document_title: List of religious populations

question_text: what is most popular religion in the world

root

text: List of religious populations

text: Adherent estimates in 2012

text:
Size of Major Religious Groups, 2012

Religion

Percent

Christianity

31.5%

Islam

23.2%

Unaffiliated

16.3%

Hinduism

15.0%

Buddhism

7.1%

Folk

5.9%

Other

0.8%

Judaism

0.2%

Pew Research Center, 2012[1]

tag: table

text: Adherents.com says "Sizes shown are approximate estimates, and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups, not providing a definitive number".[2]

tag: p

text:
Religion
Adherents
Percentage

Christianity
7009220000000000000♠2.2 billion[3]
6999315000000000000♠31.50%

Islam
7009160000000000000♠1.6 billion[4]
6999223200000000000♠22.32%

Secular[a]/Nonreligious[b]/Agnostic/Atheist
7009110000000000000♠≤1.1 billion
6999153500000000000♠15.35%

Hinduism
7009100000000000000♠1 billion
6999139499999999999♠13.95%

Chinese traditional religion[c]
7008394000000000000♠394 million
6998550000000000000♠5.50%

Buddhism
7008376000000000000♠376 million
6998525000000000000♠5.25%

Ethnic religions excluding some in separate categories
7008300000000000000♠300 million
6998419000000000000♠4.19%

African traditional religions
7008100000000000000♠100 million
6998139999999999999♠1.40%

Sikhism
7007300000000000000♠30 million
6997320000000000000♠0.32%

Spiritism
7007150000000000000♠15 million
6997210000000000000♠0.21%

Judaism
7007140000000000000♠14 million
6997200000000000000♠0.20%

Bahá'í
7006700000000000000♠7.0 million
6997100000000000000♠0.10%

Jainism
7006420000000000000♠4.2 million
6996600000000000000♠0.06%

Shinto
7006400000000000000♠4.0 million
6996600000000000000♠0.06%

Cao Dai
7006400000000000000♠4.0 million
6996600000000000000♠0.06%

Zoroastrianism
7006260000000000000♠2.6 million
6996400000000000000♠0.04%

Tenrikyo
7006200000000000000♠2.0 million
6996200000000000000♠0.02%

Neo-Paganism
7006100000000000000♠1.0 million
6996100000000000000♠0.01%

Unitarian Universalism
7005800000000000000♠0.8 million
6996100000000000000♠0.01%

Rastafari
7005600000000000000♠0.6 million
6996100000000000000♠0.01%

total
7009716700000000000♠7167 million
7000100000000000000♠100%

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ These figures may incorporate populations of secular/nominal adherents as well as syncretist worshipers, although the concept of syncretism is disputed by some.
Jump up ^ Nonreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular humanist, and people answering 'none' or no religious preference. Half of this group is theistic but nonreligious.[2] According to a 2012 study by Gallup International "59% of the world said that they think of themselves as religious person, 23% think of themselves as not religious whereas 13% think of themselves as convinced atheists".[5]
Jump up ^ Chinese traditional religion is described as "the common religion of the majority Chinese culture: a combination of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, as well as the traditional non-scriptural/local practices and beliefs."

tag: ol

text: By proportion

text: Christians

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Christians from Christianity by country (as of 2010[update]):

text:
Vatican City 100% (100% Roman Catholic)
 Pitcairn Islands 100% (100% Seventh-day Adventist)[6]
 Samoa ~99% (mostly Protestant)[7]
 Romania 99% (mostly Romanian Orthodox)
 American Samoa 98.3% (mostly Protestant)[8]
 Malta 98.1%[9] (mostly Roman Catholic)
 Venezuela 98%[10] (71% Roman Catholic)
 Greece 98% [11] (95% Greek Orthodox)
 Marshall Islands 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[12]
 Tonga 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[13]
 San Marino 97%[14] (~97% Roman Catholic)
 Paraguay 96.9%[15] (mostly Roman Catholic)
 Peru 96.5%[16] (mostly Roman Catholic)
 El Salvador 96.4% (mostly Roman Catholic)[17]
 Kiribati 96% (mostly Protestant)[18]
 Federated States of Micronesia ~96% (mostly Protestant)[19]
 Barbados 95.1% (mostly Protestant)[20]
 Papua New Guinea 94.8% (mostly Protestant)[21]
 East Timor 94.2%[22][23] (mostly Roman Catholic)
 Armenia 93.5%[24] (mostly Armenian Orthodox)

text: Muslims

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Muslims from Islam by country (as of 2010[update]) (figures excluding foreign workers in parenthesis):

text:
Maldives 100% (mostly Sunni)[25]
 Mauritania 100% (mostly Sunni)
 Saudi Arabia Reported to be 100%[26] (90–95% Sunni, 5–10% Shi'a[26])
 Turkey 99.8% (75% Sunni, 25% Shi'a)[27]
 Somalia 99.8% (mostly Sunni)[28]
 Afghanistan ~99%[29] (mostly Sunni, 20% Shi'a)[30]
 Yemen 99.1% (99.9%) (53% Sunni, 47% Shi'a[31])
 Morocco 98.7% (mostly Sunni)
 Algeria 98.3%[32] (mostly Sunni)
 Iran 98% (mostly Shi'a)[33]
 Tunisia 98% (mostly Sunni)
 Comoros 98% (mostly Sunni)[34]
 Sudan 97%[35] (mostly Sunni)
 Libya 96.6% (99%)[36] (Sunni)
 Pakistan 96.4%[37] (75% Sunni, 25% Shi'a)[38]
 Iraq 95% (Mostly Shi'a)[39]
 Kuwait 95% (Mostly Sunni)[40]
 Djibouti 94% (mostly Sunni)[41]
 Niger 93% (mostly Sunni)[42]
 Azerbaijan 91.6[43] (mostly Shi'a)[44]
 Bangladesh 89.4% (Sunni)[45]
 Egypt 89.3% (Sunni)[46]
 Indonesia 87.18% (99% Sunni)[47]
 Bahrain 79%[48] (Mostly Shi'a)[31]

text: Remarks: Saudi Arabia does not include other religious beliefs in their census, the figures for these other religious groups could be higher than reported in the nation. While conversion to Islam is among its most supported tenets, conversion from Islam to another religion is considered to be the sin of apostasy[49] and could be subject to the penalty of death in the country.

text: Irreligious and atheist

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of people without religion (including agnostics and atheists) from Irreligion by country (as of 2007[update]):

text:
Czech Republic 70-81% (78%)
 Estonia 71–82% (76%)
 Japan 64–88% (76%)[51]
 Denmark 72%
 Sweden 46–82% (64%)
 Vietnam 44–81% (63%)
 Macau 62%[52]
 Hong Kong 57%[53]
 France 43–64%[54] (54%)
 Norway 31–72% (52%)
 China 47%[55] (details)
 Netherlands 39–55% (47%)
 Finland 28–60% (44%)
 New Zealand 42%[56]
 United Kingdom 31–52% (42%)[54]

 England and  Wales 25% [57]

 South Korea 30–52% (41%)
 Germany 25[58]–55%[59] (40%)
 Hungary 32–46% (39%)
 Belgium 42–43% (39%)
 Bulgaria 34–40% (37%)
 Slovenia 35–38% (37%)
 Russia[60] 13–48% (31%)

text: Remarks: Ranked by mean estimate which is in brackets. Irreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular believer, and people having no formal religious adherence. It does not necessarily mean that members of this group don′t belong to any religion. Some religions have harmonized with local cultures and can be seen as a cultural background rather than a formal religion. Additionally, the practice of officially associating a family or household with a religious institute while not formally practicing the affiliated religion is common in many countries. Thus, over half of this group is theistic and/or influenced by religious principles, but nonreligious/non-practicing and not true atheists or agnostics.[2] See Spiritual but not religious.

text: Hindus

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus from Hinduism by country (as of 2010[update]):

text:
Nepal 81.3%[61]
 India 79.8%[62]
 Mauritius 54%[63]
 Fiji 33.7%[64]
 Guyana 28%[65]
 Bhutan 25%[66]
 Suriname 22.3%[67]
 Trinidad and Tobago 18.2%[68]
 United Arab Emirates 15%[69]
 Sri Lanka 12.6%[70]
 Kuwait 12%[71]
 Bangladesh 9.6%[72]
 Bahrain 8.1%[73]
 Réunion 6.7%[74][dead link]
 Malaysia 6.3%[75]
 Singapore 5.1%
 Oman 3%[76]
 Seychelles 2.1%[77]
 New Zealand 2.0%[78]
 Pakistan 1.8%[79]
 Indonesia 1.7%[80]
 USA 0.7%[81]

text: Buddhists

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Buddhists from Buddhism by country (as of 2010[update]):[82]

text:
Cambodia 96.9%
 Thailand 93.2%
 Myanmar 80.1%
 Bhutan 74.70%
 Sri Lanka 69.3%
 Laos 66.0%
 Mongolia 55.1%
 Japan 36.2%
 Taiwan 35.1%
 Singapore 33.2%
 South Korea 22.9%
 Malaysia 19.8%
 China 18.2%
 Macau 17.3%
 Vietnam 16.4%
 Hong Kong 13.2%
   Nepal 10.3%

tag: ul

text: Taoists/Confucianists/Chinese traditional religionists

text: As a spiritual practice, Taoism has made fewer inroads in the West than Buddhism and Hinduism. Despite the popularity of its great classics the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching, the specific practices of Taoism have not been promulgated in America with much success;[83] these religions are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of bigger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. Nonetheless, Taoist ideas and symbols such as Taijitu have become popular throughout the world through Tai Chi Chuan, Qigong, and various martial arts.[84]

text:
Taiwan 33–80%[85]
 China 30%[86]
 Hong Kong 28%[53]
 Macau 13.9%[52]
 Singapore 8.5%[87]
 Malaysia 2.6%[88]
 South Korea 0.2–1%[89]
 Vietnam
 Philippines 0.01–0.05%
 Indonesia 0.05%

text: The Chinese traditional religion has 184,000 believers in Latin America, 250,000 believers in Europe, and 839,000 believers in North America as of 1998[update].[90][91]

text: Ethnic/Indigenous

text: All of the below come from the U.S Department of State 2009 International Religious Freedom Report,[92] based on the highest estimate of people identified as indigenous or followers of indigenous religions that have been well-defined. Due to the syncretic nature of these religions, the following numbers may not reflect the actual number of practitioners.

text:
Haiti 50%[93]
 Guinea-Bissau 50%
 Cameroon 40%
 Togo 33%[94]
 Côte d'Ivoire 25%
 Sudan 25%[95]
 Benin 23%
 Burundi 20%
 Burkina Faso 15%
 New Zealand 15%[96]
 South Africa 15%[97]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 12%
 Central African Republic 10%
 Gabon 10%
 Lesotho 10%
 Nigeria 10%
 Sierra Leone 10%[98]
 Indonesia 9%[99]
 Kenya 9%
 Palau 9%[100]
 Ghana 8.5%
 Guinea 5%

text: Sikhism

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Sikhs:

text:
India 1.9%
 United Kingdom 1.2%[101][102]
 Canada 0.9%[103]
 Malaysia 0.5%[104]
 Fiji 0.3%[105]
 Singapore 0.3%[106][107]
 United States 0.2%[108][109]
 New Zealand 0.2%[110]
 Australia 0.1%[111][112]
 Italy 0.1%[113]

text: The Sikh homeland is the Punjab state, in India, where today Sikhs make up approximately 61% of the population. This is the only place where Sikhs are in the majority. Sikhs have emigrated to countries all over the world – especially to English-speaking and East Asian nations. In doing so they have retained, to an unusually high degree, their distinctive cultural and religious identity. Sikhs are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of larger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. But they can be found in many international cities and have become an especially strong religious presence in the United Kingdom and Canada.[114]

text: Judaism

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Jews (as of 2010[update]):

text:
Israel 75.4%[115]
 Palestine (West Bank only) 12–14% [116]
 Monaco 2.9%[117]
 United States 2.1%[118]
 Gibraltar 2.1%
 Cayman Islands 1.7%[119]
 Netherlands Antilles^ 1.3%
 Canada 1.1%
 France 0.8%[120]
 Argentina 0.6%[121]
 Uruguay 0.5%[122]
 Australia 0.5%
 Hungary 0.5%[123]
 U.S. Virgin Islands 0.5%[123]
 Latvia 0.3%[123]
 Germany 0.25%[58]
 Netherlands 0.2%[124]
 New Zealand 0.2%[123]
 Ukraine 0.2%[123]
 Russia 0.09%[125]

text: Spiritism

text:
Cuba 10.3%
 Jamaica 10.2%
 Brazil 4.8%
 Suriname 3.6%
 Haiti 2.7%
 Dominican Republic 2.2%
 The Bahamas 1.9%
 Nicaragua 1.5%
 Trinidad and Tobago 1.4%
 Guyana 1.3%
 Venezuela 1.1%
 Colombia 1.0%
 Belize 1.0%
 Honduras 0.9%
 Puerto Rico 0.7%
 Panama 0.5%
 Iceland 0.5%
 Guadeloupe 0.4%
 Argentina 0.2%
 Guatemala 0.2%

text: Source: http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_50.asp

text: Note that all these estimates come from a single source. However, this source gives a relative indication of the size of the Spiritist communities within each country.

text: Bahá'ís

text: Countries with the greatest proportion of Bahá'ís (as of 2010[update]) with a national population ≥200,000:

text:
Belize 2.5% (The 2010 Belize Population Census recorded 202 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 304,106,[126][127] yielding a proportion of 0.066%)
 Bolivia 2.2%
 Zambia 1.8%
 Mauritius 1.8% (The 2011 Mauritius census recorded 639 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 1,236,817[128] yielding a proportion of 0.05%)
 Guyana 1.6% (The 2002 Guyana census recorded 500 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 751,223[129] yielding a proportion of 0.067%)
 Vanuatu 1.4%
 Barbados 1.2% (The 2010 Barbados census recorded 178 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 250,010[130] yielding a proportion of 0.07%)
 Trinidad and Tobago 1.2%
 Panama 1.2%
 Kenya 1.0%
 Lesotho 0.9%
 Papua New Guinea 0.9%
 Réunion 0.9%
 Chad 0.9%
 Botswana 0.8%
 Gambia 0.8%
 Suriname 0.8%
 Congo, Republic of the 0.6%
 Solomon Islands 0.6%
 Venezuela 0.6%

text: Remarks & Sources: "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20.  which used the "World Christian Database" for adherents estimates based on information provided by the World Christian Encyclopedia and "World Christian Trends". A source whose only systematic flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than other cross-national data sets.[131] See "The Largest Baha'i Communities". Largest Religious Communities. Adherents.com. 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-20.  for 2000 estimates among all nations. Various census figures of some of these countries vary significantly. See Bahá'í statistics.

text: Jainism

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
India 0.3%
 Suriname 0.3%
 Fiji 0.2%
 Kenya 0.2%

text: By population

text: Christians

text: Largest Christian populations (as of 2011[update]):

text:
United States 229,157,250[132] (details)
 Brazil 169,213,130[133]
 Russia 114,198,444[134]
 Mexico 106,204,560[135]
 Nigeria 80,510,000[136]
 Philippines 78,790,000[137]
 China 67,070,000[136]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 63,150,000[136]
 France 55,948,600
 Italy 55,832,000
 Ethiopia 51,477,950
 Germany 50,752,580[138]
 Colombia 44,502,000
 Ukraine 41,973,000
 South Africa 40,243,000
 Spain 38,568,000
 Poland 36,526,000
 Kenya 33,625,790
 Argentina 33,497,100
 United Kingdom 33,200,417
 Uganda 29,943,000
 India 28,436,000
 Venezuela 28,340,790
 Peru 27,365,100
 Indonesia 24,123,000

text: Muslims

text: Largest Muslim populations (as of 2013):

text:
Indonesia 206,986,560[80]
 Pakistan 180,608,292
 India 172,000,000
 Bangladesh 132,937,800
 Nigeria 80,000,000
 Iran 73,238,340
 Egypt 70,056,000
 Turkey 70,036,838
 Algeria 36,092,810
 Morocco 31,351,800
 Afghanistan 30,112,680
 Sudan 30,064,180
 Iraq 29,767,300
 Ethiopia 28,120,050
 Saudi Arabia 26,624,560
 Uzbekistan 25,628,240
 Yemen 23,836,523
 China 20,095,870
 Syria 19,601,750
 Malaysia 17,085,402

text: Buddhists

text: Largest Buddhist populations

text:
China 244,130,000
 Thailand 64,420,000
 Japan 45,820,000
 Burma 38,410,000
 South Korea 10,500,000
 Sri Lanka 4,450,000
 Vietnam 4,380,000
 Cambodia 3,690,000
 India 9,250,000
 Malaysia 5,010,000
 Indonesia 1,710,000

text: Hindus

text: Largest Hindu populations (as of 2010):

text:
India 957,636,314
   Nepal 21,354,570
 Bangladesh 14,274,430
 Indonesia 4,012,470[80]
 Pakistan 2,603,895
 Sri Lanka 2,554,606
 Malaysia 1,700,100
 United States 1,543,730
 United Arab Emirates 1,239,610
 South Africa 749,870
 Mauritius 665,820
 United Kingdom 630,000
 Canada 497,960
 Tanzania 403,570
 Kuwait 328,440
 Australia 275,500
 Singapore 264,370
 Fiji 261,097[64]
 Trinidad and Tobago 240,100[68]
 Myanmar 203,000[139]
 Bhutan 177,100
 Germany 120,000

text: Jews

text: Largest Jewish populations (as of 2011[update]):

text:
United States 6,588,065[140]
 Israel 5,907,500[141]
 France 493,600
 Canada 375,000[123]
 United Kingdom 291,000[123]
 Russia 194,000[123]
 Argentina 181,800[123]
 Germany 119,000[123]
 Australia 97,300[142]
 Brazil 95,300[123]
 Ukraine 70,200[123]
 South Africa 67,000[123]
 Hungary 48,200[123]
 Mexico 39,200[123]
 Belgium 30,000[123]
 Italy 28,200[123]
 Chile 18,500[123]
 Turkey 17,400[123]
 Uruguay 17,300[123]
 Belarus 12,000[123]

text: Sikhs

text: Largest Sikh populations

text:
India 22,892,600
 UK 853,000
 Canada 620,200
 USA 500,010
 Malaysia 120,000
 Bangladesh 100,000[143]
 Australia 72,300
 Italy 70,000
 Thailand 70,000
 Myanmar 70,000
 United Arab Emirates 50,000
 Germany 40,000
 Mauritius 37,700
 Australia 72,300
 Pakistan 50,000
 Kenya 20,000
 Kuwait 20,000
 Philippines 20,000
 New Zealand 17,400
 Indonesia 15,000
 Singapore 14,500

text: Bahá'ís

text: Largest Bahá'í populations (as of 2010[update]) in countries with a national population ≥200,000:[144]

text:
India 1,897,651 (The 2011 Census of India recorded 4,572 Bahá'ís[145][146])
 United States 512,864
 Kenya 422,782
 Vietnam 388,802
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 282,916
 Philippines 275,069
 Iran 251,127
 Zambia 241,112
 South Africa 238,532
 Bolivia 215,359
 Tanzania 190,419
 Venezuela 169,811
 Uganda 95,098
 Chad 94,499
 Pakistan 87,259
 Burma (Myanmar) 78,915
 Colombia 70,504
 Malaysia 67,549
 Thailand 65,096
 Papua New Guinea 59,898

text: Jainism

text: As of 2005[update]:[147]

text:
India 5,146,697
 United States 79,459
 Kenya 68,848
 United Kingdom 16,869
 Canada 12,101
 Tanzania 9,002
   Nepal 6,800
 Uganda 2,663
 Burma 2,398
 Malaysia 2,052
 South Africa 1,918
 Fiji 1,573
 Japan 1,535
 Australia 1,449
 Suriname 1,217
 Réunion 981
 Belgium 815
 Yemen 229


document_title: Farad

question_text: what is the meaning of uf in capacitor

question_tokens: what is the meaning of uf in capacitor

text: Farad

text: Definition[edit]

text: One farad is defined as the capacitance across which, when charged with one coulomb, there is a potential difference of one volt.[1] Equally, one farad can be described as the capacitance which stores a one-coulomb charge across a potential difference of one volt.[2]

text: The relationship between capacitance, charge and potential difference is linear. For example, if the potential difference across a capacitor is halved, the quantity of charge stored by that capacitor will also be halved.

text: For most applications, the farad is an impractically large unit of capacitance. Most electrical and electronic applications are covered by the following SI prefixes:

text:
1 mF (millifarad, one thousandth (10−3) of a farad) = 1000 μF = 1000000 nF
1 μF (microfarad, one millionth (10−6) of a farad) = 0.000 001 F = 1000 nF = 1000000 pF
1 nF (nanofarad, one billionth (10−9) of a farad) = 0.001 μF = 1000 pF
1 pF (picofarad, one trillionth (10−12) of a farad)

text: Equalities[edit]

text:
A farad is represented in terms of SI base units as
s4⋅A2⋅m−2⋅kg−1

text: It can further be expressed as:

text: where F = farad, A = ampere, V = volt, C = coulomb, J = joule, m = metre, N = newton, s = second, W = watt, kg = kilogram, Ω = ohm, Hz = hertz, H = henry.

text: History[edit]

text: The term "farad" was originally coined by Latimer Clark and Charles Bright in 1861,[3] in honor of Michael Faraday, for a unit of quantity of charge but by 1873, the farad had become a unit of capacitance.[4]  In 1881 at the International Congress of Electricians in Paris, the name farad was officially used for the unit of electrical capacitance.[5][6]

text: Explanation[edit]

text: A capacitor generally consists of two conducting surfaces, frequently referred to as plates, separated by an insulating layer usually referred to as a dielectric. The original capacitor was the Leyden jar developed in the 18th century. It is the accumulation of electric charge on the plates that results in capacitance. Modern capacitors are constructed using a range of manufacturing techniques and materials to provide the extraordinarily wide range of capacitance values used in electronics applications from femtofarads to farads, with maximum-voltage ratings ranging from a few volts to several kilovolts.

text: Values of capacitors are usually specified in farads (F),  microfarads (μF), nanofarads (nF) and picofarads (pF).[7] The millifarad is rarely used in practice (a capacitance of 4.7 mF (0.0047 F), for example, is instead written as 4700 µF), while the nanofarad is uncommon in North America.[8] The size of commercially available capacitors ranges from around 0.1 pF to 5000F (5 kF) supercapacitors. Parasitic capacitance in high-performance integrated circuits can be measured in femtofarads (1 fF = 0.001 pF = 10−15 F), while high-performance test equipment can detect changes in capacitance on the order of tens of attofarads (1 aF = 10−18 F).[9]

text: A value of 0.1 pF is about the smallest available in capacitors for general use in electronic design, since smaller ones would be dominated by the parasitic capacitances of other components, wiring or printed circuit boards. Capacitance values of 1 pF or lower can be achieved by twisting two short lengths of insulated wire together.[10][11]

text: The capacitance of the Earth's ionosphere with respect to the ground is calculated to be about 1 F.[12]

text: Informal and deprecated terminology[edit]

text: The picofarad is sometimes colloquially pronounced as "puff" or "pic", as in "a ten-puff capacitor".[13] Similarly, "mic" (pronounced "mike") is sometimes used informally to signify microfarads. If the Greek letter μ is not available, the notation "uF" is often used as a substitute for "μF" in electronics literature. A "micro-microfarad" (μμF, and confusingly often mmf or MMF), an obsolete unit sometimes found in older texts, is the equivalent of a picofarad.  In texts prior to 1960, and on capacitor packages even much more recently, "mf" or "MFD" rather than the modern "µF" frequently represented microfarads. Similarly, "mmf" or "MMFD" represented picofarads.[14]

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: The reciprocal of capacitance is called electrical elastance, the (non-standard, non-SI) unit of which is the daraf.[15]

text: CGS units[edit]

text: The abfarad (abbreviated abF) is an obsolete CGS unit of capacitance equal to 109 farads (1 gigafarad, GF).[16]

text: The statfarad (abbreviated statF) is a rarely used CGS unit equivalent to the capacitance of a capacitor with a charge of 1 statcoulomb across a potential difference of 1 statvolt. It is 1/(10−5c2) farad, approximately 1.1126 picofarads.


document_title: Chariots of Fire

question_text: where was chariots of fire beach scene filmed

text: Chariots of Fire

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1919, Harold Abrahams (Ben Cross) enters the University of Cambridge, where he experiences anti-Semitism from the staff, but enjoys participating in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. He becomes the first person to ever complete the Trinity Great Court Run, running around the college courtyard in the time it takes for the clock to strike 12, and achieves an undefeated string of victories in various national running competitions. Although focused on his running, he falls in love with a leading Gilbert and Sullivan soprano, Sybil (Alice Krige).

text: Eric Liddell (Ian Charleson), born in China of Scottish missionary parents, is in Scotland. His devout sister Jennie (Cheryl Campbell) disapproves of Liddell's plans to pursue competitive running, but Liddell sees running as a way of glorifying God before returning to China to work as a missionary.

text: When they first race against each other, Liddell beats Abrahams. Abrahams takes it poorly, but Sam Mussabini (Ian Holm), a professional trainer whom he had approached earlier, offers to take him on to improve his technique. This attracts criticism from the Cambridge college masters (John Gielgud and Lindsay Anderson), who allege it is not gentlemanly for an amateur to "play the tradesman" by employing a professional coach. Abrahams dismisses this concern, interpreting it as cover for anti-Semitic and class-based prejudice.

text: When Eric Liddell accidentally misses a church prayer meeting because of his running, his sister Jennie upbraids him and accuses him of no longer caring about God. Eric tells her that though he intends to eventually return to the China mission, he feels divinely inspired when running, and that not to run would be to dishonour God, saying, "I believe that God made me for a purpose. But He also made me fast, and when I run, I feel His pleasure."

text: The two athletes, after years of training and racing, are accepted to represent Great Britain in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. Also accepted are Abrahams' Cambridge friends, Lord Andrew Lindsay (Nigel Havers), Aubrey Montague (Nicholas Farrell), and Henry Stallard (Daniel Gerroll).

text: While boarding the boat to Paris for the Olympics, Liddell discovers the heats for his 100-metre race will be on a Sunday. He refuses to run the race, despite strong pressure from the Prince of Wales and the British Olympic committee, because his Christian convictions prevent him from running on the Sabbath.

text: Hope appears when Liddell's teammate Lindsay, having already won a silver medal in the 400 metres hurdles, proposes to concede his place in the 400-metre race on the following Thursday to Liddell, who gratefully agrees. His religious convictions in the face of national athletic pride make headlines around the world.

text: Liddell delivers a sermon at the Paris Church of Scotland that Sunday, and quotes from Isaiah 40, ending with, "But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint."

text: Abrahams is badly beaten by the heavily favoured United States runners in the 200 metre race. He knows his last chance for a medal will be the 100 metres. He competes in the race, and wins. His coach Sam Mussabini is overcome that the years of dedication and training have paid off with an Olympic gold medal. Now Abrahams can get on with his life and reunite with his girlfriend Sybil, whom he had neglected for the sake of running.

text: Before Liddell's race, the American coach remarks dismissively to his runners that Liddell has little chance of doing well in his now far longer 400 metre race. But one of the American runners, Jackson Scholz, hands Liddell a note of support for his convictions. Liddell defeats the American favourites and wins the gold medal.

text: The British team returns home triumphant. As the film ends, onscreen text explains that Abrahams married Sybil, and became the elder statesman of British athletics. Liddell went on to missionary work in China. All of Scotland mourned his death in 1945 in Japanese-occupied China.

text: Cast [edit]

text:
Ben Cross as Harold Abrahams, a Jewish student at Cambridge University
Ian Charleson as Eric Liddell, the son of Scottish missionaries to China
Nicholas Farrell as Aubrey Montague, a runner and friend of Harold Abrahams
Nigel Havers as Lord Andrew Lindsay, a Cambridge student runner partially based on David Burghley and Douglas Lowe
Ian Holm as Sam Mussabini, Abrahams's running coach
John Gielgud as Master of Trinity College at Cambridge University
Lindsay Anderson as Master of Caius College at Cambridge University
Cheryl Campbell as Jennie Liddell, Eric's devout sister (Janet Lillian "Jenny" Liddell)
Alice Krige as Sybil Gordon, Abrahams' fiancée (his actual fiancée was Sybil Evers)
Struan Rodger as Sandy McGrath, Liddell's friend and running coach
Nigel Davenport as Lord Birkenhead, member of the British Olympic Committee, who counsels the athletes
Patrick Magee as Lord Cadogan, chairman of the British Olympics Committee, who is unsympathetic to Liddell's religious plight
David Yelland as the Prince of Wales, who tries to get Liddell to change his mind about running on Sunday
Peter Egan as the Duke of Sutherland, president of the British Olympic Committee, who is sympathetic to Liddell
Daniel Gerroll as Henry Stallard, a Cambridge student and runner
Dennis Christopher as Charley Paddock, American Olympic runner
Brad Davis as Jackson Scholz, American Olympic runner

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The film depicts Abrahams as attending Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge with three other Olympic athletes: Henry Stallard, Aubrey Montague, and Lord Andrew Lindsay. Abrahams and Stallard were in fact students there and competed in the 1924 Olympics. Montague also competed in the Olympics as depicted, but he attended Oxford, not Cambridge.[4] Aubrey Montague sent daily letters to his mother about his time at Oxford and the Olympics; these letters were the basis of Montague's narration in the film.

text: The character of Lindsay was based partially on Lord Burghley, a significant figure in the history of British athletics. Although Burghley did attend Cambridge, he was not a contemporary of Harold Abrahams, as Abrahams was an undergraduate from 1919 to 1923 and Burghley was at Cambridge from 1923 to 1927. One scene in the film depicts the Burghley-based "Lindsay" as practising hurdles on his estate with full champagne glasses placed on each hurdle – this was something the wealthy Burghley did, although he used matchboxes instead of champagne glasses.[5] The fictional character of Lindsay was created when Douglas Lowe, who was Britain's third athletics gold medallist in the 1924 Olympics, was not willing to be involved with the film.[6]

text: Another scene in the film recreates the Great Court Run, in which the runners attempt to run around the perimeter of the Great Court at Trinity College, Cambridge in the time it takes the clock to strike 12 at midday. The film shows Abrahams performing the feat for the first time in history. In fact, Abrahams never attempted this race, and at the time of filming the only person on record known to have succeeded was Lord Burghley, in 1927. In Chariots of Fire, Lindsay, who is based on Lord Burghley, runs the Great Court Run with Abrahams in order to spur him on, and crosses the finish line just a moment too late. Since the film's release, the Great Court Run has also been successfully run by Trinity undergraduate Sam Dobin, in October 2007.[7]

text: In the film, Eric Liddell is tripped up by a Frenchman in the 400-metre event of a Scotland–France international athletic meeting. He recovers, makes up a 20-metre deficit, and wins. This was based on fact; the actual race was the 440 yards at a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland, England, and Ireland at Stoke-on-Trent in England in July 1923. His achievement was remarkable as he had already won the 100- and 220-yard events that day.[8] Also unmentioned with regard to Liddell is that it was he who introduced Abrahams to Sam Mussabini.[9] This is alluded to: In the film Abrahams first encounters Mussabini while he is watching Liddell race. The film, however, suggests that Abrahams himself sought Mussabini's assistance.

text: Abrahams and Liddell did race against each other once, but not quite as depicted in the film, which shows Liddell winning the final of the 100 yards against a shattered Abrahams at the 1923 AAA Championship at Stamford Bridge.  In fact, they raced only in a heat of the 220 yards, which Liddell won, five yards ahead of Abrahams, who did not progress to the final.  In the 100 yards, Abrahams was eliminated in the heats and never raced against Liddell, who won the finals of both races the next day.[10]

text: Abrahams' fiancée is misidentified as Sybil Gordon, a soprano at the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.  In fact, in 1936, Abrahams married Sybil Evers, who sang at the D'Oyly Carte, but they did not meet until 1934.[11] Also, in the film, Sybil is depicted as singing the role of Yum-Yum in The Mikado, but neither Sybil Gordon nor Sybil Evers ever sang that role with D'Oyly Carte,[12][13] although Evers was known for her charm in singing Peep-Bo, one of the two other "little maids from school".[11] Harold Abrahams' love of and heavy involvement with Gilbert and Sullivan, as depicted in the film, is factual.[14]

text: Liddell's sister was several years younger than she was portrayed in the film. Her disapproval of Liddell's track career was creative licence; she actually fully supported his sporting work. Jenny Liddell Somerville cooperated fully with the making of the film and has a brief cameo in the Paris Church of Scotland during Liddell's sermon.[15]

text: At the memorial service for Harold Abrahams, which opens the film, Lord Lindsay mentions that he and Aubrey Montague are the only members of the 1924 Olympic team still alive. However, Montague died in 1948, 30 years before Abrahams' death.

text: 1924 Olympics[edit]

text: The film takes some liberties with the events at the 1924 Olympics, including the events surrounding Liddell's refusal to race on a Sunday. In the film, he doesn't learn that the 100-metre heat is to be held on the Christian Sabbath until he is boarding the boat to Paris. In fact, the schedule was made public several months in advance; Liddell did however face immense pressure to run on that Sunday and to compete in the 100 metres, getting called before a grilling by the British Olympic Committee, the Prince of Wales, and other grandees,[14] and his refusal to run made headlines around the world.[16]

text: The decision to change races was, even so, made well before embarking to Paris, and Liddell spent the intervening months training for the 400 metres, an event in which he had previously excelled. It is true, nonetheless, that Liddell's success in the Olympic 400m was largely unexpected.

text: The film depicts Lindsay, having already won a medal in the 400-metre hurdles, giving up his place in the 400-metre race for Liddell. In fact Burghley, on whom Lindsay is loosely based, was eliminated in the heats of the 110 hurdles (he would go on to win a gold medal in the 400 hurdles at the 1928 Olympics), and was not entered for the 400 metres.

text: The film reverses the order of Abrahams' 100m and 200m races at the Olympics. In reality, after winning the 100 metres race, Abrahams ran the 200 metres but finished last, Jackson Scholz taking the gold medal. In the film, before his triumph in the 100m, Abrahams is shown losing the 200m and being scolded by Mussabini. And during the following scene in which Abrahams speaks with his friend Montague while receiving a massage from Mussabini, there is a French newspaper clipping showing Scholz and Charlie Paddock with a headline which states that the 200 metres was a triumph for the United States. In the same conversation, Abrahams laments getting "beaten out of sight" in the 200. The film thus has Abrahams overcoming the disappointment of losing the 200 by going on to win the 100, a reversal of the real order.

text: Eric Liddell actually also ran in the 200m race, and finished third, behind Paddock and Scholz. This was the only time in reality that Liddell and Abrahams competed in the same race. While their meeting in the 1923 AAA Championship in the film was fictitious, Liddell's record win in that race did spur Abrahams to train even harder.[17]

text: Abrahams also won a silver medal as an opening runner for the 4 x 100 metres relay team, not shown in the film, and Aubrey Montague placed sixth in the steeplechase, as depicted.[4]

text: Personal inaccuracies at the Olympics[edit]

text: In the film, the 100m bronze medallist is a character called "Tom Watson"; the real medallist was Arthur Porritt of New Zealand, who refused permission for his name to be used in the film, allegedly out of modesty, and his wish was accepted by the film's producers, even though his permission was not necessary.[18] However, the brief back-story given for Watson, who is called up to the New Zealand team from the University of Oxford, substantially matches Porritt's history. With the exception of Porritt, all the runners in the 100m final are identified correctly when they line up for inspection by the Prince of Wales.

text: Jackson Scholz is depicted as handing Liddell an inspirational Bible-quotation message before the 400 metres final: "It says in the Old Book, 'He that honors me, I will honor.' Good luck."[19] In reality, the note was from members of the British team, and was handed to Liddell before the race by his attending masseur at the team's Paris hotel.[20] For dramatic purposes, screenwriter Welland asked Scholz if he could be depicted handing the note, and Scholz readily agreed, saying "Yes, great, as long as it makes me look good."[14][21]

text: Production[edit]

text: Script and direction[edit]

text: Producer David Puttnam was looking for a story in the mold of A Man for All Seasons (1966), regarding someone who follows his conscience, and felt sports provided clear situations in this sense.[22] He discovered Eric Liddell's story by accident in 1977, when he happened upon a reference book on the Olympics while housebound from the flu in a rented house in Los Angeles.[23][24]

text: Screenwriter Colin Welland, commissioned by Puttnam, did an enormous amount of research for his Academy Award-winning script. Among other things, he took out advertisements in London newspapers seeking memories of the 1924 Olympics, went to the National Film Archives for pictures and footage of the 1924 Olympics, and interviewed everyone involved who was still alive. Welland just missed Abrahams, who died 14 January 1978, but he did attend Abrahams' February 1978 memorial service, which inspired the present-day framing device of the film.[5] Aubrey Montague's son saw Welland's newspaper ad and sent him copies of the letters his father had sent home – which gave Welland something to use as a narrative bridge in the film. Except for changes in the greetings of the letters from "Darling Mummy" to "Dear Mum" and the change from Oxford to Cambridge, all of the readings from Montague's letters are from the originals.[14]

text: Welland's original script also featured, in addition to Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams, a third protagonist, 1924 Olympic gold medallist Douglas Lowe, who was presented as a privileged aristocratic athlete. However, Lowe refused to have anything to do with the film, and his character was written out and replaced by the fictional character of Lord Andrew Lindsay.[25]

text: Ian Charleson himself wrote Eric Liddell's speech to the post-race workingmen's crowd at the Scotland v. Ireland races. Charleson, who had studied the Bible intensively in preparation for the role, told director Hugh Hudson that he didn't feel the portentous and sanctimonious scripted speech was either authentic or inspiring. Hudson and Welland allowed him to write words he personally found inspirational instead.[26]

text: The film was slightly altered for the U.S. audience. A brief scene depicting a pre-Olympics cricket game between Abrahams, Liddell, Montague, and the rest of the British track team appears shortly after the beginning of the original film. For the American audience, this brief scene was deleted. In the U.S., to avoid the initial G rating, which had been strongly associated with children's films and might have hindered box office sales, a different scene was used – one depicting Abrahams and Montague arriving at a Cambridge railway station and encountering two World War I veterans who use an obscenity – in order to be given a PG rating.[27]

text: Puttnam chose Hugh Hudson, a multiple award-winning advertising and documentary filmmaker who had never helmed a feature film, to direct Chariots of Fire. Hudson and Puttnam had known each other since the 1960s, when Puttnam was an advertising executive and Hudson was making films for ad agencies. In 1977, Hudson had also been second-unit director on the Puttnam-produced film Midnight Express.[28]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Hugh Hudson was determined to cast young, unknown actors in all the major roles of the film, and to back them up by using veterans like John Gielgud, Lindsay Anderson, and Ian Holm as their supporting cast. Hudson and producer David Puttnam did months of fruitless searching for the perfect actor to play Eric Liddell. They then saw Scottish stage actor Ian Charleson performing the role of Pierre in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Piaf, and knew immediately they had found their man. Unbeknownst to them, Charleson had heard about the film from his father, and desperately wanted to play the part, feeling it would "fit like a kid glove".[29]

text: Ben Cross, who plays Harold Abrahams, was discovered while playing Billy Flynn in Chicago. In addition to having a natural pugnaciousness, he had the desired ability to sing and play the piano.[14][30] Cross was thrilled to be cast, and said he was moved to tears by the film's script.[31]

text: 20th Century Fox, which put up half of the production budget in exchange for distribution rights outside of North America,[32] insisted on having a couple of notable American names in the cast.[24] Thus the small parts of the two American champion runners, Jackson Scholz and Charlie Paddock, were cast with recent headliners: Brad Davis had recently starred in Midnight Express (also produced by Puttnam), and Dennis Christopher had recently starred, as a young bicycle racer, in the popular indie film Breaking Away.[31]

text: All of the actors portraying runners underwent a gruelling three-month training intensive with renowned running coach Tom McNab. This training and isolation of the actors also created a strong bond and sense of camaraderie among them.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text: Although the film is a period piece, set in the 1920s, the Academy Award-winning original soundtrack composed by Vangelis uses a modern 1980s electronic sound, with a strong use of synthesizer and piano among other instruments. This was a bold and significant departure from earlier period films, which employed sweeping orchestral instrumentals. The title theme of the film has become iconic, and has been used in subsequent films and television shows during slow-motion segments.

text: Vangelis, a Greek-born electronic composer who moved to Paris in the late 1960s, had been living in London since 1974.[33] Director Hugh Hudson had collaborated with him on documentaries and commercials, and was also particularly impressed with his 1979 albums Opera Sauvage and China.[34] David Puttnam also greatly admired Vangelis's body of work, having originally selected his compositions for his previous film Midnight Express.[35] Hudson made the choice for Vangelis and for a modern score: "I knew we needed a piece which was anachronistic to the period to give it a feel of modernity. It was a risky idea but we went with it rather than have a period symphonic score."[28] The soundtrack had a personal significance to Vangelis: After composing the iconic theme tune he told Puttnam, "My father is a runner, and this is an anthem to him."[5][33]

text: Hudson originally wanted Vangelis's 1977 tune "L'Enfant",[36] from his Opera Sauvage album, to be the title theme of the film, and the beach running sequence was actually filmed with "L'Enfant" playing on loudspeakers for the runners to pace to. Vangelis finally convinced Hudson he could create a new and better piece for the film's main theme – and when he played the now-iconic "Chariots of Fire" theme for Hudson, it was agreed the new tune was unquestionably better.[37] The "L'Enfant" melody still made it into the film: When the athletes reach Paris and enter the stadium, a brass band marches through the field, and first plays a modified, acoustic performance of the piece.[38] Vangelis's electronic "L'Enfant" track eventually was used prominently in the 1982 film The Year of Living Dangerously.

text: Some pieces of Vangelis's music in the film did not end up on the film's soundtrack album. One of them is the background music to the race Eric Liddell runs in the Scottish highlands. This piece is a version of "Hymne", the original version of which appears on Vangelis's 1979 album, Opéra sauvage. Various versions are also included on Vangelis's compilation albums Themes, Portraits, and Odyssey: The Definitive Collection, though none of these include the version used in the film.

text: Five lively Gilbert and Sullivan tunes also appear in the soundtrack, and serve as jaunty period music which nicely counterpoints Vangelis's modern electronic score. These are: "He is an Englishman" from H.M.S. Pinafore, "Three Little Maids from School Are We" from The Mikado, "With Catlike Tread" from The Pirates of Penzance, "The Soldiers of Our Queen" from Patience, and "There Lived a King" from The Gondoliers.

text: The film also incorporates a major traditional work: "Jerusalem", sung by a British choir at the 1978 funeral of Harold Abrahams. The words, written by William Blake in 1804-8, were set to music by Parry in 1916 as a celebration of England. This hymn has been described as "England's unofficial national anthem",[39] concludes the film and inspired its title.[40] A handful of other traditional anthems and hymns and period-appropriate instrumental ballroom-dance music round out the film's soundtrack.

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The beach scenes associated with the theme tune were filmed at West Sands, St Andrews. A plaque commemorating the filming can be found there today. The very last scene of the opening titles crosses the 1st and 18th holes of the Old Course at St Andrews Links.[41][42]

text: All of the Cambridge scenes were actually filmed at Hugh Hudson's alma mater Eton College, because Cambridge refused filming rights, fearing depictions of anti-Semitism. The Cambridge administration greatly regretted the decision after the film's enormous success.[14]

text: Liverpool Town Hall was the setting for the scenes depicting the British Embassy in Paris.[14] The Colombes Olympic Stadium in Paris was represented by the Oval Sports Centre, Bebington, Merseyside.[43] The nearby Woodside ferry terminal was used to represent the embarkation scenes set in Dover.[43] The railway station scenes were filmed in York, using locomotives from the National Railway Museum.[14] The scene depicting a performance of The Mikado was filmed in the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool with members of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company who were on tour.[44]

text: Revival for the 2012 Olympics[edit]

text: Chariots of Fire became a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The film's theme tune was featured at the opening of the 2012 London New Years fireworks celebrating the Olympics,[45] and the film's iconic beach-running scene and theme tune were used in The Sun's "Let's Make It Great, Britain" Olympic ads.[46] The runners who first tested the new Olympic Park were spurred on by the Chariots of Fire theme tune,[47] and the iconic music was also used to fanfare the carriers of the Olympic flame on parts of its route through the UK.[48][49] The beach-running sequence was also recreated at St. Andrews and filmed as part of the Olympic torch relay.[50]

text: The film's theme was also performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Simon Rattle, during the Opening Ceremony of the games; the performance was accompanied by a comedy skit by Rowan Atkinson which included the opening beach-running footage from the film.[51] The film's theme tune was also played during each medal ceremony of the 2012 Olympics.

text: Stage adaptation[edit]

text: A stage adaptation of Chariots of Fire was mounted in honour of the 2012 Olympics. The play, Chariots of Fire, which was adapted by playwright Mike Bartlett and included the iconic Vangelis score, ran from 9 May to 16 June 2012 at London's Hampstead Theatre, and transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End on 23 June, where it ran until 5 January 2013.[52] It starred Jack Lowden as Eric Liddell and James McArdle as Harold Abrahams, and Edward Hall directed. Stage designer Miriam Buether transformed each theatre into an Olympic stadium, and composer Jason Carr wrote additional music.[53][54][55] Vangelis also created several new pieces of music for the production.[56][57] The stage version for the London Olympic year was the idea of the film's director, Hugh Hudson, who co-produced the play; he stated, "Issues of faith, of refusal to compromise, standing up for one's beliefs, achieving something for the sake of it, with passion, and not just for fame or financial gain, are even more vital today."[58]

text: Another play, Running for Glory, written by Philip Dart, based on the 1924 Olympics, and focusing on Abrahams and Liddell, toured parts of Britain from 25 February to 1 April 2012. It starred Nicholas Jacobs as Harold Abrahams, and Tom Micklem as Eric Liddell.[59][60]

text: UK cinematic re-release, Blu-ray[edit]

text: As an official part of the London 2012 Festival celebrations, a new digitally re-mastered version of the film screened in 150 cinemas throughout the UK. The re-release began 13 July 2012, two weeks before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics.[61]

text: A Blu-ray of the film was released on 10 July 2012 in North America,[62] and was released 16 July 2012 in the UK.[63] The release includes nearly an hour of special features, a CD sampler, and a 32-page "digibook".[64][65]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Since its release Chariots of Fire has received generally positive reviews from critics. As of 2017 the film holds an 83% "Certified Fresh" rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 64 reviews, accompanied by the summary "Decidedly slower and less limber than the Olympic runners at the center of its story, the film nevertheless manages to make effectively stirring use of its spiritual and patriotic themes."[66]

text: For its 2012 re-release, Kate Muir of The Times gave the film five stars, writing: "In a time when drug tests and synthetic fibres have replaced gumption and moral fibre, the tale of two runners competing against each other in the 1924 Olympics has a simple, undiminished power. From the opening scene of pale young men racing barefoot along the beach, full of hope and elation, backed by Vangelis's now famous anthem, the film is utterly compelling."[67]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Chariots of Fire was very successful at the 54th Academy Awards, winning four of seven nominations. When accepting his Oscar for Best Original Screenplay, Colin Welland famously announced "The British are coming".[68] At the 1981 Cannes Film Festival the film won two awards and competed for the Palme d'Or.[69]

text:
BFI Top 100 British films (1999) – rank 19
Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1982 (USA) (8 May) – Vangelis, Chariots of Fire theme

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
1998: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - Nominated
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - No. 100
2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - Nominated
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Sports Movie

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

54th Academy Awards

Academy Award for Best Picture

David Puttnam

Won

Academy Award for Best Director

Hugh Hudson

Nominated

Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay

Colin Welland

Won

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor

Ian Holm

Nominated

Academy Award for Best Film Editing

Terry Rawlings

Nominated

Academy Award for Best Costume Design

Milena Canonero

Won

Academy Award for Best Original Score

Vangelis

Won

American Movie Awards

Best Supporting Actor

Ian Holm

Nominated

35th British Academy Film Awards

BAFTA Award for Best Film

David Puttnam

Won

BAFTA Award for Best Direction

Hugh Hudson

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay

Colin Welland

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

Nigel Havers

Nominated

Ian Holm

Won

BAFTA Award for Best Editing

Terry Rawlings

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design

Milena Canonero

Won

BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography

David Watkin

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Film Music

Vangelis

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Production Design

Roger Hall

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Sound

Clive Winter, Bill Rowe, Jim Shields

Nominated

British Society of Cinematographers

David Watkin

Nominated

1981 Cannes Film Festival

Palme d'Or

Hugh Hudson

Nominated

Prize of the Ecumenical Jury - Special Mention

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Ian Holm

Won

Directors Guild of America Award

Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film

Hugh Hudson

Nominated

39th Golden Globe Awards

Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film

Hugh Hudson

Won

25th Grammy Awards

Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance

Ernie Watts

Won

London Film Critics' Circle

London Film Critics Circle Award for Film of the Year

Hugh Hudson

Won

London Film Critics Circle Award for Screenwriter of the Year

Colin Welland

Won

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1981

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Film

Hugh Hudson

2nd place

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music

Vangelis

2nd place

National Board of Review Awards 1981

National Board of Review Award for Best Film

Won

National Board of Review: Top Ten Films

Won

1981 New York Film Critics Circle Awards

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film

4th place

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director

Hugh Hudson

3rd place

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography

David Watkin

Won

Toronto International Film Festival

People's Choice Award

Hugh Hudson

Won


document_title: List of Call the Midwife characters

question_text: who plays chummy's mother on call the midwife

question_tokens: who plays chummy 's mother on call the midwife

text: List of Call the Midwife characters

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Role
Series

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Jessica Raine
Jenny Lee
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Miranda Hart
Chummy Noakes
(Camilla Browne)
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Jenny Agutter
Sister Julienne
Sister-in-charge, midwife
Main

Judy Parfitt
Sister Monica Joan
Retired midwife
Main

Pam Ferris
Sister Evangelina
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Bryony Hannah
Sister Mary Cynthia
(Cynthia Miller)
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Helen George
Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin
Senior nurse, midwife
Main

Laura Main
Shelagh Turner
(Sister Bernadette)
Practice manager, midwife
Main

Stephen McGann
Patrick Turner
General practitioner
Main

Cliff Parisi
Frederick "Fred" Buckle
Caretaker
Main

Ben Caplan
Peter Noakes
Police Sergeant
Main
Does not appear

Vanessa Redgrave
Voice of Jennifer Worth
Nurse, midwife
Main

Emerald Fennell
Patience "Patsy" Mount
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Guest
Main
Does not appear

Victoria Yeates
Sister Winifred
Midwife
Does not appear
Main

Jack Ashton
Tom Hereward
Curate
Does not appear
Main

Charlotte Ritchie
Barbara Hereward
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Linda Bassett
Phyllis Crane
Nursing sister, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Annabelle Apsion
Violet Buckle
Wife of Fred Buckle
Does not appear
Recurring
Main

Kate Lamb
Delia Busby
Nurse
Does not appear
Recurring
Main
Does not appear

Jennifer Kirby
Valerie Dyer
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Leonie Elliott
Lucille Anderson
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Max Macmillan
Timothy "Tim" Turner
Patrick Turner's son
Recurring

George Rainsford
James "Jimmy" Wilson
Friend of Jenny Lee
Recurring
Does not appear

Cheryl Campbell
Lady Browne
Chummy's mother
Recurring
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Dorothy Atkinson
Jane Sutton
Medical orderly
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Leo Starr
Alec Jesmond
Boyfriend of Jenny Lee
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Alice Brown
Angela Turner
Adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner
Does not appear
Recurring

Maxine Evans
Mrs Busby
Delia Busby's mother
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Harriet Walter
Sister Ursula
Sister-in-charge, midwife, nurse
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Jack Hawkins
Christopher Dockerill
Dentist
Does not appear
Recurring

Daniel Laurie
Reggie Jackson
Fred and Violet Buckle's ward
Does not appear
Recurring

Trevor Cooper
Sergeant Woolf
Police Sergeant
Does not appear
Recurring

Nina Yndis
Magda
The Turners' au pair
Does not appear
Recurring

text: Characters[edit]

text: Sister Julienne[edit]

text:
Sister Julienne

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jenny Agutter

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Sister-in-charge, nun, midwife and nurse

text: By necessity, Sister Julienne conceals an iron fist in a velvet glove, managing both her charges and fellow sisters with a combination of tact, compassion, and no-nonsense advice.

text: Her steadfast, compassionate guidance makes her an anchor for her colleagues and in a very real way, it is she who holds the inhabitants of Nonnatus House together. She always offers comfort and help to the young midwives and also has a notably close, warm and maternal relationship with Sister Bernadette, serving as her chief mentor and confidante. Beginning with series 4, it becomes clear that the weight of always having to be "the wise one" takes a heavier toll on her than many would guess, and she is increasingly shown leaning on Shelagh (formerly Sister Bernadette) for counsel and support; nevertheless, her faith is not shaken and she remains a serene, guiding presence for all of Nonnatus House. Her pre-Order name was Louise.

text: In the sixth series after her return from Africa, Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister-in-Charge to Sister Ursula. Although Sister Ursula leaves in the third episode and Sister Julienne become sister in charge again.

text: Sister Monica Joan[edit]

text:
Sister Monica Joan

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Judy Parfitt

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nun, retired midwife and nurse

text: One of the UK's earliest registered nurses, and the last surviving founder of Nonnatus House, Sister Monica Joan (whose birth name was Antonia Cavill) retired from practice prior to the events of the series, who is suffering from the early stages of dementia and feeble body. Desperate to be of service and feel useful, she is given make-work tasks to keep her occupied, such as rolling bandages (which the nurses secretly unrolled beforehand). Sister Julienne expresses that it is now their privilege to care for her.

text: She has a very different nature from Sister Evangelina's and misses no opportunity to bait her. It is never entirely clear how much of Sister Monica Joan's eccentricity is due to the frailty of age, or (as Jenny and Sister Bernadette suspect) sheer wilful naughtiness. She has a habit of devouring all the cakes, leading everyone to try to hide them from her. She also knits woollen teddy bears and casts her horoscope in the stars and planets in order to tell her future. In the final episode of Series 1, after recovering from pneumonia, she is arrested for stealing trinkets from the market: some ribbons, a handkerchief, a china robin and several other things.

text: Later, she is suspected of stealing a ring, a bracelet and a pearl necklace, which were discovered by Jenny Lee; Sister Monica Joan then went to hide them in her knitting bag and they were found by Sister Evangelina and who called the constable. Mother Jesu Emanuel (Mother Superior of the order) testifies that Sister Monica Joan inherited those items from her mother and no crime was committed. In light of Monica Joan's age and moments of forgetfulness, she is acquitted of the trinket thefts. In Series 2, she reconciles with her nephew and his family, fears that she is useless, spends a lot of money on taxis to see her nephew, much to the chagrin of Sister Julienne, recovers from angina, escapes a holiday with Sister Evangelina to Chichester, judges a baby show, and pays for a child's funeral. Sister Monica Joan is very close to and gets on well with Jenny. In the 2015 Christmas special, she runs away from the convent after an argument with Sister Evangelina, returning to her childhood home with the belief that everyone should go back to their home, prompted by Barbara's comment that she wasn't allowed back to Liverpool for Christmas. She returns just in time for their appearance on the BBC.

text: Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin[edit]

text:
Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Helen George

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Senior midwife and nurse

text: Trixie has a much more outgoing disposition than Jenny, but the two share the sense of adventure in their work and become firm friends. Trixie loves nothing more than gossiping with her colleagues and is quite nosey when it comes to other people's business.

text: She occasionally comes across as a bit rude, but she means no harm by it. When it comes to her friends, she takes great pleasure in teasing them about what is going on in their lives. She is caring but no-nonsense to her patients and is encouraging at hopeless times. She is light and carefree, jokes a lot, tries to set her colleagues up with boys and is generally a little boy-mad. Nevertheless, it is clear that work is first in her life, until Curate Tom Hereward proposes to her and she accepts. But their engagement breaks down when Trixie discovers that Tom has a placement in a slum in Newcastle, an industrial city in North East England. This makes her turn even more to alcohol for comfort, but after struggling with alcoholism, with Cynthia's help, she joins a support group. She shares a room with Nurse Patsy Mount.

text: Trixie's acceptance of male homosexuality is decades ahead of her time. Prior to the events of the series, she happily served as cover for a gay medical student, providing him the appearance of propriety. Her disgust of a young father arrested in a cottaging sting was entirely the result of his infidelity; with whom he cheated was immaterial to her.

text: Discovering that Barbara is going out with Tom give her quite a shock and she finds it very difficult to accept, but after a talk with Tom and Barbara she finally accepts that she can no longer hold on to Tom and must let him go. She is now very close to Patsy, Delia, Barbara and Sister Mary Cynthia.

text: In January 1962, while seconded to a clinic in Africa and dozens of miles from a physician, Trixie becomes the only one of the midwives - lay or nuns - to have performed a cesarean section. She returns to Poplar a few months later as she stays on at the clinic returning via the Mother House, when it's realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing.

text: Later in 1962, she meets a dentist Christopher Dockerill when a turn of events leads to them delivering a baby the grow close. But, later she suspects that she is being cheated on by Dockerhill, but learns that he actually has a child from a prior marriage, which he had not previously disclosed. She forgives him because he was scared to tell her fearing he would be rejected.

text: Shelagh Turner[edit]

text:
Shelagh Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Laura Main

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse (series 1–2, 4-), Medical Sister-in-charge (surgery) (Series 4-), nun, acting sister in charge (series 1–2), medical secretary (series 3–5)

[show]Family

Husband
Patrick Turner

Children
Timothy Turner
Angela Turner
Edward Teddy Turner[1]

text: Sister Bernadette, as she is first known, is Scottish and in her early 30s – the closest in age to Jenny and the other lay midwives. She is the most educated of the nuns and tutors the other nurses whilst providing administrative assistance to Sister Julienne, sometimes covering as her deputy. She joined the order in July, 1948. A consummate professional, she has a fresh, uncomplicated approach to her work that means she connects well with Jenny and her other colleagues. In one episode, she is shown to remove her veil, take her hair down and take off her glasses, expressing her hidden desire to be free.

text: In series 2, it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette is lonely and unhappy, questioning whether the convent is her calling, and wishes to do what the other young midwives of her age are doing: going out to the cinema, dancing, etc. One scene shows Sister Bernadette looking in on the midwives' room while they are drinking and gossiping, but then the door closes; it is a life that cannot be opened to her while she remains a nun. In another, Sister Monica Joan points out that she spends most of her time praying for forgiveness. Sister Bernadette eventually breaks down and turns to Sister Julienne for help, confessing that what she really wants is a family and children of her own. As of the 2012 Christmas Special and from Series 2 onward, it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette has fallen in love with the local physician, Dr Turner.

text: After recovering from a short bout of tuberculosis, Sister Bernadette leaves the convent and reverts to her birth name of Shelagh (née Mannion). She becomes engaged to Dr Turner, who has also fallen in love with her. They marry in the 2013 Christmas Special and she becomes stepmother to his 11-year-old son Timothy. They later adopt a baby girl called Angela after a struggle with infertility. However, she still remains close to her faith, joining the Nuns at compline at times she is strugling. In series four it becomes clear Shelagh desperately misses her nursing and midwifery so she returns to full-time work at the surgery and maternity home, first as a medical secretary, and then also as the sister-in-charge at the surgery after Dr Turner is taken ill. She is now the medical sister-in-charge at the surgery and works alongside the other midwives and nuns at the surgery, but still doesn't perform house calls. When at the clinic or being the acting Sister-in-charge at Nonnatus House in Sister Julienne's absence, Shelagh dons smart civilian dress, rather than uniform of the order's other lay nurses, although she eventually obtained a uniform for wear when serving in a nursing capacity at Dr. Turner's surgery.

text: Shelagh also feels guilty after thalidomide is prescribed for women suffering from morning sickness. When it's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months, she says she is as guilty as Patrick because she supported the drug being prescribed.

text: In series 6, Shelagh is overcome with joy when she falls pregnant with her first biological child. However, she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage, forcing Barbara and Phylis to take over the running of the surgery. This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby.[2] But she gives birth to a son (Edward 'Teddy' Patrick Turner) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale.

text: Sister Winifred[edit]

text:
Sister Winifred

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Victoria Yeates

Duration
2014–

First appearance
Series 3, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nun, midwife and nurse, former teacher (before 1959)

text: Sister Winifred arrives at Nonnatus House at the beginning of Series 3. Sister Winifred is the same age as Jenny, Trixie and Cynthia. She finds midwifery hard. She tries twice to make a harvest loaf for the Harvest Festival, stating 'my mother made it look so easy.' She eventually succeeds on the second attempt. She seems to be close to Patsy Mount. She is now close to Sister Mary Cynthia since she joined the order and is very passionate about her work in Poplar. In series 5 episode 3 it is revealed that Sister Winifred is missing teaching and takes a temporary job teaching a class replacing one of her patients who was fired due to pregnancy. In episode 4 she had returned to midwifery. She is seen to be close to Cynthia since she joined the order. In series 6 she sets about learning to drive with Phyllis help.

text: Barbara Hereward (neé Gilbert)[edit]

text:
Barbara Hereward

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Charlotte Ritchie

Duration
2015–

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse

[show]Family

Father
Canon Arthur Gilbert

Sisters
Margaret

Husband
Tom Hereward (1962-)

text: Barbara Gilbert arrives in Poplar in the early 1960s still finding her feet in district nursing and midwifery. While she is educated and middle class, she is surprisingly in tune with the needs of the community she serves, having grown up the daughter of a Canon serving in an impoverished area of Liverpool. She is hard working, optimistic, and somewhat naïve. In addition to her nursing duties, she helps teach Sunday school at the local church. In series 5 she begins a romantic relationship with Tom Hereward after they become close while working together in the parish. She is also quite close to her roommate, Nurse Phyllis Crane, who serves as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague. Tom asks her to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie. They are married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6, when Barbara learns that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea, so he can marry them.

text: Phyllis Crane[edit]

text:
Phyllis Crane

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Linda Bassett

Duration
2015–

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 2

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Senior nurse, midwife, Deputy Sister-in-charge (medical)

text: Phyllis is a veteran nurse who also arrives at Nonnatus House in mid-1960. When she pulls up in her sparkling car everybody knows that she's going to be a tiny bit snobby and she is. She is vegetarian and is not scared to put her ideas forward to improve Nonnatus House. She confides in Vaughan Seller, the father of a terminated baby, that she was born an illegitimate child, and to former street walker Roseanne Dawley that Phyllis' mother too was a prostitute. In series 5 it is seen that she has formed more of a relationship with Barbara and has taken quite a high role in Nonnatus House. Having discovered Patsy and Delia's relationship, she is supportive of heartbroken Delia when Patsy sails to Hong Kong to care for her dying father.

text: She is also quite close to her roommate, Barbara, and serves as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague. In the sixth series after her return from Africa, Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister-in-Charge to Sister Ursula, meaning Phyllis is demoted to Nursing Sister. Although Sister Ursula leaves and Phyllis is reinstated as deputy sister in charge again.

text: Driving back from a successful delivery, Phyllis knocks over one of the family's other children with her car and is left devastated by the possible consequences. She faces suspension by the Central Midwives Board, over her actions and is told by Sister Julienne to focus on the administrative duties. But, the family ask Sergeant Noakes to drop the case.

text: When Shelagh is unwell and goes on maternity leave, it expected she will take over as acting sister in charge of the surgery. Following Pasty's departure she took over as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts.

text: Valerie Dyer[edit]

text:
Valerie Dyer

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jennifer Kirby

Duration
2017–

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 2

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife

[show]Family

Aunts
Jean
Florrie

text: Valerie first appears following an explosion in Episode 2 of series 6 coming to the aid of Shelagh following a fire in the docks. She was an Army nurse, but resigned her commission when she grew weary of the routinness of such nursing. A native of Poplar, she took a barmaid job while sorting out her ambitions.

text: In episode 4, she becomes a midwife at the Nonnatus House. Sister Monica Joan somehow immediately recognises Valerie as having been a baby whom she delivered, reciting the details as if it had been yesterday. But it's a baptism of fire as Valerie is caught up with a woman who had FGM which creates difficulties for the pregnancy and the woman is rushed to hospital. Later she finds out the woman had sent her younger sister to be cut in Somalia and with Barbara rushes to stop the girl from boarding the boat. But it's too late.

text: Frederick "Fred" Buckle[edit]

text:
Fred Buckle

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Cliff Parisi

Duration
2012-

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Handyman, Scout Leader, Civil Defence Corps Deputy Party Leader

[show]Family

Wife
Mrs Buckle (deceased)
Violet Gee (1960-)

Daughters
Marlene Dooley
Dolly

Grandsons
Anthony

Granddaughters
Samantha

First cousins
Ivy Jackson

Other relatives
Reggie Jackson

text: Fred is the handyman at Nonnatus House since the end of the war.[3] In the evenings, he volunteers as a scout leader and as a deputy party leader[4] in charge of the neighbourhood Civil Defence Corps squad. He is friends with all of the midwives and often gives them help and advice. He's always got a new money-making scheme under his belt, but none of them is ever much good. Fred is the father of two daughters – Dolly, who lives in Australia with her husband and their two children, Anthony and Samantha; and Marlene, who is also married and has recently moved back to England after living in Canada for several years.

text: Before becoming the handyman at Nonnatus he was in the British Army, during which time his wife was killed leaving his daughters to be shuffled around between several of his family members, causing him great pain and temptation to desert. In series four, after twenty years of being a widower, Fred takes an interest in local shop owner Violet Gee; after several months of flirting during their community volunteering duties, Fred asks Violet to a charity dance. By the end of series four Fred proposes to Violet – and, after dealing with his clingy daughter Marlene – he and Violet marry.

text: Dr. Patrick Turner[edit]

text:
Patrick Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Stephen McGann

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
General practitioner

[show]Family

Wife
Widowed
Shelagh Mannion (1958-)

Sons
Timothy Turner
Edward "Teddy" Turner[1]

Daughters
Angela Turner (adopted)

text: Dr Turner is Poplar's local physician, as well as being the GP to all the midwives and nuns. He works closely with the midwives, helping at clinics, deliveries and at the birthing hospital and is incredibly dedicated to his patients and to his work, including fighting bureaucratic red tape to save lives with a tuberculosis x-ray screening van. He is a widower and father to Timothy and does his best to juggle the demands of being a single parent with his responsibilities as a doctor. In Series 2, it becomes apparent that he has fallen in love with Sister Bernadette, but her vows stand in the way of that love. After her diagnosis with tuberculosis forces her to examine what she truly wants, he makes it quietly clear to her that while the decision is hers, he is in love with her and wishes to share his life with her. She leaves the convent and chooses a different path, accepting his proposal of marriage after she has overcome her tuberculosis.

text: When trying to adopt, it is revealed that he suffered mental health issues after the war. Overwork and a misdiagnosis in Series 4, drives him to illness forcing Shelagh and Patsy to take over the running of the practice. While in the next series the Turner's go on holiday, with a locom who puts a mother in danger. Also he had regularly prescribed thalidomid for women suffering from morning sickness. When it's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months, he must deal with his guilt.

text: In series 6, Dr Turner is overcome with joy when Shelagh falls pregnant with her first biological child. However, she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage. This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby. But she gives birth to a son (Edward 'Teddy' Turner) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale, with Dr Turner in the room.

text: Peter Noakes[edit]

text:
Peter Noakes

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Ben Caplan

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 2

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Police sergeant

text: Peter is a Police Constable, and later Sergeant, in Poplar. He is first introduced in Series 1, when he is run over by Chummy on her bicycle and takes an immediate shine to her. Throughout series 1, they go on a string of dates, eventually marrying in the series' final episode. In series 2, he follows Chummy to Sierra Leone while she fulfills her desire to be a missionary. In the final episode of that series, he and Chummy have a baby, whom they name Fred. During his service in the Second World War, he earned the 1939–1945 Star, Defence Medal, France and Germany Star, and War Medal 1939–1945, as shown on his uniform tunic.

text: Tom Hereward[edit]

text:
Tom Hereward

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jack Ashton

Duration
2014–

First appearance
Series 3

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Curate

[show]Family

Wife
Barbara Gilbert (1962-)

text: Tom arrives in series 3 as the new Poplar curate. He lives just across the road from Nonnatus House and is shown to have a relationship with Trixie, whom he met when the two were working the same shift in a women's prison. Their engagement is broken off in series 4. Now he is seen doing a lot with the children's group and is getting a bit closer to Nurse Barbara Gilbert. Tom asks Barbara to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie. They are married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6, when Barbara learns that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea, so he can marry them.

text: Lucille Anderson[edit]

text:
Lucille Anderson

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Leonie Elliott

Duration
2018–

First appearance
Series 7

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife

text: Nurse Anderson arrives at Nonnatus House in series 7 as their first West Indian nurse.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text: Timothy Turner[edit]

text:
Timothy Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Max Macillan

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jenny Worth

Classification
Present; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Student

[show]Family

Father
Patrick Turner

Mother
Shelagh Turner (step-mother)

text: Timothy is the son of Patrick Turner and stepson of Shelagh Turner. He is very smart and tall and goes to the local grammar school. In 2013 Christmas special he suffers from polio which affects his legs. He slowly recuperates and is now fully recovered. He is seen to have an interest in medicine, and in Series 5 he helps his mother and father out more in the surgery. Timothy sets off on a crusade to make his parents give up smoking after seeing the damage it's doing to their health. He is pleased when, in the following series, his stepmother gives birth to his brother.

text: Angela Turner[edit]

text:
Angela Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Alice Brown

Duration
2014–

First appearance
Series 3, Episode 8

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; recurring

[show]Family

Father
Patrick Turner

Mother
Shelagh Turner

Brothers
Timothy Turner (half-brother), Edward "Teddy" Turner[1]

text: Angela is the adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner. She is first seen in the series 3 finale and is briefly seen in series 4 and 5 usually with Shelagh, Patrick or Timothy. She was born to a 16-year-old mother, and was put up for adoption after birth, when the Turners adopted her. It is mentioned in the series that she has a fear of squirrels.

text: Edward Turner[edit]

text:
Edward Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
TBC

Duration
2017–

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 8

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; recurring

[show]Family

Father
Patrick Turner

Mother
Shelagh Turner

text: Edward is the son of Shelagh and Patrick Turner, born in the final episode of series 6.

text: Violet Buckle[edit]

text:
Violet Buckle

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Annabelle Apsion

Duration
2015-

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Haberdashery owner, Girls' Brigade Leader

[show]Family

Husband
Bert Gee (deceased)
Fred Buckle (1960-)

text: Violet Buckle is the second wife of Fred Buckle. She owns her own haberdashery called Violet Gee. She has a son who lives in Plymouth. She also had a previous husband called Bert who was killed in the war like Fred's deceased wife. She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls' Brigade, replacing Patsy when she returns to Hong Kong.

text: Christopher Dockerill[edit]

text:
Christopher Dockerill

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jack Hawkins

Duration
2017–

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 5

Classification
Present; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Dentist

[show]Family

Wife
Moira (divorced)

Daughters
Alexandra Dockerill

text: Introduced in Series 6 when Trixie escorts a patient to see him who has a fear of dentists. After carrying out work on the woman which brings on her labour while he is in theatre, Trixie is forced to deliver the baby with his assistance after the general anaesthetic brings on labour. Later Trixie believes he's seeing another woman after he cancels a number of dates, but he tells her he has been looking after his daughter from a previous marriage.

text: Previous characters[edit]

text: Nurse Jenny Lee[edit]

text:
Jenny Lee

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jessica Raine
Vanessa Redgrave (mature)

Duration
2012–14

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 4, Episode 0

Introduced by
Herself

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife, nursing sister (Series 3)

text: Nurse Jenny Lee arrives at Nonnatus House in 1957, at the age of 22, completely unaware of the world she is about to enter. Believing she has accepted a job with a small private hospital, she is somewhat surprised to find she's moving into a convent. Furthermore, the deprivation of the East End is a huge culture shock for the young woman who has enjoyed a privileged upbringing in the home counties and spent time in Paris before training as a nurse. However, although initially shocked by the conditions in which her patients live, Jenny comes to accept the material limitations of the world in which she works and to love the people who must live there.

text: She went to London to escape her forbidden love to a married man, Gerald. Her best friend Jimmy arrives and although he makes her feel more at ease, he also makes things more complicated by revealing that he's in love with her. She turns him down and they remain friends. She becomes good friends with all of her colleagues and patients and always tries to help those around her. Toward the end of Series 2 and halfway through Series 3, she starts dating Alec, a friend of Jimmy's. After Alec's death and her return to Nonnatus House after taking time off to grieve, Jenny decides to begin working at the London Hospital in the Maternity Ward although she leaves soon after, not liking the hospital's policy of requiring impersonal relationships between nurses and their patients.

text: At the end of Series 3, she meets Phillip Worth (her future husband), the cousin of an expectant mother for whom she is caring and begins a relationship with him. She eventually decides to pursue a career change to care for those with terminal illnesses; she leaves Nonnatus House to work at the Marie Curie Hospital in Hampstead. It is shown in the Series 3 Christmas Special that she eventually married Phillip and started a family, and still kept in contact with the friends she made at Nonnatus House.

text: Camilla "Chummy" Noakes (née Fortescue-Cholmondeley-Browne)[edit]

text:
Camilla "Chummy" Noakes

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Miranda Hart

Duration
2012–15

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 2

Last appearance
Series 4, Episode 8

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse, Matron Aston Lodge

[show]Family

Family
Peter Noakes (husband), Fred Noakes (son), Lady Browne (mother)

text: By the end of Series 1, after a string of dates she marries Police Constable Peter Noakes. After clinic, she swaps her nursing uniform for a scouting one, as Akela of the local Wolf Cubs whom she leads with Fred - a role later taken on by Patsy. In Series 2, Chummy applies for a place as a CMS missionary in Sierra Leone, Africa. She is accepted and she and Peter move to Africa for six months. Upon their return, Chummy reveals that she is pregnant, much to the delight of her fellow nurses. In the final episode of Series 2 Chummy goes into labour and, despite complications, she gives birth to a son, Fred. Chummy once stated that she had never been happier than when she was at Nonnatus House. In series 4 Chummy, Peter and Freddie move to Aston Lodge mother and baby home, where Chummy is employed as the temporary, replacement matron.

text: Sister Evangelina[edit]

text:
Sister Evangelina

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Pam Ferris

Duration
2012–16

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 5, Episode 8

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nun, midwife and nurse

text: Sister Evangelina is the only one of the sisters who comes from the same tough, uncompromising background as the community they serve. Physically vigorous, she has a robust sense of humour. Her energy and drive make her extraordinarily effective at her job. However, she does not suffer fools gladly and her blunt speech and attitude often offend. She has a particularly contentious relationship with the aristocratic Sister Monica Joan, who often provokes her to breaking point. Growing up in poverty has toughened her up, making her a very comical character in the show.

text: Sister Evangelina knows a lot about the poverty and hardships in Poplar and often shares her insights with the young midwives. She is very close to Sister Julienne, to whom she often serves as a sounding board. In Series 3, it is revealed she has several siblings including an older brother who was killed on active service in a war and a younger brother, Vincent, who returns to her life after being absent for several years during her golden jubilee. It was seeing the birth of Vincent that inspired a young Sister Evangelina to become a nun during her formative years, a goal she achieved in 1909. In 1960 Sister Evangelina has to have an operation due to illness. Her pre-order name was Enid Atwood. In 1961, Sister Evangelina temporarily left Nonnatus House for an enclosed order. She returns in episode 7. She announces that she had a stroke 2 months after she left the convent and has now lost movement in her left arm. In episode 8, Sister Evangelina passes away following a second stroke.

text: Despite her gruff exterior and apparent lack of patience with others, she is deeply cherished and respected by not only her colleagues, but her Poplar community, a great many of whom she delivered—as evidenced by the masses who turned out to congratulate her on the occasion of her jubilee, and to pay their final respects two years later.

text: Sister Ursula[edit]

text:
Sister Ursula

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Harriet Walter

Duration
2017

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 4

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Sister-in-charge, nun, midwife and nurse

text: Sister Ursula arrives to replace Sister Julienne when she went to South Africa, as the new sister in charge in 1962. She appears to have a strict running form when the staff return following their return, clashing with Shelagh over the way clinic is run and the behaviour of Sister Monica Joan. Patsy and Delia appear to be keen for her to return to the mother house. She orders Sister Mary Cynthia to return to the mother house, before being informed of her sexual assault. She returns to the mother house after she is deemed unfit to run Nonnatus House.

text: Sister Mary Cynthia[edit]

text:
Sister Mary Cynthia

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Bryony Hannah

Duration
2012–17

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 6

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife; later nun (series 4-)

text: Nurse Cynthia Miller, like Trixie, is also a resident at Nonnatus House when Jenny arrives. She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls' Brigade.

text: Cynthia is the most sensitive of the young midwives, and gets very emotionally involved with some of her patients.

text: In Series 2, when a child she delivers dies, the people of Poplar suspect her of making a mistake that cost the baby its life. Cynthia begins to doubt her abilities, which takes a heavy toll on her work and health. She suffers a breakdown, but recovers with the help of Sister Julienne. An autopsy report confirms that the baby's death was due to lungs that never fully inflated. In the 2014 Christmas Special, Cynthia decides to become a postulant and leaves Nonnatus House for six months of training, promising Trixie and Patsy that she will return. In Series 4, Cynthia returns to Nonnatus House after her training is complete, having chosen the religious name of Sister Mary Cynthia. Though she now spends less time with her friends, she remains close to Trixie and ultimately convinces her to get help for her alcoholism. She is also close with Sister Winfred and Barbara.

text: In series 5 episode 6 Sister Mary Cynthia is violently attacked at the docks by a man. She thinks it is a test of faith but with the help of Sister Monica Joan, she goes to the police, and is able to return to her own quiet, kind religious self. But when Sister Ursula asks about her life vows, it becomes clear that the attack is still affecting her. In series 6, Sister Mary Cynthia is sent to the Mother House by Sister Ursula.

text: When Trixie returns to Poplar from South Africa, it is realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing from the Mother House. She is found in an asylum where she has been admitted as a patient, but it is apparent that she isn't getting the help she needs. Dr Turner and Sister Julienne work to get her discharged into their care, and send her to a community for mental health care. She reverts to her birth name Cynthia.

text: Patience "Patsy" Mount[edit]

text:
Patience "Patsy" Mount

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Emerald Fennell

Duration
2013–17

First appearance
Series 2, Episode 3

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 8

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse

text: Patsy is first seen in Series 2, episode 3, as a nurse in the male surgical ward at the London Hospital. She then appears in Series 3, Episode 5 as a new midwife. She is tall elegant and favours slightly tailored clothes and becoming the first midwife to wear trousers. She has a very brisk manner but later reveals that at the age of 9 that she and her mother and sister were sent to a Japanese war camp, and that she was the only one to survive of the three of them. Like Chummy before her, Patsy works with Fred as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts; she recruits Delia to help teach first aid. It is then seen in Series 4 that she has a very close friendship with veteran Nurse Trixie and new Nurse Barbara. She is also quite close to Sister Mary Cynthia and Sister Winifred. Patsy is seen to have a very close and romantic relationship with female surgical Nurse Delia Busby, with whom she had previously worked at the London. They plan to move into a flat together at the end of Series 4, but their future is shattered when Delia is involved in a cycling accident and suffers a serious head injury which results in amnesia, leaving her with no memory of Patsy. The amnesia is only temporary however and Patsy and Delia are reunited in Series 5 when Delia accepts an offer from Sister Julienne to live at Nonnatus House. Later in Series 5 Patsy and Delia go to the Gateways Club, a private club for lesbians. It is revealed in the Series 5 finale that Patsy and Delia are going to Paris together in Spring 1962. She shares a room with Nurse Trixie, replacing Jenny Lee. Series 6, sees her temporarily leave Nonnatus House after learning her father is dying in Hong Kong. Delia is upset that she can't go with her as support, as she is training to be a midwife. Following her father's death Patsy seemed to drop all correspondence with Delia, and it looked like she wouldn't return to Nonnatus House, but she came back to London on the day of Tom and Barbara's wedding.

text: Delia Busby[edit]

text:
Delia Busby

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Kate Lamb

Duration
2015–17

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 2

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 8

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Staff nurse at the London (until 1961), trainee midwife, nurse, St John Ambulance volunteer

text: Originally from Wales, Delia is a very close friend of Patsy's, having worked together in the London Hospital's male surgical ward. She resides in the hospital's nurses home,[5] and volunteers evenings for St John Ambulance. In her St John capacity, she works with Patsy's and Fred's scouts, principally teaching them first aid. She is revealed to be in a romantic relationship with Patsy, but together they conceal their feelings due to society's view of homosexuality at the time. At the end of Series 4, just as the two of them have found a flat to share, she is involved in a cycling accident which leaves her with amnesia, leaving Patsy heartbroken. By the following Christmas, she has regained her memories of Patsy and their relationship, and at the start of Series 5, despite continued efforts from her mother to take her home to Wales, Delia accepts Sister Julienne's invitation to board at Nonnatus House when she returns to work at the London in the coming months. By the end of series 5, she appears to be quite close to Trixie and Barbara, and is delighted when Trixie confides in her that she attends Alcoholics Anonymous each week.

text: In the final episode of series five Busby considers additional training as a midwife after successfully talking a young mother through her delivery over the telephone earlier in the series. Busby undertakes training in the following series.

text: Previous recurring characters[edit]

text: George Rainsford as James "Jimmy" Wilson (Series 1–2)

text: Jimmy is an old friend of Jenny's. In Series 1, Jimmy is madly in love with Jenny, even though she still pines for the married man, the reason she escaped to London. Jenny convinces Jimmy they are "just friends" and he stops pursuing her. In Series 2, the tables are turned when Jimmy returns, having graduated school and now working as a municipal surveyor/architect. Jenny sees Jimmy as a grown man for the first time which instantly turns her head, but unfortunately she discovers that Jimmy is engaged to pregnant Francine, whom Jenny met at the prenatal clinic. Jimmy and Francine marry and have a baby, Caroline.

text: Dorothy Atkinson as Jane Sutton (Series 2)

text: Jane is the medical orderly at Nonnatus House. She arrives to fill in for Chummy while she's in Africa. Jane is very shy and does not talk unless it is necessary. We later find out the reason for her being shy – her parents sent her to an asylum when she was young, leaving her with no self-esteem. Throughout the series, she grows in confidence and makes friends with her fellow nurses. She also finds love with Reverend Applebee-Thornton (Jason Watkins), a local Anglican priest. She does not return for Series 3, with a deleted scene from the 2013 Christmas special explaining that she has gone to nursing school.

text: Leo Staar as Alec Jesmond (Series 2–3)

text: Alec is a friend of Jimmy's who develops romantic feelings for Jenny. They eventually start dating after a long period in which Jenny continues to mourn her loss of Jimmy, but who encourages her to enjoy life and Alec. Alec and Jenny eventually date, but Jenny's abundant caution about affairs of the heart lead to a misunderstanding and argument. Castigating his co-worker in anger, Alec falls through an old staircase in the building they are renovating. In the hospital, his foot is amputated and he seems to be recovering. He later dies, thought to be because of a blood clot in his wounded leg, and his funeral is attended by a distraught Jenny and the other midwives and the nuns.

text: Cheryl Campbell as Lady Browne, Chummy's mother (Series 1, Series 3)

text: Lady Browne is Chummy's upper-class, snobby mother. She formerly lived in Madeira before she separated from Chummy's father. When she moved to Poplar she was diagnosed with TB and Cancer. In series 1 she was featured in the series finale before Chummy and Peter's wedding. She moved to Poplar in 1959 and was diagnosed with TB and cancer by Dr. Turner. She died peacefully in Chummy and Peter's bed in the series 3 finale.

text: Maxine Evans as Mrs. Busby, Delia's mother (Series 4–5)

text: Mrs. Busby is the mother of Delia Busby. Her first appearance was when Delia was in hospital with was the series finale of series 4, she was also seen in 1960 Christmas special, series 5, episode 1 and the series finale of series 5. She is still not happy that Delia has decided to stay in Poplar at the convent. She also seems not to accept her decision to become a midwife and doesn't really like Patsy. It is clear that, by the end of series 5, she is aware of Delia's and Patsy's sexual relationship and does not approve.