document_title: Denver Broncos

question_text: who did the broncos play in their last super bowl

question_tokens: who did the broncos play in their last super bowl

text: Denver Broncos

text: Franchise history[edit]

text: 1960–1969: AFL era[edit]

text: The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14, 1959, when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League (AFL) charter franchise.[8] The Broncos won the first-ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13–10, on September 9, 1960. On August 5, 1967, they became the first-ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team, with a 13–7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game.[8] However, the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s, compiling a record of 39–97–4 in the league.[9]

text: Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965, until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team.[10] The team's first superstar, "Franchise" Floyd Little, was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver, due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field. The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game, as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league's 10-year history.[11]

text: In 1972, the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach. In 1973, he was the UPI's AFC Coach of the Year, after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7–5–2. In five seasons with the Broncos, Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times. Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9–5 record, the team, as was the case in Ralston's previous winning seasons, still missed the playoffs. Following the season, several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston, which soon led to his resignation.[12]

text: Red Miller, a long-time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense (a nickname originating in the early 1970s, also the brand of the popular orange-flavored soft drink) and aging quarterback Craig Morton, took the Broncos to what was then a record-setting 12–2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977, and ultimately first Super Bowl, in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys (Morton's former team), 27–10.[13]

text: In 1981, Broncos' owner Gerald Phipps, who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam, sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr., grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser.[14] In 1984, the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen, who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day-to-day control until his battle with Alzheimer's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014.[5][6][15]

text: 1983–1998: John Elway era[edit]

text: Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach. Quarterback John Elway, who played college football at Stanford, arrived in 1983 via a trade. Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft, Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball (he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect), unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams, which included the Broncos.[16] Prior to Elway, the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point.[17]

text: Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances, five AFC West divisional titles, three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances (Super Bowl XXI, XXII and XXIV) during their 12-year span together. The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants, 39–20; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins, 42–10; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers, 55–10; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history. The last year of the Reeves-Elway era were marked by feuding, due to Reeves taking on play-calling duties after ousting Elway's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season, as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway. Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips, who had been serving as the Broncos' defensive coordinator.[18][19][20] Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season, in which management felt he lost control of the team.

text: In 1995, Mike Shanahan, who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos' offensive coordinator, returned as head coach. Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis. In 1996, the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13–3 record, dominating most of the teams that year. The fifth-seeded Jacksonville Jaguars, however, upset the Broncos 30–27 in the divisional round of the playoffs, ending the Broncos' 1996 run.[12]

text: 1997-1998: Back-to-Back Super Bowl Champions[edit]

text: During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII. Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl–record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award—this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision.[21] The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19. Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception.[20]

text: 1999–2011: Post-Elway era[edit]

text: John Elway retired following the 1998 season, and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons. After a 6–10 record in 1999, the Broncos recovered in 2000, earning a Wild Card playoff berth, but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens. After missing the playoffs the following two seasons, former Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003, and led the Broncos to two straight 10–6 seasons, earning Wild Card playoff berths both years. However, the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back-to-back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game, allowing a combined 90 points.[12]

text: Plummer led the Broncos to a 13–3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998. After a first-round bye, the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, 27–13, denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships. The Broncos' playoff run came to an end next week, after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game, 34–17. The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL.

text: The Broncos' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown—an NFL record, but struggled down the season stretch. Plummer led the team to a 7–2 record, only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler. Cutler went 2–3 as a starter, and the Broncos finished with a 9–7 record, losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot. Cutler's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos' first losing season since 1999, with a 7–9 record.

text: The 2008 season ended in a 52–21 loss at the San Diego Chargers, giving the Broncos an 8–8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs. Mike Shanahan, the longest-tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos' franchise history, was fired after 14 seasons.[22]

text: On January 11, 2009, two weeks after Shanahan was fired, the Broncos hired former New England Patriots' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team's new head coach.[23] Three months later, the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears.

text: Under McDaniels and Orton, the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6–0 start in 2009. However, the team lost eight of their next ten games, finishing 8–8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs. The next season (2010), the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season, with a 4–12 record.[24] McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal. Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season.[25] He chose to start rookie first-round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games.

text: Following the 2010 season, Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president, while John Elway returned to the organization as the team's Executive Vice President of Football Operations.[26] In addition, the Broncos hired John Fox as the team's 14th head coach. Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers' head coach from 2002–10.[27]

text: Following a 1–4 start to the 2011 season, Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos' starting quarterback, and led the Broncos to an 8–8 record and the team's first playoff berth and division title since 2005. The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime, setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history.[28] However, the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round.[29]

text: 2012–2015: Peyton Manning era[edit]

text: In March 2012, the Broncos reached an agreement on a five-year, $96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning, who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries.[30][31] This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets.[32] The Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs, but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round.[33]

text: Like 2012, the Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No. 1 seed in 2013. In the 2013 playoffs, the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship. However, the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43–8, the Broncos' first Super Bowl berth since winning back-to-back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998.[34]

text: Prior to the start of the 2014 season, the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen, the team's owner since 1984, relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team.[15] The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No. 2 seed. However, the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs, marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs. Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season.[35]

text: 2015: Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning's Final Season[edit]

text: On January 12, 2015, one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts, the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways.[36] Fox left the Broncos with a .719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos' head coach—the highest in franchise history.[37] One week later, the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team's 15th head coach. Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president/general manager John Elway from 1983–1991, as well as the Broncos' offensive coordinator from 1995–2005.[38] Shortly after Kubiak became head coach, the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff, including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips, under whom the Broncos' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season.[39] The Broncos finished with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No. 1 seed, despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998[40] and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury. In the playoffs, the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 in the Divisional Round, the New England Patriots 20–18 in the AFC Championship, and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24–10 in Super Bowl 50—the Broncos' third Super Bowl title.[41]

text: 2016–present: Defensive era[edit]

text: On March 7, 2016, quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters.[42] Following Manning's retirement, the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position, including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler (who is now back with team after stints with the Texans and Browns) to the Houston Texans, the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft. Sanchez, Lynch and second-year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off-season and preseason; however, Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season. The Broncos finished the season 9–7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010. On January 2, 2017, coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement, citing health as the main reason for retiring.[43] The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11, 2017.[44][45] The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control, and the No Fly Zone.

text: Championships[edit]

text: Super Bowls[edit]

text:
Year
Coach
Super Bowl
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1997
Mike Shanahan
XXXII
San Diego, CA
Green Bay Packers
31–24
12–4

1998
Mike Shanahan
XXXIII
Miami, FL
Atlanta Falcons
34–19
14–2

2015
Gary Kubiak
50
Santa Clara, CA
Carolina Panthers
24–10
12–4

Total Super Bowl championships won:
3

text: AFC Championships[edit]

text:
Year
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1977
Red Miller
Denver, CO
Oakland Raiders
20–17
12–2

1986
Dan Reeves
Cleveland, OH
Cleveland Browns
23–20 (OT)
11–5

1987
Dan Reeves
Denver, CO
Cleveland Browns
38–33
10–4–1

1989
Dan Reeves
Denver, CO
Cleveland Browns
37–21
11–5

1997
Mike Shanahan
Pittsburgh, PA
Pittsburgh Steelers
24–21
12–4

1998
Mike Shanahan
Denver, CO
New York Jets
23–10
14–2

2013
John Fox
Denver, CO
New England Patriots
26–16
13–3

2015
Gary Kubiak
Denver, CO
New England Patriots
20–18
12–4

Total AFC Championships won:
8

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Divisional[edit]

text: The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals—the Kansas City Chiefs, Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders. All teams, along with the Broncos, were charter members of the American Football League (AFL), with each team placed in the AFL Western Division. The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years (1960–69), going a combined 10–49–1 against the Chiefs, Chargers and Raiders.

text: Kansas City Chiefs[edit]

text: The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs, particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos' starting quarterback (1983–98). The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs, en route to their first Super Bowl victory. The Chiefs currently hold a 61–55 series lead over the Broncos, including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game.

text: Oakland Raiders[edit]

text: The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977, when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship. The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s, when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos' head coach in 1995. Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season. The Raiders currently hold a 63–52–2 series lead over the Broncos, including 1–1 in the playoffs.

text: San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers[edit]

text: Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders, the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers, with a 65–51–1 series lead, including 1–0 in the playoffs. The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history, when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24–0 halftime deficit to a 35–24 win at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season. The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12, 2014, at Denver's Sports Authority Field at Mile High, with the Broncos winning 24–17.

text: Seattle Seahawks[edit]

text: The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks, who were members of the AFC West from 1977–2001, prior to the Seahawks' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL's 2002 re-alignment.[46] During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West, the Broncos went 32–18 against the Seahawks, including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs. Since 2002, the two teams have split four interconference meetings,[47] and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43–8.[48]

text: Historical[edit]

text: Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams, the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots.

text: Cleveland Browns[edit]

text: The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986–89. In the 1986 AFC Championship, quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium; the Broncos went on to win in 23–20 in overtime.[49] One year later, the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium. Denver took a 21–3 lead, but Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31–31 halfway through the 4th quarter. After a long drive, John Elway threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38–31 lead. Cleveland advanced to Denver's 8-yard line with 1:12 left, but Broncos' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2-yard line—a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns' fans. The Broncos recovered it, gave Cleveland an intentional safety, and went on to win 38–33.[50] The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium, which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37–21.[51] Interestingly, the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns.

text: Pittsburgh Steelers[edit]

text: As of the end of the 2015 season, the Broncos have met the Steelers in postseason play eight times, more than any other NFL team, with the Broncos owning a 5–3 playoff record vs. the Steelers.[52] Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship, in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24–21 at Three Rivers Stadium, en route to their first Super Bowl victory. Eight years later, the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High, defeating the Broncos 34–17 in the 2005 AFC Championship, and subsequently won Super Bowl XL.[53] In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs, the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29–23 on the first play of overtime, when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80-yard game-winning touchdown pass.[54] The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver, where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23–16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50.[55]

text: New England Patriots[edit]

text: The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League (AFL) years from 1960–69, and played in the first-ever AFL game on September 9, 1960.[56] Since 1995, the two teams have met frequently during the regular season, including nine consecutive seasons from 1995–2003.[57] As of the end of the 2015 season, the two teams have met in the playoffs five times, with the Broncos owning a 4–1 record.[58] The teams' first playoff match on January 4, 1987 was John Elway's first career playoff win,[59] while the teams' second playoff match on January 14, 2006 game was the Broncos' first playoff win since Elway's retirement after the 1998 season.[60] The game was also notable for Champ Bailey's 100-yard interception that resulted in a touchdown-saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1-yard line.[61] On October 11, 2009, the two teams met with former Patriots' offensive coordinator, Josh McDaniels as the Broncos' head coach. Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys.[62] The game featured a 98-yard drive in the fourth quarter, with a game-tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall, followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41-yard game-winning field goal by Matt Prater.[63] The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs, with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45–10.[29] The Broncos' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos' starting quarterback from 2012–15. Manning and Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001[64] until Manning's retirement after the 2015 season.[65] Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play, winning nine of twelve meetings, Manning won three of five playoff meetings, the last of which was a Broncos' 20–18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship.[66]

text: Logos and uniforms[edit]

text: When the Broncos debuted in 1960, their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field. They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys, with contrasting brown helmets, brown pants and vertically striped socks. Two years later, the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse, and changed their team colors to orange, royal blue and white. The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants, orange helmets, and either orange or white jerseys.[67]

text: In 1968, the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the "Orange Crush." Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a "D." Additionally, the helmets were changed to royal blue, with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves, and other minor modifications were added. From 1969–1971, and again from 1978–79, the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys.[68]

text: The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season, as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys, the latter in hopes to bring out the "blue jersey jinx" which has followed the Cowboys for decades (it worked, the Broncos won 41–20). The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals, but would not wear white at home again for two decades — see next section.[68][69]

text: In 1994, in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL, the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games—a Week 3 home game against the Raiders, as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week.[68]

text: The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997, a design that the team continues to use to this day. The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4, 1997.[70] Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team's color scheme. The current logo is a profile of a horse's head, with an orange mane and navy blue outlines.[71] The Broncos' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse-head profile as part of the logo on the team's helmets.[72] During a February 4, 1997 press conference introducing the new logo, the team president and the art director for Nike, who were the creators of the new design, described it as "a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane."[73]

text: The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys, replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team's predominant home jersey color since 1962. This new uniform design features a new word mark, numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants. On the navy blue jerseys, the streak is orange, with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange, while on the road white jerseys, the streak is navy blue, with a thin orange accent strip on both sides, a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange. When they debuted, these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans, until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season. The navy blue jerseys served as the team's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season — see next section.[71]

text: In 2002, the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys, but with orange and navy trading places. Like the road white jerseys, the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform. This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons, and were used twice per season from 2008–2011. Mike Shanahan, the team's head coach from 1995–2008, was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys.[74] The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001.[75]

text: The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003, with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys. Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 (in fact, they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games) and most players wanted to wear them, the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway, thereby delaying their eventual introduction.[76] From 2003–2011, these pants were primarily used for select prime-time and late-season home games (excluding the 2008 season), and since 2012, are used exclusively with the now-alternate navy blue jerseys — see next section.

text: On November 16, 2003, the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983, in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers. This was compensation for a uniform mix-up, after the teams' first meeting at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season, when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color. The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys, but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white, and were fined $25,000 by the NFL as a result. When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season (Week 11), the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance, and they chose navy blue, forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home.[76]

text: In 2009, in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams, the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms (brown helmets, mustard yellow and brown jerseys) for games against two fellow AFL rivals—a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots, as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers.[77][78]

text: Beginning in 2012, the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002–2011 became the primary home jersey, while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997–2011 switched to alternate designation. The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans, who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team's primary home jersey color.[71] Since the 2012 uniform change, the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season, with the exception of 2013, in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6, 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys.[79] The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants — with the orange side stripes — to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys. The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes, until a November 1, 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers, in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers.[80]

text: As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50, the Broncos — who have an 0–4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys — chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated "home" team.[81]

text: In 2016, the Broncos' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform, which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13, 2016. The uniform kit contained the following features: orange pants, which the team wore for the first time since 1979, orange socks and shoes, along with block-style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team's 1968–1996 uniform style. Due to the NFL's one-helmet rule implemented in 2013, the helmets remained the same, with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback "D-horse" logo.[82] The same uniform was used for a Thursday Night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season.[83]

text: Super Bowl uniform colors[edit]

text:
Super Bowl
Opponent
Favorite
Jersey Color
Result

XII
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys by 6

L 10–27

XXI
New York Giants
Giants by 9.5

L 20–39

XXII
Washington Redskins
Broncos by 3

L 10–42

XXIV
San Francisco 49ers
49ers by 12

L 10–55

XXXII
Green Bay Packers
Packers by 11

W 31–24

XXXIII
Atlanta Falcons
Broncos by 7.5

W 34–19

XLVIII
Seattle Seahawks
Broncos by 2

L 8–43

50
Carolina Panthers
Panthers by 5.5

W 24–10

text: Home field[edit]

text: For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium. The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first-ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game. The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike (but both were sold out before the strike).

text: During home games, the attendance is announced to the crowd, along with the number of no-shows (the fans subsequently boo the no-shows). The fans are also known to chant "IN-COM-PLETE!" every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass.[84] The stadium's legendary home-field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL, especially during the playoffs. The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32-year span from 1974–2006 (191–65–1). Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL's loudest stadiums, with steel flooring instead of concrete, which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents, plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos. In 2001, the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High, built next to the former site of the since-demolished Mile High Stadium. Sportswriter Woody Paige, along with many of Denver's fans, however, often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name, preferring to use "Mile High Stadium" because of its storied history and sentimental import. Additionally, The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply "Mile High Stadium" in protest, but dropped this policy in 2004.[85]

text: Prior to the 2011 season, Englewood, Colorado-based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field, which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High.[86][87] However, in the summer of 2016, Sports Authority went bankrupt, and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since.[88]

text: The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team's home success. The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium's location of 5,280 feet (1.000 mi) above sea level, including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team's locker room. The team training facility, the UCHealth Training Center (formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre), is a state-of-the-art facility located in Dove Valley, Colorado. With 13.5 acres of property, the facility hosts three full-size fields, a complete weight and training facility, and a cafeteria.[89][90]

text: In their more than half-century of existence, the Broncos have never been shut out at home, a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season.[91]

text: In late 2012, the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display. The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season.[92]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Season-by-season records[edit]

text: Players of note[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Denver Broncos roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

 6 Chad Kelly
12 Paxton Lynch
13 Trevor Siemian

Running backs

22 C. J. Anderson
23 Devontae Booker
33 De'Angelo Henderson
32 Andy Janovich FB

Wide receivers

11 Carlos Henderson
84 Isaiah McKenzie
10 Emmanuel Sanders
88 Demaryius Thomas

Tight ends

80 Jake Butt
82 Jeff Heuerman
83 Matt LaCosse
86 Austin Traylor

Offensive linemen

72 Garett Bolles T
64 J. J. Dielman G
76 Max Garcia G
79 Cyrus Kouandjio T
65 Ronald Leary G
60 Connor McGovern C
75 Menelik Watson T

Defensive linemen

99 Adam Gotsis DE
92 Zach Kerr DE
94 Domata Peko NT
95 Derek Wolfe DE

Linebackers

54 Brandon Marshall ILB
58 Von Miller OLB
53 Deiontrez Mount OLB
56 Shane Ray OLB
57 DeMarcus Walker OLB

Defensive backs

20 Jamal Carter SS
25 Chris Harris Jr. CB
39 Michael Hunter CB
27 Brendan Langley CB
34 Will Parks FS
38 Marcus Rios CB
29 Bradley Roby CB
31 Justin Simmons SS
26 Darian Stewart FS
21 Aqib Talib CB
35 Dymonte Thomas S

Special teams

 9 Riley Dixon P
 8 Brandon McManus K

Reserve lists

91 Paul Boyette DE (Future)
15 River Cracraft WR (Future)
19 Jordan Leslie WR (Future)
59 Stansly Maponga OLB (Future)
30 Jordan Moore SS (Future)
89 Brian Parker TE (Future)
81 Tim Patrick WR (Future)
74 Jeremiah Poutasi G (Future)
49 Marcus Rush OLB (Future)
69 Jhaustin Thomas DE (Future)

Unrestricted FAs

73 Allen Barbre G
28 Jamaal Charles RB
93 Jared Crick DE
51 Todd Davis ILB
85 Virgil Green TE
14 Cody Latimer WR
52 Corey Nelson ILB
17 Brock Osweiler QB
71 Donald Stephenson OT
77 Billy Turner G
97 Billy Winn DE

Restricted FAs

48 Shaquil Barrett OLB
16 Bennie Fowler III WR
61 Matt Paradis C

Exclusive-Rights FAs

50 Zaire Anderson ILB
41 Jerrol Garcia-Williams ILB
96 Shelby Harris DE
43 Joseph Jones ILB
42 Casey Kreiter LS
90 Kyle Peko NT
87 Jordan Taylor WR
68 Elijah Wilkinson OT

Rookies in italics
Roster updated January 6, 2018
Depth chart • Transactions
44 Active, 10 Inactive, 22 FAs
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Denver Broncos retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Career

7
John Elway
QB
1983–98

18
Frank Tripucka
Peyton Manning
QB
1960–63
2012–15 †

44
Floyd Little
RB
1967–75

text: † Note: No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season.[93] Manning's name was added to the retired number's banner as an honorable mention.[94][95][96]

text: Pro Football Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Denver Broncos Hall of Famers

No.
Name
Position(s)
Season(s)
Inducted

24
Brown, WillieWillie Brown
CB
1963–66
1984

30
Davis, TerrellTerrell Davis
RB
1995–2001
2017

33
Dorsett, TonyTony Dorsett
RB
1988
1994

7
Elway, JohnJohn Elway
QB
General Manager
1983–98
2011–present
2004

65
Zimmerman, GaryGary Zimmerman
OT
1993–97
2008

44
Little, FloydFloyd Little
RB
1967–75
2010

84
Sharpe, ShannonShannon Sharpe
TE
1990–99,
2002–03
2011

text: Ring of Fame[edit]

text: The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High, which honors the following:

text:
Denver Broncos Ring of Fame

No.
Name
Position(s)
Seasons
Inducted

23
Goose Gonsoulin
S
1960–66
1984

87
Rich Jackson
DE
1967–72
1984

44
Floyd Little
RB
1967–75
1984

87
Lionel Taylor
WR
1960–66
1984

–
Gerald Phipps
Owner
1961–81
1985

12
Charley Johnson
QB
1972–75
1986

70
Paul Smith
DE
1968–78
1986

18
Frank Tripucka
QB
1960–63
1986

36
Billy Thompson
S
1969–81
1987

7
Craig Morton
QB
1977–82
1988

25
Haven Moses
WR
1972–81
1988

15
Jim Turner
PK
1971–79
1988

53
Randy Gradishar
LB
1974–83
1989

57
Tom Jackson
LB
1973–86
1992

20
Louis Wright
CB
1975–86
1993

7
John Elway
QB
General manager
1983–98
2011–present
1999

77
Karl Mecklenburg
LB
1983–95
2001

49
Dennis Smith
S
1981–94
2001

65
Gary Zimmerman
OT
1993–97
2003

27
Steve Atwater
S
1989–98
2005

30
Terrell Davis
RB
1995–2001
2007

84
Shannon Sharpe
TE
1990–99, 2002–03
2009

80
Rod Smith
WR
1994–2006
2012

66
Tom Nalen
C
1994–2007
2013

21
Gene Mingo
RB, K, RS
1960–64
2014

–
Dan Reeves
Head coach
1981–92
2014

80
Rick Upchurch
WR, RS
1975–83
2014

–
Pat Bowlen
Owner
1984–present
2015

1
Jason Elam
PK
1993–2007
2016

73
Simon Fletcher
LB/DE
1985–95
2016

47
John Lynch
S
2004–07
2016

—
Red Miller
Head coach
1977–80
2017

text: Super Bowl MVPs[edit]

text:
Super Bowl MVP Winners

SB
Player
Position

XXXII
Terrell Davis
RB

XXXIII
John Elway
QB

50
Von Miller
LB

text: Colorado Sports Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Staff[edit]

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: Current staff[edit]

text:
Denver Broncos staff

v
t
e

Front Office

Owner – The Pat Bowlen Trust
President/Chairman/CEO – Joe Ellis
President of Football Operations/General Manager – John Elway
Director of Football Administration – Mike Sullivan
Director of Player Personnel – Matt Russell
Senior Personnel Advisor – Tom Heckert Jr.
Senior Personnel Advisor – Gary Kubiak
Director of Pro Personnel – A.J. Durso
Director of College Scouting – Brian Stark
Director of Football Analytics – Mitch Tanney

Head Coaches

Head Coach – Vance Joseph

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator – Bill Musgrave
Quarterbacks – Mike Sullivan
Running Backs – Curtis Modkins
Wide Receivers – Vacant
Tight Ends – George ‘Geep’ Chryst
Offensive Line (Guards/Centers) – Sean Kugler
Offensive Line (Tackles) – Chris Strausser
Offensive Assistant/Quarterbacks – Klint Kubiak
Offensive Quality Control – Christopher Kragthorpe

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Joe Woods
Defensive Line – Bill Kollar
Inside Linebackers – Reggie Herring
Outside Linebackers – Vacant
Defensive Backs – Marcus Robertson
Assistant Defensive Backs – Vacant
Defensive Assistant/Defensive Line – Chris Beake
Defensive Quality Control – Charles Gordon

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams Coordinator – Vacant
Assistant Special Teams – Chris Gould

Strength and Conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Luke Richesson
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Mike Eubanks
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Anthony Lomando
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Cedric Smith

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: The Broncos' flagship radio station is currently KOA, 850AM, a 50,000-watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications. Dave Logan is the play-by-play announcer, with former Broncos' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012, replacing Brian Griese.[97] Until 2010, preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC, channel 4, which is a CBS owned-and-operated station, as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region. On May 26, 2011, the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9, an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region, will be the team's new television partner for preseason games.[98]

text: In 2011, the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN, 92.1 FM, a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications (EVC). The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half-hour weekly TV show on KCEC, the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications.[98]

text: Notable fans and in the media[edit]

text:
Tim McKernan, a.k.a. Barrel Man, began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother, Scott, that by wearing one he could get on television. McKernan won the bet, and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume, and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos' most recognized fans and a popular mascot. McKernan died on December 5, 2009.[99]
The animated television show South Park, set in Park County, Colorado, often mentions the Denver Broncos; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans.[100]
In The Simpsons episode "You Only Move Twice", Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank-you gift for helping him. Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys, as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn (a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances, three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas). Incidentally, the Broncos were 13–3 in the 1996 season, and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons. In the episode, "The Bonfire of the Manatees", Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks. The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox, the U.S. home of The Simpsons.
In the Mork & Mindy episode "Hold That Mork", Mork's character, played by Robin Williams, became the first male cheerleader in Broncos' history. As a member of the "Pony Express", he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11, 1979. The episode aired exactly two weeks later.[101]
Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting, including Shannon Sharpe, Mark Schlereth, Alfred Williams, Tom Jackson, Ed McCaffrey, Brian Griese, David Diaz-Infante, Terrell Davis and John Lynch.


document_title: United States presidential election, 1876

question_text: who won the presidential election by one vote

root

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Republican Party nomination[edit]

tag: p

text:
Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio

Senator James G. Blaine from Maine

Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow

Senator Oliver P. Morton from Indiana

Senator Roscoe Conkling from New York

Governor John F. Hartranft of Pennsylvania

Postmaster General Marshall Jewell

Ambassador Elihu B. Washburne from Illinois

Representative
William A. Wheeler from New York

President Ulysses S. Grant[3][4]
(declined in 1875)

tag: ul

text: It was widely assumed during the year 1875 that incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant would run for a third term as president in spite of the poor economic conditions, the numerous political scandals that had developed since he assumed office in 1869, and a long-standing tradition set by the first president, George Washington, not to stay in office longer than two terms. Grant's inner circle advised him to go for a third term and he almost did, but the House, by a sweeping 233 to 18 vote, passed a resolution declaring that the two-term tradition was to prevent a dictatorship. Late in the year, the president withdrew from the running for 1876.

text: When the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled on June 14, 1876, it appeared that James G. Blaine would be the nominee. On the first ballot, Blaine was just 100 votes short of a majority. His vote began to slide after the second ballot, however, as many Republicans feared that Blaine could not win the general election. Anti-Blaine delegates could not agree on a candidate until Blaine's total rose to 41% on the sixth ballot. Leaders of the reform Republicans met privately and considered alternatives. Their choice was Ohio's reform governor, Rutherford B. Hayes. On the seventh ballot, Hayes was nominated with 384 votes to 351 for Blaine and 21 for Benjamin Bristow. William A. Wheeler was nominated for vice-president by a much larger margin (366–89) over his chief rival, Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, who later served as a member of the electoral commission that awarded the election to Hayes.

text:
Presidential Ballot

Ballot
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th

James G. Blaine
285
296
293
292
286
308
351

Oliver P. Morton
124
120
113
108
95
85
0

Benjamin Bristow
113
114
121
126
114
111
21

Roscoe Conkling
99
93
90
84
82
81
0

Rutherford B. Hayes
61
64
67
68
104
113
384

John F. Hartranft
58
63
68
71
69
50
0

Marshall Jewell
11
0
0
0
0
0
0

William A. Wheeler
3
3
2
2
2
2
0

Elihu B. Washburne
0
1
1
3
3
4
0

tag: table

text:
1st Presidential Ballot

2nd Presidential Ballot

3rd Presidential Ballot

4th Presidential Ballot

5th Presidential Ballot

6th Presidential Ballot

7th Presidential Ballot

text:
Vice Presidential Ballot [5]

Ballot
1st Partial

William A. Wheeler
366

Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
89

Marshall Jewell
86

Stewart L. Woodford
70

Joseph R. Hawley
25

text: Recorded Vice Presidential Ballot

text: Democratic Party nomination[edit]

text: Democratic candidates:

text:
Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York
Thomas A. Hendricks, governor of Indiana
Winfield Scott Hancock, United States Army major general from Pennsylvania
William Allen, former governor of Ohio
Thomas F. Bayard, U.S. senator from Delaware
Joel Parker, former governor of New Jersey

text:
Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York

Governor Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana

Major General Winfield Scott Hancock from Pennsylvania

William Allen from Ohio

Senator Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware

Joel Parker from New Jersey

text: The 12th Democratic National Convention assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, in June 1876, the first political convention held by one of the major American parties west of the Mississippi River. Five thousand people jammed the auditorium in St. Louis with hopes for the first presidential victory for the Democratic Party in 20 years. The platform called for immediate and sweeping reforms in response to the scandals that had plagued the Grant administration. Tilden won more than 400 votes on the first ballot and the nomination by a landslide on the second.

text: Tilden defeated Thomas A. Hendricks, Winfield Scott Hancock, William Allen, Thomas F. Bayard, and Joel Parker for the presidential nomination. Although Tilden was strongly opposed by "Honest John" Kelly, the leader of New York's Tammany Hall, he was still able to obtain the nomination. Thomas Hendricks was nominated for vice-president, since he was the only person put forward for the position.

text: The Democratic platform pledged to replace the corruption of the Grant administration with honest, efficient government and to end "the rapacity of carpetbag tyrannies" in the South. It also called for treaty protection for naturalized United States citizens visiting their homelands, restrictions on Asian immigration, tariff reform, and opposition to land grants for railroads.[6]

text: It has been claimed that Tilden's nomination was received by the voting Democrats with more enthusiasm than any leader since Andrew Jackson.[7]

text:
Presidential Ballot

1st Before Shifts
1st After Shifts
2nd Before Shifts
2nd After Shifts
Unanimous

Samuel J. Tilden
401.5
417.5
535
534
738

Thomas A. Hendricks
140.5
140.5
85
60

Winfield Scott Hancock
75
75
58
59

William Allen
54
54
54
54

Thomas F. Bayard
33
33
4
11

Joel Parker
18
18
0
18

James Broadhead
16
0
0
0

Allen G. Thurman
0
0
2
2

text:
1st Presidential Ballot
Before Shifts

1st Presidential Ballot
After Shifts

Estimated 2nd Presidential Ballot

text: Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876. (September 3, 2012).

text:
Vice Presidential Ballot

1st

Thomas A. Hendricks
730

Blank
8

text: Greenback Party nomination[edit]

text: Greenback candidates:

text:
Peter Cooper, U.S. philanthropist from New York
Andrew Curtin, former governor of Pennsylvania
William Allen, former governor of Ohio
Alexander Campbell, U.S. representative from Illinois

text: Candidates gallery[edit]

text:
Philanthropist Peter Cooper from New York

Andrew Curtin from Pennsylvania

William Allen from Ohio

text: The Greenback Party had been organized by agricultural interests in Indianapolis in 1874 to urge the federal government to inflate the economy through the mass issuance of paper money called greenbacks. Its first national nominating convention was held in Indianapolis in the spring of 1876. Peter Cooper was nominated for president with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. The convention nominated anti-monopolist Senator Newton Booth of California for vice-president; after Booth declined to run, the national committee chose Samuel Fenton Cary as his replacement on the ticket.[citation needed]

text:
Presidential Ballot

Ballot
1st

Peter Cooper
352

Andrew Curtin
58

William Allen
31

Alexander Campbell
30

text: Source: US President - G Convention. Our Campaigns. (February 10, 2012).

text: Prohibition Party nomination[edit]

text: The Prohibition Party, in its second national convention, nominated Green Clay Smith as its presidential candidate and Gideon T. Stewart as its vice-presidential candidate.

text: American National Party nomination[edit]

text: This small political party used several different names, often with different names in different states. It was a continuation of the Anti-Masonic Party that met in 1872 and nominated Charles Francis Adams for president. When Adams declined to run, the party did not contest the 1872 election.

text: The convention was held from June 8 to 10, 1875, in Liberty Hall, Pittsburgh. B.T. Roberts of New York served as chairman, and Jonathan Blanchard was the keynote speaker.

text: The platform supported the Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, international arbitration, the reading of the scriptures in public schools, specie payments, justice for Native Americans, abolition of the Electoral College, and prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages. It declared the first day of the week to be a day of rest for the United States. The platform opposed secret societies and monopolies.

text: The convention considered three potential presidential nominees: Charles F. Adams, Jonathan Blanchard, and James B. Walker. When Blanchard declined to run, Walker was unanimously nominated. The convention then nominated Donald Kirkpatrick of New York unanimously for vice-president.[8]

text: General election[edit]

text: Campaign[edit]

text: Tilden, who had prosecuted machine politicians in New York and sent legendary political boss William M. Tweed to jail, ran as a reform candidate against the background of the corruption of the Grant administration. Both parties backed civil service reform and an end to Reconstruction. Both sides mounted mud-slinging campaigns, with Democratic attacks on Republican corruption being countered by Republicans raising the Civil War issue, a tactic ridiculed by Democrats who called it "waving the bloody shirt". Republicans chanted, "Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat."

text: Hayes was a virtual unknown outside his home state of Ohio, where he had served two terms as a Congressman and then two terms as governor. Henry Adams wrote "[Hayes] is a third-rate nonentity whose only recommendations are that he is obnoxious to no one." He had served in the Civil War with distinction as colonel of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and was wounded several times, which made him marketable to veterans. He had been brevetted as a Major General. Hayes's most important asset was the help he provided the Republican ticket in carrying the crucial swing state of Ohio. On the other side, newspaper man John D. Defrees described Tilden as "a very nice, prim, little, withered-up, fidgety old bachelor, about one-hundred and twenty-pounds avoirdupois, who never had a genuine impulse for many nor any affection for woman."[9]

text: The Democratic strategy for victory in the South was highly reliant on paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and the White League. Using the strategy of the Mississippi Plan, these groups actively suppressed black and white Republican voter turnouts by disrupting meetings and rallies and even using violence and intimidation. They saw themselves as the military wing of the Democratic Party.

text: Because it was considered improper for a candidate to pursue the presidency actively, neither Tilden nor Hayes actively stumped as part of the campaign, leaving that job to surrogates.

text: Colorado[edit]

text: Colorado was admitted to the Union as the 38th state on August 1, 1876. With insufficient time or money to organize a presidential election in the new state, Colorado's state legislature selected the state's electors. These electors in turn gave their three votes to Hayes and the Republican Party. This was the last election in which any state chose electors through its state legislature.

text: Electoral disputes[edit]

text: In Florida (with 4 electoral votes), Louisiana (with 8), and South Carolina (with 7), reported returns favored Tilden, but election results in each state were marked by fraud and threats of violence against Republican voters. The most egregious case was in South Carolina, where an impossible 101 percent of all eligible voters in the state had their votes counted.[10] One of the points of contention revolved around the design of ballots. At the time, parties would print ballots or "tickets" to enable voters to support them in the open ballots. To aid illiterate voters the parties would print symbols on the tickets. In this election, many Democratic ballots were printed with the Republican symbol, Abraham Lincoln, on them.[11] The Republican-dominated state electoral commissions subsequently disallowed a sufficient number of Democratic votes to award their electoral votes to Hayes.

text: In two southern states, the governor recognized by the United States had signed the Republican certificates. The Democratic certificates from Florida were signed by the state attorney-general and the new Democratic governor. Those from Louisiana were signed by the Democratic gubernatorial candidate, and those from South Carolina by no state official. In the latter state, the Tilden electors simply claimed that they were chosen by the popular vote, and they were rejected by the state election board.[12]

text: Meanwhile, in Oregon, the vote of a single elector was disputed. The statewide result clearly favored Hayes, but the state's Democratic governor, La Fayette Grover, claimed that one elector, former postmaster John Watts, was ineligible under Article II, Section 1, of the United States Constitution, since he was a "person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States." Grover then substituted a Democratic elector in his place. The two Republican electors dismissed Grover's action and each reported three votes for Hayes, while the Democratic elector, C.A. Cronin, reported one vote for Tilden and two votes for Hayes. The two Republican electors presented a certificate signed by the secretary of state of Oregon. Cronin and the two electors he appointed (Cronin voted for Tilden while his associates voted for Hayes) used a certificate signed by the governor and attested by the secretary of state.[12] Ultimately, all three of Oregon's votes were awarded to Hayes.

text: Hayes thus had a majority of one in the Electoral College. The Democrats cried fraud. Suppressed excitement pervaded the country. Threats were even muttered that Hayes would never be inaugurated. In Columbus, Ohio, a shot was fired at Governor Hayes's residence as he sat down to dinner. Supporters marched to his home, calling for the "president". Hayes urged the crowd that, "it is impossible, at so early a time, to obtain the result."[13] President Grant quietly strengthened the military force in and around Washington.[12]

text: The Constitution provides that "the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the [electoral] certificates, and the votes shall then be counted." Certain Republicans held that the power to count the votes lay with the President of the Senate, the House and Senate being mere spectators. The Democrats objected to this construction, since Mr. Ferry, the Republican President of the Senate, could then count the votes of the disputed states for Hayes. The Democrats insisted that Congress should continue the practice followed since 1865, which was that no vote objected to should be counted except by the concurrence of both houses. The House had a solid Democratic majority; by throwing out the vote of one state, it could elect Tilden.[12]

text: Facing an unprecedented constitutional crisis, the Congress of the United States passed a law on January 29, 1877 that formed a 15-member Electoral Commission to settle the result. Five members were selected from each house of Congress, and they were joined by five members of the Supreme Court. William M. Evarts served as counsel for the Republican Party. The Compromise of 1877 might have helped the Democrats accept this electoral commission as well.

text: The majority party in each house named three members and the minority party two. As the Republicans controlled the Senate and the Democrats the House of Representatives, this yielded five Democratic and five Republican members of the Commission. Of the Supreme Court justices, two Republicans and two Democrats were chosen, with the fifth to be selected by these four.

text: The justices first selected a political independent, Justice David Davis. According to one historian, "[n]o one, perhaps not even Davis himself, knew which presidential candidate he preferred."[13] Just as the Electoral Commission Bill was passing Congress, the legislature of Illinois elected Davis to the Senate. Democrats in the Illinois legislature believed that they had purchased Davis's support by voting for him. However, they had made a miscalculation; instead of staying on the Supreme Court so that he could serve on the Commission, he promptly resigned as a Justice in order to take his Senate seat.[14] All the remaining available justices were Republicans, so the four justices already selected chose Justice Joseph P. Bradley, who was considered the most impartial remaining member of the court. This selection proved decisive.

text: It was drawing perilously near to Inauguration Day. The commission met on the last day of January. The cases of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina were in succession submitted to it by Congress. Eminent counsel appeared for each side. There were double sets of returns from every one of the states named.[12]

text: The commission first decided not to question any returns that were prima facie lawful.[12] Bradley joined the other seven Republican committee members in a series of 8–7 votes that gave all 20 disputed electoral votes to Hayes, giving Hayes a 185–184 electoral vote victory. The commission adjourned on March 2; two days later Hayes was inaugurated without disturbance.[12]

text: During intense closed-door meetings, Democratic leaders agreed with reluctance to accept Hayes as president in return for the withdrawal of Federal troops from the last two still-occupied Southern states, South Carolina and Louisiana. Republican leaders in return agreed on a number of handouts and entitlements, including Federal subsidies for a transcontinental railroad line through the South. Although some of these promises were not kept, in particular the railroad proposal, it was enough for the time being to avert a dangerous standoff.

text: The returns accepted by the Commission put Hayes' margin of victory in South Carolina at 889 votes, the second-closest popular vote margin in a decisive state in U.S. history, after the election of 2000, which was decided by 537 votes in Florida (though in 2000, the declared margin of victory in the Electoral College for George W. Bush was five votes, as opposed to Hayes' one vote).

text: It is not possible to conclude definitively what the result would have been if a fair election had been held without the violence and intimidation throughout the South that disenfranchised many African Americans made eligible to vote under the 15th Amendment.[15] Nevertheless, in the likeliest fair scenario, Hayes would have won the election with 189 electoral votes to Tilden's 180 by winning all of the states that he did ultimately carry, plus Mississippi, but minus Florida.[15] In a truly fair election, it seems probable that South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which all had majority black populations, would have gone Republican.[15] Regardless, Hayes would be the last Republican until Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 to win the electoral votes of Louisiana and the last Republican until Barry M. Goldwater in 1964 to carry South Carolina. Florida, with a majority white population, would have likely gone to Tilden in a fair election.[15] It is therefore likely that Hayes would have won appreciably more of the popular vote in a fair election, perhaps even a plurality or majority.[15]

text: Upon his defeat, Tilden said, "I can retire to public life with the consciousness that I shall receive from posterity the credit of having been elected to the highest position in the gift of the people, without any of the cares and responsibilities of the office." Hayes paid off those who helped him win the electoral college with government sinecures.

text: Results[edit]

text: According to the Commission's rulings, of the 2,249 counties and independent cities making returns, Tilden won in 1,301 (57.85%) while Hayes carried only 947 (42.11%). One county (0.04%) in Nevada split evenly between Tilden and Hayes.

text: The election of 1876 was the last one held before the end of the Reconstruction era, which sought to protect the rights of African Americans in the South who usually voted for Republican presidential candidates. No antebellum slave state would be carried by a Republican again until the 1896 realignment, and it was not until the election of 1920 that one of the states of the Confederacy was ever again carried by a Republican presidential candidate. In that case, it was Tennessee, a state that never experienced a long period of occupation by Federal troops and was completely “reconstructed” well before the first presidential election of the Reconstruction period (1868). None of the Southern states that experienced long periods of occupation by Federal troops was carried by a Republican again until the election of 1928 (Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia). This proved the last election in which the Republicans won Louisiana until 1956 and the last in which the Republicans won South Carolina until 1964. The next time those two states voted against the Democrats was when they supported the Dixiecrats in 1948; Louisiana also voted against the Democrats in 1968 by voting for Wallace.

text: Although 1876 marked the last competitive two party election in the South before Democratic dominance of the South through 1948 and of the border states through 1896, it was also the last election (as of 2017) in which the Democrats won the pro-union counties of Mitchell in North Carolina,[16] Wayne and Henderson in Tennessee, and Lewis County, Kentucky.[17] The election was also the last time a Republican won the presidency without carrying Indiana.

text:
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote[18]
Electoral
vote[19]
Running mate

Count
Percentage
Vice-presidential candidate
Home state
Electoral vote[19]

Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
Ohio
4,034,142
47.92%
185
William A. Wheeler
New York
185

Samuel J. Tilden
Democratic
New York
4,286,808
50.92%
184
Thomas A. Hendricks
Indiana
184

Peter Cooper
Greenback
New York
83,726
0.99%
0
Samuel Fenton Cary
Ohio
0

Green Clay Smith
Prohibition
Kentucky
6,945
0.08%
0
Gideon T. Stewart
Ohio
0

James Walker
American National Party
Illinois
463
0.01%
0
Donald Kirkpatrick
New York
0

Other
6,575
0.08%
—
Other
—

Total
8,418,659
100%
369

369

Needed to win
185

185

text:
Popular vote

Tilden

50.92%

Hayes

47.92%

Cooper

0.99%

Others

0.17%

text:
Electoral vote

Hayes

50.14%

Tilden

49.86%

text: Geography of results[edit]

text: Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

text: Cartographic gallery[edit]

text:
Map of presidential election results by county

Map of Democratic presidential election results by county

Map of Republican presidential election results by county

Map of "other" presidential election results by county

Cartogram of presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county

Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county

text: Results by state[edit]

text: Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[20]

text:
States won by Tilden/Hendricks

States won by Hayes/Wheeler

text:
Samuel J. Tilden
Democratic
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
Peter Cooper
Greenback
Green Smith
Prohibition
Margin
State Total

State
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
#

Alabama
10
102,989
59.98
10
68,708
40.02
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-34,281
-19.97
171,699
AL

Arkansas
6
58,086
59.92
6
38,649
39.87
-
211
0.22
-
-
-
-
-19,437
-20.05
96,946
AR

California
6
76,460
49.08
-
79,258
50.88
6
47
0.03
-
-
-
-
2,798
1.80
155,784
CA

Colorado*
3

3

CO

Connecticut
6
61,927
50.70
6
59,033
48.33
-
774
0.63
-
374
0.31
-
-2,894
-2.37
122,134
CT

Delaware
3
13,381
55.45
3
10,752
44.55
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-2,629
-10.89
24,133
DE

Florida
4
22,927
49.01
-
23,849
50.99
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
922
1.97
46,776
FL

Georgia
11
130,157
72.03
11
50,533
27.97
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-79,624
-44.07
180,690
GA

Illinois
21
258,611
46.66
-
278,232
50.20
21
17,207
3.10
-
-
-
-
19,621
3.54
554,227
IL

Indiana
15
213,526
48.65
15
208,011
47.39
-
17,233
3.93
-
141
0.03
-
-5,515
-1.26
438,911
IN

Iowa
11
112,121
38.28
-
171,326
58.50
11
9,431
3.22
-
-
-
-
59,205
20.21
292,878
IA

Kansas
5
37,902
30.53
-
78,324
63.10
5
7,770
6.26
-
110
0.09
-
40,422
32.56
124,134
KS

Kentucky
12
160,060
61.41
12
97,568
37.44
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-62,492
-23.98
260,626
KY

Louisiana
8
70,508
48.35
-
75,315
51.65
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
4,807
3.30
145,823
LA

Maine
7
49,917
42.65
-
66,300
56.64
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
16,383
14.00
117,045
ME

Maryland
8
91,779
56.05
8
71,980
43.95
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-19,799
-12.09
163,759
MD

Massachusetts
13
108,777
41.90
-
150,064
57.80
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
41,287
15.90
259,620
MA

Michigan
11
141,685
44.49
-
166,901
52.41
11
9,023
2.83
-
766
0.24
-
25,216
7.92
318,450
MI

Minnesota
5
48,587
39.16
-
72,955
58.80
5
2,389
1.93
-
144
0.12
-
24,368
19.64
124,075
MN

Mississippi
8
112,173
68.08
8
52,603
31.92
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-59,570
-36.15
164,776
MS

Missouri
15
202,086
57.64
15
145,027
41.36
-
3,497
1.00
-
-
-
-
-57,059
-16.27
350,610
MO

Nebraska
3
17,413
35.30
-
31,915
64.70
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
14,502
29.40
49,328
NE

Nevada
3
9,308
47.27
-
10,383
52.73
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,075
5.46
19,691
NV

New Hampshire
5
38,510
48.05
-
41,540
51.83
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,030
3.78
80,141
NH

New Jersey
9
115,962
52.66
9
103,517
47.01
-
714
0.32
-
-
-
-
-12,445
-5.65
220,193
NJ

New York
35
521,949
51.40
35
489,207
48.17
-
1,978
0.19
-
2,369
0.23
-
-32,742
-3.22
1,015,503
NY

North Carolina
10
125,427
53.62
10
108,484
46.38
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-16,943
-7.24
233,911
NC

Ohio
22
323,182
49.07
-
330,698
50.21
22
3,057
0.46
-
1,636
0.25
-
7,516
1.14
658,649
OH

Oregon
3
14,157
47.38
-
15,214
50.92
3
510
1.71
-
-
-
-
1,057
3.54
29,881
OR

Pennsylvania
29
366,204
48.25
-
384,184
50.62
29
7,204
0.95
-
1,318
0.17
-
17,980
2.37
758,993
PA

Rhode Island
4
10,712
40.23
-
15,787
59.29
4
68
0.26
-
60
0.23
-
5,075
19.06
26,627
RI

South Carolina
7
90,897
49.76
-
91,786
50.24
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
889
0.49
182,683
SC

Tennessee
12
133,177
59.79
12
89,566
40.21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-43,611
-19.58
222,743
TN

Texas
8
104,755
70.04
8
44,800
29.96
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-59,955
-40.09
149,555
TX

Vermont
5
20,254
31.38
-
44,091
68.30
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
23,837
36.93
64,553
VT

Virginia
11
140,770
59.58
11
95,518
40.42
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-45,252
-19.15
236,288
VA

West Virginia
5
56,546
56.75
5
41,997
42.15
-
1,104
1.11
-
-
-
-
-14,549
-14.60
99,647
WV

Wisconsin
10
123,926
48.19
-
130,067
50.57
10
1,509
0.59
-
27
0.01
-
6,141
2.39
257,177
WI

TOTALS:
369
4,286,808
50.92
184
4,034,142
47.92
185
83,726
0.99
-
6,945
0.08
-
-252,666
-3.00
8,418,659
US

text: Close states[edit]

text: Margin of victory less than 5% (171 electoral votes):

text:
South Carolina, 0.49%
Ohio, 1.14%
Indiana, 1.26%
California, 1.80%
Florida, 1.97%
Pennsylvania, 2.37%
Connecticut, 2.37%
Wisconsin, 2.39%
New York, 3.22%
Louisiana, 3.30%
Oregon, 3.54%
Illinois, 3.54%
New Hampshire, 3.78%

tag: ol

text: Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (33 electoral votes):

text:
Nevada, 5.46%
New Jersey, 5.65%
North Carolina, 7.24%
Michigan, 7.92%

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The presidential election of 1876 is a major theme of Gore Vidal's novel 1876.


document_title: European Union statistics

question_text: what is the most densely populated western european country

text: European Union statistics

text: Area and population[edit]

text: As of 1 January 2006, the population of the EU was about 493 million people.[1] Many countries are expected to experience a decline in population over the coming decades,[2] though this could be offset with new countries planning to join the EU within the next 20 years. The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 80.4 million people. France and Ireland have the highest birth-rates.[3] The most densely populated country is the island of Malta, which is also the smallest, while the largest in area is France. The least densely populated country is Finland.

text: Population figures in the table below are from 2006 or 2007 estimates. The highest and lowest figures in each column have been marked in bold.

text:
Member State
Populationin millions
Population % of EU
Area km2
Area% of EU
Pop. densityPeople/km2

 European Union

494.8

100%

4,422,773

100%

112

 Austria

8.3

1.7%

83,858

1.9%

99

 Belgium

10.5

2.1%

30,510

0.7%

344

 Bulgaria

7.7

1.6%

110,912

2.5%

70

 Croatia

4.3

0.9%

56,594

1.3%

75.8

 Cyprus

0.8

0.2%

9,250

0.2%

84

 Czech Republic

10.3

2.1%

78,866

1.8%

131

 Denmark

5.4

1.1%

43,094

1.0%

126

 Estonia

1.3

0.3%

45,226

1.0%

29

 Finland

5.3

1.1%

337,030

7.6%

16

 France[4]

65.03

13.%

643,548

14.6%

111

 Germany

80.4

16.6%

357,021

8.1%

225

 Greece

11.1

2.2%

131,940

3.0%

84

 Hungary

10.1

2.0%

93,030

2.1%

108

 Ireland

4.6

0.9%

70,280

1.6%

60

 Italy

58.8

11.9%

301,320

6.8%

195

 Latvia

2.3

0.5%

64,589

1.5%

35

 Lithuania

3.4

0.7%

65,200

1.5%

45

 Luxembourg

0.5

0.1%

2,586

0.1%

181

 Malta

0.4

0.1%

316

0.0007%

1,261

 Netherlands

17

3.3%

41,526

0.9%

394

 Poland

38.1

7.7%

312,685

7.1%

122

 Portugal

10.6

2.1%

92,931

2.1%

114

 Romania

21.6

4.4%

238,391

5.4%

91

 Spain

44.7

9.0%

504,782

11.4%

87

 Slovakia

5.4

1.1%

48,845

1.1%

111

 Slovenia

2.0

0.4%

20,253

0.5%

99

 Sweden

10

1.8%

449,964

10.2%

20

 United Kingdom

64.7

12.3%

244,820

5.5%

246

text: Economy[edit]

text: For statistics relating to economy, please see Economy of the European Union.

text: EU budget[edit]

text: The primary resource for funding the European Union is the contributions sought from member states. Each member state contributes to the EU budget, and receives funding back from the EU, depending on the relative wealth of the states, i.e. their ability to pay.

text: The table below shows the contributions as a percentage of the total budget. This takes into account the special considerations given to the United Kingdom to reduce its contribution through a rebate. Expenditure in Luxembourg, Belgium and France include items for the EU administrative centres in each of those countries.

text:
Member State

Total contributionin Euro

Total contributionas % of total EU budget

Total expenditure year 2006 in Euro

Total expenditureas % of total EU budget

Net contributionin Euro

Net contributionin Euro per capita

Total contributionin Euro per capita

 European Union

105,259,468,772
100.00%
106,575,500,000
100.00%
-1,316,031,228
-3
213

 Germany

22,218,438,941
21.11%
12,242,400,000
11.49%
9,976,038,941
124
276

 France

17,303,107,859
16.44%
13,496,200,000
12.66%
3,806,907,859
59
266

 Italy

14,359,479,157
13.64%
10,922,300,000
10.25%
3,437,179,157
58
244

 United Kingdom

13,739,900,046
13.05%
8,294,200,000
7.78%
5,445,700,046
90
226

 Spain

8,957,286,488
8.51%
12,883,000,000
12.09%
-3,925,713,512
-88
200

 Netherlands

5,552,933,781
5.28%
2,190,400,000
2.06%
3,362,533,781
198
327

 Belgium

4,035,286,807
3.83%
5,625,100,000
5.28%
-1,589,813,193
-151
384

 Sweden

2,832,862,800
2.69%
1,573,400,000
1.48%
1,259,462,800
126
283

 Austria

2,308,432,030
2.19%
1,830,100,000
1.72%
478,332,030
58
278

 Denmark

2,130,860,212
2.02%
1,501,900,000
1.41%
628,960,212
116
395

 Poland

2,099,087,114
1.99%
5,305,600,000
4.98%
-3,206,512,886
-84
55

 Greece

1,882,611,879
1.79%
6,833,700,000
6.41%
-4,951,088,121
-446
170

 Finland

1,544,832,284
1.47%
1,280,400,000
1.20%
264,432,284
50
291

 Portugal

1,443,049,602
1.37%
3,634,800,000
3.41%
-2,191,750,398
-207
136

 Ireland

1,341,281,313
1.27%
2,461,800,000
2.31%
-1,120,518,687
-244
292

 Hungary

1,003,119,411
0.95%
1,842,200,000
1.73%
-839,080,589
-83
99

 Czech Republic

932,392,859
0.89%
1,330,000,000
1.25%
-397,607,141
-39
91

 Slovakia

393,148,777
0.37%
696,200,000
0.65%
-303,051,223
-56
73

 Slovenia

299,993,572
0.29%
406,000,000
0.38%
-106,006,428
-53
150

 Luxembourg

241,439,011
0.23%
1,194,800,000
1.12%
-953,360,989
-1,907
483

 Lithuania

221,997,405
0.21%
799,800,000
0.75%
-577,802,595
-170
65

 Cyprus

144,556,416
0.14%
239,600,000
0.22%
-95,043,584
-119
181

 Latvia

115,205,431
0.11%
402,600,000
0.24%
-287,394,569
-125
50

 Estonia

100,756,308
0.10%
300,000,000
0.28%
-199,243,692
-142
72

 Malta

57,409,269
0.05%
157,000,000
0.14%
-99,590,731
-249
144

 Bulgaria

360,600,000
0.34%
-360,600,000
-47

 Romania

693,100,000
0.65%
-693,100,000
-32

text: Freedom and governance-related rankings[edit]

text: There are many indices available on issues such as corruption, development, and freedom.

text: Freedom of the press[edit]

text:
EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

1
 Finland
1

2
 Netherlands
2

3
 Luxembourg
4

4
 Denmark
6

5
 Sweden
10

6
 Estonia
11

7
 Austria
12

8
 Ireland
15

9
 Czech Republic
16

10
 Germany
17

11
 Belgium
21

12
 Poland
22

13
 Slovakia
23

14
 Cyprus
24

EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

15
 Portugal
28

16
 United Kingdom
29

17
 Lithuania
33

18
 Slovenia
35

19
 Spain
36

20
 France
37

21
 Latvia
39

22
 Romania
42

23
 Malta
45

24
 Hungary
56

25
 Italy
57

26
 Greece
84

27
 Bulgaria
87

text: Reporters sans frontières conducts an annual survey on the freedom of the press and produces scores (not shown here) for each country. In 2013, Finland was proclaimed as having the freest press in the European Union, and indeed the world, with a score of 6.38. Bulgaria was ranked as having the least free press in the European Union, with a score of 28.58. [1]

text: Economic freedom[edit]

text:
EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

1
 Denmark
9

2
 Ireland
11

3
 Estonia
13

4
 United Kingdom
14

5
 Luxembourg
15

6
 Finland
16

7
 Netherlands
17

8
 Sweden
18

9
 Germany
19

10
 Lithuania
22

11
 Austria
25

12
 Czech Republic
29

13
 Belgium
40

14
 Cyprus
41

EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

15
 Slovakia
42

16
 Spain
46

17
 Hungary
47

18
 Malta
48

19
 Latvia
55

20
 Poland
57

21
 Romania
59

22
 Bulgaria
60

23
 France
62

24
 Portugal
67

25
 Slovenia
76

26
 Italy
83

27
 Greece
117

text: An index of Economic Freedom is produced by the Wall Street Journal and the Heritage Foundation. It uses 50 different variables to compile the survey, in areas such as trade policy and government intervention.

text: A similar index produced by the World Economic Forum is its Global Competitiveness Index.

text: Source: 2013 Index of Economic Freedom.

text:
Colour Codes

Free

Mostly Free

Moderately Free

Mostly Unfree

text: Perception of corruption[edit]

text:
EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

1
 Denmark
=1

2
 Finland
3

3
 Sweden
4

4
 Netherlands
8

5
 Germany
10

=
 Luxembourg
=10

=
 United Kingdom
=10

8
 Belgium
=15

9
 Austria
17

10
 Ireland
19

11
 Estonia
22

12
 France
23

13
 Portugal
=29

=
 Poland
=29

EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

15
 Slovenia
=31

16
 Lithuania
=38

17
 Spain
=41

18
 Latvia
44

19
 Cyprus
=47

=
 Czech Republic
=47

=
 Malta
=47

22
 Slovakia
54

23
 Croatia
=55

24
 Hungary
=57

=
 Romania
=57

26
 Italy
=60

27
 Greece
69

28
 Bulgaria
=75

text:
Transparency International is an international NGO publishing an annual Global Corruption Report indicating the perception of corruption
around the world. The rankings of the table refer to the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 [2].

text: Human development[edit]

text:
EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

1
 Netherlands
4

2
 Germany
6

3
 Denmark
10

4
 Ireland
11

5
 Sweden
12

6
 United Kingdom
14

7
 France
20

8
 Austria
=21

=
 Belgium
=21

=
 Luxembourg
=21

11
 Finland
24

12
 Slovenia
25

13
 Italy
26

14
 Spain
27

EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

15
 Czech Republic
28

16
 Greece
29

17
 Cyprus
32

18
 Estonia
33

19
 Lithuania
=35

20
 Poland
=35

21
 Slovakia
37

22
 Malta
39

23
 Portugal
41

24
 Hungary
43

25
 Croatia
47

26
 Latvia
48

27
 Romania
54

28
 Bulgaria
58

text: The Human Development Index is a measure produced by the United Nations which covers three aspects of human development:

text:
poverty (GDP per capita)
education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling)
health (life expectancy)

text: The rankings of the table refer to the UNDP Human Development Report 2014 (2013 data). The UN lists all EU member states except Romania and Bulgaria as countries with very high human development.

text: Income equality[edit]

text:
EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

1
 Denmark
2

2
 Sweden
4

3
 Czech Republic
5

4
 Slovakia
6

5
 Hungary
10

=
 Finland
10

7
 Germany
14

8
 Slovenia
15

9
 Austria
18

10
 Bulgaria
19

11
 Netherlands
25

12
 Romania
26

EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

13
 France
32

14
 Belgium
33

15
 Ireland
40

=
 Greece
40

17
 Poland
44

18
 Spain
47

19
 Estonia
50

20
 Lithuania
51

=
 Italy
51

=
 United Kingdom
51

23
 Latvia
57

24
 Portugal
59

text: Income inequality, measured by the gini coefficient is how evenly incomes are distributed through the population. Denmark has the least income inequality with a gini coefficient score of 24.4, whilst Portugal has the most income inequality with a score of 38.5. Malta, Luxembourg, and Cyprus have no statistics available, and so are not included in this table. These statistics have been compiled by the United Nations (see [3])

text: Ease of doing business[edit]

text:
EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

1
 Denmark
3

2
 United Kingdom
7

3
 Sweden
9

4
 Estonia
12

5
 Finland
13

6
 Latvia
14

7
 Germany
17

8
 Ireland
18

9
 Austria
19

10
 Lithuania
21

11
 Poland
24

12
 Portugal
25

13
 Czech Republic
27

14
 Netherlands
28

EURank
Member State
GlobalRank

15
 France
29

16
 Slovenia
30

17
 Spain
32

18
 Slovakia
33

19
 Romania
36

20
 Bulgaria
39

21
 Hungary
41

22
 Belgium
42

23
 Croatia
43

24
 Cyprus
45

25
 Italy
50

26
 Luxembourg
59

27
 Greece
61

28
 Malta
76

text: The Ease of Doing Business Index is created by the World Bank and based on the study of laws and regulations, with the input and verification by more than 3,500 government officials, lawyers, business consultants, accountants and other professionals who routinely advise on or administer legal and regulatory requirements.

text: The data in the table are from the 2017 report.[5]


document_title: Desiree (given name)

question_text: what is the meaning of the name desiree

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the name desiree

text: Desiree (given name)

text:
Desiree

Gender
Female

Origin

Word/name
Anglicized French

Region of origin
English-speaking world

Other names

Alternative spelling
Desirée

Related names
Des

text: Desiree or Desirée /ˈdɛ.zi.reɪ/ is a female given name. It is an anglicization of the French name Désirée meaning desired. The Puritans used the name Desire as a given name for females.[1]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: People with the given name Desiree, Desirae, or Désirée:

text:
Des'ree (born 1968), a British pop-soul vocalist throughout the 1990s
Desirae Brown, singer of The 5 Browns
Desireé Cousteau (born 1956), an American porn actress
Desiree del Valle, Philippine-American actress
Desirée Goyette, American singer
Desiree Hartsock, The Bachelorette of 2013
Desiree Heslop (born 1961), a British singer also known by the stage name Princess
Desiree Horton (born 1971, nickname: "Chopper Chick"), a Los Angeles helicopter pilot and TV reporter
Desiree van Lunteren, Dutch footballer
Desiree Lowry, director of Miss Universe Puerto Rico, former Miss Puerto Rico 1995 and 4th runner-up at Miss Universe 1995
Desirée Rogers (born 1959), White House Social Secretary
Desiree Washington (born 1973), a beauty pageant contestant


document_title: Polygene

question_text: in human beings multiple genes are involved in the inheritance of

text: Polygene

text: Overview[edit]

text: Polygenic locus is any individual locus which is included in the system of genes responsible for the genetic component of variation in a quantitative (polygenic) character. Allelic substitutions contribute to the variance in a specified quantitative character. Polygenic locus may be either a single or complex genetic locus in the conventional sense, i.e., either a single gene or closely linked block of functionally related genes.[3]

text: In modern sense, the inheritance mode of polygenic patterns is called polygenic inheritance, whose main properties may be summarized as follows:

text:
Most metric and meristic traits are controlled by a number of genetic loci.
Main mode of nonallelic genes interaction in corresponding gene series is addition of mainly small particular allele contributions.
The effects of allelic substitution at each of the segregating genes are usually relatively small and interchangeable which results that identical phenotype may be displayed by a great variety of genotypes.
The phenotypic expression of the polygenic characters is undergoing considerable modification by environmental influence.
Polygenic characters show a continuous rather than discontinuous distribution.
Balanced systems of polygenic inheritance in a population contain a great deal of potential genetic variability in the heterozygous condition and released by small increments through genetic recombination between linked polygenes.[4][5][6][7]

text: Inheritance[edit]

text: Polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes. Often the genes are large in quantity but small in effect.[8] Examples of human polygenic inheritance are height, skin color, eye color and weight. Polygenes exist in other organisms, as well. Drosophila, for instance, display polygeny with traits such as wing morphology,[9] bristle count (20170808 dead link)[10] and many others.

text: Trait distribution[edit]

text: The frequency of the phenotypes of these traits generally follows a normal continuous variation distribution pattern. This results from the many possible allelic combinations. When the values are plotted, a bell-shaped curve is obtained. The mode of the distribution represents the optimal, or fittest, phenotype. The more genes are involved, the smoother the estimated curve. However, in this model all genes must code for alleles with additive effects. This assumption is often unrealistic as many genes display epistasis effects which can have unpredictable effects on the distribution of outcomes, especially when looking at the distribution on a fine scale.[11]

text: Mapping polygenes[edit]

text: Traditionally, mapping polygenes requires statistical tools available to help measure the effects of polygenes as well as narrow in on single genes. One of these tools is QTL-mapping. QTL-mapping utilizes a phenomenon known as linkage disequilibrium by comparing known marker genes with correlated phenotypes. Often, researchers will find a large region of DNA, called a locus, that accounts for a significant amount of the variation observed in the measured trait. This locus will usually contain a large number of genes that are responsible. A new form of QTL has been described as expression QTL (eQTL). eQTLs regulate the amount of expressed mRNA, which in turn regulates the amount of protein within the organism.[12]

text: Another interest of statistical geneticists using QTL mapping is to determine the complexity of the genetic architecture underlying a phenotypic trait. For example, they may be interested in knowing whether a phenotype is shaped by many independent loci, or by a few loci, and do those loci interact. This can provide information on how the phenotype may be evolving.