 92 being for Film Scoring, Arrangement, or Original Song.

text: The Coppolas have the most nominated (9) and winning (7) members.

text: The Hustons were the first three generation family of winners. The others are the Coppolas and, technically, the Farrow/Previn/Allens.

text: There are only two instances of a parent and child receiving acting nominations in the same film:[1]

text: There are only two instances of three family members being nominated for a single award:

text: Relationships noted show relation to first family member listed.

text:
Family
Awards /
Nominations
Member
(Wins
/Nominations
/Honorary)
Relationship
Awards
Earliest Winning Film
Note

Shearer
16
34
Douglas Shearer (14/28/0)[2]
Sound Recording, Special Effects
The Big House

Norma Shearer (1/5/0)[3]
Sister
Actress
The Divorcee
Shearer's husband, Irving G. Thalberg, produced numerous MGM hits, including Best Picture winner Grand Hotel, but never took screen credit.

Howard Hawks (0/1/1)[4]
Brother-in-law
Honorary

married to Norma Shearer's sister, Athole Shearer.

Newman
12
76
Alfred Newman (9/45/0)[5]
Music - Scoring
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Sons: Composers David Newman (1 nomination)[6] and Thomas Newman (14 nominations).[7]

Randy Newman (2/20/0)[8]
Nephew
Music - Original Song
Monsters, Inc.

Lionel Newman (1/11/0)[9]
Brother
Music - Scoring
Hello, Dolly!
Brother Emil Newman has 1 nomination[10] for Music - Scoring, making the Newmans the most-nominated family.

Coppola
12
29
Francis Ford Coppola (5/14/1)[11]
Writing, Directing, Producing
Patton
Son Roman Coppola has one nomination.[12]

Spike Jonze (1/4/0)[13]
Son-in-law
Writing
her
Ex-husband of Sofia Coppola

Sofia Coppola (1/3/0)[14]
Daughter
Writing
Lost in Translation

Carmine Coppola (1/2/0)[15]
Father
Music - Scoring, Song
The Godfather, Part II

David Shire (1/2/0)[16]
Brother-in-law
Music - Original Song
Norma Rae
Was married to F.F.C.'s sister, Talia Shire, who has 2 nominations[17] of her own.

Nicolas Cage (1/2/0)[18]
Nephew
Actor
Leaving Las Vegas

Patricia Arquette (1/1/0)[19]
Niece-in-law
Actor
Boyhood
ex-wife of Nicolas Cage and ex-sister-in-law of James Newton Howard (8 nominations)

Farrow
9
39
Woody Allen (4/24/0)[20]
Directing, Writing
Annie Hall
Allen is married to André Previn's daughter, Soon-Yi Previn, making him John Farrow's grandson-in-law. In addition, Soon-Yi Previn's mother, Mia Farrow, was previously married to Frank Sinatra (1/2/2).[21]

André Previn (4/13/0)[22]
Father-in-law
Music - Scoring, Song
Gigi
Married to John Farrow's daughter, Mia Farrow. Shared 3 song nominations[23] with his first wife, Dory Previn.

John Farrow (1/2/0)[24]
Grandfather-in-law
Writing
Around the World in 80 Days

Coen
5
19
Ethan Coen (4/14/0)[25]
Writing, Directing, Producing
Fargo
All awards and nominations shared with Joel Coen (except Best Picture for Fargo); includes two nominations with Joel Coen under their shared editing pseudonym "Roderick Jaynes".

Joel Coen (4/14/0)[26]
Brother
Writing, Directing, Producing
Fargo
All awards and nominations shared with Ethan Coen (except Best Director for Fargo); includes two nominations with Ethan Coen under their shared editing pseudonym "Roderick Jaynes".

Frances McDormand (1/4/0)[27]
Sister-in-law
Actress
Fargo
married to Joel Coen

Voight
5
15
Angelina Jolie (1/2/1)[28]
Actress
Girl, Interrupted

Brad Pitt (1/6/0)[29]
Former Husband
Producing
12 Years a Slave

Billy Bob Thornton (1/3/0)[30]
Former husband
Writing
Sling Blade

Jon Voight (1/4/0)[31]

Father

Actor
Coming Home

Selznick
5
13
David O. Selznick (2/8/1)[32]
Producing
Gone With the Wind

Jennifer Jones (1/5/0)[33]
Wife
Actress
Song of Bernadette

Louis B. Mayer (0/0/1)[34]
Father-in-law
Honorary

DeMille
5
7
Cecil B. DeMille (1/3/2)[35]
Producer
The Greatest Show on Earth

Anthony Quinn (2/4/0)[36]
Son-In-Law
Actor
Viva Zapata!

Zanuck
5
4
Darryl F. Zanuck (0/1/3)[37]
Honorary
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award

Richard Zanuck (1/3/1)[38]
Son
Producer
Driving Miss Daisy

Lili Fini Zanuck[39] (1/1/0)[40]
Daughter-in-law
Producer
Driving Miss Daisy

Huston
4
21
John Huston (2/14/0)[41]
Director, Screenplay
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Directed both his father and daughter's award-winning performances.

Walter Huston (1/4/0)[42]
Father
Actor
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre

Anjelica Huston (1/3/0)[43]
Daughter
Actress
Prizzi's Honor
Brother Tony Huston[44] was nominated[45] for Writing for The Dead

Bergman
4
17
Ingrid Bergman (3/7/0)[46]
Actress
Gaslight
Husband Roberto Rossellini has one nomination[47] (Screenplay)

Martin Scorsese (1/10/0)[48]
Son-in-law
Director
The Departed
Was married to I.B.'s daughter Isabella Rossellini

Horner
4
13
James Horner (2/10/0)[49]
Composer
Titanic

Harry Horner (2/3/0)[50]
Father
Art Direction
The Heiress

Minkler
4
12
Michael Minkler (3/11/0)[51]
Sound
Black Hawk Down
nominated with uncles Bob Minkler and Lee Minkler for Sound work on Tron, one of only two instances of 3 family members sharing a nomination in the same category

Bob Minkler (1/2/0)[52]
Uncle
Sound
Star Wars Episode IV

Ferrer
4
12
George Clooney (2/8/0)[53]
Actor
Syriana

José Ferrer
(1/3/0)[54]
Uncle
Actor
Cyrano de Bergerac
was married to George Clooney's aunt, singer/actress Rosemary Clooney

Martin Balsam (1/1/0)[55]
father-in-law
Actor
A Thousand Clowns
father of George Clooney's ex-wife, Talia Balsam

Fonda
4
10
Jane Fonda (2/7/0)[56]
Actress
Klute
Brother Peter Fonda has two nominations[57] (Screenplay and Actor)

Henry Fonda (1/3/1)[58]
Father
Actor
On Golden Pond
First wife Margaret Sullavan had 1 nomination.[59]

Guggenheim
4
10
Charles Guggenheim (3/9/0)[60]
Short Subject - Live Action
Robert Kennedy Remembered

Davis Guggenheim (1/1/0)[61]
Son
Documentary- Feature Length
An Inconvenient Truth
Wife Elisabeth Shue has 1 nomination.[62]

Stevens
4
10
George Stevens (2/9/1)[63]
Director, Producer
A Place in the Sun

George Stevens, Jr. (0/1/1)[64]
Son
Documentarian, Producer
Honorary[65]

Garland
4
7
Judy Garland (0/2/1)[66]
Honorary - Juvenile Performance
The Wizard of Oz

Liza Minnelli (1/2/0)[67]
Daughter
Actress
Cabaret
Only winner with two winning parents

Vincente Minnelli (1/2/0)[68]
Husband
Director
Gigi

Peter Allen (1/1/0)[69]
Son-in-law
Songwriter
Arthur
Wife Liza Minnelli was featured in Arthur

Douglas
4
6
Michael Douglas (2/2/0)[70]
Producer, Actor
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

Kirk Douglas (0/3/1)[71]
Father
Actor
Honorary

Catherine Zeta-Jones (1/1/0)[72]
Wife
Actress
Chicago

Ustinov
3
7
Peter Ustinov (2/4/0)[73]
Acting
Spartacus
Was married to Angela Lansbury's half-sister, Isolde Denham.

Angela Lansbury (0/3/1)[74]
Sister-in-law
Actress
Honorary

Magnusson
3
7
Kim Magnusson (2/5/0)[75]
Short Film
Election Night

Tivi Magnusson (1/2/0)[76]
Father
Short Film
The New Tenants

Kanin
2
7
Ruth Gordon (1/5/0)[77]
Acting
Rosemary's Baby
married to Michael Kanin's brother, Garson Kanin, sharing 3 writing nominations with him.[78]

Michael Kanin (1/2/0)[79]
Brother-in-law
Writing
Woman of the Year
shared one nomination with wife Fay Kanin[79]

Kress
2
6
Harold Kress (2/6/0)[80]
Film Editing
How the West Was Won

Carl Kress[81] (1/1/0)[82]
Son
Film Editing
The Towering Inferno
shared the award with his father

Pressburger
2
5
Emeric Pressburger (1/4/0)[83]
Writing
49th Parallel

Kevin Macdonald (1/1/0)[84]
Grandson
Documentary- Feature Length
One Day in September

Rouse
2
4
Russell Rouse (1/2/0)[85]
Writing
Pillow Talk

Christopher Rouse (1/2/0)[86]
Son
Film Editing
The Bourne Ultimatum

Berri
2
3
Claude Berri (1/2/0)[87]
Short Film
Le Poulet

Thomas Langmann (1/1/0)[88]
Son
Producer
The Artist

Fisher
2
3
Thomas L. Fisher (1/2/0)[89]
Visual Effects
Titanic

Scott R. Fisher (1/1/0)[90]
Son
Visual effects
Interstellar

George
1
3
Terry George (1/3/0)[91]
Short Film
The Shore

Oorlagh George (1/1/0)[92]
Daughter
Short Film
The Shore

text: Siblings[edit]

text: The Sherman Brothers shared all their nominations and awards. The Coen brothers have shared all of their awards and 12 of their nominations (including two nominations under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes); each received an individual nomination for Fargo.

text: Sisters Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine were both nominated for Best Actress in 1942, with Fontaine winning for Suspicion. They are the only siblings to have both won lead acting awards, and the only pair of sisters to have awards.

text: Sisters Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave were both nominated for Best Actress in 1966 (for Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment and Georgy Girl, respectively), both losing to Elizabeth Taylor in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?).

text: There are three sets of twins on the list:

text:
Julius / Philip G. Epstein
Richard / Paul Sylbert
Wolfgang / Christoph Lauenstein

text:
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Douglas Shearer
Sound / Special Effects
(14/28/0)[2]
The Big House
Norma Shearer
Actress
(1/5/0)[3]
The Divorcee
15/33

Alfred Newman
Composer
(9/45/0)[5]
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Lionel Newman
Composer
(1/11/0)[9]
Hello, Dolly!
10/56

Herman Mankiewicz
Writing
(1/2/0)[93]
Citizen Kane
Joseph Mankiewicz
Directing, Writing
(4/9/0)[94]
A Letter to Three Wives
5/11

Ethan Coen
Producing, Directing, Writing, Editing
(4/14/0)[25]
Fargo
Joel Coen
Producing, Directing, Writing, Editing
(4/14/0)[26]
Fargo
4/15

Shirley MacLaine
Actress
(1/6/0)[95]
Terms of Endearment
Warren Beatty
Directing, Honorary
(1/13/1)[96]
Reds
3/19

Joan Fontaine
Actress
(1/3/0)[97]
Suspicion
Olivia de Havilland
Actress
(2/5/0)[98]
To Each His Own
3/8

Richard Sylbert
Art Direction
(2/6/0)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Paul Sylbert
Art Direction
(1/2/0)
Heaven Can Wait
3/8

Neil Corbould
Visual Effects
(2/4/0)[99]
Gladiator
Chris Corbould
Visual Effects
(1/3/0)[100]
Inception
3/7

Denis Sanders
Short Film
(2/2/0)[101]
A Time Out of War
Terry Sanders
Short Film
(2/5/0)[102]
A Time Out of War
3/6

Bub Asman
Sound Editing
(2/5/0)[103]
Letters From Iwo Jima
John Asman
Technical Achievement
(0/0/1)[104]

3/5

Ben Affleck
Writing, Producing
(2/2/0)[105]
Good Will Hunting
Casey Affleck
Actor
(1/2/0)[106]
Manchester by the Sea
3/4

James Goldman
Writing
(1/1/0)[107]
The Lion in Winter
William Goldman
Writing
(2/2/0)[108]
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
3/3

Richard Sherman
Music
(2/9/0)[109]
Mary Poppins
Robert B. Sherman
Music
(2/9/0)[110]
Mary Poppins
2/9

Ethel Barrymore
Actress
(1/4/0)[111]
None But the Lonely Heart
Lionel Barrymore
Actor
(1/2/0)[112]
A Free Soul
2/6

Todd Boekelheide
Sound
(1/2/0)[113]
Amadeus
Jay Boekelheide
Sound Editing
(1/1/0)[114]
The Right Stuff
2/3

Julius J. Epstein
Writing
(1/4/0)[115]
Casablanca
Philip G. Epstein
Writing
(1/1/0)[116]
Casablanca
1/4

Wolfgang Lauenstein
Short Film
(1/1/0)[117]
Balance
Christoph Lauenstein
Short Film
(1/1/0)[118]
Balance
1/1

text: The Marx Brothers were cited in an honorary award given to Groucho Marx in 1973.[119]

text: In addition to siblings mentioned directly above, these five sets of siblings share acting nominations:[120]

text:
Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal
Meg and Jennifer Tilly
Julia and Eric Roberts
Jane and Peter Fonda
River and Joaquin Phoenix
Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave

text: One winning family has two generations of nominated siblings: Sofia Coppola has won for writing and been nominated for best picture and best director, and her brother Roman Coppola has been nominated for writing. Their father Francis Ford Coppola, who has multiple wins, and his sister (their aunt) Talia Shire have also both been nominated.

text: Couples[edit]

text: These are the spouses who have won Academy Awards, though not necessarily while they were married.

text: Only two couples have won awards for Best Actor/Actress:[121] Laurence Olivier / Vivien Leigh and Joanne Woodward / Paul Newman. Michael Douglas/Catherine Zeta-Jones[122] and Nicolas Cage/Patricia Arquette have Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress wins. Javier Bardem and Penélope Cruz share Best Supporting awards.

text: Three couples have been nominated for performances in the same film:[121] Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne for The Guardsman; Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester for Witness for the Prosecution; Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.

text: Only one couple has ever competed head-to-head for the same award. In 2010, Kathryn Bigelow won for directing/producing The Hurt Locker, beating ex-spouse James Cameron, nominated for his film Avatar.

text: Julie Andrews, Lauren Bacall, and Angelina Jolie have each been married to two other winners (Tony Walton/Blake Edwards, Humphrey Bogart/Jason Robards, and Billy Bob Thornton/Brad Pitt, respectively).

text: Judy Garland / Vincente Minnelli and Liza Minnelli / Peter Allen constitute the only instance in which a member of a winning couple (Liza Minnelli) has a parent (in this case, both parents) who is also a member of a winning couple.

text: Shared awards[edit]

text: All the awards and nominations for these couples were for films they worked on together:

text:
Couple
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Alan Bergman
Marilyn Bergman
Music - Original Song
The Thomas Crown Affair
3/16[123]

Charles Huguenot van der Linden[124]
Martina Huguenot van der Linden[125]
Short Documentary
This Tiny World
1/2[126]

Julia Phillips
Michael Phillips
Producer
The Sting
1/2[127]

Sean Fine
Andrea Nix Fine
Short Documentary
Inocente
1/2[128]

Ray McKinnon
Lisa Blount
Short Film
The Accountant
1/1[129]

Ben Shedd
Jacqueline Phillips Shedd[130]
Short Documentary
The Flight of the Gossamer Condor
1/1[131]

Muriel Box
Sydney Box
Writing
The Seventh Veil
1/1[132]

Chris Innis
Bob Murawski
Film Editing
The Hurt Locker
1/1[133]

Earl W. Wallace[134]
Pamela Wallace[135]
Writing
Witness
1/1

Kristen Anderson-Lopez[136]
Robert Lopez[137]
Songwriting
Frozen
1/1

Sandy Reynolds-Wasco[138]
David Wasco[139]
Production Design
La La Land
1/1

text: Separate awards[edit]

text: Couples with at least one unshared award or nomination:

text:
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Joel Coen
Director, Producer, Writer
(4/14/0)[26]
Fargo
Frances McDormand
Actress
(1/4/0)[27]
Fargo
5/18

Laurence Olivier
Actor, Producer
(2/11/1)[140]
Hamlet
Vivien Leigh
Actress
(2/2/0)[141]
Gone with the Wind
5/13

James Cameron
Director, Producer, Editor
(3/6/0)[142]
Titanic
Kathryn Bigelow
Director, Producer
(2/3/0)[143]
The Hurt Locker
5/9

Joanne Woodward
Actress
(1/4/0)[144]
The Three Faces of Eve
Paul Newman
Actor
(1/10/2)[145]
The Color of Money
4/14

Peter Jackson
Director, Producer, Writer
(3/9/0)[146]
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Fran Walsh
Producer, Writer, Original Song
(3/7/0)[147]
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
4/10

Elizabeth Taylor
Actress
(2/5/1)[148]
BUtterfield 8
Mike Todd
Producer
(1/1/0)[149]
Around the World in 80 Days
4/6

David O. Selznick
Producer
(2/8/1)[32]
Gone with the Wind
Jennifer Jones
Actress
(1/5/0)[33]
The Song of Bernadette
3/13

Holly Hunter
Actress
(1/4/0)[150]
The Piano
Janusz Kamiński
Cinematography
(2/6/0)[151]
Schindler's List
3/10

Dante Ferretti
Art Direction
(3/9/0)[152]
The Aviator
Francesca Lo Schiavo
Set Decoration
(3/8/0)[153]
The Aviator
3/9

John Hubley
Animated Short
(3/7/0)[154]
Moonbird
Faith Hubley
Animated Short
(2/6/0)[155]
The Hole
3/7

Tony Richardson
Producer / Director
(2/2/0)[156]
Tom Jones
Vanessa Redgrave
Actress
(1/4/0)[157]
Julia
3/6

Helen Hayes
Actress
(2/2/0)[158]
The Sin of Madelon Claudet
Charles MacArthur
Writing
(1/3/0)[159]
The Scoundrel
3/5

Billy Bob Thornton
Writing
(1/3/0)[30]
Sling Blade
Angelina Jolie
Actress
(1/2/1)[28]
Girl, Interrupted
3/5

Brad Pitt
Producing
(1/6/0)[29]
12 Years a Slave
3/8

John Toll
Cinematography
(2/3/0)[160]
Legends of the Fall
Lois Burwell
Makeup
(1/2/0)[161]
Braveheart
3/5

Jason Robards
Actor
(2/3/0)[162]
All the President's Men
Lauren Bacall
Honorary
(0/1/1)[163]

3/4

Humphrey Bogart
Actor
(1/3/0)[164]
The African Queen
2/4

Michael Douglas
Producer, Actor
(2/2/0)[70]
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Supporting Actress
(1/1/0)[72]
Chicago
3/3

Douglas Fairbanks
Honorary
(0/0/1)[165]

Mary Pickford
Actress
(1/1/1)[166]
Coquette
3/1

Anne Bancroft
Actress
(1/5/0)[167]
The Miracle Worker
Mel Brooks
Writing
(1/3/0)[168]
The Producers
2/8

Julie Andrews
Actress
(1/3/0)[169]
Mary Poppins
Tony Walton
Costume Design
(1/5/0)[170]
All That Jazz
2/8

Blake Edwards
Honorary
(0/1/1)[171]

2/4

Sam Mendes
Director
(1/1/0)[172]
American Beauty
Kate Winslet
Actress
(1/6/0)[173]
The Reader
2/7

Taylor Hackford
Short Film
(1/3/0)[174]
Teenage Father
Helen Mirren
Actress
(1/5/0)[175]
The Queen
2/7

Spike Jonze
Director, Producer, Writer, Actor
(1/4/0)[176]
Her
Sofia Coppola
Director, Producer, Screenwriter
(1/3/0)[177]
Lost in Translation
2/7

George Miller
Writer/Director/Producer
(1/6/0)[178]
Happy Feet
Margaret Sixel
Editor
(1/1/0)[179]
Mad Max: Fury Road
2/7

Marcia Lucas
Film Editing
(1/2/0)[180]
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
George Lucas
Honorary
(0/4/1)[181]
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
2/6

Javier Bardem
Supporting Actor
(1/3/0)[182]
No Country for Old Men
Penélope Cruz
Supporting Actress
(1/3/0)[183]
Vicky Cristina Barcelona
2/6

Judy Garland
Honorary - Juvenile Performance
(0/2/1)[66]
The Wizard of Oz
Vincente Minnelli
Director
(1/2/0)[68]
Gigi
2/4

Edna Anhalt
Writing
(1/2/0)[184]
Panic in the Streets
Edward Anhalt
Writing
(2/3/0)[185]
Panic in the Streets
2/3

Liza Minnelli
Actress
(1/2/0)[186]
Cabaret
Peter Allen
Songwriter
(1/1/0)[69]
Arthur
2/3

William Friedkin
Director
(1/2/0)[187]
The French Connection
Sherry Lansing
Producer
(0/1/1)[188]
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
2/3

Richard Zanuck
Producer
(1/3/1)[38]
Driving Miss Daisy
Lili Fini Zanuck[39]
Producer
(1/1/0)[40]
Driving Miss Daisy
2/3

Callie Khouri
Screenwriter
(1/1/0)[189]
Thelma and Louise
T Bone Burnett
Original Song
(1/2/0)[190]
Crazy Heart
2/3

Nicolas Cage
Actor
(1/2/0)[18]
Leaving Las Vegas
Patricia Arquette
Supporting Actress
(1/1/0)[19]
Boyhood
2/3

text: Other[edit]

text: Carl Laemmle Jr. (1/1/0),[191] who produced Best Picture winner All Quiet on the Western Front but was not nominated for the award because at the time the production company (in this case Universal) and not individual producers were nominated, and director William Wyler (3/14/1)[192] (Mrs. Miniver), were cousins.

text: Susan Sarandon (1/5/0)[193] (Dead Man Walking) has two children with former partner Tim Robbins (1/2/0)[194] (Mystic River). Robbins directed Sarandon in her winning performance in Dead Man Walking.[195]

text: Casey Affleck (1/2/0)[196] (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Manchester by the Sea) is the brother of Ben Affleck (2/2/0)[197] (Good Will Hunting and Argo) and brother-in-law of Joaquin Phoenix (0/3/0)[198] (Gladiator, Walk the Line, and The Master).


document_title: History of Bordeaux wine

question_text: who drained the marshes of medoc in bordeaux france planting small vineyards

root

text: History of Bordeaux wine

text: Roman times[edit]

text: Bordeaux wine production seems to have begun sometime after 43 AD, during the Roman occupation of Gaul, when the Romans established vineyards to cultivate wine for the soldiers. However, it is only in 71 AD that Pliny the Elder recorded the first real evidence of vineyards in Bordeaux.[2] The area's location along the Gironde estuary provided an ideal trade route with the British Isles. Wine historian, Roger Dion, has theorized that the first vine cuttings that the Romans brought to Bordeaux originated in the Rioja region of Spain.[3] The early budding of the Bordeaux wine industry suffered a number of disruptions following the fall of Rome.  The area was occupied by Vandals in AD 408, Goths in 406,  and Visigoths in 414. The area was also subjected to repeated encounters with Saxon longboats along the coast. These disruptions continued into the 5th century to the period of Frankish rule.[4]

tag: p

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: Although domestically popular, French wine was seldom exported, as the areas covered by vineyards and the volume of wine produced was low. In the 12th century however, the popularity of Bordeaux wines increased dramatically following the marriage of Henry Plantagenet and Aliénor d’Aquitaine.[5] The marriage made the province of Aquitaine English territory, and thenceforth the majority of Bordeaux claret was exported in exchange for other goods.[5] Upon the ascension of their son, Richard, to the English throne Bordeaux became the base for Richard's French operations.[6]

text: As the popularity of Bordeaux wine increased, the vineyards expanded to accommodate the demands from abroad. Henry and Aliénor youngest son, John was in favor of promoting the wine industry, and to increase it further, abolished the Grande Coutume export tax to England from the Aquitaine region.[7] In the 13th and 14th century, a code of business practices called the police des vins emerged to give Bordeaux wine a distinct trade advantage over its neighboring regions.[8]

text: The citizenry of Bordeaux worked diligently to promote and foster their relationship with the English market. In 1205, King Alfonso VIII of Castile laid claim to Aquitaine and put Bordeaux under siege. The village was able to withstand the attack and King John rewarded the Bourgeois with orders for wine in excess of 120 tons. In 1224, King Louis VIII of France attempted to purge the English from French soil and was halted in his advance in the town of Bordeaux. In the aftermath Bordeaux received privileged access to the English market through London, and their exports to the market soon dwarfed the production from other French wine making regions.[7]

text: During the 13th century, the Graves was the principal wine region of Bordeaux. While there were some vines growing in the Entre-Deux-Mers, Saint-Émilion and Blaye, the Médoc during this period was virtually a barren marshland.[9] At the turn of the 14th century, the town of Libourne was vying for dominance in the area, exporting 11,000 tons of wine to London from the 1308 vintage. A year earlier, this area fulfilled an order for 1,152,000 bottles to be used for the celebration of Edward II's wedding.[10] The wine of this time period was highly alcoholic and fruity but did not age well, often spoiling a year after the vintage was released.[11] The export of Bordeaux was effectively halted by the outbreak of The Hundred Years' War between France and England in 1337 followed by the outbreak of the Black Death which ravaged the area. By the end of the conflict in 1453 France had repossessed the province, thus taking control of wine production in the region.[5]

text: As part of the Auld Alliance, Scots merchants were granted by the French a privileged position in the trade of claret, a position which continued largely unchanged with the cession of the military alliance between France and Scotland with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh.[12] Even when the by then Protestant kingdoms of England and Scotland, both ruled by the same Stuart king by this point, were trying to militarily aid the Huguenot rebels in their fight against Catholic France in La Rochelle, Scots trading vessels were not only permitted to enter the Gironde, but they were escorted safely to the port of Bordeaux by the French navy for their own protection from Huguenot privateers.

text: Second golden era[edit]

text: In the seventeenth century, Dutch traders began to drain the marshland around the Médoc and encouraged the planting of vineyards. The Dutch would also open new distribution channels to the Bourgeosis which helped usher in a second era of prosperity.[13] At the turn of the 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out which made navigation along the French coast line and the English channel very risky. Additionally, the tensions between English and French governments halted all "official" trade between Bordeaux and the London market. Despite the government sanction, bottles of prized Bordeaux wines began showing up in large quantities at auction houses in London, Bristol, and Plymouth as the captured bounty of privateers. Wine historian, Hugh Johnson, speculates that this was an arranged affair between the Bordeaux chateaux, the privateers and the London auction houses to get around the war time politics of the period.[14]

text: In 1725, the spread of vineyards throughout Bordeaux was so vast that it was divided into specific areas so that the consumer could tell exactly where each wine was from. The collection of districts was known as the Vignoble de Bordeaux, and bottles were labeled with both the region and the area from which they originated. During this period, Nicolas-Alexandre, marquis de Ségur rose to prominence as the "Prince of Vignes" due to his ownership of some of Bordeaux's most prestigious estates and Pierre de Rauzan laid the foundation for Château Rauzan-Ségla, Château Rauzan-Gassies, Château Pichon Longueville Baron, and Château Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande.[15]

text: In 1855, a classification system was set up that ranked the top chateaus of the Médoc according to their market price.[13]

text: Phylloxera epidemic[edit]

text: From 1875–1892 almost all Bordeaux vineyards were ruined by Phylloxera infestations. The region's wine industry was rescued by grafting native vines on to pest-resistant American rootstock from Augusta, Missouri, the first viticultural region in the United States. All Bordeaux vines that survive to this day are thanks to this action.[5] Some grape varieties responded better to the grafting than others and these varieties—Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Merlot, Semillon, Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle—became Bordeaux's leading grapes.[16]

text: Economic uncertainty[edit]

text: Due to the lucrative nature of this business, other areas in France began growing their own wines and labeling them as Bordeaux products. As profits in the Aquitaine region declined, the vignerons demanded that the government impose a law declaring that only produce from Bordeaux could be labeled with that name. The INAO or Institut National des Appellations d'Origine was created for this purpose.[5]

text: In the twentieth century, the French wine market saw the effects of over cropping and the early developments of the wine lake phenomenon as supply far out paced demand. The two World Wars, Great Depression and 1970s oils crisis also had a detrimental effect on the industry.[16]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1936, the government responded to the appeals from the winemakers and stated that all regions in France had to name their wines by the place in which they had been produced. Labeled with the AOC approved stamp, products were officially confirmed to be from the region that it stated. This law later extended to other goods such as cheese, poultry and vegetables.[5]

text: The economic problems in the 1970s, in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis marked a difficult period for Bordeaux. A series of scandals coincided with a commercial crisis in Bordeaux. The vintage of 1972 had been overpriced as was 1973 and 1974. And when the market crashed the négociants were stuck with overpriced wine that they could not sell.[17] The early 1980s saw a new trend. Inheritance taxes were doubled in 1981 and on top of the crisis in the 1970s, many families found it increasingly difficult to hang on to their châteaux. Enter domestic and foreign insurance companies, banks and other corporate giants. Some of these companies were looking for a quick profit, others were in it as a long-term investment. But the 1980s decade wasn't all bad. It also saw more great vintages in a single decade than ever before and a new era in other respects. First, wine critics (rather than just official classifications) started to have an influence on demand and prices. Wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr. reviewed the 1982 Bordeaux vintage as the most sumptuous vintage in decades. Not only was this a turning point for Bordeaux wine economically, it also represented the beginning of an American domination of the reviewing of wine, especially Bordeaux.[18] The result was a broader appeal of Bordeaux wine where the presence of fruit became a much more important factor than previously.[19]

text: This critical selection of grapes also resulted in many chateaux introducing second wines,[19] so not to waste good but not optimum quality grapes. It was also the introduction of the en primeur concept where traders alongside critics are invited to Bordeaux six months after harvest, to sample the new wine.[20]

text: Bordeaux used to have a significant production of white wines, with Entre-deux-Mers, a primarily white wine area. Unlike the style of dry white Bordeaux favoured today, with almost 100% Sauvignon Blanc and a heavy influence of new oak, the traditional Entre-deux-Mers whites had a high proportion of Semillion and were made in either old oak barrels or steel tanks. Starting in the 1960s and 1970s, these vineyards were converted to red wine production (of Bordeaux AOC and Bordeaux Supérieur AOC), and the production of white wine has decreased ever since. Today production of white wine has shrunk to about one tenth of Bordeaux's total production, with 11.0% of the vineyard surface in 2007 used for white wines (7.8% for dry, 3.2% for sweet).[21]


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: when does the last episode of game of thrones come out

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
2.52[14]

2
10
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
3.80[14]

3
10
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
4.97[15]

4
10
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
6.84[16]

5
10
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
6.88[17]

6
10
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
7.69[18]

7
7
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
10.26[19]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Winter Is Coming"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
2.22[20]

2
2
"The Kingsroad"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)
2.20[21]

3
3
"Lord Snow"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)
2.44[22]

4
4
"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"
Brian Kirk
Bryan Cogman
May 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)
2.45[23]

5
5
"The Wolf and the Lion"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
2.58[24]

6
6
"A Golden Crown"
Daniel Minahan
Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)
2.44[25]

7
7
"You Win or You Die"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)
2.40[26]

8
8
"The Pointy End"
Daniel Minahan
George R. R. Martin
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
2.72[27]

9
9
"Baelor"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)
2.66[28]

10
10
"Fire and Blood"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
3.04[29]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The North Remembers"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
3.86[30]

12
2
"The Night Lands"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
3.76[31]

13
3
"What Is Dead May Never Die"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
3.77[32]

14
4
"Garden of Bones"
David Petrarca
Vanessa Taylor
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
3.65[33]

15
5
"The Ghost of Harrenhal"
David Petrarca
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
3.90[34]

16
6
"The Old Gods and the New"
David Nutter
Vanessa Taylor
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3.88[35]

17
7
"A Man Without Honor"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
3.69[36]

18
8
"The Prince of Winterfell"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
3.86[37]

19
9
"Blackwater"
Neil Marshall
George R. R. Martin
May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)
3.38[38]

20
10
"Valar Morghulis"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
4.20[39]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Valar Dohaeris"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
4.37[40]

22
2
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"
Daniel Minahan
Vanessa Taylor
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
4.27[41]

23
3
"Walk of Punishment"
David Benioff
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
4.72[42]

24
4
"And Now His Watch Is Ended"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
4.87[43]

25
5
"Kissed by Fire"
Alex Graves
Bryan Cogman
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
5.35[44]

26
6
"The Climb"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
5.50[45]

27
7
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
Michelle MacLaren
George R. R. Martin
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
4.84[46]

28
8
"Second Sons"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
5.13[47]

29
9
"The Rains of Castamere"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
5.22[48]

30
10
"Mhysa"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
5.39[49]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Two Swords"
D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
6.64[50]

32
2
"The Lion and the Rose"
Alex Graves
George R. R. Martin
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)
6.31[51]

33
3
"Breaker of Chains"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)
6.59[52]

34
4
"Oathkeeper"
Michelle MacLaren
Bryan Cogman
April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)
6.95[53]

35
5
"First of His Name"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)
7.16[54]

36
6
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)
6.40[55]

37
7
"Mockingbird"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
7.20[56]

38
8
"The Mountain and the Viper"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)
7.17[57]

39
9
"The Watchers on the Wall"
Neil Marshall
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)
6.95[58]

40
10
"The Children"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
7.09[59]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Wars to Come"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
8.00[60]

42
2
"The House of Black and White"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
6.81[61]

43
3
"High Sparrow"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
6.71[62]

44
4
"Sons of the Harpy"
Mark Mylod
Dave Hill
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
6.82[63]

45
5
"Kill the Boy"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
6.56[64]

46
6
"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
6.24[65]

47
7
"The Gift"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)
5.40[66]

48
8
"Hardhome"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)
7.01[67]

49
9
"The Dance of Dragons"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)
7.14[68]

50
10
"Mother's Mercy"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
8.11[69]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

51
1
"The Red Woman"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
7.94[70]

52
2
"Home"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dave Hill
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
7.29[71]

53
3
"Oathbreaker"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
7.28[72]

54
4
"Book of the Stranger"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)
7.82[73]

55
5
"The Door"
Jack Bender
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
7.89[74]

56
6
"Blood of My Blood"
Jack Bender
Bryan Cogman
May 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)
6.71[75]

57
7
"The Broken Man"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
7.80[76]

58
8
"No One"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
7.60[77]

59
9
"Battle of the Bastards"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
7.66[78]

60
10
"The Winds of Winter"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
8.89[79]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

61
1
"Dragonstone"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
10.11[80]

62
2
"Stormborn"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
9.27[81]

63
3
"The Queen's Justice"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
9.25[82]

64
4
"The Spoils of War"
Matt Shakman
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
10.17[83]

65
5
"Eastwatch"
Matt Shakman
Dave Hill
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
10.72[84]

66
6
"Beyond the Wall"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
10.24[85]

67
7
"The Dragon and the Wolf"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
12.07[86]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD and Blu-ray release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
10
March 6, 2012[87]
March 5, 2012[88]
August 10, 2012[89]

2
10
February 19, 2013[90]
March 4, 2013[91]
March 6, 2013[92]

3
10
February 18, 2014[93]
February 17, 2014[94]
February 19, 2014[95]

4
10
February 17, 2015[96]
February 16, 2015[97]
February 18, 2015[98]

5
10
March 15, 2016[99]
March 14, 2016[100]
March 16, 2016[101]

6
10
November 15, 2016[102]
November 14, 2016[103]
November 16, 2016[104]

7
7
December 12, 2017[105]
December 11, 2017[106]
December 11, 2017[107]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Average

1
2.22
2.20
2.44
2.45
2.58
2.44
2.40
2.72
2.66
3.04
2.52[108]

2
3.86
3.76
3.77
3.65
3.90
3.88
3.69
3.86
3.38
4.20
3.80[108]

3
4.37
4.27
4.72
4.87
5.35
5.50
4.84
5.13
5.22
5.39
4.97[109]

4
6.64
6.31
6.59
6.95
7.16
6.40
7.20
7.17
6.95
7.09
6.84[110]

5
8.00
6.81
6.71
6.82
6.56
6.24
5.40
7.01
7.14
8.11
6.88[111]

6
7.94
7.29
7.28
7.82
7.89
6.71
7.80
7.60
7.66
8.89
7.69[112]

7
10.11
9.27
9.25
10.17
10.72
10.24
12.07
N/A
10.26[113]


document_title: Ovarian artery

question_text: where does the uterine artery anastomoses with the ovarian artery

text: Ovarian artery

text: Structure[edit]

text: The ovarian arteries are paired structures that arise from the abdominal aorta. After emerging from the aorta, the artery travels down the suspensory ligament of the ovary, enters the mesovarium, and may anastamose with the uterine artery in the broad ligament.[2][3] :431

text: The ovarian arteries are the corresponding arteries in the female to the testicular artery in the male. They are shorter than the internal spermatics.

text: The origin and course of the first part of each artery are the same as those of the internal spermatic, but on arriving at the upper opening of the lesser pelvis the ovarian artery passes inward, between the two layers of the ovariopelvic ligament and of the broad ligament of the uterus, to be distributed to the ovary.[citation needed]

text: Branches[edit]

text: Small branches are given to the ureter and the uterine tube, and one passes on to the side of the uterus, and unites with the uterine artery. Other offsets are continued on the round ligament of the uterus, through the inguinal canal, to the integument of the labium majus and groin.[citation needed]

text: Variance[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013)

text: Function[edit]

text: The ovarian artery supplies blood to the ovary and uterus. The ovarian arteries swell during pregnancy, in order to increase the uterine blood supply.[3]:431

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
The abdominal aorta and its branches.

Vessels of the uterus and its appendages, rear view.

Uterus and right broad ligament, seen from behind.

tag: ul


document_title: The Lion King

question_text: what type of animal is ed from the lion king

text: The Lion King

text: Plot

text: In the Pride Lands of Kenya, Africa, a pride of lions rule over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa's newborn son, Simba, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki the baboon (with the colorful facial marking of a mandrill)[3] who serves as shaman and advisor. Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the "circle of life" which connects all living things. Mufasa's younger brother, Scar, covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king. He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala—to whom Simba is betrothed—into exploring a forbidden elephants' graveyard, where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar. Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo, the hornbill Zazu, and rescues the cubs. Though angry with Simba, Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba.

text: Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew, luring Simba into a gorge and having the hyenas drive a large herd of wildebeest into a stampede that will trample him. He informs Mufasa of Simba's peril, knowing the king will rush to save his son. Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hanging perilously from the gorge's edge. Scar refuses to help Mufasa, instead sending him falling to his death. He then convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simba's own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom. He orders the hyenas to kill the cub, but Simba escapes. Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king, allowing his three hyena minions and the rest of their large pack to live in the Pride Lands.

text: Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog who are fellow outcasts. Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends, living a carefree life under the motto "hakuna matata" ("no worries" in Swahili). Now a young adult, Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness who turns out to be Nala. She and Simba reunite and fall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him the Pride Lands have become a drought-stricken wasteland under Scar's reign. Feeling guilty over his father's death, Simba refuses and storms off. He encounters Rafiki, who tells him that Mufasa's spirit lives on in Simba. Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him he must take his rightful place as king. Realizing he can no longer run from his past, Simba decides to return home.

text: Aided by his friends, Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar. Scar taunts him over his role in Mufasa's death and backs him to the edge of the rock, where he reveals to Simba that he murdered Mufasa. Enraged, Simba pins Scar to the ground and forces him to reveal the truth to the rest of the pride. Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, and the lionesses fend off the hyenas while Scar, attempting to escape, is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs for mercy and attempts to blame the hyenas for his actions; Simba spares his life, but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever. Scar attacks his nephew, but Simba manages to toss him from the top of the rock. Scar survives the fall, but is attacked and killed by the hyenas, who overheard his attempt to betray them. With his enemies gone, Simba takes over the kingship as the rains begin to fall, restoring life to the land.

text: Later, with Pride Rock restored to its former glory, Rafiki presents Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the assembled animals, continuing the circle of life.

text: Cast

text:
Matthew Broderick as Simba, son of Mufasa and Sarabi, who grows up to become King of the Pride Lands. Rock singer Joseph Williams provided adult Simba's singing voice. Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Simba.[4]

Jonathan Taylor Thomas voiced young Simba, while Jason Weaver provided the cub's singing voice.[4]

Jeremy Irons as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother and Simba's uncle, who takes the throne. Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar.[4]
James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father, King of the Pride Lands as the film begins. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa.[4]
Moira Kelly as Nala, Simba's best friend and later his wife. Sally Dworsky provided her singing voice. Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala.[4]

Niketa Calame provided the voice of young Nala while Laura Williams provided her singing voice.[4]

Nathan Lane as Timon, a wise-cracking and self-absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who becomes one of Simba's best friends and adoptive parents. Michael Surrey served as his supervising animator.[4]
Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa, a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon's best friend and also becomes one of Simba's best friends and adoptive parents. Tony Bancroft served as his supervising animator.[4]
Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, an old baboon (with mandrill markings[3]) who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.[4]
Rowan Atkinson as Zazu, a hornbill who serves as the king's majordomo (or "Mufasa's little stooge", as Shenzi calls him). Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu.[4]
Madge Sinclair as Sarabi, Mufasa's mate, Simba's mother, and the leader of the lioness hunting party. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi.[4]
The three spotted hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess.[4]

Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi, the sassy and short-tempered female leader of the trio.
Cheech Marin as Banzai, an aggressive and hot-headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse.
Jim Cummings as Ed, a dim-witted hyena who does not talk, only communicating through laughter. Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and made a guest appearance as Scar in certain lines of "Be Prepared" after Irons blew his voice.[5]

Zoe Leader as Sarafina, Nala's mother, who is shown briefly talking to Simba's mother, Sarabi.
Brian Tochi as Fighting hyena (uncredited)

text: Production

text: Development

text: The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote Oliver & Company. During the conversation, the topic of a story set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.[6] The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink.[7] Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death, and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics, saying about the film, "It is a little bit about myself."[8] In November of that year Thomas Disch (author of The Brave Little Toaster) wrote a treatment entitled King of the Kalahari,[9] and afterwards, Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script, which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle.[7] The original version of the film was very different from the final film. The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,[8] and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends.[10] Simba would also not leave the kingdom but become a "lazy, slovenly, horrible character" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age. By 1990, producer Thomas Schumacher, who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under, decided to attach himself to the project "because lions are cool".[7] Schumacher likened the script for King of the Jungle to "an animated National Geographic special".[11]

text: Oliver & Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film,[12] being later joined by Roger Allers, who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991.[6] Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman, who would become the head of story.[7] Afterwards, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Hahn, Chapman, and production designer Chris Sanders, took a trip to Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film.[13] After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project, as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical, as Scribner's intention was of making a documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects.[6][14] Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner,[13] and producer Don Hahn joined the production as Schumacher became only an executive producer due to Disney promoting him to Vice President of Development for Feature Animation.[11] Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as "leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world", asked for a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale, who had just finished Beauty and the Beast.[13] The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah.[6]

text: The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story, rather than be based on an already existing work. The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses, from the Bible, and William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[15] During the summer of 1992, the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi, with a second screenwriter, Jonathan Roberts, joining a few months later. Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa, Timon, and the hyenas.[4] Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team, flying to California at least once a month because his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity. Rice's lyrics—which were reworked up to the production's end—were pinned to the storyboards during development.[13] Rewrites were frequent, with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered, only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialog changes.[7]

text: Casting

text: The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters—for instance, James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice "powerful" and similar to a lion's roar.[16] Jones commented that during the years of production, Mufasa "became more and more of a dopey dad instead of [a] grand king".[17]

text: Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu, and Ernie Sabella for one of the hyenas. Upon meeting each other at the recording studio, the actors, who at the time both co-starred in Guys and Dolls, were asked to record together as hyenas. The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa.[16][18] For the hyenas, the original intention was to reunite Cheech & Chong, but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai, Tommy Chong was unavailable. Thus his role was changed into a female hyena, Shenzi, who was voiced by Whoopi Goldberg.[10]

text: Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production, and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once, and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere.[19] English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar,[20] however, Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons.[21] Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role. But once he came in, Irons' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow—adding one of that character's lines, "You have no idea"—and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons's facial traits and tics.[17][22]

text: Animation

text:
"The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated."

Don Hahn[18]

tag: div

text: The development of The Lion King coincided with that of Pocahontas, which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.[15] The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job "because the story wasn't very good",[7] and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft "I don't know who is going to want to watch that one."[14][self-published source] Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.[8] Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and in Florida, were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba, Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba, Andreas Deja on Scar, Aaron Blaise on young Nala, Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.[4] Nearly 20 minutes of the film, including the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence,[10] were animated at the Disney-MGM Studios facility. More than 600 artists, animators, and technicians contributed to The Lion King.[12] Weeks before the film was to be released, the 1994 Northridge earthquake shut down the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home.[23]

text: The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi. Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity.[13] The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill.[24] The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries—which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher—which, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such as lens flare—and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell, Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish.[13][25] Art director Andy Gaskill and the filmmakers sought to give the film a sense of grand sweep and epic scale similar to David Lean's Lawrence of Arabia. Gaskill explained: "We wanted audiences to sense the vastness of the savannah and to feel the dust and the breeze swaying through the grass. In other words, to get a real sense of nature and to feel as if they were there. It's very difficult to capture something as subtle as a sunrise or rain falling on a pond, but those are the kinds of images that we tried to get." The filmmakers also watched the films of John Ford and other filmmakers, which also influenced the design of the film.[26]

text: Because the characters were not anthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters.[10]

text: Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. For the "wildebeest stampede" sequence, several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd.[27] Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half-minute stampede.[4] The CAPS helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots, and was employed in coloring, lighting, and particle effects.[10]

text: Music

text: Lyricist Tim Rice, who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin, was invited to write the songs, and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the producers accepted Rice's suggestion of Elton John,[16] after Rice's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla.[8] John expressed an interest in writing "ultra-pop songs that kids would like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them", mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book, where he felt the "music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults".[28]

text: John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film ("Circle of Life", "I Just Can't Wait to Be King", "Be Prepared", "Hakuna Matata" and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"), with John's performance of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" playing over the end credits.[29] The IMAX and DVD releases added another song, "The Morning Report", based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King.[30] The score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings, The Power of One and A World Apart,[13] and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M.[29] Zimmer's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production.[31]

text: The Lion King original motion picture soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 13, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.[32] It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be certified Diamond (10× platinum) by the Recording Industry Association of America. Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release, until the soundtrack's commemorative 20th anniversary re-release in 2014.[33] The Lion King also inspired the 1995 release Rhythm of the Pride Lands, with eight songs by Zimmer, Mancina, and Lebo M.[34]

text: The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004, Linda's family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money.[35]

text: Release

text: For The Lion King's first film trailer, Disney opted to feature a single scene, the entire opening sequence with the song "Circle of Life". Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook said the decision was made for such an approach because "we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we've seen", and Don Hahn added that "Circle of Life" worked as a trailer as it "came off so strong, and so good, and ended with such a bang". The trailer was released in November 1993, accompanying The Three Musketeers in theaters, as only a third of The Lion King had been completed.[36][37] Audience reaction was enthusiastic, causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview.[36] Prior to the film's release, Disney did 11 test screenings.[38]

text: Upon release, The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie-ins with Burger King, Mattel, Kodak, Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,[39] accounting 186 licensed products.[40][41] In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film,[42] with $214 million for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994 alone.[43]

text: Home media

text: The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3, 1995, under Disney's "Masterpiece Collection" video series. The VHS tape contained a special preview for Walt Disney Pictures' then-upcoming animated film Pocahontas, in which the title character (voiced by Judy Kuhn) sings the musical number "Colors of the Wind".[44] In addition, Deluxe Editions of both formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative "Circle of Life" epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the half-hour TV show The Making of The Lion King, and a certificate of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film, six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King, and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did not have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became the best-selling videotape of all time: 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day[45] and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million[46] before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997.[47]

text: On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time, titled The Lion King: Platinum Edition, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs. The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version.[48] A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.[49] By means of seamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ("The Morning Report"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original character animators), and an introductory book entitled The Journey.[47] The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release, including re-drawn crocodiles in the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence as well as other alterations.[48] More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release.[45] A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[50]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the Diamond Edition of The Lion King on October 4, 2011.[51] This marks the time that the film has been released in high-definition Blu-ray and on Blu-ray 3D.[51][52] The initial release was produced in three different packages: a two-disc version with Blu-ray and DVD; a four-disc version with Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D, and digital copy; and an eight-disc box set that also includes the sequels The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride and The Lion King 1½.[51][52] A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on November 15, 2011.[51] The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold.[53] The film sold 3.83 million Blu-ray units in total, leading to a $101.14 million income.[54]

text: The Lion King was once again released to home media as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection;[55] first released on Digital HD on August 15, 2017 and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 29, 2017.[56]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $545,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $968,483,777.[2] It is currently the 35th highest-grossing film of all time,[57] the seventh highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the third highest-grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios (behind Frozen and Zootopia).[58] The film was also the highest-grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide.[59] After its initial run, having earned $763.4 million,[60] it ranked as the second-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide, behind Jurassic Park .[61] It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo (2003), Shrek 2 (2004), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), and Toy Story 3 (2010) prior to the 2011 re-release. With the earnings of the 3D run, The Lion King surpassed all the aforementioned films but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide—later downgraded to eighth after Despicable Me 2, Frozen (both 2013), Minions (2015), Zootopia, Finding Dory, (both 2016), and Despicable Me 3 (2017)—and it remains the highest-grossing hand-drawn animated film.[62] It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.[63]

text: Original theatrical run

text: The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[64] It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.[65] The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.[66] The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.[67] The Lion King grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film  – to top the weekend box office.[12] It also earned a rare "A+" rating from CinemaScore.[68] By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561,[2] being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump.[69] Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.[60] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[70]

text: Re-releases

text: IMAX and large-format

text: The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002 for IMAX and large-format theaters. Don Hahn explained that eight years after The Lion King got its original release, "there was a whole new generation of kids who haven't really seen it, particularly on the big screen." Given the film had already been digitally archived during production, the restoration process was easier, while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies.[38][71] An enhanced sound mix was also provided to, as Hahn explained, "make the audience feel like they're in the middle of the movie."[38] On its first weekend, The Lion King made $2.7 million from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30, 2003.[72]

text: 3D conversion

text: In 2011, The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu-ray release.[51][73] The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011 with $8.9 million[74] and finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the box office. This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number-one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Return of the Jedi in March 1997.[62] The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of all time.[75] It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million.[76] Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place.[77]

text: After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D Blu-ray release was scheduled for two-and-a-half weeks after its theatrical release.[76] In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12, 2012 with a gross $94,242,001. Outside North America, it earned $83,400,000.[78] The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast, Finding Nemo, Monsters, Inc., and The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013.[79] However, none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success of The Lion King 3D and theatrical re-release of The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled.[80] In 2012, Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because, "the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, and The Lion King (3D) felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release. Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since, meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off."[81]

text: Critical response

text: The Lion King was released to critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 93%, based on 122 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10. It also ranked 56th on their "Top 100 Animation Movies".[82] The site's critical consensus reads, "Emotionally stirring, richly drawn, and beautifully animated, The Lion King stands tall within Disney's pantheon of classic family films."[83] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[84] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[85]

text: Roger Ebert gave it 3 1/2 out of 4-stars and called the film "a superbly drawn animated feature" and, in his print review wrote, "The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet, is a learning experience as well as an entertainment."[86] On the television program Siskel & Ebert, the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films. Ebert and his partner Gene Siskel both gave the film a "Thumbs Up" but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was "a good film, not a great one".[87] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it "an impressive, almost daunting achievement" and felt that the film was "spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations", but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying, "Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange."[88]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the film, writing that it "has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie".[89] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was "a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun and eye-popping thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart".[90] James Berardinelli from ReelViews praised the film saying, "With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more. The Lion King is the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded."[91]

text: Some reviewers still had problems with the film's narrative. The staff of TV Guide wrote that while The Lion King was technically proficient and entertaining, it "offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits, and a hasty, unsatisfying dramatic resolution."[92] The New Yorker's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation, the story felt like "manipulat[ing] our responses at will", as "Between traumas, the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly, rambunctious comedy".[93]

text: Accolades

text: The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. The film would go on to win two Golden Globes; for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score,[94] as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice.[95] The songs "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata" were also nominated.[95] "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.[96] The Lion King also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation.[97]

text: At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category.[98] The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively.[99] The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."[100] At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards, the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.[101] The Lion King won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids' Choice Awards.[102]

text: In 2008, The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine,[103] and in June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[104] In June 2008, the American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the fourth best film in the animation genre in its AFI's 10 Top 10 list,[105] having previously put "Hakuna Matata" as 99th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ranking.[106]

text: In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text: Controversies

text: Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a 1960s Japanese anime television series, Jungle Emperor (known as Kimba the White Lion in the United States), with characters having similar analogues, and various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show. Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was, in fact, working on an American version of Kimba since he was familiar with the Japanese original.[107] The Lion King director Roger Allers claimed complete unfamiliarity with the show until the movie was almost completed, and did not remember it being ever mentioned during development.[108] Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it.[109][110] Minkoff also observed that whenever a story is based in Africa, it is "not unusual to have characters like a baboon, a bird or hyenas."[109] Yoshihiro Shimizu, of Tezuka Productions, which created Kimba the White Lion, has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because, "we're a small, weak company. It wouldn't be worth it anyway ... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!"[111] Fred Ladd, who was involved early on with importing Kimba and other Japanese into America for NBC, expressed incredulity that Disney's people could remain ignorant.[112][110] Ladd stated there was at least one animator remembered by his colleagues as being an avid Kimba fan and being quite vociferous about Disney's conduct during production.[112] Animators Tom Sito and Mark Kausler who both have story credits have both admitted to watching Kimba, and assumed many of their colleagues had too, especially if they grew up in the 60s. But Sito insisted there was no conscious effort to derive work from Kimba, and Kausler emphasized Disney's own Bambi as being their model during development.[113][114]

text: Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down,[115] which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. Animator Tom Sito has stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common abbreviation for "special effects"), not with an "E" instead of the "F", and were intended as an innocent "signature" created by the effects animation team.[116]

text: Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal: one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character,[117] and another—who had organized the animators' visit to the University of California's Field Station for Behavioural Research, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas—[118] included boycotting The Lion King among the ways it would help preserve hyenas in the wild.[119] The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant allegory, where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities.[120][121][122][123] The film has also been criticised for advancing a fascist narrative in its portrayal of the lion kingdom and the circle of life where "only the strong and the beautiful triumph, and the powerless survive only by serving the strong."[124]

text: Legacy

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text: The first Lion King-related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa. First, the duo starred in the animated short "Stand by Me", featuring Timon singing the eponymous song, which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck. The duo then received their own animated series, The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa, which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane.[125]

text: Disney released two direct-to-video films related to The Lion King. The first was sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, released in 1998 on VHS. The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.[126] 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD, The Lion King 1½. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie.[127]

text: In June 2014, it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released called The Lion Guard, featuring Kion, the second-born cub of Simba and Nala. The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.[128] It was first broadcast on Disney Channel as a television film titled The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar in November 2015 before airing as a series on Disney Junior in January 2016.[129][130]

text: CGI remake

text: In September 2016, following the critical and financial success of The Jungle Book, Walt Disney Pictures announced that they were developing a CGI remake of The Lion King by the same name, with Jon Favreau directing.[131] The following month, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write the script for the film.[132] Favreau originally planned shoot it back to back with the sequel to The Jungle Book.[131][133] However, it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King.[134] In February 2017, Favreau announced that Donald Glover had been cast as Simba and that James Earl Jones would be reprising the role of Mufasa.[135] The following month, it was reported that Beyoncé was Favreau's top choice to voice Nala, but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy.[136] In April 2017, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa, respectively.[137] Two months later, John Oliver was cast as Zazu.[138] At the end of July 2017, Beyoncé had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well.[139] The following month, Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar.[140] Later on, Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki, respectively.[141][142] On November 1, 2017, Beyoncé and Chiwetel Ejiofor were officially confirmed to voice Nala and Scar with Eric Andre, Florence Kasumba, Keegan-Michael Key, JD McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph joining the cast as the voices of Azizi, Shenzi and Kamari, young Simba and young Nala, respectively while Hans Zimmer would return to score the film's music.[143][144][145][146][147] On November 28, 2017, it was reported that Elton John had signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film.[148]

text: Production for the film began in May 2017.[149] It is scheduled for release on July 19, 2019.[150]

text: Video games

text: Along with the film release, three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994. The main title was developed by Westwood Studios, and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version, while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version.[151] The film and sequel Simba's Pride later inspired another game, Torus Games' The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation.[152] Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level, later ported to the SNES by Tiertex.[153]

text: The Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts features Simba as a recurring summon,[154][155] as well as a playable in the Lion King world, known as Pride Lands, in Kingdom Hearts II. There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film, with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi.[156] The Lion King also provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action-adventure game Disney Universe,[157] and Simba was featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends (2008).[158]

text: Stage adaptations

text: Walt Disney Theatrical produced a musical stage adaptation of the same name, which premiered in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1997, and later opened on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. The Lion King musical was directed by Julie Taymor[159] and featured songs from both the movie and Rhythm of the Pride Lands, along with three new compositions by Elton John and Tim Rice. Mark Mancina did the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks.[160] The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history, winning six Tony Awards including Best Musical, and despite moving to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006, is still running to this day in New York, becoming the third longest-running show and highest grossing Broadway production in history. The show's financial success led to adaptations all over the world.[11][161][162]

text: The Lion King inspired two attractions retelling the story of the film at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. The first, "The Legend of the Lion King", featured a recreation of the film through life-size puppets of its characters, and ran from 1994 to 2002 at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World.[163] Another that is still running is the live-action 30-minute musical revue of the movie, "Festival of the Lion King", which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors, along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumba and a costumed actor as Timon. The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World's Animal Kingdom,[164] and in September 2005 in Hong Kong Disneyland's Adventureland.[165] A similar version under the name "The Legend of the Lion King" was featured in Disneyland Paris from 2004 to 2009.[166][167]


document_title: Enhanced driver's license

question_text: what is a us enhanced driver's license

question_tokens: what is a us enhanced driver 's license

text: Enhanced driver's license

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2017)

text: An enhanced driver's license (EDL) in U.S. English, enhanced driver's licence in Canadian English, or enhanced ID in other common usage, is a card which functions both as driving licence and ID card with limited passport features issued in some states in the United States[1] and some provinces in Canada[2] to people who are both citizens of the country and residents in the relevant region, compliant with the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative.

text: An enhanced driver's license is allowed to be used as an alternative to a passport for international land and sea travel, but not air travel, to countries that recognize it. The card includes machine-readable RFID and barcode for automated identification of the card and its holder.

text: As a Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative-compliant travel document, an EDL may be used for "official purposes" (such as boarding a domestic flight) covered by the U.S. REAL ID Act.[3] However, a U.S. state that issues only EDLs, but does not issue any other REAL ID-compliant driver's license, is not deemed compliant with the REAL ID Act unless granted an extension.[4] Likewise, REAL ID-compliant licenses alone are not sufficient to cross international borders, even if a state gives its REAL ID-compliant licenses a similar name.[5]

text: Enhanced driver's licenses are available to U.S. citizens who reside in the states of Michigan,[3][6] Minnesota,[3][7] New York,[3][8] Vermont,[3][9] and Washington.[3][10]

text: Enhanced driver's licenses are available to Canadian citizens residing in British Columbia,[11] Manitoba,[12] Ontario,[13] and formerly Quebec.[2][14][15] After running it for five years, Quebec discontinued the enhanced driver's license program, citing low demand as the reason. Current enhanced driver's license (Driver's Licence Plus) identification cards will remain valid until their expiration dates. Driver's Licence Plus documents have not been issued since 30 September 2014.[16]