document_title: List of countries by minimum driving age

question_text: what is the legal driving age in alberta

text: Africa[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Algeria
18[1]

 Cameroon
16[citation needed]

 Ethiopia
18[2]

 Egypt
18[3]

 Ghana
18[4]

 Kenya
16[5]

 Lesotho
18[6]

 Libya
18[citation needed]

 Mali
18[citation needed]

 Mauritania
18[citation needed]

 Mauritius
15 (autocycles), 17 (motorcycles), 18 (cars)[7]

 Mayotte
18[citation needed]

 Morocco
18[8][9]

 Mozambique
18[citation needed]

 Namibia
18[10]

 Niger
23[11]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Réunion (France)
18[citation needed]

 Senegal
18[citation needed]

 South Africa
17
The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg. 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license, to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year. Yet to obtain an actual drivers license, the age is 18 years old.[12]

 Swaziland
18[6]

 Tanzania
18[13]

 Tunisia
18[14]

 Zambia
16[15]

 Zimbabwe
16[16]

text: Americas[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Canada
16 (14 in Alberta Province)

See also: Driving licence in Canada

 Mexico
15 (with parental supervision), 16 (with parental agreement), 18[17]

 United States
14 – 16 (for permit)
14, 3 months – 17 (for license)
depending on state

See also: Driver's license in the United States

text: Central America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Costa Rica
18[citation needed]

 El Salvador
15[citation needed]

 Guatemala
16 (with parental agreement), 18[citation needed]

 Honduras
18[citation needed]

 Panama
18[18]

text: South America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Argentina
17
21 is the minimum age to drive a truck, bus or emergency vehicle. 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped (without passengers)[19]

 Bolivia
18[20]

 Brazil
18[21]
Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat. 'B' for at least one year before applying for a professional license. 'C' category are usually for load trucks, 'D' for buses and trucks and 'E' for articulated vehicles.

 Chile
17 (with parental approval), 18,[22] 20 (professional license)[23]

 Colombia
16[24]

 Ecuador
18[25]

 French Guiana
18[citation needed]

 Guyana
17[26]

 Paraguay
18[citation needed]

 Peru
18[27]

 Suriname
18[citation needed]

 Uruguay
18[28]

 Venezuela
18[29]

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Anguilla
18[30]

 Bahamas
17[31]

 Cuba
18[32]

 Dominican Republic
18 (16 With supervision)[citation needed]

 Guadeloupe
18[citation needed]

 Jamaica
18[citation needed]

 Martinique
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands Antilles
18[33]

 Puerto Rico
16 (with learner's permit)[34]

 Saint Barthélemy
18[citation needed]

 Saint Martin
18[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago
17[citation needed]

 St. Kitts and Nevis
17(for permit)[35], 18 (for license)[36]

 US Virgin Islands
16 (with learner's permit), 18[37]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Bahrain
18[38]

 Iran
18[39]

 Iraq
16 years (Motorcycles) /18 years (Cars)[citation needed]

 Israel
16 years (Motorcycles) /16 years and 9 months (Cars)[40]

 Jordan
18[41][42]

 Kuwait
18[43]

 Lebanon
18[citation needed]

 Oman
18[44]

 Palestine
18[45]

 Qatar
18[46]

 Saudi Arabia
18 (Cars) / 16 (Motorcycles) / 17 (Temporary Permit for cars)
Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017.[47]

 Syria
18[48]

 United Arab Emirates
18[citation needed]

 Yemen
18[49]

text: South Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Afghanistan
18[50]

 Bangladesh
18[51]

 India
16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc,18 for geared bikes, cars and commercial vehicles[52]

   Nepal
18[53]

 Pakistan
18[54][55]

 Sri Lanka
18[56]

text: East Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 China
18[57]

 Hong Kong
18[58]
Special Administrative Region of China

 Japan
16[59] For those that are 16 years old, a district court order for special exemption is required, a common practice for U.S. diplomatic families.

See also: Driving licence in Japan

 Macau
18[60]
Special Administrative Region of China

 South Korea
18 for motorbikes over 125cc, 16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under125cc, 19 for commercial license

See also: Driving license in South Korea

 Taiwan
18[61]

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Brunei
18[62]

 Burma
18[citation needed]

 Cambodia
18[63]

 Indonesia
17[64][65]

 Laos
18[66]

 Malaysia
16 (Motorcycles/B2, B), 17 (Light Vehicles/D), 21 (Commercial Vehicles/E)[67]

 Philippines
17 (Student Permit); 18 (non-professional & professional driver’s license)[68]

 Singapore
18[69]

 Thailand
18[70][better source needed]
15 for motorcycles[citation needed]

 Vietnam
18[71]

text: Europe[edit]

text: European driving licence area[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Austria
18 (cars) 15 (mopeds)[72]
(17 with special training)

 Belgium
18[73]

See also: Driving licence in Belgium

 Bulgaria
18[citation needed]

 Croatia
18[74]

 Cyprus
18

See also: Driving licence in Cyprus

 Czech Republic
18[citation needed]

 Denmark
17 (cars)[75] 15 (mopeds)
The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18.

 Estonia
16[76]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.[76] Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Finland
18 (cars)
15 (mopeds and micro cars)[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Finland

 France
15[77]
Driving age for cars is 15[77] with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Germany
17
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.[78]

 Gibraltar
17[79]

 Greece
18[citation needed]

 Hungary
17[citation needed]

 Iceland
16[80][81]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 17.

 Ireland
17[82][83][84]
16 for work vehicles, tractors etc and mopeds <45 km/h

 Italy
17[85]
17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1/B1 licence.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Latvia
18[citation needed]

 Liechtenstein
18[citation needed]

 Lithuania
18[citation needed]

 Luxembourg
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Malta
18[86]

 Netherlands
17 (cars)
16 (mopeds & tractors)[87]

See also: Driving licence in the Netherlands
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Driving lessons available at 16½.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Norway
18 (cars)
16 (mopeds and light motorcycles)

See also: Driving licence in Norway

 Poland
18[citation needed]

 Portugal
18 (cars)
16 (motorcycles)[citation needed]

 Romania
18[citation needed]

 Slovakia
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Slovenia
16 (cars and motorcycles)[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Spain
18[citation needed]

 Sweden
16 (cars)
15 (mopeds & tractors)

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

  Switzerland
18[88]

 United Kingdom
17 (cars)
16 (mopeds and tractors) [89]

text: Rest of Europe[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Albania
18[citation needed]

 Andorra
18[90]

 Armenia
18[91]

 Azerbaijan
18[92]

 Belarus
18[93]
16 - mopeds (AM), <125cc/11 kW motorcycles (A1);
17 - <80 kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C);
18 - all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and <1m3 excavators (F);
21 - buses for more than 8 passengers(D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses(I).[94]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
18[95]

 Georgia
17[96]

 Guernsey
17[97]

 Isle of Man
16[98]

 Jersey
17[99]

 Kosovo
17[100]

 Macedonia
18 (16 with parental supervision)[101]

 Moldova
18[102]

 Monaco
18[103]

 Montenegro
18[104]

 Northern Cyprus
18

See also: Driving licence in Northern Cyprus

 Russia
18 (16 for motorcycles)[105]

 San Marino
18[106]

 Serbia
18 (17 with adult supervision)[107]

 Turkey
18 (cars)
16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)[108]

 Ukraine
18[109][110]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 American Samoa
16[111]

 Australia
15 years 9 months

See also: Driving licence in Australia
Learner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision, from 15 years and 9 months in the Australian Capital Territory and 16 years in all other states and the Northern Territory.

 Fiji
17[112][113]

 Guam
16[114]

 Marshall Islands
18[115]

 New Zealand
16

See also: Driving licence in New Zealand
The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16. The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence, without any supervision or conditions, is 17½ years if a driver completes an advanced driving course.[116] Without an advanced driving course, the minimum age is 18, the same as a heavy vehicle licence.[117]

 Northern Mariana Islands
15 years 6 months[118]

 Papua New Guinea
18[citation needed]

 Tonga
18[119][120]


document_title: Occupation of Alcatraz

question_text: who occupied alcatraz an abandoned federal prison in 1969

root

text: Occupation of Alcatraz

text: Background[edit]

text: On March 8, 1964, a small group of Sioux demonstrated by occupying the island for four hours.[2] The entire party consisted of about 40 people, including photographers, reporters and Elliot Leighton, the lawyer representing those claiming land stakes. According to Adam Fortunate Eagle, this demonstration was an extension of already prevalent Bay Area street theater used to raise awareness. The Sioux activists were led by Richard McKenzie, Mark Martinez, Garfield Spotted Elk, Virgil Standing-Elk, Walter Means, and Allen Cottier. Cottier acted as spokesman for the demonstration, stating that it was “peaceful and in accordance with Sioux treaty rights.” The protesters were publicly offering the federal government the same amount for the land that the government had initially offered them; at 47 cents per acre, this amounted to $9.40 for the entire rocky island, or $5.64 for the twelve usable acres. Cottier also stated that the federal government would be allowed to maintain use of the Coast Guard lighthouse located on the island. The protesters left under threat that they would be charged with felony. This incident resulted in increased media attention for indigenous peoples' protests across the Bay Area.[3]

tag: p

text: The United Council of the Bay Area Indian community initially considered writing a proposal and filing an application for the use of Alcatraz by Sioux people under the conditions of their treaty. Plans were drawn up for using the buildings on Alcatraz as a cultural center. Conversations about handing Alcatraz over to developers for commercial development created concern about the future availability of the island. A desire for more immediate action to claim space for the local Indian community was finally spurred by the loss of the San Francisco Indian Center to fire on October 10, 1969. The loss of the San Francisco Indian Center spurred action among indigenous peoples because of the importance it held within their community. The center provided Native Americans with jobs, health care, aid in legal affairs, and social opportunities. This detrimental loss happening on top of the Indians’ already growing tension with the U.S. government prompted strategies[4] for obtaining Alcatraz for use by the local Indian community shifted from formal applications to more immediate takeover.[3]

text: In 1969, Adam Fortunate Eagle planned a symbolic occupation for November 9. University student leaders Mohawk Richard Oakes and Shoshone Bannock LaNada Means, head of the Native American Student Organization at the University of California, Berkeley,[5] with a larger group of student activists joined Fortunate Eagle. A group of five boats was organized to take approximately 75 indigenous peoples over to the island, but none of the boats showed up. Adam Fortunate Eagle convinced Ronald Craig, the owner of the Monte Cristo, a three-masted yacht, to pass by the island when their own boats did not arrive.[3] Oakes, Jim Vaughn (Cherokee), Joe Bill (Eskimo), Ross Harden (Ho-Chunk) and Jerry Hatch jumped overboard, swam to shore, and claimed the island by right of discovery.[6] The Coast Guard quickly removed the men, but later that day, a larger group made their way to the island again, and fourteen stayed overnight. The following day, Oakes delivered a proclamation, written by Fortunate Eagle, to the General Services Administration (GSA) which claimed the island by right of discovery, after which the group left the island.[7]

text: Though recently many people have claimed that the American Indian Movement was somehow involved in the Takeover, AIM had nothing to do with the planning and execution of the Occupation, though they did send a delegation to Alcatraz in the early months in order to find out how the operation was accomplished and how things were progressing.[citation needed]

text: Occupation[edit]

text: In the early morning hours of November 20, 1969, 89 American Indians, including over 30 women,[3] students, married couples and six children, set out to occupy Alcatraz Island.[1] A partially successful Coast Guard blockade prevented most of them from landing, but fourteen protesters landed on the island to begin their occupation.[8]

text: At the height of the occupation there were 400 people. Native and non-native people brought food and other necessary items to the people on the island, but the coast guard’s blockades made it increasingly difficult to supply the occupants with food. The suppliers, after stealthily journeying across the bay via canoe, dropped off the supplies which then had to be carried up steep ladders.[9] The occupation lasted about 19 months but ended peacefully.[8][10] An employee of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Doris Purdy, who was also an amateur photographer, accompanied a group who went on November 29, stayed the night and made a movie, which is available on YouTube.[11]

text: The protesters, predominantly students, drew inspiration and tactics from contemporary civil rights demonstrations, some of which they had themselves organized. The original fourteen students who occupied the Island were LaNada Means War Jack, Richard Oakes, Joe Bill, David Leach, John Whitefox, Ross Harden, Jim Vaughn, Linda Arayando, Bernell Blindman, Kay Many Horse, John Virgil, John Martell, Fred Shelton, and Rick Evening. Jerry Hatch and Al Miller, both present at the initial landing but unable to leave the boat in the confusion after the Coast Guard showed up, quickly turned up in a private boat. The first landing party was joined later by many others in the following days, including Joe Morris (a key player later as a representative of the Longshoreman's Union, which threatened to close both ports if the Occupiers were removed), and the man who would soon become "the Voice of Alcatraz," John Trudell.

text: After a fire destroyed a San Francisco Indian center and Interior Secretary Walter J. Hickel offered to turn Alcatraz into a national park, the protesters mobilized.[12][13]

text: Although she would not receive the same recognition from mainstream media as Trudell and Oakes would, LaNada Means, who was one of the first to arrive and one of the last to leave, organized written statements and speeches that outlined the purpose of the occupation. To the media and to the federal government, Means made it clear that the occupiers wanted complete Indian control over the island, under the Treaty of Fort Laramie, for the purpose of building a cultural center that included Native American Studies, an American Indian spiritual center, an ecology center, and an American Indian Museum. According to Means’ grant proposal, the center would include full-time Indian consultants, Indian teachers, Indian librarians, and an Indian staff leading people around the center in order to tell the story of Indians of All Tribes.[14] The occupiers specifically cited their treatment under the Indian termination policy and they accused the U.S. government of breaking numerous Indian treaties.

text: Richard Oakes sent a message to the San Francisco Department of the Interior:

text:
“
We invite the United States to acknowledge the justice of our claim. The choice now lies with the leaders of the American government – to use violence upon us as before to remove us from our Great Spirit's land, or to institute a real change in its dealing with the American Indian. We do not fear your threat to charge us with crimes on our land. We and all other oppressed peoples would welcome spectacle of proof before the world of your title by genocide. Nevertheless, we seek peace.[8]
”

tag: table

text: President Richard Nixon's Special Counsel Leonard Garment took over negotiations from the GSA.[8]

text: On Thanksgiving Day, hundreds of supporters made their way to Alcatraz to celebrate the Occupation.[8] In December, one of the occupiers, Isani Sioux John Trudell, began making daily radio broadcasts from the island, and in January 1970, occupiers began publishing a newsletter. Joseph Morris, a Blackfoot member of the local longshoreman's union, rented space on Pier 40 to facilitate the transportation of supplies and people to the island.[8]

text: Cleo Waterman (Seneca Nation) was president of the American Indian Center during the takeover. As an elder, she chose to stay behind and work on logistics to support the occupiers. She worked closely with Grace Thorpe and the singer Kay Starr to bring attention to the occupation and its purpose.

text: Grace Thorpe, daughter of Jim Thorpe (Sac and Fox), was one of the occupiers and helped convince celebrities like Jane Fonda, Anthony Quinn, Marlon Brando, Jonathan Winters, Buffy Sainte-Marie and Dick Gregory, to visit the island and show their support.[8][15] Not only did Thorpe bring both national and international attention to the occupation, she also provided supplies necessary to keep the occupation alive. Thorpe gave a generator, water barge and an ambulance service to the island.[5] Rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival supported the Occupation with a $15,000 donation that was used to buy a boat, named the Clearwater,[13] for reliable transport to Alcatraz.[8] As a child, the actor Benjamin Bratt was in the occupation with his mother and his siblings.[16]

text: Collapse and removal[edit]

text: On January 3, 1970, Yvonne Oakes, 13-year-old daughter of Annie and stepdaughter to Richard Oakes, fell to her death, prompting the Oakes family to leave the island, saying they just didn't have the heart for it anymore.[8] Some of the original occupiers left to return to school, and some of the new occupiers had drug addictions. Some non-aboriginal members of San Francisco's drug and hippie scene also moved to the island, until non-Indians were prohibited from staying overnight.[8]

text: In an interview with “Radio Free Alcatraz”, occupant and Sioux Indian, John Trudell, lamented of how, “water [was] still [their] big number one problem, and how “rapidly, [their] number two problem [was] becoming electricity”. The government often shut off all electricity to the island, as well as made it difficult for water to reach the occupants in an effort to make them desert the island.[17]

text: After Oakes left, LaNada Means, John Trudell and Stella Leach were challenged with rebuilding the occupation's worsening reputation. Means, having been in a family that was always active in tribal politics, was comfortable briefing reporters on how reservations operated or directing occupiers on island clean up.[18] So when Robert Robertson, a Republican working for the National Council on Indian Opportunity, arrived on the island in 1970, just a week after Yvonne Oakes’ passing, Means took the lead in trying to negotiate the grant for the cultural center. Along with Means, Robertson originally met with a group of occupiers to discuss safety and negotiations regarding the occupation. He was surprised that only ten men were present while forty American Indian women were present and active in discussion.[19] When the initial meeting ended, Means had invited Robertson to a private dinner between herself and three lawyers to propose a $500,000 grant to renovate the island.[20] Robertson, however, refused and would continue to refuse the occupiers’ proposals until finally, in May 1970 the federal government began to transfer Alcatraz to the Department of the Interior and the National Park System.

text: LaNada Means attempted to find different routes to support Indians of All Tribes and those still on Alcatraz. Means believed that if she could hire a high-profile attorney to represent their claim for the Treaty of Fort Laramie, IOAT would win their case. However, as she travelled further and further away from the island to find supporters, rumors began that she was offered a screen test with a movie producer, therefore becoming an opportunist. When she returned she had found that Trudell and the occupation’s attorney’s disagreed with her approach. Ultimately, the remaining occupiers followed Trudell.[21] These opposing views between Means and Trudell are only one simple example of the power struggle that was one of the main reasons for the demise of the occupation. Comanche Indian Paul Chaat Smith, who works as an associate curator at the National Museum of the American Indian, speaks from personal experience that Indian leaders are often not united; and frequently let power get in the way of the change they wish to make. This proved true in the Occupation of Alcatraz when the operation turned out to not be as united as the occupants first hoped it to be. Their demands proved contradictory of each other, and their inability to see past differences and compromise proved detrimental to the occupation of the island.[22]

text: By late May, the government had cut off all electrical power and all telephone service to the island. In June, a fire of disputed origin destroyed numerous buildings on the island.[8] Left without power, fresh water, and in the face of diminishing public support and sympathy, the number of occupiers began to dwindle. On June 11, 1971, a large force of government officers removed the remaining 15 people from the island.[8]

text: Though fraught with controversy and forcibly ended, the Occupation is hailed by many as a success for having attained international attention for the situation of native peoples in the United States,[23] and for sparking more than 200 instances of civil disobedience among Native Americans.[24]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The Occupation of Alcatraz had a direct effect on federal Indian policy and, with its visible results, established a precedent for Indian activism.

text: Robert Robertson, director of the National Council on Indian Opportunity (NCIO), was sent to negotiate with the protesters. His offer to build a park on the island for Indian use was rejected, as the IAT were determined to possess the entire island, and hoped to build a cultural center there. While the Nixon administration did not accede to the demands of the protesters, it was aware of the delicate nature of the situation, and so could not forcibly remove them. Spurred in part by Spiro Agnew’s support for Native American rights, federal policy began to progress away from termination and toward Indian autonomy. In Nixon’s July 8, 1970 Indian message, he decried termination, proclaiming, “self-determination among Indian people can and must be encouraged without the threat of eventual termination.” While this was a step toward substantial reform, the administration was hindered by its bureaucratic mentality, unable to change its methodical approach of dealing with Indian rights. Nixon’s attitude toward Indian affairs soured with the November 2, 1972 occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Nixon reputedly felt betrayed and claimed that “he was through doing things to help Indians.”

text: Much of the Indian rights activism of the period can be traced to the Occupation of Alcatraz. The Trail of Broken Treaties, the BIA occupation, the Wounded Knee incident, and the Longest Walk all have their roots in the occupation. The American Indian Movement noted from their visit to the occupation that the demonstration garnered national attention, while those involved faced no punitive action. When AIM members seized the Mayflower II on Thanksgiving, 1970, the Occupation of Alcatraz was noted as “the symbol of a newly awakened desire among Indians for unity and authority in a white world.”[12][13] The occupation of Alcatraz Island served as a strong symbol and uniting force for indigenous peoples everywhere because of the importance the island held in their ancestors’ lives. Indians traveled to Alcatraz about 10,000 years before the Europeans even entered the Bay area. Over the course of their history, the island served the purpose of a camping ground, was used as a place to hunt for food, and at one point became an isolated and remote place for law violators were held. The occupation which began in 1969 caused Native Americans to remember what the island meant to them as a people. [25]Although the Alcatraz occupation inspired many other Pan-Indian movements to occur, it also showed how gender played a part in Indian activism. Mainstream media had an obsession with documenting the stereotype of the male Indian warrior and as such it was only the men that were highlighted as being the leaders and creators of movements.[26] Women such as LaNada Means, Stella Leach and the other women at Alcatraz receive little attention for contributing to the movement. As a result, the many women who had initiated movements such as Wounded Knee Incident would never be as well known as Russell Means and other AIM leaders, even though, in the case of Wounded Knee, of the 350 occupiers, just 100 were men.[27] Quoted in John William Sayer’s Ghost Dancing the Law: The Wounded Knee Trials, John Trudell admitted, in reflection, “We got lost in our manhood."[28]

text: Legacies[edit]

text: Some 50 of the Alcatraz occupiers traveled to the East Bay and began an occupation of an abandoned and dilapidated Nike Missile installation located in the hills behind the community of Kensington in June 1971. This occupation was ended after three days by a combined force of Richmond Police and regular US Army troops from the Presidio of San Francisco.[29] Moreover, the Alcatraz Occupation greatly influenced the American government's decision to end its Indian termination policy and to pass the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975.[8]

text: The Alcatraz Occupation led to an annual celebration of the rights of indigenous people, Unthanksgiving day, welcome all visitors to a dawn ceremony under permits by the National Park Service.

text: In March 1970, a Seattle-based group called the United Indians of All Tribes (re-)occupied Fort Lawton, demanding the return of Indigenous lands that were about to be declared surplus. The organization and their action was expressly modelled on the Indians of All Tribes and the occupation of Alcatraz. Bernie Whitebear, one of those involved, stated that "We saw what could be achieved there and if it had not been for their determined effort on Alcatraz, there would have been no movement here. We would like to think that Alcatraz lives on in part through Ft. Lawton."[30]


document_title: List of solar eclipses visible from the United Kingdom

question_text: when will there be a total solar eclipse in the uk

text: 12th century (AD 1101 – 1200)[edit]

text:
2 August 1133[4]

"King Henry's Eclipse": A total eclipse, recorded in the Peterborough Chronicle (under 1135 due to the vagaries of the dating system in use[5]): and the next day, as he lay asleep on ship, the day darkened over all lands, and the Sun was all **

20 March 1140[6]

A total eclipse, recorded by William of Malmesbury in his Historia Novella. In his opinion this was a sign which foretold the capture of King Stephen in the Battle of Lincoln in 1141. This is the Lenten eclipse also reported in the Peterborough Chronicle as being on the thirteenth day before the kalends of April: 'After this, during Lent, the sun and the day darkened about the noon-tide of the day, when men were eating; and they lighted candles to eat by. That was the thirteenth day before the kalends of April. Men were greatly wonderstricken[7] Totality was experienced at about 3.00 pm at the centre line of the eclipse (near Derby).

tag: ul

text: 15th to 16th centuries (AD 1401 – 1600)[edit]

text:
26 June 1424[8]

A total eclipse of almost 2 and a half minutes duration in the extreme north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland.

17 June 1433[9]

Another Scottish total eclipse from the Hebrides in the north-west to the English borders in the east and then a strip of the Yorkshire coast.

16 March 1485[10]

Partial eclipse visible in London the same day as Richard III's queen, Anne Neville, died. Claimed as an ill omen by Richard's Tudor opponents.

25 February 1598 (March 7, 1598 by Gregorian calendar)

A total eclipse with a diagonal track from Cornwall in the south-west to Aberdeen in the north-east of Scotland.

text: 17th to 19th centuries (AD 1601–1900)[edit]

text:
8 April 1652

Another total solar eclipse with a diagonal track, this time across Pembrokeshire, the Lake District and then Scotland from the south-west to the north-east, including most of the major cities.

text: 3 May 1715 Cambridge, England

text:
12 August 1654

Yet another total eclipse for Scotland, this time a track across the north of Scotland near Aberdeen.

23 September 1699

A narrow path of totality just clipped the north-east corner of Scotland, including Wick.

3 May 1715

A marvellous British Total Solar Eclipse from Cornwall in the south-west to Lincolnshire and Norfolk in the east. Edmund Halley, (later the second man to be appointed Astronomer Royal), observed the eclipse from London. The city of London enjoyed 3 minutes 33 seconds of totality.

22 May 1724

A fine Total Solar Eclipse with a north-west to south-east track, from southern Wales and Devon in the west, eastwards to Hampshire and Sussex, but passing to the south of London.

There was no Total Solar Eclipse visible from the United Kingdom between 1724 and 1925.

text: 20th century (AD 1901 – 2000)[edit]

text:
24 January 1925

Total Solar Eclipse: A short duration total eclipse at sunset in British waters to the north of the Hebrides. Although it nowhere touched land, the path of totality ran very close to several outlying Scottish islands, including St Kilda; the islet of Sula Sgeir experienced 99.9% totality.

29 June 1927

Total Solar Eclipse: A mere 24 seconds of totality in the early morning, along a narrow track from North Wales, through Lancashire to the English north-east coast, but weather was very poor with cloud and high winds. However the Astronomer Royal's expedition to Giggleswick in North Yorkshire was amongst the few to catch sight of totality.

30 June 1954

Total Solar Eclipse at Unst in the Shetland Islands, although the centre line was north of British territorial waters. A large partial eclipse was widely observed over the whole of the UK.

2 October 1959

A partial eclipse visible over the whole of the United Kingdom ranging from approximately 20% in Northern Scotland to approximately 40% in South West Cornwall.

15 February 1961

The United Kingdom was greeted at dawn with a large portion of the Sun covered with maximum eclipse being approximately on the horizon ranging from 85% in Northern Scotland to between 92% and 95% in Southern England.

text: Partial solar eclipses also occurred on 20 May 1966, 22 September 1968, 25 February 1971, 10 July 1972, 30 June 1973, 11 May 1975, 29 April 1976, 20 July 1982, 15 December 1982, 4 December 1984, 21 May 1993 and 10 May 1994. (Source: HMNAO Eclipses On-line Portal.)

text:
12 October 1996

A partial solar eclipse which covered 60% of the Sun over the British Isles.

11 August 1999

Total Solar Eclipse over Cornwall and part of south Devon, partial over the rest of the United Kingdom. Totality was observable from English Channel and the island of Alderney in the Channel Islands, but was almost universally clouded out on the British mainland. The clouds did clear in the Newquay area, though, allowing observation of full totality. A large partial eclipse was visible in the south-east of England and south Wales. Observers in various places noted birds falling silent, daylight colours turning to grey, and temperatures falling, augmented by a passing wisp of cloud at the moment of peak eclipse.

text: 21st century (AD 2001 – 2100)[edit]

text:
31 May 2003

An annular solar eclipse at sunrise was visible in the far north-west of Scotland.

3 October 2005

Partial eclipse approaching 70% partial in South West England.

29 March 2006

A partial solar eclipse was visible across the UK. South East England saw the greatest magnitude at around 25%, northern Scotland the least at around 15%. The eclipse was total in Libya and Turkey.

1 August 2008

A small partial eclipse over the whole of the UK as a total eclipse crosses central Russia east of the Urals. 40% in the north of Scotland falling to less than 20% in the south-west of England.

4 January 2011

A partial eclipse, which was nowhere total, could be seen at sunrise in South East England, where with a favourable south-eastern horizon a Sun 75% covered by the Moon was seen.

20 March 2015

An eclipse which was total across the north Atlantic including the Faroe Islands resulted in a large partial eclipse across the UK, greater than 80% everywhere. While the line of totality didn't touch land in the United Kingdom, it passed less than ten kilometres to the north-west of the island of Rockall.

21 August 2017

A total solar eclipse in parts of the USA results in a small partial eclipse visible at sunset.

11 August 2018

A very small partial eclipse, about 2%, on the northern coast of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland.

2 July 2019

Although not visible from the British Isles, this eclipse is of note as the next total eclipse visible from British territory; the line of totality passes over Oeno Island in the Pacific Ocean.

10 June 2021

An eclipse which is annular across Canada and the Arctic gives rise to partial eclipse across Britain ranging from 50% in northern Scotland to 30% in south-east England.

25 October 2022

An eclipse which is nowhere total results in a partial eclipse across Britain with north-east Scotland the most favoured, at around 35% falling to less than 20% in Cornwall.

8 April 2024

A partial eclipse may be visible from parts of Britain just before sunset.

29 March 2025

Partial ranging from 40% partial in Kent to about 50% partial in the north-west of Scotland.

12 August 2026

An eclipse which is total across Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean and Spain results in a very large partial eclipse across Britain with western Ireland the most favoured, at around 96% in Cornwall falling to 91% in Aberdeen.

2 August 2027

Partial ranging from about 30% partial in the north of Scotland to almost 60% partial in the south-west of England. Total eclipse from Gibraltar.

26 January 2028

About 40% partial at sunset.

1 June 2030

About 50% partial at sunrise.

21 August 2036

60–70% partial, greatest in the north of Scotland.

16 January 2037

50–60% partial at sunrise, most in the north of Scotland.

5 January 2038

Less than 20% partial nationwide at sunset.

2 July 2038

Less than 20% partial nationwide.

21 June 2039

Over 60% partial, touching 80% in the north of Scotland.

11 June 2048

Annular passing just north of Shetland. Over 60% across mainland UK.

14 November 2050

Over 80% partial across all except south and south west of England.

12 September 2053

40–60% partial, best in south.

5 November 2059

70–80% partial at sunrise, best in SW England.

3 September 2062

Partial grazing the north of Scotland, best in Shetland but still less than 20% partial.

5 February 2065

Partial; over 80% for whole UK. No totality.

21 April 2069

Partial eclipse, peaking at around 50% in NW Scotland.

12 September 2072

Limited partial eclipse peaking at around 40% in NE Scotland.

13 July 2075

Over 60% partial at sunrise nationally.

26 November 2076

Partial, between 40 and 60% partial

1 May 2079

Over 40% partial over 60% in NW Scotland.

3 September 2081

Totality in the Channel Islands, over 80% partial across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Over 60% through Scotland.

27 February 2082

60–80% partial at sunset, best in the south.

21 April 2088

Around 40–50% partial, best in the south east.

23 September 2090

Total Solar Eclipse: the next total eclipse visible in the UK follows a track similar to that of 11 August 1999, but shifted slightly further north and occurring very near sunset. Maximum duration in Cornwall will be 2 minutes and 10 seconds. Same day and month as the eclipse of 23 September 1699.

18 February 2091

Partial Solar Eclipse: viewable from most areas of the UK. It will be visible from 08:25am to 10:55am, and at its peak at around 09:30am. From southern England about 55% of the Sun will be eclipsed. From northern Scotland, over 60% will be eclipsed.

7 February 2092

40–50% partial at sunset.

23 July 2093

Annular eclipse over southern Scotland, Northern England and most of Northern Ireland. Over 80% partial for the rest of the country. Near the centre line, just over 5 minutes of annularity will be observed. The centre line runs roughly from Ayr to Newcastle.

text: 22nd century (AD 2101 – 2200)[edit]

text:
3 June 2133

Total eclipse over the far north-west of Scotland, including the Isles of Lewis, Harris, northern Skye and Shetland, partial eclipse elsewhere. Maximum duration will be 3 minutes and 36 seconds.

7 October 2135

Total eclipse over central and southern Scotland and north-east England. The centre line runs from the islands of Tiree and Mull, north of Glasgow and south of Edinburgh, through Livingston to Seahouses in Northumberland. Maximum duration will be 4 minutes and 50 seconds.

14 June 2151

Total eclipse over south-west Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, north, central and eastern England and north-east Wales. The centre line runs from the southern tip of the Kintyre peninsula in Argyll and Bute, through Lancashire, West and South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and the Wash to the Suffolk coast. Maximum duration will be 3 minutes and 48 seconds.

4 June 2160

Total eclipse over Land's End in Cornwall and the Scilly Isles, as well as the far southwestern tip of Ireland, partial eclipse elsewhere. Maximum duration will be 2 minutes and 58 seconds.

8 November 2189

Total eclipse over Cornwall and south Devon and the Channel Islands, as well as southwest Ireland, partial eclipse elsewhere. The centre line runs from Tralee, through Truro and passing just to the south of Jersey. Maximum duration will be 4 minutes and 10 seconds.

14 April 2200

Total eclipse over Northern Ireland and northern England. The centre line runs from Enniskillen, through Armagh, Downpatrick, the Isle of Man, Morecambe Bay and North Yorkshire to the East coast between Bridlington and Hornsea. Maximum duration will be 1 minute and 23 seconds.


document_title: The Princess Diaries

question_text: who does mia end up with in princess diaries

text: The Princess Diaries

text: Series description[edit]

text: The story of Mia Thermopolis' adolescent turmoil as an average teenager and a princess of royal descent is chronicled in her on-going journal, where she explores topics of teenage angst, love, and betrayal through an opinionated eye. The main series follows Mia from her freshman year of high school to her graduation, with a two-year jump between the ninth and tenth books.

text: Setting[edit]

text:
Genovia

Flag of Genovia

The Princess Diaries location

Other name(s)
Principality of Genovia

Created by
Meg Cabot

Genre
Young adult fiction

Type
Parliamentary Monarchy

Notable locations
Pyrus (capital)
New Pyrus (largest city)

Population
64,486

Motto
The whole body works

Anthem
Genovia, the land I call my home

Language(s)
English and French

Currency
Genoves (LKM)

text: The series is set primarily in the Manhattan borough of New York City (although the first film is set in San Francisco). Some books take place in Genovia, a fictional European country. The Genovia described in the books differs significantly from the Genovia depicted in the films: in the former, Genovia is referred to as a principality between France and Italy ruled by Mia's father, Prince Philippe Renaldi, similar to Monaco; in the latter, Genovia is a kingdom located between France and Spain, similar to Andorra, and is ruled by Mia's grandmother, Queen Clarisse Renaldi.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Mia Thermopolis[edit]

text: Amelia Mignonette Grimaldi Thermopolis Renaldo ('Mia') is the protagonist of the series. She is the daughter of Helen Thermopolis and Philippe Renaldo. She is also the princess and heir to the throne of Genovia, a small country in Europe located between France and Italy.

text: Having spent most of her life in Greenwich Village with her mother, Mia attends Albert Einstein High School with her few close friends (including her best friends, Lilly Moscovitz and Tina Hakim-Baba). Her special talent is writing, and she chronicles the main aspects of her life in various personal diaries. She prefers to be called Mia, although Lilly often calls her BL (Baby Licker), POG (Princess Of Genovia), or PIT (Princess In Training).

text: Mia is known for her sarcastic and un-girly personality, her flat chest, 5-foot-9 height, weird hair, and extremely large feet. She also has a tendency to over-analyze things and worry too much. Mia develops an interest for writing during the series. During Forever Princess, Mia writes and publishes her own novel called Ransom My Heart, a historical romance set in England in the year 1291. She tries to use her fame to raise awareness for causes, and makes donations to Greenpeace, with the money her father pays her to take "princess lessons" from her grandmother. Between the tenth and eleventh books, Mia goes to Sarah Lawrence College, and establishes a youth community center. By the end of Royal Wedding, she is preparing to become crown princess of Genovia.

text: Mia's friendship with Lilly Moscovitz is a focal point of the series. Though they often clash due to Mia's insecurity and Lilly's forcefulness, they remain best friends until Mia accidentally kisses J.P. after he dumps Lilly in Princess on the Brink. As a result, Lilly refuses to speak to Mia, and they stop being friends, despite Mia's repeated attempts to reenter Lilly's good graces. The two finally make up in Forever Princess, when Lilly reveals J.P.'s lies to Mia.

text: Another central plot line of the books is Mia's relationship with Michael Moscovitz, Lilly's older brother. Mia finally admits her feelings to Michael in Princess in Love, and to her delight, he reciprocates. Their relationship survives obstacles such as their age difference and Mia's (often overwrought) anxieties until Princess on the Brink, when Michael decides to move to Japan to develop his prototype for a robot arm that would allow doctors to perform open heart surgery. In an attempt to keep him in the city, Mia proposes sex, but is upset to find out that he lost his virginity to Judith Gershner, a former classmate, before they began dating. Angry and heartbroken, she breaks up with him by returning the snowflake necklace that he gave her on her fifteenth birthday in Princess In Pink, but quickly regrets the decision. However, when she accidentally kisses J.P., their relationship ends for good. In Princess Mia, Mia confides in her therapist, Dr. Knutz, about feeling inferior to Michael, whom she expected to dump her for someone better, and admits that she overreacted about Judith in order to dump Michael first. She attempts to salvage her romantic relationship with Michael; he refuses, but they become friends again. Michael is hinted to have been abstinent during his tenure in Japan and later returns to New York as a multi-millionaire in Forever Princess. Despite the fact that she is now dating J.P., Mia remains in love with Michael; during a horse-carriage ride in Central Park, they kiss, and he tells her that he never stopped loving her. They reunite towards the end of the book, and he eventually becomes her consort in Royal Wedding.

text: Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo[edit]

text: Clarisse Marie was formally known as the Dowager Princess Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo.

text: Clarisse is the dowager princess of Genovia and Mia's paternal grandmother. Mia refers to her as "Grand-mère" (French for "Grandmother"). As a young woman, she married Prince Rupert Renaldo and had two sons. She habitually omits Mia's mother's surname "Thermopolis" from her granddaughter's lengthy list of names and titles, much to Mia's annoyance. She speaks French most of the time, but she can also speak English. She is almost always accompanied by her miniature poodle, Rommel, who is notable for having a severe case of OCD that causes him to lick his own fur off. She smokes often and enjoys drinking sidecars. She is not hesitant about lying or manipulating others in order to get her own way.

text: She and Mia don't see eye to eye: Clarisse is concerned with attracting publicity to Genovia and ensuring Mia does not embarrass her country while Mia prefers to focus on politics. Though she and Mia butt heads often, she does care for her granddaughter and gives her advice about love and relationships that Mia takes with a grain of salt due to her grandmother's cold nature. For example, when Clarisse was married to the king of Genovia, she led him to believe that she was only interested in his status and money and never once said "I love you", in order to keep her husband on his toes. Mia also mentions that her father is terrified of his mother because she would lock him in the palace dungeons whenever he misbehaved (although when she informs him that he gives the appearance of being a little bit scared of Clarisse in Princess in the Spotlight, her father replies that he is not scared of his mother and that she really isn't as bad as Mia thinks; in his view, Clarisse "just needs proper handling").

text: While in New York to give Mia her princess lessons, the dowager princess resided in the Plaza Hotel, and was dissatisfied with other quality luxury hotels she was placed in during Princess On the Brink, when the Plaza was being remodeled.

text: Lilly Moscovitz[edit]

text: Mia's best friend since kindergarten, Lilly is a highly intelligent and opinionated person who has her own public-access television show, titled Lilly Tells It Like It Is, in which she discusses political and social issues. By the end of the series, her TV show is picked up by a network and is apparently very popular in South Korea.

text: Mia admires Lilly's bravery and unwillingness to be pushed around by others, though Lilly knows her insensitivity and forceful personality can cause her to be disliked. Mia and Lilly often enjoy discussing popular culture, but Lilly's strong stances often cause her and Mia to clash, especially when Mia feels Lilly is becoming too critical of her. Nevertheless, Lilly's blunt attitude is what often keeps Mia from over-analyzing things, such as her relationship with Michael, Lilly's older brother. Mia was initially afraid to share her crush on Michael with Lilly, but in fact, Lilly was one of the conspirators who helped Mia and Michael get together in Princess in Love.

text: Lilly is not considered to be very pretty; Mia often describes her face as being "squashed in like a pug's". However, she has a well-developed figure, which earns her several romantic suitors, including Boris Pelkowski, Mia's cousin Hank, Jangbu the immigrant busboy, J.P. Reynolds, and Kenny Showalter. Boris is Lilly's first boyfriend, but the relationship ends when she begins seeing Jangbu in Princess in Pink. In Party Princess, Lilly hooks up with J.P., but he dumps her in Princess On the Brink. Lilly becomes angry at Mia when she finds out that Mia kissed J.P., and refuses to speak to her any more, going so far as to start a website called 'ihatemiathermopolis.com'. Lilly ignores Mia's attempts to make up until she finds out that Mia is planning to lose her virginity to J.P., when she tells Mia about his lies and plans to use Mia's fame to his own advantage. Lilly also helps indirectly repair Mia and Michael's relationship. The girls make up and become best friends again; they are still close by the events of Royal Wedding, with Lilly now attending Columbia Law School.

text: Michael Moscovitz[edit]

text: Lilly's older brother, and Mia's main love interest throughout the series. Mia states that she has been in love with Michael since the day he came over to give Lilly a school project when they were in the first grade and he was in the fourth. From the end of the first book to the third, Mia has an unrequited crush on Michael, which he finally reciprocates in Princess in Love. Their relationship continues through Mia's sophomore year and Michael's first year at Columbia University, but their relationship becomes slightly strained when Michael tells Mia he would like to have sex while Mia would prefer to wait until her prom night. Michael respects Mia's wishes but when Michael gets an offer to move to Japan, he believe it would be easier for their relationship as he is "tired of taking cold showers". Mia proposes sex in order to keep him from leaving, but is upset to find out that he slept with Judith Gershner before they began dating, and the two break up. Michael believes Mia is overreacting and attempts to reconcile with her before leaving for Japan, but is hurt to find her sharing a kiss with J.P. Mia attempts to reunite and work out the distance situation but Michael decides that it is best they remain "just friends" and they begin a regular email correspondence. When Michael returns from Japan after an absence of almost two years, he flirts with Mia during her interview for the school paper. Mia notices that Michael still looks incredibly hot and realises that she does still, indeed, love him. The two eventually kiss, despite Mia having a boyfriend, and Michael declares that he still loves Mia and will wait for her. They reunited on Mia's prom night and they have sex.

text: Michael has brown eyes and thick, dark hair and is tall. He is extremely handsome, nice, funny, smart, and manly, despite staying cooped up writing songs or on his computer the whole day. Mia insists that he is the third best-looking guy at AEHS after Josh Richter and Justin Baxendale and describes his nose as aquiline, mouth as "eminently kissable", and neck as aromatic due to an intoxicating blend of Tide from his shirt collar, his Gillette shaving foam, and Ivory soap.

text: Michael is described as romantic and talented. Though he often clashes with his younger sister, Michael and Lilly are in fact close siblings and friends. He used to run his own webzine,Crackhead, but had to disband it after an editorial stating the merits of Linux over Windows, which caused a loss of advertisers and funds. Shortly after this, Michael starts a band called Skinner Box (a name suggested by Mia) with a few friends, including Boris Pelkowski.

text: Michael loves Mia just as she is, though her neurotic behavior and insecurity frustrate him. In fact, Michael is the one who often feels insecure in their relationship, because he knows Grandmere does not think he is an appropriate consort, and all the gossip magazines would much rather prefer to see Mia date a fellow royal or celebrity like James Franco or (as Mamaw suggests) Zac Efron. He moves to Japan to develop the CardioArm for this reason, believing it would prove to the world that he is, in fact, worthy of dating a princess. Michael returns to New York a multi-millionaire and the president/owner of his own robotics company, Pavlov Robotics, named after his dog. Michael donates a robot arm to Genovia from his company for free even though the waiting list is long, helping Mia's father win the election. Mia realizes that she is still in love with Michael, but tries to convince herself otherwise. When she and Michael kiss on a coach ride, however, she writes, "I can't do this to J.P. I just can't. Oh my God, though, I love Michael so much." When J.P. and Mia split due to J.P using her and lying to her, she and Michael reunite, spending the night together.

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text:
Lars van der Hooten: Mia's very protective Swedish bodyguard. He voices his mind in a way that is annoying when he thinks Mia is being particularly ridiculous, but goes along with her schemes anyway. He also turns a blind eye to Mia and Michael when they make out, for which Mia is grateful. He gets on very well with Michael (especially in the first book when Lars seems to know that Michael likes Mia), never offers any opinion on Lilly, and becomes friends with Tina's bodyguard, Wahim. Lars also likes Mia's French teacher Mademoiselle Klein. He is known to be a 'big softie' deep down inside.
Tina Hakim Baba: A student at AEHS, Tina is the daughter of a Saudi Arabian oil sheik and a British former supermodel. Because of her father's status, she has to have the protection of a bodyguard, Wahim, who isolates her from the other students until Mia sits with her after a fight with Lilly in the first novel. The three girls quickly develop a solid friendship, and Tina eventually uses her generous weekly allowance to support Lilly's public-access television show. She first goes out with Dave Farouq-El-Abar from another school, 'Trinity', and after he breaks up with her, she begins dating Boris Pelkowski. After Mia and Lilly's estrangement at the end of the eighth novel, Mia comes to see Tina as her best friend. Tina constantly reads romance novels, making Mia consider her an expert in romance. Though prone to imaginative flights of fancy and often a little silly, Tina can be extremely acute about both academic and social matters. She is very loyal to Mia, who often consults her for sensitive advice rather than the harsher Lilly. Tina also believes that she must remain pure, because she dreams that one day she will marry Prince William, and to do so, she must remain a virgin, though she admits to having slept with Boris by Forever Princess. She becomes a medical student at New York University, and has broken up with Boris by the beginning of book eleven, though they eventually get back together.
Helen Thermopolis: Mia's mother. She has a career as an artist and spends most of her time in her studio, and becomes pregnant with Frank's son and Mia's half brother Rocky in the second book. According to Mia, she is very pretty and her neck smells of Dove (soap), turpentine and coffee, but according to Mia's dad, her neck smells of freesias. She clearly wants the best for her daughter and is very carefree.
Frank Gianini: Mia's algebra and homeroom teacher. He dates her mother, Helen, and marries her when she becomes pregnant with Mia's half-brother, Rocky. He plays the drums, which annoys the neighbors. He is unfazed by his stepdaughter's fame, and treats her the same as every other student during class; he also "has a thing about cell-phone usage during class time", as Lana finds out in Princess in Waiting. Mia grows to appreciate his after-school algebra review sessions, and though their relationship begins awkwardly, Mia and Mr. G seem to get along well after the seventh installment. He passes away from a heart attack before the eleventh book, and Mia names her community center after him.
John Paul "J.P." Reynolds Abernathy IV: Initially known as "The Guy Who Hates It When They Put Corn In the Chili," J.P. meets Mia via Grandmère's school musical in Party Princess. He joins Mia's friend group soon after, and begins to date Lilly at the end of the book. J.P. is first described as having "broad shoulders, floppy brown hair, and surprisingly blue eyes," though several characters later state that Mia and J.P. look good together because they are both so "tall and blond." He breaks up with Lilly in book eight, and kisses Mia after her breakup with Michael. They grow closer in book nine, with shared interests in musicals and writing, and begin dating after he confesses his love for Mia. They break up in the last book when Mia finds out that he used her to further his playwriting career, and lied about saving his virginity for her. By Royal Wedding, he is an unsuccessful screenwriter and novelist, and continues attempting to reconcile with Mia. Michael later discovers that he is RoyalRabbleRouser - an Internet blogger posting vicious comments about Mia - and has him reported to Interpol.
Boris Pelkowski: A Russian violin virtuoso, and Lilly's boyfriend until book five. His habits include tucking his sweater into his pants, breathing through his mouth, and playing the violin in Gifted and Talented class, when everyone else wants him to be quiet. After Lilly dumps him, he starts dating Tina Hakim Baba. During the summer before sophomore year, he lifts weights, gets laser eye surgery and becomes (by Mia's standards) a hottie. Boris is a "say it like it is or say nothing at all" sort of guy. He becomes friends with Michael after joining his band, and in the ninth installment, it appears that they remain in contact, as he implores Mia to respond to Michael's emails so that he won't think she's 'forgotten' about him. By the eleventh book, he has become a popstar known as 'Boris P'. Tina breaks up with him when she finds photos of him with another girl, but they get back together at Mia and Michael's wedding when he proves that they were photoshopped.
Josh Richter: Lana Weinberger's boyfriend until the fifth book. He is on the crew team and is co-valedictorian. Mia describes him as the most attractive boy in school; he is very tall and muscular and has "electric" blue eyes. At the end of the first book, Josh takes Mia to the Cultural Diversity Dance, where he kisses her on the entrance steps of her school. Realizing that he used her to enter the media spotlight, Mia dumps him afterwards and tries to avoid him, even though this is difficult because of their adjacent lockers.
Lana Weinberger: A popular junior cheerleader with long blonde hair, a peaches-and-cream complexion, baby blue eyes and a voluptuous figure. She dates Josh Richter from the start of the series until the summer break between the fifth and sixth books, when they split up after he goes to college. Lana has a younger sister, Gretchen, who starts at AEHS in book eight and has a very similar personality. Lana is very spiteful towards Mia and constantly taunts her until a major shift in book nine, when she offers the olive branch after Lilly and Mia's friendship ends. They become good friends, with Mia noting that Lana is actually a nice but misunderstood person, though she is sometimes frustrated by Lana's shallowness.
Shameeka Taylor: One of Mia's friends, she has an overprotective father. She is athletic and the most attractive of Mia's friends, but also sensible, and headstrong, joining the cheerleading team because she is tired of letting Lana push her around. After she joins the cheerleaders, Lana claims that the African-American Shameeka was put on the team to "fill our freak quota". Nevertheless, Shameeka becomes quite popular, apparently leaving Mia's group in books seven and eight while remaining on friendly terms, but returning in book nine when Lana and Trisha become friends with Mia. In book eleven, Mia mentions that she now works in marketing for Vera Wang.
Ling Su Wong: An Asian American artist friend of Mia's with illegible "artist handwriting". She admires Mia's mother Helen, mainly because they are both talented artists. Mia thinks she is very pretty; in the first book, she is apparently asked out seven times. In book seven, she is the treasurer for Mia's school government until they go broke. She concentrates more on academic matters rather than things such as prom and dating, though Mia likes her despite her nerdiness. In the tenth book, she goes to prom with Perin, and they become a couple by the eleventh book.
Prince René of Italy: First seen in the fourth novel, René is Mia's distant cousin. Clarisse tries to fix them up, but fails because of their mutual lack of interest. He is described as devilishly handsome; Mia notes that he has a "impressing" six-pack, accentuated by the tiny Speedos he enjoys wearing on the beach. His exploits include playing strip-tennis with a government official's wife, strip bowling with Lilly and the other royals, entertaining topless sunbathers in the pool house, disappearing with a prime minister's eighteen-year-old daughter, and photo-copying his nether-region in the palace administration office. After being deposed from his ancestral palace, which is bought by a shoe designer, Rene resides at the Palais de Genovia. In the ninth installment, René impregnates Contessa Trevanni's niece, Bella, and they are suddenly married; although the circumstances sound unfavorable, their marriage seems happy. In the tenth book, he runs against Mia's dad for Prime Minister of Genovia, but loses.
"Mamaw" Shirley Thermopolis and "Papaw" Thermopolis: Helen's mother and father from Versailles, Indiana, whom she constantly feuds with. Nevertheless, they keep in touch, and are portrayed in the second novel as perfect stereotypes of the "small-town" American lifestyle. Helen tries to contact them as little as possible, due to their disapproval of her decision to keep Mia and her liberal upbringing.
Hank Thermopolis: Mia's handsome cousin, who has spent most of his life in Indiana with his grandparents. When they visit Helen and Mia in Manhattan, he disappears with Lilly Moscovitz. Mia thinks they are in love, but he merely confesses to Lilly his secret desire to become a model, and Lilly helps him sign up with Elite Model Agency and land a contract with Calvin Klein. His Hoosier drawl then disappears. From then on, he stays in New York and becomes a famous underwear model.
Kenneth "Kenny" Showalter: Mia's first boyfriend. Kenny is good at biology and chemistry, and a fan of anime. He wants to discover a cure for cancer when he becomes older. It is hinted that his feelings for Mia are still romantic even after they break up. In book six, he pretends to have a "perfect" girlfriend named Heather, but later admits that he invented her to make Mia jealous. Kenny later forms a much more requited and equal relationship with Lilly, who is more similar to him than Mia is, and they end up going to Columbia together. Like Mia, Kenny is tall, blond and skinny, and Mia thinks he is pretty cute, but finds the idea of kissing him revolting.
Perin Thomas: A new student at AEHS introduced in book six. At first, Mia can't figure out whether Perin is a boy or a girl. She turns out to be a girl and eventually joins Mia's friend group, though she is again mistaken for a boy in Grandmère's musical, in which she is given a male role. Perin is one of Mia's 'nicer' friends, and is also surprisingly strong and well-mannered. In book ten, it is implied that Perin and Ling Su are romantically involved with each other, though this is not confirmed until the eleventh book, when they are shown running the Frank Gianini Community Center with Mia.
Trisha Hayes: Introduced in book six, one of Lana's cronies who helps terrorize Mia, but later befriends her at Lana's whim. Like Lana, Trisha is a pretty, popular mean girl, though Mia comments that Geometry teacher Mr. Harding once made her cry over her isoceles triangles.
Judith Gershner: A friend of Michael, whom Mia suspects of having romantic feelings for him. She later becomes the cause of Mia and Michael's breakup in book eight when it is revealed that he lost his virginity to her, but did not tell Mia about it. She is known for being able to clone fruit flies.
Karen Martinez: An overly critical English teacher who continually demands more from Mia's writing, though this may be an excuse to personally pick on Mia. Tina thinks she is very pretty, comparing her to Maggie Gyllenhaal, and often comments on her clothes, but turns against her after giving her a B in English. Mia and J.P. decide that it is simply because she doesn't like their writing style.
Rocky Thermopolis-Gianini: Mia's half-brother, the son of her mother, Helen, and her algebra teacher, Mr. Gianini. Mia is incredibly over-protective of him, so much that Helen seems to be irritated that Mia thinks her mother is incapable of raising her second child. Lilly has also expressed that she thinks Mia is over-protective of him, repeatedly calling her a baby-licker in book six. Rocky is very cute but slightly overweight.
Sebastiano Grimaldi: Mia's second cousin, and second in line to the throne of Genovia after Mia. He is an up-and-coming fashion designer who designs some of Mia's gowns, and often has trouble pronouncing multi syllable words (example: "butt" instead of "butter"). He once took photos of Mia trying on dresses, but apologises by making her a nice dress for the Non-denominational Winter Dance, which turns out to be the best night of Mia's life. In the tenth book, it is revealed that he becomes a famous fashion designer, and even has a line of jeans in Walmart.
Ruth and Morty Moscovitz: Michael and Lilly's parents, both psychoanalysts. They separate in book seven, but begin to rekindle their relationship in book eight. As shown in the seventh installment, they tend to focus too much on their own lives and concerns. When they do broach sensitive subjects with their children, they usually psychoanalyze them as well, a habit that has a very bad effect on Lilly, who inherits her intelligence and hobby of analyzing people from them. Michael, who is more perceptive, avoids their attention by keeping more to himself.
Olivia Grace Clarisse Mignonette Harrison Renaldo: First introduced in book eleven, Olivia is Mia's biracial 12-year-old half-sister, the daughter of Prince Philippe and Elizabeth, an American pilot. After her mother's death, she was raised by her aunt and uncle, who used Olivia's child support money for their personal means, and lives with them in Cranbrook, New Jersey, until Mia finds her. Like Mia, she keeps a diary which is used for the series spin-off, From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess.

text: Volumes[edit]

text:
The Princess Diaries, October 2000
The Princess Diaries, Volume II: Princess in the Spotlight, June 2001 - a.k.a. - Take 2
The Princess Diaries, Volume III: Princess in Love, March 2002 - a.k.a. - Third Time Lucky
The Princess Diaries, Volume IV: Princess in Waiting, April 2003 - a.k.a. - Mia goes Fourth

The Princess Diaries, Volume IV and 1/2: Project Princess, August 2003

The Princess Diaries, Volume V: Princess in Pink, March 2004 - a.k.a. - Give me Five
The Princess Diaries, Volume VI: Princess in Training, March 2005 - a.k.a. - Sixsational

The Princess Diaries, Volume VI and 1/2: The Princess Present, October 2005

The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess, March 2006 - a.k.a. - Seventh Heaven

The Princess Diaries, Volume VII and 1/2: Sweet Sixteen Princess, May 2006
The Princess Diaries, Volume VII and 3/4: Valentine Princess, published December 2006, but chronologically fits here, being presented as an old journal Mia finds of her Freshman Valentine's Day two years after the fact.

The Princess Diaries, Volume VIII: Princess on the Brink, January 2007 - a.k.a. - After Eight
The Princess Diaries, Volume IX: Princess Mia, December 26, 2007[2] - a.k.a. - To the Nines
The Princess Diaries, Volume X: Forever Princess, January 2009 - a.k.a. - Ten out of Ten[2]
From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess, May 19, 2015[3]
The Princess Diaries, Volume XI: Royal Wedding, June 2, 2015[3]

text: Illustrated by Chelsey McLaren:

text:
Princess Lessons, March 2003
Perfect Princess, March 2004
Holiday Princess, November 2005

text: Errata[edit]

text: On April 6, 2006, Cabot announced a mistake on the back cover of her new book, Party Princess. In New Zealand and Australia, the picture on the back features Georgia Byng instead of Cabot. She said, "Don't worry. The copies of Princess Diaries 7 with Georgia Byng's picture on the back were pulled from shops, and swapped for copies of the book with the correct author's photo (mine) on the back."

text: In December 2006, Cabot announced that a mistake had been made in the front cover summary of Valentine Princess. Since the book chronicles Mia glancing at her old diaries, the characters Boris and Tina were not dating, rather Boris and Lilly. On the book flap, however, it says Boris and Tina are a couple. Cabot has announced that this has been fixed by the publishing company. Tina was dating Dave Farouq El-Abar at the time of books one and two.

text: In the tenth book (Forever Princess) Mia is writing a novel for her senior project, though she keeps it a secret from everyone but Michael, until the end of the book. At the end however she reveals this to Tina and J.P. Tina reads it instantly and thinks it is about Mia and Michael; J.P. doesn't read it and this upsets Mia, which is part of the reason they break up. At the end of the book, Mia receives an offer to get it published. (When Mia shares this news with Michael, they celebrate and this leads to a kiss, which proves that they are still in love.) Meg Cabot published "Mia's" book Ransom My Heart that can be bought in bookstores under the author name Princess of Genovia Mia Thermopolis.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
2001 American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults[4]
2001 American Library Association Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers[5]
2001 New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age[6]
2002 International Reading Association/Children's Book Council Young Adults' Choice[7]
2002–2003 Volunteer State Book Award (Tennessee)[8]
2003 Evergreen Young Adult Book Award (Washington)[9]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In 2001 and 2004 respectively, two films based on the novels were produced by Walt Disney Pictures, The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement starring Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews. Cabot has thanked the films many times in interviews and on her website because she believes that they helped boost her book sales, as well as making her the success that she is today.

text: In May 2006, The Harvard Crimson released reports that 19-year-old author Kaavya Viswanathan plagiarised passages from Cabot's Princess Diaries series, and other books, to place in her novel How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life. Viswanathan's novels were subsequently pulled from the shelves.[10]

text: Meta-References[edit]

text:
Mia makes many references to "the movie", which in the book is supposed to be a movie made about her life. She refers to things that relate to the real movie, for example: her dead dad, Grandmere being NICE, and breaking up with Michael in the sequel (which she thought would never happen). Lilly complains that in the movie, the portrayal of her is mean and untrue, and Tina Hakim Baba was not allowed to be in it as her overprotective father forbade it for security reasons.
Mia also makes references to the other Princess books: in the fourth book, Mia says that there are already three or four unofficial biographies out there, and that one made the bestseller list for a few seconds. The original The Princess Diaries novel did make the bestseller list.
The eighth novel mentions Samantha Madison and Jessica Mastriani, two heroines from other Meg Cabot books (All-American Girl and 1-800-Where-R-You, respectively).