document_title: Mozart in the Jungle

question_text: who is rodrigo in mozart in the jungle

question_tokens: who is rodrigo in mozart in the jungle

text: Mozart in the Jungle

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Lola Kirke as Hailey Rutledge, an oboist with a yearning ambition to play with the New York Symphony. She develops a strong bond with Rodrigo as the series progresses.
Gael García Bernal as Rodrigo De Souza, the new conductor of the New York Symphony
Bernadette Peters as Gloria Windsor, the president of the New York Symphony (recurring, season 1; season 2–present)
Malcolm McDowell as Thomas Pembridge, the conductor emeritus of the New York Symphony
Saffron Burrows as Cynthia Taylor, a philandering cellist with the New York Symphony
Hannah Dunne as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Campbell, Hailey's roommate and best friend
Peter Vack as Alex Merriweather, Hailey's dancer boyfriend (seasons 1 & 2)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Debra Monk as Betty Cragdale, the long-time oboist for the New York Symphony who instantly despises Hailey
Mark Blum as Union Bob, a piccolo player for the symphony and known for bringing up the union rules
Jennifer Kim as Sharon, Rodrigo's assistant
Joel Bernstein as Warren Boyd, the concertmaster for the symphony
Nora Arnezeder as Ana Maria, Rodrigo's estranged violinist wife
John Miller as Dee Dee, the drug-dealing percussionist of the New York Symphony
Rubio Qian as Triangle Tanya, the triangle player of the New York Symphony.
Brennan Brown as Edward Biben, an orchestra board member
Gretchen Mol as Nina Robertson, the New York Symphony's lawyer who falls for Cynthia
Makenzie Leigh as Addison, Alex's dancing partner and roommate
Margaret Ladd as Claire, Thomas' ex-wife who dies after hearing his completed symphony.
Jason Schwartzman as Bradford Sharpe, a classical music enthusiast and host of his own podcast, "B-Sharpe"
John Hodgman as Marlin Guggenheim, a purported billionaire infatuated with Hailey
Wallace Shawn as Winslow Elliott, a neurotic concert pianist.
Tenoch Huerta Mejía as Manuel, Rodrigo's childhood friend
Dermot Mulroney as Andrew Walsh, a cello soloist who fraternizes with Hailey.
Monica Bellucci as Alessandra, a reclusive Italian soprano living in Venice, Italy, also known as "La fiamma".
Ana María Martínez provides Alessandra's singing voice.
Sandro Isaack as Pavel, the orchestra's stagehand who becomes friendly with Gloria.
Philip Jackson Smith as Mike Margusa, a friend of Hailey's whom she recruits to work for the orchestra.
Christian Coulson as Sebastian, a member of Andrew Walsh's orchestra who later becomes a member of Hailey's orchestra and moves to her flat.
Cole Escola as Shawn, Hailey's flatmate and a member of her orchestra who also becomes Sebastian's boyfriend.
Santino Fontana as Mozart, who Rodrigo frequently talks to in his imagination.
David Turner as Liberace, briefly replaces Mozart as Rodrigo's muse

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)210December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)310December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)410February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)

text: Production[edit]

text: The many oboe solos played by the protagonist and other characters throughout the series are performed by Lelie Resnick, principal oboist of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, while the character of Rodrigo is loosely based on Gustavo Dudamel, the Venezuelan music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.[11] Dudamel coached García Bernal before the latter conducted, in the character of Rodrigo, for a real performance of the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, scenes of which were used for the second season opener.[12] Dudamel has a cameo in that episode, acting as a stagehand trying to convince Rodrigo to move to Los Angeles. Other musicians that have cameos in the series are violinist Joshua Bell, pianists Emanuel Ax and Lang Lang, composers Anton Coppola and Nico Muhly, Broadway star Brian d'Arcy James and conductors Alan Gilbert and Bernard Uzan. Blair Tindall, oboist and writer of the book on which the series is based, also appears in a cameo.[13]  Much of the original music for the show (most notably "Impromptu," and other work presented within the show's continuity as by Thomas Pembridge) is composed by acclaimed contemporary composer Missy Mazzoli.[14] For Pembridge's more experimental music in Season 4, the show turned to another female composer, Laura Karpman.[15] Irish composer and conductor Eímear Noone served as Lola Kirke's real-life conducting coach in season four.[16]  Interior shots of the home concert hall were filmed at the Performing Arts Center at SUNY Purchase.[17]

text: Focus on women composers and conductors[edit]

text: In addition to behind-the-scenes contributions from Mazzoli, Karpman and Noone, the theme of underrepresented, or unjustly forgotten or overlooked women composers and conductors in the world of classical music has become central on screen in the show's third and fourth seasons.  Historical female composers who appear in the show include Vítězslava Kaprálová, Isabella Leonarda, Nannerl Mozart and Fanny Mendelssohn.  The fourth season featured Pulitzer Prize-winning contemporary composer Caroline Shaw appearing as herself (and the characters perform one of her actual compositions).[16]  Composer Paola Prestini also makes a brief cameo in season four, playing one of her own compositions. [18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of the series received positive reviews from critics.  Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 'fresh' 95% rating based on 20 critic reviews, with the critical consensus "Though confined to the isolated world of classical music, Mozart in the Jungle's Gael Garcia Bernal makes this charming little show sing."[19] Metacritic gave the series a 73 out of 100, indicating 'generally favorable reviews.'[20] Cory Barker, writing for TV.com, praised the series. "What works so well is that Mozart isn't afraid to throw you into a world you're likely unfamiliar with, but it doesn't swim so far into the deep end that you immediately drown in jargon and distanced dramatic stakes."[21] Robert Lloyd, writing for The Los Angeles Times, also lauded the first season. He stated that "Characters who were mouthpieces for attitudes start to seem like people, more complicated than a thumbnail description can accommodate. You grow interested in what will become of them without expecting or rooting for any particular outcome."[22] Kory Grow of Rolling Stone also praised the series, writing that "[t]hanks to quirky scripts and a smart ensemble cast... it comes off whimsical without ringing off-pitch."[23]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the first season a positive review. "Bernal is both likable and magnetic, and makes the eclectic maestro surge on the screen. He alone is worth streaming the series, but, thankfully, there's a lot more going on here."[24] Brian Lowry, writing for Variety, also lauded the series. "While Mozart is surely a niche confection, the show generally shines by proving long on charm even when it's short on laughs."[25] In a more mixed review, Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a B-.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: While socially-minded critics have praised the show's push for gender equity, the almost all-white orchestra and main cast has drawn fire from critics at NPR for being unrealistic, given the prevalence of East Asian musicians in real-life orchestras. [26]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients

Result

Ref.

2015

Imagen Foundation Awards

Best Actor - Television

Gael Garcia Bernal

Won

[27]

2016

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Comedy

Mozart in the Jungle

Won

[28]

Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Gael Garcia Bernal

Won

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation

Thomas Varga, Andy D'Addario, Bill Higley, Chris Navarro (for "Nothing Resonates Like Rhinoceros Foreskin")

Won

[29]

Imagen Foundation Awards

Best Actor - Television

Gael García Bernal

Won

[30]

2017

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Comedy

Mozart in the Jungle

Nominated

[31]

Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Gael Garcia Bernal

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (Half-Hour)

Tobias Datum (for "Now I Will Sing")

Nominated

[32]

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Tommaso Ortino, Susanna Codognato, Letizia Santucci (for "Now I Will Sing")

Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation

Andy D'Addario, Gary Gegan, Marco Fiumara (for "Now I Will Sing")

Won


document_title: Descendants of the Sun

question_text: song joong ki name in descendants of the sun

root

text: Descendants of the Sun

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Yoo Si-jin (Song Joong-ki) is the captain of a South Korean Special Forces unit. He and his friend Sergeant Major Seo Dae-young (Jin Goo) are off-duty when they witness a young man, Kim Ki-bum (Kim Min-seok), steal a motorcycle and apprehend him. The thief is injured during his capture and therefore sent to the hospital. Dae-young realizes his cell phone was stolen by the thief and goes to the hospital along with Si-jin to retrieve his cellphone.

tag: p

text: In the emergency room, Si-jin meets Dr. Kang Mo-yeon (Song Hye-kyo) for the first time, and is instantly attracted to her. Mo-yeon mistakenly assumes Si-jin is part of the thief's criminal gang, due to his nickname "Big Boss", which is actually his call sign. He proves his identity with the help of army surgeon Yoon Myung-ju (Kim Ji-won).

text: Si-jin and Mo-yeon begin to date, but due to their jobs, their dates are often interrupted halfway. Si-jin receives his orders to be deployed on a peacekeeping mission in the country of Uruk(present day: Iraq). Meanwhile, Mo-yeon is upset because she had been passed over for professorship in favor of a colleague who had familial connections to the hospital management. When Si-jin returns and meets Mo-yeon again, they talk about their views on life and realize how different they are. Si-jin, as a soldier, kills to protect lives while Mo-yeon, as a doctor, honors the Hippocratic Oath and tries to save lives. Due to this difference in viewpoints on life, they agree to part ways. Dae-young, on the other hand, faces a dilemma on whether to continue his relationship with Myung-ju or risk being forced out of the army by Myung-ju's father for breaking fraternization rules.

text: Eight months later, Mo-yeon rebuffs the advances of the hospital director and, as a result, is assigned to lead a medical team to Uruk. There, Si-jin and Mo-yeon reunite. Through their encounters in Uruk, an earthquake and an epidemic, their love for each other grows stronger. Mo-yeon gains an insight into Si-jin's job and is forced to confront the stark reality that she may never have full disclosure of his whereabouts due to the highly classified nature of his work and the possibility of him being killed in action. While in Uruk, Mo-yeon accidentally confesses her feelings (much to the amusement of their respective teams) and the two officially start dating.

text: Si-jin and Mo-yeon continue their relationship after returning to Korea, until Si-jin and Dae-young are sent on a classified operation in which they disappear and are assumed to be dead. Months pass, and Mo-yeon mourns Si-Jin's death, deciding to commemorate his passing with a volunteer trip to Albania. This is where Si-jin eventually finds her after he and Dae-young are rescued from captivity by "a friend from afar", a soldier from North Korea whom Si-jin had helped earlier. Si-jin and Mo-yeon along with Myung-ju and Dae-young are all happily reunited with each other.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Song Joong-ki as Captain Yoo Si-jin (a.k.a. Big Boss)[10]

tag: ul

text: Song Hye Kyo as Doctor Kang Mo-yeon (a.k.a. Pretty One)[11]

text: Jin Goo as Master Sergeant Seo Dae-young (a.k.a. Wolf)[12]

text: Kim Ji-won as First Lieutenant Yoon Myung-ju[13]

text: Supporting[edit]

text: Alpha Team Members[edit]

text:
Park Hoon as Sergeant First Class Choi Woo-geun (a.k.a. Snoopy)
Choi Woong as Staff Sergeant Gong Cheol-ho (a.k.a. Harry Potter)
Ahn Bo-hyun as Sergeant First Class Im Gwang-nam (a.k.a. Piccolo)

text: Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team[edit]

text:
Onew as Lee Chi-hoon (1st year resident of Thoracic Surgery a.k.a. Handsome Spaceman)[14]
Lee Seung-joon as Song Sang-hyun (General Surgeon)
Seo Jeong-yeon as Ha Ja-ae (ER Nursing Team)
Park Hwan-hee as Choi Min-ji (ER Nurse)

text: People at Haesung Hospital[edit]

text:
Hyun Jyu-ni as Pyo Ji-soo (Pathology Specialist)
Tae In-ho as Han Suk-won (Chairman of Haesung Hospital)
Park Ah-in as Kim Eun-ji (Thoracic Surgery Specialist)
Jo Woo-ri as Jang Hee-eun (1st Year Resident of Anesthesiology) (wife of Dr. Lee Chi-hoon)[15]

text: Tae Baek Army[edit]

text:
Kang Shin-il as Lieutenant General Yoon Gil-joon (a.k.a. Yellow Tiger) (Myung-ju's father)
Kim Byeong-cheol as Lieutenant Colonel (later promoted to Colonel) Park Byung-soo
Kim Min-seok as Private First Class Kim Ki-bum (later promoted to Staff Sergeant as seen in ep 16). A pickpocket later enlisted to the army.

text: Uruk area[edit]

text:
Cho Tae Kwan as Daniel Spencer (Peacemaker Emergency Doctor Team)[16]
Jeon Soo-jin as Ri Ye-hwa (Peacemaker Emergency Nurse Team)
David Lee McInnis as David Argus (Gang Boss, former Delta Force Captain), the main antagonist.
Dean Dawson as the Chief of Police (Tae Baek Police Chief)
Jo Jae-yoon as Jin Young-soo (Chief Manager of Uruk Electric Power Corporation)
Lee Yi-kyung as Kang Min-jae
Zyon Barreto as Fatima
Elena Zhernovaia as Valentine
David Pipes as Martin (World Times Reporter)
Ji Seung-hyun as Senior Lieutenant Ahn Jung-joon, Korean People's Army.
Kwak In-joon as Lee Han-soo (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
Joey Albright as US Army Delta Force member

text: Special appearances[edit]

text:
Lee Kwang-soo as shooting arcade operator (episode 1)[17]
Lee Jong-hyuk as Captain Kim Jin-seok (episode 2, 5, 10, 15)
Matthew Douma as Jordan, US Army Delta Force Captain (episode 2, 10, 12)[18]
Jung Ji-won as TV announcer (episode 2)
Park Tae-won as TV announcer (episode 2)
Ryu Hwa-young as Seo Dae-young's ex-girlfriend (episode 4)
Jun In-taek as Yoo Young-geun (Yoo Shi Jin's father) (episode 6, 7, 15, 16)
Park Joon-geum as Lee Chi-hoon's mother (episode 7, 11)
Yoo Ah-in as bank reception Eom Hong-shik (episode 13)[19]
Nam Ki-ae as Kang Mo-yeon's mother (episode 13)
Lee Jae-yong as Lieutenant General Choi Ji-ho, Korean People's Army
Red Velvet as themselves (episode 16)

text: Production[edit]

text: Descendants of the Sun was fully pre-produced before airing which is a departure from the live-shoot production format that characterizes most Korean dramas.[20] The drama is Song Joong-ki's comeback project after serving his two years of mandatory military service.[21] The production cost 13 billion won (approximately $10.8 million) to produce.[22]

text: Initially, there were doubts about the profitability of the drama, as a story involving a soldier may not be enough to garner a very high successive rate. This is revealed when SBS were reluctant to continue with the project. It was then passed to KBS.[23] According to local reports by Newsis, lead actor Song Joong-ki was not the first choice of writers and directors for the hit South Korean series, as he was deemed too slender for the role of a heroic special forces officer.[24] Song was later cast as the producers decided to change the character of the role.[25] The 6 June episode of tvN's The List 2016 revealed the names of four actors who rejected the role before Joong-ki was chosen. As per the show, the A-listers who passed the role includes Won Bin, Jo In-sung, Gong Yoo, Hyun Bin and Kim Woo-bin.[26] Reportedly, the actors were skeptical on sporting the army style short hair. It is also said that the artists expressed slight discomfort on portraying a role of a soldier and could not commit with the pre-production format of the show.[27]

text: On June 12, 2015, lead actors Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo filmed their first scene in Seoul.[28] On September 28, 2015, the entire cast and crew (including the four leads, Song Joong-ki, Song Hye-kyo, Jin Goo, Kim Ji-won, as well as supporting actors Kang Shin-il and Onew) departed for Greece.[29] The team resided in the country for approximately a month to shoot episodes crucial to the drama's plot.[30][31] According to Greek and South Korean news portals and blogs, filming mainly took place in Zakynthos, Arachova, Lemnos, and Navagio.[32] The series' location was modelled after Iraq, a remote area located at the margin of Balkan Peninsula; but changed its name to Uruk to avoid diplomatic conflict.[33]

text: On November 25, 2015, it was announced that actor Song Joong-ki injured his arm while filming an action scene for the drama on November 23. On December 7, 2015, Song Joong-ki returned to work only 2 weeks after he was injured and spotted filming at a station in Seoul.[34][35][36] The MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea in 2015 also seriously hampered filming schedules. The outbreak claimed the lives of 33 people, according to WHO.[37]

text: The location which served as the Mowuru Company's base camp was set at the exhausted Taebaek Hanbo Coal Mine while earthquake scenes were mostly filmed at the Samtan Art Mine. Filming also took place at Camp Greaves DMZ Experience Centre, once a US Army base camp during the Korean War.[38] Filming at Haesung Hospital was actually done at the Seoul St Mary's Hospital.

text: The crew wrapped up the last shoot in the early morning of December 30, 2015.[39] The director's cut, which feature a re-edited version of the last and 16th episode, as well as deleted scenes, a music video and behind-the-scenes footage, was released in the second half of the year.[40]

text: Due to the success of the drama, an OST concert was held at the Grand Peace Palace at Kyung Hee University in Seoul on May 14, 2016; and featured performers of the drama's soundtrack.[41][42]

text: On July 5, 2017, lead actors Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo announced through their respective agencies that the two are engaged and will get married on the last day of October.[43][44]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: After the success of Descendants, the industry saw a shift toward pre-production of Korean dramas.[45] This is because pre-production allowed producers to secure investment and distribution in a carefully planned fashion; and allowed the show to air simultaneously in China, thus bringing greater profits.[46][47] Kim Won-seok, co-writer of Descendants, said the system helps raise quality of the drama.[48] However, apart from Descendants, none of the other pre-produced dramas thus far such as Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo, Uncontrollably Fond and Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth have been successful.[49]

text: Legal[edit]

text: Production company NEW said that there have been hundreds of violations of their publicity rights by businesses, in an attempt to take advantage of the drama's success.[50] The announcement came about when lead actress Song Hye-kyo sued jewelry firm J.Estina for using her pictures for promotion though the contract ended in January.[51] J.Estina said in a press release that it abided by the contract with production staff of Descendants, which allowed it to use stills from the episodes as one of the main sponsors of the series. However, NEW refuted the claims, saying that the jewelry firm’s arguments lacked legal grounds.[52] Song eventually won the legal battle, and donated the damages received to charity.[53]

text: Original soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack of the series topped local music charts.[54] Preorders for the soundtrack album surpassed the 10,000 mark,[55] and eventually sold over 60,000 copies.[56]

text:
Descendants of the Sun
Original Sound Track Vol. 1

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
March 25, 2016

Genre
K-pop, soundtrack

Label
Music&NEW, OU Entertainment

tag: table

text:
Descendants of the Sun
Original Sound Track Vol. 2

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
April 21, 2016

Genre
K-pop, soundtrack

Label
Music&NEW, OU Entertainment

text:
Volume 1

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Always"
Yoon Mi-rae
3:25

2.
"Everytime[57]"
Chen and Punch
3:08

3.
"This Love[58]" (이 사랑)
Davichi
3:46

4.
"You Are My Everything[59]"
Gummy
4:00

5.
"Once Again" (다시 너를)
Kim Na-young feat. Mad Clown
3:55

6.
"Save The Day"
Various Artists
3:20

7.
"Mission Part 1"
Various Artists
4:25

8.
"Time Is Running Out"
Various Artists
3:29

9.
"Hidden Genius"
Various Artists
4:53

10.
"Endless War"
Various Artists
2:48

11.
"My Everything"
Various Artists
2:54

12.
"Heart Break"
Various Artists
4:16

13.
"Military Dignity"
Various Artists
2:08

14.
"Mission Part 2"
Various Artists
6:14

15.
"I Love You"
Various Artists
2:53

16.
"Aroma"
Various Artists
1:56

17.
"War Of Tomorrow"
Various Artists
3:58

18.
"The Lover"
Various Artists
3:25

19.
"You're My Everything (English ver.)"
Gummy
4:00

text:
Volume 2

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Talk Love" (말해! 뭐해?)
K.Will
3:37

2.
"With You[60]"
Lyn
4:15

3.
"By My Side" (사랑하자)
SG Wannabe
3:46

4.
"Wind Beneath Your Wings" (그대, 바람이 되어)
M.C the MAX
3:55

5.
"How Can I Love You[61]"
XIA (Junsu)
4:20

6.
"No More War"
Various Artists
3:52

7.
"Always I Love You"
Various Artists
2:42

8.
"Fighter"
Various Artists
2:32

9.
"Mission2 – Epic Tension"
Various Artists
4:45

10.
"Lonely Road"
Various Artists
4:18

11.
"Vital Fantasy"
Various Artists
3:01

12.
"Love You 2"
Various Artists
2:58

13.
"Don't Forget Me"
Various Artists
3:30

14.
"Time Is Running Out (Ver. 2)"
Various Artists
3:41

15.
"Attention (Mission ver.)"
Various Artists
3:25

16.
"Move Forward"
Various Artists
3:41

17.
"Freedom"
Various Artists
3:40

18.
"Attention O.R.I"
Various Artists
1:51

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Sales [62]
Remarks

Gaon[63]

"Always" (Yoon Mi-rae)
2016
2

KOR (DL): 1,454,125+[64]

Part 1

"Everytime" (Chen and Punch)
1

KOR (DL): 1,241,255+[65]

Part 2

"This Love" (Davichi)
1

KOR (DL): 1,671,196+[66]

Part 3

"You Are My Everything" (Gummy)
1

KOR (DL): 1,600,720+[67]

Part 4

"Once Again" (Kim Na-young ft. Mad Clown)
2

KOR (DL): 1,056,319+[68]

Part 5

"Talk Love" (K.Will)
1

KOR (DL): 1,347,821+[69]

Part 6

"With You" (Lyn)
15

KOR (DL): 532,924+[70]

Part 7

"By My Side" (SG Wannabe)
8

KOR (DL): 864,429+[71]

Part 8

"Wind Beneath Your Wings" (M.C the MAX)
7

KOR (DL): 588,832+[72]

Part 9

"How Can I Love You" (XIA (Junsu))
1

KOR (DL): 674,908+[73]

Part 10

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Descendants received immense popularity both locally, with a peaking rating of 40%, making it the first weeknight series to do so in the country since Moon Embracing the Sun in 2012;[74] as well as internationally,[75] where it has been sold to 32 countries and translated into 32 different languages.[76][77] The success of the drama helped revive the Hallyu wave that was in decline over recent years, boosting tourism and spreading Korean culture.[78][75] The series was also watched in North Korea, one of the most secluded countries in the world.[79]

text: The drama's success factors were attributed to its elaborate screenplay, beautiful love story and the co-production between South Korea and China.[80] The Korea Times said, "At a time when Korean melodramas are said to have been losing steam, 'Descendants of the Sun' brought fantasy together with a number of different genres to create a high quality production." and "the drama appeals to viewers' desires for justice in a society that appears to lack it."[81] The drama also earned plaudits from (former) president Park Geun-hye, who praised the drama for instilling "patriotism" among young Koreans.[82] She also called Descendants an exemplary case of the positive effects of cultural content on the manufacturing industry.[83]

text: Economic effect[edit]

text: The drama's success helped boost Korea's economy; contributing in a rise of tourists, overseas sales of products (exports) and creating new jobs.[84] It has also resulted in more investment in Korean entertainment companies by Chinese companies seeking partnerships.[85] Descendants has been reported to have earned 3 billion won from product placement advertisements (PPL) and 10 billion won from sales of related sound tracks and video-on-demand service.[81][86] According to reports, the direct and indirect economic effects of Descendants are estimated to hover above 1 trillion won ($880 million).[84]

text: The "Two Tone Lip Bar" lipstick that Song Hye-kyo wore in a scene on the show has broken sales records for Aritaum in South Korea with Laneige subsequently hosting its own Descendants of the Sun makeup event on its homepage. The product became so popular that it sold out four days after its release on the popular Chinese shopping website, 11th Street, owned by its Korean parent-company, SK Planet.[87][88] The same product also experienced "double digit growth" in Singapore.[89]

text: Laneige, Dal.Komm Coffee, KGC Cheong Kwan Jang Korean Red Ginseng, Subway and Hyundai all reported a surge in sales after exposure of their products in the drama.[90][91] The popularity of the show has also led to KBS launching several merchandise of the drama, such as cookies, memory sticks, emoticons and commemorative medals, which were specially created and sold to fans.[92][93][94][95]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Filming locations and sets of the show underwent restoration by the government, due to the demands by both local and foreign tourists.[96][97] Camp Greaves, the former U.S. military camp near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in Paju, north of Seoul, was turned into a park composed of separate zones focusing on natural scenery, culture and arts, and military experience.[98][99] The Taebak film site was also re-modeled as a tourist site, where visitors can browse the medical camp and military base wearing costumes with the same design as those worn by the cast.[100] The set in Taebaek was featured on popular variety shows 2 Days & 1 Night[101][102] and Battle Trip.[103]

text: The success of the drama has given rise to the popularity of "soldier talk", a style of Korean speaking only used in the military.[104] There is also a spike in the number of young men wanting to join South Korean special forces units for their mandatory military service.[105]

text: After Samgyetang was featured in the drama, it gained wider appeal among the Chinese.[106][107]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: However, there has been controversy surrounding the use of product placement in this drama.[108][109] Some critics argued that there was excessive product placement in the drama and that the use of product placement undermined the drama's content and artistry.[110] Kim Si-hyoung, cinematographer of Descendants admitted that product placement was excessive, but argued that they were “essential,” as he and other production staff found it hard to secure revenues from TV advertising.[111]

text: The series also drawn criticism for its unconvincing plot and unrealistic storyline.[112] Critics say that the drama ironically reflects what today’s Korean society lacks, such as the cohesive military culture; and also pointed out deeply embedded sexual discrimination featured in the drama.[113] The drama was also accused of missing a noticeable plot, and kept with the terrestrial tradition of being overly predictable.[114]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.

text:
Episode #
Original broadcast date
Average audience share

TNmS Ratings[115]
AGB Nielsen[116]

Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area

1
February 24, 2016
12.6% (7th)
12.7% (4th)
14.3% (4th)
14.4% (4th)

2
February 25, 2016
13.5% (6th)
14.5% (4th)
15.5% (3rd)
16.0% (4th)

3
March 2, 2016
21.8% (2nd)
22.7% (1st)
23.4% (2nd)
24.6% (2nd)

4
March 3, 2016
22.9% (2nd)
23.5% (2nd)
24.1% (2nd)
25.1% (2nd)

5
March 9, 2016
24.6% (2nd)
26.3% (1st)
27.4% (1st)
29.2% (1st)

6
March 10, 2016
25.4% (2nd)
27.6% (1st)
28.5% (1st)
29.8% (1st)

7
March 16, 2016
27.0% (2nd)
28.9% (1st)
28.3% (1st)
30.1% (1st)

8
March 17, 2016
25.9% (2nd)
28.7% (1st)
28.8% (1st)
30.5% (1st)

9
March 23, 2016
29.7% (1st)
32.3% (1st)
30.4% (1st)
31.0% (1st)

10
March 24, 2016
28.8% (1st)
31.0% (1st)
31.6% (1st)
33.3% (1st)

11
March 30, 2016
29.1% (2nd)
31.3% (1st)
31.9% (1st)
33.5% (1st)

12
March 31, 2016
31.1% (1st)
33.9% (1st)
33.0% (1st)
34.3% (1st)

13
April 6, 2016
30.4% (1st)
33.7% (1st)
33.5% (1st)
35.0% (1st)

14
April 7, 2016
31.1% (1st)
33.5% (1st)
33.0% (1st)
35.6% (1st)

15
April 13, 2016
31.1% (1st)
35.6% (1st)
34.8% (1st)
37.5% (1st)

16
April 14, 2016
35.3% (1st)
40.5% (1st)
38.8% (1st)
41.6% (1st)

Average
26.3%
28.5%
28.6%
30.1%

Special[117]
April 20, 2016
15.3% (5th)
16.6% (4th)
17.7% (4th)
19.5% (3rd)

April 21, 2016
12.3% (6th)
13.9% (5th)
13.6% (5th)
14.7% (5th)

April 22, 2016
10.9% (7th)
11.8% (6th)
12.2% (5th)
13.2% (6th)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

2016

2016 Rookie Asia Awards

Male Rookie of the Year
Choi Woong
Won
[118]

52nd Baeksang Arts Awards

Grand Prize (TV)
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[119][120]

Best Drama
Nominated

Best Director (TV)
Lee Eung-bok, Baek Sang-hoon
Nominated

Best Actor (TV)
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Best Actress (TV)
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Scriptwriter (TV)
Kim Eun-sook, Kim Won-seok
Nominated

Most Popular Actor (TV)
Song Joong-ki
Won

Jin Goo
Nominated

Most Popular Actress (TV)
Song Hye-kyo
Won

Kim Ji-won
Nominated

iQiyi Global Star Award
Song Joong-ki
Won

Song Hye-kyo
Won

Jin Goo
Nominated

Kim Ji-won
Nominated

2nd Scene Stealer Festival

Scene Stealer Award (Male)
Lee Seung-joon
Won
[121]

Jo Jae-yoon
Won

Newcomer Scene Stealer Award (Male)
Onew
Won

1st Indonesian Television Awards

Special Award
Jin Goo
Won
[122]

43rd Korean Broadcasting Grand Prize

Best Drama
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[123]

11th Seoul International Drama Awards

Excellent Korean Drama
Won
[124]

Outstanding Korean Actor
Song Joong-ki
Won

Outstanding Korean Drama OST
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Won

5th APAN Star Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Song Joong-ki
Won
[125][126]

Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Drama of the Year
Descendants of the Sun
Won

Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Lee Seung-joon
Nominated

Jin Goo
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Kim Ji-won
Won

Best New Actor
Kim Min-seok
Nominated

Best APAN Star Award
Song Joong-ki
Won

Best Couple Award
Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo
Won

Jin Goo and Kim Ji-won
Nominated

9th Korea Drama Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Song Joong-ki
Nominated
[127]

Best Drama
Descendants of the Sun
Won

Best Drama Writer
Kim Eun-sook
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actor
Jo Jae-yoon
Won

Best New Actor
Kim Min-seok
Nominated

Best Original Soundtrack
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Nominated

Korean Advertisers Association Awards

Best Drama
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[128]

1st Asia Artist Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang), Drama
Song Joong-ki
Nominated
[129]

Best Artist Award, Actress
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Celebrity Award, Actor
Jin Goo
Won

Best Celebrity Award, Actress
Kim Ji-won
Won

Best Rookie Award, Actress
Park Hwan-hee
Nominated

Best OST Award
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Won

Popularity Award, Actor
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Popularity Award, Actress
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Kim Ji-won
Nominated

8th Melon Music Awards

Best OST
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Nominated
[130]

Yoon Mi-rae (Always)
Won

Davichi (This Love)
Nominated

18th Mnet Asian Music Awards

Best OST
Nominated
[131]

21st Asian Television Awards

Best Drama Series
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[132]

Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards

Presidential Award
Song Joong-ki
Won
[133]

Song Hye-kyo
Won

Kim Eun-sook
Won

29th Grimae Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Kim Si-hyung, Uhm Jun-sung (Cinematography)
Won
[134]

30th KBS Drama Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)[135]
Song Joong-ki
Won
[136]

Song Hye-kyo
Won

Top Excellence Award, Actor
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Actress
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Jin Goo
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Kim Ji-won
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Jo Jae-yoon
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Seo Jeong-yeon
Nominated

Best New Actor
Kim Min-seok
Nominated

Onew
Nominated

Best New Actress
Kim Ji-won
Won

Best Screenwriter
Kim Eun-sook, Kim Won-seok
Won

Netizen Award
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Couple Award
Song Joong-ki & Song Hye-kyo
Won

Jin Goo & Kim Ji-won
Won

Asia Best Couple Award
Song Joong-ki & Song Hye-kyo
Won

2017

31st Golden Disk Awards

Best OST
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Won
[137]

26th Seoul Music Awards

OST Award
Won
[138]

29th Korean Producer Awards

Best Performer Award
Song Joong-ki
Won
[139]

Korea Communications Commission Broadcasting Awards

Grand Prize for Excellence in Production
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[140]

50th WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival

Special Jury Award (TV series)
Won
[141]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
In China, iQiyi bought the exclusive rights to stream the show for US$250,000 per episode which, in total, is equivalent to about 40% of the show's production costs. The show was released simultaneously in South Korea and China, the first Korean drama to do so, and was viewed 2.4 billion times by April 2016.[142][143] The success of the drama was credited for driving up the paid membership of iQiyi.[144]
Government mouthpiece People's Daily praised it as "an excellent advertisement for conscription" showcasing South Korea's "national spirit" and "communitarian culture".[145] However, its popularity in China caused concern with the country's Ministry of Public Security, posting a warning on its official Weibo account against the drama warning viewers "watching Korean dramas could be dangerous, and even lead to legal troubles".[146] It was part of a growing concern among Chinese officials at the time who were wary of the growing influence of Korean pop culture on the Chinese populace since the similar success of My Love from the Star which aired in 2014.[147]

text: In Singapore, the drama was streamed on Viu with English and Chinese subtitles. Each episode was available to stream eight hours after the original South Korean broadcast. During its run it was the most-watched show on Viu in the country and enjoyed ratings as high as 31.8%.[148][149] Statistics from March 2016 showed about 60% of users on Viu had tuned in to watch the drama.[150] In the week following its finale, eight songs from the drama's soundtrack occupied the top 10, including the top six positions, of Singapore's Top 30 Singles chart.[151] In May 2017, it was aired on Channel U and premiered on May 3, 2017.[152] It was dubbed into Mandarin and featured English and Mandarin subtitles.[153]

text: In Malaysia, the drama was streamed on Viu with English, Malay and Chinese subtitles within 24 hours of the original South Korean broadcast.[154] It aired one week later on KBS World through ASTRO channel subscription. It premiered on 8TV on June 9, 2016, with Malay subtitles.[155]

text: In Vietnam, the drama premiered on April 21, 2016, on HTV2.[156] The popularity of the show drew 8000 tourists from Vietnam, who signed up for tour packages to visit major sightseeing areas and filming locations of Descendants.[157] Prior to the airing of the show, there was a debate on whether it’s appropriate for Vietnamese to watch it given the alleged atrocities committed by Korean soldiers against civilians during the Vietnam War.[158][159]

text: In Thailand, the drama premiered on May 7, 2016, on Channel 7.[160] Prior to the screening of the drama in Thailand, Prayut Chan-o-cha, the prime minister of Thailand, called for citizens of Thailand to watch the drama claiming it conveys messages of "patriotism, sacrifice, obeying orders and being a dutiful citizen".[161] The drama's lead star, Song Joong-ki, was invited to Thailand by Yuthasak Supasorn, governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand.[162] He visited the country to promote the drama as part of his Asia tour.[163]

text:
In Japan, the drama premiered on June 21, 2016, on the cable channel BS Sky PerfecTV!.[164] Reports have claimed that the drama was sold for US$100,000 per episode.[165]
In Hong Kong, it was streamed on Viu with Traditional Chinese subtitles four hours after the original broadcast and also aired on ViuTV. Song-Song couple attended a promotional event for the premiere.[166] It recorded over 1.2 million views.[167][168]
In the Philippines, the drama premiered on July 25, 2016, on GMA Network as part of The Heart of Asia programming block, dubbed in Filipino.[169]
In Indonesia, the drama is available to stream on Viu with Indonesian subtitles.[170] It premiered on RCTI on July 25, 2016[171] and re-aired on Global TV on July 24, 2017.
In Cambodia, the drama premiered on August 5, 2016, on Hang Meas HDTV under the title, រឿងភាគកូរ៉េ "ម្ចាស់ព្រះអាទិត្យ dubbed in Khmer.[172]
In Sri Lanka, the drama is available to stream on Iflix with English subtitles.[173] Google Trends revealed there were more searches for "Descendants of the Sun" than "Donald Trump" in Sri Lanka which stood in stark contrast to most of the world in the year 2016.[174]
In India, it premiered on February 8, 2017 dubbed in Hindi and was telecast from Monday to Saturday, 20:00 Indian time on Zindagi and was well received by Indian audiences.[175] The Hindi dubbed version of the Series is also available to stream on a VOD platform owned by ZEEL, called ZEE5.

text: Others[edit]

text:
In Greece, the drama premiered on December 7, 2016, on TV100 The Municipal Television of Thessaloniki with Greek subtitles. TV100 is the only TV network in Greece that airs K-Dramas.[176][177] The drama also contributed to the rise of tourism in Greece, where scenes of the drama were shot.[178]
In some countries, the drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in many languages created by the volunteer community. Each episode was available to stream a couple hours after the original South Korean broadcast.[179] The drama was also broadcast around the world on KBS World with English subtitles.[180] In particular, it enjoyed popularity in the United States, where the drama was the most-searched on Viki.[181]
The drama was put up for streaming worldwide on Netflix.[182]

text: Adaptation and sequel[edit]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: A Chinese film adaptation produced by Huace Film & TV and directed by Zhang Yibai is planned.[183] A book based on the script is also planned for release.[184]

text: A Philippine television adaption produced by GMA Entertainment Content Group is planned.[185]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: As per KBS's Head of Drama, Jung Sung-ho, said the sequel is in planning, and filming would likely to take place in Greece.[186] The sequel, this time, will be co-produced by Jidam Inc., the production company behind the hit and award-winning TV dramas My Daughter, Geum Sa-wol and Jang Bo-ri is Here!.[187]


document_title: Founding of modern Singapore

question_text: why did raffles establish a settlement in singapore

text: Founding of modern Singapore

text: Pre-colonial Singapore[edit]

text: A significant port and settlement, known as Temasek, later renamed Singapura, existed on the island of Singapore in the 14th century. Vietnamese records indicate possible diplomatic relationship between Temasek and Vietnam in the 13th century,[2]:181–182 and Chinese documents describe settlements there in the 14th century.[3] It was likely a vassal state of both the Majapahit Empire and the Siamese at different times in the 14th century.[2]:183–185 Around the end of the 14th century, its ruler Parameswara was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move on to Melaka where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca,[2]:155–163 Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on Fort Canning was abandoned around this time, although a small-scale trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.[4]:21–22 Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Malay archipelago was gradually taken over by the European colonial powers, beginning with the Portuguese conquest of Malacca Sultanate in 1511. In 1613, the Portuguese burnt down a trading settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River, after which Singapore lapsed into insignificance in the history of the region for two hundred years.[5]

text: The early dominance of the Portuguese was challenged during the 17th century by the Dutch, who came to control most of the region's ports. The Dutch established a monopoly over trade within the archipelago, particularly in spices, then the region's most important product. Other colonial powers, including the British, were limited to a relatively minor presence in that period.

text: Raffles' landing and arrival[edit]

text: In 1818, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the British colony at Bencoolen. Raffles believed that the British should find a way to challenge the dominance of the Dutch in the area. The trade route between China and British India passed through the Malacca Strait, and with the growing trade with China, that route would become increasingly important. However, the Dutch had tight control over the trade in the region and intended to enforce the exclusive rights of its company ships to trade, and that trade should be conducted at its entrepot Batavia. British trading ships were heavily taxed at Dutch ports, stifling British trade in the region.[6][7]

text: Raffles reasoned that the way to challenge the Dutch was to establish a new port in the region. Existing British ports were not in a strategic enough position to becoming major trading centres. Penang was too far north of the southern narrow part of Straits of Malacca controlled by the Dutch, whereas Bencoolen faced the Indian Ocean near the Sunda Strait, a much less important area as it is too far away from the main trading route.[8] Many other possible sites were either controlled by the Dutch, or had other problems.

text: In 1818, Raffles managed to convince Lord Hastings, the then governor-general of India and his superior in the British East India Company, to fund an expedition to establish a new British base in the region, but with the proviso that it should not antagonise the Dutch.[7] Raffles then searched for several weeks. He found several islands that seemed promising, but were either already occupied by the Dutch, or lacked a suitable harbor.

text: Eventually Raffles settled on the island of Singapore, because of its position at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula, near the Straits of Malacca, and possessed an excellent natural harbor, fresh water supplies, and timber for repairing ships. Most importantly, it was unoccupied by the Dutch.[7]

text: Raffles' expedition arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819 (although they landed on Saint John's Island the previous day).[9] He found a Malay settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River, headed by a Temenggong (governor) for the Sultan of Joho. The Temenggong had originally moved to Singapore from Johor in 1811 with a group of Malays, and when Raffles arrived, there were an estimated 150 people governed by the Temenggong, mostly of them Malays, with around 30 Chinese.[10] Although the island was nominally ruled by Johor, the political situation was precarious for the Sultan of Johor at the time. The incumbent Sultan of Johor, Tengku Abdul Rahman, was controlled by the Dutch and the Bugis, and would never agree to a British base in Singapore. However, Abdul Rahman was Sultan only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein, also known as Tengku Long, had been away in Pahang getting married when their father died. Hussein was then living in exile in the Riau Islands.[11]

text: Singapore Treaty[edit]

text: With the Temenggong's help, Raffles smuggled Tengku Hussein to Singapore. He offered to recognize Hussein as the rightful Sultan of Johor, and provide him with a yearly payment; in return, Hussein would grant the British East India Company the right to establish a trading post on Singapore.[7] In the agreement, Sultan Husain would receive a yearly sum of 5,000 Spanish dollars, with the Temenggong receiving a yearly sum of 3,000 Spanish dollars.[12] This agreement was ratified with a formal treaty signed on 6 February 1819.[13][14]

text: Early growth (1819–1826)[edit]

text: Raffles returned to British Bencoolen (Sumatra) the day after the signing of the treaty, leaving Major William Farquhar as the Resident and Commandant of the new settlement,[12] supported initially consisted of some artillery and a single regiment of Indian soldiers. Establishing a trading port from scratch was in itself a daunting prospect, but Farquhar's administration was, in addition, practically unfunded, as Raffles did not wish his superiors to view Singapore as a liability. In addition, it was forbidden from earning revenue by imposing port duties, Raffles having decided from the outset that Singapore would be a free port.[7]

text: In spite of these difficulties, the new colony rapidly proved to be a spectacular success. As news of the free port spread across the archipelago, Bugis, Peranakan Chinese, and Arab traders flocked to the island, seeking to circumvent the Dutch trading restrictions. During the first year of operation, $400,000 (Spanish dollars) worth of trade passed through Singapore. It has been estimate that when Raffles arrived in 1819, the total population of the whole of Singapore was around a thousand, mostly of various local tribes.[15] By 1821, the island's population had increased to around five thousand, and the trade volume was $8 million. By 1825, the population had passed the ten thousand mark, with a trade volume of $22 million. (By comparison, the trade volume for the long-established port of Penang was $8.5 million during the same year.)[7]

text: Raffles returned to Singapore in 1822. Although Farquhar had successfully led the settlement through its difficult early years, Raffles was critical of many of the decisions he had made. For instance, in order to generate much-needed revenue for the government, Farquhar had resorted to selling licenses for gambling and the sale of opium, which Raffles saw as social evils. Raffles was also appalled by the slave trade tolerated by Farquhar.[4]:41 Raffles arranged for the dismissal of Farquhar, who was replaced by John Crawfurd. Raffles took over the administration himself, and set about drafting a set of new policies for the settlement.[4]:39–41

text: Raffles banned slavery, closed all gambling dens, prohibited the carrying of weapons, and imposed heavy taxation to discourage what he considered vices such as drunkenness and opium smoking.[4]:39–41 Raffles, dismayed at the disarray of the colony, also arranged to organise Singapore into functional and ethnic subdivisions under the drafted Raffles Plan of Singapore.[7] Today, the remnants of this organisation can be found in the ethnic neighbourhoods.

text: Treaty of Friendship and Alliance[edit]

text: Further agreements of the Malay chiefs would gradually erode their influence and control over Singapore. In December 1822, the Malay chiefs' claim to Singapore's revenue was changed to a monthly payment. On 7 June 1823, Raffles arranged for another agreement with the Sultan and Temenggong to buy out their judicial power and rights to the lands except for the areas reserved for the Sultan and Temenggong.[4]:39–41 They would gave up their rights to numerous functions on the island, including the collection of port taxes, in return for lifelong monthly payments of $1500 and $800 respectively.[16] This agreement brought the island squarely under British law, with the proviso that it would take into account Malay customs, traditions and religious practices, "where they shall not be contrary to reason, justice or humanity."[4]:39–41

text: A further treaty, the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, was arranged by the second Resident John Crawfurd with the Malay chiefs and signed on 2 August 1824 to replace the Singapore Treaty. Singapore, including its nearby islands, was officially fully ceded to the East India Company, and in return, the chiefs would have their debts cancelled and receive an allowance for life, with each given an additional lump sum of 20,000 Spanish dollars.[17]

text: After installing John Crawfurd, an efficient and frugal administrator, as the new governor, Raffles departed for Britain in October 1823.[18] He would never return to Singapore. Most of his personal possessions were lost after his ship, the Fame, caught fire and sank, and he died only a few years later, in 1826, at the age of 44.[19]

text: Straits Settlements[edit]

text: The status of Singapore as a British possession was cemented by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, which carved up the Malay archipelago between the two colonial powers. The area north of the Straits of Malacca, including Penang, Malacca, and Singapore, was designated as the British sphere of influence, while the area south of the Straits was assigned to the Dutch.[20]

text: This division had far-reaching consequences for the region: modern-day Malaysia and Singapore correspond to the British area established in the treaty, and modern-day Indonesia to the Dutch. In 1826, Singapore was grouped together with Penang and Malacca into a single administrative unit, the Straits Settlements, under the British East India Company.[20]


document_title: Super Mario Bros. (film)

question_text: who played mario in super mario brothers movie

text: Super Mario Bros. (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sixty-five million years ago, a meteorite crashes into the Earth, killing the dinosaurs and causing the universe to split into two parallel dimensions. The surviving dinosaurs cross over into this new dimension and evolve into a humanoid race.

text: In the present, Mario and Luigi are two Italian American plumbers living in Brooklyn, New York, who are currently being driven out of business by the mafia-like Scapelli Construction Company led by Anthony Scapelli. Later, Luigi falls in love with an orphaned NYU student named Daisy, who is digging under the Brooklyn Bridge for dinosaur bones. After a date, Daisy takes Luigi back to the bridge only to witness one of Scapelli's men sabotaging it by leaving the water pipes open. Unable to fix the flooding, Luigi and Daisy rush back to his apartment where they inform Mario about the incident. The trio returns to the flooding where the Mario Bros. manage to fix it but are knocked unconscious by Iggy and Spike, who proceed to capture Daisy.

text: Moments later, Mario and Luigi awaken and head deeper into the caves following Daisy's screams and discover an interdimensional portal allowing the Mario Bros. to follow Daisy. It turns out that Iggy and Spike are henchmen (and cousins) of the other world's germophobic and obsessive–compulsive dictator, King Koopa, who descended from the most revered dinosaur, the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The Mario Bros. realize they didn't bring Daisy's rock, a meteorite fragment which Koopa is trying to get in order to merge his world with the real world. It is then revealed that Daisy is the long-lost Princess of the other dimension. When Koopa overthrew Daisy's father (and devolved him into fungus), her mother took her to Brooklyn using the inter-dimensional portal. The portal was then destroyed, killing Daisy's mother in the process, but Scapelli's men inadvertently reopened the portal when they blasted the cave. Upon hearing this, Koopa sends Spike and Iggy to find both Daisy and the rock to merge the dimensions and make him dictator of both worlds. However, after Koopa subjects them to one of his experiments to make them more intelligent, Spike and Iggy realize Koopa's evil intentions and side with the Mario Bros. in the desert. Koopa believes only Daisy can merge the worlds, but the Mario Bros. are also from a different place and time. Eventually, the Mario Bros. rescue Daisy with the help of Toad, a good-natured guitarist who was punished by Koopa for performing music that protests his reign (for which he is devolved into a Goomba).

text: Eventually, the two worlds merge and Koopa turns Scapelli into a chimpanzee before going after Mario, but Luigi and Daisy bring back the rock and the worlds separate again. In Dinohattan, Mario confronts Koopa and eventually defeats him when he and Luigi fire their devolution guns at Koopa and blast him with a Bob-omb. Koopa, now transformed into a ferocious, semi-humanoid Tyrannosaurus attempts to kill the Mario Bros., but they destroy him once and for all by transforming him into an actual T. rex, which is too intense for him to live through and instead turns him into primeval slime. With Daisy's father restored after Koopa's defeat, he reclaims control over the kingdom. The citizens celebrate and immediately destroy anything under Koopa's influence. Luigi professes his love for Daisy and wants her to come to Brooklyn with him, but Daisy cannot come until the damage caused by Koopa is repaired and thus, she wants to spend more time with her father. Heartbroken, Luigi kisses Daisy goodbye as he and Mario return home to Brooklyn, with Daisy watching them leave. Three weeks later, the Mario Bros. are getting ready for dinner when their story comes on the news and the anchorman says they should be called the "Super Mario Bros." Daisy then arrives and asks the Mario Bros. to help her and says, "You're never gonna believe this!"

text: In a post-credits scene, two Japanese business executives propose making a video game based on Iggy and Spike, who decide on the title The Super Koopa Cousins.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bob Hoskins as Mario Mario
John Leguizamo as Luigi Mario
Dennis Hopper as King Koopa
Samantha Mathis as Princess Daisy
Fisher Stevens as Iggy
Richard Edson as Spike
Fiona Shaw as Lena
Mojo Nixon as Toad
Dana Kaminski as Daniella
Francesca Roberts as Big Bertha
Gianni Russo as Anthony Scapelli
Don Lake as Sgt. Simon
Lance Henriksen as The King
Frank Welker as Creature Voices
Dan Castellaneta as Narrator

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The suggestion for a film based on the Super Mario Bros. was first put forward by Roland Joffé during a script meeting at his production company Lightmotive. Joffé met the Nintendo of America president and Hiroshi Yamauchi's son-in law Minoru Arakawa. He presented Arakawa with an initial draft of the script. One month after their meeting, Joffé went to Nintendo's corporate headquarters in Kyoto spending 10 days waiting to meet Hiroshi Yamauchi. After some time, Joffé received a phone call summoning him to Yamauchi's office. He pitched to Yamauchi the storyline which led to Nintendo receiving interest in the project. When Joffé was questioned about Nintendo having to sell the rights to a small studio company instead of a major company, he believed that Nintendo would have more control over the film.[7] Joffé left with a $2 million contract giving the temporary control of the character of Mario over to Joffé.[8]

text: Four drafts of the script were made. The first draft written by Jim Jennewein and Tom S. Parker focused on a comedic take on fairy tale themes on a story focusing on Mario and Luigi attempting to rescue a princess named Hildy from Koopa.[9]

text: Joffé visited Harold Ramis to offer him the job of being director. Ramis took up the meeting as he was a fan of the Super Mario Bros. game but declined the offer.[10] Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel were hired to direct based on their work on the television series Max Headroom.[8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: After securing the rights to the film, Lightmotive went to work finding the casting for the characters. Danny DeVito was approached to play Mario and direct the film but wanted to read the script before signing.[11] Arnold Schwarzenegger and Michael Keaton were both approached to play the part of King Koopa. All three actors decided not to accept the offers. Lightmotive managed to secure Tom Hanks for the role of Mario with some film executives believing that Hanks was worth more than the studio could afford.[12] Hanks was later dismissed and replaced with Bob Hoskins, who was believed to be a more profitable actor.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: As of September 2, 2017, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 15% of critics gave positive reviews based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's consensus states: "Despite flashy sets and special effects, Super Mario Bros. is too light on story and substance to be anything more than a novelty."[13] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two thumbs down on the television program Siskel & Ebert At the Movies,[14] and the film was on their list for one of the worst films of 1993.[15] Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times disapproved of the film's script.[16] However, Hal Hinson of the Washington Post gave a positive review, praising the film for its spirit and later went on to say, "In short, it's a blast."[17] Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave another positive review, but said that the film "doesn't have the jaunty hop-and-zap spirit of the Nintendo video game from which it takes – ahem – its inspiration."[18]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In the Nintendo Power 20th anniversary retrospective issue, as they chronicled the games and other related releases over the magazine's life span, the film's release was listed. The issue stated that despite the film's poor quality, the fact that it was made shows how much the game series had impacted popular culture.[19]

text: Hoskins spoke critically of Super Mario Bros., saying that it was "the worst thing I ever did" and that "the whole experience was a nightmare" in a 2007 interview with The Guardian.[20] In another interview with The Guardian, Hoskins was asked, "What is the worst job you've done?", "What has been your biggest disappointment?", and "If you could edit your past, what would you change?" His answer to all three was Super Mario Bros.[21]

text: Leguizamo also admitted in 2007 that he, too, disliked his role as Luigi in the film, and expressed dissatisfaction with the film's direction. He said in his biography that perhaps the reason why the film turned out the way it did was that the studio wanted a more family friendly film while the directors wanted it to be more adult-like. He also said that both he and Hoskins did not enjoy working on the film, frequently getting drunk to go through it, knowing that it would turn out bad.[22]

text: Hopper was also disparaging of the production, "It was a nightmare, very honestly, that movie. It was a husband and wife directing team who were both control freaks and wouldn't talk before they made decisions. Anyway, I was supposed to go down there for five weeks, and I was there for 17. It was so over budget."[23]

text: Shigeru Miyamoto, Mario's creator, stated, "[In] the end, it was a very fun project that they put a lot of effort into," but also said, "The one thing that I still have some regrets about is that the movie may have tried to get a little too close to what the Mario Bros. video games were. And in that sense, it became a movie that was about a video game, rather than being an entertaining movie in and of itself."[24] Nintendo has not produced any more live-action theatrical films based from their video game franchises. Since then, a Metroid film was put into development but plans eventually fell through.[25] A live action/CGI hybrid Pokémon film is also in development, set to be released by Universal Pictures.[26]

text: Co-director Rocky Morton reflected on the movie in 2016 as a "harrowing" experience. He explained that he and Annabel Jenkel, along with the rest of the cast, agreed to make the movie based on the script originally written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, which focused on Mario and Luigi's complicated but loving family dynamic that they had developed in the absence of their parents. However, just a few weeks before shooting was to begin, the studio financing the film demanded significant rewrites to make the film more childlike and comedic. The final result, according to Morton, was a script that was not at all like the script that he, Jenkel, and the cast had signed on to film, and that the tone of the new script was not at all compatible with the sets, which had already been built. Morton also reflected that he felt very uneasy being put in the position of having to defend the new script. In addition, working with Dennis Hopper was "really, really hard. Really hard. I don’t think [Dennis Hopper] had a clue what was going on." Despite describing the overall experience as humiliating,[27] Morton is proud of the film considering the chaos created as a result of the late and unexpected script rewrites.[28]

text: In 2013, Steven Applebaum and Ryan Hoss teamed with one of the original film's writers to create a Webcomic sequel to the film, published to the internet the same year. The comic sees Mario and Luigi returning to Dinohattan with Daisy to tend to her revived father, only to find out that Wart is planning to overthrow the city.[29][30]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on Blu-ray by independent distributor Second Sight Films in the United Kingdom on November 3, 2014.[31][32][33] The film was re-released on Blu-ray in February 2017.[34]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Super Mario Bros.

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
May 10, 1993

Genre
Pop
Rock
Metal
Funk
Hip hop
Soul
Jazz rap

Length
55:16

Label
Capitol Records

Producer
Various Artists

Singles from Super Mario Bros.

"Almost Unreal"
Released: 10 May 1993

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[35]

Entertainment Weekly
D[36]

text: The soundtrack, released on May 10, 1993 by Capitol Records, featured two songs from Roxette: "Almost Unreal" which was released as a single, and "2 Cinnamon Street" which is an alternate version of the song "Cinnamon Street" from Roxette's album "Tourism". The music video for "Almost Unreal" was inspired by the film, featuring scenes from the film and a de-evolution theme. "Almost Unreal" was originally written for the film Hocus Pocus but was never used and ended up attached to the Mario film instead. The change angered Roxette co-founder Per Gessle.[37]

text: The film's score was composed by Alan Silvestri. It has not been officially released, though bootleg copies do exist.

text: George Clinton (who covered the Was (Not Was) song - "Walk The Dinosaur") released a single in 1993 that contained various other versions of the same song, including a Club Remix, a "Funky Goomba" Remix, a "Goomba Dub Mix" and an Instrumental version.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performed by
Length

1.
"Almost Unreal"
Per Gessle
Roxette
3:59

2.
"Love Is the Drug" (Originally performed by Roxy Music)
Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay
Divinyls
4:35

3.
"Walk the Dinosaur" (Originally performed by Was (Not Was))
Randy Jacobs, David Was, Don Was
George Clinton & The Goombas
4:06

4.
"I Would Stop the World"
Mick Leeson, Peter Vale
Charles & Eddie
4:24

5.
"I Want You"
Donnie Wahlberg
Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch
6:11

6.
"Where Are You Going?"

Extreme
4:34

7.
"Speed of Light"
Joe Satriani
Joe Satriani
5:10

8.
"Breakpoint"
Dave Mustaine, David Ellefson, Nick Menza
Megadeth
3:29

9.
"Tie Your Mother Down"
Brian May
Queen
3:46

10.
"Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia)"
Herbie Hancock, Rahsaan Kelly, Mel Simpson, Geoff Wilkinson
Us3 Featuring Rahsaan & Gerrard Prescencer
4:29

11.
"Don't Slip Away [ * ]"
Tracie Spencer, Narada Michael Walden, Sylvester Jackson
Tracie Spencer
5:19

12.
"2 Cinnamon Street [ * ]"

Roxette
5:06

Total length:
55:16

text: * These tracks were not included in the U.S. and Canada releases, only on the international versions of the album.[38]

text: Note: "2 Cinnamon Street" (sung by Marie Fredriksson) is an alternative version of "Cinnamon Street" sung by Per Gessle on Roxette's 1992 album "Tourism".[39]

text:
Mario portal
Film in the United States portal
Science fiction portal
Comedy portal
1990s portal
Nintendo portal


document_title: List of Leave It to Beaver cast members

question_text: who played alma hanson on leave it to beaver

text: List of Leave It to Beaver cast members

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Barbara Billingsley† as "June Cleaver"
Hugh Beaumont† as "Ward Cleaver"
Tony Dow as "Wally Cleaver"
Jerry Mathers as "Theodore 'Beaver' Cleaver"

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Ken Osmond as "Eddie Haskell"
Frank Bank† as "Clarence 'Lumpy' Rutherford"
Sue Randall† as "Miss Landers"
Diane Brewster† as "Miss Canfield"
Richard Deacon† as "Fred Rutherford"
Stephen Talbot as "Gilbert Bates". In the episode "Beaver's English Test", Mr. Blair, Gilbert's English teacher, calls Gilbert "Mr. Harrison". He is referred to as "Gilbert Gates" (and his father "Mr. Gates") in the first episode he appears, "Beaver & Gilbert".
Rusty Stevens as "Larry Mondello"
Richard Correll as "Richard Rickover"
Stanley Fafara† as "Hubert 'Whitey' Whitney"

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Burt Mustin† as "Gus the fireman"
Buddy Hart - "Chester Anderson"
Tiger Fafara as "Tooey Brown"
Madge Kennedy† as "Aunt Martha Bronson"
Jeri Weil as "Judy Hensler"
Madge Blake† as "Margaret Mondello," Larry's mother
Dana Dillaway as "Peggy"
Karen Sue Trent as "Penny Woods"
Doris Packer† as "Mrs. (Cornelia) Rayburn," the principal of Grant Ave. Grammar School
Edgar Buchanan† as "Uncle Billy" and "Captain Jack"
Veronica Cartwright as "Violet Rutherford" and, in the episode, "Beaver Sees America", she plays "Peggy MacIntosh"
Cheryl Holdridge† - "Julie Foster" in most episodes and as "Gloria Cusick" in "Wally's Pug Nose"

text: Other cast members[edit]

text:
Mark Murray - "Alan"
Larry Adare - "Alan"
Tim Graham† - "Mr. Allen"
Howard McNear† - "Andy"
Stephen Wootton - "Clyde Appleby"
Ed Prentiss† - "Mr. Bailey"
Clark Howat† - "Mr. Barnes"
Beverly Washburn - "Jill Bartlett"
Joey Scott - "Bengie Bellamy"
William Schallert† - "Mr. Bloomgarten"
Pat McCaffrie† - "Bill Boothby"
Mary Mitchel - "Evelyn Boothby"
Lurene Tuttle† - "Mrs. Brady"
Henry Hunter† - "Mr. Briggs"
Allan Ray - "Bert"
Vicky Albright - "Carolyn"
Alan Roberts - "Roberto 'Chuey' Varela"
Hardie Albright† - "Mr. Collins"
Bartlett Robinson† - "George Compton"
Aline Towne† - "Mrs. Cunningham" and "George Compton's Secretary"
Charles Davis† - "Willis 'Corny' Cornelius"
Karen Green - "Caroline Cunningham"
Martin Dean - "Rick Davis"
Lyle Talbot† - "Charles 'Chuck' Dennison"
Patty Turner - "Linda Dennison"
Charles H. Gray† - "Harry Donaldson"
Phyllis Coates - "Betty Donaldson"
Ray Kellogg† - "Mr. Donaldson"
Dorothy Abbott† - "Dorothy the Secretary"
Ahna Capri† - "Cinda Dunsworth"
Ralph Sanford† - "Fats Flannaghan"
Ross Elliott† - "Mr. Foster"
Bobby Mittelstaedt - "Charles Fredericks"
Carleton G. Young† - "John Gates"
Marjorie Reynolds† - "Mrs. Gregory"
Herbert Rudley† - "Mr. Gregory"
Carole Wells - "Kathy Gregory"
Kathleen O'Malley - "Mrs. Halloran"
Rodney Bell† - "Alfred Hanson"
Cindy Carol (also known as Carol Sydes) - "Alma Hanson"
Jean Vander Pyl† - "Mrs. Hanson" and "Mrs. Woods"
Anne Barton† - "Agnes Haskell"
Ann Doran† - "Agnes Haskell" and "Mrs. Bellamy"
John Alvin† - "Frank Haskell"
George O. Petrie† - "George Haskell"
Karl Swenson† - "George Haskell"
Tommy Ivo - "Duke Hathaway"
Ann Barnes† - "Frances Hobbs"
John Gallaudet† - "Arthur Howard"
Dick Simmons† - "Kenneth Langley"
Alice Backes† - "Miss Lawrence"
Tim Matheson - "Michael"
Rory Stevens - "Chuckie Murdock"
Barry Curtis - "Harry Myers" and "Johnny Franklin"
Jennie Lynn - "Patty"
Eddie Marr† - "Mr. Payton"
Will Wright † - "Pete at Firehouse #7"
Katherine Warren† - "Mrs. Prescott"
Jane Dulo† - "Mrs. Rickover"
Pamela Baird - "Mary Ellen Rogers"
Majel Barrett† - "Gwendolyn Rutherford"
David Kent - "Bill Scott"
Beverly Lunsford - "Shirley"
Kim Charney - "Terry"
Estelle Etterre - "Mrs. Thompson"
Mimi Gibson - "Mary Tyler"
Gil Frye† - "Mr. Tyne"
Lenore Kingston† - "Mrs. Whitney"
Lillian O'Malley - "Mrs. Whitney"
Maria Andre - "Carmella Varela"
Abel Franco† - "Enrico Varela"
Wendell Holmes† - "Mr. Blair" and "Mr. Willet"
Ray Montgomery† - "Herb Wilson"
Chrystine Jordan - "Donna Yeager"

text: Others in unnamed roles[edit]

text:
Hal Smith† - "Restaurant Manager"
Paul Engle† - "Bicycle Thief"
Bill Baldwin† - "Board of Health Man"
Neil Seflinger - "Boy"
Kevin Jones - "1st Boy"
Eddie Pagett - "1st Boy"
Brad Morrow† - "2nd Boy"
Bobby Beakman - "Boy in Club"
Gary Allen - "Boy in Club"
Yvonne White - "Bus Passenger"
Frank Sully† - "Cab Driver"
Jess Kirkpatrick† - "Car Lot Owner"
Eric Snowden† - "Clothier"
John Hoyt† - "Clothier"
John Hart† - "Construction Worker"
Frank Wilcox† - "District Court Judge"
Stephen Courtleigh† - "Father"
Dee Carroll† - "Florist"
Carol Faylen - "1st Girl"
Patty Ann Gerrity - "1st Girl"
Claudia Bryar† - "Librarian", also one of the housewives in the episode "Community Chest"
Vince Williams† - "Man in Shoe Store"
Alan Reynolds† - "Man in Train Station"
Helen Jay† - "Perfume Customer"
Mark Allen - "Policeman"
George Cisar† - "Postman"
Betty Lynn Budzak - "Student"
Howard Caine†
Bill Erwin†
Lee Meriwether - housewife in the episode "Community Chest"
Dorothy Neumann† - housewife in the episode "Community Chest"
Harry Shearer (in pilot episode)
Herb Vigran†

text: Note: † denotes actor who is known to be deceased.