document_title: Mare Winningham

question_text: who plays susan grey on grey's anatomy

question_tokens: who plays susan grey on grey 's anatomy

text: Mare Winningham

text: Early life[edit]

text: This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Winningham was born in Phoenix, Arizona, and raised in Northridge, California.[2] She is the daughter of Marilyn Jean (née Maloney) and Sam Neal Winningham.[3][4][5] She has three brothers and one sister. Her father was the chairman of the Department of Physical Education at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and her mother was an English teacher and college counselor at Monroe High School. She credits her first interest in acting to seeing an interview with Kym Karath (who played Gretl in The Sound of Music) on Art Linkletter's television show House Party when she was five or six years old.

text: Winningham attended Andasol Ave. Elementary School, where her favorite activities included drama and playing the guitar and drums. She took the extended drama option at Patrick Henry Junior High School and continued to study over her summer vacations at CSUN's Teenage Drama Workshop. It was at this time that she adopted the nickname "Mare". Her mother arranged for her to go to Chatsworth High School. In grade 12, Winningham starred in a production of The Sound of Music, playing the part of Maria, opposite classmate Kevin Spacey as Captain Von Trapp.[6] She graduated co-valedictorian (with Spacey) of her high school class in 1977.[7]

text: Career[edit]

text: Acting[edit]

text: Winningham began her career as a singer-songwriter. In 1976 and 1977, she got her break singing The Beatles song "Here, There and Everywhere" on The Gong Show.[8] Though Winningham received no record contracts as result of the appearance, she was signed to an acting contract by Hollywood agent Meyer Mishkin, and received her Screen Actor's Guild card for doing three lines in an episode of James at 15. That year she was offered a role on Young Pioneers and Young Pioneers Christmas, pilots for the short-lived 1978 drama The Young Pioneers. Though the series ended with just three episodes being broadcast, a number of television projects followed, including parts on Police Woman in 1978 and Starsky and Hutch in 1979. Later that same year, she played the role of teenage outcast Jenny Flowers in the made-for-TV film The Death of Ocean View Park.

text: In 1980, Winningham starred in Off the Minnesota Strip playing a young prostitute. She then won an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress In A Miniseries Or A Movie for her role in the critically acclaimed Amber Waves, a television film about a rough farmer (Dennis Weaver) who finds he is dying of cancer.[1] In that year, she also broke into feature films with One Trick Pony, starring Paul Simon. In 1983, Winningham was nominated for a Canadian Genie Award for her work in the futuristic 1981 drama Threshold, and appeared in the 1983 epic miniseries The Thorn Birds, in which she played Justine O'Neill. In 1984, she starred as Helen Keller in Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues.[2]

text: Winningham achieved greater fame co-starring in St. Elmo's Fire (1985), alongside the other original "brat pack" alumni.[2] Despite the film's success, she failed to cash in on her teen idol status, and returned to television in the Hallmark Hall of Fame movie, Love Is Never Silent, for which she received an Emmy nomination. Another well-known and well-received performance was as a homeless young mother in the television movie God Bless the Child. Winningham finished the 1980s with two Hollywood films: the nuclear disaster drama, Miracle Mile (1988), for which she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination in 1989, and the Tom Hanks vehicle Turner & Hooch in 1989. In 1988, Winningham also starred in the Los Angeles stage production of Hurlyburly with Sean Penn and Danny Aiello.

text: In the early 1990s, she returned to film for 1994's all-star Wyatt Earp and the family drama The War, both starring Kevin Costner. 1995 brought Georgia, a thoughtful character study of two sisters (Winningham and Jennifer Jason Leigh), which earned Winningham Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award nominations.[2] Two years later, she starred opposite Gary Sinise in George Wallace, for which she garnered her first Golden Globe Award nomination[9] and won an Emmy Award.[1]

text: She made acclaimed appearances on the series ER and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, as well as appearances in the 2001 television project Sally Hemmings opposite Sam Neill and the short-lived David E. Kelley series The Brotherhood of Poland, New Hampshire. Also in 2001, she appeared in the made-for-TV movie Snap Decision with Felicity Huffman. She also appeared in the independent film Dandelion, which was a staple of film festivals worldwide between 2003 and 2004 and had a limited American release in October 2005.

text: In 2006, she landed the role of Susan Grey on the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy where she played the stepmother of one of the main characters, Dr. Meredith Grey. Her character was killed off in May 2007.[2] In 2006, Winningham voiced the audio version of Stephen King's Lisey's Story. In 2007, she voiced Alice Hoffman's Skylight Confessions. In 2010, Winningham starred in an episode of Cold Case as main character Lilly Rush's stepmother, Celeste Cooper.[10] In 2011 she appeared in the fourth episode of Torchwood: Miracle Day as character Ellis Hartley Monroe.[11] She also starred in miniseries Mildred Pierce and Hatfields & McCoys and garnered another two Emmy nominations.[1] In 2012, she appeared Off-Broadway as Beth, the mother in an intellectual, though dysfunctional, British family, in the award-winning comic-drama Tribes by Nina Raine.

text: Music[edit]

text: This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Winningham has alternated her film career with a music career, and has used some of her films as a way to showcase her singing. She can be heard singing a few bars of "Me and Bobby McGee" in One Trick Pony. In 1981, she played a teenage runaway with an aspiration to become a singer in the TV film Freedom, and sang six songs in the film, all written by Janis Ian. She appeared as a club singer in the film Teresa's Tattoo, and sang three songs in the film Georgia.

text: Winningham has recorded four albums:[2] What Might Be (1992) on the Bay Cities label, Lonesomers (1998) produced by Carla Olson on the Razor and Tie label, and Refuge Rock Sublime (2007) on the Craig & Co. label. Lonesomers is a folksy album dealing with relationship issues. The country/bluegrass/Jewish/folk songs on Refuge Rock Sublime deal mostly with her recent conversion to Judaism, and include the tracks, "What Would David Do," "A Convert Jig" and the Israeli national anthem "Hatikva". Winningham released her fourth album What's Left Behind independently on digital outlets in March 2014.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Winningham was raised a Roman Catholic. In November 2001, on a friend's recommendation, she took a class given by Rabbi Neal Weinberg at the University of Judaism (now the American Jewish University) in Los Angeles. On March 3, 2003, she converted to Judaism.[12] She has been married three times: to A. Martinez (1981–81), William Mapel (1981–96) and Jason Trucco (2008–12).[citation needed]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
1992: What Might Be
1998: Lonesomers
2007: Refuge Rock Sublime
2014: What's Left Behind

tag: ul

text: Awards and nominations[edit]


document_title: When Calls the Heart

question_text: where is the tv series when calls the heart filmed

root

text: When Calls the Heart

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher (Erin Krakow), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta. There, life is simple—but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton (Daniel Lissing). He believes Thatcher’s wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate’s daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 1, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed.

tag: p

text: Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son—along with 45 other miners—have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen—a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired112January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)27April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)New Year's WishDecember 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)38February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)ChristmasDecember 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)410February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)The Christmas Wishing TreeDecember 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)510February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)

tag: table

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton
Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5)
Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton
Jack Wagner as Bill Avery
Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen
Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter
Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd
Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter
Eva Bourne as Clara Weller Stanton
Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn
Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings
Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley
Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey
Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan
Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan
Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery
Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery
Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery
Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery
Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam
Ava Grace Cooper as Opal
Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher
Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton
Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton
Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings
Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher
Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher
Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher
Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington
Josie Bissett as AJ Foster
Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock
Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery
Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan
Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson
Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar
Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar
Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves
Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4)
Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4)

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie.  Elizabeth was in her mid-20's when she found herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher, and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, "Prelude to a Kiss" (also titled as "Final Adieu"), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth "You're the one, you're the only one" and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss. Season 3 continues the love story of Jack and Elizabeth, all leading up to Jack's marriage proposal in season 4 "My Heart Will Go On." The two wed in season 5's "My Heart Is Yours." Just days into their marriage, Jack is given a new assignment and leaves. He is killed (offscreen) in season 5's "In My Dreams." In the season 5 finale, "Close to My Heart," Elizabeth finds out she is pregnant with Jack's baby.
Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In "Rules of Engagement" (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In "Prelude to a Kiss" (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, "You're the one, you're the only one." She replied that she was "not going anywhere", Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, "With All My Heart." They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's "Trials of the Heart," and their rocky relationship continues until "Coming Together, Coming Apart." Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In "Hearts In Question," Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, "Prayers From The Heart," Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding. Jack proposes to Elizabeth in season 4's "My Heart Will Go On," the night before he leaves for a new Mountie assignment. In season 5's "My Heart Is Yours," Jack and Elizabeth finally wed. Days into their new marriage, Jack receives a new assignment and leaves. He is killed (offscreen) in season 5's "In My Dreams," but his legacy will live on in his wife and their unborn child.
Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman whose husband and son died in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends.  When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage, Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's. In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan.  Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth. In season 3, Abigail takes in two orphans, Becky Hastings, and her younger brother Cody. In season 4's "Heart of A Fighter," Abigail legally adopts Becky and Cody. Abigail serves as one of Elizabeth's matrons of honor in season 5's "My Heart Is Yours."
Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's "Rules of Engagement," in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's "Heart's Desire."
Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town. In season 5, however, Henry seems to be turning into a new man, coming to the aid of the town often and actually helping Bill catch a criminal red-handed in season 5's "In My Dreams."
Rosemary "Rosie" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as "the competition," but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In "Heart Of A Hero," seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is "the best part of his life." The couple shares in their first kiss. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In "Heartbreak," Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another "role" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In "Hearts In Question," Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale "Prayers From The Heart," with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor. Rosemary is one of Elizabeth's matrons of honor in season 5's "My Heart Is Yours."
Leland "Lee" Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley.  He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her.  When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities.  Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her.  With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in "Heart and Home."  When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laid back outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's "Heart Of A Hero," Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode "Heartbreak," Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, "Prayers From The Heart." Jack serves the role of Lee's best man. Lee returns the honor for Jack in season 5's "My Heart Is Yours." In season 4's "Heart of A Fighter," we learn that Lee lost his brother Patrick at a young age.
Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship.
Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in "Secrets and Lies."  Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in "Cease and Desist." She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In "These Games," she also helps Jack catch a thief.
Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In "Heart and Home," Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken.  While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley.
Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will "say that she loves her more than life itself." Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Lee feels it's time to "play hard to get" with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town.
Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman.  Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's "Trials of the Heart;" with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In "Heart's Desire," Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts.
Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[11] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[12]

text: The series was renewed for a second season,[13] which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016,[14] with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season.[15]

text: In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017.[16][17]

text: Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017.[18][19]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015.[20] The network has since aired all five seasons.[21][22] The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017.


document_title: United States two-dollar bill

question_text: when was the $2 bill last printed

question_tokens: when was the $ 2 bill last printed

text: United States two-dollar bill

text: Denomination overview[edit]

text: The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862.[1] The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production.[2] The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two-dollar denomination was resumed and the two-dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then.[3] It was estimated that if the two-dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one-dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($109 million adjusted for inflation)[4] over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs.[5]

text: However, due to their limited use, two-dollar bills are not frequently reissued in a new series like other denominations which are printed according to demand.[6] Though some cash registers accommodate it, its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins. Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two-dollar bills, even if the fact is not stated on the label.[7] Although they usually are not handed out arbitrarily, two-dollar bills are usually available at banks. Many banks stocking $2 bills will not use them except upon specific request by the customer, and even then, may cause a delay with a trip to the vault.[8]

text: Rarity[edit]

text: The seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note. Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation. After its initial release, supplies of the Series 1976 $2 bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 began to be printed. This series was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.[9]

text: Today, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production. According to the Treasury, it "receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation".[10] In response, the Treasury stated: "The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations... As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide."

text: Things such as unusual serial numbers (example: A11111111A), and replacement notes designated by a star can raise the collector value. "Collectible" $2 bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding special graphics with a computer printer. However, they are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors' market.[11]

text: Certain conventions and tourism/convention bureaus capitalize on the rarity of $2 bills in circulation, encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring. Sometimes known as "SpendTom" campaigns, the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder. Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: Large size notes[edit]

text: (approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)

text: In March 1862, the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is unlike the portrait used currently for the $10 bill. The continental congress based on defending the United States, released on June 25, 1776, began to authorize $2 credit, the circulation of 49000 copies. Pass two dollars bill was first used in March 1862. Between 1966 and 1976, two dollar notes were not printed.

text: By 1869, the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse. This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE. The reverse was completely redesigned. This series was again revised in 1874, changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting, adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C., and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE. The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue. This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time.[13]

text: National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 (Lazy Duce) on the obverse, the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield.[14]

text: In 1886, the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued. This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse.[15]

text: Two-dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.[16]

text: In 1896, the "Educational Series" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture. The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. By 1899, however, The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics.[17]

text: The only large-sized, Federal Reserve Note–like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note. Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a border-less portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship.[18]

text: Beginning in the 1950s, production of $2 bills began to decrease. The relative scarcity of the bills lead some to start saving any they found, with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation. Currently, the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1% of the U.S. currency in circulation.

text: Because they are scarce in circulation, many believe the myth that $2 bills are no longer being produced, but the Bureau of Engraving and Printing Web site lists the $2 bill as one of the US Currency Small Denominations.

text: Small size notes[edit]

text: (6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)

text: In 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right.[19]

text: In 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO. The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.[20]

text: The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello.[21] And, because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse. These $2 bills were officially discontinued in August 1966, although they remain legal tender.

text: On April 13, 1976, the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost-saving measure.[22] Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note. The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson. A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes. Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial, it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse. An engraved rendition (not an exact reproduction) of John Trumbull's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse. First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date "APR 13 1976". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed.

text: Currently, stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value. If the bills were stamped in an exotic place, the value may be slightly higher. However, no first day issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable.

text: Despite their age, crisp, uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable. These notes were saved and hoarded upon their original issue and are plentiful today. A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value. If the note is circulated, then it is only worth its $2 face value.

text: In 1996 and 1997, 153,600,000 bills were printed[23] as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta. In 2004, 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks. In all, 220,800,000 notes were printed. [24]

text: In February 2012, the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes, in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012. Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012.[25][26]

text: In November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.[27]

text: Series dates[edit]

text: Large size[edit]

text:
Type
Series
Registerα
Treasurerα
Sealα
Notes

Legal Tender Note
1862
Lucius E. Chittenden
F.E. Spinner
Small Red w/rays
Also called a "Greenback".

Legal Tender Note
1869
John Allison
F.E. Spinner
Large Red
Nicknamed: "Rainbow Note" from its
red, white, and blue colors.[28]

Legal Tender Note
1874
John Allison
F.E. Spinner
Small Red w/rays

Legal Tender Note
1875
John Allison
New & Wyman
Small Red w/rays

Legal Tender Note
1878
Allison & Scofield
James Gilfillan
Small Red w/rays
Scofield/Gilfillan combo is scarce

Legal Tender Note
1880
Scofield, Bruce,
Rosecrans, and Tillman
Gilfillan, Wyman, Huston,
Nebeker, and Morgan
Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped

Legal Tender Note
1917
Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman
John Burke & White
Small Red scalloped

National Bank Note
Original
Colby, Jeffries, and Allison
F.E. Spinner
Small Red w/rays
Jeffries/Spinner combo is very rare

National Bank Note
1875
Allison & Scofield
New, Wyman, and Gilfillan
Small Red scalloped
Nicknamed: "Lazy Deuce" along with
the original series from the position
of the "2" on the note.[29]

Silver Certificate
1886
William S. Rosecrans
Jordan, Hyatt, and Huston
Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped

Silver Certificate
1891
William S. Rosecrans
Benjamin Harrison
Large Red

Silver Certificate
1891
Rosecrans & Tillman
Nebecker & Morgan
Small Red scalloped

Silver Certificate
1896
Tillman & Bruce
Morgan & Roberts
Small Red w/rays
Part of the "Educational Series".

Silver Certificate
1899
Lyons, Vernon, Napier,
Parker, Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman
Roberts, Treat, McClung,
Thompson, Burke, and White
Blue

Treasury Note
1890
William S. Rosecrans
Huston & Nebecker
Large Brown
& Small Red scalloped

Treasury Note
1890
William S. Rosecrans
Benjamin Harrison
Large Red

Treasury Note
1891
Rosecrans, Tillman, and Bruce
Nebecker, Morgan, and Roberts
Small Red scalloped

Federal Reserve Bank Note
1918
Teehee & Elliott
John Burke
Blue
Nicknamed: "Battleship note" from
the reverse design.[30]

text: Small size[edit]

text:
Type
Series
Treasurerα
Secretaryα
Seal

Legal Tender Note
1928, 1928-A to G
Tate, Woods, Julian,
Clark
Mellon, Mills, Morgenthau,
Vinson, Snyder
Red

Legal Tender Note
1953, 1953-A to C
Priest, Smith, Granahan
Humphrey, Anderson, Dillon
Red

Legal Tender Note
1963, 1963-A
Kathryn E. Granahan
Dillon & Fowler
Red

Federal Reserve Note
1976
Francine I. Neff
William E. Simon
Green

Federal Reserve Note
1995
Mary Ellen Withrow
Robert E. Rubin
Green

Federal Reserve Note
2003
Rosario Marin
John W. Snow
Green

Federal Reserve Note
2003-A
Anna Escobedo Cabral
John W. Snow
Green

Federal Reserve Note
2009
Rosa Gumataotao Rios
Timothy F. Geithner
Green

Federal Reserve Note
2013
Rosa Gumataotao Rios
Jack Lew
Green

text: Visual snapshot[edit]

text: A chronological display of the American two-dollar bill.

text: Usage[edit]

text: Over 4.3 million $2 bills are entered at the American currency-tracking Web site Where's George?[32] Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy.[33]

text: Use of the two-dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights, particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises.[34][35] Two dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged, especially in strip clubs. This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single, higher-denomination bill as the lowest common note in use.[36]

text: The use of the two-dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area. The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened to no longer play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations. Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw (Clemson's logo) on the note as a sign of its origin.[37]

text: During the 1930s, the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet. Because of the German and Jewish influence, the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a "zwei-buck", and the upper right corner "2" was sometimes torn off to increase the luck.

text: Incidents[edit]

text: The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale, as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill.

text: In 2005, a man was jailed for attempting to use legally circulating $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place.[38]

text: In 2016, a 13-year-old girl was detained by police, and prevented from eating lunch that day, for attempting to use a legally circulating $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria.[39]

text: Uncut currency sheets[edit]

text: Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings. Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills. Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston (A), New York (B), Atlanta (F), Chicago (G), Minneapolis (I), and Dallas (K) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation. Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced, although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made. All two dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth, Texas.[24][40][41]

text: Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes. A 32-subject sheet, which is the original size sheet on which the notes are printed, is available. Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32-subject sheet. These include half (16-note), quarter (8-note), and eighth (4-note) sheets for $2 bills. Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values.[42] Uncut sheets of large size notes (issued before 1928) also exist, but are extremely rare.[43]

text: Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple Inc., has been using $2 banknotes separated from 4-bill uncut sheets (glued together into pads), to surprise merchants and waiters; also, because of notes' unusual appearance, he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent.[44][45]


document_title: Karen Walker (Will & Grace)

question_text: when does stan die in will and grace

question_tokens: when does stan die in will and grace

text: Karen Walker (Will & Grace)

text: Fictional character history[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Karen Delaney was born on January 16, 1959 (which is revealed in the show's season 8). Karen had a difficult childhood, thanks in part to her unstable relationship with her mother, Lois Whitley (played by Suzanne Pleshette), a con artist who incorporated her young daughter into her schemes. Karen has made many references in the show to her education and her maiden name, Delaney, which suggest she is of Irish-American background.

text: Although she tries to keep her age secret, Jack revealed that she was 42 in 2001, meaning she was born in January 1959. She has been married four times — her first husband's surname was St. Croix, her second husband was named Popeil (a reference to the American culinary businessman/entrepreneur Ron Popeil), her third was Stan Walker (married since 1995), and she was married for 20 minutes to Lyle Finster (John Cleese) in May 2004. As of the end of the series, she is still married to Stanley (see below), who has two children of his own, Olivia and Mason. She has intimated an illicit relationship with Ronald Reagan. Karen also goes under the alias "Anastasia Beaverhausen" ("Anastasia as in Russian royalty, Beaverhausen as in ... where the beaver lives") and also once used the alias Pilar Palabundar to "beat up businessmen for cash in Chinatown." Other alias was Lupita, used when she had an affair with a hotel janitor while trying to pass as a maid using Rosario's uniform. Her real name may not, in fact, be Karen, as she changes her name from time to time to "throw off the Feds." Her mother refers to her as "Kiki", which was her childhood nickname. She has made more than one reference to attending Sarah Lawrence College, which contradicts one comment she makes to Grace that makes it seem as though she had not attended college. She is noted also for her shrill, squeaky voice; in one episode in the third season, Karen inhales helium from a balloon, only for the gas to have absolutely no effect on her voice. She is also noted for her addiction to prescription drugs and alcohol.

text: Karen seems to have had a background in acting (including a performance in a soft core adult film as a naughty maid); however she vowed never to act again after her part as a bank teller in the TV show Mama's Family was cut. (Her one line was: "Would you like that in fives, tens, or fifteens?" delivered in a Southern accent). She has also spoken of a two-episode character arc in Dynasty.

text: Karen tends to have trouble separating stories she has read, seen, or heard about with her actual life. On one occasion she explains that she loves family and then recites the story of Heidi, claiming it as her own. Another situation involves Karen's fear of elevators. She and Jack are walking up the stairs of a skyscraper because she refuses to use the elevator. Jack asks her why she's afraid of elevators, and she recounts the opening scene of the movie Speed. She has also described the events of Norma Rae and To Sir, with Love as her own life experiences.

text: Overview[edit]

text: Connection to other characters[edit]

text: To entertain herself, Karen takes a job as personal assistant to interior designer Grace Adler. Though she rarely accomplishes any work, she keeps the job because it gets her "away from Stan and the kids", as she once told an intern. Karen actually quits Grace Adler Designs twice. First, when Grace found Karen in a dominatrix film and Karen was horribly embarrassed, and second, when Karen does a design job all on her own and Grace takes credit for it. In the first instance, Karen returned to the company at the end of the episode because Grace gave her 49 copies of the film (Grace keeps one—totaling 50) so "no one would have to see the tape again." The second time, Karen returned in the next episode. She becomes Jack's assistant at "Out TV", but she gets fired because she and Jack couldn't keep a professional relationship, and she then returned to Grace like "nothing ever happened", even though she remarks, "I missed you".

text: Despite her incompetence, Grace never fires her because of the business benefits from Karen's social contacts; Karen also pays for Grace's health insurance and Christmas bonus. For a long time, Karen never cashed any of the paychecks she was given because, being rich, she didn't need to; also, Karen and Grace had made a deal that, in exchange for not cashing the checks, Karen was not required to actually do any work. Instead, she kept them in a shoebox on her desk because she thought they were "pretty little blue pieces of paper." In one episode, when Stan cuts down on her extravagant spending habits, she cashes all her paychecks at once, nearly bankrupting Grace. Karen gives the money back to Grace in the end.

text: Karen and Grace are very close friends, despite Karen's constant criticisms and insults regarding Grace's clothing choices and personal life (often dismissing Grace's wardrobe with the comment "Honey, what is this? What's going on here?" What are we trying to say?"). Karen and Grace's best friend Will Truman initially dislike each other, but they gradually become friends as well. Through Grace, she also meets Jack McFarland, and they become inseparable best friends.

text: Karen's home life[edit]

text: For the first few seasons of the show, Karen lives with husband Stan Walker. Karen met Stan Walker in 1985, brushing off three simultaneous relationships (with Martina Navratilova, Sultan Habibi Shoshani Padush Al-Kabir, and a man named Clayton) to be with him, only to learn that Stan was married. After going through two other marriages, she finally got together with Stan 10 years later. At some point before this, she also agreed to appear in the fetishistic porn film Next to Godliness, a dominatrix flick. Stan is an obese man who was credited with keeping Taco Bell and Pizza Hut in business, and who has worn a toupee since his teens.

text: Stan was a mostly unseen character during the show's run, despite being mentioned in many episodes. His hands and legs were shown in the episode "New Will City" but his face never was shown. His two children, Mason (known to Karen as "the fat one") and Olivia ("the girl"), by Stan's previous wife were often left in the incompetent care of Karen.

text: In the fourth season, Stan is jailed for tax evasion and tells Karen to date other men. She cannot bring herself to do so until she meets rich bachelor Lionel Banks (Rip Torn), but just as their affair begins, Stan is released from jail. However, after Karen catches Stan with his mistress Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver)—a cafeteria worker at the prison—the couple separate, and Karen moves into the Palace hotel. After beginning divorce proceedings at the end of the fifth season, Stan dies suddenly. Despite cruelly mocking him for years, Karen is genuinely saddened by his death.

text: During season six, Karen pursues romantic liaisons and eventually marries Lyle Finster (John Cleese), Lorraine's father. However, after 20 minutes of marriage, she asks for a divorce upon realizing that Lyle puts his own needs ahead of hers.

text: Karen becomes the head of Walker, Inc., upon Stan's death. However, at the end of season seven, it is revealed that Stan faked his death and had actually been in hiding. Karen begins dating Malcolm (Alec Baldwin), a government agent who had helped Stan go underground. However, she ultimately reconciles with Stan, and Malcolm leaves on a government mission to Sri Lanka. Later in the eighth season, however, Karen and Stan experience significant marital difficulties. They finally choose to divorce, only for Karen to learn—in season eight's finale—that his money is borrowed and that, as a result, she is now broke.

text: Karen then pressures Jack into a relationship with Beverley Leslie (played by Leslie Jordan), who is wealthy enough to support Jack—and in turn keep Karen in the extravagant lifestyle to which she is accustomed. Though he is not attracted to Beverley, Jack goes ahead with the scheme because Karen had financially supported him for the whole of their relationship. Karen realizes that she is doing to Jack what her mother did to her, and tells him that she cares more about his happiness than the money. Beverley, who had been in the bathroom, then comes out to an empty bedroom, looks for Jack on the outside balcony and, being 4'11 and 100 lbs., is swept to his death by a gust of wind. Beverley had left his over $100 million estate to Jack. Jack happily became the provider in his relationship with Karen, which has otherwise not changed. The series finale shows that—until at least 2028—Karen, Jack, and Rosario share an extravagant penthouse apartment together, and, thanks to plastic surgery, Karen appears to have not aged a day.

text: When the series was revived in 2017, however, the events of the finale were written off as one of Karen's alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Karen is still married to Stan and still independently wealthy, and has become of a member of First Lady Melania Trump's inner circle.[2]

text: Other relationships[edit]

text: Rosario[edit]

text: Karen is very close to her maid Rosario Salazar (played by Shelley Morrison), whom she met and hired in 1985. Although the duo often bicker and fight, it is only part of the bond they share. In the beginning of the series, it seems that Rosario didn't speak much English, and Karen has a hard time communicating with her. Karen's way of giving Rosario orders is to add the letter "o" to the end of every word she says (e.g., "Enougho with the April Fresho. *hangs up the phone* Right now she's calling me a bitcho"). In another example of miscommunication, Karen ends phone calls with Rosario by saying "hola", which means "hello" in Spanish and not "goodbye". When Rosario is first seen on-camera at the end of the first season, it is revealed that she speaks English fluently and that Karen is merely being patronizing. In a later season, we see Karen forced to live in an apartment block she owns in Spanish Harlem as punishment for failing to bring the building to code. She is seen in this episode screeching at a child in the street in fluent Spanish In the final episode of the first season, Karen arranges for Rosario to marry Jack so she can get a Green Card. At the wedding, Will observes "the most uncomfortable kiss since Richard Gere and Jodie Foster in Summersby."

text: Karen and Rosario have a love-hate relationship: They have frequent, volatile arguments that end with them embracing each other and emotionally declaring their affection for each other. Rosario affectionately calls Karen "mami" from time to time, when they're not trading insults. The only low points occur when Karen loses Rosario in a bet to her nemesis Beverley Leslie and when Karen fires Rosario after discovering she had hidden the truth about Stan being alive. In "Saving Grace, Again (2)" it is suggested that Karen uses Rosario as a horse or at least treats her like one because she asks Jack if "winter white is a good color for Rosario's saddlebag" and in "Cheatin' Trouble Blues", after climbing up numerous flights of stairs, said, "Well, if I'd known we were gonna do all this walking, I would've saddled up Rosario, like when we go to Greece!"

text: In the 2017 revived series, Rosario dies of a heart attack. Karen keeps up an uncaring facade for days afterward, though does arrange a funeral for her to be the quinceañera, though loses her nerve and flees the funeral before it starts, drowning her sorrows at a nearby bar. However, she does bid Rosario a quietly emotional goodbye when she is alone with the casket, and tells her she was her best friend.

text: Gin[edit]

text: Karen has a sister named Gin, played by Bernadette Peters.[3][4] According to Gin, Karen rigged a floorboard during a game of Twister so she would fall through, hurt herself, and end her career in dance. Gin always mentions how one of her legs is now shorter than the other due to the incident. Later, Gin admits she rigged the floorboard as a cry for attention.[5]

text: Lois Whitley[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Lois, played by Suzanne Pleshette, is Karen's mother who appears in the episode "Someone Old, Someplace New". Jack is making a movie called The Mystery of Karen Walker and while making the movie he meets Lois. At the end of the episode Karen and Lois see each other for the first time in many years. Karen says "I told you I never wanted to see you again." It is later revealed that Lois made a living as a con artist during Karen's childhood and adolescence, implicating Karen in many of her schemes. As a result of this unconventional upbringing, Karen decided to distance herself from her mother, presumably in an attempt to lead a more stable life. However, the fruit does not fall far from the tree, as Karen's long, colorful history of multiple marriages and desire to "throw the feds off" proves. They forgive each other in the next episode, "Something Borrowed, Someone's Due", but Lois wants to do one last job: conning an elderly shut-in out of his fortune. Karen would appear to be a down-on-her-luck daughter who is so "slow" that she was a cheerleader who never stopped clapping. While doing this Karen makes Lois sign a paper saying she will never pull another con with Karen again, and Karen notarizes it; she reveals that she is a legal notary from a Chicago job they once pulled. The job fails when the old man's daughter gets a restraining order on Lois; then Lois and Karen make amends.

text: Other rivals[edit]

text: Karen's arch rivals include, but are not limited to, Beverley Leslie (played by Leslie Jordan), Lorraine Finster (played by Minnie Driver), Anita Bryant, Candice Bergen (who is also Karen's best friend, referring to running into her at a restaurant as "a nightmare-slash-delightful"), and Marlo Thomas (Karen hates her, but likes her husband, Phil Donahue). Further enemies include Scott Woolley (played by Jeff Goldblum), whom she jilted in high school; Candace Pruitt (whom Karen refers to as "Candy" Pruitt; played by Christine Ebersole), who once said that Karen's voice sounded "like someone strangling an old macaw"; and Helena Barnes (played by Joan Collins), a famous interior designer. Karen often openly insults or ridicules her enemies, while simultaneously thinking of them as her friends. Karen has a tendency to stumble upon becoming aware of her physical proximity to certain rivals. The most notable occurrence of this physical reaction occurs during her encounters with Beverley Leslie.

text: Personality[edit]

text: With other staff and help, Karen is deliberately patronizing, referring to them solely by their title both in conversation and to their face: "Driver", "Butler", "Private Detective", "Pharmacist", "Back-Up Pharmacist", et cetera, and even refers to Will as "Lawyer" on occasion. She does this even when they are doing other jobs ("Cook sometimes cleans, Cleaner sometimes cooks, Driver sometimes provides an alibi ..."). This rude tone is not limited to her employees, as she looks down on or openly mocks most people she meets, even her friends. Karen is often cruel to her staff at home, training them to run when she enters a room. Other times she berates them, but somehow this comes across as an act of affection.

text: Sometimes Karen unintentionally reveals to her friends a softer side. In one such incident, Karen's husband has an apparent heart attack. Karen discovers that her friends have placed a bet to see who can get her to cry first, so she punishes each of them by leading them on to think she might break down in their presence. In the end, it is revealed that it was not a heart attack but rather acute angina. She then has an emotional breakdown over the incident, during which Grace stumbles in and consoles her. Another episode sees Karen and Jack in her mansion with her refusing to let him enter 'the forbidden room'. When Jack finally gains access he discovers it is a nursery which Karen had prepared during a pregnancy scare in an earlier season. Although she agrees to change the room into a liquor storage room, she quickly changes her mind and the audience sees her stony facade crumble.

text: In one episode, Jack accidentally gives away her favorite shoes to charity, and she rushes to buy them back, only to find that a poor woman is about to buy them. Karen gives the woman $500 for the shoes, and admonishes Jack not to tell anyone.

text: Sexuality and gender[edit]

text: Karen frequently implies that she's attracted to other women, and has hinted that she has slept with members of the same gender.[6] She makes frequent references to Grace being secretly attracted to her, and vice versa. Also, she has made several remarks suggesting that she may be transgender: for example, when Karen and Jack visit a bowling alley, Karen says, "When I was a boy I worked in a supermarket".

text: After Will & Grace[edit]

text: Walker's persona has appeared in advertisements for The Megan Mullally Show, which debuted in September 2006 and which was canceled in January 2007. In one, Karen asks Megan to take her along. In another, Karen tries to pass for Megan at a meeting with studio executives until she is caught by Mullally and they begin to physically struggle with each other.

text: Mullally once again donned a Walker persona in an episode of The Megan Mullally Show which featured Andy Dick.

text: In late September 2016, just over a decade after the Will & Grace series finale had first aired, Mullally appeared in a nearly 10-minute Will & Grace webisode as Karen, alongside Eric McCormack (Will), Debra Messing (Grace), Sean Hayes (Jack), and Shelley Morrison (Rosario). In the webisode, Karen announces that she is going to vote for Donald Trump in the presidential election, much to the chagrin of the other characters.

text: Karen: The Musical[edit]

text: In 2009, Mullally announced that she was developing a Broadway musical entitled Karen: The Musical, which was to be the "return of Karen Walker".[7] However, when the project was brought up during a 2013 interview, Mullally revealed that it had been abandoned after she lost the rights to the Karen Walker character.[8]


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks

question_text: who scored a hat trick in a world cup final

text: List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks

text: List[edit]

text:
Key

Player's team lost the match

text:
FIFA World Cup hat-tricks

#
G
Player
Time of goals
For
Goals
Result
Against
Tournament
Round
Date
FIFA
report

7000100000000000000♠1.

Bert Patenaude
7001100000000000000♠10', 15', 50'
 United States
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000330000000000000♠ 3–0
 Paraguay
1930, Uruguay
8 Group stage
000000001930-07-17-000017 July 1930
report

7000200000000000000♠2.

Guillermo Stábile
7000800000000000000♠8', 17', 80'
 Argentina
1–0, 3–0, 6–3
7000360000000000000♠ 6–3
 Mexico
8Group stage
000000001930-07-19-000019 July 1930
report

7000300000000000000♠3.

Pedro Cea
7001180000000000000♠18', 67', 72'
 Uruguay
1–1, 5–1, 6–1
7000560000000099999♠ 6–1
 Yugoslavia
3Semi-final
000000001930-07-27-000027 July 1930
report

7000400000000000000♠4.

Angelo Schiavio
7001180000000000000♠18', 29', 64'
 Italy
1–0, 3–0, 5–1
7000670000000000000♠ 7–1
 United States
1934, Italy
8First round
000000001934-05-27-000027 May 1934
report

7000500000000000000♠5.

Edmund Conen
7001660000000000000♠66', 70', 87'
 Germany
3–2, 4–2, 5–2
7000350000000000000♠ 5–2
 Belgium
8First round
000000001934-05-27-000027 May 1934
report

7000600000000000000♠6.

Oldřich Nejedlý
7001190000000000000♠19', 71', 80'
 Czechoslovakia
1–0, 2–1, 3–1
7000230000000099999♠ 3–1
 Germany
3Semi-final
000000001934-06-03-00003 June 1934
report

7000700000000000000♠7.
4
Ernst Wilimowski
7001530000000000000♠53', 59', 89', 118'
 Poland
2–3, 3–3, 4–4, 5–6
6998950000000000000♠ 5–6 aet
 Brazil
1938, France
8First round
000000001938-06-05-00005 June 1938
report

7000800000000000000♠8.

Leônidas
7001180000000000000♠18', 93', 104'
 Brazil
1–0, 5–4, 6–4
7000160000000000000♠ 6–5 aet
 Poland

7000900000000000000♠9.

Gustav Wetterström
7001320000000000000♠32', 37', 44'
 Sweden
2–0, 3–0, 4–0
7000880000000000000♠ 8–0
 Cuba
5Quarter-final
000000001938-06-12-000012 June 1938
report

7001100000000000000♠10.

Harry Andersson
7000900000000000000♠9', 81', 89'
 Sweden
1–0, 6–0, 8–0
7000880000000000000♠ 8–0
 Cuba

7001110000000000000♠11.

Óscar Míguez
7001140000000000000♠14', 45', 56'
 Uruguay
1–0, 4–0, 5–0
7000880000000000000♠ 8–0
 Bolivia
1950, Brazil
8Group stage
000000001950-07-02-00002 July 1950
report

7001120000000000000♠12.
4
Ademir
7001170000000000000♠17', 36', 52', 58'
 Brazil
1–0, 2–0, 4–0, 5–0
7000670000000000000♠ 7–1
 Sweden
2Final round
000000001950-07-09-00009 July 1950
report

7001130000000000000♠13.

Sándor Kocsis
7001240000000000000♠24', 36', 50'
 Hungary
3–0, 4–0, 5–0
7000990000000000000♠ 9–0
 South Korea
1954, Switzerland
8Group stage
000000001954-06-17-000017 June 1954
report

7001140000000000000♠14.

Erich Probst
7000400000000000000♠4', 21', 24'
 Austria
2–0, 3–0, 4–0
7000550000000000000♠ 5–0
 Czechoslovakia
8Group stage
000000001954-06-19-000019 June 1954
report

7001150000000000000♠15.

Carlos Borges
7001170000000000000♠17', 47', 57'
 Uruguay
1–0, 3–0, 5–0
7000770000000000000♠ 7–0
 Scotland
8Group stage
000000001954-06-19-000019 June 1954
report

7001160000000000000♠16.
4
Sándor Kocsis (II)
7000300000000000000♠3', 21', 67', 78'
 Hungary
1–0, 3–0, 6–1, 8–2
7000580000000000000♠ 8–3
Germany ! West Germany
8Group stage
000000001954-06-20-000020 June 1954
report

7001170000000000000♠17.

Burhan Sargın
7001370000000000000♠37', 64', 70'
 Turkey
4–0, 5–0, 6–0
7000770000000000000♠ 7–0
 South Korea
8Group stage
000000001954-06-20-000020 June 1954
report

7001180000000000000♠18.

Max Morlock
7001300000000000000♠30', 60', 77'
Germany ! West Germany
3–1, 4–1, 6–1
7000570000000000000♠ 7–2
 Turkey
8Group stage
000000001954-06-23-000023 June 1954
report

7001190000000000000♠19.

Theodor Wagner
7001250000000000000♠25', 27', 53'
 Austria
1–3, 3–3, 6–4
7000270000000000000♠ 7–5
  Switzerland
5Quarter-final
000000001954-06-26-000026 June 1954
report

7001200000000000000♠20.

Josef Hügi
7001170000000000000♠17', 19', 58'
  Switzerland
2–0, 3–0, 5–6
6998850000000000000♠ 5–7
 Austria

7001210000000000000♠21.

Just Fontaine
7001240000000000000♠24', 30', 67'
 France
1–1, 2–1, 5–3
7000470000000000000♠ 7–3
 Paraguay
1958, Sweden
Group stage
000000001958-06-08-00008 June 1958
report

7001220000000000000♠22.

Pelé
7001520000000000000♠52', 64', 75'
 Brazil
3–1, 4–1, 5–1
7000350000000000000♠ 5–2
 France
3Semi-final
000000001958-06-24-000024 June 1958
report

7001230000000000000♠23.
4
Just Fontaine (II)
7001160000000000000♠16', 36', 78', 89'
 France
1–0, 3–1, 4–1, 6–3
7000360000000000000♠ 6–3
Germany ! West Germany
4Third-place match
000000001958-06-28-000028 June 1958
report

7001240000000000000♠24.

Flórián Albert
7000100000000000000♠1', 6', 53'
 Hungary
1–0, 2–0, 5–0
7000560000000099999♠ 6–1
 Bulgaria
1962, Chile
8Group stage
000000001962-06-03-00003 June 1962
report

7001250000000000000♠25.
4
Eusébio
7001270000000000000♠27', 43' (p), 56', 59' (p)
 Portugal
1–3, 2–3, 3–3, 4–3
7000250000000000000♠ 5–3
 North Korea
1966, England
5Quarter-final
000000001966-07-23-000023 July 1966
report

7001260000000000000♠26.

Geoff Hurst
7001180000000000000♠18', 98', 120'
 England
1–1, 3–2, 4–2
7000240000000000000♠ 4–2 aet
Germany ! West Germany
1Final
000000001966-07-30-000030 July 1966
report

7001270000000000000♠27.

Gerd Müller
7001270000000000000♠27', 52' (p), 88'
Germany ! West Germany
2–1, 3–1, 5–1
7000350000000000000♠ 5–2
 Bulgaria
1970, Mexico
8Group stage
000000001970-06-07-00007 June 1970
report

7001280000000000000♠28.

Gerd Müller (II)
7001190000000000000♠19', 26', 39'
Germany ! West Germany
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000230000000099999♠ 3–1
 Peru
8Group stage
000000001970-06-10-000010 June 1970
report

7001290000000000000♠29.

Dušan Bajević
7000800000000000000♠8', 30', 81'
 Yugoslavia
1–0, 5–0, 9–0
7000990000000000000♠ 9–0
 Zaire
1974, West Germany
8Group stage
000000001974-06-18-000018 June 1974
report

7001300000000000000♠30.

Andrzej Szarmach
7001300000000000000♠30', 34', 50'
 Poland
3–0, 5–0, 6–0
7000770000000000000♠ 7–0
 Haiti
8Group stage
000000001974-06-19-000019 June 1974
report

7001310000000000000♠31.

Rob Rensenbrink
7001400000000000000♠40' (p), 62', 79' (p)
 Netherlands
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000330000000000000♠ 3–0
 Iran
1978, Argentina
8Group stage
000000001978-06-03-00003 June 1978
report

7001320000000000000♠32.

Teófilo Cubillas
7001360000000000000♠36' (p), 39' (p), 79'
 Peru
2–0, 3–0, 4–1
7000340000000000000♠ 4–1
 Iran
8Group stage
000000001978-06-11-000011 June 1978
report

7001330000000000000♠33.

László Kiss
7001690000000000000♠69', 72', 76'
 Hungary
6–1, 8–1, 9–1
7000995000000099999♠ 10–1
 El Salvador
1982, Spain
First group stage
000000001982-06-15-000015 June 1982
report

7001340000000000000♠34.

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
7000900000000000000♠9', 57', 66'
Germany ! West Germany
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000340000000000000♠ 4–1
 Chile
8First group stage
000000001982-06-20-000020 June 1982
report

7001350000000000000♠35.

Zbigniew Boniek
7000400000000000000♠4', 26', 53'
 Poland
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000330000000000000♠ 3–0
 Belgium
6Second group stage
000000001982-06-28-000028 June 1982
report

7001360000000000000♠36.

Paolo Rossi
7000500000000000000♠5', 25', 74'
 Italy
1–0, 2–1, 3–2
7000130000000000000♠ 3–2
 Brazil
6Second group stage
000000001982-07-05-00005 July 1982
report

7001370000000000000♠37.

Preben Elkjær
7001110000000000000♠11', 67', 80'
 Denmark
1–0, 4–1, 5–1
7000560000000099999♠ 6–1
 Uruguay
1986, Mexico
8Group stage
000000001986-06-08-00008 June 1986
report

7001380000000000000♠38.

Gary Lineker
7000900000000000000♠9', 14', 34'
 England
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000330000000000000♠ 3–0
 Poland
8Group stage
000000001986-06-11-000011 June 1986
report

7001390000000000000♠39.

Igor Belanov
7001270000000000000♠27', 70', 111' (p)
 Soviet Union
1–0, 2–1, 3–4
6998930000000000000♠ 3–4 aet
 Belgium
7Round of 16
000000001986-06-15-000015 June 1986
report

7001400000000000000♠40.
4
Emilio Butragueño
7001430000000000000♠43', 56', 80', 88' (p)
 Spain
1–1, 2–1, 4–1, 5–1
7000450000000000000♠ 5–1
 Denmark
7Round of 16
000000001986-06-18-000018 June 1986
report

7001410000000000000♠41.

Míchel
7001220000000000000♠22', 61', 81'
 Spain
1–0, 2–1, 3–1
7000230000000099999♠ 3–1
 South Korea
1990, Italy
8Group stage
000000001990-06-17-000017 June 1990
report

7001420000000000000♠42.

Tomáš Skuhravý
7001120000000000000♠12', 63', 82'
 Czechoslovakia
1–0, 2–1, 4–1
7000340000000000000♠ 4–1
 Costa Rica
7Round of 16
000000001990-06-23-000023 June 1990
report

7001430000000000000♠43.

Gabriel Batistuta
7000200000000000000♠2', 44', 89' (p)
 Argentina
1–0, 2–0, 4–0
7000440000000000000♠ 4–0
 Greece
1994, United States
8Group stage
000000001994-06-21-000021 June 1994
report

7001440000000000000♠44.
5
Oleg Salenko
7001140000000000000♠14', 41', 44' (p), 72', 75'
 Russia
1–0, 2–0, 3–0, 4–1, 5–1
7000560000000099999♠ 6–1
 Cameroon
8Group stage
000000001994-06-28-000028 June 1994
report

7001450000000000000♠45.

Gabriel Batistuta (II)
7001730000000000000♠73', 78', 83' (p)
 Argentina
3–0, 4–0, 5–0
7000550000000000000♠ 5–0
 Jamaica
1998, France
8Group stage
000000001998-06-21-000021 June 1998
report

7001460000000000000♠46.

Miroslav Klose
7001200000000000000♠20', 25', 70'
 Germany
1–0, 2–0, 5–0
7000880000000000000♠ 8–0
 Saudi Arabia
2002, South Korea & Japan
8Group stage
000000002002-06-01-00001 June 2002
report

7001470000000000000♠47.

Pauleta
7001140000000000000♠14', 65', 77'
 Portugal
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000440000000000000♠ 4–0
 Poland
8Group stage
000000002002-06-10-000010 June 2002
report

7001480000000000000♠48.

Gonzalo Higuaín
7001330000000000000♠33', 76', 80'
 Argentina
2–0, 3–1, 4–1
7000340000000000000♠ 4–1
 South Korea
2010, South Africa
8Group stage
000000002010-06-17-000017 June 2010
report

7001490000000000000♠49.

Thomas Müller
7001120000000000000♠12' (p), 45', 78'
 Germany
1–0, 3–0, 4–0
7000440000000000000♠ 4–0
 Portugal
2014, Brazil
8Group stage
000000002014-06-16-000016 June 2014
report

7001500000000000000♠50.

Xherdan Shaqiri
7000600000000000000♠6', 31', 71'
  Switzerland
1–0, 2–0, 3–0
7000330000000000000♠ 3–0
 Honduras
8Group stage
000000002014-06-25-000025 June 2014
report

text: Notable World Cup hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Bert Patenaude was the first player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup match, on 17 July 1930 against Paraguay. However, until 10 November 2006 the first hat-trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina, two days after Patenaude. In 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude's claim to being the first hat-trick scorer was valid, as teammate Tom Florie's goal in the match against Paraguay was reattributed to him.[1]
Four players have scored two hat-tricks in World Cup matches: Sándor Kocsis (both 1954); Just Fontaine (both 1958); Gerd Müller (both 1970); and Gabriel Batistuta (1994 and 1998).[2] Batistuta is thus the only person to score hat-tricks in two World Cups. He has another unique record of scoring hat-tricks, both were achieved on 21 June of the year, against World Cup finals debutants (Greece and Jamaica), and each time the third goal was a penalty.[3] Kocsis and Müller scored their hat-tricks in consecutive matches.
Oleg Salenko is the only player in World Cup history to have scored five goals in a single match. He did this during the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Russia and Cameroon.[4]
One player has scored a hat-trick on his international début: Guillermo Stábile (1930).[5]
One player has scored four goals for the losing side: Ernest Wilimowski (5–6, 1938).[6]
Two players have scored a hat-trick for the losing side: Josef Hügi (5–7, 1954); and Igor Belanov (3–4, 1986).
There have been three occasions when two hat-tricks have been scored in the same match. Two occurred during the 1938 FIFA World Cup: when Sweden defeated Cuba, Gustav Wetterström and Harry Andersson, both playing for Sweden, scored three goals, with the former completing his in the first half. In the Brazil vs Poland, Leônidas did it for Brazil and Ernest Wilimowski for Poland. One occurred in 1954: when Austria defeated Switzerland, Theodor Wagner and Josef Hügi scored hat-tricks for Austria and Switzerland respectively.
Only one man has scored a hat-trick in a World Cup Final. Geoff Hurst scored three for England against West Germany in the 1966 Final.[2][7] This is also the longest hat-trick to be completed - most time between the first and third goals. His first goal came at 10', while the second goals were in extra time at 98' and 120'.
The quickest hat-trick is Erich Probst, who scored at 4', 21', and 24' in 1954, playing for Austria against Czechoslovakia in the first round.
The briefest hat-trick to be completed - that is, the shortest time between the first and third goals - is the one by László Kiss in 1982 against El Salvador. He scored at 69', 72', and 76', making the time between his first and third 7 minutes. This is also the only hat-trick scored by a substitute.
The only players to have scored from three headers in a single match are Tomáš Skuhravý in 1990 and Miroslav Klose in 2002.[2]
The youngest player to score a hat-trick is Pelé, at 17 years and 244 days.
Germany (incl. West Germany) holds the record for most hat-tricks scored with 7. Germany also shares with South Korea the record for most hat-tricks conceded with 4, and is the only team to have conceded four goals by the same player twice.


document_title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

question_text: where is one flew over the cuckoo's nest

question_tokens: where is one flew over the cuckoo 's nest

text: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15-year-old. Though not actually mentally ill, McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment. Upon arriving at the hospital, he finds the ward run by the steely, strict Nurse Ratched, who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive-aggressive routine, intimidating the patients.

text: The other patients include anxious, stuttering Billy Bibbit; Charlie Cheswick, who is prone to childish tantrums; delusional Martini; the well-educated, paranoid Dale Harding; belligerent Max Taber; epileptic Jim Sefelt; and “Chief” Bromden, a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute. Ratched soon sees McMurphy’s lively, rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority, confiscating the patients’ cigarettes and rationing them. During his time in the ward, McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched. He steals a hospital bus, escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip, encouraging his friends to become more self-confident.

text: McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite, and he makes plans to escape, exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window. He, Chief, and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes. Ratched sends them to the “shock shop,” and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak, feigning being deaf and mute to avoid engaging with anyone. After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy, McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage, but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more. McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape, but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night.

text: McMurphy sneaks two women, Candy and Rose, into the ward, and bribes the night guard. After a night of partying, McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape, inviting Billy to come with them. He refuses, not ready to leave the hospital. McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy. Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients unconscious. She discovers Billy and Candy together, the former now free of his stutter, until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade. Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor’s office and commits suicide. The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched, before being knocked out by an orderly.

text: Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice. Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped, rather than be taken "upstairs". Later that night, Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed. He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead, and smothers his friend with a pillow. Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night, cheered on by Taber.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy
Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched
Will Sampson as "Chief" Bromden
William Redfield as Dale Harding
Brad Dourif as Billy Bibbit
Sydney Lassick as Charlie Cheswick
Christopher Lloyd as Max Taber
Danny DeVito as Martini
Dean Brooks as Dr. John Spivey
William Duell as Jim Sefelt
Vincent Schiavelli as Bruce Frederickson
Michael Berryman as Ellis
Nathan George as Attendant Washington
Marya Small as Candy
Scatman Crothers as Orderly Turkle
Louisa Moritz as Rose
Peter Brocco as Col. Matterson

text: Production[edit]

text: Actor Kirk Douglas—who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963–1964 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel—had purchased the film rights to the story, and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen, but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him. Eventually, he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas, who succeeded in getting the film produced—but the elder Douglas, by then nearly 60, was considered too old for the McMurphy role, which ultimately went to 38-year-old Jack Nicholson.

text: Douglas brought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer.[4]

text: The film's first screenwriter, Lawrence Hauben, introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman, whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for. Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do, in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming. Saul Zaentz, a voracious reader, felt an affinity with Kesey, and so after Hauben's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay, and promised him a piece of the action, but it didn’t work out and ended in a financial dispute.[4]

text: Hal Ashby, who had been an early consideration for director, suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy. Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson's schedule. However, Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing, as it gave more time to get the ensemble right.[4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Danny DeVito, who was Douglas's oldest friend, was the first to be cast as he had played Martini, one of the patients, in the 1971 off-Broadway production. Douglas found Will Sampson, who played Chief Bromden, through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft. Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief. He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later rang Douglas to say: “the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day!”[4]

text: Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy. While screening Thieves Like Us (1974) to see if she was right for the role, he became interested in Louise Fletcher, who had a supporting role, for the role of Nurse Ratched. A mutual acquaintance, the casting director Fred Roos, had already mentioned her name as a possibility. Even so it took four or five meetings, over a year, (during which the role was offered to other actresses) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched. Her final audition was late in 1974, with Forman, Zaentz and Douglas. The day after Christmas, her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals.[5]

text: Rehearsals[edit]

text: Prior to commencement of filming, a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon, during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy. Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Other than Nicholson, the rest of the cast were working for scale, or a little above that.[clarification needed] Fletcher worked for 11 weeks, and made $10,000 before taxes.[5]

text: Filming began in January 1975, and concluded approximately three months later, and was shot on location in Salem, Oregon, and the surrounding area, as well as on the Oregon coast.[6][7][8]

text: The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital, an actual mental hospital, as this was also the setting of the novel.[9] The hospital’s director, Dean Brooks, was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film. Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow, and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night. He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew, to which the producers agreed. Douglas recalls that it wasn't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane.[4]

text: As Forman didn't allow the actors to see the day's filming, this led to the cast losing confidence in him, while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance. Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something, which he did, and restored the actor's confidence.[4]

text: Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground, in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, though Wexler said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I didn't shoot.”[10]

text: According to Butler, Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman: "...[Jack] never talked to Miloš at all, he only talked to me."[1]

text: Filming went over the initial budget of $2m and over-schedule, but Saul Zaentz, who was personally financing the movie, was able to fund this by borrowing against his company, Fantasy Records. The movie cost in total $4.4m to make.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim; Roger Ebert said "Miloš Forman's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong. But it does go wrong, insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry, so that at the end, the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all. And yet there are those moments of brilliance."[11] Ebert would later put the film on his "Great Movies" list.[12] A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well,[13] as did Vincent Canby: Writing in The New York Times, Canby called the film "a comedy that can't quite support its tragic conclusion, which is too schematic to be honestly moving, but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors".[14]

text: The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche, featuring an eerie bowed saw (performed by Robert Armstrong) and wine glasses. Commenting on the score, reviewer Steven McDonald has said, "The edgy nature of the film extends into the score, giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal. The music has a tendency to always be a little off-kilter, and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own ..."[15]

text: The film went on to win the "Big Five" Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony. These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson, Best Actress for Louise Fletcher, Best Direction for Forman, Best Picture, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman. The film currently has a 95% "Certified Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 9/10.[16] Its consensus states: "The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s - and testament to the director's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later."

text: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films. Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development, but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement.[17] Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie, but said he disliked what he knew of it,[18] a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote, "The first time I heard this story, it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson. A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked."[19]

text: In 1993, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.[20]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Academy Award
Academy Award for Best Picture
Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz
Won

Academy Award for Best Director
Miloš Forman
Won

Academy Award for Best Actor
Jack Nicholson
Won

Academy Award for Best Actress
Louise Fletcher
Won

Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay
Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman
Won

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Brad Dourif
Nominated

Academy Award for Best Cinematography
Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler
Nominated

Academy Award for Film Editing
Richard Chew, Lyzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn
Nominated

Academy Award for Original Music Score
Jack Nitzsche
Nominated

Golden Globe Award
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama
Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz
Won

Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture
Miloš Forman
Won

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
Jack Nicholson
Won

Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama
Louise Fletcher
Won

Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay
Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman
Won

Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor
Brad Dourif
Won

BAFTA Award
BAFTA Award for Best Film
Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Direction
Miloš Forman
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
Jack Nicholson
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Louise Fletcher
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Brad Dourif
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Editing
Richard Chew, Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography
Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman
Nominated

text: Others[edit]

text: American Film Institute

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies - #20
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:

Nurse Ratched - #5 Villain
Randle Patrick McMurphy - Nominated Hero[21]

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers - #17
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - #33


document_title: List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders

question_text: who holds the homerun record in a season

text: Single-season records[edit]

text:
Batter
Team
Age
Year
HR
Reign
Record breaker

George Hall
Philadelphia Athletics
27
1876
5
3 years
—

Charley Jones
Boston Red Caps
29
1879
9
4 years
6th on July 31 off George Bradley

Harry Stovey
Philadelphia Athletics
27
1883
14
1 year
10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle

Ned Williamson
Chicago White Stockings
27
1884
27
35 years
15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley

Babe Ruth
Boston Red Sox
24
1919
29
1 year
28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
25
1920
54
1 year
30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
26
1921
59
6 years
55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
32
1927
60
34 years
60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary

Roger Maris
New York Yankees
27
1961
61
37 years
61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
35
1998
70
3 years
62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel

Barry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
36
2001
73
17 years
71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park

text: Sammy Sosa hit his 66th home run on September 25, 1998, breaking McGwire's then standing record of 65 home runs. McGwire tied that record less than an hour later and then hit two home runs on each of the next two days to achieve his 70 home run record.[1]

text: Progression[edit]

text: Summarized from The Baseball Encyclopedia for older information, and from various news stories for newer information:

text: Home runs per game[edit]

text: Number of home runs in the season divided by number of games in schedule (not games played)

text:
Average
Name

0.451
Barry Bonds

0.430
Mark McGwire

0.390
Babe Ruth (1)

0.383
Babe Ruth (2)

0.377
Roger Maris

0.350
Babe Ruth (3)

0.240
Ned Williamson

0.200
Babe Ruth (4)

0.140
Harry Stovey

0.100
Charley Jones

0.070
George Hall


document_title: Royston Vasey

question_text: where is the local shop filmed in league of gentlemen

text: Royston Vasey

text: Origin and creation[edit]

text: Royston Vasey draws on the upbringing of all the League's members - Mark Gatiss, Steve Pemberton, Reece Shearsmith and Jeremy Dyson - all of whom were raised in the north of England.[3] Royston Vasey is often said to be the real name of British stand-up comedian Roy 'Chubby' Brown.[3] Brown played the part of the town's mayor in a cameo appearance.

text: Filming location[edit]

text: Filming of the television series took place in the Derbyshire village of Hadfield, located in a Pennines valley.[3] The "Local Shop" is a purpose-built building on nearby Marsden Moor.[3]

text: The League considered a number of filming locations before settling on Hadfield.[3] Another town to feature prominently in the series was Bacup in Rossendale, and the West Yorkshire town of Todmorden was used for some later scenes.

text: Description[edit]

text: The town as it appears in the TV show has a sign which ominously declares "Welcome to Royston Vasey.  You'll never leave!" The first building many visitors come across is the "Local Shop". The Local Shop is located some distance from the town itself on a lonely hilltop moor.

text: Events from the town's fictional history[edit]

text: In the first television series of The League of Gentlemen a construction company called PQ Construction threatens the isolation of Royston Vasey by building a "New Road" near the Local Shop.[4]  The project is first delayed when a monster (later revealed to be parts of a goat, a pig and a chimp crudely stitched together by Edward Tattsyrup) is unearthed on the construction site and comes to an end in the final episode when the owner of PQ Construction, David Tattsyrup, is revealed to be the son of Edward and Tubbs who convince him to "live locally."

text: In the second series Royston Vasey receives visits from both a travelling circus and a group of German exchange students. The town becomes gradually overrun by a deadly nosebleed epidemic which causes a high percentage of the town's residents to experience incessant bleeding and death, usually within 24 hours.[5]  Eventually the epidemic devastates the town, with the Ministry of Health running riot in a desperate attempt to staunch the plague. The cause of the nosebleeds can be traced to a substance known only as the "Special Stuff", a highly addictive and mysterious foodstuff served by demonic butcher Hilary Briss, which becomes deadly when cut with sandwich paste. However, the surviving local residents mistakenly accuse Edward and Tubbs of spreading the disease and burn the Local Shop to the ground.

text: In the third and final series, several of the residents of Royston Vasey are involved in a traffic collision which leaves Lance Longthorne and Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen dead while Geoff Tipps is facially disfigured. The travelling circus also returns.

text: In the film The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse, the town is on the verge of destruction when the League of Gentlemen - Jeremy Dyson, Mark Gatiss, Steve Pemberton, and Reece Shearsmith - agree to stop writing for Royston Vasey. This causes meteorites to rain from the sky until the entire town is razed to the ground. The destruction of Royston Vasey can only be prevented when all four of the writers are killed, but it transpires that the entire ordeal was conceived by Dyson while unconscious in a hospital.

text: The League of Gentlemen book, A Local Book for Local People, released between the second and third series, describes Royston Vasey's history in a brochure, from its beginnings, as mentioned in an appendix to the Domesday Book as "an hutte with a pigge outside" (presumably the Local Shop) to the construction of the town hall in the late 1930s, as designed by Albert Speer. The endpapers of the book show real maps of northern England turned upside down and with fictional place names, Royston Vasey corresponding to the real town of Settle, North Yorkshire (close by to Panties / Giggleswick).

text: The town's most prominent landmarks include the Local Shop, an angelic war memorial, H.Briss & Son Butchers, the St Mary Of Bethlehem hospital, the Windermere B&B, and the local Job Centre.

text: Residents[edit]