document_title: History of rail transport in India

question_text: the first railway train in india ran in 1853 from mumbai to

text: History of rail transport in India

text: 1832–1852: Industrial railways[edit]

text: India's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832.[1] The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. Built by Arthur Cotton, the railway was primarily used to transport granite stone for road-building work in Madras.[1] In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. Also built by Cotton, it supplied stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River.[1]

text: On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, followed that year by the East India Railway. On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an act of parliament. The "guarantee system", providing free land and a guaranteed five-percent rate of return to private British companies willing to build railways, was finalized on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee. It was hauled by the Thomason steam locomotive, named after a British officer-in-charge of that name. The railway transported construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River.[1] In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated.

text: 1853–1924: Passenger railways and expansion[edit]

text: The country's first passenger train, which ran between Bombay's Bori Bunder station and Thane on 16 April 1853, was dedicated by Lord Dalhousie. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh, and Sultan. Travelling 34 kilometres (21 mi), the train carried 400 people. The passenger line was built and operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR).[2][3] It was built in 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge, which became the country's standard for railways.

text: The first passenger train in eastern India ran from Howrah (near Calcutta) to Hoogly, a distance of 24 miles (39 km), on 15 August 1854. The line was built and operated by the East Indian Railway Company (EIR).[4] In May 1854, the Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan with the Dapoorie viaduct over the Ulhas River[5] (India's first railway bridge). That year, the GIPR opened its first workshops in Byculla. In 1855, the BB&CI Railway was incorporated.[6] That August, the EIR Express and Fairy Queen steam locomotives were introduced.[7]

text: South India's first passenger train ran from Royapuram–Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road in Arcot, a distance of 60 miles (97 km), on 1 July 1856. It was built and operated by the Madras Railway.[8] The Madras Railway's first workshop opened in Perambur (near Madras) that year, and the Bombay-Thane line was extended to Khopoli. In 1858, the Eastern Bengal Railway was incorporated.[9]

text: India's first tramway (a horse-drawn tramway) opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street, a distance of 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), on 24 February 1873.[10] The following year, the Great South Indian and Carnatic Railways merged to form the South Indian Railway Company. On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel. The Calcutta Tramways Company was incorporated in 1880,[11] followed a decade later by the East Coast State Railway.

text: Lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies in 1897. In 1902, the Jodhpur Railway was the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures. Electric signal lighting was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay in 1920.

text:
Railway maps of India

1865

1871

1893

1909

text: 1925–1950: Electrification and further expansion[edit]

text: The first railway budget was presented in 1925. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria Terminus (VT) and Kurla on 1,500 V DC overhead traction.[12] Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik manufactured the locomotives for this train. The VT-Bandra section was electrified (with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road),[12] the Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with the EIR, the first railway budget was presented in the same year.[13][14] In 1926, the Kurla-Kalyan section was electrified with 1,500 V DC. Electrification to Poona and Igatpuri (both 1,500 V DC) over the Bhore and Thal Ghats was also completed,[12] and the Charbagh railway station in Lucknow was built that year. The Bandra-Virar section was electrified with 1,500 V DC in January 1928.

text: The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay VT and Peshawar in 1928.[15] The country's first automatic color-light signals became operational, on GIPR's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla.[16] In 1928, the Kanpur Central and Lucknow stations opened. The Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore,[17] the Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore, and automatic color-light signaling was extended to the Byculla-Kurla section the following year. On 1 June 1930, the Deccan Queen began service (hauled by a WCP-1—No. 20024, old number EA/1 4006) with seven coaches on the GIPR's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona (Pune).[18] The Hyderabad Godavari Valley Railway was merged into Nizam's State Railway and the route of the Grand Trunk Express was changed to Delhi-Madras that year.

text: 1951–1983: Zonal re-organisation and further developments[edit]

text: The re-organisation of railways in India into regional zones began in 1951.[19] On 14 April of that year, the Southern Railway zone was created. On 5 November, the Central and Western Railway zones were created.[20] That year, the post of Chief Commissioner of Railways was abolished and the Railway Board adopted the practice of making its senior-most member the chairman of the board.[20] The government of West Bengal also entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Company to take over its administrative functions that year. The Northern, Eastern and North Eastern Railway zones were created on 14 April 1952.[20]

text: Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodations in 1952, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. On 1 August 1955, the South-Eastern zone was split off from the Eastern Railway zone. A divisional system of administration was established for the zones in 1956, and the first fully air-conditioned train was introduced (between Howrah and Delhi).[21]

text: In 1957, after successful trials in France, SNCF proposed 25 kV AC electrification for India's railways. Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC electrification, choosing SNCF as a technical consultant.[22] The Main Line Electrification Project (which later became the Railway Electrification Project and, still later, the Central Organisation for Railway Electrification) was established that year.[23] In 1958, the Northeast Frontier Railway zone split off from the North Eastern zone.[20] In 1959, Raj Kharswan to Dongoposi was the first section electrified with 25 kV AC traction.[22] The first scheduled train using 25 kV AC traction ran on the Raj Kharswan-Dongoposi section on 11 August 1960.[22] The first containerized freight service began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966, and 25 kV AC electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi, Madras and Calcutta was completed. In 1979, the Main Line Electrification Project became the Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE).

text: 1984–Present: Rapid transit and later developments[edit]

text: India's first metro train ran from Esplanade to Bhowanipur (now the Netaji Bhawan station) in Calcutta on 24 October 1984,[24] and the Calcutta Metro was the country's first rapid-transit line.[25]

text: In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi.[26] The Shatabdi Express, India's fastest train, was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi in 1988; the line was later extended to Bhopal.[27] In 1990, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi. Air-conditioned, three-tier coaches and a sleeper class (separate from Second Class) were introduced in 1993.

text: On 16 January 1995, the first regularly-scheduled service with 2 x 25 kV traction began on the Bina-Katni line. In September 1996, the CONCERT system of computerized reservations began in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. In 1998, coupon-validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai CST. The CONCERT system became operational nationwide on 18 April 1999; the South East Central Railway zone was established and credit cards were accepted for tickets and reservations at some stations that year. In February 2000, the Indian Railways website went online.[28] On 6 July 2002, the East Coast, South Western, South East Central, North Central and West Central Railway zones were created.[29] Indian Railways (IR) began online train reservations and ticketing on 3 August of that year, with Internet ticketing extended to many cities on 1 December.[30] On 5 February 2012, The Western Railway zone (WR) ended its use of 1,500 V DC traction, switching to 25 kV AC traction.[31] The Tatkal system of ticketing was extended to all trains on 26 September 2013.

text: Gatimaan Express, India's fastest train with a maximum speed of 160 km/h, made its maiden journey from Delhi to Agra on 5 April 2016.[32] The Central Railway zone (CR) ended its use of DC traction in the Mumbai area and on the country's main-line rail network, switching to 25 kV AC traction on 11 April of that year.[33] On 31 March 2017, IR announced that India's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022.[34]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

question_text: who holds the record for most points in a single nba game

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA

*
Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts
DNP
Did not play

FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

tag: table

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Points
Player
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Team
Opponent
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

Scoring by quarter

1
100
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962
23
18
28
31
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
169–147
48
36
63
—
—
28
32
[A]
[1][2] [3][4][5]

2
81
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006
14
12
27
28
Los Angeles Lakers
Toronto Raptors
122–104
41:56
28
46
7
13
18
20
[B]
[6][7][8]

3
78
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
147–151
63
31
62
—
—
16
31
[C]
[5]

4
73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–117
48
29
48
—
—
15
25
[D]
[5]

73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
127–111
48
29
43
—
—
15
19
[E]
[9]

73
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
32
21
9
11
Denver Nuggets
Detroit Pistons
137–139
43
28
38
—
—
17
20
[F]

7
72
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
115–127
—
29
48
—
—
14
18

[9]

8
71
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
123–108
45
28
48
—
—
15
18
[G]

71
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994
18
6
19
28
San Antonio Spurs
Los Angeles Clippers
112–97
44
26
41
1
2
18
25
[H]
[10][11]

10
70
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
148–163
48
27
38
—
—
16
22

[9]

70
Booker, DevinDevin Booker^
000000002017-03-24-0000March 24, 2017
10
9
23
28
Phoenix Suns
Boston Celtics
120–130
45
21
40
4
11
24
26
[I]

12
69
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990
16
15
20
18
Chicago Bulls
Cleveland Cavaliers
117–113
50
23
37
2
6
21
23
[J]
[12][13][14]

13
68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967
14
15
15
24
Philadelphia 76ers
Chicago Bulls
143–123
—
30
40
—
—
8
22

68
Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977
17
14
17
20
New Orleans Jazz
New York Knicks
124–107
43
26
43
—
—
16
19

15
67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–126
—
27
37
—
—
13
17

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
121–128
48
26
44
—
—
15
20

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–149
48
25
38
—
—
17
22

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
129–134
—
28
47
—
—
11
17

[9]

19
66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969
17
17
22
10
Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns
134–116
48
29
35
—
—
8
18
[K]

20
65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
132–152
48
24
40
—
—
17
30

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
147–137
48
25
43
—
—
15
20

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
Los Angeles Lakers
132–125
—
28
43
—
—
9
20

65
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007
4
19
9
24
Los Angeles Lakers
Portland Trail Blazers
116–111
49:58
23
39
8
12
11
12
[L]
[15]

24
64
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959
13
12
17
22
Minneapolis Lakers
Boston Celtics
136–115
—
25
47
—
—
14
19
[M]

64
Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974
—
—
23
22
Golden State Warriors
Portland Trail Blazers
143–120
43
30
45
—
—
4
5

64
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993
22
8
11
16
Chicago Bulls
Orlando Magic
124–128
47
27
49
1
5
9
11
[N]
[16]

27
63
Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks*
000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Indianapolis Jets
108–87
—
27
56
—
—
9
14
[O]

63
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
Philadelphia Warriors
151–147
—
23
55
—
—
17
24
[P]
[17]

63
West, JerryJerry West*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
129–121
39
22
36
—
—
19
22

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
118–120
—
24
41
—
—
15
20

[9]

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Philadelphia 76ers
117–128
—
27
58
—
—
9
20

63
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
20
33
10
DNP
San Antonio Spurs
New Orleans Jazz
132–153
33
23
49
—
—
17
20
[Q]

63
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986
17
6
13
18
Chicago Bulls
Boston Celtics
131–135
53
22
41
0
0
19
21
[R]

34
62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Boston Celtics
136–145
48
27
45
—
—
8
10

[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
136–130
53
24
48
—
—
14
20
[S]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
139–132
53
25
42
—
—
12
17
[T]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
123–103
—
27
44
—
—
8
17

[9]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
122–106
—
26
44
—
—
10
21

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
San Francisco Warriors
135–125
—
26
39
—
—
10
19

62
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady*
000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004
7
21
24
10
Orlando Magic
Washington Wizards
108–99
45:50
20
37
5
14
17
26

[18]

62
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005
15
17
30
DNP
Los Angeles Lakers
Dallas Mavericks
112–90
32:53
18
31
4
10
22
25
[U]
[19][20]

62
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014
20
17
19
6
New York Knicks
Charlotte Bobcats
125–96
38:39
23
35
6
11
10
10
[V]
[21]

43
61
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952
18
18
—
—
Minneapolis Lakers
Rochester Royals
91–81
—
22
45
—
—
17
21
[W]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–113
48
28
48
—
—
5
10

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
139–121
48
21
36
—
—
19
34

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
128–119
48
24
46
—
—
13
17

[5]

61
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962
18
15
13
15
Los Angeles Lakers
Boston Celtics
126–121
—
22
46
—
—
17
19
[X]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
139–143
—
27
52
—
—
7
15

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
136–124
—
27
57
—
—
7
11

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
130–110
—
26
53
—
—
9
14

[9]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987
14
10
7
26
Chicago Bulls
Detroit Pistons
125–120
43
22
39
0
0
17
18
[Y]
[22][23][24]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987
15
17
16
13
Chicago Bulls
Atlanta Hawks
114–117
41
22
38
0
3
17
21
[Z]
[25][26][27][28][29]

61
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990
17
13
20
11
Utah Jazz
Milwaukee Bucks
144–96
33
21
26
0
0
19
23

[30]

61
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000
10
16
16
19
Los Angeles Lakers
Los Angeles Clippers
123–103
44:52
24
35
0
0
13
22
[AA]
[31]

61
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009
18
16
12
15
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
126–117
36:48
19
31
3
6
20
20

[32]

61
James, LeBronLeBron James^
000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014
11
13
25
12
Miami Heat
Charlotte Bobcats
124–107
41:12
22
33
8
10
9
12
[AB]
[33][34]

57
60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
138–117
48
22
47
—
—
16
26

[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
123–118
48
24
43
—
—
12
19
[AC]
[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969
18
9
10
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Cincinnati Royals
126–113
—
22
36
—
—
16
24
[AD]

60
King, BernardBernard King*
000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984
21
19
11
9
New York Knicks
New Jersey Nets
114–120
41
19
30
0
0
22
26

[35]

60
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985
12
11
19
18
Boston Celtics
Atlanta Hawks
126–115
43
22
36
1
4
15
16
[AE]
[36]

60
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990
14
21
14
11
Phoenix Suns
Seattle SuperSonics
121–95
42
22
32
0
0
16
18

[37][38][39][40]

60
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005
17
12
11
20
Philadelphia 76ers
Orlando Magic
112–99
42:01
17
36
2
5
24
27

[41][42]

60
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006
12
5
12
15
Washington Wizards
Los Angeles Lakers
147–141
49:00
17
32
5
12
21
27
[AF]
[43]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007
13
11
19
17
Los Angeles Lakers
Memphis Grizzlies
121–119
45:11
20
37
3
7
17
18
[AG]
[44]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016
15
7
15
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Utah Jazz
101–96
42
22
50
6
21
10
12
[AH]
[45][46]

60
Klay Thompson^
000000002016-12-05-0000December 5, 2016
17
23
20
DNP
Golden State Warriors
Indiana Pacers
142–106
29
21
33
8
14
10
11
[AI]
[47]

60
James Harden^
000000002018-01-30-0000January 30, 2018
16
13
13
18
Houston Rockets
Orlando Magic
114–107
46:26
19
30
5
14
17
18
[AJ]
[48]


document_title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)

question_text: when does drag race all stars 3 premiere

text: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)

text:
RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

Season 3

Judges

RuPaul
Michelle Visage

Host(s)
RuPaul

Broadcaster
VH1

Chronology

◀
Season 3

text: The upcoming third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars is scheduled to premiere on January 25, 2018. The season was announced in August 2017, and the cast was revealed during a VH1 television special, entitled "Exclusive Queen Ruveal", which aired on October 20, 2017.[1][2][3]

tag: p

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The drag queens who will compete are:[4]

text: (Ages and names stated are at time of contest)

text:
Contestant
Name
Age
Hometown
Original season
Original placement
Outcome

Aja
Jay Rivera[5]
23
Brooklyn, New York
Season 9
09 !9th Place
TBA

BenDeLaCreme
Benjamin Putnam
36
Seattle, Washington
Season 6
05 !5th Place[a]
TBA

Chi Chi DeVayne
Zavion Davenport[6]
32
Shreveport, Louisiana
Season 8
04 !4th Place
TBA

Kennedy Davenport
Reuben Asberry Jr.[7]
35
Dallas, Texas
Season 7
04 !4th Place
TBA

Milk
Dan Donigan[8]
29
Syracuse, New York
Season 6
09 !9th Place
TBA

Morgan McMichaels
Thomas White
36
Mira Loma, California
Season 2
08 !8th Place
TBA

Shangela
D.J. Pierce
35
Los Angeles, California
Season 2
12 !12th Place
TBA

Season 3
06 !6th Place

Thorgy Thor
Shane Galligan[9][10]
33
Brooklyn, New York
Season 8
06 !6th Place
TBA

Trixie Mattel
Brian Firkus
28
Los Angeles, California
Season 7
06 !6th Place
TBA

text: Jump up ^ This contestant was voted as Miss Congeniality during her original season.

tag: ol


document_title: List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates

question_text: what's the closest habitable planet to earth

question_tokens: what 's the closest habitable planet to earth

text: Exoplanets discovered (incomplete)[edit]

text: This list is incomplete, currently containing 33 exoplanets, 11 of which probably lie inside their star's habitable zone.

text: There are roughly 2,000 stars at a distance of up to 50 light-years from the Solar System[4] (64 of them are yellow-orange "G" stars like our Sun[5]). As many as 15% of them can have Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones.[6]

text: On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of sun-like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy.[7][8] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun-like stars.[9] The nearest such planet may be as close as 12 light-years away.[7][8]

text: On August 24, 2016, astronomers announced the discovery of a rocky planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth. Called Proxima b, the planet is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and has an orbital period of roughly 11.2 Earth days.[10] However Proxima Centauri’s classification as a red dwarf casts doubts on the habitability of any exoplanets in its orbit due to low stellar flux, high probability of tidal locking, small circumstellar habitable zones and high stellar variation. Another likely candidate is Alpha Centauri, Earth’s nearest Sun-like star system 4.37 light years away. Estimates place the probability of finding a habitable planet around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%.[11] Alpha Centauri is the target of several exoplanet-finding missions, including Breakthrough Starshot and Mission Centaur, the latter of which is chronicled in the 2016 documentary film, "The Search for Earth Proxima."[12]

text: Table[edit]

text:
Name
Image (artist's concept)
M⊕
R⊕
g
Ts
a
e
[s]
D

Proxima Centauri b

≥1.27
~1.1

234 K
-39°C
0.05
<0.35
[13]
4.22

Wolf 1061b

≥1.36
≥1.44

13.8

Wolf 1061c

≥4.3
≥1.64

[14]
13.8

Wolf 1061d

≥5.21
≥2.04

13.8

Gliese 876 d[15]

6.8

650 K
377 °C[16]
0.021
0.21
[17]
15

Gliese 682 b

≥2

[6]
[18]
[14]
16

Gliese 832 c

≥5.4

295 K
22 °C
0.162
0.03
[19][20]
16.16

82 G. Eridani b

≥2.7

660 K
387 °C[1]
0.1207
0
[2]
19.71

82 G. Eridani c

≥2.4

508 K
235 °C[1]
0.2036
0
[2]
19.71

82 G. Eridani d

≥4.8

388 K
115 °C[1]
0.3499
0
[2]
19.71

Gliese 581 e

≥1.7

0.029
0
[21]
20

Gliese 581 c [22]

≥5.6

0.072
0
[21]
20

Gliese 581 d [23]

≥5.6
2.34[24]
1.27[24]
233 K
-41 °C[24]
0.218
0
[21]
20

HD 219134 b

4.5
1.6

700 K
427 °C

[25]
21

Gliese 667C b

6.30

1.44
445 K
172 °C

0.05
0.09
[24]
22

Gliese 667C c[26][27]

3.8

1.32
302 K
29 °C
0.13
0.34
[24]
22

61 Virginis b[28]

≥5.1

0.050
0.12
[29]
28

HD 85512 b[30]

≥3.6
1.74[24]
1.33[24]
351 K
78 °C[24]
0.26
0.11
[31]
36

GJ 180 b

≥2.3

312 K
39 °C

[6][19]
38

TRAPPIST-1b

[32]
39.5

TRAPPIST-1c

[32]
39.5

TRAPPIST-1d

[32]
39.5

TRAPPIST-1e

[32]
39.5

TRAPPIST-1f

[32]
39.5

TRAPPIST-1g

[32]
39.5

TRAPPIST-1h

[32]
39.5

55 Cancri e (Janssen)

8.6

0.016
0.17
[33]
40

HD 40307 b[34]

≥4.2

0.047
0.2
[34]
42

HD 40307 c[34]

≥6.8

0.081
0.06
[34]
42

HD 40307 d [35]

≥9.2

0.134
0.07
[34]
42

HD 40307 e

≥3.5

0.1886
0.15
[3]
42

HD 40307 f

≥5.2

385 K
112 °C
0.247
0.02
[3]
42

HD 40307 g

≥7.1

284 K
11 °C[36]
0.600
0.29
[3]
42

text: Note: There is no scientific consensus about terrestrial composition of most of the planets in the list. Sources in the "Main source" column confirm the possibility of terrestrial composition.

text: In September 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163[37] was announced.[38][39] One of the planets, Gliese 163 c, about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter, was considered to be within the habitable zone, but is probably not terrestrial.[38][39] In May 2016, the finding of three earth-like planets of ultracool dwarf TRAPPIST-1 has been released.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Distance from the Solar System

Distance
Lying within
the habitable zone
All

< 10 light-years
0
2

< 20 light-years
6
15

< 30 light-years
8
22

< 40 light-years
10
24

< 50 light-years
11
31

text: Note: in most cases the composition of the atmosphere and atmosphere pressure of exoplanets are unknown, so surface temperatures are estimates based on computer models and expert opinions.


document_title: Medieval university

question_text: who played the biggest role in creating the first universities in europe

text: Medieval university

text: Antecedents[edit]

text: The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.[4][5] Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD.[6]

text: With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a demand grew for professional clergy. Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Western Europe had been largely relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer; relatively few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in Canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of religious administration, including logic and disputation for use in preaching and theological discussion, and accounting to more effectively control finances. Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.[7]

text: Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. Demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one teacher. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns. As a result, cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like Bologna, Rome and Paris.

text: Some scholars such as Syed Farid Alatas have noted some parallels between Madrasahs and early European colleges and have thus inferred that the first universities in Europe were influenced by the Madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily.[8] Other scholars such as George Makdisi, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel, however, have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the "Islamic college" (madrasa) versus the European university.[9][10][11]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: Hastings Rashdall set out the modern understanding[12] of the medieval origins of the universities, noting that the earliest universities emerged spontaneously as "a scholastic Guild, whether of Masters or Students... without any express authorisation of King, Pope, Prince or Prelate."[13]

text: Among the earliest universities of this type were the University of Bologna (1088), University of Paris (teach. mid-11th century, recogn. 1150), University of Oxford (teach. 1096, recogn. 1167), University of Modena (1175), University of Palencia (1208), University of Cambridge (1209), University of Salamanca (1218), University of Montpellier (1220), University of Padua (1222), University of Toulouse (1229), University of Orleans (1235), University of Siena (1240), University of Northampton (1261), University of Coimbra (1288), University of Pisa (1343), Charles University in Prague (1348), Jagiellonian University (1364), University of Vienna (1365), Heidelberg University (1386) and the University of St Andrews (1413) begun as private corporations of teachers and their pupils.[14][15]

text: In many cases universities petitioned secular power for privileges and this became a model. Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita (1158) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna. Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 "forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach (licentia docendi), and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers".[16] Hastings Rashdall considered that the integrity of a university was only preserved in such an internally regulated corporation, which protected the scholars from external intervention. This independently evolving organization was absent in the universities of southern Italy and Spain, which served the bureaucratic needs of monarchs and which Rashdall considered to be their artificial creations.[17]

text: The University of Paris was formally recognized when Pope Gregory IX issued the bull Parens scientiarum (1231).[16] This was a revolutionary step: studium generale (university) and universitas (corporation of students or teachers) existed even before, but after the issuing of the bull, they attained autonomy. "[T]he papal bull of 1233, which stipulated that anyone admitted to be a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach everywhere without further examinations (ius ubique docendi), in time, transformed this privilege into the single most important defining characteristic of the university and made it the symbol of its institutional autonomy . . . By the year 1292, even the two oldest universities, Bologna and Paris, felt the need to seek similar bulls from Pope Nicholas IV."[16]

text: By the 13th century, almost half of the highest offices in the Church were occupied by degreed masters (abbots, archbishops, cardinals), and over one-third of the second-highest offices were occupied by masters. In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.

text: The development of the medieval university coincided with the widespread reintroduction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars. In fact, the European university put Aristotelian and other natural science texts at the center of its curriculum,[18] with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."[19]

text: Although it has been assumed that the universities went into decline during the Renaissance due to the scholastic and Aristotelian emphasis of its curriculum being less popular than the cultural studies of Renaissance humanism, Toby Huff has noted the continued importance of the European universities, with their focus on Aristotle and other scientific and philosophical texts into the early modern period, arguing that they played a crucial role in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. As he puts it "Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and Newton were all extraordinary products of the apparently procrustean and allegedly Scholastic universities of Europe... Sociological and historical accounts of the role of the university as an institutional locus for science and as an incubator of scientific thought and arguments have been vastly understated."[20]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Initially medieval universities did not have physical facilities such as the campus of a modern university. Classes were taught wherever space was available, such as churches and homes. A university was not a physical space but a collection of individuals banded together as a universitas. Soon, however, universities began to rent, buy or construct buildings specifically for the purposes of teaching.[21]

text: Universities were generally structured along three types, depending on who paid the teachers. The first type was in Bologna, where students hired and paid for the teachers. The second type was in Paris, where teachers were paid by the church. Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state, a fact which helped them survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 and the subsequent removal of all the principal Catholic institutions in England. These structural differences created other characteristics. At the Bologna university the students ran everything—a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage. In Paris, teachers ran the school; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe. Also, in Paris the main subject matter was theology, so control of the qualifications awarded was in the hands of an external authority - the Chancellor of the diocese. In Bologna, where students chose more secular studies, the main subject was law.

text: It was also characteristic of teachers and scholars to move around. There was often competition between universities to secure the best and most popular teachers, leading to the marketisation of teaching. Universities would publish their list of scholars, in a bid to entice students to study at their institution. Students of Peter Abelard followed him to Melun, Corbeil and Paris,[22] showing that popular teachers would bring students with them.

text: The students[edit]

text: Students attended the medieval university at different ages, ranging from 14 if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts to their 30s if they were studying Law in Bologna. During this period of study students were often living far from home and unsupervised and as such developed a reputation, both among contemporary commentators and modern historians, for drunken debauchery. Students are frequently criticised in the Middle Ages for neglecting their studies for drinking, gambling and sleeping with prostitutes.[23]

text: Course of study[edit]

text: University studies took six years for a Master of Arts degree (a Bachelor of Arts degree would be awarded after completing the third or fourth year). The studies for this were organized by the faculty of arts, where the seven liberal arts were taught: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric.[24][25] All instruction was given in Latin and students were expected to be able to converse in that language.[26] The trivium comprised the three subjects that were taught first: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. These three subjects were the most important of the seven liberal arts for medieval students.[27] The curriculum came also to include the three Aristotelian philosophies: physics, metaphysics and moral philosophy.[27]

text: Much of medieval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching. Aelius Donatus' Ars grammatica was the standard textbook for grammar; also studied were the works of Priscian and Graecismus by Eberhard of Béthune.[28] Cicero's works were used for the study of rhetoric.[27] Studied books on logic included Porphyry's introduction to Aristotelian logic, Gilbert de la Porrée's De sex principiis and Summulae Logicales by Petrus Hispanus (later Pope John XXI).[29] The standard work of astronomy was Tractatus de sphaera.[29]

text: Once a Master of Arts degree had been conferred, the student could leave the university or pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties, law, medicine, or theology, the last one being the most prestigious. A popular textbook for theological study was called the Sentences (Quattuor libri sententiarum) of Peter Lombard; theology students as well as masters were required to write extensive commentaries on this text as part of their curriculum.[citation needed] Studies in the higher faculties could take up to twelve years for a master's degree or doctorate (initially the two were synonymous), though again a bachelor's and a licentiate's degree could be awarded along the way.[30]

text: Courses were offered according to books, not by subject or theme. For example, a course might be on a book by Aristotle, or a book from the Bible. Courses were not elective: the course offerings were set, and everyone had to take the same courses. There were, however, occasional choices as to which teacher to use.[31]

text: Students often entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age, though many were older.[32] Classes usually started at 5:00 or 6:00 AM.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy. In this way no one was allowed to physically harm them; they could only be tried for crimes in an ecclesiastical court, and were thus immune from any corporal punishment. This gave students free rein in urban environments to break secular laws with impunity, a fact which produced many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not uncommon among students, who did not face serious consequences[33] and students were known to engage in drunkenness.

text: This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities - the demarcation between town and gown. Masters and students would sometimes "strike" by leaving a city and not returning for years. This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot left a number of students dead. The University went on strike and they did not return for two years. As the students had the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women, women were not admitted into universities.

text: Most universities in Europe were recognised by the Holy See as a Studium Generale, testified by a papal bull. Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe, often lecturing at a different Studia Generales. Indeed, one of the privileges the papal bull confirmed was the right to confer the Ius ubique docendi, the right to teach everywhere.[34]


document_title: The Originals (season 5)

question_text: when will the originals season 5 episode 10 be released

text: The Originals (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall[a]
Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus "Marcel" Gerard
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson
Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson[5]
Steven Krueger as Joshua "Josh" Rosza[6][b]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson[7]
Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell
Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna
Christina Moses as Keelin
Alexis Louder as Lisina
Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna
Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit
Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy
Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna
Robert Baker as Emmett

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Candice King as Caroline Forbes[8]
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire[7]
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman[9]
Leah Pipes as Camille "Cami" O'Connell[10]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams
Katie Jane Cook as Poppy
Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson
Rick Espaillat as Pierre
Malone Thomas as Colette
Jason Burkey as David
Jamie Thomas King as August Muller
Colin Woodell as Aiden
Ian Pala as Max
Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill
Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Saltzman
Bella Samman as Josette "Josie" Saltzman
Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby[11]
Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner
Sam Ashby as Connor
Sebastian Roché as Mikael

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13. In all other episodes, she is not credited and does not appear.

Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10. From episode 11 to 13, he is not credited and does not appear.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801"Where You Left Your Heart"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[12]
Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.
812"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[13]
When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.
823"Ne Me Quitte Pas"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[14]
With no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.
834"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[15]
Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.
845"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[16]
Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.
856"What, Will, I, Have, Left"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[17]
With the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.
867"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[18]
Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.
878"The Kindness of Strangers"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[19]
All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.
889"We Have Not Long to Love"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[20]
Hope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.
8910"There in the Disappearing Light"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[21]
After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.
9011"'Til the Day I Die"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[22]
After Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.
9112"The Tale of Two Wolves"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[23]
To save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.
9213"When the Saints Go Marching In"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[24]
Klaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his life's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled, and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Where You Left Your Heart"

April 18, 2018
0.4/2
0.97[12]
0.3
0.67
0.7
1.64[25]

2

"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"

April 25, 2018
0.4/2
1.03[13]
0.4
0.79
0.8
1.82[26]

3

"Ne Me Quitte Pas"

May 2, 2018
0.4/2
0.90[14]
0.4
0.91
0.8
1.80[27]

4

"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"

May 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.76[15]
0.4
0.85
0.7
1.61[28]

5

"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"

May 16, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[16]
0.4
0.81
0.7
1.61[29]

6

"What, Will, I, Have, Left"

May 30, 2018
0.3/1
0.82[17]
0.3
0.80
0.6
1.62[30]

7

"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"

June 6, 2018
0.2/1
0.77[18]
0.4
0.79
0.6
1.56[31]

8

"The Kindness of Strangers"

June 13, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[19]
0.4
0.93
0.7
1.79[32]

9

"We Have Not Long to Love"

June 20, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[20]
0.4
0.84
0.7
1.61[33]

10

"There in the Disappearing Light"

July 11, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[21]
0.3
0.81
0.6
1.57[34]

11

"'Til the Day I Die"

July 18, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[22]
0.3
0.72
0.5
1.40[35]

12

"The Tale of Two Wolves"

July 25, 2018
0.3/1
0.85[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

August 1, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: You Know Better Than I

question_text: who sings better than i in joseph king of dreams

text: You Know Better Than I

text:
"You Know Better Than I"

Song by David Campbell

from the album Joseph: King of Dreams

Released
2000 (2000)

Songwriter(s)
John Bucchino

Composer(s)
John Bucchino

Joseph: King of Dreams track listing

"Whatever Road's at Your Feet"
(4)
"You Know Better Than I"
(5)
"More than You Take"
(6)

text: "You Know Better Than I" (aka "Better Than I") is a song from the 2000 direct-to-video film Joseph: King of Dreams. It is performed by Joseph (David Campbell).

text: The song is performed when Joseph is at his lowest point, almost giving up on his faith. He decides to trust fully in God and acknowledge that he is the master of the universe who has an ultimate plan, even if things seem bad at present and he doesn't fully understand why.

text: Meaning[edit]

text: PluggedIn explains the song's meaning: "Persevering through dark times can yield great rewards. God’s role in Joseph’s comeback is clear, reinforced by 'You Know Better Than I', a song addressing His loving omniscience."[1]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: DecentFilms wrote "In one small way, Joseph: King of Dreams even outshines the earlier film The Prince of Egypt: The spirituality of its signature song, 'You Know Better Than I', is much more profound than anything in the more mainstream 'There Can Be Miracles'...There’s a message my kids can listen to as many times as they want".[2] DVD Verdict Review said "The best of [the film's songs] is entitled Better Than I and deals with Joseph's acceptance that his destiny and the answers to life's questions must come from a higher source than his own understanding".[3] DailyReview wrote "Better Than I evokes the best of ‘90s power ballads".[4] Variety said "the best of the songs by John Bucchino, 'Better Than I' and 'What Road Lies at Your Feet', are unabashedly soaring anthems that accept and celebrate the divine. Both tunes have potential to become standards for both mainstream entertainers and Christian music performing artists.".[5] Stephen Schwartz wrote "[John Bucchino] can write a soaring ballad with the best of them, as in 'Grateful' or 'Better than I' or 'If I Ever Say I'm Over you', and yet never feel sentimental or generic".[6]


document_title: Brisbane Broncos

question_text: when did the brisbane broncos enter the nrl

question_tokens: when did the brisbane broncos enter the nrl

text: Brisbane Broncos

text: History[edit]

text: Queensland's success in the 1980s, the early years of the State of Origin series between Queensland and New South Wales, in addition to the inclusion of a combined Brisbane Rugby League team in the mid-week competition, convinced the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) to invite a Queensland-based team into the competition.[3] After tough competition between the various syndicates for the Brisbane licence, the Queensland Rugby League chose the bid of former Brisbane Rugby League (BRL) players, Barry Maranta and Paul "Porky" Morgan.[3]

text: The Broncos secured the services of Australian Kangaroos captain Wally Lewis and former BRL coach Wayne Bennett.[3] The team made their debut in the NSWRL's 1988 Winfield Cup premiership against reigning premiers, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, and defeated them 44–10. However, after this promising start they failed to make the finals. In their second season they won the mid-week knockout competition, the 1989 Panasonic Cup. The club first tasted premiership success in 1992, and again in 1993, defeating the St. George Dragons in both years.[4]

text: In 1990, in order to increase in the Winfield Cup, Wayne Bennett controversially sacked Wally Lewis as the Broncos' captain and replaced Gene Miles with the job.[5] Once Gene Miles retired, Wayne thought he could lessen the reliance on Wally Lewis, who he said was not a good club man or a good trainer.[5]

text: In 1995, the Super League War broke out. After threats of expulsion from the NSWRL, the Broncos were one of the last clubs to sign with the new league and all players followed suit (The Canberra Raiders, Canterbury Bulldogs and Cronulla Sharks were the first to sign, and it was only revealed many years later that the Broncos were in fact one of the last clubs to sign for either competition).[6] Broncos CEO John Ribot moved to take over the running of the rebel Super League, leading to a perception that the conflict was orchestrated by the club.[3][7] Brisbane won the only Super League premiership in 1997, before winning the first National Rugby League trophy in the re-unified 1998 competition.[4]

text: 1999 was disappointing for the club with a terrible early-season form hindering their attempt at a third consecutive premiership losing 8 of their first 10 matches. Club legend Allan Langer retired mid-season, perhaps as a result of the team's form. Despite the club's mid-season turnaround, which resulted in qualification for the finals after an 11-match winning streak, the team was eliminated by the Cronulla Sharks in the first week of the finals. However, the Broncos' rebounded in 2000 with their fifth premiership, defeating the Sydney Roosters. The game marked the retirement of veterans Kevin Walters and Michael Hancock.[4]

text: Queensland Representative, Allan Langer returned to the club in 2002 for one season before eventually retiring. 2002 was also the beginning of Brisbane's "post-Origin slump", which has haunted the club in the years since. Many players represent Queensland in the State of Origin series, with 7 Broncos players on average included in the Queensland Origin team.[8] This extra workload has caused a loss of form for the club immediately after the series, evidenced in 2003 when the ladder-leading Broncos lost 10 of their last 11 games. Despite faring better in 2004 and 2005, the team still struggled in the latter stages of the season, losing all of their finals matches.[4]

text: In 2006, after a strong early and mid-season performance, the Broncos again entered the post-Origin slump, losing 5 consecutive games. However, they reversed this run of form, winning 6 of their last 7 games including the premiership decider against the Melbourne Storm and keeping their perfect Grand Final record intact. [4] After a dismal 2007 season in which they only scraped into the finals, coach Wayne Bennett announced he would leave at the end of 2008 after twenty-one years as coach.[9] Ivan Henjak, a former rugby league player who had been assistant coach with the Broncos since the beginning of 2006, was named their second-ever coach, commencing as coach for the 2009 season.[10] Their 2009 season included their worst-ever post-Origin slump, featuring three matches in a row where the opposing team scored more than 40 points, concluding with a 56–0 loss to Canberra on 1 August 2009. They rallied around and in their match against Penrith two rounds later, they won 58–24. This snapback (after Penrith, they won the rest of their games that season) got them into the finals for the 18th year running, but they fell against Melbourne in the 3rd preliminary final by 40–10.

text: Their 2010 season started moderately: a 30–24 win against North Queensland, a 14–22 loss to Canberra, and a 48–16 hammering by the Warriors on 28 March 2010. On Monday 29 March, former Broncos player and recruitment agent Allan Langer was caught drink-driving in Brisbane's northside.[11]

text: Apart from a late season 10–6 win against eventual premiers St George Illawarra, the 2010 season was one to forget; with injuries and poor form seeing the Broncos out of the finals for the first time since 1991. The Broncos missing the finals now means that every club has missed the finals at least once since the 2002 season.

text: In February 2011, it was announced that Ivan Henjak was to be sacked from the club, only three weeks before the beginning of the season. Anthony Griffin took over as coach for the 2011 season,[12] becoming just the third head coach in the history of the Brisbane Broncos. He led the club to a third-place finish at the end of the season, losing to eventual premiers Manly in the preliminary finals.

text: 2012 marked the Broncos' 25th season in the NRL competition. They finished eighth on the premiership ladder, and were knocked out of the finals in the first week, losing 33–16 to the North Queensland Cowboys in Townsville. 2013 saw the Broncos finish 12th on the NRL ladder, marking its lowest ever finish in the club's history and seeing the club out of the finals for only the second time since 1991.

text: In what is considered by some commentators to be one of the best Grand Finals in recent history the 2015 NRL Grand Final against the North Queensland Cowboys went in to Golden Point overtime for the first time. After a Cowboys try, Johnathan Thurston had missed a match winning try conversion after the 80 minutes, kick off was given to the Broncos, with a promising chance to the Broncos, only resulting in a knock-on by Bronco's Half-Back, Ben Hunt. After the ball spill, the ball was given back to the Cowboys and Johnathan Thurston kicked a field goal 2 minutes into the Golden Point period to win the match for the North Queensland Cowboys 17-16.

text: As of 2017[update], the Broncos are currently experiencing their longest premiership drought, having endured eleven completed seasons without winning the premiership since their most recent success in 2006.[13]

text: In the 2017 NRL season, the Brisbane Broncos highest try-scorer of 2017 is former Gold Coast Titans Centre, James Roberts with 15 tries, 2888 run metres, 4 try-assists and 289 tackles.

text: In December 2017, the Brisbane Broncos expressed their interest in applying for a licence to participate in the inaugural NRL Women's season.[14] In March 2018, the club was granted a provisional license to participate in the inaugural NRL Women's season, starting in August.[15]

text: Emblem and colours[edit]

text: It had originally been planned for the Brisbane Broncos to adopt a logo incorporating both a kangaroo and a stylised "Q" which had been featured in the logo for the Queensland Rugby League for many years. However, with the Australian national rugby league team also known as the Kangaroos, this was deemed inappropriate and conflicting. The state flower the Cooktown Orchid and the Poinsettia which had long been used by Brisbane representative teams in the Bulimba Cup and midweek knockout competitions was also ruled out, along with other Australian animals such as the brumby, possum, galah and the kookaburra, which was used on Brisbane's Kookaburra Queen paddleships.[16]

text: Having wanted to continue with the use of alliteration for local sporting teams such as the Brisbane Bullets and Brisbane Bears (later the Brisbane Lions), the club's directors eventually decided on the nickname Broncos.[3] The Australian newspaper has described the name as "Mystifyingly American".[17]

text: The original club logo was first featured in the Broncos' inaugural season in the premiership in 1988 and was used until 1999. It used a mostly gold colour scheme, in line with the predominant colour on the team jerseys. In 2000, the club adopted a new logo with a more maroon design, which was much closer to the traditional colour associated with Queensland rugby league and Queensland sport in general.[4] This design continues to be used to date.

text: Traditionally, the colours of the Brisbane Broncos have been maroon, white and gold, which have all long been linked to the history of rugby league in Queensland. Initially, the founders of the club favoured the official blue and gold colours of Brisbane City Council. However, Sydney advertiser John Singleton advised the board that "Queenslanders had been booing players wearing blue for more than three-quarters of a century."[16] As a result, the traditional maroon and white colours of Queensland along with gold, symbolising the Queensland sunshine, [16] were adopted as the club's colours.

text: In the inaugural 1988 season, the club's jersey design featured the top third being gold, the middle being alternating hoops of maroon and white and the bottom third being maroon. Although this design featured gold strongly, it did not please everyone as the jersey had to differentiate from the maroon and white of Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and the maroon of the Queensland rugby league team.[7] Following a number of design changes in the 1990s including a predominantly white jersey from 1997 to 1998, blue was added to the jersey in 2001 as a minor colour to show the aforementioned historical link with the colours of Brisbane. However, this was later dropped from the design in favour of a mainly maroon jersey with gold trim.[4]

text: At the 1995 Rugby League World Sevens tournament, the club introduced a new combination of jersey colours – mauve, aqua and white. Brisbane Broncos Marketing Manager Shane Edwards stated that it "will become our Sevens strip... but we will never change the Broncos' colours."[18] In 2001, following the release of the club's predominantly white with navy-blue and maroon away jersey, the National Rugby League ordered the club to produce a third jersey since the new away jersey clashed with the home jerseys of the Penrith Panthers, Melbourne Storm and New Zealand Warriors. An aqua strip using the same design as the jerseys used from 1999 to 2001 was worn, which was much derided by the local media. Following two years of public pressure the club dropped the jersey in favour of the design worn against Newcastle in 2003.[4]

text: International Sports Clothing became Brisbane's kit provider in October 2016, replacing long-time suppliers Nike[19]

text:
Home jersey used by the Brisbane Broncos

2013–2014

text: Stadium[edit]

text: In their first five seasons, the Broncos played their matches at the 52,500 capacity Lang Park (or more commonly referred to as "Suncorp Stadium" due to sponsorship of Suncorp, Australia), the ground considered to be the home of rugby league in Queensland. However, following ongoing conflict with the Queensland Rugby League and Lang Park Trust due to a sponsorship conflict with the QRL having a commercial agreement with Castlemaine XXXX brewery with prominent signs around the ground, while the Broncos were sponsored by rival brewery Powers who were not permitted any permanent signs (the Broncos initially got around this by not using the change rooms at half time during games, instead sitting on the ground with a temporary protective banner surrounding them which just happened to have prominent Powers logos), the team relocated to the 60,000 capacity ANZ Stadium in 1993 (ANZ had been the main stadium of the 1982 Commonwealth Games).[7] The club's home match attendance, which had averaged 19,637 at Lang Park, increased to 43,200 at the new ground in the first season following the club's first premiership title in the previous season.[20] However, despite the team's second premiership in 1993, crowds gradually declined and it was not until 2002 that the club again registered more than the 1996 average attendance of 23,712. ANZ Stadium, as the Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre was called at the time due to sponsorship rights, was featured on an episode of The Mole in April 2002.

text: With the Queensland Government's $280,000,000 redevelopment of Lang Park,[21] the team moved back to the refurbished and renamed Suncorp Stadium upon its completion in mid-2003. The more centrally-located stadium has begun to attract larger crowds, with the 2006 average attendance of 31,208 being significantly higher than the Newcastle Knights with 21,848 and about double the regular season competition average of 15,601.[20]

text: The club record attendance for a regular season match is 58,593, set against the St. George Dragons in the final round of the 1993 season. The record attendance for a match at Suncorp Stadium is 50,859 for Darren Lockyer's final home game. Before kick-off at the Stadium an instrumental version of Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir" is routinely played.

text: The Broncos all-time home attendance record was set at ANZ Stadium during the 1997 Super League Grand Final when 58,912 saw the Broncos defeat the Cronulla Sharks 26-8 to claim the only Super League premiership played in Australia.

text: Home Venues[edit]

text:
Venue
Years

Lang Park
1988–present

Pioneer Oval
1989-1994

Parramatta Stadium
1989

Townsville Sports Reserve
1989

Carrington Park
1989

Wade Park
1991

Scully Park
1991

Bundaberg Showroom
1991

Eric Weissel Oval
1992

Athletic Park
1992

QEII Stadium
1993-2003

ANZAC Oval
1994

Hyatt Regency
1995

Bega Recreational Ground
1995

Coffs Coast International Stadium
1995

Lavington Sports Ground
1995

Carrara
2001

text: Brisbane Broncos Leagues Club[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2014)

text: Located in 98 Fulcher Road, Queensland, Australia (4059), the Brisbane Broncos League is the Broncos training ground and includes a restaurant and buffet. The Brisbane Broncos have also purchased the TAFE (opposite the club) and have recently built a new training field and building. The Broncos' training ground is also used for the Australian Kangaroos.

text: Supporters[edit]

text: The Brisbane Broncos have the largest fan base of any NRL club[23] and they have been voted the most popular rugby league team in Australia for several years.[24] A Broncos supporters group called "The Thoroughbreds" which is made up of prominent businessmen, made an unsuccessful bid to purchase News Ltd's controlling share of the club in 2007.[25]

text: Average regular season attendance

text:
1988: 16,111 (lowest home attendance)
1989: 18,217
1990: 22,709
1991: 19,463
1992: 21,687
1993: 43,200 (largest home attendance)
1994: 37,705
1995: 35,902
1996: 23,712
1997: 19,298
1998: 20,073
1999: 22,763
2000: 21,239
2001: 19,710
2002: 20,131
2003: 24,326
2004: 28,667
2005: 30,331
2006: 31,208
2007: 32,868
2008: 33,426
2009: 34,587
2010: 35,032
2011: 33,209
2012: 33,337
2013: 30,480
2014: 34,235
2015: 36,096
2016: 34,476
2017: 31,929

text: Notable supporters

text: Notable supporters of this club, amongst others, include:

text:
Allan Border, Australian cricket captain[26]
Andrew Symonds, international cricketer[27]
Ian Healy, former international wicket-keeper
Karl Stefanovic, television presenter[28]
Ken Talbot, mining magnate[29]
Patrick Rafter, retired tennis player[30]

Kevin Rudd, former Australian Prime Minister[31]
Sally Pearson, Olympic athlete[32]
Steve Irwin, TV personality and environmentalist[33]
Terry Price, professional golfer[34]
Samantha Stosur, professional tennis player and 2011 US Open champion

text:
Les Hiddins, former Australian soldier, known as "The Bush Tucker Man"
Patty Mills, professional basketballer
Carl Barron, Australian comedian
Rick Price, musician
Don Walker, musician[35]
Dami Im, singer, winner of The X Factor Australia in 2013[36]
Cate Campbell, Australian swimmer and Olympic gold medalist
Lincoln Lewis, Australian actor
Chris Lynn, Australian cricketer
Mark Hunt, mixed martial artist
Craig Lowndes, Supercars driver
Dwayne "the Rock" Johnson, Former wrestler and professional actor
Bernard Fanning, lead singer of Powderfinger[37]

text: Corporate[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2008)

text: The Broncos are the only publicly listed NRL club.[38] The parent company of the Brisbane Broncos is Nationwide News Pty Ltd., a subsidiary of News Limited, which as of 30 June 2007, owns 68.87% of Broncos shares.[39] BGM Projects is another major shareholder.[40] John Ribot, a former first grade rugby league player in Queensland and New South Wales, was the club's original chief executive officer (CEO). Ribot left when he signed to become the CEO of the rebel Australian rugby league competition Super League. (p. 24,112) Shane Edwards, the Broncos Marketing Manager at the time, was promoted to CEO and later resigned. Bruno Cullen, who had been with the Broncos' off-field staff since 1989, became the club's third CEO in 2003. [4] In 2011 Cullen was replaced by current CEO Paul White.[41] Rugby league player Darren Lockyer is a member of the board of directors.[40]

text: NRMA Insurance are the major sponsors of the Broncos as of 2011, replacing WOW Sight & Sound. Nova 106.9 are the main radio sponsors after taking over from rival station B105 FM in late 2006. Live broadcasts of all Broncos matches are provided by both 612 ABC Brisbane (except games played on Monday Night) and 4MMM. Channel Nine Queensland also sponsors the Broncos, although former player Shane Webcke is signed to rival Seven Queensland.

text: In 2012, local Brisbane based company Firstmac Home Loans replaced WOW sight & Sound as sleeve sponsor for 3 years to launch into the retail financial services market. This sponsorship took only 9 days to negotiate following the announcement of WOW Sight & Sound going into receivership. Firstmac stipulated a unique clause in their contract that they could pay for 250 tickets to be distributed to WOW Sight & Sound staff that lost their jobs. Firstmac has since launched a Firstmac Broncos home loan in conjunction with their new sponsorship agreement.

text: Between 1997 and 2016, the club's apparel was manufactured by Nike.[42] From the 2017 season, International Sports Clothing has replaced Nike as the club's apparel manufacturer.[43]

text: Sponsors[edit]

text: The Brisbane Broncos' first major sponsor was Powers Brewing who sponsored them until 1993. The Broncos currently have a number of sponsorship deals with the following:

text:
NRMA Insurance
ISC [44]
Ladbrokes
Firstmac
Coca-Cola
Powerade
Deadly Choices
Arrow energy
Nova 106.9
Nine News
Puma
McDonald's
Hog's Breath Cafe
The Courier Mail
Slater and Gordon Lawyers
The University of Queensland
Llewellyn
XXXX Gold

text: Players[edit]

text: 2018 NRL Squad[edit]

text:
Brisbane Broncos 2018 NRL Squad

view
talk
edit

First team squad

Coaching staff

Jack Bird - CE, FE, HB
Darius Boyd (c) - FB, WG, CE
Troy Dargan - HB
George Fai - PR, LK
Matt Gillett - SR, LK
Alex Glenn - SR, CE
Payne Haas - PR
Jamayne Isaako (gk) - WG, FB, CE
Jordan Kahu (gk) - WG, CE, FB
Matthew Lodge - PR
Patrick Mago - SR, LK

Andrew McCullough - HK
Josh McGuire - LK, PR, HK
Anthony Milford - FE, HB, FB
Todd Murphy - HB, FE, HK
Kodi Nikorima - HB, HK, FB, FE
Corey Oates - WG, SR
Joe Ofahengaue - PR, LK
Tom Opacic - CE
Mosese Pangai - CE, WG
Tevita Pangai Jnr - PR, LK
Jonus Pearson - WG

James Roberts - CE, WG
Andre Savelio - PR, SR, LK
Sam Scarlett - HB, FE
Marion Seve - CE, WG
Gehamat Shibasaki - CE, FB
Korbin Sims - PR, LK, SR
Kotoni Staggs - CE, SR
Jaydn Su'A - SR
Sam Tagataese - PR
Sam Thaiday - SR, PR

Head coach

Wayne Bennett

Assistant coaches

Jason Demetriou (Assistant Coach)
Jeremy Hickmans (High Performance Manager)
Alex Corvo(Head of Performance)

Legend:

(c) Captain(s)
(vc) Vice captain(s)
 Injured

Updated: 23 May 2018
Source(s): Brisbane Broncos Squad

text: Representative Players[edit]

text: For a full list of Broncos representatives, see List of Brisbane Broncos representatives

text: Notable players[edit]

text: Due to the club's premiership success and its being the dominant Queensland team in the competition for the majority of its participation, the Brisbane Broncos' list of representative players is extensive. Consequently, there have been a large number of Queensland Maroons in the team. In 2007, a 20-man legends team was announced to celebrate the club's 20-year anniversary.[45]

text:
Broncos Legends

First team squad
Interchange
Coaching staff

 1 Darren Lockyer - FB
 2 Michael Hancock - WG
 3 Steve Renouf - CE
 4 Michael De Vere - CE
 5 Wendell Sailor - WG
 6 Wally Lewis - FE
 7 Allan Langer - HB
 8 Shane Webcke - PR
 9 Kerrod Walters - HK
10 Petero Civoniceva - PR
11 Gorden Tallis - SR
12 Brad Thorn - SR
13 Tonie Carroll - LK

14 Shaun Berrigan - HK
15 Andrew Gee - PR
16 Gene Miles - SR
17 Glenn Lazarus - PR
18 Chris Johns - CE
19 Terry Matterson - LK
20 Kevin Walters - FE

Legend:

(c) Captain(s)
(vc) Vice captain(s)
 Injured

Updated: 9 May 2007
Source(s): Broncos Name Legends Team[dead link]

text: 1988 First-ever Squad[edit]

text:
Colin Scott - Fullback
Joe Kilroy - Wing
Chris Johns - Centre
Gene Miles - Centre
Michael Hancock - Wing
Wally Lewis - Five-eighth
Allan Langer - Halfback
Terry Matterson - Lock
Brett Le Man - Second Row
Keith Gee - Second Row
Greg Dowling - Prop
Greg Conescu - Hooker
Bryan Niebling - Prop
Mark Hohn - Interchange
Billy Noke - Interchange
Craig Grauf - Interchange
Wayne Bennett - Coach

text: 2018 Signings/Transfers[edit]

text: Ins[edit]

text: Jack Bird - 2021 from the Sharks

text: Patrick Mogo - 2019 from the Cowboys

text: Andre Savelio - 2019 from Warrington Wolves

text: Sam Tagatese - 2018 from the Sharks

text: Outs[edit]

text: Jai Arrow (Titans)

text: Adam Blair (Warriors)

text: Herman Ese'ese (Knights)

text: Ben Hunt (Dragons)

text: Matiu Love-Henry (Warriors)

text: Benji Marshall (Tigers)

text: Tautau Moga (Knights)

text: Jai Whitbread (Titans)

text: Joe Boyce (released)

text: Mitchell Dodds (released)

text: Travis Waddell (released)

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Name
Coaching Years
Games
Wins
Losses
Draws

Wayne Bennett
1988-2008, 2015–present
625
401
212
12

Anthony Griffin
2011-2014
101
54
46
1

Ivan Henjak
2009-2010
51
27
24
0

text: Current Personnel[edit]

text:
Name
Position

Wayne Bennett
Coach

Paul White
CEO

Shirley Moro
Chief Financial Officer

Louise Lanigan
Company Secretary
Salary Cap Manager

Terry Reader
Chief Commercial Officer

Scot Czislowski
Football Operations

Christine Halliwell
Community and Government Programs

Tain Drinkwater
HR, Rise and Governance

Steele Tallon
Communications and Digital Media

Dan Glass
Commercial Partnerships and Sales

Belinda Findlay
Membership and Merchandise Manager

text: Statistics and records[edit]

text: The Brisbane Broncos are the second most successful club in terms of percentage of total games won, having won 63.63% of their games, as of 29 August 2012. This is marginally less (0.01%) than first placed Melbourne Storm.[47] In their twenty completed seasons, the club has made a total of seven Grand Finals, winning 6 and losing 1 to the North Qld Cowboys in 2015. They are one of only two clubs to have won the World Club Challenge twice, and were the first club to do so on British soil. They also won the now defunct Panasonic Cup in 1989.[4]

text: Former team captain Darren Lockyer holds the record for the most First Grade games for both the club and National League. Lockyer did also hold the record for the most points scored for the club, tallying 1,171 since his debut in 1995, before Corey Parker overtook him in August, 2015 with 1,222 career points for Brisbane Broncos. Darren Lockyer also holds the club record of 272 points in a season, having achieved this in 1998. Darren Lockyer was named Fullback in Queensland Rugby League's Team of the Century in 1998-2007 and he won 4 grand finals with the Brisbane Broncos (including a Clive Churchill Medal) and a World Cup title with Australia. He also won the Golden Boot Award for world's best player in this position before switching to Five-eighth.

text: Steve Renouf also shares the club record for the most number of tries in a season with Darren Smith at 23. After over a decade after Steve Renouf's move from the Brisbane Broncos to Wigan Warriors, he was still the club's all-time try scorer with a 142 career tries. Five times, he has scored 4 tries in a single match from 1991 to 1998 and was known as one of the greatest centres the game has ever seen. In 2008, Steve Renouf was named centre in the Indigenous Team of the Century.

text: Lote Tuqiri's tally of 26 points from three tries and seven goals in a single match against the Northern Eagles remains the club record for most individual points in a game.[48] He also won the 1999 Brisbane Broncos season's rookie of the year award.

text: Corey Parker holds the record for most goals in a game kicking ten in a round one clash of 2008, breaking the previous mark of nine kicked by Lockyer in 1998 and matched by Michael De Vere in 2001. He also scored a try on debut during 2001. Parker converted ten from ten goals in the Broncos 48–12 win over the Penrith Panthers in which Parker scored 24 points placing him in equal second place on the most points in a match tally. In 2013, Corey Parker was named Dally M Lock of the Year and in 2009 received the Broncos' Paul Morgan Award. Corey Parker also received the Paul Morgan Award yet again in 2013 and 2015[citation needed]

text: [49] Six players have scored four tries in a match for the Brisbane Broncos including Steve Renouf (5 times), Wendell Sailor, Karmichael Hunt, Justin Hodges, Denan Kemp and Australian Wallabies player, Israel Folau.[48] Wendell Sailor has held the record for the most tries scored in a finals match (four tries against St. George Illawarra Dragons, Semi-final 2001, Brisbane won 44-28).

text: The most field goals in a match however hasn't been past one field goal which has been accomplished several times.

text: The club's biggest winning margin is 65 points, achieved in 2007 in a 71–6 victory over the Newcastle Knights.[50] Their heaviest defeat is a 56–0 loss by the Canberra Raiders on 1 August 2009.[51] The club's highest winning margin in a grand final is by 26 points against Canterbury Bulldogs (38-12, against Canterbury Bulldogs, grand final, 1998).

text: In, 2017 NRL season, the Brisbane Broncos' highest try-scorer of 2017 is former Gold Coast Titans Centre, James Roberts with 15 tries. Highest point-scorer is Jordan Kahu with 67 goals and 8 tries. The most metres ran in the season is by Tautau Moga with 3410 metres.

text: Season summary[edit]

text:
P=Premiers, R=Runners-up, M=Minor Premierships, F=Finals Appearance, W=Wooden Spoons
(Brackets Represent Finals Games)

Competition
Games
Played
Games
Won
Games
Drawn
Games
Lost
Ladder
Position
P
R
M
F
W
Coach
Captain
Details

1988 NSWRL season

22
14
0
8
7 / 16

Wayne Bennett

Wally Lewis

1988 Brisbane Broncos season

1989 NSWRL season

22 (1)[52]
14 (0)
0 (0)
8 (1)
5 / 16

1989 Brisbane Broncos season

1990 NSWRL season

22 (3)
16 (1)
1 (0)
5 (2)
2 / 16

?

Gene Miles

1990 Brisbane Broncos season

1991 NSWRL season

22
13
0
9
7 / 16

1991 Brisbane Broncos season

1992 NSWRL season

22 (2)
18 (2)
0 (0)
4 (0)
1 / 16

?

?

?

Allan Langer

1992 Brisbane Broncos season

1993 NSWRL season

22 (4)
16 (4)
0 (0)
6 (0)
5 / 16

?

?

1993 Brisbane Broncos season

1994 NSWRL season

22 (2)
13 (1)
1 (0)
8 (1)
5 / 16

?

1994 Brisbane Broncos season

1995 ARL season

22 (2)
17 (0)
0 (0)
5 (2)
3 / 20

?

1995 Brisbane Broncos season

1996 ARL season

21 (2)
17 (0)
0 (0)
4 (2)
2 / 20

?

1996 Brisbane Broncos season

1997 SL season

18 (2)
14 (2)
1 (0)
3 (0)
1 / 10

?

?

?

1997 Brisbane Broncos season

1998 NRL season

24 (4)
18 (3)
1 (0)
5 (1)
1 / 20

?

?

?

1998 Brisbane Broncos season

1999 NRL season

24 (1)
13 (0)
2 (0)
9 (1)
8 / 17

?

1999 Brisbane Broncos season

Kevin Walters

2000 NRL season

26 (3)
18 (3)
2 (0)
6 (0)
1 / 14

?

?

?

2000 Brisbane Broncos season

2001 NRL season

26 (3)
14 (1)
1 (0)
11 (2)
5 / 14

?

Gorden Tallis

2001 Brisbane Broncos season

2002 NRL season

24 (2)
16 (1)
1 (0)
7 (1)
3 / 15

?

2002 Brisbane Broncos season

2003 NRL season

24 (1)
12 (0)
0 (0)
12 (1)
8 / 15

?

2003 Brisbane Broncos season

2004 NRL season

24 (2)
16 (0)
1 (0)
7 (2)
3 / 15

?

2004 Brisbane Broncos season

2005 NRL season

24 (2)
15 (0)
0 (0)
9 (2)
3 / 15

?

Darren Lockyer

2005 Brisbane Broncos season

2006 NRL season

24 (4)
14 (3)
0 (0)
10 (1)
3 / 15

?

?

2006 Brisbane Broncos season

2007 NRL season

24 (1)
11 (0)
0 (0)
13 (1)
8 / 16

?

2007 Brisbane Broncos season

2008 NRL season

24 (2)
14 (1)
1 (0)
9 (1)
5 / 16

?

2008 Brisbane Broncos season

2009 NRL season

24 (3)
14 (2)
0 (0)
10 (1)
6 / 16

?

Ivan Henjak

2009 Brisbane Broncos season

2010 NRL season

24
11
0
13
10 / 16

2010 Brisbane Broncos season

2011 NRL season

24 (3)
18 (2)
0 (0)
6 (1)
3 / 16

?

Anthony Griffin

2011 Brisbane Broncos season

2012 NRL season

24 (1)
12 (0)
0 (0)
12 (1)
8 / 16

?

Sam Thaiday

2012 Brisbane Broncos season

2013 NRL season

24
10
1
13
12 / 16

2013 Brisbane Broncos season

2014 NRL season

24 (1)
12 (0)
0 (0)
12 (1)
8/16

?

Corey Parker and Justin Hodges

2014 Brisbane Broncos season

2015 NRL season

24
17
0
7
2/16

?

?

Wayne Bennett

Justin Hodges

2015 Brisbane Broncos season

2016 NRL season

24
15
0
9
5/16

?

Corey Parker

2016 Brisbane Broncos season

text: Honours[edit]

text: World Club Challenge: 2

text: Premiership: 6

text: Minor Premiership: 4

text: Panasonic Cup: 1

text: Lotto Challenge Cup: 1

text: Tooheys Challenge: 1

text: Runners Up: 1

text: Club Rivalries[edit]

text: North Queensland Cowboys[edit]

text: Traditionally, the Broncos biggest rival are the Cowboys. The club have a bitter long-standing rivalry with the Cowboys, especially after the 2015, Grand Final at ANZ Stadium. Between 2015 and 2017 a staggering 3 of 5 of the games they played against each other ended up leading to Golden point, being regarded as one of the greatest sports rivalries in rugby league and is considered the fiercest rivalry by far in the NRL, earning the nickname "Queensland Derby".

text: Sydney Roosters[edit]

text: Since the 2000 Grand Final between the Roosters and Broncos, both clubs have built on a rivalry which still continues today. From 2002 to 2010, the Roosters and the Broncos in the traditional Good Friday match.

text: Gold Coast Titans[edit]

text: The rivalry remains due to the fact that the Titans are geographically the closest club to the Broncos. Brisbane previously enjoyed the rivalry with the Gold Coast Chargers, until the Chargers exited the competition 1999, returning as the Gold Coast Titans in 2007.

text: Club affiliations[edit]

text: The Brisbane Broncos have five split feeder clubs from the Queensland Cup (Redcliffe Dolphins, Ipswich Jets, Northern Suburbs Devils, Souths Logan Magpies and Wynnum-Manly Seagulls, making the Broncos the only club with more than three affiliated feeder clubs. Former feeder clubs of the Broncos were Aspley Broncos and Toowoomba Clydesdales and Burleigh Bears, who switched to the Gold Coast Titans.

text: Club victory song[edit]

text: The Broncos' victory song, "We're The Broncos":

text: We’re the Broncos

text: The mighty Broncos

text: We keep fighting every second till the end

text: We’re the Broncos

text: The greatest team on earth

text: We’re the heart of all Queensland

text: Never stop

text: We never rest

text: On and on we beat the best

text: Never giving up we bleed maroon and gold

text: For the league

text: We risk it all

text: Miles above

text: We’re standing tall

text: We’re the finest and the greatest club of all

text: We’re the Broncos

text: The mighty Broncos

text: We breathe in our soul

text: The best game of all

text: We are the Broncos of Queensland

text: Hey!!

text: NRL Women's team[edit]

text: In 2017, the Brisbane Broncos launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural NRL Women's season in 2018. On 27 March 2018, the club won a license to participate in the inaugural NRL Women's season, on the back of a strong bid which included the NRL's desire for a geographical spread.[15][53] Paul Dyer was named as the coach of the women's side.[54]


document_title: Will Gardner

question_text: when is will killed in the good wife

question_tokens: when is will killed in the good wife

text: Will Gardner

text:
Will Gardner

The Good Wife character

First appearance
"Pilot"
September 22, 2009

Last appearance
"End"
May 8, 2016

Created by
Robert King and Michelle King

Portrayed by
Josh Charles

Information

Gender
Male

Occupation
Attorney at law

Significant other(s)
Alicia Florrick (on and off again)

Relatives
Sarah Gardner (sister)
Audrey Gardner (sister)[1]

text: Will Gardner is a character of CBS television series The Good Wife and was portrayed by Josh Charles for the first five seasons of the show's run.[2] For his performance, Charles received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations as well as a Golden Globe nomination.[3]

text: Background[edit]

text: An old friend of Alicia's, in the pilot he helped her get a job with the firm and is constantly trying to avoid appearing as if he favors her. This is complicated by the fact that the two have feelings for each other. Will and Alicia have an affair beginning at the end of season two.[4] In season three they break up when Alicia's daughter goes missing, and Alicia decides she needs to focus more on her children. He is seen as very much of a ladies' man throughout the series and had various love affairs and girlfriends. Will generally had a good working relationship with Diane Lockhart, his co-managing partner at the firm, and the two demonstrate a shrewd ability to guide their business, even through difficult times. Will plays in a regular pick-up basketball game with other attorneys and judges, and has friendships with the players that are eventually scrutinized. During season three, Will is suspended from practicing law for six months as punishment stemming from an old bribery scandal but returns to the firm in season four. In season five after much planning, Alicia and Cary leave Lockhart & Gardner to start their own firm; Will takes this betrayal personally. In episode 15 of the fifth season, he is shot and killed in the courtroom by his client Jeffrey Grant[2] (played by Hunter Parrish).

text: Following his death, he appeared in dream sequences in episodes "Minds Eye"[5] and the series finale, "End".[6]