document_title: It's a Wonderful Life

question_text: where does it's a wonderful life take place

question_tokens: where does it 's a wonderful life take place

text: It's a Wonderful Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey is suicidal. Prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George in order to earn his angel wings. To prepare, Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. The first is in 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry, who falls through the ice on a frozen pond, from drowning; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. While working after school at the local drug store, George sees that his employer, Mr. Gower, distraught over his son's death from the flu, has accidentally added poison to a child's prescription drug, and intervenes to stop it from causing harm.

text: On Harry's graduation night in 1928, George talks to Mary Hatch, who has had a crush on him from an early age. They are interrupted by news of his father's death. George postpones his travel plans in order to sort out the family business, Bailey Brothers' Building and Loan, a longtime competitor to Henry F. Potter, the local banker and the richest man in town. Potter wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to take over its business. George convinces the board of directors to vote against Potter. They agree, on condition that George runs the business, along with his absent-minded uncle Billy. George and Mary get married. On their way to their honeymoon, they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to lend financial support at the Building and Loan until the bank reopens.

text: Over time George establishes Bailey Park, a housing development with small houses financed by loans from Bailey Building and Loan, which allows people to own their own homes rather than pay rent to live in Potter's overpriced slums. Potter, frustrated at losing control of the housing market, attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant; George is momentarily tempted, but rejects the offer.

text: During World War II, George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear. Harry becomes a Navy pilot and shoots down a kamikaze plane that would have bombed an amphibious transport; he is awarded the Medal of Honor. On Christmas Eve morning 1945, the town prepares a hero's welcome for Harry. Uncle Billy goes to Potter's bank to deposit $8,000 for the Building and Loan. (The $8,000 was worth over $100,000 in 2017 dollars.[8]) He teases Potter, taking his newspaper and bragging about Harry being on the front page; the banker angrily grabs the newspaper, inside of which Billy has unintentionally tucked the envelope containing the money. Upon seeing the money, Potter realizes the potential scandal could lead to the Building and Loan's downfall. Potter hides the money, knowing its loss will cause severe financial problems for the Building and Loan. When Uncle Billy cannot find the money, he and George frantically search for it. When the bank examiner arrives to review their records, George berates his uncle for endangering the Building and Loan, goes home and takes out his frustration on his family. He apologizes to his wife and children, then leaves.

text: George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan. When George offers his life insurance policy as collateral, Potter says George is worth more dead than alive and phones the police to have him arrested. George gets drunk at a local bar and is involved in a fight before he leaves and goes to a nearby bridge, thinking of suicide. The film's narrative catches up to the time of the opening scene. Before he can jump, Clarence dives into the river just before George does, causing George to rescue Clarence rather than killing himself. George does not believe Clarence's subsequent claim to be his guardian angel.

text: When George says he wishes he had never been born, Clarence decides to grant his wish and show George an alternate timeline in which he never existed. Bedford Falls is named Pottersville and is a less congenial place. Mr. Gower has recently been released from prison for manslaughter, because George was not there to stop him from putting poison in the pills. The Building and Loan has closed down, as George never took over after Mr. Bailey's passing.

text: George's mother does not recognize him; she reveals that Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the collapse of the Building and Loan. In the cemetery where Bailey Park would have been, George discovers the grave of his brother. Clarence tells him all the soldiers on the transport died, as Harry was never there to save them, because George had never saved Harry from drowning. Mary never married; when George says he is her husband, she screams for the police, causing George to flee and the local policeman to give chase.

text: George, now convinced that Clarence is really his guardian angel, runs back to the bridge and begs for his life back; the alternate timeline changes back to the original reality. George runs home to await his arrest. Mary and Uncle Billy arrive, having rallied the townspeople, who donate more than enough to cover the missing $8,000 and for Potter's warrant to be torn up. Harry arrives and toasts George. A bell on the Christmas tree rings, and his daughter recalls a story that says the sound means that an angel has just earned his wings, signifying Clarence's promotion.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Credited Cast

James Stewart as George Bailey
Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey
Henry Travers as Clarence Odbody
Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Henry F. Potter
Thomas Mitchell as Uncle Billy Bailey
Beulah Bondi as Ma Bailey
Frank Faylen as Ernie Bishop, the cab driver
Ward Bond as Bert, the cop
Gloria Grahame as Violet Bick
H. B. Warner as Mr. Emil Gower
Todd Karns as Harry Bailey
Samuel S. Hinds as father Peter "Pop" Bailey
Lillian Randolph as Annie, maid
Frank Albertson as Sam Wainwright
Virginia Patton as Ruth Dakin Bailey, Harry's wife
Mary Treen as Cousin Tilly, employee
Charles Williams as Cousin Eustace, employee
Sarah Edwards as Mrs. Hatch, Mary's mother
William Edmunds as Mr. Giuseppe Martini
Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Martini
Bobby Anderson as Little George Bailey
Ronnie Ralph as Little Sam Wainwright
Jean Gale as Little Mary Hatch
Jeanine Ann Roose[9] as Little Violet Bick
George Nokes as Little Harry Bailey
Danny Mummert as Little Marty Hatch
Sheldon Leonard as Nick, the bartender
Frank Hagney as Potter's mute aide
Charles Lane as Potter's rent collector
Jimmy Hawkins as Tommy Bailey
Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey
Larry Simms as Pete Bailey
Carol Coomes (AKA Carol Coombs) as Janie Bailey

Uncredited Cast

Charles Halton as Mr. Carter, bank examiner
J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose grandfather planted the tree that George drives into
Harry Holman as Mr. Partridge, College teacher
Harold Landon as Marty Hatch, Mary's brother
Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Freddie (Mary's annoying high school suitor)
Mark Roberts as Mickey (student with the key to open up pool)
Max Wagner as Cashier/Bouncer at Nick's Bar
Dick Elliott as fat man on porch
Tom Fadden as Bridge Caretaker
Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch, teacher's husband
Al Bridge as Sheriff with arrest warrant
Ellen Corby as Miss Davis
Marian Carr as Jane Wainwright, Sam's wifet[10]
Adriana Caselotti as the singer in Martini's Bar[11][N 2]
Joseph Granby as Angel Joseph (voice)
Moroni Olsen as the Senior Angel (voice)

text: The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that "Henry Fonda was in the running."[12][13]

text: Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that Jean Arthur was first offered the part but had to turn it down for a prior commitment on Broadway before Capra turned to Olivia de Havilland, Martha Scott and Ann Dvorak. Ginger Rogers was offered the female lead, but turned it down because she considered it "too bland". In Chapter 26 of her autobiography Ginger: My Story, she questioned her decision by asking her readers: "Foolish, you say?"

text: A long list of actors were considered for the role of Potter (originally named Herbert Potter): Edward Arnold, Charles Bickford, Edgar Buchanan, Louis Calhern, Victor Jory, Raymond Massey, Vincent Price and even Thomas Mitchell.[13] However, Lionel Barrymore, who eventually won the role, was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of A Christmas Carol at the time and was a natural choice for the role. Barrymore had also worked with Capra on his 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner, You Can't Take It with You.

text: H.B. Warner, who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower, actually studied medicine before going into acting. He was also in some of Capra's other films, including Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Lost Horizon, You Can't Take It with You, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.[14] In the silent era, he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille's The King of Kings (1927). The name Gower came from Capra's employer Columbia Pictures, which had been located on Gower Street for many years. Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio's employees.[15]

text: Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda "Tilly" Bailey, were both B-list actors, as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It's a Wonderful Life.[16]

text: Jimmy the raven (Uncle Billy's pet) appeared in You Can't Take It with You and each subsequent Capra film.[12][17]

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The original story "The Greatest Gift" was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939. After being unsuccessful in getting the story published, he decided to make it into a Christmas card, and mailed 200 copies to family and friends in December 1943.[18][N 3] The story came to the attention of RKO producer David Hempstead, who showed it to Cary Grant's Hollywood agent, and in April 1944, RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000, hoping to turn the story into a vehicle for Grant.[20] RKO created three unsatisfactory scripts before shelving the planned movie, and Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple, The Bishop's Wife.[N 4][22]

text: At the suggestion of RKO studio chief Charles Koerner, Frank Capra read "The Greatest Gift" and immediately saw its potential. RKO, anxious to unload the project, in 1945 sold the rights to Capra's production company, Liberty Films, which had a nine-film distribution agreement with RKO, for $10,000,[N 5] and threw in the three scripts for free.[18] Capra, along with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, with Jo Swerling, Michael Wilson, and Dorothy Parker brought in to "polish" the script,[24] turned the story and what was worth using from the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra would rename It's a Wonderful Life.[18] The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming.[25] Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling.

text: Seneca Falls, New York claims that when Frank Capra visited their town in 1945, he was inspired to model Bedford Falls after it. The town has an annual "It's a Wonderful Life festival" in December.[26] In mid-2009, The Hotel Clarence opened in Seneca Falls, named for George Bailey's guardian angel. On December 10, 2010, the "It's a Wonderful Life" Museum opened in Seneca Falls, with Karolyn Grimes, who played Zuzu in the movie, cutting the ribbon.[27]

text: Both James Stewart (from Indiana, Pennsylvania) and Donna Reed (from Denison, Iowa) came from small towns. Stewart's father ran a small hardware store where James worked for years. Reed demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on set.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studio in Culver City, California, and the 89 acre RKO movie ranch in Encino,[29] where "Bedford Falls" consisted of Art Director Max Ree's Oscar-winning sets originally designed for the 1931 epic film Cimarron that covered 4 acres (1.6 ha), assembled from three separate parts, with a main street stretching 300 yards (three city blocks), with 75 stores and buildings, and a residential neighborhood.[30] For It's a Wonderful Life Capra built a working bank set, added a tree-lined center parkway, and planted 20 full grown oak trees to existing sets.[31]

text: Pigeons, cats, and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set in order to give the "town" a lived-in feel.[17] Due to the requirement to film in an "alternate universe" setting as well as during different seasons, the set was extremely adaptable. RKO created "chemical snow" for the film in order to avoid the need for dubbed dialogue when actors walked across the earlier type of movie snow, made up of crushed cornflakes.[32] Filming started on April 15, 1946 and ended on July 27, 1946, exactly on deadline for the 90-day principal photography schedule.[21]

text: RKO's movie ranch in Encino, a filming location of "Bedford Falls", was razed in 1954.[N 6] There are only two surviving locations from the film. The first is the swimming pool that was unveiled during the famous dance scene where George courts Mary. It is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in operation as of 2013. The second is the "Martini home", in La Cañada Flintridge, California.[34]

text: During filming, in the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth's welcome home/newlyweds' party, George points him in the right direction home. As the camera focuses on George, smiling at his uncle staggering away, a crash is heard in the distance and Uncle Billy yells, "I'm all right! I'm all right!" Equipment on the set had actually been accidentally knocked over; Capra left in Thomas Mitchell's impromptu ad lib (although the "crashing" noise was augmented with added sound effects).

text: Dimitri Tiomkin had written "Death Telegram" and "Gower's Deliverance" for the drugstore scenes, but in the editing room Capra elected to go with no music for those scenes. Those changes, along with others, led to a falling out between Tiomkin and Capra. Tiomkin had worked on a lot of Capra's previous films, and was saddened that Capra decided to have the music pared or toned down, moved, or cut entirely. He felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion. In his autobiography Please Don't Hate Me, he said of the incident, "an all around scissors job".[35]

text: The products and advertisements featured in Mr. Gower's drugstore include Coca-Cola, Paterson tobacco pipes, La Unica cigars, Camel cigarettes, Lucky Strike cigarettes, Chesterfield cigarettes, Sweet Caporal cigarettes (with a sign that says "Ask Dad he knows" that plays a role in the plot), Vaseline hair tonic, Penetro cough syrup, Pepto-Bismol, Bayer Aspirin ("for colds and influenza"), and The Saturday Evening Post.[36]

text: In an earlier draft of the script, the scene where George saves his brother Harry as a child was different. The scene had the boys playing ice hockey on the river (which is on Potter's property) as Potter watches with disdain. George shoots the puck, but it goes astray and breaks the "No Trespassing" sign and lands in Potter's yard. Potter becomes irate, and the gardener releases the attack dogs, which causes the boys to flee. Harry falls in the ice, and George saves him with the same results.[37]

text: Another scene that was in an earlier version of the script had young George visiting his father at his work. After George tells off Mr. Potter and closes the door, he considers asking Uncle Billy about his drugstore dilemma. Billy is talking on the phone to the bank examiner, and lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket. This scene explains that Tilly (short for Matilda) and Eustace are both his cousins (not Billy's kids though), and Tilly is on the phone with her friend Martha and says, "Potter's here, the bank examiner's coming. It's a day of judgment." As George is about to interrupt Tilly on the phone, Billy cries for help and Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee. George decides he is probably better off dealing with the situation by himself.[35]

text: Capra had filmed a number of sequences that were subsequently cut, the only remnants remaining being rare stills that have been unearthed.[38] A number of alternative endings were considered, with Capra's first script having Bailey falling to his knees reciting "The Lord's Prayer" (the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Feeling that an overly religious tone did not have the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey, the closing scenes were rewritten.[39][40][41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20, 1946, to mixed reviews.[21] While Capra considered the contemporary critical reviews to be either universally negative or at best dismissive,[42] Time said, "It's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie. It has only one formidable rival (Goldwyn's The Best Years of Our Lives) as Hollywood's best picture of the year. Director Capra's inventiveness, humor and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement."[43]

text: Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, complimented some of the actors, including Stewart and Reed, but concluded that "the weakness of this picture, from this reviewer's point of view, is the sentimentality of it—its illusory concept of life. Mr. Capra's nice people are charming, his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile. But somehow they all resemble theatrical attitudes rather than average realities."[44]

text: The film, which went into general release on January 7, 1947, placed 26th ($3.3 million) in box office revenues for 1947[2] (out of more than 400 features released),[45] one place ahead of another Christmas film, Miracle on 34th Street. The film was supposed to be released in January 1947, but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards. This move was seen as worse for the film, as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946. If it had entered the 1947 Awards, its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street. The number one grossing movie of 1947, The Best Years of Our Lives, made $11.5 million.[2]

text: The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO.[46]

text: On May 26, 1947, the FBI issued a memo stating "With regard to the picture "It's a Wonderful Life", [redacted] stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a 'scrooge-type' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture. This, according to these sources, is a common trick used by Communists. [In] addition, [redacted] stated that, in his opinion, this picture deliberately maligned the upper class, attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters."[47][48]

text: In an interview with Michael Parkinson in 1973, Jimmy Stewart declared that out of all the movies he had made, It's a Wonderful Life was his favorite.

text: In 1990, It's a Wonderful Life was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.

text: In 2002, Britain's Channel 4 ranked It's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll "The 100 Greatest Films" and in 2006, the film reached No. 37 in the same channel's "100 Greatest Family Films".

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its 10 Top 10, the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. It's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third-best film in the fantasy genre.[49][50]

text: Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed. In 1947, film critic Manny Farber wrote, "To make his points [Capra] always takes an easy, simple-minded path that doesn't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience", and adds that there are only a "few unsentimental moments here and there."[51][N 7] Wendell Jamieson, in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film, noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story, it "is a terrifying, asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams, of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time, of living among bitter, small-minded people. It is a story of being trapped, of compromising, of watching others move ahead and away, of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children, their teacher and your oppressively perfect wife."[52]

text: In a 2010 Salon.com piece, Richard Cohen described It's a Wonderful Life as "the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made". In the "Pottersville" sequence, he wrote, George is not "seeing the world that would exist had he never been born", but rather "the world as it does exist, in his time and also in our own."[53] Nine years earlier, another Salon writer, Gary Kamiya, had expressed the opposing view that "Pottersville rocks!", adding, "The gauzy, Currier-and-Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and, frankly, toxic environment it is... We all live in Pottersville now."[54]

text: The film's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came decades after its initial release, when it became a television staple during Christmas season in the late 1970s. This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production. "It's the damnedest thing I've ever seen," Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984. "The film has a life of its own now, and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it. I'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president. I'm proud... but it's the kid who did the work. I didn't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it. I just liked the idea."[55] In a 1946 interview, Capra described the film's theme as "the individual's belief in himself" and that he made it "to combat a modern trend toward atheism".[55]

text: The film's positive reception has continued into the present, and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 94% "Certified Fresh" approval rating. The website's critical consensus reads, "The holiday classic to define all holiday classics, It's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing."[56]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Prior to the Los Angeles release of It's a Wonderful Life, Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film's players, along with comments from reviewers. Jimmy Starr wrote, "If I were an Oscar, I'd elope with It's a Wonderful Life lock, stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards". The New York Daily Times offered an editorial in which it declared the film and James Stewart's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration.[57]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations:[58]

text:
Award
Result
Nominee / Winner

Best Picture
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was Samuel Goldwyn - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Director
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was William Wyler - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Actor
Nominated
James Stewart
Winner was Fredric March - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Film Editing
Nominated
William Hornbeck
Winner was Daniel Mandell - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Sound Recording
Nominated
John Aalberg
Winner was John P. Livadary - The Jolson Story

Technical Achievement Award
Won
Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept.
For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets.

text: It's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award, in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow.[59] Before It's a Wonderful Life, fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white. And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow-filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards. RKO studio's head of special effects, Russell Sherman, developed a new compound, utilizing water, soap flakes, foamite and sugar.[60]

text: The Best Years of Our Lives, a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives, won most of the awards that year, including four of the five for which It's a Wonderful Life was nominated. (The award for "Best Sound Recording" was won by The Jolson Story.) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of the decade, in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It's a Wonderful Life.[61]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award:

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Best Director
Won
Frank Capra

text: Capra won the "Best Motion Picture Director" award from the Golden Globes, and a "CEC Award" from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain, for Mejor Película Extranjera (Best Foreign Film). Jimmy Hawkins won a "Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Young Artist Awards in 1994; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career, which lasted until the mid-1960s.[62]

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – 11
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – 8
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Mr. Potter – No. 6 Villain
George Bailey – No. 9 Hero

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Buffalo Gal (Won't You Come Out Tonight)" - Nominated[63]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"What is it you want, Mary? What do you want? You want the moon? Just say the word, and I'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down." - Nominated[64]
"To my big brother George, the richest man in town!" - Nominated[64]
"Look, Daddy. Teacher says, 'Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.'" - Nominated[64]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 1
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 20
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 3 Fantasy Film

text: Release[edit]

text: Ownership and copyright issues[edit]

text: Ancillary rights[edit]

text: Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and remained a subsidiary until 1951. In 1955, M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie. This included key rights to the original television syndication, the original nitrate film elements, the music score, and the film rights to the story on which the film is based, "The Greatest Gift".[N 8] National Telefilm Associates (NTA) took over the rights to the film soon thereafter.

text: A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974.[66][67] Despite the lapsed copyright, television stations that aired it still were required to pay royalties. Although the film's images had entered the public domain, the film's story was still protected by virtue of it being a derivative work of the published story "The Greatest Gift", whose copyright was properly renewed by Philip Van Doren Stern in 1971.[68][69][N 9] The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s, possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations. It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998.[68][70]

text: In 1993, Republic Pictures, which was the successor to NTA, relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Stewart v. Abend (which involved another Stewart film, Rear Window) to enforce its claim to the copyright. While the film's copyright had not been renewed, Republic still owned the film rights to "The Greatest Gift"; thus the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright.[68][71] NBC, since 1996, is licensed to show the film on U.S. network television, and traditionally shows it twice during the holidays, with one showing on Christmas Eve. Paramount (via parent company Viacom's 1998 acquisition of Republic's then-parent, Spelling Entertainment) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955.[68][72]

text: Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. in the USA. It is also one of two Capra films which Paramount owns despite not having originally released it—the other is Broadway Bill (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950).[68]

text: Colorization[edit]

text: Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization, Inc., colorize It's a Wonderful Life based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of Topper from actor Cary Grant.[73] The company's art director Brian Holmes prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from It's a Wonderful Life for Capra to view, which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization, Inc., and his "enthusiastic agree[ment] to pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits" and giving "preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black-and-white films, Meet John Doe (1941) and Lady for a Day (1933)".[73] However, the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time, and as a result Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra's initial investment, eliminating his financial participation, and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films, leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process.[73]

text: Three colorized versions have been produced. The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986. The second was authorized and produced by the film's permanent owner, Republic Pictures, in 1989. Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions.[74] The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS through the cooperation of Video Treasures. A third colorized version was produced by Legend Films and released on DVD in 2007 with the approval of Capra's estate.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: VHS[edit]

text: Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, when the film was still under public domain status, It's A Wonderful Life was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies. Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video (which would later become Media Home Entertainment), Kartes Video Communications (under its Video Film Classics label), GoodTimes Home Video and Video Treasures (now Anchor Bay Entertainment). After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film, all unofficial VHS copies of the film in print were destroyed.[71] Artisan Entertainment (under license from Republic) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s. Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment, which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005 when they reverted to Paramount, who also owns video rights throughout Region 4 (Latin America and Australia) and in France. Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies; for example, the UK rights are with Universal Studios.

text: Technological first: CD-ROM[edit]

text: In 1993, due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues, Kinesoft Development, with the support of Republic Pictures, released It's a Wonderful Life as one of the first commercial feature-length films on CD-ROM for the Windows PC (Windows 3.1). Predating commercial DVDs by several years, it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing.[75] [N 10]

text: Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release, It's a Wonderful Life for Windows represented another first, as the longest running video on a computer. Prior to its release, Windows could only play back approx. 32,000 frames of video, or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second. Working with Microsoft, Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film — all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and only 8 MB of RAM.[76]

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the DVD format. In the autumn of 2001, Republic issued the movie twice, once in August, and again with different packaging in September of that same year. On October 31, 2006, Paramount released a newly restored "60th Anniversary Edition". On November 13, 2007, Paramount released a two-disc "special edition" DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black-and-white version, and a new, third colorized version, produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology. On November 3, 2009, Paramount released a DVD version with a "Collector's Edition Ornament", and a Blu-ray edition.

text: Adaptations in other media[edit]

text: The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947, first on Lux Radio Theater (March 10) and then on The Screen Guild Theater (December 29), then again on the Screen Guild Theater broadcast of March 15, 1951. James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions. Stewart also starred in the May 8, 1949 radio adaptation presented on the Screen Director's Playhouse.

text: A musical stage adaptation of the film, titled A Wonderful Life, was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo. This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986, but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern. It was eventually performed in Washington, D.C. by Arena Stage in 1991, and had revivals in the 21st century, including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres.

text: Another musical stage adaptation of the film, titled It's a Wonderful Life – The Musical, was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson. This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre, Dallas, Texas in 1998. It was an annual Christmas show at the theatre for five years. It has since been performed at venues all around the United States.[77]

text: The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.[78]

text: It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play, a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc.

text: In 1997, PBS aired Merry Christmas, George Bailey, taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.[79]

text: Philip Grecian's 2006 radio play based on the film It's a Wonderful Life is a faithful adaptation, now in its third incarnation, that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada.[80]

text: In a June 2011 interview, John McDaniel told Saint Louis Magazine, "I'm in the throes of writing a musical version ... right now, working with Kathie Lee Gifford, who's doing the lyrics. I find we're mostly writing to character: Is it George, or the old guy who runs the bank? What do they want, what are they trying to do, what is the mood of that — is it staccato, are they agitated, is it a ballad?"[81]

text: The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody is a novel written by John Pierson. The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river.[82]

text: Potential sequel[edit]

text: A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story. It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25–$35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014.[83]

text: The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions, neither of which are affiliated with Paramount, owners of the original film (Farnsworth claimed that It's a Wonderful Life was in the public domain). Later, a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film, "To date, these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights, and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights," the spokesperson said.[84] No further developmental plans have since arisen.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: It's a Wonderful Life has been popularized in modern cultural references in many of the mainstream media. Due to the proliferation of these references, a few examples will suffice to illustrate the film's impact.

text:
The Sesame Street Muppets characters Bert and Ernie share their names with the cop and the taxicab driver in the film. Longtime Muppets writer and puppeteer Jerry Juhl said he believed there was no connection and that this was a coincidence.[85] The episode Elmo Saves Christmas (1996), which featured a clip from the film, pokes fun at the persistent reports of a connection, having them look at each other in disbelief as George calls Bert and Ernie by name.[85]
Stephen Jay Gould's book Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History takes its main title from the film. The book proposes that the evolution of life, rewound and replayed multiple times, would yield a different world each time, just as life without George Bailey is Pottersville, not Bedford Falls.
In "It's a Hopeful Life", the Christmas 2011 episode of Raising Hope, Jimmy dreams how life for his family would have been had his daughter Hope not been born, including separation for his parents, prostitution for Sabrina and accidental death for Maw Maw, the "Clarence" of this story. The episode's climax has Jimmy running down the main street, shouting "Merry Christmas, movie house!" In an odd coincidence, this is the second time Cloris Leachman has played the angel, having previously starred as Clara in the 1977 TV remake It Happened One Christmas.
In an episode of Mork & Mindy, after Mork disrupts one of Mindy's dates, he has Orson show what Mindy (and her family's) lives would have been had he not been a part of it. After seeing how their lives turned out, Mork begs Orson to return him to the real world. When Mindy recognizes him again, he exclaims, "Oh, it's a wonderful life!"
It's a Wonderful Life features prominently in the literature versions of the TV series of Red Dwarf by Grant Naylor, most notably the books Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers and Better Than Life. In Infinity, during his five-week love affair with Kristine Kochanski it is revealed that It's a Wonderful Life is the favorite film of Dave Lister. In the third and last part of the book, named Back to Earth (later used as the title for the Easter special return of Red Dwarf), under the influence of the Better Than Life game Lister ends up living in an exact replica of 1940s Bedford Falls, eternally stuck on Christmas Eve, and is even known to the townsfolk as "George". He also encounters a selection of the more notable supporting characters from the film, and references to film events and locations. In the beginning of the second book, Better Than Life, Lister's Bedford Falls is destroyed by Arnold Rimmer, whose mental state has become erratic. Unable to cope with good things happening to him, his mind begins to destroy the life of everyone around him, resulting in Bedford Falls altering to more closely resemble Pottersville.

text: Antecedent[edit]

text: In a 1997 review, film historian James Berardinelli commented on the parallels between this film and the classic Charles Dickens tale A Christmas Carol. In both stories, a man revisits his life and potential death (or non-existence) with the help of supernatural agents, culminating in a joyous epiphany and a renewed view of his life.[86]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas. Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody.[N 11] Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter.[N 12] Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts, nor issued in home media.[N 13][87]

text: In 1991, another made-for-television film called Clarence starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel.[88][89]


document_title: Photo print sizes

question_text: what is the size of 4r photo in cm

question_tokens: what is the size of 4r photo in cm

root

text: Photo print sizes

text: Size names[edit]

text: They are often denoted with a code of the format nR, where the number n represents the length of the shorter edge in inches.  In the normal series, the long edge is the length of the short edge plus 2 inches (10 in or less) or 3 inches (11 in and above).  The alternative Super series, denoted SnR, has an aspect ratio of 3:2 (or as close as possible) and thus provides a better fit for standard 135 film (35 mm) at sizes of 8 inches or above.

tag: p

text: In Japan, the same print sizes (and several additional ones) are known by different names.  The Japanese L is equivalent to 3R, while 2L—twice the size—matches 5R. KG represents the size of a traditional 4×6 in (4R) Japanese postcard (hagaki).[1]  The nP or cut (切り, kiri) series are defined in reference to a full page size (全紙, zenshi) of 457×560 mm, with smaller numbers (fewer cuts) indicating larger sizes.[2]

text: Unlike ISO 216 paper sizes, the aspect ratios of photographic prints vary, so exact scaling of prints is not always possible.  However, there are some logical correspondences between the sizes, noted below when applicable.

text: Many of the standard sizes are the same as sheet film formats, and are appropriate for making contact sheets from these films.

text: Common sizes[edit]

text:
US code
Japan code
Alias

Sizeinches (mm)

Pixels at 300 PPI

Aspect ratio

Notes

Wallet

2 × 3(51 × 76)
600 × 900
3:2 (1.5)
Very often called "wallet" size.

2R

Wallet

2 1⁄2 × 3 1⁄2(63.5 × 89)
750 × 1050
7:5 (1.4)
Older standard for "wallet" size.

DSC

3 1⁄4 × 4 1⁄2(83 × 119)
974 × 1417
16:11 (1.45)
Size in inches is approximate.

3R
L
9 × 13 cm, B7, Enprint[3]

3 1⁄2 × 5(89 × 127)
1050 × 1500
10:7 (1.43)

Chou #4

3.5 × 8.1(90 × 205)
1050 × 2430
16:7 (2.29)[a]
envelope size

PC
Hagaki, A6

3.9 × 5.8(100 × 148)
1170 × 1740
3:2 (1.5)[a]
postcard size

4R
KG
10 × 15 cm

4 × 6(102 × 152)
1200 × 1800
3:2 (1.5)
standard 135 film & print size

4D, 6D

4 1⁄2 × 6(114 × 152)
1350 × 1800
4:3 (1.33)
new size for most consumer level digital cameras and Micro 4/3 cameras[4]

Chou #3

4.7 × 9.3(120 × 235)
1410 × 2790
2:1 (2.0)[a]
envelope size

5R
2L
13 × 18 cm, B6

5 × 7(127 × 178)
1500 × 2100
7:5 (1.4)
twice the size of a 2R print

Ofuku Hagaki, A5

5.8 × 7.9(148 × 200)
1740 × 2370
4:3 (1.33)[a]
postcard size

6R
8P
15 × 20 cm

6 × 8(152 × 203)
1800 × 2400
4:3 (1.33)
twice the size of a 4R print

18 × 24 cm

7 × 9 1⁄2(178 × 240)
2100 × 2850
19:14 (1.36)
for B&W paper

8R
6P
20 × 25 cm

8 × 10(203 × 254)
2400 × 3000
5:4 (1.25)
Can be used for contact prints from 8×10 film.

S8R
6PW
20 × 30 cm

8 × 12(203 × 305)
2400 × 3600
3:2 (1.5)
closest approximation to A4 (210×297mm), twice the size of a 6R print

24 × 30 cm

9 1⁄2 × 12(240 × 305)
2850 × 3600
24:19 (1.26)
for B&W paper

10R
4P

10 × 12(254 × 305)
3000 × 3600
6:5 (1.2)

S10R
4PW

10 × 15(254 × 381)
3000 × 4500
3:2 (1.5)
At 14½ in (368 mm), the Japanese 4PW size is slightly shorter than S10R.

11R

28 × 36 cm

11 × 14(279 × 356)
3300 × 4200
14:11 (1.27)

S11R

11 × 17(279 × 432)
3300 × 5100
17:11 (1.55)

12R

12 × 15(305 × 381)
3600 × 4500
5:4 (1.25)

30 × 40 cm

12 × 16(305 × 406)
3600 × 4800
4:3 (1.33)
for B&W paper

S12R

12 × 18(305 × 457)
3600 × 5400
3:2 (1.5)

tag: table

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Aspect ratio is approximate to the nearest ratio involving small numbers.

tag: ol


document_title: Ring finger

question_text: what hand to wear wedding ring in usa

question_tokens: what hand to wear wedding ring in usa

text: Ring finger

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known. According to László A. Magyar, the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger. It is named after magic or rings, or called nameless (for example, in Chinese: 無名指, unnamed finger).[1]
In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian, the ring finger is called respectively - "Anamika", "Nimetön" and "Безымянный" ("nameless"). In Arabic and Hebrew, the ring finger is called respectively - bansur (meaning "victory") - and kmitsa (meaning "taking a handful").

text: In anatomy, the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis, the fourth finger, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, or digitus IV. It may also be referred to as the third finger,[2] excluding the thumb. In Latin, the word anulus means "ring", digitus means "finger", and quartus means "fourth".

text: History[edit]

text: Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned, people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth finger on the left hand to the heart.[3] Because of the hand–heart connection, they chose the descriptive name vena amoris, Latin for the vein of love, for this particular vein.[4]

text: Based upon this name, their contemporaries, purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette, wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger.[citation needed] By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other.

text: In Britain, only women tended to wear a wedding ring until the 1st and 2nd World Wars, when married male soldiers started to wear rings to remind them of their partner.

text: Contemporary customs[edit]

text: Western customs[edit]

text: In Western cultures, a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the fourth finger, commonly called the “ring finger”. This developed from the Roman "anulus pronubis" when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony. Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride's finger dates from the 11th century.[citation needed] In medieval Europe, during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers of the left hand.[citation needed] The ring was then left on the ring finger. In a few European countries, the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage, then transferred to the right during the ceremony. For example, a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony, then moves it to the right hand after the wedding. In England, the 1549 Prayer Book declared "the ring shall be placed on the left hand". By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony — even on the thumb.

text: The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Mexico, Bolivia and Central and Eastern Europe. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden,  Finland, Catalonia and Valencia (not the rest of Spain); Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, and Romania.

text: The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries, some Protestant Western European, as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries.[5] In Eastern Europe, these include:  Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine.  In Central or Western Europe, these include: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Netherlands [if not Catholic], Norway, and (Catholic) Spain (except in Catalonia and Valencia). In Central or South America, these include: Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Venezuela.

text: The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day, when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria as well as in Romania and Brazil.

text: Non-Western customs[edit]

text: In Sinhala and Tamil culture, the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger. This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society.[6]

text: A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries, However, if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country, it may be worn on either the left (such is the custom in Iran) or the right ring finger (as in Jordan).  As opposed to the wedding ring, use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries, especially those in West and South Asia. Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men, and the left finger by women.

text: In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony, the wedding ring is placed on the bride's righthand index finger[7], but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb, most commonly in recent times.[8] Today, the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony. Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring.

text: Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands.


document_title: We Bought a Zoo

question_text: who plays the daughter in we bought a zoo

text: We Bought a Zoo

text: Plot[edit]

text: Benjamin Mee is still grieving the loss of his wife and dealing with the expulsion of his 14-year-old son, Dylan, from school, and decides to make a restart by buying a new house. He tours many houses with his 7-year-old daughter, Rosie, and his realtor, Mr. Stevens, but finds none he likes until his daughter finds a listing with what seems like the perfect house. They drive to an old large house and Benjamin inspects the property, telling his realtor it is perfect. When they hear a lion roar, Stevens explains that the house comes with a zoo in the back, which closed several years before; if they want the house, they must buy the zoo.

text: Mee eventually decides to buy the zoo when he sees Rosie happily playing with the peacocks. Dylan, however, hates the idea of moving away from his friends and retreats into his artwork which has grown more macabre since the death of his mother. Benjamin's brother, Duncan, tries to dissuade him from the purchase, but Benjamin buys it anyway. The zoo staff, led by the 28-year-old head keeper, Kelly Foster, help to start renovating the zoo with the intent to reopen it to the public. When Kelly confronts Benjamin about why he bought a zoo, knowing nothing about running one, Benjamin simply responds "Why not?". Dylan befriends Kelly's 13-year-old homeschooled cousin, Lily Miska, who develops a romantic interest that Dylan is oblivious to.

text: A strict USDA inspector, Walter Ferris, arrives for a surprise inspection and makes a list of repairs that would cost around $100,000, which Benjamin does not have. Rhonda Blair, the zoo's accountant, gossips that Benjamin will probably sell the zoo. The workers' morale sinks, fearing the property will be sold to a buyer that will close it down.

text: When Lily tells Dylan that she heard his family might be leaving, he is overjoyed, which hurts her feelings. Benjamin discovers that his wife bequeathed him an investment account, with instructions to use the money wisely while listening to his heart. Duncan advises him to walk away and start over with the money, but Benjamin decides to use the money to repair the zoo. While this lifts the zoo workers' morale, Dylan is unhappy about having to stay; he confronts his father, and a heated argument ensues. They reconcile the next morning and Dylan admits he misses Lily. Benjamin gives his son advice using his favorite principle, that you only need 20 seconds of courage to achieve great things. Benjamin realizes that instead of trying to start over by forgetting his wife, he should accept that she will always be a part of him.

text: Prior to the grand opening of the zoo, the facility passes a very stringent inspection from Ferris, who grudgingly wishes them good luck. Dylan, following his father's advice, confesses to Lily that he loves her and she forgives him. The week prior to the opening, the worst rainstorm in 100 years is predicted to wash it out. The weather clears in time, but in the morning they are disappointed when no visitors arrive. They discover that a fallen tree has blocked the access road, with a large crowd of waiting visitors behind it. The staff help them to climb over the tree. There are so many people that they run out of tickets, forcing Benjamin and Kelly to look for more. They end up face to face in a shed, where Kelly admits to Benjamin that she is romantically interested in him and since she "can't get a handle on it", she kisses him, telling him that maybe they can do it again on New Year's Eve; Benjamin kisses her back, and tells her that he is looking forward to it.

text: Benjamin takes his children to the restaurant where he met their mother, explaining that it was the point where their existence became a possibility. He takes them through that day's encounter, where Benjamin worked up the nerve to talk to his future wife with "20 seconds of insane courage", and walks up to the table she was at. He visualizes her sitting there, and asks her why such an amazing woman would talk to someone like him. She responds, "Why not?".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Matt Damon as Benjamin Mee, the father of Dylan and Rosie Mee and the owner of the zoo, who is trying to restart his life after his wife dies.[4]
Scarlett Johansson as Kelly Foster, the 28-year-old lead zookeeper and long-time employee at Rosemoor Animal Park.
Thomas Haden Church as Duncan Mee,[5] Ben's older brother and an accountant.
Colin Ford as Dylan Mee,[6] Ben's 14-year-old son, who is initially drawn to Lily and eventually develops feelings for her and has a rough relationship with his father.
Maggie Elizabeth Jones as Rosie Mee, Ben's 7-year-old daughter, who is very curious about all of the animals in the zoo and thinks living at a zoo is a grand adventure.
Angus Macfadyen as Peter MacCreedy, the carpenter of the zoo who had made many innovative enclosures for the zoo, and he claims that his ideas were "stolen" by Walter Ferris. Because of this, he has a huge and violent grudge against Walter.
Elle Fanning as Lily Miska,[7] the 13-year old home-schooled cousin of Kelly and worker at the zoo's restaurant who lives within the zoo. Although she is too young to legally work, she is paid "under the table" out of her cousin's salary. She likes Dylan (who is at first unaware of this fact), but later gives up on her pursuit of a relationship with him after Dylan doesn't listen to her and unintentionally hurts her feelings. After he subsequently apologizes and tells her of his own feelings for her, she forgives him and they resume their friendship and start their relationship.
Patrick Fugit as Robin Jones; the zoo's craftsman and Crystal the Monkey's owner.[7]
John Michael Higgins as Walter "Walt" Ferris, a strict zoo inspector who earns the dislike of many people, especially Peter MacCreedy.
Carla Gallo as Rhonda Blair, the secretary and bookkeeper of the zoo.
J. B. Smoove as Mr. Stevens, the Mee family's real estate agent.
Stéphanie Szostak as Katherine Mee, the deceased wife of Benjamin Mee.
Desi Lydic as Shea Seger, a woman with an obvious crush on Benjamin who always brings him lasagna.
Peter Riegert as Delbert McGinty, Benjamin's boss before he 'starts over'.
Michael Panes as the principal of Dylan and Rosie's school.
Kym Whitley as Eve the Home Depot Clerk.
Crystal the Monkey as Herself.
Bart / Tank the Bear as Buster, the grizzly bear.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2010, Cameron Crowe agreed to direct the 20th Century Fox adaptation of Benjamin Mee's memoir We Bought a Zoo.[8] He then began rewriting the film's script, which was originally written by Aline Brosh McKenna.[8] This was the first film that was directed by Crowe since the 2005 film Elizabethtown.[8] The film was released on December 23, 2011.[8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Crowe traveled to the set of the film True Grit to persuade actor Matt Damon to take on the role of the lead character in the film.[1] Crowe also presented a script of the film, a CD of songs that Crowe composed himself, and a copy of the 1983 film Local Hero, with instructions "to not just read the script and make a decision".[1] Damon was persuaded to play the role after he was moved by Crowe's music and found that Local Hero was a "masterpiece".[1] As for Crowe himself, he had already decided on Damon halfway through their meeting, though the distributor Fox still had a shortlist of candidates to play this role.[1]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
We Bought a Zoo

Soundtrack album by Jónsi

Released
December 9, 2011

Recorded
2011

Genre
Ambient, alternative rock, soundtrack, post-rock

Length
51:12

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Alex Somers, Jón Þór Birgisson

text: In August 2011, it was announced that Icelandic musician Jón Þór "Jónsi" Birgisson, the lead singer of the band Sigur Rós, would be composing the music scores for We Bought a Zoo.[9] Director Crowe described the choice as "only natural", since "Jónsi has been a part of the making of We Bought A Zoo from the very beginning".[9]

text: The song Gathering Stories was on the shortlist of 39 songs that have a chance of being nominated for Best Original Song Oscar at the 84th Academy Awards.[10] This song was co-written by Jonsi Birgisson and Cameron Crowe.[10]

text: While the official CD release of the movie soundtrack only includes music by Jón Þór "Jónsi" Birgisson and Sigur Rós,[11] the complete soundtrack of the film included a variety of artists.[12]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Why Not?"
Jónsi
4:49

2.
"Ævin Endar"
Jónsi
3:32

3.
"Boy Lilikoi"
Jónsi
4:29

4.
"Sun"
Jónsi
1:50

5.
"Brambles"
Jónsi
2:24

6.
"Sinking Friendships"
Jónsi
4:42

7.
"We Bought a Zoo"
Jónsi
4:21

8.
"Hoppípolla"
Sigur Rós
4:30

9.
"Snærisendar"
Jónsi
2:43

10.
"Sink Ships"
Jónsi
2:21

11.
"Go Do"
Jónsi
4:41

12.
"Whole Made of Pieces"
Jónsi
2:47

13.
"Humming"
Jónsi
2:33

14.
"First Day"
Jónsi
1:40

15.
"Gathering Stories"
Jónsi
3:56

text: Film tracks not on album[edit]

text:
"Don't Come Around Here No More" – Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
"Do It Clean" – Echo & the Bunnymen
"Airline to Heaven" – Wilco
"Don't Be Shy" – Cat Stevens
"Living with the Law" – Chris Whitley
"Last Medicine Dance" – Mike McCready
"Buckets of Rain" – Bob Dylan
"I'm Open" – Eddie Vedder
"No Soy Del Valle" – Quantic Presenta Flowering Inferno
"Like I Told You" – Acetone
"Ashley Collective" – Mike McCready
"For a Few Dollars More" – The Upsetters
"Hunger Strike" – Temple Of The Dog
"Mariachi El Bronx" – Mariachi El Bronx
"Haleakala Sunset" – CKsquared
"Cinnamon Girl" (Live) – Neil Young
"Holocene" – Bon Iver
"Throwing Arrows" – Mike McCready
"Work to Do" – The Isley Brothers
"All Your Love (I Miss Loving)" – Otis Rush
"I Think It's Going to Rain Today" – Randy Newman

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: We Bought a Zoo grossed a total of $2,984,875 on its opening day in the U.S. box office, making it the sixth highest-grossing film that weekend.[2] It subsequently earned $14,604,645 in its first four days of screening. Overall, the film grossed $75,624,550 in North America and $37,764,426 internationally for a worldwide total of $113,388,976.[2] It is one of only twelve feature films to be released in over 3,000 theaters and still improve on its box office performance in its second weekend, increasing 41.4% from $9,360,434 to $13,238,241.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 155 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "We Bought a Zoo is a transparently cloying effort by director Cameron Crowe, but Matt Damon makes for a sympathetic central character."[14] On Metacritic the film has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[15]

text: Roger Ebert, reviewing for the Chicago Sun-Times, awarded the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing the film as "too much formula and not enough human interest."[16] He added that the film's "pieces go together too easily, the plot is too inevitable, and we feel little real energy between the players."[16] However, he did praise Damon, whom he says "makes a sturdy and likable Benjamin Mee".[16] The New York Times reviewer Manohla Dargis criticized Crowe's direction, writing that it "makes the escalating tension between Benjamin and Dylan the story's soft center," while keeping "the brutality of illness and death" "safely off-screen".[17] She also noted that the film uses "classic movie logic", specifically pointing out the way that Benjamin quits his job and that he "doesn't agonize about how he'll keep his children housed, fed and clothed".[17] On the other hand, Dargis wrote that "you may not buy his [Cameron's] happy endings, but it's a seductive ideal when all of God's creatures, great and small, buxom and blond, exist in such harmony."[17]

text: The Hollywood Reporter commented that the "uplifting tale [the film] has heart, humanity and a warmly empathetic central performance from Matt Damon", although it "doesn't dodge the potholes of earnest sentimentality and at times overplays the whimsy".[18] The reviewer also praised the cast, describing them as "solid", and in particular praised Damon's character, whose struggle he says "gives the movie a soulful pull, even at its most predictable".[18] Overall, this reviewer summarized his review by saying that "Cameron Crowe's film has some rough edges, but it ultimately delivers thanks to Matt Damon's moving performance."[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released We Bought a Zoo on DVD and Blu-ray on April 3, 2012.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref

2011
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Live Action Family Film
We Bought a Zoo
Nominated
[19]

Satellite Award
Best Original Song
Jónsi, Cameron Crowe –
"Gathering Stories"
Nominated
[20]

2012
BMI Award
Film Music Award
Jónsi
Won
[21]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Drama
We Bought a Zoo
Nominated
[22]

Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Matt Damon
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Scarlett Johansson
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor
Colin Ford
Nominated
[23]

Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Ten and Under
Maggie Elizabeth Jones
Nominated

text: The real zoo[edit]

text: The movie's plot and actual events differ. The real Benjamin Mee is British. The story was adapted for an American audience and Mee approved the changes.[24] The actual zoo Mee bought is Dartmoor Zoological Park, located in Devon, England.[25] The fictional zoo in the film is called Rosemoor Wildlife Park and is located in California.

text: In real life, Benjamin's wife, Katherine, died after they had already bought the zoo and moved in.[25] In the film, Benjamin bought the zoo after her death. In real life, Benjamin's father had died and his mother needed to move; the farm cost the same price as his parents' house, and his mother came too.[26] Benjamin and his family made a specific and informed decision to buy a zoo. In the film, it occurred as a result of finding a house they liked.

text: Instead of an escaping bear, as portrayed by the film, it was a jaguar called Sovereign that had escaped.[25] Benjamin's children were also younger (aged four and six respectively) than the children in the film.[25]

text: In the film, the zoo was much easier to buy. In real life, it took almost two years to buy.[25] Benjamin's first offer to buy the zoo was rejected due to his lack of experience in the zoological world.[25] Finally, the real zoo opened on Saturday July 7, 2007. The movie moved that event up to the same date in 2010. This later date fell on a Wednesday, but was identified in the script as the original Saturday.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The longtime gag-feud between Matt Damon and Oscars host Jimmy Kimmel continued at the 89th Academy Awards ceremony, where Kimmel jokingly mocked Damon's performance in the movie.[27]


document_title: 2014 Commonwealth Games medal table

question_text: who won the most gold medals in the 2014 commonwealth games

text: 2014 Commonwealth Games medal table

text: Medal table[edit]

text: The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three-letter country code.[1][5]

text: Two bronze medals were awarded in boxing, judo and wrestling, except for Women's freestyle 75 kg as only five competitors were entered in the event. Additionally, two bronze medals were awarded in the men's 100 m backstroke and women's pole vault as a result of a tie between two athletes. No bronze medal was awarded in the men's synchronized 10 metre platform as only four teams competed in the event. Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals.

text: *   Host nation (Scotland)

text:
2014 Commonwealth Games medal table

Rank
CGA
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 England (ENG)
58
59
57
174

2
 Australia (AUS)
49
42
46
137

3
 Canada (CAN)
32
16
34
82

4
 Scotland (SCO)*
19
15
19
53

5
 India (IND)
15
30
19
64

6
 New Zealand (NZL)
14
14
17
45

7
 South Africa (RSA)
13
10
17
40

8
 Nigeria (NGR)
11
11
14
36

9
 Kenya (KEN)
10
10
5
25

10
 Jamaica (JAM)
10
4
8
22

11
 Singapore (SIN)
8
5
4
17

12
 Malaysia (MAS)
6
7
6
19

13
 Wales (WAL)
5
11
20
36

14
 Cyprus (CYP)
2
4
2
8

15
 Northern Ireland (NIR)
2
3
7
12

16
 Papua New Guinea (PNG)
2
0
0
2

17
 Cameroon (CMR)
1
3
3
7

18
 Uganda (UGA)
1
0
4
5

19
 Grenada (GRN)
1
0
1
2

20
 Botswana (BOT)
1
0
0
1

 Kiribati (KIR)
1
0
0
1

22
 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)
0
3
5
8

23
 Pakistan (PAK)
0
3
1
4

24
 Bahamas (BAH)
0
2
1
3

 Samoa (SAM)
0
2
1
3

26
 Namibia (NAM)
0
1
2
3

27
 Mozambique (MOZ)
0
1
1
2

 Mauritius (MRI)
0
1
1
2

29
 Bangladesh (BAN)
0
1
0
1

 Isle of Man (IOM)
0
1
0
1

 Nauru (NRU)
0
1
0
1

 Sri Lanka (SRI)
0
1
0
1

33
 Ghana (GHA)
0
0
2
2

 Zambia (ZAM)
0
0
2
2

35
 Barbados (BAR)
0
0
1
1

 Fiji (FIJ)
0
0
1
1

 Saint Lucia (LCA)
0
0
1
1

Total (37 CGAs)
261
261
302
824

text: Changes in medal standings[edit]

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text: The women's 53 kg competition was originally won by 16-year-old Chika Amalaha of Nigeria. Following a failed doping test, Amalaha was stripped of her medal and placement, and the medals were redistributed.[6] Dika Toua of Papua New Guinea was awarded the gold, Santoshi Matsa of India, silver and Swati Singh, also of India, bronze.


document_title: Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens

question_text: how long can a jamaican stay in the bahamas

text: Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[2]

 Albania
Visa required[3]

 Algeria
Visa required[4]

 Andorra
Visa required[5]

 Angola
Visa required[6]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[7]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Argentina
Visa not required[8]
90 days

 Armenia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[9]
120 days

 Australia
Visa required[10]

May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11]

 Austria
Visa required[12]

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[13]
30 days[14]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[15]
3 months

 Bahrain
eVisa[16]

 Bangladesh
Visa not required[17]

 Barbados
Visa not required[18]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Belarus
Visa required[19]

 Belgium
Visa required[20]

 Belize
Visa not required[21]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Benin
eVisa / Visa on arrival[22][23]
30 days / 8 days

Must have an international vaccination certificate.

 Bhutan
Visa required[24]

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival[25]
90 days

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa required[26]

 Botswana
Visa not required[27]
90 days

 Brazil
Visa not required[28]
90 days

 Brunei
Visa required[29]

 Bulgaria
Visa required[30]

 Burkina Faso
Visa required[31]

 Burundi
Visa required[32]

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[33]
30 days

 Cameroon
Visa required[34]

 Canada
Visa required[35]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[36]

 Central African Republic
Visa required[37]

 Chad
Visa required[38]

 Chile
Visa not required[39]
90 days

 China
Visa required[40]

 Colombia
Visa not required[41]
180 days

90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one year period

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[42]

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[43]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[44]

 Costa Rica
Visa required[45]

 Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[46]

 Croatia
Visa required[47]

 Cuba
Visa required[48]

 Cyprus
Visa required[49]

 Czech Republic
Visa required[50]

 Denmark
Visa required[51]

 Djibouti
eVisa[52]
31 days

 Dominica
Visa not required[53]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[54]

 Ecuador
Visa not required[55]
90 days[56]

 Egypt
Visa required[57]

 El Salvador
Visa required[58]

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[59]

 Eritrea
Visa required[60]

 Estonia
Visa required[61]

 Ethiopia
eVisa[62]

 Fiji
Visa not required[63]
4 months

 Finland
Visa required[64]

 France
Visa required[65]

 Gabon
eVisa[66]

Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.

 Gambia
Visa not required[67]
90 days

Must obtain an entry clearance from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel [68]

 Georgia
eVisa[69]
30 days

 Germany
Visa required[70]

 Ghana
Visa required[71]

 Greece
Visa required[72]

 Grenada
Visa not required[73]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Guatemala
Visa required[74]

 Guinea
Visa required[75]

 Guinea-Bissau
Visa on arrival[76]

 Guyana
Visa not required[77]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Haiti
Visa not required[78]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa required[79]

 Hungary
Visa required[80]

 Iceland
Visa required[81]

 India
e-Visa[82]
60 days

e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][83]
e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year.

 Indonesia
Visa not required[84][85]
30 days

 Iran
Visa on arrival[86]
15 days

 Iraq
Visa required[87]

 Ireland
Visa required[88]

 Israel
Visa not required[89]
90 days

 Italy
Visa required[90]

 Japan
Visa required[91]

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[92]
30 days

 Kazakhstan
Visa required[93]

 Kenya
Visa not required[94]
90 days

 Kiribati
Visa not required[95]
30 days

 North Korea
Visa required[96]

 South Korea
Visa not required[97]
90 days

 Kuwait
Visa required[98]

 Kyrgyzstan
eVisa[99]

eVisa holders must arrive via Manas International Airport.

 Laos
Visa on arrival[100]
30 days

 Latvia
Visa required[101]

 Lebanon
Visa required[102]

 Lesotho
Visa not required[103]
90 days

 Liberia
Visa not required[104]

 Libya
Visa required[105]

 Liechtenstein
Visa required[106]

 Lithuania
Visa required[107]

 Luxembourg
Visa required[108]

 Macedonia
Visa required[109]

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[110]
90 days

 Malawi
Visa not required[111]
90 days

 Malaysia
Visa not required[112]
30 days

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[113]
30 days[56]

 Mali
Visa required[114]

 Malta
Visa required[115]

 Marshall Islands
Visa required[116]

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[117]

Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

 Mauritius
Visa not required[118]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa not required[119]
180 days

 Micronesia
Visa not required[120]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa required[121]

 Monaco
Visa required[122]

 Mongolia
Visa required[123]

 Montenegro
Visa required[124]

 Morocco
Visa required[125]

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[126]
30 days

 Myanmar
eVisa[127]
28 days

 Namibia
Visa required[128]

 Nauru
Visa required[129]

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[130]
30 days

 Netherlands
Visa required[131]

 New Zealand
Visa required[132]

 Nicaragua
Visa on arrival[133]
90 days

 Niger
Visa not required[134]

 Nigeria
Visa required[135]

 Norway
Visa required[136]

 Oman
Visa required[137]

 Pakistan
Visa required[138]

 Palau
Visa on arrival[139]
30 days

 Panama
Visa not required[140]

 Papua New Guinea
Visa required[141]

 Paraguay
Visa required[142]

 Peru
Visa not required[143]
180 days

 Philippines
Visa not required[144]
30 days

 Poland
Visa required[145]

 Portugal
Visa required[146]

 Qatar
eVisa[147]

 Romania
Visa required[148]

 Russia
Visa required[149]

 Rwanda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[150]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[151]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[152]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[153]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[154]
60 days

 San Marino
Visa required[155]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
eVisa[156]

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[157]

 Senegal
Visa on arrival[158][159]
3 months

 Serbia
Visa not required[160]
30 days

30 days within any year period

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[161]
3 month>[56]

 Sierra Leone
Visa not required[162]

 Singapore
Visa not required[163]
30 days

 Slovakia
Visa required[164]

 Slovenia
Visa required[165]

 Solomon Islands
Visa required[166]

 Somalia
Visa on arrival[167]
30 days

Available at Bosaso, Galcaio and Mogadishu airports.

 South Africa
Visa not required[168]
90 days

 South Sudan
Visa required[169]

 Spain
Visa required[170]

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[171]
30 days

Must hold return or onward ticket

 Sudan
Visa required[172]

 Suriname
Visa not required[173]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Swaziland
Visa not required[174]
30 days

 Sweden
Visa required[175]

  Switzerland
Visa required[176]

 Syria
Visa required[177]

 Tajikistan
eVisa[178][179]
45 days

 Tanzania
Visa not required[180]
3 months

 Thailand
Visa required[181]

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[182]
30 days

 Togo
Visa on arrival[183]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa required[184]

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required[185]
6 months

Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals

 Tunisia
Visa required[186]

 Turkey
eVisa / Visa on arrival[187]
1 month

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[188]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[189]
1 month

 Uganda
Visa not required[190]

May apply online.[191]

 Ukraine
eVisa[192]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa required[193]

 United Kingdom
Visa required[194]

 United States
Visa required[195]

 Uruguay
Visa not required[196]
90 days

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[197]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[198]
30 days

  Vatican City
Visa required[199]

 Venezuela
Visa not required[200]
90 days

 Vietnam
Visa required[201]

 Yemen
Visa required[202]

 Zambia
Visa not required[203]
90 days

 Zimbabwe
Visa not required[204]
3 months

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[205]

 Kosovo
Visa required[206]

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[207]

 Nagorno-Karabakh
Visa required[208]
Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[209]

 Palestine
Visa not required[210]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[211]

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[212][213]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[214]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[215][216]

 Taiwan
Visa required[217][218]

 Transnistria
Visa not required[219]
Registration required after 24h.[220][221]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[222]
90 days

 Macau
Visa on arrival[223]

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa required[224]

 Greenland
Visa required[225]

France

 French Guiana
Visa required[226]

 French Polynesia
Visa required[227]

 French West Indies
Visa required
French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.

 Mayotte
Visa required[228]

 New Caledonia
Visa required[229]

 Réunion
Visa required[230]

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa required[231]

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa required[232]

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa required[233]

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa required[234]
Caribbean Netherlands refers to Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa not required[235]
90 days

 Sint Maarten
Visa required[236]

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[237]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[238]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[239]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa required[240]

 Anguilla
Visa required[241]
Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa.[242]

 Bermuda
Visa required[243]

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[244]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa required[245]

 Cayman Islands
Visa required[246]

 Falkland Islands
Visa required[247]

 Gibraltar
Visa required[248]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[249]

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[250][251][252]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[253]

 Saint Helena
eVisa[254][255]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[256]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[257][258]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa required[259]
Holders of a valid visa issued by Canada, United Kingdom or the USA do not required a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days.

United States

 American Samoa
Visa required[260]

 Guam
Visa required[261]

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa required[262]

 Puerto Rico
Visa required[263]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa required[264]

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276]


document_title: Jess Glynne

question_text: when does jess glynne new album come out

text: Jess Glynne

text: Early life[edit]

text: Jess Glynne was born in Hampstead and raised in Muswell Hill, North London, in a Jewish family.[4] Her father, Laurence Glynne, is an estate agent; and her mother, Alexandra (née Ingram), worked in A&R in the music industry. [5][6][7]  The family name was originally Goldstein, but her grandfather changed it to Glynne.[6] She applied for the television show The X Factor when she was 15 years old, but dropped out of the audition process following a disagreement with the producers.[8][9] She attended Rhodes Avenue Primary School, then attended Fortismere School, where she completed her A-levels in 2008, and took various jobs at a boutique, a fitness centre and a hairdresser's.[6] After a period spent travelling the world, Glynne worked for a music management company in her late teens and began networking with songwriters and producers, eventually honing her artistry for four years.[6][8]

text: Career[edit]

text: 2010–2013: Career beginnings[edit]

text: Glynne completed a year-long music course at an East London college, Access to Music London, where she met her future collaborators: songwriter Jin Jin and producer Bless Beats.[4][9] One of Glynne and Jin Jin's compositions caught the attention of Black Butter Records, who signed Glynne to a publishing deal and introduced her to music managers and lawyers.[10] Black Butter co-president Joe Gossa said of Glynne, "her voice just flipped me out [...] There was a fierceness to it. She can talk about everyday things in this way that's just epic".[11] She signed a contract with Atlantic Records in August 2013, consequently leaving her job at the time in brand management for a drinks company.[6]

text: 2013–2016: I Cry When I Laugh and breakthrough[edit]

text: During 2013, deep house producer Route 94 approached Glynne about rewriting and providing vocals for a song of his, called "My Love", which at the time contained a sample that he was prohibited from using.[12] "My Love", featuring Glynne, was released on DJ Annie Mac's compilation album Annie Mac Presents in October 2013. British band Clean Bandit heard ''My Love" and approached Glynne to feature on their song "Rather Be".[12] Jack Patterson of Clean Bandit spoke of "a real subtlety of emotion in her voice [...] You can hear the fragility of her personality, but at the same time there's a raw power".[11]

text: Released as a single in January 2014, "Rather Be" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the third fastest-selling single and the most streamed song of 2014.[13] The track attained number-one and top-five positions on charts across Europe and Oceania, and was a top ten hit on the US Billboard Hot 100. In April 2014, British DJ Route 94's "My Love" was released as a single; it also debuted at number one in the UK.[14] Both "Rather Be" and ''My Love" received nominations at the BRIT Awards for Best British Single.[15] For her work on "Rather Be", Glynne won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording and was nominated for Song of the Year at the inaugural BBC Music Awards.[16][17]

text: In February 2014, Glynne uploaded a music video onto the internet for her song "Home" (produced by Bless Beats).[18][19] Her debut solo single, the Gorgon City-produced "Right Here", was released in July 2014 and charted in several countries, including at number six in the UK. Glynne appeared at several British music festivals during mid 2014, including Bestival, Glastonbury, Lovebox, Summer Series at Somerset House, V Festival, and Wireless.[5][8][20] She toured around the UK from October 2014, beginning in Sheffield and finishing at the Electric Brixton in London.[21] Also during 2014, Glynne collaborated on songwriting projects with Iggy Azalea, Little Mix, MO, Rita Ora, Rudimental, and Tinie Tempah.[9][22][23] A second collaboration with Clean Bandit, "Real Love", was released in November 2014 and reached number two in the UK; unlike with "Rather Be", Glynne received equal lead billing on this track.[24]

text: Glynne's single "Hold My Hand", her second as the sole credited lead artist, debuted at number one in the UK in late March 2015, where it spent three weeks.[25][26] Glynne is featured on "Not Letting Go", a 2015 single by English rapper Tinie Tempah that reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, bringing Glynne's total of UK number-one singles to four.[27] She underwent surgery on her vocal cords in mid 2015 and consequently cancelled several live performances, including the Glastonbury Festival.[28][29] Glynne's debut album, titled I Cry When I Laugh, was released in the UK in August 2015, following the single "Don't Be So Hard on Yourself".[27][30] It features contributions from Knox Brown, Naughty Boy, Starsmith, Talay Riley, and Switch, as well as her regular collaborators Bless Beats and Jin Jin.[31][32] Glynne became the second British female solo artist after Cheryl to have five number-one singles on the UK Singles Chart when "Don't Be So Hard on Yourself" reached number one.[33] I Cry When I Laugh entered the UK Albums Chart at number one.[3]

text:
In September 2015, it was announced that Glynne would appear on the twelfth series of The X Factor as a guest judge at Cheryl's Judges' Houses segment.[34] The same month, she presented the Vice magazine-produced documentary film The Brit Invasion, which documented the rise of EDM and British dance music in the United States.[35] Glynne's track "Take Me Home" was released as the official Children in Need 2015 charity single in November[36] and peaked at number 6 in the UK becoming Glynne's eighth overall top 10 hit in the country.
In June 2016, it was revealed Glynne had turned down the chance to be a judge on The Voice UK, insisting she's "just not interested" in a role on the show. Also in June 2016, Glynne announced she would embark on a UK arena tour in November, titled Take Me Home Tour, after the tour finished Glynne took a break from releasing any new material.[37] On 2 August 2017 the singer's album has spent more than 100 weeks on the UK's top 100 album chart (being physical, digital and vinyl version) since it was released in 2015, sitting at number 74.

text: 2016–present: Always In Between[edit]

text: After it was reported in October 2016 that Glynne was working with some “big” producers for her second album, in July 2017 The Sun newspaper reported that Ed Sheeran was helping her on her comeback and had penned two new songs for her called "Thursday" and "Woman Like Me".

text: In January 2018 Glynne made her comeback featuring on Rudimental's new single "These Days" alongside American rapper Macklemore and Dan Caplen, which charted successfully on the UK Singles Chart. The following month, it was announced that Glynne would be performing at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in Swansea on the May bank holiday weekend. On 30 March, after spending seven consecutive weeks at number 2 behind "God's Plan by Drake, "These Days" finally made it to number 1. This made Glynne the first British woman in UK chart history to have six number-one singles.[38]

text: In April 2018 Glynne deleted her Instagram posts, leading many to speculate she planned on releasing an upcoming project. It was announced that Glynne would be performing and releasing her new single written by herself and Aidan Chapman, titled "I'll Be There", on The Graham Norton Show on 4 May. The song reached number 1 on 15 June, becoming Glynne’s seventh.

text: On 28 June, Glynne released the title Always In Between, artwork and tracklist for the album. Her management confirmed a month earlier the album is slated for release in September 2018.[39][40] An eleven-date arena tour, the Always In Between Tour, was announced on her social media platforms and official website.[41]

text: Influences[edit]

text: Glynne's musical influences include Frank Ocean and Amy Winehouse.[42] She cites Adele, Sam Cooke, Destiny's Child, Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston and Etta James as inspirations for her vocal style and rappers such as Eminem, Jay Z and Kendrick Lamar for her songwriting.[9] She has also listed India Arie, Beyoncé, Mary J. Blige, Mariah Carey and Mavis Staples as musical inspirations.[43][44][45] Glynne said that Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill was the album that motivated her to start writing songs.[12]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
I Cry When I Laugh (2015)
Always in Between (2018)

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

2015

Strictly Come Dancing

Performer

2015

The X Factor

Guest judge

2015

BBC Children In Need

Charity Single Performance

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Ain't Got Far to Go Tour (2015)
Take Me Home Tour (2016–2017) - Creative Direction by Jolene Henry, Production and Lighting Design by Cassius Creative, Video Design by Adam Young for FRAY Studio.
Always in Between Tour (2018) - Creative Direction by Jolene Henry, Production and Lighting Design by Cassius Creative, Video Design by Adam Young for  FRAY Studio.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Awards

Category

Recipient

Outcome

2014

MOBO Awards

Best Newcomer

Herself

Nominated

BBC Music Awards

Song of the Year

"Rather Be"

Nominated

2015

Grammy Awards

Best Dance Recording

Won

Ivor Novello Awards

Most Performed Work

Best Contemporary Song

Brit Awards

British Single of the Year

Nominated

Billboard Music Awards

Top Dance/Electronic Song

MOBO Awards

Best Song

"Not Letting Go"

Best Female Act

Herself

MTV Japan Video Music Awards

Best New Artist International

MTV Europe Music Awards

Best New Act

Best Push Act

Best UK & Ireland Act

BBC Music Awards

Song of the Year

"Hold My Hand"

2016

Ivor Novello Awards

PRS For Music Most Performed Work

Brit Awards

British Single of the Year

Breakthrough Act

Herself

British Female Solo Artist

Silver Clef Award

Best Newcomer Award

Won

The A&R Awards

Breakthrough Artist Award

ASCAP Vanguard Award

Vanguard Award

EDM Song Award

"Hold My Hand"

MTV Europe Music Awards

Best World Stage Performance

Herself

Nominated

BBC Music Awards

Artist of the Year

Nominated

2018

NatWest British LGBT Awards

Music Artist of the Year

Herself

Won