document_title: PlayStation 3 models

question_text: how do i know what gb my playstation 3 is

text: PlayStation 3 models

text: Original model[edit]

text: There are several original PlayStation 3 hardware models, which are commonly referred to by the size of their included hard disk drive: 20, 40, 60, 80, or 160 GB.[3][4] Although referred to by their HDD size, the capabilities of the consoles vary by region and release date. The only difference in the appearance of the first five models was the color of the trim, number of USB ports, the presence or absence of a door (which covers the flash card readers on equipped models) and some minor changes to the air vents. All retail packages include one or two Sixaxis controllers or a DualShock 3 controller (beginning June 12, 2008[5][6]), one Type-A to Mini-B USB cable (for connecting the controller and PlayStation Portable to the system), one composite video/stereo audio output cable, one Ethernet cable (20, 60 and CECHExx 80 GB only) and one power cable.[4][7][8] All models support software emulation of the original PlayStation,[9][10] but support for PlayStation 2 backward compatibility diminished with later compatible models and the last model to have integrated backward compatibility was the NTSC 80 GB (CECHE) Metal Gear Solid 4 Bundle.[11] Compatibility issues with games for both systems are detailed in a public database hosted by the manufacturer.[12] All models, excluding the 20 GB model, include 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi.

text: In addition to all of the features of the 20 GB model, the 60 GB model has internal IEEE 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi, multiple flash card readers (SD/MultiMedia Card, CompactFlash Type I/Type II, Microdrive,[13] Memory Stick/PRO/Duo) and a chrome colored trim.[14] In terms of hardware, the 80 GB model CECHE released in South Korea is identical to the 60 GB model CECHC released in the PAL regions, except for the difference in hard drive size.[15] The European 60GB model (CECHC), the South Korean and North American CECHE 80GB model excludes the PlayStation 2 "Emotion Engine" CPU chip with it being replaced by an emulated version via the Cell Broadband Engine.[11] However, it retains the "Graphics Synthesizer" GPU resulting in a hybrid hardware and software emulation.[16] Due to the elimination of the "Emotion Engine" and its replacement with a software-emulated version, the level of PlayStation 2 compatibility was slightly reduced.[11] The 40 GB, 80 GB (CECHL,CECHM,and CECHK) and 160 GB models have two USB ports instead of the four USB ports on other models and do not include multiple flash card readers, SACD support,[17] or backward compatibility with PlayStation 2 games.[11][18] This was due to the removal of "Graphics Synthesizer" GPU, which stripped the units of all PlayStation 2 based hardware.[19][20]

text: No official Wi-Fi or flash memory card readers were ever released by Sony for the 20 GB system, although Sony had plans to do so.[21] As of September 2009, Sony had placed no further emphasis on these proposed add-ons.[20] Nevertheless, as the model features four USB 2.0 ports, wireless networking and flash memory card support can already be obtained through the use of widely available external USB adapters and third-party PS3-specific media hubs.[11]

text: It was rumored that the Cell processors in the third-generation PS3s (40 GB, 2008 80 GB (CECHL,CECHM,CECHK) and 160 GB) would move from a 90 nm process to the newer 65 nm process,[22] which SCEI CEO Kaz Hirai later confirmed,[23] and later to 45 nm. This change lowers the power consumption of the console and makes it less expensive to produce.[24]

text: Slim model[edit]

text: The redesigned version of the PlayStation 3 (commonly referred to as the "PS3 Slim" and officially branded "PS3") features an upgradeable 120 GB, 160 GB,[25][26] 250 GB or 320 GB[25][26] hard drive and is 33% smaller, 36% lighter and consumes 34% (CECH-20xx) or 45% (CECH-21xx) less power than the previous model,[27][28][29] or one third of the original PS3 model. The Cell microprocessor has moved to a 45 nm manufacturing process, which lets it run cooler and quieter than previous models, and the cooling system has been redesigned.[30] The RSX moved to a 40 nm process[31] in the latest revision. The PS3 slim also includes support for CEC (more commonly referred to by its manufacturer brandings of BraviaSync, VIERA Link, EasyLink etc.) which allows control of the console over HDMI by using the TV's remote control. The PS3 Slim no longer has the "main power" switch like the previous PS3 models, similar to redesigned slimline PlayStation 2. Support for emulation to play PS2 titles is not present in the Slim version, however shortly after the release of the PS3 slim, Sony announced a new series of PS2 remasters called Classics HD as in PS2 and PSP titles remastered in HD for the PS3 with Trophies and sometimes PlayStation Move compatibility added.[27][28] As of October 2011, PS2 classics are available for purchase in the PlayStation Store.[32]

text: The PS3 slim was officially released on September 1, 2009, in North America and Europe and on September 3, 2009, in Japan, Australia and New Zealand.[27][28][33][34] However, some retailers such as Amazon.com, Best Buy and GameStop started to sell the PS3 slim on August 25, 2009.[35][36] The PS3 Slim sold in excess of a million units in its first 3 weeks on sale.[37] A 250 GB Final Fantasy XIII-themed PS3 Slim, which was white in color with pink designs, was officially announced on September 24, 2009 at the Tokyo Game Show as part of a bundle in Japan for Final Fantasy XIII, it was initially revealed in U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) filings as the PS3 CECH-2000B.[38][39] Sony Computer Entertainment Australia also announced later that day that it would be bringing the 250 GB PS3 slim to Australia which would be bundled with other games and will not feature the Final Fantasy XIII theme. Although no North American bundles have been announced for the 250 GB PS3 slim, it is sold as a stand-alone console in North America.[40]

text: In July 2010, Sony announced two new sizes of Slim PS3, 160 GB and 320 GB, with the 120 GB model being discontinued in Japan.[26] These were launched on July 29, 2010, in Japan, with the 160 GB version available in "Classic White" as well as the standard "Charcoal Black".[26] The black 160 GB version was also made available as a bundle with the Japan-only DVR accessory torne.[25] It was later announced that the new sizes were to be launched in other regions, with the 160 GB model available from August 2010 in North America[41] and October 2010 in Europe.[42] The 320 GB model is to be available in North America only as part of a bundle with PlayStation Move, a PlayStation Eye and a copy of Sports Champions,[41] and in Europe with PlayStation Move, a PlayStation Eye and a demo disc.[42] The bundles were released on September 19, 2010, and September 15, 2010, respectively, to coincide with the launch of PlayStation Move.[41][42]

text: Super Slim model[edit]

text: In September 2012, Sony announced that a new slimmer PS3 redesign (CECH-4000) was due to be released in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive.[43]

text: In PAL regions, the 250 GB model is not available; a model with 12 GB of flash memory (CECH-4000A) is available in its place.[44] A standalone 250 GB hard drive (CECH-ZHD1) is available to upgrade this model.[44][45] In the UK, the 500 GB model was released on September 28, 2012,[44] while the 12 GB model was made available on October 12, 2012.[44]

text: CECH-4000B consoles (those with hard drives) weigh approximately 2.1 kg (4.6 lb),[43][44] while the CECH-4000A weighs approximately 2.0 kg (4.4 lb).[45] Both are roughly 25% smaller and about 20% lighter than the original PS3 Slim. This version has a sliding disc cover rather than the slot-loading drive found on previous PlayStation 3 consoles.

text: A CECH-4200 model with nearly identical hardware to that of the CECH-4000 model was introduced in 2013 to follow the AACS rule of inhibiting analog (component and composite) output of Blu-ray disc content effective since 2014. While in previous 3000 and 4000 models the output limit was already set at 480i to meet a Jan 1st 2011 deadline in agreement also with the aforementioned AACS.[46]

text: A vertical stand (CECH-ZST1J) is also available for these models and was launched on the same day as the consoles in their respective regions.[45]

text: Model comparison[edit]

text:
Model
Features
Available colors
First available
In production
Available bundles

20 GB
CECHBxx
NTSC[14]

4 USB 2.0 ports
Hardware-based PS2 Backward Compatibility
SACD playback[17]
Linux support[a]
Sixaxis controller

N/A

Piano Black, Black trim

JP NA: November 2006

No[47]

Everybody's Golf 5 (Japan) [48]

60 GB
CECHAxx
NTSC[14]

Flash memory card readers
802.11b/g Wi-Fi

Piano Black, Chrome trim

No

60 GB bundles[show]

Everybody's Golf 5 (Japan) [48]
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam (Japan)[49]
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War (Japan)[50]

60 GB
CECHCxx
PAL[14]

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
Flash memory card readers
4 USB 2.0 ports
Partially software-based PS2 emulation[51]
SACD playback
Linux support[a]
Sixaxis controller

(MGS4 bundles sold with DualShock 3 controller)

UK ROI: March 23, 2007[52][53]

EU AUS: March 23, 2007[52][53]

No

60 GB bundles[show]

MotorStorm, Resistance: Fall of Man and an extra Sixaxis gamepad (UK)[54][55](Europe)[56]
Heavenly Sword and Formula One Championship Edition and an extra Sixaxis gamepad (France)[57][58]

80 GB
CECHExx
NTSC[14]

NA: August 2007

No

80 GB bundles[show]

MGS4 (North America)[59]
MotorStorm[60]
Formula One Championship Edition

40 GB
CECHGxx
CECHHxx
CECHJxx
PAL, NTSC[19]

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
2 USB 2.0 ports
Linux support[a]

Sixaxis controller

Piano Black
Ceramic White[b]
Satin Silver[c][61]

(All with Satin Silver trim)

Gun-Metal Grey, Gun-Metal Grey trim[d][62]

EU AUS: October 2007

[63]

NA JP: November 2007

[64]
No[65]

40 GB bundles[show]

MGS4 (Gun-metal grey console)[d]
Spider-Man 3 Blu-ray (North America)[66]
Transformers: The Game, Spider-Man3 Blu-ray, Blu-Ray remote control, 6ft HDMI cable, and 12-week Blockbuster rental card (US; Blockbuster exclusive)[67]
Dynasty Warriors 6 (Japan; "ceramic white" console)[68]
Devil May Cry 4 (Japan)[69]
Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! (Japan; "satin silver" console)[70]
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Need for Speed: ProStreet, and extra Sixaxis controller (France)[71]
Ratchet & Clank: Tools of Destruction, Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, and extra Sixaxis controller (Europe)[72]
Spider-Man 3 Blu-ray, 300 Blu-ray and Casino Royale Blu-ray (Europe)[73]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue (Europe)[73]
GTA IV (Europe)[74]

80 GB
CECHKxx
CECHLxx
CECHMxx
PAL, NTSC[20][65]

DualShock 3 controller

Piano Black [75]
Ceramic White [75]
Satin Silver[c] [75]

(All with Satin Silver trim)

NA EU AUS: August 2008

JP: October 2008

[75]
No

80 GB bundles[show]

MGS4 and Killzone 2 Greatest Hits (US; Best Buy exclusive)[76]
LittleBigPlanet (UK)[77] (Europe)[78] (Japan)[75]
MLB 09: The Show and Quantum of Solace Blu-ray (US)[79]
MotorStorm and Resistance: Fall of Man (US; Target exclusive)[80]
LittleBigPlanet and Wall-E Blu-ray (US; Best Buy exclusive)[81]
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty and extra DualShock 3 controller (Europe)[82]
inFamous (UK)[83][84](Europe)[82]
Killzone 2 (Australia)[85] (UK) [86][87]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2009 and extra DualShock 3 controller (Japan)[88][89]
LittleBigPlanet and extra DualShock 3 controller (Japan; "satin silver" console)[90][91]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue (Japan) [90][92]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue and extra DualShock 3 controller (Europe)[93]
Resident Evil 5 and extra DualShock 3 controller (Japan; piano black console with custom matte-finish Tricell logo) [94][95]
Yakuza 3 ("ceramic white" console featuring custom dragon designs)[e][96] (Japan)
MotorStorm: Pacific Rift (UK)[97]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue and Midnight Club: Los Angeles (UK)[98]
Various Blu-ray movie bundles:

Batman Begins(UK)[99]
I Am Legend (UK)[100][101]
Terminator 3 and Terminator Salvation (game) (UK)[102][103][104]
300 (UK)[105][106]
Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis (Europe)[93]

160 GB
CECHPxx
CECHQxx
PAL, NTSC[107][108]

Piano Black
Cloud Black[f]

EU: October 2008
NA: November 2008

No

160 GB bundles[show]

Uncharted: Drake's Fortune (NTSC region)[109]
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children Blu-ray (Japan; "cloud black" console with custom design)[f][110]

120 GB slim
CECH-20xxA
CECH-21xxA
PAL, NTSC

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
2 USB 2.0 ports
BRAVIA Sync XMB control (CEC)
Slimmer form factor
Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio bitstreaming[111]
DualShock 3 controller

Charcoal Black

NA EU: September 1, 2009

AUS JP: September 3, 2009[33][112]

No

120 GB slim bundles[show]

InFamous and Killzone 2 (US; Amazon.com exclusive)[113]
LittleBigPlanet Game of the Year Edition and Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time (US; Best Buy exclusive)[113]
LittleBigPlanet Game of the Year Edition and God of War Collection (US; Gamestop exclusive)[113]
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune and InFamous (US; Sony Store exclusive)[113]
InFamous, Batman Arkham Asylum and The Dark Knight Blu-ray (US; Walmart exclusive)[113]
Mobile Suit GUNDAM Battlefield record U.C.0081 (Japan)[114]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2010 (Japan)[115]
This Is It Blu-ray (Japan)[116]

250 GB slim
CECH-20xxB
CECH-21xxB
PAL,[117] NTSC

Charcoal Black
White and Pink[g]

EU: October 2009[117]
AU: October 15, 2009[40]
NA: November 3, 2009[118]
JP: December 17, 2009

No

250 GB slim bundles[show]

Final Fantasy XIII (Japan; white and pink console)[g]
torne (Japan)[119][120]
Resistance: Fall Of Man and Resistance 2 (Middle-East)
Uncharted 2 (Australia)[40] (UK)[121][122] (US)[123]
PlayTV (Australia)[124]
Tekken 6 (Europe, except for UK)[125][126][127]
Heavy Rain (France)[128]
Need for Speed: Shift (Europe)[129][130]
FIFA 10 (Europe)[129][130]
InFamous 2 (UK)[130]
X-Men Origins: Wolverine, The Dark Knight Blu-ray movies and Blu-Ray remote control (UK)[130][131]
Assassin's Creed II (UK)[121][132]
God of War III (India)[133] (France)[134]
LittleBigPlanet and HDMI cable (North America; Amazon.com exclusive)[135]
2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa (Australia)[136]
ModNation Racers (Europe)[137][138]

160 GB slim
CECH-25xxA[25]
CECH-30xxA[139]
PAL,[42] NTSC[26]

Charcoal Black
Classic White[25][26][140]
Satin Silver[141]
Titanium Blue[h]
Magical Gold[i]

JP: July 29, 2010[26]
NA: August 2010[41]
EU: October 2010[42]

No

160 GB slim bundles[show]

Torne (Japan)[25]
Gran Turismo 5 (Japan; "titanium blue" console)[142]
inFamous (greatest hits) and NHL 11 (Canada)[143]
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, PixelJunk Shooter and The Karate Kid Blu-ray (US; Amazon.com exclusive)[144]
ModNation Racers, LittleBigPlanet (game of the year edition) and Cars Blu-ray (US; Best Buy exclusive)[144]
God of War III, God of War: Collection and a Blu-Ray remote control (US; GameStop exclusive)[144]
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed 2 and Prince of Persia Blu-ray (US; Target exclusive)[144]
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves and Medal of Honor (US; Walmart exclusive)[144]
ModNation Racers, How to Train Your Dragon Blu-ray, a Blu-ray remote control and an extra DualShock 3 controller (US; Sam's Club exclusive)[144]
Killzone 3 (US)[145]
Gran Turismo 5, Grown Ups Blu-ray, and select Sony Bravia TV (US; Best Buy exclusive)[146]
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Blu-ray and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US)[147]
Call of Duty: Black Ops (US)[148]
Call of Duty: Black Ops and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (Latin America)[149]
SingStar Dance, 2 SingStar microphones and Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time (US; Amazon.com exclusive)[150]
LittleBigPlanet 2, Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[151]
Gran Turismo 5 XL, The Sly Collection and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US; GameStop exclusive)[152]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2011 (Latin America, "satin silver" console)[153]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 (Asia)[154] (Latin America, "metallic blue" or "charcoal black" console)[155]
PlayStation Move Ape Escape and PlayStation Move (Japan)[156]
PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye and Sports Champions (Japan)[157]
MGS4, Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, and 20,000 reward points for Metal Gear Online (Japan)[158]
Ni no Kuni (Japan; "magical gold console)[159]
Tales of Xillia (Japan; charcoal black console with custom red and gold design)[160][161]
Uncharted 3: Drake’s Deception[162]

320 GB slim
CECH-25xxB[25]
CECH-30xxB[163]
PAL,[42] NTSC[26]

Charcoal Black
Classic White[164]
Splash Blue and Scarlet Red[165]
Satin Silver[141]
Black and Pink[j]
Gold[k]

JP: July 29, 2010[26]
NA: September 19, 2010[41]
EU: September 15, 2010[42]

No

320 GB slim bundles[show]

PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye and Sports Champions bundle (North-America)[41]
Uncharted 3: Drake’s Deception and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[166]
PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye and demo disc bundle (Europe)[42]
Gran Turismo 5 (Europe)[167]
torne (Japan; "charcoal black" or "classic white" console)[168][169]
Final Fantasy XIII-2 (Japan; black and pink console)[170][171]
One Piece: Pirate Warriors (Japan; gold console)[172][k]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 (Asia)[154]
Infamous 2 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[173]
Battlefield 3, FIFA 12, Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, Gran Turismo 5 and Karate Kid Blu-ray (UK)[174]
FIFA 12 (UK) [175]
Infamous 2 (UK) [176]
Little Big Planet 2 (UK) [177]
Resistance 3 and Battle: Los Angeles Blu-ray (UK) [178]
Uncharted 3: Drake’s Deception and Faster Blu-ray (UK) [179]
Virtua Tennis 4 (UK) [180]
NHL 13 (Canada)[181]
Everybody Dance, PlayStation Eye and PlayStation Move (US)[156]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (US)[182]

12 GB super slim
CECH-40xxA[44]
CECH-42xxA
CECH-43xxA
PAL[44]NTSC[183]

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
2 USB 2.0 ports
BRAVIA Sync XMB control (CEC)
Super slim form factor
Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio bitstreaming
DualShock 3 controller

Charcoal Black

EU: October 12, 2012[44]
NA: August 18, 2013[183]

No[184][185]

12 GB super slim bundles[show]

Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes (US)[186]
2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (UK) [187]
Skylanders: Giants (Europe) [188][189]
Wonderbook: Book of Spells, PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye (Europe) [188][190][189]

250 GB super slim
CECH-40xxB[45]
CECH-42xxB
NTSC[43]

Charcoal Black
Azurite Blue [191]
Black and Gold [l]
Black and White [m]
Black and Blue [n]
Classic White (Japan)[43]

JP: October 4, 2012[45]
NA: September 25, 2012[43]

No[184][185]

250 GB super slim bundles[show]

Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception game of the year edition and 1-year PlayStation Plus trial membership (US)[43][192]
Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception game of the year edition, Dust 514 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US)[193][194]
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, inFamous Collection and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[195]
Burnout Paradise, Need for Speed: Most Wanted and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US; Toys R Us exclusive)[196][197]
PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale, "Ratchet & Clank Collection", Blu-ray/Media remote and $20 credit for Amazon Video (US; Amazon.com exclusive)[198]
The Last of Us and Batman: Arkham Origins (US)[199]
The Last of Us (North America) [200][201]
LittleBigPlanet Karting, PlayStation Move, Playstation Move Racing Wheel, PlayStation Eye, and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US; Walmart exclusive)[197][202]
Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7, Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, and LittleBigPlanet Karting (US; Gamestop exclusive)[203][204]
Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, Playstation Move, PlayStation Eye and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US; Target exclusive)[197] (Canada; Walmart exclusive)[205]
Medal of Honor: Warfighter, God of War Saga and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US; Best Buy exclusive)[206] (Canada; Best Buy/Future Shop exclusive)[207]
PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye, Eyepet and Sports Champions (US; Amazon.com exclusive)[208]
Everybody's Golf 6 (Japan; "charcoal black" or "classic white" console)[209][210][211]
Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance (Japan; black and blue console)[212](Latin America)[213]
Puppeteer (Japan)[214]
Yakuza 5, 8GB USB thumbdrive, and beach towel (Japan; black and gold console)[215]
Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2 (Japan; black and white console)[216]
torne (Japan)[217]
Gran Turismo 6 (Japan; "charcoal black" or "classic white" console)[218][219]
FIFA 13 (Latin America)[220]
NHL 14 (Canada; EB Games exclusive; "azurite blue" console)[221]
Gran Turismo 6 (Latin America, "azurite blue" console)[222]
Grand Theft Auto V (Latin America)[223]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 and an extra DualShock 3 controller (Latin America)[224]
God of War: Ascension, God of War: Origins Collection, God of War Collection, and God of War III (Latin America, "classic white" console)[225]

500 GB super slim
CECH-40xxC[44]
CECH-42xxC
CECH-43xxC
PAL,[44] NTSC[43]

Charcoal Black
Classic White (Japan,[43] Europe,[226] North America[227])
Garnet Red[228][229]
Azurite Blue[229]

JP: October 4, 2012[45]
NA: October 30, 2012[45]
EU: September 28, 2012[44]
AU: September 27, 2012[230]

No[184][185]

500 GB super slim bundles[show]

Assassin's Creed III (US)[43]
FIFA 13 (Europe)[231]
Beyond Two Souls (France)[232]
God of War: Ascension (Europe)[226]
God of War: Ascension and God of War Saga (US; "garnet red" console)[228]
Grand Theft Auto V[233]
Gran Turismo 5 XL Edition, Infamous 2 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[234][235]
The Last of Us (US)[236] (Canada)[237]
1 year PlayStation Plus membership (North America, "classic white" console)[238][239]
Destiny (North America)[240]
Lego The Hobbit (US)[241] (Canada)[242]
Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham and The Sly Collection (US)[243]
FIFA 15 and an extra DualShock 3 controller (Mexico)[244]
NHL 15, Uncharted: Drake's Fortune and Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (Canada)[245]
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and The Amazing Spider-Man on VUDU (US)[246][247]
Watch Dogs (Europe)[248]

text: Key:  1st Generation   2nd Generation   3rd Generation   4th Generation   5th Generation

text:
All Piano Black and Ceramic White models have a glossy finish[249]
All models include: Blu-ray/DVD/CD drive, HDMI 1.3a[250] (upgraded to HDMI 1.4 via firmware update), Bluetooth 2.0, Gigabit Ethernet (10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T) and PlayStation backward compatibility through software emulation.[9][10]
Model numbers differ by region. See PlayStation 3 hardware – model numbers for details.

text:
^ a Linux support removed in firmware version 3.21. See OtherOS support for details
^ b Ceramic white model available in Asia and Japan only.
^ c Satin silver model available in Asia and Japan only.
^ d Gun-Metal Gray model is only available as part of the MGS4 bundle.
^ e Yakuza 3 bundle features a Ceramic White model with custom grey dragon designs on its case. This version had a limited run of 10,000 units.[96][251]
^ f "Cloud Black" (dark grey) console is only available as part of a Japanese limited edition Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children bundle and features a custom white design on the console[110]
^ g White and Pink model is only available as part of the Japanese Final Fantasy XIII bundle and features a pink design of Final Fantasy XIII character "Lightning" on its case.
^ h Titanium Blue model is only available as part of the Japanese Gran Turismo 5 Titanium Blue bundle[142]
^ i Magical Gold model is only available as part of the Japanese Ni no Kuni bundle[159]
^ j Black and Pink model is only available as part of the Japanese Final Fantasy XIII-2 bundle and features a pink design of Final Fantasy XIII character "Lightning" on its case.[170]
^ k Gold model is only available as part of the Japanese One Piece: Pirate Warriors Gold bundle[252]
^ l Black and Gold model is only available as part of the Japanese Yakuza 5 bundle and features a gold emblem design on its case.[215]
^ m Black and White model is only available as part of the Japanese Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2 bundle and features a white emblem design on its case[253]
^ n Black and Blue model is only available as part of the Japanese Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance bundle [212]


document_title: Electricity

question_text: who was the first person who discovered electricity

question_tokens: who was the first person who discovered electricity

root

text: Electricity

text: History

text: Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians.[2] Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects.[3] Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.[4] Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning ra‘ad (رعد) applied to the electric ray.[5]

tag: p

text: Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing.[6][7][8][9] Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.[10]

text: Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.[6] He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed.[11] This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.[12]

text: Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay.[13] In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky.[14] A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature.[15] He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior[16] of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges.[13]

text: In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles.[17][18][13] Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used.[17][18] The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827.[18] Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.[19]

text: While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force of the Second Industrial Revolution.[20]

text: In 1887, Heinrich Hertz[21]:843–844[22] discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[23] The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels and this is frequently used to make electricity commercially.

text: The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) in order to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect.[24] In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor.[25][26]

text: The solid-state device came into its own with the invention of the transistor in 1947. Common solid-state devices include transistors, microprocessor chips, and RAM. A specialized type of RAM called flash RAM is used in USB flash drives and more recently, solid-state drives to replace mechanically rotating magnetic disc hard disk drives. Solid state devices became prevalent in the 1950s and the 1960s, during the transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductor diodes, transistors, integrated circuit (IC) and the light-emitting diode (LED).

text: Concepts

text: Electric charge

text: The presence of charge gives rise to an electrostatic force: charges exert a force on each other, an effect that was known, though not understood, in antiquity.[21]:457 A lightweight ball suspended from a string can be charged by touching it with a glass rod that has itself been charged by rubbing with a cloth. If a similar ball is charged by the same glass rod, it is found to repel the first: the charge acts to force the two balls apart. Two balls that are charged with a rubbed amber rod also repel each other. However, if one ball is charged by the glass rod, and the other by an amber rod, the two balls are found to attract each other. These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms. This discovery led to the well-known axiom: like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract.[21]

text: The force acts on the charged particles themselves, hence charge has a tendency to spread itself as evenly as possible over a conducting surface. The magnitude of the electromagnetic force, whether attractive or repulsive, is given by Coulomb's law, which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an inverse-square relation to the distance between them.[27][28]:35 The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to the strong interaction,[29] but unlike that force it operates over all distances.[30] In comparison with the much weaker gravitational force, the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 1042 times that of the gravitational attraction pulling them together.[31]

text: Study has shown that the origin of charge is from certain types of subatomic particles which have the property of electric charge. Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The most familiar carriers of electrical charge are the electron and proton. Experiment has shown charge to be a conserved quantity, that is, the net charge within an isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system.[32] Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire.[28]:2–5 The informal term static electricity refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other.

text: The charge on electrons and protons is opposite in sign, hence an amount of charge may be expressed as being either negative or positive. By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.[33] The amount of charge is usually given the symbol Q and expressed in coulombs;[34] each electron carries the same charge of approximately −1.6022×10−19 coulomb. The proton has a charge that is equal and opposite, and thus +1.6022×10−19  coulomb. Charge is possessed not just by matter, but also by antimatter, each antiparticle bearing an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding particle.[35]

text: Charge can be measured by a number of means, an early instrument being the gold-leaf electroscope, which although still in use for classroom demonstrations, has been superseded by the electronic electrometer.[28]:2–5

text: Electric current

text: The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current, the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes. Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current. Electric current can flow through some things, electrical conductors, but will not flow through an electrical insulator.[36]

text: By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part. Current defined in this manner is called conventional current. The motion of negatively charged electrons around an electric circuit, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the opposite direction to that of the electrons.[37] However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction, or even in both directions at once. The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation.

text: The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical conduction, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and the material through which they are travelling. Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor such as metal, and electrolysis, where ions (charged atoms) flow through liquids, or through plasmas such as electrical sparks. While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average drift velocity only fractions of a millimetre per second,[28]:17 the electric field that drives them itself propagates at close to the speed of light, enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires.[38]

text: Current causes several observable effects, which historically were the means of recognising its presence. That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800, a process now known as electrolysis. Their work was greatly expanded upon by Michael Faraday in 1833. Current through a resistance causes localised heating, an effect James Prescott Joule studied mathematically in 1840.[28]:23–24 One of the most important discoveries relating to current was made accidentally by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, when, while preparing a lecture, he witnessed the current in a wire disturbing the needle of a magnetic compass.[39] He had discovered electromagnetism, a fundamental interaction between electricity and magnetics. The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by electric arcing is high enough to produce electromagnetic interference, which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment.[40]

text: In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). These terms refer to how the current varies in time. Direct current, as produced by example from a battery and required by most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative.[41]:11 If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction. Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes the form of a sine wave.[41]:206–207 Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time. The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse. Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under steady state direct current, such as inductance and capacitance.[41]:223–225 These properties however can become important when circuitry is subjected to transients, such as when first energised.

text: Electric field

text: The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance.[30] However, there is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker.[31]

text: An electric field generally varies in space,[42] and its strength at any one point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point.[21]:469–470 The conceptual charge, termed a 'test charge', must be vanishingly small to prevent its own electric field disturbing the main field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of magnetic fields. As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector, so it follows that an electric field is also a vector, having both magnitude and direction. Specifically, it is a vector field.[21]:469–470

text: The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics. The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday,[43] whose term 'lines of force' still sometimes sees use. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to make as it was forced to move within the field; they are however an imaginary concept with no physical existence, and the field permeates all the intervening space between the lines.[43] Field lines emanating from stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that they may never cross nor close in on themselves.[21]:479

text: A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface. The field is therefore zero at all places inside the body.[28]:88 This is the operating principal of the Faraday cage, a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects.

text: The principles of electrostatics are important when designing items of high-voltage equipment. There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that may be withstood by any medium. Beyond this point, electrical breakdown occurs and an electric arc causes flashover between the charged parts. Air, for example, tends to arc across small gaps at electric field strengths which exceed 30 kV per centimetre. Over larger gaps, its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre.[44] The most visible natural occurrence of this is lightning, caused when charge becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand. The voltage of a large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have discharge energies as great as 250 kWh.[45]

text: The field strength is greatly affected by nearby conducting objects, and it is particularly intense when it is forced to curve around sharply pointed objects. This principle is exploited in the lightning conductor, the sharp spike of which acts to encourage the lightning stroke to develop there, rather than to the building it serves to protect[46]:155

text: Electric potential

text: The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires work. The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point. It is usually measured in volts, and one volt is the potential for which one joule of work must be expended to bring a charge of one coulomb from infinity.[21]:494–498 This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points. An electric field has the special property that it is conservative, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated.[21]:494–498 The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term voltage sees greater everyday usage.

text: For practical purposes, it is useful to define a common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared. While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the Earth itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere. This reference point naturally takes the name earth or ground. Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable.[47]

text: Electric potential is a scalar quantity, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction. It may be viewed as analogous to height: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field.[48] As relief maps show contour lines marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as equipotentials) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object. The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles. They must also lie parallel to a conductor's surface, otherwise this would produce a force that will move the charge carriers to even the potential of the surface.

text: The electric field was formally defined as the force exerted per unit charge, but the concept of potential allows for a more useful and equivalent definition: the electric field is the local gradient of the electric potential. Usually expressed in volts per metre, the vector direction of the field is the line of greatest slope of potential, and where the equipotentials lie closest together.[28]:60

text: Electromagnets

text: Ørsted's discovery in 1821 that a magnetic field existed around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current indicated that there was a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known. The force on the compass needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it.[39] Ørsted's slightly obscure words were that "the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner." The force also depended on the direction of the current, for if the flow was reversed, then the force did too.[49]

text: Ørsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed the effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current. The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart.[50] The interaction is mediated by the magnetic field each current produces and forms the basis for the international definition of the ampere.[50]

text: This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to Michael Faraday's invention of the electric motor in 1821. Faraday's homopolar motor consisted of a permanent magnet sitting in a pool of mercury. A current was allowed through a wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury. The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained.[51]

text: Experimentation by Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends. Further analysis of this process, known as electromagnetic induction, enabled him to state the principle, now known as Faraday's law of induction, that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop. Exploitation of this discovery enabled him to invent the first electrical generator in 1831, in which he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper disc to electrical energy.[51] Faraday's disc was inefficient and of no use as a practical generator, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, a possibility that would be taken up by those that followed on from his work.

text: Electrochemistry

text: The ability of chemical reactions to produce electricity, and conversely the ability of electricity to drive chemical reactions has a wide array of uses.

text: Electrochemistry has always been an important part of electricity. From the initial invention of the Voltaic pile, electrochemical cells have evolved into the many different types of batteries, electroplating and electrolysis cells. Aluminium is produced in vast quantities this way, and many portable devices are electrically powered using rechargeable cells.

text: Electric circuits

text: An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task.

text: The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as resistors, capacitors, switches, transformers and electronics. Electronic circuits contain active components, usually semiconductors, and typically exhibit non-linear behaviour, requiring complex analysis. The simplest electric components are those that are termed passive and linear: while they may temporarily store energy, they contain no sources of it, and exhibit linear responses to stimuli.[52]:15–16

text: The resistor is perhaps the simplest of passive circuit elements: as its name suggests, it resists the current through it, dissipating its energy as heat. The resistance is a consequence of the motion of charge through a conductor: in metals, for example, resistance is primarily due to collisions between electrons and ions. Ohm's law is a basic law of circuit theory, stating that the current passing through a resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. The resistance of most materials is relatively constant over a range of temperatures and currents; materials under these conditions are known as 'ohmic'. The ohm, the unit of resistance, was named in honour of Georg Ohm, and is symbolised by the Greek letter Ω. 1 Ω is the resistance that will produce a potential difference of one volt in response to a current of one amp.[52]:30–35

text: The capacitor is a development of the Leyden jar and is a device that can store charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating dielectric layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the capacitance. The unit of capacitance is the farad, named after Michael Faraday, and given the symbol F: one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit a steady state current, but instead blocks it.[52]:216–220

text: The inductor is a conductor, usually a coil of wire, that stores energy in a magnetic field in response to the current through it. When the current changes, the magnetic field does too, inducing a voltage between the ends of the conductor. The induced voltage is proportional to the time rate of change of the current. The constant of proportionality is termed the inductance. The unit of inductance is the henry, named after Joseph Henry, a contemporary of Faraday. One henry is the inductance that will induce a potential difference of one volt if the current through it changes at a rate of one ampere per second. The inductor's behaviour is in some regards converse to that of the capacitor: it will freely allow an unchanging current, but opposes a rapidly changing one.[52]:226–229

text: Electric power

text: Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.

text: Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter P. The term wattage is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in watts produced by an electric current I consisting of a charge of Q coulombs every t seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage) difference of V is

text: where

text: Electricity generation is often done with electric generators, but can also be supplied by chemical sources such as electric batteries or by other means from a wide variety of sources of energy. Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry. Electricity is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3.6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure power using electricity meters, which keep a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer. Unlike fossil fuels, electricity is a low entropy form of energy and can be converted into motion or many other forms of energy with high efficiency.[53]

text: Electronics

text: Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, optoelectronics, sensors and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunications, and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working system.

text: Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering.

text: Electromagnetic wave

text: Faraday's and Ampère's work showed that a time-varying magnetic field acted as a source of an electric field, and a time-varying electric field was a source of a magnetic field. Thus, when either field is changing in time, then a field of the other is necessarily induced.[21]:696–700 Such a phenomenon has the properties of a wave, and is naturally referred to as an electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves were analysed theoretically by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864. Maxwell developed a set of equations that could unambiguously describe the interrelationship between electric field, magnetic field, electric charge, and electric current. He could moreover prove that such a wave would necessarily travel at the speed of light, and thus light itself was a form of electromagnetic radiation. Maxwell's Laws, which unify light, fields, and charge are one of the great milestones of theoretical physics.[21]:696–700

text: Thus, the work of many researchers enabled the use of electronics to convert signals into high frequency oscillating currents, and via suitably shaped conductors, electricity permits the transmission and reception of these signals via radio waves over very long distances.

text: Production and uses

text: Generation and transmission

text: In the 6th century BC, the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus experimented with amber rods and these experiments were the first studies into the production of electrical energy. While this method, now known as the triboelectric effect, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient.[54] It was not until the invention of the voltaic pile in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available. The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the electrical battery, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electrical energy.[54] The battery is a versatile and very common power source which is ideally suited to many applications, but its energy storage is finite, and once discharged it must be disposed of or recharged. For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines.

text: Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions; or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing water. The modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources. Such generators bear no resemblance to Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a changing magnetic field induces a potential difference across its ends.[55] The invention in the late nineteenth century of the transformer meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current. Efficient electrical transmission meant in turn that electricity could be generated at centralised power stations, where it benefited from economies of scale, and then be despatched relatively long distances to where it was needed.[56][57]

text: Since electrical energy cannot easily be stored in quantities large enough to meet demands on a national scale, at all times exactly as much must be produced as is required.[56] This requires electricity utilities to make careful predictions of their electrical loads, and maintain constant co-ordination with their power stations. A certain amount of generation must always be held in reserve to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses.

text: Demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernises and its economy develops. The United States showed a 12% increase in demand during each year of the first three decades of the twentieth century,[58] a rate of growth that is now being experienced by emerging economies such as those of India or China.[59][60] Historically, the growth rate for electricity demand has outstripped that for other forms of energy.[61]:16

text: Environmental concerns with electricity generation have led to an increased focus on generation from renewable sources, in particular from wind and hydropower. While debate can be expected to continue over the environmental impact of different means of electricity production, its final form is relatively clean.[61]:89

text: Applications

text: Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses.[62] The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories.[63] Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgeoning market for electrical lighting. In the late 20th century and in modern times, the trend has started to flow in the direction of deregulation in the electrical power sector.[64]

text: The resistive Joule heating effect employed in filament light bulbs also sees more direct use in electric heating. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station.[65] A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of resistive electric heating in new buildings.[66] Electricity is however still a highly practical energy source for heating and refrigeration,[67] with air conditioning/heat pumps representing a growing sector for electricity demand for heating and cooling, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate.[68]

text: Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its earliest applications. With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe. Optical fibre and satellite communication have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.

text: The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power. A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a pantograph.

text: Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century,[69] and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.[70]

text: Electricity is also used to fuel public transportation, including electric buses and trains. [71]

text: Electricity and the natural world

text: Physiological effects

text: A voltage applied to a human body causes an electric current through the tissues, and although the relationship is non-linear, the greater the voltage, the greater the current.[72] The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0.1 mA to 1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an electrovibration effect under certain conditions.[73] If the current is sufficiently high, it will cause muscle contraction, fibrillation of the heart, and tissue burns.[72] The lack of any visible sign that a conductor is electrified makes electricity a particular hazard. The pain caused by an electric shock can be intense, leading electricity at times to be employed as a method of torture. Death caused by an electric shock is referred to as electrocution. Electrocution is still the means of judicial execution in some jurisdictions, though its use has become rarer in recent times.[74]

text: Electrical phenomena in nature

text: Electricity is not a human invention, and may be observed in several forms in nature, a prominent manifestation of which is lightning. Many interactions familiar at the macroscopic level, such as touch, friction or chemical bonding, are due to interactions between electric fields on the atomic scale. The Earth's magnetic field is thought to arise from a natural dynamo of circulating currents in the planet's core.[75] Certain crystals, such as quartz, or even sugar, generate a potential difference across their faces when subjected to external pressure.[76] This phenomenon is known as piezoelectricity, from the Greek piezein (πιέζειν), meaning to press, and was discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie. The effect is reciprocal, and when a piezoelectric material is subjected to an electric field, a small change in physical dimensions takes place.[76]

text: Some organisms, such as sharks, are able to detect and respond to changes in electric fields, an ability known as electroreception,[77] while others, termed electrogenic, are able to generate voltages themselves to serve as a predatory or defensive weapon.[3] The order Gymnotiformes, of which the best known example is the electric eel, detect or stun their prey via high voltages generated from modified muscle cells called electrocytes.[3][4] All animals transmit information along their cell membranes with voltage pulses called action potentials, whose functions include communication by the nervous system between neurons and muscles.[78] An electric shock stimulates this system, and causes muscles to contract.[79] Action potentials are also responsible for coordinating activities in certain plants.[78]

text: Cultural perception

text: In 1850, William Gladstone asked the scientist Michael Faraday why electricity was valuable. Faraday answered, “One day sir, you may tax it.”[80]

text: In the 19th and early 20th century, electricity was not part of the everyday life of many people, even in the industrialised Western world. The popular culture of the time accordingly often depicts it as a mysterious, quasi-magical force that can slay the living, revive the dead or otherwise bend the laws of nature.[81] This attitude began with the 1771 experiments of Luigi Galvani in which the legs of dead frogs were shown to twitch on application of animal electricity. "Revitalization" or resuscitation of apparently dead or drowned persons was reported in the medical literature shortly after Galvani's work. These results were known to Mary Shelley when she authored Frankenstein (1819), although she does not name the method of revitalization of the monster. The revitalization of monsters with electricity later became a stock theme in horror films.

text: As the public familiarity with electricity as the lifeblood of the Second Industrial Revolution grew, its wielders were more often cast in a positive light,[82] such as the workers who "finger death at their gloves' end as they piece and repiece the living wires" in Rudyard Kipling's 1907 poem Sons of Martha.[82] Electrically powered vehicles of every sort featured large in adventure stories such as those of Jules Verne and the Tom Swift books.[82] The masters of electricity, whether fictional or real—including scientists such as Thomas Edison, Charles Steinmetz or Nikola Tesla—were popularly conceived of as having wizard-like powers.[82]

text: With electricity ceasing to be a novelty and becoming a necessity of everyday life in the later half of the 20th century, it required particular attention by popular culture only when it stops flowing,[82] an event that usually signals disaster.[82] The people who keep it flowing, such as the nameless hero of Jimmy Webb’s song "Wichita Lineman" (1968),[82] are still often cast as heroic, wizard-like figures.[82]


document_title: Chevrolet Equinox

question_text: who makes the diesel engine for the chevy equinox

text: Chevrolet Equinox

text: First generation (2005–2009)[edit]

text:
First generation
OverviewProduction
2005-2009Assembly
Canada: Ingersoll, Ontario (CAMI)Body and chassisBody style
5-door SUVPlatform
GM Theta platform/GMT191Related
GM HydroGen4Opel AntaraSaturn VueSuzuki XL7Pontiac TorrentBuick RendezvousPowertrainEngine
3.4 L LNJ V6[2]3.6 L LY7 V6Transmission
5-speed Aisin AF33 automatic6-speed GM-Ford 6T70 automaticDimensionsWheelbase
112.5 in (2,857 mm)Length
188.8 in (4,796 mm)Width
71.4 in (1,814 mm)Height
68.3–69.3 in (1,735–1,760 mm)

tag: table

text: The Chevrolet Equinox was introduced in 2004 for the 2005 model year. Originally, the Equinox was shown at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show.

text: The Pontiac Torrent was introduced in 2005 for the 2006 model year. The Pontiac Torrent was originally shown at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show.

text: Riding on the GM Theta platform, the unibody is mechanically similar to the Saturn Vue and the Suzuki XL7. However, the Equinox and the Torrent are larger than the Vue, riding on a 112.5 in (2,858 mm) wheelbase, 5.9 in (150 mm) longer than the Vue. Front-wheel drive is standard, with optional all-wheel drive. They are not designed for serious off-roading like the truck-based Chevrolet Tahoe and Chevrolet TrailBlazer.

text: For the 2006 model year, GM updated the Equinox for the first time, as GM badges were added on the front doors.

text:
The first generation Equinox and Torrent were produced exclusively at the CAMI Automotive GM/Suzuki joint venture plant in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada. The 3.4 L LNJ V6 engine is made in China (by Shanghai GM), while the Aisin AF33 transmission is made in Japan. Starting with the 2008 model year, the Equinox Sport and Pontiac GXP were available with a 3.6 L V6 engine that was made in the United States.
Production ended in May 2009.

text: The Chevrolet Equinox was not sold in Mexico during the 2009 model year.

text: Pontiac Torrent[edit]

text: While the Torrent shares its basic body structure and mechanicals with the Equinox, it does have a different front and rear styling. The suspension (FE2) and electronic power steering were both modified to feel firmer and sportier.

text: The Torrent was discontinued after the 2009 model year as part of the discontinuation of the Pontiac brand, with the last one rolling off the assembly line on September 2, 2009. A Buick Theta crossover SUV was to be made, effectively taking place of the Pontiac Torrent.[3] Instead, GM replaced the Torrent with the GMC Terrain, which shares the Theta platform with the second generation Equinox.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Years

Engine

Power

Torque

2005–2009
3.4 L LNJ V6
185 hp (138 kW)
210 lb⋅ft (280 N⋅m)

2008–2009
3.6 L LY7 V6
264 hp (197 kW)
250 lb⋅ft (340 N⋅m)

text: Sport Trims[edit]

text: For the 2008 and 2009 model years, GM offered sportier versions of the Equinox and Torrent; called Sport and GXP, respectively. Featuring the new 3.6 LY7 DOHC V6 engine paired with a new 6-speed automatic transmission (with Manual Tap Up/Down shifting capability). This larger and more powerful (264 hp (197 kW) or 40% increase) engine allowed acceleration from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in under seven seconds.

text: These models also received a 1 in (25 mm) lowered ride height with a performance-tuned suspension and unique front and rear body kits. The lower stance is accented by the 18 inch 5-spoke chrome wheels and the absence of the roof rack, giving them a smoother design flow compared to the standard models. The GXP had twin hood scoops, hydraulic power-assisted steering (as opposed to the electric power-assisted standard Torrent), improved interior trim with unique gauges, and a dual chrome-tipped exhaust.

text: Optional features included navigation, heated sport leather seats, DVD entertainment system, a sunroof and all-wheel drive.[4] GM stated the Equinox Sport was the first vehicle to reflect its more cautious naming standards. Instead of using the Super Sport badge as it had in the past on higher performance vehicles (such as this one), GM opted to reserve the SS nomenclature for special models worthy of its namesake.[5] GM also prominently promoted the GXP in television advertisements by touting its horsepower advantage over the BMW X3, in an effort to brand Pontiac more as a direct, low-cost rival to BMW.

text: Equinox LTZ[edit]

text: An Equinox LTZ model was added[when?]. It is differentiated by its 17-inch chrome-clad aluminum wheels, bright chrome door handles and bright chrome luggage rack side rail inserts. Standard interior features include heated front seats, leather seating inserts, head curtain side impact air bags, AM/FM stereo with six-disc in-dash CD changer and MP3 CD playback capability, and a Pioneer premium seven-speaker audio system. Equinox LTZ came with the same ride and handling package as LS and LT models.

text: 2008 model features[edit]

text: Changes to 2008 Equinox and Torrent models included the relocation of the compass readout from the inside rearview mirror to the driver information center (on models so-equipped), and three new exterior colors: Navy Blue Metallic, Black Granite Metallic, and Golden Teal Metallic.

text: OnStar was standard on the 2008 Equinox and Torrent. This system included for Turn-by-Turn Navigation, the first factory-installed, fully integrated GPS navigation system from OnStar. The 2008 models included an enhanced ride and handling package with stiffer shocks, bushings, and tuned spring rates. Four-wheel disc brakes with ABS and tire pressure monitoring system was standard.

text: An Electronic Trailer Sway Control was introduced that integrated into the standard StabiliTrak system. This can detect the occurrence of trailer sway that may be caused by improper trailer weight balance or excessive vehicle speed. If the trailer begins to sway, StabiliTrak will apply brakes individually, independent of the driver controlling the brake pedal, to assist stabilizing the vehicle. Under these conditions a light will flash to signal the driver to reduce vehicle speed. If trailer sway continues, the system will reduce engine torque to reduce the speed of the vehicle.

text: Head curtain side air bags were optional.

text: Olympic-themed Special Editions[edit]

text: For the 2008 model year, in tribute to the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games, the Equinox and Torrent each received a special edition; the Team Canada Edition and the Podium Edition, respectively. This package added chrome-clad wheels, sunroof, premium sound system, and special badging.[6] These trims were sold only in Canada.

text: Second generation (2010–2017)[edit]

text:
Second generation
OverviewProduction
June 2009–2017Assembly
Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada (CAMI)Oshawa, Ontario, Canada (GM Canada) Spring Hill, Tennessee, U.S. (from MY 2013–2015) [7]Designer
Ron Aselton[8]Body and chassisBody style
5-door SUVPlatform
GM Theta platform/GMT192Related
GMC Terrain, Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X, Saturn Vue, Pontiac Torrent, Opel Antara, Suzuki XL7PowertrainEngine
2.4 L LAF I42.4 L LEA I43.0 L LF1 or LFW V63.6 L LFX V6Transmission
6-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase
112.5 in (2,857 mm)Length
187.8 in (4,770 mm)Width
72.5 in (1,842 mm)Height
66.3 in (1,684 mm)ChronologySuccessor
Chevrolet Blazer

text: The second generation Equinox was announced by GM on December 21, 2008, and debuted at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.[9][10] The 2010 Equinox went on sale in June 2009. It is built on a stiffened version of the same "Theta" platform used in the previous model. The second generation Equinox was built with a pair of upgraded gasoline direct injection engines, with better fuel economy claimed by GM. Earlier 2010 models had the GM badges on the front doors, but were later deleted.[11]

text: Marketing of Chevrolet Equinox resumed in Mexico during late November 2009, for the 2010 model year after a year of absence. Sales of the Chevrolet Equinox to Mexico were stopped after the 2011 model year. However, in October 2015 the Equinox was reintroduced in Mexico to replace the Captiva Sport for the 2016 model year.

text: The second generation Equinox is available standard with a 2.4-liter straight-4 engine produced in Tonawanda, New York and Spring Hill, Tennessee, with a 3.0-liter V6 engine is available as an option.[12] Both powertrains contain six-speed automatics and optional all-wheel-drive systems, with front-wheel-drive being standard.[13]

text: The second generation Equinox is Chevrolet's third best-selling vehicle in North America, after the Silverado and Cruze, respectively.[14]

text: Model year changes[edit]

text: For the 2013 model year, a new direct-injected 3.6L V-6 became available on LT and LTZ models, providing 301 horsepower (225 kW) and 272 lb.-ft. of torque (369 Nm). This engine offered 14 percent more horsepower and 22 percent more torque than the previous 3.0L V-6, with the same EPA-estimated fuel economy. A new FE2 suspension package was offered, matched with the 3.6L V-6 and packaged with 18-inch or 19-inch chrome-clad wheels on LTZ models. The 2013 model year introduced Chevrolet MyLink telematics system to the Equinox.

text: Additional new features for 2013 models included a dual-player DVD entertainment system, a Power convenience package, a safety package with lane departure warning system, forward collision warning and rear park assist, as well as three new exterior colors; Champagne Silver Metallic, Atlantis Metallic and Tungsten Metallic.[15]

text: For the 2014 model year, chrome-clad wheels became standard on LTZ models, and two new exterior colors, Red Rock Metallic and Silver Topaz Metallic became available.

text: The 2015 model year saw the addition of OnStar with 4G LTE and built-in Wi-Fi hotspot, which included a 3GB/three-month data trial, standard on LT and LTZ models, with navigation available on LTZ and 2LT. Blue Velvet Metallic and Sea Grass Metallic were added as the list of available exterior colors.

text: For 2016, the Chevrolet Equinox received its first mid-cycle refresh along with its cousin the GMC Terrain, which was unveiled at the 2015 Chicago Auto Show on February 12, 2015. The refreshed Equinox received a new grille, headlights and front fascia as well as reworked tail lights. In the interior, the Equinox gained a new gear selector, a second storage shelf underneath the dashboard, as well as deletion of the door lock buttons from the dashboard. A new level trim, L, was introduced as the base level, as LS was made the second level, followed by LT and another new trim Premier (replacing LTZ for 2017). Both LT1, LT2, and LTZ level trims were discontinued. Premier took the place of LTZ.

text: More features are in LTZ and LS trims, while LT is unchanged from 2015. However, the OnStar delete feature was removed along with the discontinuation of five color palates, the CD/AM/FM/MP3/WMA Playback audio system, the rear seat entertainment system and one set of 19-inch chrome wheels. In its place are the Chevrolet MyLink system that became standard on all trims, four new color palates, and new 17- and 18-inch wheel trims.[16]

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Years

Engine

Power

Torque

2010–2011
2.4 L Ecotec LAF I4
182 hp (136 kW)
172 lb·ft (233 N·m)

2012–2017
2.4 L Ecotec LEA I4
182 hp (136 kW
172 lb·ft (233 N·m)

2010–2012
3.0 L High Feature LF1 or LFW V6
264 hp (197 kW)
222 lb·ft (301 N·m)

2013–2017
3.6 L High Feature LFX V6
301 hp (224 kW)
272 lb·ft (369 N·m)

text: EPA fuel economy ratings[edit]

text: Skepticism about the Equinox's EPA fuel economy ratings has been raised after a number of road tests at the model's launch achieved 20 to 30% lower fuel economy than the official EPA ratings. After achieving 18.8 mpg‑US (12.5 L/100 km; 22.6 mpg‑imp) in a road test, Edmunds InsideLine stated, "...our testing didn't come close to achieving [the EPA's numbers], even though we're usually within 1 mpg of the EPA combined number. "[17] Car and Driver recorded another 18 mpg‑US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg‑imp) figure and noted its "...fuel economy that won’t live up to the 22 mpg‑US (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg‑imp)/32 mpg‑US (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg‑imp) EPA ratings in real-world use...".[18] Green Car Reports recorded as much as 25.8 mpg‑US (9.1 L/100 km; 31.0 mpg‑imp) on a road trip, driving almost exclusively highway miles in "Eco" mode;[19] this is about 20% below the published highway EPA rating. AutoWeek only averaged 23 mpg‑US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp).[20] The Truth About Cars published an editorial suggesting that GM "inflated" the Equinox's fuel economy ratings for public relations purposes and that the trip computer inaccurately reports fuel economy reported to the driver.[21]

text: Motorweek, however, managed to achieve 29.3 mpg‑US (8.0 L/100 km; 35.2 mpg‑imp) with their test car during mixed driving.[22] LeftlaneNews.com was also able to average 28 mpg‑US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) average in mixed city and highway driving.[23]

text: Third generation (2018–present)[edit]

text:
Third generation
OverviewAlso called
Holden Equinox (Australia RHD)Production
2017–presentModel years
2018–presentAssembly
Canada: Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada (CAMI) China: Wuhan, Hubei (Shanghai GM) Mexico: San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi (San Luis Potosí Assembly)[24]Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila (Ramos Arizpe Assembly)[25]Body and chassisBody style
4-door SUVLayout
FF layout, F4 layoutPlatform
GM D2XXRelated
Buick EnvisionGMC TerrainPowertrainEngine
1.5 L LYX Turbocharged I42.0 L LTG Turbocharged I41.6 L LH7 Turbo-diesel I4Transmission
Six-speed automatic  Nine speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase
107.3 in (2,725 mm)Length
183.1 in (4,652 mm)Width
72.6 in (1,843 mm)Height
65.4 in (1,661 mm)ChronologyPredecessor
Holden Captiva 5 (Australia and New Zealand)

text: Chevrolet unveiled the third-generation Equinox on the autumnal equinox on September 22, 2016.[1] Gasoline-powered variants of the 2018 Chevrolet Equinox went on sale in early 2017, while diesel-powered variants arrived in autumn 2017.

text: The third-generation Equinox is available with up to three engine choices.  Gasoline engines are identical to the 2016 Chevrolet Malibu: a 1.5L turbocharged inline four-cylinder (I4) engine that produces 170 horsepower (12 hp less than the 2.4L engine in the previous Equinox but more torque), a 2.0L turbocharged I4 engine that produces 252 horsepower (48 hp less than the 3.6L V6 engine in the previous Equinox), or a 1.6L turbo-diesel I4 engine that produces 136 horsepower (the latter will also be available in future Chevrolet Cruze models as well). The 3.6L V6 engine option did not carry on to the third generation. The 2.0L unit will also be paired with a nine-speed automatic transmission.

text: New safety features introduced in the third-generation Equinox include a surround-view camera, forward collision warning, low-speed automatic braking, a Safety Alert Seat that uses vibration pulses to help alert the driver and avoid crashes, as well as a Rear Seat Alert system that alerts drivers who had opened the back door at the start of a trip to check the back seat once they get to their destination, a feature first introduced on the 2017 GMC Acadia.[26]

text: The third-generation Equinox also introduced new AWD system from GKN Driveline, which allows the driver to disengage the driveshaft to reduce friction and rotational inertia during the times the AWD is not needed.[27]

text: Trim levels[edit]

text: Chevrolet has released preliminary specifications for the 2018 Equinox. The third-generation Equinox will be available in four distinct trim levels: L, LS, LT, and Premier, all of which in the United States will only offer a single engine option (1.5L Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder: I4). Each trim level will feature its own list of standard equipment:[28]

text: L/1SM: 1.5L Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, six-speed automatic transmission, Seventeen-inch all-season tires, seventeen-inch aluminum alloy wheels, Chevrolet MyLink infotainment system (Seven-inch (7.0") color touch-screen display, AM/FM radio, Bluetooth with A2DP wireless streaming stereo audio, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, USB integration, and OnStar 4G LTE connectivity), rear view backup camera system, six-speaker audio system, power windows and door locks, keyless entry, keyless access system, keyless ignition with push-button start,  and premium cloth seating surfaces. There are no available options for this trim, being the "base" Chevrolet Equinox trim. The base trim is available only with Front-Wheel-Drive (FWD).

text: LS/1LS: Sixteen-inch compact spare tire with steel spare wheel. Available options are limited for this trim, being one of the less-expensive Chevrolet Equinox trims.

text: LT/1LT: SiriusXM Satellite Radio, power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat, High Intensity Discharge (HID) front head lamps, LED rear tail lamps, and leather-wrapped transmission gear selector. Available options include an eight-inch (8.0") Chevrolet MyLink infotainment system, and advanced driver assistance technologies.

text: Premier/1LZ: Eighteen-inch all-season tires, Eighteen-inch aluminum alloy wheels Chevrolet MyLink infotainment system (Eight-inch (8.0") color touch-screen display, AM-FM radio, HD Radio, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Bluetooth with A2DP streaming stereo audio, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, wireless charging capabilities, USB integration, and OnStar 4G LTE connectivity), remote vehicle starter system, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, heated dual front bucket seats, rear park assist system, leather-wrapped steering wheel, front-mounted fog lamps, LED front headlamps and rear tail lamps, and power rear tailgate. Available options include a GPS navigation radio, a Bose premium seven-speaker audio system, and advanced driver assistance technologies.

text: Also there will be one appearance package available on the Equinox known as the Redline Edition. The Redline Edition is only available on the LT trim without the panoramic sunroof or diesel engine. The Redline Edition will be available in October 2017.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Model Year

Type/model

Power

Torque

2018– (all markets)

1.5 L (91 cu in) LYX turbo I4

170 hp (127 kW) @5600 rpm

203 lb⋅ft (275 N⋅m) @2000–4000 rpm

2018– (select markets)

2.0 L (122 cu in) LTG turbo I4

252 hp (188 kW) @5500 rpm

260 lb⋅ft (353 N⋅m) @2500–4500 rpm

2018– (select markets)

1.6 L (98 cu in) LH7 turbo-diesel I4

137 hp (102 kW) @3750 rpm

240 lb⋅ft (325 N⋅m) @2000 rpm

text: Holden Equinox[edit]

text: Holden launched the Holden Equinox (EQ series) in Australia in November 2017, with the first cars scheduled to arrive in December. It is available with a 1.5 L turbocharged engine on the base LS and LS+ models, while the more potent 2.0 L turbocharged model is available for all other models - LT, LTZ and LTZ-V. The 1.6 L turbo-diesel engine will launch in 2018.[29] It is produced at GM's Ramos Arizpe assembly facility in Mexico, and replaced the Korean-built five-seat Captiva.

text: The Australasian Equinox will be sold alongside the seven-seat Holden Acadia, known as the GMC Acadia in the Americas, rather than the Chevrolet Traverse, which sits above the Equinox in select Chevrolet markets.[30]

text: Fuel Cell[edit]

text: The Chevrolet Equinox Fuel cell vehicle uses hydrogen for fuel with water as its only exhaust. The Equinox Fuel Cell uses the fourth-generation hydrogen technology found in the Chevrolet Sequel concept, which was unveiled in September 2009. The fuel cell is designed for only 50,000 miles (80,000 km) of driving, but is engineered to be operable in subfreezing temperatures throughout its life. GM states that the Equinox Fuel Cell is about 500 pounds (230 kg) heavier than the original Equinox and has one inch less ground clearance. To reduce weight, it has aluminum doors and a carbon fiber hood. It uses headlights from the Pontiac Torrent.[citation needed]

text: A dashboard mounted screen calculates the fuel savings to that of a gasoline-powered Equinox. It also includes a kilowatt meter and a fuel cell energy display. The fuel cell has four vapor outlets that replace the exhaust pipe. Three carbon-fiber fuel tanks store up to a maximum of 9.25 pounds (4.2 kg) of gaseous hydrogen at 10,000 psi (70 MPa), and give the Equinox a range of 200 miles (320 km). The Equinox Fuel Cell is certified by the EPA as a zero-emission vehicle (ZEV). GM built 115 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell vehicles and deployed them in 2007–2008 in several target areas including New York and California as part of a comprehensive plan dubbed "Project Driveway".[31]

text: The Equinox Fuel Cell includes safety features such as ABS, traction control system, and GM's OnStar telematics service, which offers drivers advice on operating the cars as well as information on nearby hydrogen filling stations. The car meets all 2007 federal safety standards.

text: Performance[edit]

text: Motor Trend assessed the vehicle's performance as nearly the same as the 3.6 litre gasoline powered equivalent, while bemoaning the dearth of high pressure hydrogen filling stations near Riverside, California in 2008.[32]

text: Natural gas version[edit]

text: In 2013, Nat G CNG Solutions and AGA Systems announced that they had begun offering a Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) version of the Chevy Equinox and the GMC Terrain using the 2.4 L Direct Injection engine. The natural gas version is a "bi-fuel" CNG vehicle, meaning it runs on either gasoline or natural gas, giving it extended range. The Terrain/Equinox were the first direct injection natural gas vehicles ever approved by the US EPA.[33]

text: Silver Eagle Distributors, a distributor of Anheuser-Busch products, was the launch customer for the natural gas version with an initial order of up to 100 of the natural gas GMC Terrains. CenterPoint Energy was an early customer of the natural gas Chevy Equinox.[34]

text: CNG configurations[edit]

text: The CNG version was available for newly purchased Equinox through select dealers or as a retrofit on 2013 and 2014 models. Nat G CNG Solutions offered the vehicle in two options: a two-seater "cargo version" and a five-seat "passenger version." The cargo version has an 837-mile combined gasoline / natural gas (9.2 gge of CNG) while the passenger version has a 775-mile combined highway range (6.8 gge of CNG).

text: Emissions and performance[edit]

text: The companies claimed that the natural gas version had tested at the EPA lab at 31 mpg highway on natural gas and had achieved a Bin 3 emissions equivalent to the Toyota Prius.[33]

text: Electric vehicle[edit]

text: Amp Electric Vehicles sells an all-electric conversion of the Chevrolet Equinox. They have sold their first electric Equinox to Dayton Power & Light, and had a five-year, 1,000 SUV order from Northern Lights Energy in Iceland.

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar year

Equinox (US)

Torrent (US)

2004

84,024

N/A

2005[35]

130,542

10,303[36]

2006

113,888

43,174[37]

2007[38]

89,552

32,644[37]

2008

67,447

20,625[39]

2009[40]

86,148

9,638

2010[41]

149,979

68

2011[42]

193,274

N/A

2012

218,621

2013[43]

238,192

2014[44]

242,242

2015[45]

277,589

2016[46]

242,195

2017[47]

290,458