document_title: Saving Private Ryan

question_text: where was saving private ryan beach scene filmed

text: Saving Private Ryan

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the current day, an elderly veteran visits the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial with his family. Upon seeing one particular grave, he falls to his knees overcome with emotion. The scene then shifts to the morning of June 6, 1944, as American soldiers land on Omaha Beach as part of the Normandy Invasion. They suffer heavy losses in assaulting German defensive positions of artillery and machine guns raining down intense fire on the American forces. Captain John H. Miller of the 2nd Ranger Battalion assembles a group to penetrate the German defenses, leading to a breakout from the beach. Elsewhere on the beach, a dead soldier lies face-down in the bloody surf; his pack is stenciled Ryan, S.

text: In Washington, D.C., at the U.S. War Department, General George Marshall learns that three of the four brothers of the Ryan family were killed in action and that the fourth son, James, has been parachuted somewhere over Normandy but is currently unable to be located. He is also informed that their mother will receive all three telegrams notifying her of her three sons' deaths on the same day. After reading Abraham Lincoln's Bixby letter aloud for his staff, he orders that James Ryan be found and returned home immediately.

text: Three days after D-Day, Miller receives orders to find Ryan and bring him back from the front. He assembles six men from his company—T/Sgt. Mike Horvath, Privates First Class Richard Reiben and Adrian Caparzo, Privates Stanley Mellish and Danny Jackson, medic Irwin Wade—plus T/5 Timothy Upham, a cartographer and interpreter borrowed from another unit. They move out to Neuville, where they meet a squad from the 101st Airborne Division, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper, quickly taken out by Jackson. They locate a Private James Ryan but quickly learn he is not their man. They eventually encounter a friend of James Ryan, who tells them that he is defending an important bridge in the town of Ramelle.

text: On the way to Ramelle, Miller decides to neutralize a German machine gun position at a derelict radar station, despite his men's misgivings; Wade is killed in the skirmish. Miller, at Upham's urging, declines to execute a surviving German soldier (nicknamed "Steamboat Willie") and sets him free on the condition that he surrender to the first Allied unit he encounters. Losing confidence in Miller's leadership, Reiben declares his intention to desert, prompting a confrontation with Horvath, which Miller defuses by disclosing his civilian background as a teacher, about which his men had set up a betting pool. Reiben reluctantly decides to stay.

text: Outside Ramelle, Miller and the squad encounters a German half-track with troops and ambush them together with three paratroopers, one of whom is Ryan. In the town, Miller's squad find a small group of paratroopers preparing to defend the key bridge, and where Miller tells Ryan about his brothers and their orders to bring him home, with two of his men having been lost in finding him. He is distressed at the loss of his brothers, but asks Miller to tell his mother that he intends to stay "with the only brothers [he has] left." Miller decides to join his unit with the paratroopers in defense of the bridge against the imminent German attack. Miller forms ambush positions throughout the ruined town, preparing to attack arriving tanks and infantry with mines, Molotov cocktails, detonation cords and "sticky bombs" made from socks filled with Composition B smeared with thick grease.

text: Elements of the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrive with infantry and armor, comprising two Tiger I tanks and two Marder tank destroyers/light assault guns. Although they managed to inflict heavy casualties on the Germans, including destroying one Tiger tank and both Marders, most of the paratroopers, along with Jackson, Mellish and Horvath are killed, while Upham avoids fighting due to his jittery nerves and hides himself from his German foes. Miller attempts to blow up the bridge, but is shot and mortally wounded by Steamboat Willie, who had somehow rejoined the Germans. In confusion and supposed desperation after suffering intense German fire, Miller crawls to the middle of the bridge and attempts to open fire on the oncoming German tank and accompanying troops with his pistol. Just before the last Tiger tank reaches the bridge, an American P-51 Mustang flies overhead and destroys the tank, followed by American armored units which rout the remaining Germans. Witnessing Miller's shooting, Upham leaps out from his hiding and confronts Steamboat Willie and his group as they attempt to retreat. Steamboat Willie raises his hands in surrender and smiles, believing that Upham will accept because of their earlier encounter. Instead, Upham kills him, but lets the other Germans flee.

text: Reiben and Ryan are with Miller as he dies and utters his last words, "James...earn this. Earn it."

text: The elderly veteran is revealed to be Ryan and the grave he is standing at is Miller’s. Ryan expresses his appreciation for what Miller and the others did for him. He then asks his wife if he is a "good man" worthy of their sacrifices, to which she tells him he is. Ryan comes to attention and salutes Miller's grave.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Captain Miller
Tom Sizemore as Sergeant Horvath
Edward Burns as Private Reiben
Barry Pepper as Private Jackson
Adam Goldberg as Private Mellish
Vin Diesel as Private Caparzo
Giovanni Ribisi as T-4 Medic Wade
Jeremy Davies as Corporal Upham
Matt Damon as Private Ryan
Ted Danson as Captain Hamill
Paul Giamatti as Sergeant Hill
Dennis Farina as Lieutenant Colonel Anderson
Joerg Stadler as Steamboat Willie
Max Martini as Corporal Henderson
Nathan Fillion as Minnesota Ryan
Leland Orser as Lieutenant DeWindt
Ryan Hurst as Paratrooper Mandelsohn
Harve Presnell as General Marshall
Dale Dye as War Department Colonel
Bryan Cranston as War Department Colonel
Harrison Young as Ryan as Old Man
Kathleen Byron as Old Mrs. Ryan

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1994, Robert Rodat wrote the script for the film. Rodat's script was submitted to producer Mark Gordon, who liked it and in turn passed it along to Spielberg to direct. The film is loosely based on the World War II life stories of the Niland brothers. A shooting date was set for June 27, 1997.[4]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In casting the film Spielberg sought to create a cast that "looked" the part, stating in an interview, "You know, the people in World War II actually looked different than people look today", adding to this end that he cast partly based on wanting the cast "to match the faces I saw on the newsreels." [5]

text: Before filming began, several of the film's stars, including Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, Giovanni Ribisi, and Tom Hanks, endured ten days of "boot camp" training led by Marine veteran Dale Dye and Warriors, Inc., a California-based company that specializes in training actors for realistic military portrayals.[6] Matt Damon was intentionally not brought into the camp, to make the rest of the group feel resentment towards the character.[7] Spielberg had stated that his main intention in forcing the actors to go through the boot camp was not to learn the proper techniques but rather "because I wanted them to respect what it was like to be a soldier."[5]

text: The film's second scene is a 20+ minute sequence recounting the landing on the beaches of Normandy. Spielberg chose to include this particularly violent sequence in order "to bring the audience onto the stage with me" specifically noting that he did not want the "audience to be spectators" but rather he wanted to "demand them to be participants with those kids who had never seen combat before in real life, and get to the top of Omaha Beach together."[5]

text: Spielberg had already demonstrated his interest in World War II themes with the films 1941, Empire of the Sun, Schindler's List, and the Indiana Jones series. Spielberg later co-produced the World War II themed television miniseries Band of Brothers and its counterpart The Pacific with Tom Hanks. When asked about this by American Cinematographer, Spielberg said, "I think that World War II is the most significant event of the last 100 years; the fate of the baby boomers and even Generation X was linked to the outcome. Beyond that, I've just always been interested in World War II. My earliest films, which I made when I was about 14 years old, were combat pictures that were set both on the ground and in the air. For years now, I've been looking for the right World War II story to shoot, and when Robert Rodat wrote Saving Private Ryan, I found it."[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Spielberg wanted an almost exact replica of the Omaha Beach landscape for the movie, including similar sand and a bluff similar to the one where German forces were stationed and a near match was found in Ireland. The D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County Wexford, Ireland.[9][10][11] Hanks recalled to Roger Ebert that although he realized it was a movie, the experience still hit him hard, stating, "The first day of shooting the D-Day sequences, I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was."[12] Filming began June 27, 1997, and lasted for two months.[13][14][15] Some shooting was done in Normandy, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer and Calvados. Other scenes were filmed in England, such as a former British Aerospace factory in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Thame Park, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. Production was due to also take place in Seaham, County Durham, but government restrictions disallowed this.[16]

text: Portrayal of history[edit]

text: Saving Private Ryan has received critical acclaim for its realistic portrayal of World War II combat. In particular, the sequence depicting the Omaha Beach landings was named the "best battle scene of all time" by Empire magazine and was ranked number one on TV Guide's list of the "50 Greatest Movie Moments".[17] The scene cost US$12 million and involved up to 1,500 extras, some of whom were members of the Irish Reserve Defence Forces. Members of local reenactment groups such as the Second Battle Group were cast as extras to play German soldiers.[18] In addition, twenty to thirty actual amputees were used to portray American soldiers maimed during the landing.[19] Spielberg did not storyboard the sequence, as he wanted spontaneous reactions and for "the action to inspire me as to where to put the camera".[20]

text: The historical representation of Charlie Company's actions, led by its commander, Captain Ralph E. Goranson, was well maintained in the opening sequence. The sequence and details of the events are very close to the historical record, including the sea sickness experienced by many of the soldiers as the landing craft moved toward the shoreline, significant casualties among the men as they disembarked from the boats, and difficulty linking up with adjacent units on the shore.

text: The distinctive signature "ping" of the US soldiers' M1 Garand rifles ejecting their ammunition clips is heard throughout the battle sequence. The contextual details of the Company's actions were well maintained, for instance, the correct code names for the sector Charlie Company assaulted, and adjacent sectors, were used. Included in the cinematic depiction of the landing was a follow-on mission of clearing a bunker and trench system at the top of the cliffs which was not part of the original mission objectives for Charlie Company, but which they did undertake after the assault on the beach.[21]

text: The landing craft used included twelve actual World War II examples, 10 LCVPs and 2 LCMs, standing in for the British LCAs that the Ranger Companies rode in to the beach during Operation Overlord.[21][22] The filmmakers used underwater cameras to better depict soldiers being hit by bullets in the water. Forty barrels of fake blood were used to simulate the effect of blood in the seawater.[19] This degree of realism was more difficult to achieve when depicting World War II German armored vehicles, as few examples survive in operating condition. The Tiger I tanks in the film were copies built on the chassis of old, but functional, Soviet T-34 tanks.[23] The two vehicles described in the film as Panzers were meant to portray Marder III tank destroyers. One was created for the film using the chassis of a Czech-built Panzer 38(t) tank[24] similar to the construction of the original Marder III; the other was a cosmetically modified Swedish SAV m/43 assault gun, which also used the 38(t) chassis.[25]

text: There are, however, historical inaccuracies in the film's depiction of the Normandy campaign. At the time of the mission, American forces from the two American beach areas, Utah and Omaha, had not yet linked up.[26] In reality, a Ranger team operating out of the Omaha beach area would have had to move through the heavily enemy-occupied city of Carentan, or swim or boat across the estuary linking Carentan to the channel, or transfer by boat to the Utah landing area. On the other hand, US forces moving out of Utah would have had direct and much shorter routes, relatively unencumbered by enemy positions, and were already in contact with some teams from both US airborne divisions landed in the area.[27]

text: The Utah beach landings, however, were relatively uncontested, with assault units landing on largely unoccupied beaches and experiencing far less action than the landings at Omaha.[28] The filmmakers chose to begin the narrative with a depiction of the more dramatic story of Omaha, despite the strategic inaccuracy of an impossible mission that could easily have been pursued from the other beach area. In addition, one of the most notable of the operational flaws is the depiction of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich as the adversary during the fictional Battle of Ramelle. The 2nd SS was not engaged in Normandy until July, and then at Caen against the British and Canadians, 100 miles east.[29] Furthermore, the Merderet River bridges were not an objective of the 101st Airborne Division but of the 82nd Airborne Division, part of Mission Boston.[30]

text: Much has also been said about various "tactical errors" made by both the German and American forces in the film's climactic battle. Spielberg responded, saying that in many scenes he opted to replace sound military tactics and strict historical accuracy for dramatic effect.[31] Some other technical errors were also made, often censored, including the mistaken reversed orientation of the beach barriers; the tripod obstructions with a mine at the apex.

text: To achieve a tone and quality that was true to the story as well as reflected the period in which it is set, Spielberg once again collaborated with cinematographer Janusz Kamiński, saying, "Early on, we both knew that we did not want this to look like a Technicolor extravaganza about World War II, but more like color newsreel footage from the 1940s, which is very desaturated and low-tech." Kamiński had the protective coating stripped from the camera lenses, making them closer to those used in the 1940s. He explains that "without the protective coating, the light goes in and starts bouncing around, which makes it slightly more diffused and a bit softer without being out of focus." The cinematographer completed the overall effect by putting the negative through bleach bypass, a process that reduces brightness and color saturation. The shutter timing was set to 90 or 45 degrees for many of the battle sequences, as opposed to the standard of 180-degree timing. Kamiński clarifies, "In this way, we attained a certain staccato in the actors' movements and a certain crispness in the explosions, which makes them slightly more realistic."[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Saving Private Ryan was a critical and commercial success and is credited with contributing to a resurgence in America's interest in World War II. Old and new films, video games, and novels about the war enjoyed renewed popularity after its release.[33] The film's use of desaturated colors, hand-held cameras, and tight angles has profoundly influenced subsequent films and video games.[34][35] Saving Private Ryan was released in 2,463 theaters on July 24, 1998, and grossed $30.5 million on its opening weekend. The film grossed $216.5 million in the US and Canada. and $265.3 million in other territories, bringing its worldwide total to $481.8 million and making it the highest-grossing US film of the year.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 45.74 million tickets in the United States and Canada.[36]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received critical acclaim and has a 'certified fresh' rating of 92% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 132 reviews with an average score of 8.6 out of 10. The consensus states "Anchored by another winning performance from Hanks, Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre."[37] The film also has a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 35 critic reviews indicating "universal acclaim".[38]

text: Much of the praise went for the realistic battle scenes[39] and the actors' performances.[40] However, it did earn some criticism for ignoring the contributions of several other countries to the D-Day landings in general and at Omaha Beach specifically.[41] The most direct example of the latter is that during the actual landing the 2nd Rangers disembarked from British ships and were taken to Omaha Beach by Royal Navy landing craft (LCAs). The film depicts them as being United States Coast Guard-crewed craft (LCVPs and LCMs) from an American ship, the USS Thomas Jefferson (APA-30).[21][42][43] This criticism was far from universal with other critics recognizing the director's intent to make an "American" film.[44] The film was not released in Malaysia after Spielberg refused to cut the violent scenes;[45] however, the film was finally released there on DVD with an 18SG certificate much later in 2005. Many critics associations, such as New York Film Critics Circle and Los Angeles Film Critics Association, chose Saving Private Ryan as Film of the Year.[46] Roger Ebert gave it four stars out of four and called it "a powerful experience".[40]

text: Filmmaker Robert Altman wrote a letter to Spielberg stating, "Private Ryan was awesome -- best I've seen."[47] Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has expressed admiration for the film and has cited it as an influence on his 2009 film, Inglourious Basterds.[48]

text: Many World War II veterans stated that the film was the most realistic depiction of combat they had ever seen.[49] The film was so realistic that combat veterans of D-Day and Vietnam left theaters rather than finish watching the opening scene depicting the Normandy invasion. Their visits to posttraumatic stress disorder counselors rose in number after the film's release, and many counselors advised "'more psychologically vulnerable'" veterans to avoid watching it.[50] The Department of Veterans Affairs set up a nationwide hotline for veterans who were affected by the film, and less than two weeks after the film was released it had already received over 170 calls.[51]

text: The film has gained criticism and negative reviews from some war veterans and film critics. Film director and military veteran Oliver Stone has accused the film of promoting "the worship of World War II as the good war," and has placed it alongside films such as Gladiator and Black Hawk Down that he believes were well-made, but may have inadvertently contributed to Americans' readiness for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[52] In defense of the film's portrait of warfare, Brian De Palma commented, "The level of violence in something like Saving Private Ryan makes sense because Spielberg is trying to show something about the brutality of what happened."[53] Actor Richard Todd, who performed in The Longest Day and was amongst the first of the Allied soldiers to land in Normandy (Operation Tonga), said the film was "Rubbish. Overdone."[54] American academic Paul Fussell, who saw combat in France during World War II, objected to what he described as, "the way Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, after an honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening visualizing details of the unbearable bloody mess at Omaha Beach, degenerated into a harmless, uncritical patriotic performance apparently designed to thrill 12-year-old boys during the summer bad-film season. Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious."[55]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, and won five including Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Film Editing, and Best Director for Spielberg, but lost the Best Picture award to Shakespeare in Love, being one of a few that have won the Best Director award without also winning Best Picture.[56][57] The Academy's decision to not award the film with the Best Picture Oscar has resulted in much criticism in recent years, with many considering it as one of the biggest snubs in the ceremony's history.[58][59]

text: The film also won the Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Director, the BAFTA Award for Special Effects and Sound, the Directors Guild of America Award, a Grammy Award for Best Film Soundtrack, the Producers Guild of America Golden Laurel Award, and the Saturn Award for Best Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.[46] The American Film Institute has included Saving Private Ryan in many of its lists, ranking it as the 71st greatest American movie in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition),[60] as well as the 45th most thrilling film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills,[61] the 10th most inspiring in AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers,[62] and the eighth best epic film in "AFI's 10 Top 10".[63]

text:
List of awards and nominations received by Saving Private Ryan

Award
Category
Nominee
Result

71st Academy Awards
Best Picture
Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce, Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Original Screenplay
Robert Rodat
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Won

Best Art Direction
Thomas E. Sanders and Lisa Dean
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
Gary Rydstrom, Gary Summers, Andy Nelson and Ron Judkins
Won

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Sound Effects Editing
Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns
Won

Best Makeup
Lois Burwell, Conor O'Sullivan and Daniel C. Striepeke
Nominated

Best Music, Original Dramatic Score
John Williams
Nominated

Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Thriller Film

Won

Best Special Effects

Nominated

Amanda Awards
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Feature Film
Michael Kahn
Won

American Society of Cinematographers
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated

Art Directors Guild
Feature Film

Nominated

Awards of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Film

Nominated

BAFTA Awards
Best Sound

Won

Best Special Visual Effects

Won

Best Music
John Williams
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated

Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Nominated

Best Film

Nominated

Best Makeup & Hair

Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Production Design

Nominated

Best Direction
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

BMI Film Music Award
BMI Film Music Award
John Williams
Won

Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Favorite Actor
Tom Hanks
Won

Favorite Supporting Actor
Jeremy Davies
Nominated

Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

British Society of Cinematographers
Best Cinematography

Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Best Score
John Williams
Won

Camerimage
Best Cinematography

Nominated

Casting Society of America
Best Casting

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society
Best Sound

Won

Czech Lions
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Won

César Awards
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Directors Guild of America
Outstanding Directorial Achievement
Steven Spielberg
Won

Empire Awards
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Film

Nominated

European Film Award
Screen International Award
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards
Best Foreign Film

Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Golden Globes
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Motion Picture – Drama

Won

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Screenplay

Nominated

Grammy Awards
Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
John Williams
Won

Huabiao Film Awards
Best Foreign Film

Won

Humanitas Prize
Feature Film Category

Nominated

Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists
Best Foreign Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Film

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Jeremy Davies
Won

Key Art Awards
Best of Show – Audiovisual

Won

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

London Critics Circle Film Awards
Film of the Year

Won

Actor of the Year
Matt Damon
Nominated

Actor of the Year
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Director of the Year
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

MTV Movie Awards
Best Action Sequence
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Movie

Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors
Best Sound Editing – Dialogue

Won

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

Won

Best Sound Editing – Music

Nominated

National Board of Review
Top Ten Films

Won

National Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Film

Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Film

Won

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Ensemble

Won

Best Film

Won

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Music
John Williams
Nominated

PGA Awards
Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award

Won

Russian Guild of Film Critics
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Won

Satellite Awards
Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Film

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Original Score

Nominated

Best Original Screenplay

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Tom Sizemore
Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Action or Adventure Film

Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Toronto Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Writers Guild of America
Best Original Screenplay
Robert Rodat
Nominated

text: Television broadcasts[edit]

text: On Veterans Day from 2001–2004, the American Broadcasting Company aired the film uncut and with limited commercial interruption. The network airings were given a TV-MA rating, as the violent battle scenes and the profanity were left intact. The 2004 airing was marred by pre-emptions in many markets because of the language, in the backlash of Super Bowl XXXVIII's halftime show controversy.[64] However, critics and veterans' groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars assailed those stations and their owners, including Hearst-Argyle Television (owner of 12 ABC affiliates); Scripps Howard Broadcasting (owner of six); and Belo (owner of four) for putting profits ahead of programming and honoring those who gave their lives at wartime, saying the stations made more money running their own programming instead of being paid by the network to carry the film, especially during a sweeps period.

text: A total of 65 ABC affiliates—28% of the network—did not clear the available timeslot for the film, even with the offer of The Walt Disney Company, ABC's parent, to pay all fines for language to the Federal Communications Commission.[65] In the end, however, no complaints were lodged against ABC affiliates who showed Ryan, perhaps because even conservative watchdogs like the Parents Television Council supported the unedited rebroadcast of the film.[66] Additionally, some ABC affiliates in other markets that were near affected markets, such as Youngstown, Ohio, ABC affiliate WYTV (which is viewable in parts of the Columbus, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh markets, none of which aired the film) and Gainesville, Florida, ABC affiliate WCJB-TV (which is viewable in parts of the Orlando and Tampa markets), still aired the film and gave those nearby markets the option of viewing the film.[67] TNT and Turner Classic Movies have also broadcast the film.[68][69]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film was released on home video in May 1999 with a VHS release that earned over $44 million.[70] The DVD release became available in November of the same year,[71] and was one of the best-selling titles of the year, with over 1.5 million units sold.[72] The DVD was released in two separate versions: one with Dolby Digital and the other with DTS 5.1 surround sound. Besides the different 5.1 tracks, the two DVDs are identical. The film was also issued in a limited 2-disc LaserDisc in November 1999, making it one of the last feature films to be issued in this format, as LaserDiscs ceased manufacturing and distribution by year's end.[73]

text: In 2004, a Saving Private Ryan special edition DVD was released to commemorate the 60th anniversary of D-Day. This two-disc edition was also included in a box set titled World War II Collection, along with two documentaries produced by Spielberg, Price For Peace (about the Pacific War) and Shooting War (about war photographers, narrated by Tom Hanks).[74] The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on April 26, 2010 in the UK and on May 4, 2010 in the US, as part of Paramount Home Video's premium Sapphire Series.[75] However, only weeks after its release, Paramount issued a recall due to audio synchronization problems. The studio issued an official statement acknowledging the problem, which they attributed to an authoring error by Technicolor that escaped the quality control process, and that they had already begun the process of replacing the defective discs.[76]

text: On May 8, 2018, Paramount Home Media Distribution released Saving Private Ryan on Ultra HD Blu-ray to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of the film.[77]


document_title: Telephone exchange names

question_text: when did the phone company stop using letters

root

text: Telephone exchange names

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: In the United States, the most-populous cities, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago initially implemented dial service with telephone numbers consisting of three letters and four digits (3L-4N) according to a system developed by W. G. Blauvelt of AT&T in 1917.[1] This system mapped the letter of the telephone number to the digits on the telephone dial. Most other major Canadian and US cities, such as Toronto and Atlanta, were converted from manual exchanges using four digits to a local 2L-4N numbering plan. For example, in Montréal, ATwater 1234 was dialed as six pulls on the dial (AT1234) to send the digit sequence 281234. Eventually, starting in the late 1940s, all local numbering plans were changed to the 2L-5N system to prepare for nationwide Direct Distance Dialing. For example, under this system, a well-known number in New York City was listed as PEnnsylvania 6-5000.

tag: p

text: In small towns with a single central office, local calls typically required dialing only four or five-digits at most, without using named exchanges. A toll call required the assistance of an operator, who asked for the name of the town and the local station number. Some independent telephone companies, not part of the Bell System, also did not implement central office names.

text: In 1915, newly developed panel switching systems were tested in the Mulberry and Waverly exchanges in Newark, New Jersey. When the technology first appeared in the Mulberry exchange, subscribers had no dials on their telephones and the new system was transparent to them — they asked an operator to ring their called party as usual. However, the operator keyed the number into the panel equipment, instead of making cord connections manually.[2] The panel switch was later, from the early 1920s through the 1930s, installed in large metropolitan areas in the Bell System. By the 1950s twenty cities were served by this type of office.

text: From the time of these first conversions to automated equipment in the 1920s, through the conversions of most manual equipment by the 1960s, it was necessary for telephone numbers to be represented uniformly across the nation. By Bell System policy, customers never needed to be concerned about whether they were calling an automatic or a manual exchange. The 2L-5N system became the North American standard, as customer-dialed long distance service came into use in the 1950s.

text: Several standard formats of telephone numbers, based on central office names, capitalized the leading letters that were dialed, for example:

text:
BALdwin 6828 is a typical urban North American 3L-4N example, used in only large cities before conversion to two-letter central office names.
MArket 7032 is a typical North American six-digit (2L-4N) telephone number. This format was in use from the 1920s through the 1950s, and was phased out by ca. 1960.
ENglewood 3-1234 is an example of the 2L-5N format, gradually implemented continent-wide starting in the 1940s, in preparation for DDD.
MUrray Hill 5-9975 is another example of the 2L-5N format, one of the Ricardos' numbers on I Love Lucy. The H in Hill, although not dialed, is still capitalized as the first letter of the second word.

tag: ul

text: In print, such as on business cards or in advertisements, the full central office name was often shown only by the two letters:

text: TEmpleton 1-6400 would appear as TE 1-6400.

text: If the central office was known by a name, but no letters were dialed, it was common to capitalize only the first letter of the central office, e.g., Main 600W or Fairmont 33. Such numbers were assigned typically in manual offices, and the name would be spoken by a subscriber when requesting a destination. Often these were geographically significant names, such as the town's name.

text: In large cities with coexisting manual and dial areas, the numbering was generally standardized to one format. For example, when the last manual exchange in San Francisco was converted to dial in 1953, the numbers had for several years been in the format of JUniper 6-5833. JUniper 4 was automatic, but JUniper 6 was manual. To call JUniper 6 from JUniper 4, the subscriber dialed the number and it was displayed to the B-board operator at JUniper 6, and that operator would complete the connection manually. In the other direction, to call JUniper 4 from JUniper 6, the subscriber would lift the receiver and speak to the JUniper 4 operator who would in turn dial the JUniper 6 number.[3]

text: During the 1950s, cities using six-digit numbers converted to seven-digit dialing. Typically, several six-digit (2L-4N) exchanges were co-located in one building already, with new ones added as old ones had filled up. After the conversion, they were combined into a new 2L-5N exchange. For example, the CHerry, FIllmore, ATwater, and KLondike exchanges might be converted to OXford 1, 3, 6, and 7. Usually customers would keep the same station numbers.

text: In the 1940s, the Bell System developed the North American Numbering Plan, a system of initially 86 allocated area codes which were used at first only by switchboard operators to route trunk calls between plan areas. Direct long-distance dialing by customers, using the three-digit area code and a seven-digit telephone number, commenced in the 1950s.

text: Standardization[edit]

text:
U.S. Mapping of letters to dialed digits in the 1950s

dialed digit
letters

1

2
A B C

3
D E F

4
G H I

5
J K L

6
M N O

7
P R S

8
T U V

9
W X Y

0
Z

tag: table

text: In 1955, AT&T distributed a list of recommended exchange names that were the result of studies to minimize misunderstandings when spoken.[4][5] The recommendation was intended for newly established exchanges, and did not mandate any renaming of existing historical names. The number sequences 55x, 57x, 95x, and 97x had no exchange names specified, as the mappings for the digits 5, 7, and 9 had no vowels, thus making it difficult finding names with those consonant combinations. As a result, those numbers were very seldom assigned to exchanges, however, KLondike was used for 55x in San Francisco and Columbus, Ohio, and WRigley 5 (975) in Chicago (Wrigley Field). On the telephone dial, letters were mapped to digits using the assignments shown in the table (right).

text: The following shows AT&T's recommended list of central office names in 1955, sorted by the three-digit office code, where x can be any digit.

text:
Numerical
prefix
Recommended central office names (1955)

22x
ACademy, BAldwin, CAnal, CApital, CAstle

23x
ADams, BElmont, BEverly, CEdar, CEnter, CEntral

24x
CHapel, CHerry, CHestnut, CHurchill, CIrcle

25x
ALpine, BLackburn, CLearbrook, CLearwater, CLifford, CLinton

26x
AMherst, ANdrew, COlfax, COlony, COngress

27x
BRidge, BRoad(way), BRown(ing), CRestview, CRestwood

28x
ATlantic, ATlas, ATwater, ATwood, AVenue, BUtler

29x
AXminster, AXtel, CYpress

32x
DAvenport, DAvis, EAst(gate), FAculty, FAirfax, FAirview

33x
DEerfield, DEwey, EDgewater, EDgewood, EDison, FEderal

34x
DIamond, DIckens, FIeldbrook, FIeldstone, FIllmore, FIrestone

35x
ELgin, ELliot, ELmwood, FLanders, FLeetwood

36x
EMerson, EMpire, ENdicott, FOrest, FOxcroft

37x
DRake, DRexel, ESsex, FRanklin, FRontier

38x
DUdley, DUnkirk, DUpont, EVergreen, FUlton

39x
EXbrook, EXeter, EXport, EXpress

42x
GArden, GArfield, HAmilton, HArrison, HAzel

43x
GEneral, GEneva, HEmlock, HEmpstead, IDlewood

44x
GIbson, GIlbert, HIckman, HIckory, HIllcrest, HIlltop

45x
GLadstone, GLencourt, GLendale, GLenview, GLobe

46x
HObart, HOmestead, HOpkins, HOward, INgersoll

47x
GRanite, GReenfield, GReenleaf, GReenwood, GRidley, GRover

48x
HUbbard, HUdson, HUnter, HUntley, HUxley, IVanhoe

49x
GYpsy, HYacinth, HYatt

52x
JAckson, LAfayette, LAkeside, LAkeview, LAmbert, LAwrence

53x
JEfferson, KEllogg, KEystone, LEhigh, LEnox

54x
KImball, KIngsdale, KIngswood, LIberty, LIncoln, LInden

56x
JOhn, JOrdan, LOcust, LOgan, LOwell

58x
JUniper, JUno, JUstice, LUdlow, LUther

59x
LYceum, LYndhurst, LYnwood, LYric

62x
MAdison, MAin, MArket, MAyfair, NAtional

63x
MEdford, MElrose, MErcury, NEptune, NEwton, NEwtown

64x
MIdway, MIlton, MIssion, MItchell, NIagara

65x
OLdfield, OLive, OLiver, OLympia, OLympic

66x
MOhawk, MOntrose, MOrris, NOrmandy, NOrth(field)

67x
ORange, ORchard, ORiole, ORleans, OSborne

68x
MUrdock, MUrray, MUseum, MUtual, OVerbrook, OVerland

69x
MYrtle, OWen, OXbow, OXford

72x
PAlace, PArk(view), PArk(way), RAndolph, RAymond, SAratoga

73x
PErshing, REd(field), REd(wood), REgent, REpublic

74x
PIlgrim, PIoneer, RIver(side), RIver(view), SHadyside, SHerwood

75x
PLateau, PLaza, PLeasant, PLymouth, SKyline

76x
POplar, POrter, ROckwell, ROger(s), SOuth(field)

77x
PRescott, PResident, PRospect, SPring, SPruce

78x
STate, STerling, STillwell, STory, SUffolk, SUnset,

79x
PYramid, SWarthmore, SWift, SWinburne, SYcamore

82x
TAlbot, TAlmadge, TAylor, VAlley, VAndyke

83x
TEmple(ton), TEnnyson, TErminal, TErrace, VErnon

84x
THornwell, TIlden, VIctor(ia), VIking, VInewood

85x
ULrick, ULster, ULysses

86x
TOwnsend, UNderhill, UNion, UNiversity, VOlunteer

87x
TRemont, TRiangle, TRinity, TRojan, UPtown

88x
TUcker, TUlip, TUrner, TUxedo

89x
TWilight, TWinbrook, TWining, TWinoaks

92x
WAbash, WAlker, WAlnut, WArwick, WAverly

93x
WEbster, WEllington, WElls, WEst(more), YEllowstone

94x
WHitehall, WHitney, WIlliam(s), WIlson, WIndsor

96x
WOodland, WOodlawn, WOodward, WOrth, YOrktown

98x
YUkon

99x
WYandotte, WYman, WYndown

text: Fictitious phone numbers starting with 55 used the fictitious exchange name KLondike (55). The letter Q was never used in the naming system, but Z was often mapped on the telephone dial to the digit 0 (zero) to facilitate dialing of Zenith numbers.[citation needed]

text: All-number calling[edit]

text: As demand for telephone service grew in the post–World War II period, it was foreseeable that the demand would exceed the addressing capacity of the existing system of using memorable telephone central office names as prefixes in telephone numbers. Several letter combinations had no pronounceable or memorable names and could not be used. Several North American numbering plan areas (NPAs) were divided so that more office codes became available to smaller regions. However, as the growth accelerated, the Bell System decided to implement all-number calling (ANC) and to deprecate the use of central office names to provide more central office codes to each NPA. This extended the usable numbering plan and only two area code splits became necessary between 1962 and 1981. All-number calling was phased in starting in 1958 and most areas had adopted it fully by the mid-1960s. In some areas it did not become universal until the 1980s. The Bell System published and distributed area code handbooks yearly which compiled the towns available for calling using an area code.

text: Experiencing significant resistance in many areas, the Bell System employed a strategy of gradual changes to ease the transition for customers. Originally, directory listings were printed with the central office name spelled out in full, e.g.,

text:
Jones John 123 Anystreet
BUtterfield 5-1212

Jones Paul 5 Revolution Rd
ANdrew 3-2368

text: The first stage in the conversion only the dialed letters were printed:

text:
Jones John 123 Anystreet
BU 5-1212

Jones Paul 5 Revolution Rd
AN 3-2368

text: At this stage, the telephone companies had the means to assign letter combinations for central office prefixes that were previously unavailable, thus any set of five- or fewer-digit numbers could be expanded to seven digits:

text:
Ramsay Betty 12 Connecticut Rd
LT 1-5225

text: At this stage all central office codes could be easily converted into their numerical format:

text:
Ramsay Betty 12 Connecticut Rd
581-5225

text: The Bell System proceeded to convert existing named exchanges to all-number calling, starting in smaller communities. No significant opposition arose until conversion began in major cities. In some cities such as San Francisco, opposition was organized; the opposition group in San Francisco was called the Anti Digit Dialing League, of which S. I. Hayakawa was a notable member.[6] The opposition caused AT&T to slow down the conversion process, and names continued to be used in cities such as New York, which went to ANC only in 1978. Philadelphia had named exchanges in the Bell of Pennsylvania telephone book as late as 1983, long after AT&T had hoped to complete the conversion.

text: Bell Canada, Alberta Government Telephones, and B.C. Tel completed most conversions of existing numbers during the first half of the 1960s. In Toronto, historically 2L+4N before numbers were lengthened to accommodate the 1957 introduction of direct distance dialling, the March 1966 directory had no exchange names.[7] Typically in larger communities, conversions would be timed with issues of the telephone directory.

text: For example, in London, Ontario, three conversions took place starting in February 1962 and completing in September 1963. GEneral 2, 3, and 9 were converted first; later GLadstone 1 and 5, and finally GEneral 4 and 8. An example from Montreal, Quebec, extended from 2L+4N to 2L+5N on August 4, 1957: WIlbank became WEllington 2, WEllington became WEllington 3 (a rare example of keeping the exchange name), FItzroy became WEllington, GLenview became WEllington 7, VEndome became DUpont 7, HEmlock became POntiac 7, TRenmore became POntiac 8, HArbour became VIctor 5, and MArquette became VIctor 9.

text: The use of letters in exchange names resulted in the placement of letters on the telephone dial, even outside the areas using the letter and number combinations. Some Canadian areas at first used original letter schemes, notably Calgary, Alberta, until later standardization within North America. Québec exchange names differed from those on standard Bell System lists due to the need for names in the French language; Hull, Quebec's 1-819-77x (PR as in PRovince) needed to be recognizable in both languages in 1957.

text: In smaller communities with four- or five-digit numbers and a single city exchange, central office names appeared for the first time in the late 1950s, and then solely to match the North American direct distance dial standard of a three-digit area code and seven-digit local number. The names, usually chosen from standard Bell System lists, had no local significance and were short-lived; phase-out began soon after 1960.

text: Europe[edit]

text:
U.K. Mapping of letters to dialed digits until A.F.N.

dialed digit
letters

1

2
A B C

3
D E F

4
G H I

5
J K L

6
M N

7
P R S

8
T U V

9
W X Y

0
O Q

text: Virtually every telephone exchange in Europe was named after its local area (village, town or city). However, in the very largest cities it was clear as early as the 1880s, that several exchanges would be needed. These were usually given names reflecting a district of a city, for example Holborn in London, Docks in Manchester, Leith in Edinburgh, or in some cases an entirely artificial name, e.g., Acorn or Advance in London, Pyramid in Manchester, and Midland in Birmingham. As automated systems were introduced starting in the late 1920s, the first three letters of these names where used for dialing a number on those exchanges. The 3L-4N systems was notably used in the capital cities Paris and London, both examples of the big-city problem, with a large city served by many manual exchanges, which could only be converted to automatic gradually, and necessitating operation with a mixture of manual and automatic exchanges for some years.

text: Telephone directories showed the first three letters of the exchange in bold capital letters if all seven digits were to be dialed. For example, a subscriber number for Scotland Yard on London's Whitehall exchange was shown as "WHItehall 1212".

text: If the first three letters were capitalized but not bolded, e.g., HAYes 1295, the caller would dial the first three letters only, and when connected to Hayes ask the operator for the local number. Later, Coded Call Indicator working equipment was installed at some manual exchanges so that the caller could dial all seven digits, and the required number would be displayed to the operator.

text: In the United Kingdom, the first Director exchange in London, Holborn Tandem, was cutover in 1927; preceded by any necessary changes in the London area, e.g. changing some exchange names and making all local numbers (4N) 4-digit. As each digit represents three letters the same network cannot have exchanges called BRIxton and CRIcklewood, which both correspond to 274. In smaller director areas some A-digit levels were combined so that local director exchange would only need four or fewer groups of directors instead of eight. But if (say) A-digit levels 7 and 8 were combined it would not be possible to have both PERivale and TERminus exchanges in the same network.

text: The other main UK conurbations followed suit,[8] namely Manchester in 1930 (e.g., DEAnsgate 3414, the number for Kendals department store), Birmingham (in 1931), Glasgow (in 1937), and later Liverpool and Edinburgh (c. 1950).

text: The standards for converting exchange name letters in Europe varied, notably in the placement of the letters O, Q, and Z.[9]

text: The switchover to all figure dialling began in the UK in 1966, although it was not until the early 1970s that all exchange names were converted.

text: In Paris and its suburbs, the conversion from 3L-4N to all numbers occurred in October 1963. For example, ÉLYsées became 379, LOUvre 508, PIGalle 744, POMpadour 706... But until October 1985, when an 8th number was added, it remained possible to make use of almost all the previous combinations.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: At least four popular songs use old telephone exchanges in their names: "PEnnsylvania 6-5000" (PE 6-5000), recorded by Glenn Miller (the inspiration for that song, the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York City, still holds that phone number as +1-212-736-5000); "BEechwood 4-5789", by The Marvelettes; "LOnesome 7-7203 by Hawkshaw Hawkins; and "ECho Valley 2-6809" by The Partridge Family. PEnnsylvania 6-5000 was later spoofed in the Bugs Bunny cartoon Transylvania 6-5000 and the horror/comedy film Transylvania 6-5000.

text: The title of BUtterfield 8, the 1935 John O'Hara novel whose film adaptation won Elizabeth Taylor an Academy Award for Best Actress, refers to the exchange of the characters' telephone numbers (on the Upper East Side of Manhattan).[10] Radio show Candy Matson, YUkon 2-8209 first aired on NBC West Coast radio in March 1949.[11]

text: Artie Shaw and His Gramercy 5—Artie Shaw named his band the Gramercy Five after his home telephone exchange in Greenwich Village.[12] In 1940 the original Gramercy Five pressed eight records, then dissolved this band in early 1941.

text: In episode 9F07 of The Simpsons, "Mr. Plow", in which Homer takes up work as a snow-plow operator, the ad he takes out on television shows the Simpsons' phone number as Klondike 5-3226.

text: Stan Freberg, on his 1966 album, Freberg Underground,[13] objected to all digit dialing in song, including the lyric:

text:
They took away our Murray Hills,
They took away our Sycamores,
They took away Tuxedo and State,
They took away our Plaza, our Yukon, our Michigan,
And left us with 47329768…

text: Allan Sherman parodied the controversy of all digit dialing in the song "The Let's All Call Up AT&T and Protest to the President March" in his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity.

text: Chuck Berry’s 1964 rock-n-roll hit, Promised Land, references “Los Angeles give me Norfolk Virginia, Tidewater four ten O nine” TW4-1009, when he arrives after a planes, trains and bus odyssey across the United States and calls home.

text: Hee Haw (1970’s television musical variety show) featured monotoned straight man Junior Samples and his weekly automobile special at Samples Motors using the phone number gag “BR-549”.


document_title: The Karate Kid

question_text: where does the original karate kid take place

text: The Karate Kid

text: Plot[edit]

text: High school senior Daniel LaRusso and his mother move from Newark, New Jersey to Reseda, Los Angeles, California. Their maintenance man is an eccentric, kind and humble Okinawan immigrant named Kesuke Miyagi.

text: At a beach party, Daniel meets Ali Mills, a high school cheerleader from Encino. Johnny Lawrence, Ali's ex-boyfriend, is the top student of a karate dojo called "Cobra Kai," who breaks Ali's radio in a fit of anger. Daniel attempts to intervene but is easily overpowered and humiliated by the better-trained Johnny. Johnny and his gang bully, bother, and harass Daniel. They start by provoking a fight that gets Daniel thrown out of the soccer team, then causing Daniel to crash on the street and wrecking his bicycle, which Miyagi subsequently repairs. At a Halloween party, Daniel douses Johnny with water, leading to a chase. Daniel is caught by Johnny and his accomplices and beaten savagely. Mr. Miyagi rescues him and defeats the five attackers with ease.

text: Daniel asks Miyagi to teach him to fight. Miyagi refuses, instead agreeing to accompany Daniel to the Cobra Kai dojo to resolve the conflict. They meet with the sensei, John Kreese, an ex-Special Forces Vietnam veteran, who teaches his students to be aggressive and merciless against their opponents. He dismisses the peace offering made by Miyagi and demands to set up a match between Daniel and the other Cobra Kai students. Miyagi proposes that Daniel will enter the Under-18 All-Valley Karate Tournament, where he can compete with all the Cobra Kai students, and he requests that the bullying cease while Daniel trains. Kreese agrees to the terms, and warns that if Daniel does not appear at the tournament, the harassment will resume on Daniel and Miyagi.

text: Miyagi begins Daniel's training by telling him that Daniel is required to commit unequivocally to Miyagi's curriculum, and to obey Miyagi's every instruction, without question. After Daniel agrees, Miyagi assigns Daniel to complete various lengthy, menial chores that appear to have nothing to do with karate. Daniel, perplexed, obeys. By the end of the fourth task, Daniel becomes frustrated, angry that Miyagi is apparently exploiting him for menial labor. When Miyagi attacks Daniel, he defends himself due to muscle memory from the tasks. Their bond develops, and as their training continues, Daniel learns about Miyagi's dual loss of his wife and newborn son due to complications arising from childbirth at Manzanar internment camp while he was serving with the 442nd Infantry Regiment during World War II in Europe, where he received the Medal of Valor. Through Miyagi's teaching, Daniel learns important life lessons such as the importance of personal balance, reflected in the principle that martial arts training is as much about training the spirit as the body. Daniel applies the life lessons that Miyagi has taught him to strengthen his relationship with Ali.

text: At the tournament, Daniel unexpectedly reaches the semi-finals. After Johnny defeats a highly skilled opponent, Kreese becomes worried that Daniel might make it to the finals and defeat Johnny. Accordingly, he instructs Bobby Brown, one of his more compassionate students and the least vicious of Daniel's tormentors, to disable Daniel with an illegal attack to the knee. Bobby reluctantly does so, getting disqualified in the process. Before he is forced out, Bobby apologizes to Daniel. Daniel is taken to the locker room, where the physician determines that he cannot continue, and Miyagi agrees. Daniel thinks the tormentors will have won, so he convinces Miyagi to use a pain suppression technique so that he can continue. As Johnny is about to be declared the winner by default, Ali tells the master of ceremonies that Daniel will fight. Daniel hobbles into the ring and faces Johnny.

text: The match is halted when Daniel uses a scissor leg technique to trip Johnny and deliver a blow to the back of the head, giving him a nose bleed. Kreese orders Johnny to sweep Daniel's injured leg, an unethical move. Johnny at first horrified by the order, obeys under Kreese's intimidation. As the match continues, Johnny seizes Daniel's leg and delivers a vicious blow, doing further damage. Daniel, standing with difficulty, assumes the crane stance, a technique he observed Miyagi performing on the beach. Johnny lunges toward Daniel, who jumps and delivers a kick to Johnny's chin, winning the tournament. Having gained respect toward his nemesis, Johnny presents Daniel's trophy to Daniel himself as Daniel is carried off by the enthusiastic crowd.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
Pat Morita as Kesuke Miyagi
Elisabeth Shue as Ali Mills
William Zabka as Johnny Lawrence
Ron Thomas as Bobby Brown
Rob Garrison as Tommy
Chad McQueen as Dutch
Tony O'Dell as Jimmy
Martin Kove as John Kreese
Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso
Julie Fields as Susan
Frances Bay as Lady with Dog
William Bassett as Mr Mills

text: Production[edit]

text: Title[edit]

text: The production obtained permission from DC Comics to use Karate Kid as the title of their film.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: According to the special-edition DVD commentary, the studio originally wanted the role of Mr. Miyagi to be played by Toshiro Mifune, but writer Robert Mark Kamen was opposed to that casting choice feeling that Mifune's interpretation of the character lacked the warmth and humor that the role needed. Mako was also considered for the role of Mr. Miyagi, but was not available due to prior commitments to film Conan the Destroyer, though he would eventually play a similar role in the film Sidekicks. According to Randee Heller, two days after she was cast, Jerry Weintraub informed her that they intended to replace her with Valerie Harper. John G. Avildsen said that after seeing Harper's audition they decided not to replace Heller after all.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on October 31, 1983,[8] and wrapped on December 16, 1983.[9]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for The Karate Kid was composed by Bill Conti, a frequent collaborator of director John G. Avildsen since their initial pairing on Rocky (1976). The instrumental score was orchestrated by Jack Eskew and featured pan flute solos by Gheorge Zamfir. On March 12, 2007, Varèse Sarabande released all four Karate Kid scores in a 4-CD box set limited to 2,500 copies worldwide.[10]

text: A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Casablanca Records containing many of the contemporary songs featured in the film. Of particular note is Joe Esposito's "You're the Best", featured during the tournament montage near the end of the first film. Originally written for Rocky III, "You're the Best" was rejected by Sylvester Stallone in favor of Survivor's "Eye of the Tiger". Coincidentally, Survivor also performed the main theme ("The Moment of Truth" Music & Lyrics: Bill Conti, Dennis Lambert, Peter Beckett) for The Karate Kid.

text: Bananarama's 1984 hit song "Cruel Summer" also made its U.S. debut in The Karate Kid but was excluded from the film's soundtrack album. Other songs featured in the film but left off the album include "Please Answer Me" performed by Broken Edge and "The Ride" performed by The Matches.

text:
"The Moment of Truth" (Survivor)
"(Bop Bop) On the Beach" (The Flirts, Jan & Dean)
"No Shelter" (Broken Edge)
"Young Hearts" (Commuter)
"(It Takes) Two to Tango" (Paul Davis)
"Tough Love" (Shandi)
"Rhythm Man" (St. Regis)
"Feel the Night" (Baxter Robertson)
"Desire" (Gang of Four)
"You're the Best" (Joe Esposito)

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Karate Kid ranked #40 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[11]

text: On its release, Roger Ebert called the film one of the year's best, gave it four stars out of four, and described it as an "exciting, sweet-tempered, heart-warming story with one of the most interesting friendships in a long time."[12] Janet Maslin of The New York Times also gave a positive review.[13]

text: Upon release of the 2010 remake, Dana Stevens wrote, "The 1984 original ... may have seemed like a standard-issue inspirational sports picture at the time, but (as with another box-office hit of the same year, The Terminator) a generation of remove reveals what a well-crafted movie it actually was. Rewatched today, the original Kid, directed by Rocky's John G. Avildsen, feels smart and fresh, with a wealth of small character details and a leisurely middle section that explores the boy's developing respect for his teacher."[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

1985
Academy Awards
Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Pat Morita
Nominated

1985
Golden Globes
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture - Pat Morita
Nominated

1985
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama - Elisabeth Shue
Won

1985
Young Artist Awards
Best Family Motion Picture - Drama
Won

1985
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama - William Zabka
Nominated

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The film spawned a franchise of related items and memorabilia such as action figures, head bands, posters, T-shirts, and a video game. A novelization was made by B.B. Hiller and published in 1984. The novel had a scene that was in the rehearsal when Daniel encounters Johnny during school at lunch. Also at the end, there was a battle between Miyagi and Kreese in the parking lot after the tournament which was the original ending for the film and used as the beginning of The Karate Kid Part II.

text: A short-lived animated series spin-off aired on NBC in 1989.

text: The music video for the song "Sweep the Leg" by No More Kings stars William Zabka (who also directed the video) as a caricature of himself and features references to The Karate Kid, including cameo appearances by Zabka's former Karate Kid co-stars.[15]

text: In 2015, toy company Funko revived The Karate Kid action figures. Two versions of character Daniel Larusso, a version of character Johnny Lawrence and a version of Mr. Miyagi were part of the line. The toys were spotted at retailers Target and Amazon.com.[16]

text: Sequels and remake[edit]

text: The original 1984 film had three sequels, and it launched the career of Macchio, who would turn into a teen idol featured on the covers of magazines such as Tiger Beat. It revitalized the acting career of Morita, previously known mostly for his comedic role as Arnold on Happy Days, who was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his performance as Mr. Miyagi. Morita reprised his role in three subsequent sequels.[17]

text:
The Karate Kid Part II: A 1986 sequel in which Daniel accompanies Miyagi on a trip back to Okinawa (Japan), where he is reunited with loved ones, and is challenged by an old adversary.
The Karate Kid Part III: A 1989 sequel in which Kove reappears as Kreese, seeking revenge on Daniel and Miyagi with the help of allies played by Thomas Ian Griffith and Sean Kanan.
The Next Karate Kid: A 1994 revamp sequel in which Hilary Swank appears as Mr. Miyagi's new student, Julie Pierce.
The Karate Kid: A 2010 remake starring Jackie Chan and Jaden Smith.[18]

text: TV Series[edit]

text: On August 4, 2017, it was announced that a new TV series was in development to continue the Karate Kid franchise. The series, titled Cobra Kai, will reunite Ralph Macchio and William Zabka who are set to reprise their roles as Daniel LaRusso and Johnny Lawrence respectively. The half-hour comedy will be set 34 years after the original film, focusing on Johnny who is down on his luck and re-opens the Cobra Kai dojo on his search for redemption. This puts him at odds with Daniel, who, though successful, is trying to find balance in his life without Mr. Miyagi.

text: Josh Heald will write the script with Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg while the latter duo will direct most of the series, they will also executive-produce alongside Macchio and Zabka. The series received an order of 10 episodes for the first season which is set to debut on YouTube Red in 2018.[19][20]


document_title: Obesity in Canada

question_text: what is the most obese province in canada

text: Obesity in Canada

text: Obesity Rate[edit]

text: As of 2017, research done by the Public Health Agency of Canada has reported that 64% of Canadian adults over the age of 18 are overweight or obese, and 30% of children aged 5-17 are overweight or obese.[2] An independent study in the same year by Renew Bariatrics, a bariatric center for obesity treatment in the United States and Canada, reports 650 million adults and 135 million children and adolescents as obese. [3] Studies suggest that if Canada invests $4.2 billion in treatment for obesity, the obesity rate could be significantly reduced to 29%.[4] In children, obesity has substantially increased between 1978 and 2017, with obesity rates in children increasing from  23% to 30%.[2]

text: As of 2016, 16% of British Columbians are obese, making it the province with the lowest rate of obesity in Canada.  The Northwest Territories have the highest obesity rate, at 33.7%. [5]

text: Lack of Aid[edit]

text: Although obesity is a treatable disease, there are a very few number of programs and resources available to Canadians that can help treat it. As of 2017, according to Obesity Canada, out of 80,544 physicians, only 40 are certified through the American Board of Obesity Medicine, with proper training to provide aid with weight management and obesity. Only 9 out of the 10 provinces in Canada, perform bariatric surgery, and only 114 surgeons and 33 centers provide this service. Making only 1 out of 183 Canadian adults eligible for it. Anti-Obesity medication is not available for more than 80% of Canada’s population, because of the limited access to private drug benefit plans. In result of these limitations, support for cognitive behavioral therapy, and mental health support is also limited.[6]

text: Childhood Obesity[edit]

text: According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, as of 2017, 30% of children aged, 5-17 are overweight or obese.[7] In 2016, 1 in 7 children in Canada were reported to be obese.[8] Making almost a third of youth overweight.[9] Since 1979, the rates of childhood obesity have tripled.[10] In result of this increase, children are at much higher risk of developing health problems, ranging from, asthma, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, etc. Childhood obesity puts children at high risks of remaining obese throughout adulthood. In 2016, studies showed a declining rate in childhood obesity in Canada. The authors suggested this is in result of increased public awareness of obesity in children, or the body mass index (BMI) growth charts that were distributed to healthcare providers in 2000. They believe that these charts may have helped providers to educate children, and parents about this epidemic.[11] Research conducted by Angela Devlin, a researcher at University of British Columbia obesity researcher noted, children who were overweight were most likely growing into obese adults. In result, causing a decrease in childhood obesity, and contributing to the increase of adult obesity rates.[12]

text: Regional variation[edit]

text: A 2004 study called the Canadian Community Health Survey, found 29% of Canadians 18 and older were obese and 41% more were overweight (as determined by body mass index).  In children and adolescents, 8% were obese and 18% overweight.  Rates of obesity varied significantly between the provinces, from an obesity rate of 19% in British Columbia to a rate of 34% in Newfoundland and Labrador.[13]

text: In 2004, the prevalence of obesity in the three most populated provinces, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec, matched those of about thirty US states, at a level between 20% and 25%. The study found people that live in cities (Census Metropolitan Areas) had significantly lower obesity rates in Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia.  In Quebec the relationship approached significance (p=0.08), while in Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Saskatchewan the rate of obesity did not vary significantly between CMAs and rural areas.[13] Obesity in such populated areas often attack on young adults, ages ranging from 16 to 21. Studies shows that an individual who's going through extensive learning often binges on food to help release stress. People dealing with stress usually find eating as method to help ease or cope with their problems, leading to obesity.

text: A 2005 report released by the Canadian government's Economics Division reported that "In 2004, approximately 6.8 million Canadian adults aged 20 to 64 were overweight, and an additional 4.5 million were obese. Roughly speaking, an adult male is considered overweight when his body weight exceeds the maximum desirable weight for his height, and obese when his body weight is 20% or more over this desirable weight. A similar guideline holds true for women, but at a threshold of 25% rather than 20%. Dramatic increases in overweight and obesity among Canadians over the past 30 years have been deemed to constitute an epidemic."[14]


document_title: Life (1999 film)

question_text: who played may rose in the movie life

question_tokens: who played may rose in the movie life

text: Life (1999 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Elderly inmate Willie Long (Obba Babatundé) attends the burial of two friends who recently perished in an infirmary fire in a Mississippi prison. He begins telling the two young inmates digging the graves his friends' life story.

text: Ray Gibson (Eddie Murphy) and Claude Banks (Martin Lawrence) are two New Yorkers in 1932 from two different worlds. Ray is a small-time hustler and petty thief, and Claude, an honest, yet often selfish minded man, has just been accepted for a job as a bank teller at First Federal of Manhattan. They are both at a club called Spanky's when Ray picks Claude as his mark to pick-pocket. They both end up in the bad graces of the club's owner Spanky (Rick James), and Ray arranges for himself and Claude to do some boot-legging to pay off their debt, heading down south in order to buy a carload of Mississippi 'hooch'. Before they can get back to New York, a man named Winston Hancock (Clarence Williams III), who swindled Ray in a card game, is murdered outside of a juke joint by the town's sheriff, Warren Pike (Ned Vaughn), who frames Ray and Claude for the murder. A short time later, they go to trial, are convicted, and sentenced to life.

text: Ray and Claude are sent to an infamous prison camp called 'Camp 8' (now Mississippi State Penitentiary) to perform hard labor. They spend the next 65 years trying to escape from prison, while making new friends - Biscuit (Miguel A. Núñez Jr.), Jangle Leg (Bernie Mac), Radio (Guy Torry), Goldmouth (Michael Taliferro), Cookie (Anthony Anderson) and Pokerface (Barry Shabaka Henley) - and dodging guards Sergeant Dillard (Nick Cassavetes) and Hoppin' Bob (Brent Jennings) as their own friendship grows. Claude has his attorney cousin, Melvin, appeal against his conviction with his girlfriend Daisy's help, but it is denied, and shortly afterwards he finds out that Daisy has left him for Melvin. With any chance of being freed gone, Claude attempts to escape one night with Ray, getting as far as Tallahatchie before being captured and sentenced to a week in solitary confinement.

text: Around 1944, 12 years later, aged 37 years old, they meet a mute inmate nicknamed 'Can't-Get-Right' (Bokeem Woodbine), a talented baseball player and likely was the one to impregnate the Superintendent's daughter when he discovered the baby is biracial. He catches the eye of a Negro League scout who states that he can get him out of prison if he will play baseball. Ray and Claude, seeing an opportunity to freedom, try to convince the scout to help let them out as well, as they relate to 'Can't-Get-Right' and get him to play best. During a dance social, Biscuit confides to Ray that he is going to be released; however, Biscuit is afraid to return to his family, being gay, and committs suicide by deliberately running across the "firing line", getting shot and killed by the guard. After 'Can't-Get-Right' is released to play for the Pittsburgh Crawfords, Ray devises an escape but Claude refuses, upset with the fact that 'Can't-Get-Right' was released without them, leading to an argument that results in Ray and Claude going their separate ways.

text: Twenty-eight years later, in 1972, Ray and Claude are now elderly, aged 65 years old.  All of the duo's friends are gone either by death or release from prison, except for Willie, now confined to a wheelchair. Dillard still runs the camp, who one day informs Ray and Claude that they will be transferred to live and work at Superintendent Dexter Wilkins' (Ned Beatty) mansion. Claude forms a friendship with Wilkins, and is entrusted to drive and pick up the new superintendent, Sheriff Warren Pike (R. Lee Ermey), the man who framed them forty years earlier. While on a pheasant hunt, Ray confronts Pike, where the sheriff admits to framing him and Claude with no remorse saying that "The state of Mississippi got forty years of cheap labor out of the deal." As Claude struggles to stop Ray from taking revenge, Pike attempts to kill them both, but he is shot and killed by Wilkins, realizing that Ray and Claude are indeed innocent, covering it up as a hunting accident. He intends to give them a pardon, but dies of a heart attack before he can do so.

text: In 1997 (present day), Ray and Claude are now very elderly, aged 90 years, living in the prison's infirmary. Claude tells Ray of yet another plan he has devised, but Ray has accepted his fate of dying in prison. That night, the infirmary catches fire, and they seemingly perish in the flames. Willie concludes the tale by outlining Claude’s plan: Ray and Claude would steal two bodies from the morgue, start the blaze, plant the bodies, hide in the fire trucks and depart with them in the morning. When the workers ask why the plan didn't work, Willie tells them that he "never said it didn't work", as the inmates begin to realize that the bodies they buried are not Ray and Claude, who have escaped back to New York, watching a New York Yankees baseball game. The film concludes by revealing the two are again on good terms, living together in Harlem.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eddie Murphy as Rayford "Ray" Gibson
Martin Lawrence as Claude Banks
Obba Babatundé as Willie Long
Ned Beatty as Dexter Wilkins
Nick Cassavetes as Sergeant Dillard
Bernie Mac as Jangle Leg
Miguel A. Núñez Jr. as Biscuit
Bokeem Woodbine as Can't Get Right
Brent Jennings as Hoppin' Bob
Anthony Anderson as Cookie
Barry Shabaka Henley as Pokerface
Michael Taliferro as Goldmouth
Guy Torry as Radio
Sanaa Lathan as Daisy
O'Neal Compton as Superintendent Abernathy
Noah Emmerich as Stan Blocker
Rick James as Spanky
R. Lee Ermey as Older Sheriff Pike
Ned Vaughn as Younger Sheriff Pike
Clarence Williams III as Winston Hancock
Heavy D as Jake
Kenn Whitaker as Issac
Bonz Malone as Leon
Lisa Nicole Carson as Sylvia
Poppy Montgomery as Older Mae Rose
Johnny Brown as Blind Reverend Clay
Don Harvey as Billy Bob

text: Box office[edit]

text: Life was released on April 16, 1999 in North America. The film grossed $73,345,029 worldwide against an $80 million budget, making it a financial disappointment.[1][2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film has received mixed to positive reviews and currently has a 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's critic consensus reads, "Entertaining if not over-the-top humor from a solid comic duo provides plenty of laughs."[3]

text: Location[edit]

text: Even though Life was set in Jackson, Mississippi, Life was filmed in California;[4] filming locations include Brentwood, CA, Locke, CA, Los Angeles, Downey, CA, and Sacramento, CA. Parts of the film were shot at a Rockwell Defense Plant in California.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on March 16, 1999 on Rock Land/Interscope Records. It peaked at 10 on the Billboard 200 and 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified platinum with over 1 million copies sold on June 18, 1999.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Academy Award
nominated for Best Makeup (2000)
NAACP Image Award
nominated for Outstanding Motion Picture (2000)
BMI Film & TV Awards
(won) for Most Performed Song from a Film (2000)
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
nominated with Eddie Murphy for Favorite Comedy Team (2000) for the movie
nominated for Favorite Song from a Movie (Fortunate)