document_title: List of Billboard Hot Country Songs chart achievements

question_text: who had the most number one hits in country music

question_tokens: who had the most number one hits in country music

text: List of Billboard Hot Country Songs chart achievements

text: Artist achievements[edit]

text: Most chart entries[edit]

text:
168 – George Jones[2]
146 – Eddy Arnold[3]
135 – Johnny Cash[4]
114 – George Strait[5]
111 – Dolly Parton[6]
109 – Ray Price[7]
108 – Hank Williams, Jr.[8]
105 – Merle Haggard[9]

text: Most Top 40 hits[edit]

text:
145 – George Jones
128 – Eddy Arnold
105 – Johnny Cash
98 – George Strait
93 – Merle Haggard

text: Most Top 10 singles[edit]

text:
92 – Eddy Arnold
86 – George Strait
78 – George Jones
75 – Conway Twitty
71 – Merle Haggard

text: Most consecutive top 10 hits from a career's start[edit]

text: BDS era (1990–present)[edit]

text:
37 – Keith Urban (2000–2017)
26 – Carrie Underwood (2006–2017)[10]
19 – Tracy Lawrence (1992–1997)

text: Most No. 1 hits[edit]

text:
44 — George Strait (last No. 1 on April 18, 2009)
40 – Conway Twitty (last No. 1 on September 6, 1986)
38 – Merle Haggard (last No. 1 on February 20, 1988)
35 – Ronnie Milsap (last No. 1 on December 23, 1989)
33 – Alabama (last No. 1 on June 4, 2011)
29 – Charley Pride (last No. 1 on September 17, 1983)
28 – Eddy Arnold (last No. 1 on October 19, 1968)
26 – Alan Jackson
26 – Tim McGraw
25 – Reba McEntire
25 – Dolly Parton

text: Most No. 1 hits – female[edit]

text:
25 – Reba McEntire[11]
25 – Dolly Parton
20 – Tammy Wynette
19 – Crystal Gayle
16 – Loretta Lynn
14 – Carrie Underwood
14 – The Judds
11 – Rosanne Cash

text: Most No. 1 hits in a calendar year[edit]

text:
5 – tie between two artists:

Eddy Arnold, 1948 with "Anytime," "Bouquet of Roses," "Texarkana Baby," "Just a Little Lovin' (Will Go a Long, Long Way)" and "A Heart Full of Love (For a Handful of Kisses)."
Charlie Rich, 1974 with "There Won't Be Anymore," "A Very Special Love Song," "I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore," "I Love My Friend" and "She Called Me Baby."

text: Note: Eddy Arnold's feat does not count "I'll Hold You in My Heart (Til I Can Hold You In My Arms)," which began its 21-week run at No. 1 in November 1947 and remained there well into 1948.

text: Most consecutive years charting a number-one single[edit]

text:
Number of
years
Artist
First number-one hit and week
Final number-one hit and final week

19

George Strait
"Fool Hearted Memory"
(August 28, 1982)
"The Best Day"
(May 6, 2000)

16

Ronnie Milsap
"Pure Love"
(June 8, 1974)
"A Woman in Love"
(December 23, 1989)

14

Alan Jackson
"I'd Love You All Over Again"
(March 9, 1991)
"Remember When"
(February 14, 2004)

Alabama
"Tennessee River"
(August 16, 1980)
"Reckless"
(November 27, 1993)

text: Most consecutive No. 1 hits[edit]

text:
Streak
Artist
First No. 1 and year
Last No. 1 and year
Streak-breaking song

21
Alabama
"Tennessee River"
(August 1980)
"'You've Got' The Touch"
(April 1987)
"Tar Top"
(No. 7 in November 1987)

16
Earl Thomas Conley
"Your Love's on the Line"
(August 1983)
"Love Out Loud"
(June 1989)
"You Must Not Be Drinking Enough"
(No. 26 in October 1989)

16
Sonny James
"Need You"
(May 1967)
"Here Comes Honey Again"
(November 1971)
"Only Love Can Break a Heart"
(No. 2 in March 1972)

15
Buck Owens
"Act Naturally"
(June 1963)
"Your Tender Loving Care"
(September 1967)
"It Takes People Like You (To Make People Like Me)"
(No. 2 in January 1968)

text: Most weeks at No. 1[edit]

text:
145 – Eddy Arnold
111 – Webb Pierce
84 – George Strait
82 – Buck Owens
82 – Hank Williams with His Drifting Cowboys

text: Self-replacement at No. 1[edit]

text: Eddy Arnold holds the record, scoring five straight No. 1 songs in 1947–1948 without being replaced by another artist. The songs were:

text:
"I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You In My Arms)" (21 weeks)
"Anytime" (9 weeks)
"Bouquet of Roses" (18 weeks Jukebox, 19 weeks Best Seller)
"Texarkana Baby" (3 weeks Jukebox, 1 week Best Seller)
"Just A Little Lovin' (Will Go a Long, Long Way)" (8 weeks Jukebox, 4 weeks Best Seller).

text:
Year
Artist
No. 1 song
Replaced by

1944
Al Dexter
"So Long Pal" (13 weeks)
"Too Late To Worry, Too Blue to Cry" (2 weeks)

1949
Jimmy Wakely
"One Has My Name" (11 weeks Best Seller)
"I Love You So Much It Hurts" (3 weeks Best Seller)

1950
Hank Snow and His Rainbow Ranch Boys
"I'm Moving On" (21 weeks Best Seller)
"The Golden Rocket" (2 weeks Best Seller)

1952
Carl Smith
"Let Old Mother Nature Have Her Way" (6 weeks Best Seller)
"When You Feel Like You're in Love (Don't Just Stand There)" (5 weeks Best Seller)

1953
Hank Williams with His Drifting Cowboys
"Kaw-Liga" (13 weeks best seller, 8 weeks Jockey and juke boxes)
"Your Cheatin' Heart" (6 weeks Jockey, 2 weeks Jukebox)

1954
Webb Pierce
"There Stands The Glass" (12 weeks Best Seller)
"Slowly" (17 weeks Best Seller)

1955
Webb Pierce
"In The Jailhouse Now" (20 weeks Best Seller)
"I Don't Care" (12 weeks Best Seller)

1956
Elvis Presley
"I Forgot To Remember to Forget" (5 weeks Jukebox, 2 weeks Best Seller)
"Heartbreak Hotel" (17 weeks Best Seller, 13 weeks Jukebox, 12 weeks Jockey)

1956
Elvis Presley
"Heartbreak Hotel" (17 weeks Best Seller)
"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" (2 weeks Best Seller)

1964
Buck Owens
"My Heart Skips a Beat" (7 weeks)
"Together Again" (2 weeks)

1982
Willie Nelson
"Always on My Mind" (2 weeks)
"Just to Satisfy You" (duet with Waylon Jennings, 2 weeks)

2002
Tim McGraw
"The Cowboy in Me" (1 week)
"Bring on the Rain" (duet with Jo Dee Messina, 1 week)

2014
Luke Bryan
"This Is How We Roll" (duet with Florida Georgia Line, 6 weeks)
"Play It Again" (9 weeks)

text: Longest span between first and most recent No. 1 hits[edit]

text:
Span
Artist
First No. 1 song and date
Most recent No. 1 song and date

35 years, 1 month
Dolly Parton
"Joshua" (February 1971)
"When I Get Where I'm Going"
(March 2006, duet with Brad Paisley)

30 years, 9 months
Alabama
"Tennessee River" (August 1980)
"Old Alabama"
(June 2011, duet with Brad Paisley)

29 years, 1 month
Johnny Cash
"I Walk the Line" (July 1956)
"Highwayman"
(August 1985, as part of The Highwaymen)

28 years
Reba McEntire
"Can't Even Get the Blues" (January 1983)
"Turn on the Radio" (January 2011)

27 years, 9 months
Willie Nelson
"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" (October 1975)
"Beer for My Horses"
(June 2003, duet with Toby Keith)

26 years, 7 months
George Strait
"Fool Hearted Memory" (August 1982)
"River of Love" (April 2009)

text: Artists who have appeared in the Top 40 in at least five different decades[edit]

text:
Artists
Decades
Years

7 decades

George Jones
1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s
1955–2013

6 decades

Dolly Parton
1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s
1967–2016

5 decades

Eddy Arnold
1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s
1945–1982

Hank Thompson
1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s
1948–1980

Ernest Tubb*
1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s
1944–1983

Johnny Cash
1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s
1955–1990

Elvis Presley
1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 2000s
1955–2009

Willie Nelson
1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s
1962–2003

Glen Campbell
1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2010s
1962–2014

Kenny Rogers
1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s
1969–2006

Hank Williams Jr.
1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s
1964–2006

Reba McEntire
1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s
1978–2017

Alabama
1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s
1979–2011

text: Artists who have hit No. 1 posthumously[edit]

text:
Hank WilliamsA (d. January 1, 1953) – with His Drifting Cowboys, scored four of his 11 career No. 1 songs after his death: "I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive," "Kaw-Liga," "Your Cheatin' Heart" and "Take These Chains From My Heart," all 1953; "Kaw-Liga" was the No. 1 song of 1953
Betty Jack Davis (d. August 2, 1953) – As a member of The Davis Sisters, went to No. 1 with "I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know" in late 1953.
Johnny Horton (d. November 5, 1960) – "North to Alaska" (1961).
Hawkshaw Hawkins (d. March 5, 1963) – "Lonesome 7-7203" (1963).
Jim ReevesA (d. July 31, 1964) – Had six No. 1 songs after his death: "I Guess I'm Crazy" (1964); "This Is It" and "Is It Really Over" (1965); "Distant Drums" and "Blue Side of Lonesome" (1966); and "I Won't Come In While He's Here" (1967).
Elvis PresleyA, B (d. August 16, 1977) – "Guitar Man" (1981).
Keith WhitleyA (d. May 9, 1989) – "I Wonder Do You Think of Me" (1989) and "It Ain't Nothin'" (1990).

text: Age records[edit]

text: Youngest male[edit]

text:
Artist with a top 40 hit — The youngest solo artist was Billy Gilman, who was 12 years, 3 months in September 2000 when he reached No. 20 with "One Voice." Overall, the youngest artist is Bobby Bare, Jr., who was 7 years, 6 months old in December 1973 when he charted with his father, Bobby Bare, on "Daddy What If?" (an eventual No. 2 hit).
Artist with a No. 1 hit – Phil Everly, who was 18 years, 6 months in July 1957 when, as a member of the Everly Brothers, reached the top with "Bye Bye Love." When solo acts are considered, Hunter Hayes was the youngest at 21 years old in September 2012 when he reached No. 1 with "Wanted."

text: Oldest male[edit]

text:
Artist with a top 40 hit – George Burns, who was 84 years old in March 1980 when he peaked in the Top 15 with "I Wish I Was Eighteen Again." When the entire chart is considered, Eddy Arnold is the oldest, at age 89, when he peaked at No. 49 in 2008 with "To Life."
Artist with a No. 1 hit – Willie Nelson, who was 70 years, 1 month and 2 weeks when he hit No. 1 with "Beer for My Horses", a duet with 41-year-old Toby Keith on June 14, 2003.

text: Youngest female[edit]

text:
Artist with a top 40 hit – Ashley Gearing, who was 7003442100000000000♠12 years, 38 days old (to become the youngest solo female vocalist) when she hit with "Can You Hear Me When I Talk to You?", which peaked at No. 37 in 2003.[12] Overall, the honor goes to Tina Denise Byrd, who was 8 or 9 years old when her duet with stepfather George Jones "The Telephone Call" (credited as "Tina and Daddy") peaked at No. 25 in the spring of 1974.
Artist with a No. 1 hit – Marie Osmond, who was 7003514200000000000♠14 years, 28 days old when she hit with "Paper Roses" on November 10, 1973.

text: Oldest female[edit]

text: Artist with a No. 1 hit – Dolly Parton, who was 7004219590000000000♠60 years, 44 days old when she hit with "When I Get Where I'm Going". a duet with then-33-year-old Brad Paisley, on March 4, 2006. Reba McEntire has the distinction of being the oldest female to have a solo #1, being 7004203680000000000♠55 years, 279 days old when "Turn on the Radio" went No. 1 on January 1, 2011. Reba also became the oldest female artist with a top 40 hit when her song "Just Like Them Horses" debuted at No. 37 for the week of February 13, 2016[13] when she was 60 years, 10 months, and 14 days old. Dolly was 59 years, 8 months, and 27 days old when "When I Get Where I'm Going" cracked the Top 40 for the week of October 15, 2005.[14]

text: Other selected achievements[edit]

text:
The record for the longest wait from an artist's Hot Country Songs debut entry to its first No. 1 belongs to Jimmy Buffett, with 30 years, 3 months between the first time he entered the chart with "The Great Filling Station Holdup" on May 12, 1973, and "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" (a duet with Alan Jackson) reaching No. 1 on August 9, 2003. Also, at age 56 years and 7 months, Buffett became the oldest artist to have his first No. 1 song with "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere."
At approximately 63 years, Eddy Arnold has the longest overall span of singles on the Hot Country Songs chart – from first to most recent – by a living artist. He first hit the charts in 1945 with "Each Night Seems Like a Million Years," while his last hit, "To Life," was on the charts shortly before his death in 2008.
The artist having the longest gap between two No. 1 songs on the Hot Country Singles chart was Elvis Presley. On December 2, 1957, Presley reached No. 1 for the seventh time with "Jailhouse Rock." He did not have his eighth No. 1 hit on the country chart until February 19, 1977, with "Moody Blue," a span of 19 years, two months and two weeks.

text: The songs[edit]

text: Most weeks at No. 1*[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Weeks
Song
Artist
Year

34
"Body Like a Back Road"
Sam Hunt
2017

24
"Cruise"
Florida Georgia Line
2013

21
"I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms)"
Eddy Arnold
1947

21
"I'm Movin' On"
Hank Snow and His Rainbow Ranch Boys
1950

21
"In the Jailhouse Now"
Webb Pierce
1955

20
"I Don't Hurt Anymore"
Hank Snow and His Rainbow Ranch Boys
1954

20
"Crazy Arms"
Ray Price
1956

19
"Bouquet of Roses"
Eddy Arnold
1948

19
"Walk on By"
Leroy Van Dyke
1961

18
"H.O.L.Y."
Florida Georgia Line
2016

17
"Slippin' Around"
Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely
1949

17
"Slowly"
Webb Pierce
1954

17
"Heartbreak Hotel"
Elvis Presley
1956

17
"Die a Happy Man"
Thomas Rhett
2015–2016

text: By decade*[edit]

text:
Decade
Song
Artist
Weeks
Year

1940s
"I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms)"
Eddy Arnold
21
1947

1950s
"I'm Movin' On"
Hank Snow and His Rainbow Ranch Boys
21
1950

"In the Jailhouse Now"
Webb Pierce
21
1955

1960s
"Walk on By"
Leroy Van Dyke
19
1961

1970s
"My Hang-Up Is You"
Freddie Hart
6
1972

"Convoy"
C.W. McCall
6
1976

"Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)"
Waylon Jennings
6
1977

1980s
"Coward of the County"
Kenny Rogers
3
1980

"My Heart"
Ronnie Milsap
3
1980

"Lookin' for Love"
Johnny Lee
3
1980

"Forever and Ever, Amen"
Randy Travis
3
1987

1990s
"Amazed"
Lonestar
8
1999

2000s
"It's Five O'Clock Somewhere"
Alan Jackson and Jimmy Buffett
8
2003

2010s
"Body Like a Back Road"
Sam Hunt
34
2017

text: Most weeks at No. 2[edit]

text:
Weeks
Song
Artist
Year
Blocked To No. 1 By

17
"In Case You Didn't Know"
Brett Young
2017
Body Like a Back Road (Sam Hunt)

15
"Making Believe"
Kitty Wells
1955
In the Jailhouse Now (Webb Pierce)

11
"Temptation (Tim-Tayshun)"
Red Ingle and His Magnificent Seven
1947

11
"Break Up in a Small Town"
Sam Hunt
2015–2016
Die a Happy Man (Thomas Rhett)

10
"Cruise"
Florida Georgia Line
2012

10
"Take Your Time"
Sam Hunt
2014
Girl Crush (Little Big Town)

9
"Sioux City Sue"
Zeke Manners
1946

9
"I Ain't Never"
Webb Pierce
1959
The Three Bells (The Browns)

8
"Never Trust a Woman"
Tex Williams and His Western Caravan
1948
I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms) (Eddy Arnold)

8
"One More Time"
Ray Price
1960
He'll Have to Go (Jim Reeves)

8
"Foolin' Around"
Buck Owens
1961
North to Alaska (Johnny Horton)

8
"Remember When"
Alan Jackson
2004

8
"Dirt"
Florida Georgia Line
2014

7
"Just Call Me Lonesome"
Eddy Arnold
1955
I Don't Care (Webb Pierce)

7
"Yes, I Know Why"
Webb Pierce
1956
Sixteen Tons (Tennessee Ernie Ford)

7
"Lesson in Leavin'"
Jo Dee Messina
1999
Amazed (Lonestar)

7
"I Go Back"
Kenny Chesney
2004
Live Like You Were Dying (Tim McGraw)

7
"Wagon Wheel"
Darius Rucker
2013

7
"Boys 'Round Here"
Blake Shelton
2013
Cruise (Florida Georgia Line)

text: Most total charted weeks[edit]

text:
Weeks
Song
Artist
Years

66
"Cruise"
Florida Georgia Line
2012–2013

56
"Love Like Crazy"
Lee Brice
2009–2010

56
"Wanted"
Hunter Hayes
2012–2013

54
"Bouquet of Roses"
Eddy Arnold
1948–1949

53
"Voices"
Chris Young
2008, 2010–2011

52
"Fräulein"
Bobby Helms
1957–1958

52
"Hurricane"
Luke Combs
2016–2017

51
"Let It Rain"
David Nail featuring Sarah Buxton
2011–2012

51
"In Case You Didn't Know"
Brett Young
2016–2017

text: Songs that have hit No. 1 by multiple artists[edit]

text: Three times[edit]

text: "She (He) Thinks I Still Care" – George Jones (1962), Anne Murray (1974) and Elvis Presley (1977, flip side to "Moody Blue")

text: Two times[edit]

text:
"Pistol Packin' Mama" – Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters, and Al Dexter (both 1944)
"Smoke on the Water" – Red Foley (1944) and Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys (1945)
"Shame on You" – Spade Cooley, and Lawrence Welk Orchestra with Red Foley (both 1945)
"Slippin' Around" – Ernest Tubb, and Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely (both 1949)
"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes" – Slim Willet and Skeets McDonald (both 1952)
"I Don't Care" – Webb Pierce (1955) and Ricky Skaggs (1982)
"Why Baby Why" – Webb Pierce and Red Sovine (1956), and Charley Pride (1983)
"Heartbreak Hotel" – Elvis Presley (1956), and Willie Nelson and Leon Russell (1979)
"City Lights" – Ray Price (1958) and Mickey Gilley (1975)
"She's Got You" – Patsy Cline (1962) and Loretta Lynn (1977)
"Together Again" – Buck Owens (1964) and Emmylou Harris (1976)
"It's Just a Matter of Time" – Sonny James (1970) and Randy Travis (1989)
"(Lost Her/His Love on Our) Last Date" – Conway Twitty (1972) and Emmylou Harris (1983)
"That's the Way Love Goes" – Johnny Rodriguez (1974) and Merle Haggard (1984)
"It Must Be Love" – Don Williams (1979) and Alan Jackson (2000)

text: In addition[edit]

text: Songs that reached No. 1 on both the country and all-genre charts[edit]

text:
Song
Artist
Date topped country chart/weeks at No. 1*
Date topped all-genre chart/weeks at No. 1*

"Pistol Packin' Mama"
Al Dexter
February 5, 1944
(3 weeks)
October 30, 1943
(8 weeks)

"Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)"
Tex Williams and His Western Caravan
July 19, 1947
(16 weeks)
August 9, 1947
(6 weeks)

"Slippin' Around"
Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely
October 8, 1949
(17 weeks)
November 12, 1949
(3 weeks)

"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
Gene Autry
January 7, 1950
(1 week)
January 7, 1950
(1 week)

"Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy"
Red Foley
January 20, 1950
(12 weeks)
February 16, 1950
(4 weeks)

"Slow Poke"
Pee Wee King and His Golden West Cowboys (feat. Redd Stewart)
November 3, 1951
(15 weeks)
January 5, 1952
(3 weeks)

"Sixteen Tons"
Tennessee Ernie Ford
December 17, 1955
(10 weeks)
November 26, 1955
(8 weeks)

"Heartbreak Hotel"/"I Was The One"
Elvis Presley
March 17, 1956
(17 weeks)
April 21, 1956
(8 weeks)

"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You"/"My Baby Left Me"
Elvis Presley
July 14, 1956
(2 weeks)
July 28, 1956
(1 week)

"Don't Be Cruel"/"Hound Dog"
Elvis Presley
September 15, 1956
(10 weeks)
August 18, 1956
(11 weeks)

"Young Love"
Sonny James
February 2, 1957
(9 weeks)
February 16, 1957
(1 week)

"All Shook Up"
Elvis Presley
May 13, 1957
(1 week)
April 13, 1957
(9 weeks)

"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"
Elvis Presley
August 5, 1957 (1 week)
July 8, 1957
(7 weeks)

"Wake Up Little Susie"
Everly Brothers
October 14, 1957 (7 weeks)
October 14, 1957
(4 weeks)

"Jailhouse Rock"/"Treat Me Nice"
Elvis Presley
December 2, 1957 (1 week)
October 21, 1957
(7 weeks)

"All I Have to Do Is Dream"/"Claudette"
Everly Brothers
June 2, 1958
(3 weeks)
May 12, 1958
(4 weeks)

"Bird Dog/"Devoted To You"
Everly Brothers
September 8, 1958
(6 weeks)
August 25, 1958
(1 week)

"The Battle of New Orleans"
Johnny Horton
May 18, 1959
(10 weeks)
June 1, 1959
(6 weeks)

"The Three Bells (Les Trois Cloches)"
The Browns
August 31, 1959
(10 weeks)
August 24, 1959
(4 weeks)

"El Paso"
Marty Robbins
December 21, 1959
(7 weeks)
January 4, 1960
(2 weeks)

"Big Bad John"
Jimmy Dean
November 20, 1961
(2 weeks)
November 6, 1961
(5 weeks)

"Honey"
Bobby Goldsboro
May 25, 1968
(3 weeks)
April 13, 1968
(5 weeks)

"Harper Valley PTA"
Jeannie C. Riley
September 28, 1968
(3 weeks)
September 21, 1968
(1 week)

"The Most Beautiful Girl"
Charlie Rich
November 24, 1973
(3 weeks)
December 15, 1973
(2 weeks)

"I Can Help"
Billy Swan
December 14, 1974
(2 weeks)
November 23, 1974
(2 weeks)

"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"
B.J. Thomas
May 17, 1975
(1 week)
April 26, 1975
(1 week)

"Before the Next Teardrop Falls"
Freddy Fender
March 15, 1975
(2 weeks)
May 31, 1975
(1 week)

"Thank God I'm a Country Boy"
John Denver
May 31, 1975
(1 week)
June 7, 1975
(1 week)

"Rhinestone Cowboy"
Glen Campbell
August 23, 1975
(3 weeks)
September 6, 1975
(2 weeks)

"I'm Sorry"
John Denver
November 8, 1975
(1 week)
September 27, 1975
(1 week)

"Convoy"
C.W. McCall
December 20, 1975
(6 weeks)
January 10, 1976
(1 week)

"Southern Nights"
Glen Campbell
March 19, 1977
(2 weeks)
April 30, 1977
(1 week)

"Lady"
Kenny Rogers
November 22, 1980
(1 week)
November 15, 1980
(6 weeks)

"I Love a Rainy Night"
Eddie Rabbitt
January 17, 1981
(1 week)
February 28, 1981
(2 weeks)

"9 to 5"
Dolly Parton
January 24, 1981
(1 week)
February 21, 1981
(2 weeks)

"Islands in the Stream"
Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton
October 29, 1983
(2 weeks)
October 29, 1983
(2 weeks)

"Amazed"
Lonestar
July 17, 1999
(8 weeks)
March 4, 2000
(2 weeks)

"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"
Taylor Swift
October 20, 2012
(10 weeks)
September 1, 2012
(3 weeks)

text: *Note: For pre-1958 songs, the most weeks spent atop any one of the component charts is considered

text: The charts[edit]

text: Most and fewest No. 1s in a given year[edit]

text:
Most: (tie) 1985 and 1986, when 51 different No. 1 songs peaked in each year.*
Fewest: 1960, when just four different songs (five, if "El Paso" by Marty Robbins is counted) topped the chart. Each of the new No. 1 songs that year spent 10 or more weeks atop the chart.[18]

text: Biggest jump to No. 1[edit]

text: Early Billboard Country Charts (1944–1958)[edit]

text:
"Guitar Polka" – Al Dexter – (1946) – debuted at No. 1
"Chattanooga Shoeshine Boy" – Red Foley – (1950) – debuted at No. 1
"Kaw Liga" – Hank Williams with His Drifting Cowboys – (1953) – debuted at No. 1

text: Early Hot Country Singles era (1958–1973)[edit]

text: 19 to 1 - "Daddy Sang Bass" - Johnny Cash - (1969).

text: 1973 to inception of BDS in 1990[edit]

text: 12 to 1 – "Convoy" – C.W. McCall (December 20, 1975)

text: BDS-era (1990–2012)[edit]

text: 9 to 1 – "Keep It Between the Lines" – Ricky Van Shelton (October 12, 1991)

text: Digital era (2012–present)[edit]

text: 42 to 1 – "Burnin' It Down" – Jason Aldean (August 9, 2014)

text: Biggest fall from No. 1[edit]

text: Billboard Country Charts (1944–present)[edit]

text:
1 to off the chart (tie)

"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer" – Gene Autry (January 14, 1950).
"Blue Christmas" – Ernest Tubb (January 14, 1950).

text: Prior to inception of BDS in 1990[edit]

text:
1 to 43 (tie)

"Feels So Right" – Alabama (August 1, 1981)[19]
"Tight Fittin' Jeans" – Conway Twitty (October 3, 1981)[20]

1 to 47

"You Don't Know Me" – Mickey Gilley Billboard (Sept. 26, 1981)[21]

text: BDS era (1990–2012)[edit]

text: 1 to 16 – "Mi Vida Loca (My Crazy Life)" – Pam Tillis (February 18, 1995)

text: Digital era (2012–present)[edit]

text: * 1 to off the chart: "My Baby's Got a Smile on Her Face" – Craig Wayne Boyd (January 10, 2015).

text: Quickest climb to No. 1[edit]

text: Airplay/sales hybrid era (1958–1990)[edit]

text: 4 weeks – "Convoy" by C.W. McCall (December 20, 1975)

text: Airplay-only era (1990–2012)[edit]

text:
5 weeks (tie):

"Shameless" by Garth Brooks (November 16, 1991)
"It's Your Love" by Tim McGraw and Faith Hill (June 7, 1997)
"Have You Forgotten?" by Darryl Worley (April 5, 2003)

text: Note: These exclude Garth Brooks' "More Than a Memory" (see below), which debuted at #1.

text: Airplay/sales/streaming hybrid era (2012-present)[edit]

text:
2 weeks – "Dirt" by Florida Georgia Line (July 26, 2014)
2 weeks – "Burnin' It Down" by Jason Aldean (August 9, 2014)
2 weeks – "Body Like a Back Road" by Sam Hunt (February 25, 2017)
3 weeks – "That's My Kind of Night" by Luke Bryan (August 31, 2013)

text: Slowest climb to No. 1[edit]

text: 51 weeks — "Voices" by Chris Young (February 19, 2011)

text: Highest chart debut[edit]

text: Since the introduction of the 100-position chart in 1973[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
1 – "More Than a Memory" – Garth Brooks (September 15, 2007)
1 – "My Baby's Got a Smile on Her Face" – Craig Wayne Boyd (January 3, 2015)
1 – "Forever Country" – Artists of Then, Now & Forever (October 8, 2016)
2 – "Red" – Taylor Swift (October 20, 2012)
2 – "Vice" – Miranda Lambert (August 6, 2016)

text: Male artists[edit]

text:
1 – "More Than a Memory" – Garth Brooks (September 15, 2007)
1 – "My Baby's Got a Smile on Her Face" – Craig Wayne Boyd (January 3, 2015)
2 – "Body Like a Back Road" – Sam Hunt (February 18, 2017)
13 – "Feel Like a Rock Star" – Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw (April 21, 2012)
13 – "Highway Don't Care" – Tim McGraw and Taylor Swift (February 23, 2013)
16 – "Don't Blink" – Kenny Chesney (September 8, 2007)

text: Female artists[edit]

text:
2 – "Red" – Taylor Swift (October 20, 2012)
2 – "Vice" – Miranda Lambert (August 6, 2016)
3 – "Over You" – Cassadee Pope (December 8, 2012)
4 – "Stupid Boy" – Cassadee Pope (December 29, 2012)

text: Group artists[edit]

text:
9 – "Better Dig Two" – The Band Perry (November 17, 2012)
22 – "Day Drinking" – Little Big Town (June 21, 2014)
24 – "Take Me There" – Rascal Flatts (July 21, 2007)

text: Duo artists[edit]

text:
24 – "That's Why I Pray" – Big & Rich (June 9, 2012)
27 – "All I Want to Do" – Sugarland (June 7, 2008)
30 – "My Maria" – Brooks & Dunn (April 6, 1996)

text: Most year-end No. 1 songs of the year[edit]

text: 3 – Tim McGraw (1997, 1998, 2004)

text: 2 – Bill Anderson (1963, 1969)

text: Other selected achievements[edit]

text:
On the chart for November 4, 1957, the Nos. 1 and 2 songs on the country, Billboard Hot 100, and R&B charts are identical: Elvis Presley's "Jailhouse Rock" and the Everly Brothers' "Wake Up Little Susie." In addition, the No. 6 hit on the Hot 100 and R&B charts – Jimmie Rodgers' "Honeycomb" – is also climbing the country chart.[22]
On the chart for the week of April 19, 1980, for the only time in history, the top 5 positions of the Hot Country Singles chart were held by female singers (or in one case, a female as part of a duet pairing). The Top 5 from that week was:

text:
"It's Like We Never Said Goodbye" by Crystal Gayle
"A Lesson in Leavin'" by Dottie West
"Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again" by Debby Boone
"Beneath Still Waters" by Emmylou Harris
"Two Story House" by Tammy Wynette (duet with George Jones)[23]

tag: ol

text: To date, the only song to be named the No. 1 song of the year on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot Country singles chart is "The Battle of New Orleans" in 1959. Two songs that were the No. 1 country song of the year were No. 2 on the year-end Hot 100: "I Fall to Pieces" by Patsy Cline in 1961, and "Rhinestone Cowboy" by Glen Campbell in 1975.

text: The albums[edit]

text: Most songs from an album[edit]

text: From Come on Over by Shania Twain[24]

text:
"Love Gets Me Every Time" (#1)
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (#6)
"You're Still the One" (#1)
"From This Moment On" (#6)
"Honey, I'm Home" (#1)
"That Don't Impress Me Much" (#8)
"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" (#4)
"You've Got a Way" (#13)
"Come on Over" (#6)
"Rock This Country!" (#30)
"I'm Holdin' on to Love (to Save My Life)" (#17)

text: From Red by Taylor Swift

text:
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" (#1)
"Begin Again" (#10)
"Red" (#2)
"I Almost Do" (#13)
"All Too Well" (#17)
"Stay Stay Stay" (#24)
"Treacherous" (#26)
"Starlight" (#28)
"Holy Ground" (#32)
"The Lucky One" (#33)
"Sad Beautiful Tragic" (#37)

text: From Here's to the Good Times by Florida Georgia Line

text:
"Cruise" (#1)
"Get Your Shine On" (#5)
"Here's to the Good Times" (#33)
"Round Here" (#3)
"Stay" (#1)
"Dayum, Baby" (#49)
"This Is How We Roll" (#1)
"Take It Out on Me" (#32)
"Hands on You" (#33)
"Headphones" (#39)
"People Back Home" (#42)

text: Most number one songs from an album[edit]

text: Male[edit]

text: From Diamonds & Dirt by Rodney Crowell

text:
"It's Such a Small World" (duet with Rosanne Cash)
"I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried"
"She's Crazy for Leavin'"
"After All This Time"
"Above and Beyond"

text: From 5th Gear by Brad Paisley

text:
"Ticks"
"Online"
"Letter to Me"
"I'm Still a Guy"
"Waitin' on a Woman" (on re-release only)

text: Female[edit]

text: From King's Record Shop by Rosanne Cash

text:
"The Way We Make a Broken Heart"
"If You Change Your Mind"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"Runaway Train"

text: From The Woman in Me by Shania Twain

text:
"Any Man of Mine"
"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!"
"You Win My Love"
"No One Needs to Know"

text: From Carnival Ride by Carrie Underwood

text:
"So Small"
"All-American Girl"
"Last Name"
"Just a Dream"

text: Group[edit]

text: From Roll On by Alabama:

text:
"Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)"
"When We Make Love"
"If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)"
"(There's A) Fire in the Night"

text: From Southern Star by Alabama:

text:
"Song of the South"
"If I Had You"
"High Cotton"
"Southern Star"

text: From Lonely Grill by Lonestar:

text:
"Amazed"
"Smile"
"What About Now"
"Tell Her"

text: From The Foundation by Zac Brown Band:

text:
"Chicken Fried"
"Toes"
"Highway 20 Ride"
"Free"

text: From You Get What You Give by Zac Brown Band:

text:
"As She's Walking Away" (duet with Alan Jackson)
"Colder Weather"
"Knee Deep" (duet with Jimmy Buffett)
"Keep Me in Mind"

text: Duo[edit]

text: From Why Not Me by The Judds:

text:
"Mama He's Crazy"
"Why Not Me"
"Girls' Night Out"
"Love Is Alive"

text: From Rockin' with the Rhythm by The Judds:

text:
"Have Mercy"
"Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)"
"Rockin' with the Rhythm of the Rain"
"Cry Myself to Sleep"

text: From Brand New Man by Brooks & Dunn

text:
"Brand New Man"
"My Next Broken Heart"
"Neon Moon"
"Boot Scootin' Boogie"

text: Most year-end No. 1 albums[edit]

text: 4 – Garth Brooks (1991, 1992, 1995, 1998)

text:
3 – Willie Nelson (1976, 1978, 1982)
2 – Alabama (1983, 1985)


document_title: Gestalt psychology

question_text: when was the gestalt school of psychology founded

root

text: Gestalt psychology

text: Origins[edit]

text: The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels (a member of the School of Brentano). The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, David Hartley, and Ernst Mach. Max Wertheimer's unique contribution was to insist that the "gestalt" is perceptually primary, defining the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts, as von Ehrenfels's earlier Gestalt-Qualität had been.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment, respectively. On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory (Smith, ed., 1988).

text: Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct. This 'gestalt' or 'whole form' approach sought to define principles of perception—seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived. It is based on the here and now, and in the way things are seen. Images can be divided into figure or ground. The question is what is perceived at first glance: the figure in front, or the background.

text: These laws took several forms, such as the grouping of similar, or proximate, objects together, within this global process. Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive,[2] it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects (Carlson et al. 2000), and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology.

text: Gestalt therapy[edit]

text: The founders of Gestalt therapy, Fritz and Laura Perls, had worked with Kurt Goldstein, a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism. Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls.[8] The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed, however. In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology. On the one hand, Laura Perls preferred not to use the term "Gestalt" to name the emerging new therapy, because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it;[9] on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein's work.[10] Thus, though recognizing the historical connection and the influence, most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology.

text: Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association (1975): "What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology, stretch their meaning beyond recognition, mix them with notions—often unclear and often incompatible—from the depth psychologies, existentialism, and common sense, and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy. His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology. To use his own language, Fritz Perls has done 'his thing'; whatever it is, it is not Gestalt psychology" With the Gestalt theory however, she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls' books from 1969 and 1972, leaving out Perls' earlier work, and Gestalt therapy in general.[11]

text: There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field, foremost in Europe, e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy.

text: Theoretical framework and methodology[edit]

text: The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research. This is in contrast to investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century, based on traditional scientific methodology, which divided the object of study into a set of elements that could be analyzed separately with the objective of reducing the complexity of this object.

text: The theoretical principles are the following:

text:
Principle of Totality—The conscious experience must be considered globally (by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships.
Principle of psychophysical isomorphism – A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity.

tag: ul

text: Based on the principles above the following methodological principles are defined:

text:
Phenomenon experimental analysis—In relation to the Totality Principle any psychological research should take phenomena as a starting point and not be solely focused on sensory qualities.
Biotic experiment—The school of gestalt established a need to conduct real experiments that sharply contrasted with and opposed classic laboratory experiments. This signified experimenting in natural situations, developed in real conditions, in which it would be possible to reproduce, with higher fidelity, what would be habitual for a subject.[12]

text: Support from cybernetics and neurology[edit]

text: In the 1940s and 1950s, laboratory research in neurology and what became known as cybernetics on the mechanism of frogs' eyes indicate that perception of 'gestalts' (in particular gestalts in motion) is perhaps more primitive and fundamental than 'seeing' as such:

text: Properties[edit]

text: The key principles of gestalt systems are emergence, reification, multistability and invariance.[citation needed]

text: Emergence[edit]

text: This is demonstrated by the dog picture, which depicts a Dalmatian dog sniffing the ground in the shade of overhanging trees. The dog is not recognized by first identifying its parts (feet, ears, nose, tail, etc.), and then inferring the dog from those component parts. Instead, the dog appears as a whole, all at once. Gestalt theory does not have an explanation for how this perception of a dog appears.

text: Reification[edit]

text: Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception, by which the experienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus on which it is based.

text: For instance, a triangle is perceived in picture A, though no triangle is there. In pictures B and D the eye recognizes disparate shapes as "belonging" to a single shape, in C a complete three-dimensional shape is seen, where in actuality no such thing is drawn.

text: Reification can be explained by progress in the study of illusory contours, which are treated by the visual system as "real" contours.

text: Multistability[edit]

text: Multistability (or multistable perception) is the tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. This is seen, for example, in the Necker cube and Rubin's Figure/Vase illusion shown here. Other examples include the three-legged blivet and artist M. C. Escher's artwork and the appearance of flashing marquee lights moving first one direction and then suddenly the other. Again, gestalt does not explain how images appear multistable, only that they do.

text: Invariance[edit]

text: Invariance is the property of perception whereby simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, and scale; as well as several other variations such as elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features. For example, the objects in A in the figure are all immediately recognized as the same basic shape, which are immediately distinguishable from the forms in B. They are even recognized despite perspective and elastic deformations as in C, and when depicted using different graphic elements as in D. Computational theories of vision, such as those by David Marr, have provided alternate explanations of how perceived objects are classified.

text: Emergence, reification, multistability, and invariance are not necessarily separable modules to model individually, but they could be different aspects of a single unified dynamic mechanism.[15]

text: Prägnanz[edit]

text: The fundamental principle of gestalt perception is the law of prägnanz[de] (in the German language, pithiness), which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetrical, and simple. Gestalt psychologists attempt to discover refinements of the law of prägnanz, and this involves writing down laws that, hypothetically, allow us to predict the interpretation of sensation, what are often called "gestalt laws".[16]

text: A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts. The wholes are structured and organized using grouping laws. The various laws are called laws or principles, depending on the paper where they appear—but for simplicity's sake, this article uses the term laws. These laws deal with the sensory modality of vision. However, there are analogous laws for other sensory modalities including auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory (Bregman – GP). The visual Gestalt principles of grouping were introduced in Wertheimer (1923). Through the 1930s and '40s Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka formulated many of the laws of grouping through the study of visual perception.

text:
Law of Proximity—The law of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group. For example, in the figure that illustrates the Law of proximity, there are 72 circles, but we perceive the collection of circles in groups. Specifically, we perceive that there is a group of 36 circles on the left side of the image, and three groups of 12 circles on the right side of the image. This law is often used in advertising logos to emphasize which aspects of events are associated.[17][18]
Law of Similarity—The law of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other. This similarity can occur in the form of shape, colour, shading or other qualities. For example, the figure illustrating the law of similarity portrays 36 circles all equal distance apart from one another forming a square. In this depiction, 18 of the circles are shaded dark and 18 of the circles are shaded light. We perceive the dark circles as grouped together, and the light circles as grouped together forming six horizontal lines within the square of circles. This perception of lines is due to the law of similarity.[18]
Law of Closure—The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes, letters, pictures, etc., as being whole when they are not complete. Specifically, when parts of a whole picture are missing, our perception fills in the visual gap. Research shows that the reason the mind completes a regular figure that is not perceived through sensation is to increase the regularity of surrounding stimuli. For example, the figure that depicts the law of closure portrays what we perceive as a circle on the left side of the image and a rectangle on the right side of the image. However, gaps are present in the shapes. If the law of closure did not exist, the image would depict an assortment of different lines with different lengths, rotations, and curvatures—but with the law of closure, we perceptually combine the lines into whole shapes.[17][18][19]
Law of Symmetry—The law of symmetry states that the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point. It is perceptually pleasing to divide objects into an even number of symmetrical parts. Therefore, when two symmetrical elements are unconnected the mind perceptually connects them to form a coherent shape. Similarities between symmetrical objects increase the likelihood that objects are grouped to form a combined symmetrical object. For example, the figure depicting the law of symmetry shows a configuration of square and curled brackets. When the image is perceived, we tend to observe three pairs of symmetrical brackets rather than six individual brackets.[17][18]
Law of Common Fate—The law of common fate states that objects are perceived as lines that move along the smoothest path. Experiments using the visual sensory modality found that movement of elements of an object produce paths that individuals perceive that the objects are on. We perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion, which indicate the path that the object is on. The law of continuity implies the grouping together of objects that have the same trend of motion and are therefore on the same path. For example, if there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward, we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units.[20]
Law of Continuity—The law of continuity states that elements of objects tend to be grouped together, and therefore integrated into perceptual wholes if they are aligned within an object. In cases where there is an intersection between objects, individuals tend to perceive the two objects as two single uninterrupted entities. Stimuli remain distinct even with overlap. We are less likely to group elements with sharp abrupt directional changes as being one object.[17]
Law of Good Gestalt—The law of good gestalt explains that elements of objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly. This law implies that as individuals perceive the world, they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity so they can observe a reality in its most simplistic form. Eliminating extraneous stimuli helps the mind create meaning. This meaning created by perception implies a global regularity, which is often mentally prioritized over spatial relations. The law of good gestalt focuses on the idea of conciseness, which is what all of gestalt theory is based on. This law has also been called the law of Prägnanz.[17] Prägnanz is a German word that directly translates to mean "pithiness" and implies the ideas of salience, conciseness and orderliness.[20]
Law of Past Experience—The law of past experience implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience. If two objects tend to be observed within close proximity, or small temporal intervals, the objects are more likely to be perceived together. For example, the English language contains 26 letters that are grouped to form words using a set of rules. If an individual reads an English word they have never seen, they use the law of past experience to interpret the letters "L" and "I" as two letters beside each other, rather than using the law of closure to combine the letters and interpret the object as an uppercase U.[20]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: Some of the central criticisms of Gestaltism are based on the preference Gestaltists are deemed to have for theory over data, and a lack of quantitative research supporting Gestalt ideas. This is not necessarily a fair criticism as highlighted by a recent collection of quantitative research on Gestalt perception.[3]

text: Other important criticisms concern the lack of definition and support for the many physiological assumptions made by gestaltists[1] and lack of theoretical coherence in modern Gestalt psychology.[3]

text: In some scholarly communities, such as cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience, gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being descriptive rather than explanatory in nature. For this reason, they are viewed by some as redundant or uninformative. For example, Bruce, Green & Georgeson[2] conclude the following regarding gestalt theory's influence on the study of visual perception:

text: The physiological theory of the gestaltists has fallen by the wayside, leaving us with a set of descriptive principles, but without a model of perceptual processing. Indeed, some of their "laws" of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate. What is meant by a "good" or "simple" shape, for example?

text: Gestalt views in psychology[edit]

text: Gestalt psychologists find it is important to think of problems as a whole. Max Wertheimer considered thinking to happen in two ways: productive and reproductive.[21]

text: Productive thinking is solving a problem with insight.

text: This is a quick insightful unplanned response to situations and environmental interaction.

text: Reproductive thinking is solving a problem with previous experiences and what is already known. (1945/1959).

text: This is a very common thinking. For example, when a person is given several segments of information, he/she deliberately examines the relationships among its parts, analyzes their purpose, concept, and totality, he/she reaches the "aha!" moment, using what is already known. Understanding in this case happens intentionally by reproductive thinking.

text: Another gestalt psychologist, Perkins, believes insight deals with three processes:

text:
Unconscious leap in thinking.[16]
The increased amount of speed in mental processing.
The amount of short-circuiting that occurs in normal reasoning.[22]

text: Views going against the gestalt psychology are:

text:
Nothing-special view
Neo-gestalt view
The Three-Process View

text: Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology. A strictly gestalt psychology-based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, developed by the German gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans-Jürgen Walter and his colleagues in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Other countries, especially Italy, have seen similar developments.

text: Fuzzy-trace theory[edit]

text: Fuzzy-trace theory, a dual process model of memory and reasoning, was also derived from Gestalt psychology. Fuzzy-trace theory posits that we encode information into two separate traces: verbatim and gist. Information stored in verbatim is exact memory for detail (the individual parts of a pattern, for example) while information stored in gist is semantic and conceptual (what we perceive the pattern to be). The effects seen in Gestalt psychology can be attributed to the way we encode information as gist.[23][24]

text: Use in design[edit]

text: The gestalt laws are used in user interface design, and other design-based activities. The laws of similarity and proximity can, for example, be used as guides for placing radio buttons. They may also be used in designing computers and software for more intuitive human use. Examples include the design and layout of a desktop's shortcuts in rows and columns.[25] In addition, Gestalt theory can also be used as a guide for creating sonic impressions while mixing audio. [26]

text: Quantum cognition modeling[edit]

text: Similarities between Gestalt phenomena and quantum mechanics have been pointed out by, among others, chemist Anton Amann, who commented that "similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum mechanics are on a level of a parable" yet may give useful insight nonetheless. Physicist Elio Conte and co-workers have proposed abstract, mathematical models to describe the time dynamics of cognitive associations with mathematical tools borrowed from quantum mechanics[27][28] and has discussed psychology experiments in this context. A similar approach has been suggested by physicists David Bohm, Basil Hiley and philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen with the notion that mind and matter both emerge from an "implicate order".[29][30] The models involve non-commutative mathematics; such models account for situations in which the outcome of two measurements performed one after the other can depend on the order in which they are performed—a pertinent feature for psychological processes, as it is obvious that an experiment performed on a conscious person may influence the outcome of a subsequent experiment by changing the state of mind of that person.


document_title: Special Lady

question_text: who sings you must be a special lady and a very exciting girl

text: Special Lady

text:
"Special Lady"Single by Ray, Goodman & Brownfrom the album Ray, Goodman & BrownB-side
"Deja Vu"Released
1979Genre
R&BLength
3:38Label
PolydorSongwriter(s)
Harry Ray, Al Goodman, Lee WalterProducer(s)
Vincent Castellano

tag: table

text: "Special Lady" is a 1979 single by vocal trio Ray, Goodman & Brown, formerly known as The Moments. In the U.S., it was a number one R&B hit and reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1980.[1] The single marked their first release under the name Ray, Goodman & Brown.  The song was written by Harry Ray, Al Goodman and Lee Walter and produced by Vincent Castellano.[2]


document_title: Blake Shelton

question_text: when did blake shelton's first album come out

question_tokens: when did blake shelton 's first album come out

text: Blake Shelton

text: Early life[edit]

text: Shelton was born in Ada, Oklahoma, to Dorothy, a beauty salon owner, and Richard Shelton, a used car salesman. Shelton began singing at an early age and by age 12, he was taught how to play the guitar by his uncle.[6] By age 15, he had written his first song. By age 16, he had received a Denbo Diamond Award in his home state.[1] On November 13, 1990, his older brother Richie Shelton (who was 24) was killed in an automobile accident.[7] After graduating from high school at seventeen, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue a singing career. There he got a job at a music publishing company and, in 1997, he was aided by Bobby Braddock to obtain a production contract with Sony Music.[8]

text: Music career[edit]

text: 2001–2006: Beginnings[edit]

text: Some years later in Nashville, he signed to Giant Records in 2001. In 2001, he was slated to release a song entitled "I Wanna Talk About Me" as a single. Staff at the label considered the song unsuitable for a lead-off single, however, and the song was eventually recorded by Toby Keith, whose version was a number 1 single.[9]

text: Instead, Giant released "Austin" as Shelton's debut single. Shortly after its release, Giant Records was closed, and Shelton was transferred to parent company Warner Bros. Records. "Austin" spent five weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Warner released his self-titled debut album, which was produced by songwriter Bobby Braddock. It also produced the top 20 hits "All Over Me", which Shelton co-wrote with Earl Thomas Conley and Mike Pyle, and "Ol' Red".[1] Although Shelton's rendition of "Ol' Red" was not a major radio hit, he considers it his signature song, and it has become popular in concert.[10] Blake Shelton received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 1,000,000 copies.[11]

text: Blake Shelton received a positive review from Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic, who called "Austin" "tremendously imaginative" and praised Shelton for including songs written by Braddock and Conley.[12] Country Standard Time was less favorable, with Scott Homewood saying that it "album just smacks of being assembled with the intent on capturing the burgeoning alternative country market".[13]

text: Shelton's second album, The Dreamer, was first released on February 4, 2003, on Warner Bros. Records. Its lead-off single, "The Baby", reached No. 1 on the country charts, holding that position for three weeks. Although the second and third singles ("Heavy Liftin'" and "Playboys of the Southwestern World", respectively) only reached No.32 and No. 24, The Dreamer earned gold certification as well. He, along with Andy Griggs and Montgomery Gentry, sang guest vocals on Tracy Byrd's mid-2003 single "The Truth About Men". Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill was the title of Shelton's third studio album, released in 2004.[1] Its lead-off single, the Harley Allen co-write "When Somebody Knows You That Well", peaked at No.37 on the country charts, while the follow-up "Some Beach" became his third No.1 hit, holding that position for four weeks. It was followed by a cover of Conway Twitty's 1988 single "Goodbye Time".[14] Both this cover and its followup, "Nobody but Me", reached Top Ten for Shelton as well. As with his first album, Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill was certified platinum. Accompanying the album's release was a video collection entitled Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill: A Video Collection.[1]

text: On December 18, 2005, several of Shelton's songs, including "Nobody but Me", appeared on the TV movie The Christmas Blessing, starring Neil Patrick Harris, Rebecca Gayheart, Angus T. Jones, and Rob Lowe. Shelton had a small role at the end of the movie, playing himself at a benefit concert, singing "Nobody but Me".

text: 2006–2011: Pure BS and Startin' Fires[edit]

text: Shelton released his fourth studio album, Pure BS, in early 2007.[1] Unlike with his first three albums, which were produced entirely by Bobby Braddock, Shelton worked with Braddock, Brent Rowan, and Paul Worley as producers for this album. Its first two singles—"Don't Make Me" and "The More I Drink"—were both Top 20 hits on the country charts, respectively reaching No.12 and No. 19. Also in late 2007, Shelton made appearances on television shows: first as a judge on the talent competition Nashville Star, and later on Clash of the Choirs.

text: Pure BS was re-released in 2008 with three bonus tracks, including a cover of Michael Bublé's hit single "Home". This cover, released in early 2008 as the album's third single, became his fourth No.1 hit in July.[15]

text: "Home" was followed in August 2008 by the single "She Wouldn't Be Gone", his 14th chart entry and his fifth No. 1 hit. It was the first time in his career that he had two consecutive number ones. "She Wouldn't Be Gone" is the lead-off to Shelton's fifth studio album, Startin' Fires, which has also produced the single "I'll Just Hold On." This album also includes "Bare Skin Rug," a duet with Lambert.[16] It was produced by Scott Hendricks, except for one track which was produced by Brent Rowan, and another ("I Don't Care", which carried over from Pure BS) was produced by Braddock.[17] After "I'll Just Hold On" fell off the chart in October 2009, Blake Shelton released a duet with Trace Adkins titled "Hillbilly Bone". It was the lead single on Shelton's EP, Hillbilly Bone, released on March 2, 2010 through Reprise Records Nashville. After "Hillbilly Bone" reached No. 1 in February, came the August release of "All About Tonight", the lead-off single to his EP of the same name. In September, he released the second single from All About Tonight, "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking", his 18th single release. He released his first greatest hits album, Loaded: The Best of Blake Shelton in November 2010.

text: Shelton was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry during the September 28, 2010 "Country Comes Home" concert celebrating reopening of the Grand Ole Opry House after the Cumberland River flooded the Opry House in May 2010. The formal invitation was extended on his Twitter account and was announced by Opry star Trace Adkins.[18] He was formally inducted by Adkins at the October 23, 2010 Opry performance. Shelton recorded the title track for the remake of Footloose released on October 14, 2011. Shelton appeared on the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010 where he performed "All About Tonight" and won Male Vocalist of the Year.[19]

text: In 2011, Shelton started working as a judge/coach to singers on the NBC reality television series The Voice.[20]

text: 2011–2012: The Voice, Red River Blue and Cheers, It's Christmas[edit]

text: Blake Shelton released the album Red River Blue on July 12, 2011, led by the single, "Honey Bee". The song received 138,000 downloads in its first week and was certified gold in its seventh week, setting a record for the fastest gold certification by a male country singer.[21] On June 13, 2011, in its tenth chart week, "Honey Bee" went to No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart, becoming his ninth No. 1 and his fastest-climbing. The album was expected to debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 with around 110,000 copies sold.[22] "God Gave Me You", a cover of a Dave Barnes song, was the album's second single; it also reached No. 1. "Drink on It", the fifth song on the album, hit No. 1 in April 2012, giving him his 11th No. 1 song. On April 30, 2012, Blake performed "Over" on the Semi-finals of the second season of The Voice. "Over" became Shelton's seventh consecutive No. 1. and his 12th No. 1 hit to date.

text: Blake Shelton is a coach on the NBC show The Voice. In season 1, his finalist Dia Frampton came in second. Frampton recorded a track with Shelton titled "I Will" on her album Red, released December 6, 2011. Shelton returned for a second season of the show with his finalist Jermaine Paul as the champion.[23] In season three of The Voice, Shelton's team member, Cassadee Pope, was declared the winner with other Team Blake contestant Terry McDermott finishing as runner-up.

text: Blake Shelton took the stage with Miranda Lambert at Super Bowl XLVI in February 2012 to open the event by singing a duet version of "America the Beautiful". It marked their first TV performance since their May 2011 wedding.

text: In October 2012, Shelton released his first Christmas album, Cheers, It's Christmas, which peaked at no. 1 and no. 2 respectively on the Top Holiday Albums and Top Country Albums charts.

text: Blake Shelton appears on fellow "Voice" coach Christina Aguilera's album Lotus on the song "Just a Fool".

text: 2013–2014: Based on a True Story...[edit]

text: Shortly after midnight on New Year's Day 2013, Shelton premiered a new single entitled "Sure Be Cool If You Did",[24] which was released to iTunes on January 8[25] and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay chart in 2013. His eighth studio album, Based on a True Story..., was released on March 26, 2013 and debuted at No. 1 on the country chart and No. 3 on the all-genre chart by selling a career best nearly 200,000 copies.[26][27] The album's second single, "Boys 'Round Here" released to country radio in 2013 and also reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart. The album's third single, "Mine Would Be You", was released to country radio on July 22, 2013 and reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart in November 2013. "Mine Would Be You" became Shelton's tenth consecutive No. 1 single, tying him with the record set by Brad Paisley in 2009. With the release of the album's fourth single, "Doin' What She Likes", Shelton achieved his eleventh consecutive No. 1 single, thus breaking the tie.[28]

text: Blake Shelton received the Gene Weed Special Achievement Award for his role as a coach on The Voice at the 48th Academy of Country Music Awards in 2013.

text: Shelton supported Based on a True Story... on his Ten Times Crazier Tour which began on July 19, 2013 and ended on October 5, 2013.[29] Shelton has continued the tour into 2014 and 2015.

text: On season four of The Voice, he became the winning coach for the third consecutive time with team members Danielle Bradbery as the winner and The Swon Brothers in third place.

text: 2014–present: Bringing Back the Sunshine, If I'm Honest and Texoma Shore[edit]

text: In August 2014, Shelton announced that his ninth studio album, Bringing Back the Sunshine, would be released on September 30, 2014.[30] The album contains the singles "Neon Light", "Lonely Tonight" (a duet with fellow country singer Ashley Monroe), "Sangria" and "Gonna". All four singles have reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart.

text: On November 13, 2014, Shelton was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame for his achievements in the music industry and for the generous work he has done for his home state.[31] Shelton later called the recognition "unbelievable" and "an honor".[32]

text: In season seven of The Voice, Craig Wayne Boyd was crowned the winner, scoring Shelton his fourth victory.

text: Shelton recorded a cover of Bob Dylan's 1974 hit "Forever Young" for the soundtrack of Max, which was released in the US on June 26, 2015.[33]

text: Shelton's second greatest hits album, Reloaded: 20 #1 Hits, was released on October 23, 2015.[34]

text: Shelton's tenth studio album, If I'm Honest, was released in May 2016. The album's first single "Came Here to Forget" was released to country radio on March 8, 2016.[35] On November 9, 2015, Nickelodeon announced that Shelton would be the host of the 2016 Kids' Choice Awards. On April 8, 2016, a second single from the album, "Savior's Shadow", was released.[36] It impacted Christian radio on April 12, 2016.[37] In June 2016, Shelton released "She's Got a Way with Words" as the album's third overall single and second promoted country single. The song peaked at number 7 on the Country Airplay chart, ending Shelton's streak of 17 consecutive number one singles. "A Guy with a Girl", the album's fourth single, and third promoted country single, reached the top of the charts in early January, earning Shelton his twenty third career chart-topper.[38]

text: Shelton recorded a song titled "Friends" for the soundtrack of The Angry Birds Movie, which was released in the US on May 20, 2016. He also voices the character of Earl, a pig.

text: In June 2016, Shelton celebrated the grand opening of his exhibit at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. The exhibit, titled "Blake Shelton: Based on a True Story", traces Shelton's career path and achievements, encompassing his humble beginnings in Oklahoma, his Nashville origins, and his eventual path toward mainstream success and recognition through his role as a coach on The Voice.[39]

text: In September 2016, Shelton was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "On the Road Again", and "I Will Always Love You" celebrating 50 years of the CMA Awards.[40] The single debuted at number one on Billboard's Hot Country Songs.[41]

text: In season eleven of The Voice, Sundance Head was crowned the winner, giving Shelton his fifth victory on the show.

text: In March 2017, Shelton's wax figure was unveiled for Madame Tussauds Nashville.[42][43][44]

text: In April 2017, Shelton was honored at the Oklahoma Creativity Ambassadors Gala, being one of 8 recipients to receive the Creativity Ambassador medallion.[45][46]

text: In season thirteen of The Voice, Chloe Kohanski was crowned the winner, giving Shelton his sixth victory on the show.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Since his debut in 2001, Shelton has received positive reviews from musicians and critics. The New York Times described Shelton as "the most important and visible ambassador from Nashville to the American mainstream.",[47] Rolling Stone referred to him as "one of country music's biggest stars over the past decade."[48]

text: In Backstory: Blake Shelton, a GAC television special broadcast in 2012, country stars Miranda Lambert and Trace Adkins respectively gave their kudos to Shelton. Lambert stated she "respect[s] him so much as a vocalist," while Adkins said he "is going to be as relevant in this business as he wants to be for as long as he wants to be."[49][50] Country Music Hall of Fame member Brenda Lee has commended both his vocals and songwriting.[51][52] Singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow credits Shelton with inspiring her musically.[53]

text: Shelton was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2014,[54] and made a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 2010.[55]

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Shelton has been the recipient of nine Country Music Association Awards,[56] five Academy of Country Music Awards,[57] one CMT Artist of the Year award,[58] and seven CMT Music Awards. He has also received eight American Country Awards,[59] three People's Choice Awards,[60] two American Music Awards,[61] one Billboard Music Award,[62] and one iHeartRadio Music Awards,[63] among others. Shelton has won 24 BMI awards and 24 ASCAP awards. He was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry in 2010,[64] for his many accomplishments in country music, and into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2014, attaining the highest honor one can receive from the state.[65] In April 2013, Shelton was awarded the prestigious Gene Weed Special Achievement Award from the Academy of Country Music for his unprecedented, unique and outstanding individual achievement in country music and television.[66] For his work on The Voice as a television personality, Shelton received the NATPE Reality Breakthrough Award for Best Reality Personality in 2017.[67][68] Shelton has garnered eight Grammy nominations throughout his career, including nominations for Best Country Album, Best Country Solo Performance, and Best Music Film.[69][70]

text: As one of the most successful country artists today, Shelton has sold over 10 million records worldwide,[71] and as of 2017, has sold in excess of 30 million singles, while having generated a total of 1.7 billion streams worldwide.[72] Shelton has also amassed a tremendous commercial impact on the country music industry. His debut single "Austin", off his 2001 Platinum-selling self-titled album, tied the record set by Billy Ray Cyrus in 1992, staying atop the country charts for five weeks, and setting the mark for an artist's debut single in the Broadcast Data Systems era.[73][74] The success of "Austin" also led Shelton to claim the No. 1 position on both Billboard's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and Top Country Singles Sales chart, making him the first debut male country artist to own the top spot on both charts simultaneously.[75] Later, in 2010, Shelton's first single, "Honey Bee", from his sixth studio album Red River Blue, set a new record for the most first-week downloads by a male country singer.[76] As a result of the downloads, the song debuted at number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated for the week ending April 23, 2011. This entry made Shelton the highest-debuting male country artist on the Hot 100 since Garth Brooks (recording as Chris Gaines) debuted at number five in September 1999.[77] As a result of the song's massive commercial success, Shelton also claimed the record for the fastest rising single ever to sell over 500,000 digital copies by a male country soloist.[78] In 2013, Shelton's eighth album, Based on a True Story..., spawned the hit "Doin' What She Likes", which broke the record previously set by Brad Paisley in 2009 for the most consecutive No. 1 singles in the Country Airplay chart's 24-year history, since it was first tracked by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems in January 1990.[79] In 2016, "Came Here to Forget", the lead-off single from Shelton's tenth studio album If I'm Honest, extended this streak into a record-breaking 17 consecutive number one singles, leading him to surpass Earl Thomas Conley's record of 16 consecutive number one singles.[80] As of 2017, Shelton remains one of only five country artists to have achieved No. 1 status on the Billboard Artist 100 chart, having charted all 156 weeks the chart has existed.[81] The CMA Awards also recognizes Shelton, in addition to George Strait and Vince Gill, as the record holders for the most Male Vocalist of the Year wins, as all three have each garnered 5 victories. On January 18, 2017, Shelton made People's Choice Awards history by becoming the first country artist to ever win the all-genre category of Favorite Album over competitors Beyoncé, Drake, Rihanna and Ariana Grande.[60] During the ceremony, Shelton also took home the trophy for Favorite Male Country Artist, marking his second consecutive win in the category. On November 6, 2017, Shelton made Country Aircheck history when he became the first artist in the history of the chart to chart six songs simultaneously, from his eleventh studio album Texoma Shore.[82][83]

text: On November 14, 2017, Shelton made People Magazine history by becoming the first country artist ever the grace the magazine's Sexiest Man Alive cover issue, and is only the second musician, apart from fellow The Voice coach Adam Levine, to receive the coveted honor.[84][85] In 2016, Billboard released their list of "Greatest of All Time Country Artists" and recognized Shelton on the chart, ranking him at No. 50.[86] Shelton also charted on Billboard's list of "Greatest of All Time Country Albums" and "Greatest of All Time Country Songs" with Based on a True Story... taking the position of No. 51 on the chart and "God Gave Me You" ranking at No. 80 on the chart, respectively.[87][88]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Shelton married long time girlfriend Kaynette Gern on November 17, 2003.[89] They divorced in 2006.[90]

text: In 2005, Shelton met singer Miranda Lambert at the CMT's 100 Greatest Duets Concert.[91] Lambert also sang background vocals on his cover of Michael Bublé's song, "Home", which became a number-one single on the Hot Country Songs chart. On May 9, 2010, after dating for four years,[92] Shelton proposed to Lambert, after seeking (and receiving) her father's blessing.[92][93] Shelton and Lambert were married on May 14, 2011, in Boerne, Texas.[92]

text: On January 17, 2012, Shelton's father, Dick, 71, died in Oklahoma, following a period of declining health.[94][95] Shelton's brother, Richie, died in 1990 as a result of a car crash when Blake was 14 years old. Blake and Lambert wrote about Richie in Lambert's song, "Over You". The song was named CMA Song of the Year for 2012. It was also named Single Record and Song of the Year at the 2013 Academy of Country Music Awards.[96]

text: In July 2015, Shelton and Lambert announced their divorce. The couple released a statement, "This is not the future we envisioned and it is with heavy heart that we move forward separately. We are real people, with real lives, with real family, friends and colleagues. Therefore, we kindly ask for privacy and compassion concerning this very personal matter."[97] Their divorce was finalized later that same day.[90] In November 2015 it was announced that Shelton had started dating his colleague from The Voice, Gwen Stefani.[98]

text: In 2015, Forbes estimated Shelton's annual income at $28.5 million.[99]

text: On a June 6, 2017 HLN special called "Our Journeys Home", Shelton and HLN "Morning Express" host Robin Meade were revealed to be fourth cousins.[100]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Blake Shelton (2001)
The Dreamer (2003)
Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill (2004)
Pure BS (2007)
Startin' Fires (2008)
Red River Blue (2011)
Cheers, It's Christmas (2012)[101]
Based on a True Story... (2013)
Bringing Back the Sunshine (2014)
If I'm Honest (2016)
Texoma Shore (2017)[102]

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Barn and Grill Tour (2005)
Hillbilly Bone Tour (2010)
All About Tonight Tour (2011)
Well Lit & Amplified Tour (2012)
Ten Times Crazier Tour (2013–15)
Blake Shelton 2016 Tour (2016)
Doing It To Country Songs Tour (2017)
Country Music Freaks Tour (2018)

text:
Shock'n Y'all Tour (2002) (with Toby Keith)
Here's to You Tour (2005) (with Rascal Flatts)
Me and My Gang Tour (2006) (with Rascal Flatts)
H2O II: Wetter and Wilder World Tour (2011) (with Brad Paisley)

text: Television[edit]

text:
TV credits

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2005
CMT's 100 Greatest Duets
Himself
Special; alongside Miranda Lambert and others[103]

2006
Cracker Barrel: Songs of the Year Concert[104]
Himself
Special; alongside Trisha Yearwood, Trace Adkins, and others; performing "The Gambler" by Kenny Rogers

2006
Jeff Foxworthy's Big Night Out[105]
Himself
Episode: "Blake Shelton" (1.11); performing "Ol' Red" and "Don't Make Me"

2007
Blake Shelton Makes a Video[106]
Himself
Special broadcast on Great American Country

2007
The Collection
Himself
Broadcast on Great American Country; Episode: "Blake Shelton" (1.14); Episode: "Blake Shelton Part 2" (1.48)[107]

2007
Clash of the Choirs
Himself (judge)

2007
Nashville Star
Himself (judge)
Season 7

2008
Larry the Cable Guy's Star-Studded Christmas Extravaganza
Himself
Christmas special[108]

2009
Backstory: Blake Shelton[109][110]
Himself
Special broadcast on Great American Country; alongside Trace Adkins, Mark Burnett, and others (2012 updated version)[111]

2009
George Strait: ACM Artist of the Decade All-Star Concert
Himself
Alongside various country artists and Jamie Foxx[112]

2010–2015
Academy of Country Music Awards
Himself/co-host
Alongside Reba McEntire and Luke Bryan

2010
The Price Is Right[113]
Himself

2010
Country Comes Home: An Opry Celebration
Himself
Special; alongside Brad Paisley, Jason Aldean, Martina McBride, Little Jimmy Dickens, and others[114]

2010
Blake Shelton Live: It’s All About Tonight
Himself
Special broadcast on Great American Country[115][116]

2011–present
The Voice
Himself/coach
Winning coach (season 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, and 13)

2011
ACM Presents Girls Night Out: Superstar Women Of Country
Himself
Special; alongside Miranda Lambert, Reba McEntire, Carrie Underwood, and others[117]

2011
CMT Invitation Only: Blake Shelton[118]
Himself

2012
Blake Shelton's Not So Family Christmas
Himself/host
Christmas special

2012
The Making of Cheers, It's Christmas with Blake Shelton & Friends"
Himself
Christmas special broadcast on Great American Country; alongside Michael Bublé, Pistol Annies, and others[119]

2012
Michael Bublé: Home for the Holiday's
Himself
Christmas special

2012–2016
New Year's Eve with Carson Daly
Himself
Alongside Cassadee Pope and Danielle Bradbury (2013); performing "Boys 'Round Here" (2013) and "A Guy with a Girl" (2016)[120][121][122]

2013
Healing in the Heartland: Relief Benefit Concert
Himself/host
Special; alongside various country artists, OneRepublic, and Usher

2013
Betty White's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special
Himself
Special; alongside Lily Tomlin, Larry King, and others

2013
Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale
Himself
Christmas Special

2013
Malibu Country[123]
Blake MacKenzie
Episode: "Oh Brother" (1.15)

2013
Bounty Hunters
Buck Masters
Episode: "Team Buck" (1.06); animated voice role[124]

2013
Oprah's Next Chapter on the Set of The Voice
Himself
Alongside Adam Levine, Shakira, and Usher[125]

2014
ACM Presents: An All-Star Salute to the Troops
Himself
Special; alongside Miranda Lambert, Merle Haggard, Tim McGraw, and others; performing duet "Over You" with Miranda Lambert[126]

2014
WWE Tribute to the Troops
Himself
Special; alongside Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Williams, Adam Levine, and others[127]

2014
60 Minutes
Himself

2015–2016
Red Nose Day
Himself/performer
Special; alongside Julia Roberts, Ludacris, Jack Black, and more; performing "Savior's Shadow" (2016)[128]

2015
Saturday Night Live
Himself/host & musical guest
Episode: "Blake Shelton"

2015
Michael Bublé's Christmas in Hollywood
Himself
Christmas special[129]

2016
2016 Kids' Choice Awards
Himself/host

2016
CMT's Hot 20 Countdown[130]
Himself/co-host

2016
Blake Shelton: Man Behind the Voice
Himself
Special broadcast on Reelz[131]

2017
HAND in HAND: A Benefit for Hurricane Harvey Relief[132][133]
Himself/co-host
Special; alongside Reese Witherspoon, George Clooney, Matthew McConaughey, Beyoncé, and others[134]

2017
Grammy's Greatest Stories: A 60th Anniversary Special[135]
Himself
Special; alongside Paul McCartney, Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, Sting, U2, and others

2017
Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas[136]
Himself
Special; alongside Seth MacFarlane, NE-YO, Ken Jeong, and Chelsea Handler

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2002
Country's Family Reunion Tribute Series: Vince Gill & Blake Shelton
Himself
[137]

2005
The Christmas Blessing
Himself
Performing "Nobody but Me"

2008
Hitman: David Foster & Friends
Himself
[138]

2014
I'll Be Me
Himself
Documentary film[139]

2015
The Ridiculous 6
Wyatt Earp

2015
Pitch Perfect 2
The Voice Judge No. 1

2015
American Saturday Night: Live From The Grand Ole Opry
Himself
[140]

2016
The Angry Birds Movie
Earl
Voice role

text: Record as coach on The Voice[edit]

text: Shelton has been a coach on NBC's The Voice since its inception in 2011, and has won six times.

text:
Season
Team finalist(s)
Result

1
Dia Frampton
Runner-up

2
Jermaine Paul
Winner

3
Cassadee Pope
Terry McDermott
Winner
Runner-up

4
Danielle Bradbery
The Swon Brothers
Winner
Third place

5
Cole Vosbury
Semi-finalist

6
Jake Worthington
Runner-up

7
Craig Wayne Boyd
Winner

8
Meghan Linsey
Runner-up

9
Emily Ann Roberts
Barrett Baber
Runner-up
Third place

10
Adam Wakefield
Runner-up

11
Sundance Head
Winner

12
Lauren Duski
Aliyah Moulden
Runner-up
Third place

13
Chloe Kohanski
Red Marlow
Winner
Fourth place


document_title: The Little White Cloud That Cried

question_text: who sang the song the little white cloud that cried

text: The Little White Cloud That Cried

text:
"The Little White Cloud That Cried"

Single by Johnnie Ray

A-side
"Cry"

Released
October 1951

Format
45 rpm, 78 rpm

Recorded
October 16, 1951

Genre
Pop

Length
2:14

Label
Okeh

Songwriter(s)
Johnnie Ray

Producer(s)
Mitch Miller

Johnnie Ray singles chronology

"Whiskey And Gin"
(1951)
"The Little White Cloud That Cried"
(1951)
"Please, Mr. Sun"
(1951)

"Whiskey And Gin"
(1951)
"The Little White Cloud That Cried"
(1951)
"Please, Mr. Sun"
(1951)

text: "The Little White Cloud that Cried" is a popular song written by Johnnie Ray and published in 1951.

text: The biggest hit version was recorded by Ray and The Four Lads in 1951. The recording was released by Okeh Records as catalog number 6840. It was a #2 hit on the Billboard magazine chart that year and one side of one of the biggest two-sided hits, as the flip side, "Cry," reached #1 on the Billboard chart.[1]

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Ronnie Dove covered the song for his album Cry (Ronnie Dove album) in 1966 for Diamond Records.
Stan Freberg did a parody on the Johnnie Ray song "Cry", entitled "Try", which he sings "Even Little White Clouds Do It", in reference to Ray's flip side song "Little White Cloud that Cried."
Vera Lynn recorded a contemporary cover in Britain.
Doris Day also recorded the song in the 1950s.
Semprini with Rhythm Acc. recorded the song in London on March 26, 1952 as the first melody of the medley "Part 2. Hit Medley of Foxtrots" along with "I'm Lucky to Have You" and "Tell Me Why." It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10263.
In 1961, The Fleetwoods released a version of the song on their album, Softly.
Wayne Newton and his brothers recorded a version in 1961 that briefly entered the top 100 as a re-release in 1964.
Jamie Redfern has also recorded this song.
In 1993, Chris Isaak recorded a version for the Clint Eastwood film, A Perfect World.
Jewish comedian Mickey Katz recorded a parody called The Little White Knish that Cried.


document_title: Node of Ranvier

question_text: where are voltage gated sodium channels concentrated in myelinated axons

text: Node of Ranvier

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Structure of a typical neuron

Node of Ranvier

Dendrite
Soma
Axon
Nucleus
Node of
Ranvier
Axon terminal
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath

text: Many vertebrate axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath, allowing rapid and efficient saltatory ("jumping") propagation of action potentials. The contacts between neurons and glial cells display a very high level of spatial and temporal organization in myelinated fibers. The myelinating glial cells; oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are wrapped around the axon, leaving the axolemma relatively uncovered at the regularly spaced nodes of Ranvier.

text: The internodal glial membranes are fused to form compact myelin, whereas the cytoplasm-filled paranodal loops of myelinating cells are spirally wrapped around the axon at both sides of the nodes. This organization demands a tight developmental control and the formation of a variety of specialized zones of contact between different areas of the myelinating cell membrane. Each node of Ranvier is flanked by paranodal regions where helicoidally wrapped glial loops are attached to the axonal membrane by a septate-like junction.

text: The segment between nodes of Ranvier is termed as the internode, and its outermost part that is in contact with paranodes is referred to as the juxtaparanodal region. The nodes are encapsulated by microvilli stemming from the outer aspect of the Schwann cell membrane in the PNS, or by perinodal extensions from astrocytes in the CNS.

text: History[edit]

text: The myelin sheath of long nerves was discovered and named by German pathological anatomist Rudolf Virchow[1] in 1854.[2] French pathologist and anatomist Louis-Antoine Ranvier later discovered the nodes, or gaps, in the myelin sheath that now bear his name. Born in Lyon, Ranvier was one of the most prominent histologists of the late 19th century. Ranvier abandoned pathological studies in 1867 and became an assistant of physiologist Claude Bernard. He was the chairman of General Anatomy at the Collège de France in 1875.

text: His refined histological techniques and his work on both injured and normal nerve fibers became world-renowned. His observations on fiber nodes and the degeneration and regeneration of cut fibers had a great influence on Parisian neurology at the Salpêtrière. Soon afterwards, he discovered gaps in sheaths of nerve fibers, which were later called the Nodes of Ranvier. This discovery later led Ranvier to careful histological examination of myelin sheaths and Schwann cells.[3]

text: Structural and molecular composition[edit]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The internodes are the myelin segments and the gaps between are referred to as nodes. The size and the spacing of the internodes vary with the fiber diameter in a curvilinear relationship that is optimized for maximal conduction velocity.[4] The size of the nodes span from 1–2 µm whereas the internodes can be up to (and occasionally even greater than)1.5 millimetres long, depending on the axon diameter and fiber type.

text: The structure of the node and the flanking paranodal regions are distinct from the internodes under the compact myelin sheath, but are very similar in CNS and PNS. The axon is exposed to the extra-cellular environment at the node and is constricted in its diameter. The decreased axon size reflects a higher packing density of neurofilaments in this region, which are less heavily phosphorylated and are transported more slowly.[4] Vesicles and other organelles are also increased at the nodes, which suggest that there is a bottleneck of axonal transport in both directions as well as local axonal-glial signaling.

text: When a longitudinal section is made through a myelinating Schwann cell at the node, three distinctive segments are represented: the stereotypic internode, the paranodal region, and the node itself. In the internodal region, the Schwann cell has an outer collar of cytoplasm, a compact myelin sheath, and inner collar of cytoplasm, and the axolemma. At the paranodal regions, the paranodal cytoplasm loops contact thickenings of the axolemma to form septate –like junctions. In the node alone, the axolemma is contacted by several Schwann microvilli and contains a dense cytoskeletal undercoating.

text: Structural differences between nodes in the CNS and PNS[edit]

text: Although freeze fracture studies have revealed that the nodal axolemma in both the CNS and PNS is enriched in intra-membranous particles (IMPs) compared to the internode, there are some structural differences reflecting their cellular constituents.[4] In the PNS, specialized microvilli project from the outer collar of Schwann cells and come very close to nodal axolemma of large fibers. The projections of the Schwann cells are perpendicular to the node and are radiating from the central axons. However, in the CNS, one or more of the astrocytic processes come in close vicinity of the nodes. Researchers declare that these processes stem from multi-functional astrocytes, as opposed to from a population of astrocytes dedicated to contacting the node. On the other hand, in the PNS, the basal lamina that surrounds the Schwann cells is continuous across the node.

text: Composition[edit]

text: The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+/K+ ATPases, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels that generate action potentials. A sodium channel consists of a pore-forming α subunit and two accessory β subunits, which anchor the channel to extra-cellular and intra-cellular components. The nodes of Ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous systems mostly consist of αNaV1.6 and β1 subunits.[5] The extra-cellular region of β subunits can associate with itself and other proteins, such as tenascin R and the cell-adhesion molecules neurofascin and contactin. Contactin is also present at nodes in the CNS and interaction with this molecule enhances the surface expression of Na+ channels.

text: Ankyrin has been found to be bounded to βIV spectrin, a spectrin isoform enriched at nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments. The PNS nodes are surrounded by Schwann cell microvilli, which contain ERMs and EBP50 that may provide a connection to actin microfilaments. Several extracellular matrix proteins are enriched at nodes of Ranvier, including tenascin-R, Bral-1, and proteoglycan NG2, as well as phosphacan and versican V2. At CNS nodes, the axonal proteins also include contactin; however, Schwann cell microvilli are replaced by astrocyte perinodal extensions.

text: Molecular organization[edit]

text: The molecular organization of the nodes corresponds to their specialized function in impulse propagation. The level of sodium channels in the node versus the internode suggests that the number IMPs corresponds to sodium channels. Potassium channels are essentially absent in the nodal axolemma, whereas they are highly concentrated in the paranodal axolemma and Schwann cell membranes at the node.[4] The exact function of potassium channels have not quite been revealed, but it is known that they may contribute to the rapid repolarization of the action potentials or play a vital role in buffering the potassium ions at the nodes. This highly asymmetric distribution of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is in striking contrast to their diffuse distribution in unmyelinated fibers.[4][6]

text: The filamentous network subjacent to the nodal membrane contains cytoskeletal proteins called spectrin and ankyrin. The high density of ankyrin at the nodes may be functionally significant because several of the proteins that are populated at the nodes share the ability to bind to ankyrin with extremely high affinity. All of these proteins, including ankyrin, are enriched in the initial segment of axons which suggests a functional relationship. Now the relationship of these molecular components to the clustering of sodium channels at the nodes is still not known. Although some cell-adhesion molecules have been reported to be present at the nodes inconsistently; however, a variety of other molecules are known to be highly populated at the glial membranes of the paranodal regions where they contribute to its organization and structural integrity.

text: Development[edit]

text: Myelination of nerve fibers[edit]

text: The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many. The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell. This process is sequenced by the in-folding of the Schwann cell surface so that a double membrane of the opposing faces of the in-folded Schwann cell surface is formed. This membrane stretches and spirally wraps itself over and over as the in-folding of the Schwann cell surface continues. As a result, the increase in the thickness of the extension of the myelin sheath in its cross-sectional diameter is easily ascertained. It is also evident that each of the consecutive turns of the spiral increases in size along the length of the axon as the number of turns increase. However, it is not clear whether or not the increase in length of the myelin sheath can be accounted solely by the increase in length of axon covered by each successive turn of the spiral, as previously explained. At the junction of two Schwann cells along an axon, the directions of the lamellar overhang of the myelin endings are of opposite sense.[7] This junction, adjacent of the Schwann cells, constitutes the region designated as the node of Ranvier.

text: Early stages of development[edit]

text: Researchers prove that in the developing CNS, Nav1.2 is initially expressed at all forming nodes Ranvier.[8] Upon maturation, nodal Nav1.3 is down-regulated and replaced by Nav1.6. Naz1.2 is also expressed during PNS node formation, which suggests that the switching of Nav-channel subtypes is a general phenomenon in the CNS and PNS. In this same investigation, it was shown that Nav1.6 and Nav1.2 colocalize at many nodes of Ranvier during early myelination. This also led to the suggestion that early clusters of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 channels are destined to later become nodes of Ranvier. Neurofascin is also reported to be one of the first proteins to accumulate at newly forming nodes of Ranvier. They are also found to provide the nucleation site for attachment of ankyrin G, Nav channels, and other proteins.[9] The recent identification of the Schwann cell microvilli protein gliomedin as the likely binding partner of axonal neurofascin brings forward substantial evidence for the importance of this protein in recruiting Nav channels to the nodes of Ranvier. Furthermore, Lambert et al. and Eshed et al. also indicates that neurofascin accumulates before Nav channels and is likely to have crucial roles in the earliest events associated with node of Ranvier formation. Thus, multiple mechanisms may exist and work synergistically to facilitate clustering of Nav channels at nodes of Ranvier.

text: Nodal formation[edit]

text: The first event appears to be the accumulation of cell adhesion molecules such as NF186 or NrCAM. The intra-cellular regions of these cell-adhesion molecules interact with ankyrin G, which serves as an anchor for sodium channels. At the same time, the periaxonal extension of the glial cell wraps around the axon, giving rise to the paranodal regions. This movement along the axon contributes significantly to the overall formation of the nodes of Ranvier by permitting heminodes formed at the edges of neighboring glial cells to fuse into complete nodes. Septate-like junctions form at the paranodes with the enrichment of NF155 in glial paranodal loops. Immediately following the early differentiation of the nodal and paranodal regions, potassium channels, Caspr2 and TAG1 accumulate in the juxta-paranodal regions. This accumulation coincides directly with the formation of compact myelin. In mature nodal regions, interactions with the intracellular proteins appear vital for the stability of all nodal regions. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes do not possess microvilli, but appear capable to initiate the clustering of some axonal proteins through secreted factors. The combined effects of such factors with the subsequent movements generated by the wrapping of oligodendrocyte periaxonal extension could account for the organization of CNS nodes of Ranvier.

text: Formation regulation[edit]

text: Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation[edit]

text: Mitochondria and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in the PNP region of peripheral myelinated axons, especially those large caliber axons.[10] The actual physiological role of this accumulation and factors that regulate it are not understood; however, it is known that mitochondria are usually present in areas of the cell that expresses a high energy demand. In these same regions, they are also understood to contain growth cones, synaptic terminals, and sites of action potential initiation and regeneration, such as the nodes of Ranvier. In the synaptic terminals, mitochondria produce the ATP needed to mobilize vesicles for neurotransmission. In the nodes of Ranvier, mitochondria serve as an important role in impulse conduction by producing the ATP that is essential to maintain the activity of energy-demanding ion pumps. Supporting this fact, about five times more mitochondria are present in the PNP axoplasm of large peripheral axons than in the corresponding internodal regions of these fibers.[10]

text: Nodal regulation via αII-Spectrin[edit]

text: Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons requires organization of the nodes of Ranvier, whereas voltage-gated sodium channels are highly populated. Studies show that αII-Spectrin, a component of the cytoskeleton is enriched at the nodes and paranodes at early stages and as the nodes mature, the expression of this molecule disappears.[11] It is also proven that αII-Spectrin in the axonal cytoskeleton is absolutely vital for stabilizing sodium channel clusters and organizing the mature node of Ranvier.

text: Nodal regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp?[edit]

text: It has been shown previously that OMgp (oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein) clusters at nodes of Ranvier and may regulate paranodal architecture, node length and axonal sprounting at nodes.[12] However, a follow-up study showed that the antibody used previously to identify OMgp at nodes crossreacts with another node-enriched component versican V2 and that OMgp is not required for the integrity of nodes and paranodes, arguing against the previously reported localization and proposed functions of OMgp at nodes.[13]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Action potential[edit]

text: An action potential is a spike of both positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell.[14] The creation and conduction of action potentials represents a fundamental means of communication in the nervous system. Action potentials represent rapid reversals in voltage across the plasma membrane of axons. These rapid reversals are mediated by voltage-gated ion channels found in the plasma membrane. The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath. The clustering of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels at the nodes permits this behavior.

text: Saltatory conduction[edit]

text: Since an axon can be unmyelinated or myelinated, the action potential has two methods to travel down the axon. These methods are referred to as continuous conduction for unmyelinated axons, and saltatory conduction for myelinated axons. Saltatory conduction is defined as an action potential moving in discrete jumps down a myelinated axon.

text: This process is outlined as the charge passively spreading to the next node of Ranvier to depolarize it to threshold which will then trigger an action potential in this region which will then passively spread to the next node and so on.

text: Saltatory conduction provides one advantage over conduction that occurs along an axon without myelin sheaths. This is that the increased speed afforded by this mode of conduction assures faster interaction between neurons. On the other hand, depending on the average firing rate of the neuron, calculations show that the energetic cost of maintaining the resting potential of oligodendrocytes can outweigh the energy savings of action potentials.[15] So, axon myelination does not necessarily save energy.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Complete neuron cell diagram

Medullated nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate