document_title: Saturday Night Live cast members

question_text: who is the longest cast member of snl

question_tokens: who is the longest cast member of snl

text: Saturday Night Live cast members

text: All cast members[edit]

text: The list below includes both repertory and featured players past and present, but omits SNL writers and others who were not listed as cast members during the show's credits. The dates given are those of the years they were part of the cast. The chart also shows whether the cast member has served as a guest host, appeared as the anchorperson of the "Weekend Update" segment (by any of its titles), or has been the subject of their own "Best of" home video collection. Many of the cast members were writers as well.

text:
Performer
Years active
No. of seasons
Repertory player
Featured player only
"Weekend Update" anchor
Hosted
Best of...
Writer

Fred Armisen
2002–2013
11
Y

Y

Dan Aykroyd
1975–1979
4
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Peter Aykroyd
1979–1980
1

Y

Y

Morwenna Banks
1994–1995
1
Y

Vanessa Bayer
2010–2017
7
Y

Jim Belushi
1983–1985
2
Y

Y

John Belushi
1975–1979
4
Y

Y
Y

Beck Bennett
2013–present
5
Y

Jim Breuer
1995–1998
3
Y

Paul Brittain
2010–2012
2

Y

A. Whitney Brown
1985–1991
6

Y

Y

Aidy Bryant
2012–present
6
Y

Beth Cahill
1991–1992
1

Y

Dana Carvey
1986–1993
7
Y

Y
Y

Chevy Chase
1975-1977
2
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Michael Che
2014–present
4
Y

Y

Y

Ellen Cleghorne
1991–1995
4
Y

George Coe
1975–1976
1
Y

Billy Crystal
1984–1985
1
Y

Y
Y

Y

Jane Curtin
1975–1980
5
Y

Y

Joan Cusack
1985–1986
1
Y

Pete Davidson
2014–present
4
Y

Tom Davis
1977–1980
3

Y

Y

Mikey Day
2016–present
2

Y

Y

Denny Dillon
1980–1981
1
Y

Jim Downey
1979–1980
1

Y

Y

Robert Downey Jr.
1985–1986
1
Y

Y

Brian Doyle-Murray
1979–1980
1981–1982
2
Y

Y

Y

Rachel Dratch
1999–2006
7
Y

Robin Duke
1980–1984
4
Y

Y

Nora Dunn
1985–1990
5
Y

Christine Ebersole
1981–1982
1
Y

Y

Dean Edwards
2001–2003
2

Y

Abby Elliott
2008–2012
4
Y

Chris Elliott
1994–1995
1
Y

Jimmy Fallon
1998–2004
6
Y

Y
Y
Y

Siobhan Fallon
1991–1992
1

Y

Chris Farley
1990–1995
5
Y

Y
Y

Will Ferrell
1995–2002
7
Y

Y
Y

Tina Fey
2000–2006
6
Y

Y
Y

Y

Will Forte
2002–2010
8
Y

Al Franken
1977–1980
1985–1986
1988–1995
11

Y

Y

Heidi Gardner
2017–present
1

Y

Janeane Garofalo
1994–1995
1
Y

Ana Gasteyer
1996–2002
6
Y

Gilbert Gottfried
1980–1981
1
Y

Mary Gross
1981–1985
4
Y

Y

Y

Christopher Guest
1984–1985
1
Y

Y

Y

Bill Hader
2005–2013
8
Y

Y

Anthony Michael Hall
1985–1986
1
Y

Brad Hall
1982–1984
2
Y

Y

Rich Hall
1984–1985
1
Y

Y

Darrell Hammond
1995–2009
14
Y

Phil Hartman
1986–1994
8
Y

Y
Y
Y

Jan Hooks
1986–1991
5
Y

Yvonne Hudson
1980–1981
1

Y

Melanie Hutsell
1991–1994
3
Y

Victoria Jackson
1986–1992
6
Y

Leslie Jones
2014–present
4
Y

Y

Colin Jost
2013–present
5
Y

Y

Y

Chris Kattan
1995–2003
8
Y

Y

Tim Kazurinsky
1980–1984
4
Y

Y

Laura Kightlinger
1994–1995
1

Y

Y

Taran Killam
2010–2016
6
Y

David Koechner
1995–1996
1
Y

Gary Kroeger
1982–1985
3
Y

Matthew Laurance
1980–1981
1

Y

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
1982–1985
3
Y

Y

Jon Lovitz
1985–1990
5
Y

Y
Y

Norm Macdonald
1993–1998
5
Y

Y
Y

Y

Gail Matthius
1980–1981
1
Y

Y

Michael McKean
1993–1995
2
Y

Y

Mark McKinney
1994–1997
3
Y

Kate McKinnon
2012–present
7
Y

Tim Meadows
1990–2000
10
Y

Y
Y

Laurie Metcalf
1980–1981
1

Y

Seth Meyers
2001–2014
13
Y

Y

Y

John Milhiser
2013–2014
1

Y

Dennis Miller
1985–1991
6
Y

Y

Y

Jerry Minor
2000–2001
1

Y

Y

Finesse Mitchell
2003–2006
3
Y

Alex Moffat
2016–present
2

Y

Jay Mohr
1993–1995
2

Y

Y

Kyle Mooney
2013–present
5
Y

Tracy Morgan
1996–2003
7
Y

Y
Y

Garrett Morris
1975–1980
5
Y

Y

Bobby Moynihan
2008–2017
9
Y

Eddie Murphy
1980–1984
4
Y

Y
Y
Y

Bill Murray
1976–1980
4
Y

Y
Y

Y

Mike Myers
1988–1995
7
Y

Y
Y
Y

Kevin Nealon
1986–1995
9
Y

Y

Y

Laraine Newman
1975–1980
5
Y

Don Novello
1979–1980
1985–1986
2

Y

Y

Y

Luke Null
2017–present
1

Y

Mike O'Brien
2013–2014
1

Y

Y

Michael O'Donoghue
1975–1978
3
Y

Y

Cheri Oteri
1995–2000
5
Y

Y

Chris Parnell
1998–2006
8
Y

Nasim Pedrad
2009–2014
5
Y

Jay Pharoah
2010–2016
6
Y

Joe Piscopo
1980–1984
4
Y

Y

Amy Poehler
2001–2009
8
Y

Y
Y
Y

Emily Prager
1980–1981
1

Y

Randy Quaid
1985–1986
1
Y

Colin Quinn
1995–2000
5
Y

Y

Y

Gilda Radner
1975–1980
5
Y

Y

Chris Redd
2017–present
1

Y

Jeff Richards
2001–2004
3
Y

Rob Riggle
2004–2005
1

Y

Ann Risley
1980–1981
1
Y

Tim Robinson
2012–2013
1

Y

Y

Chris Rock
1990–1993
3
Y

Y
Y

Charles Rocket
1980–1981
1
Y

Y

Tony Rosato
1980–1982
2
Y

Y

Jon Rudnitsky
2015–2016
1

Y

Maya Rudolph
1999–2008
9
Y

Y

Andy Samberg
2005–2012
7
Y

Y

Y

Adam Sandler
1990–1995
5
Y

Y
Y

Horatio Sanz
1998–2006
8
Y

Y

Tom Schiller
1979–1980
1

Y

Y

Rob Schneider
1990–1994
4
Y

Y

Paul Shaffer
1979–1980
1

Y

Y

Molly Shannon
1994–2001
7
Y

Y
Y

Harry Shearer
1979–1980
1984–1985
2
Y

Y

Martin Short
1984–1985
1
Y

Y

Y

Sarah Silverman
1993–1994
1

Y

Y

Y

Jenny Slate
2009–2010
1

Y

Robert Smigel
1991–1993
2

Y

Y

David Spade
1990–1996
6
Y

Y
Y
Y

Pamela Stephenson
1984–1985
1
Y

Ben Stiller
1988–1989
1

Y

Y

Cecily Strong
2012–present
6
Y

Y

Jason Sudeikis
2004–2013
9
Y

Y

Julia Sweeney
1990–1994
4
Y

Terry Sweeney
1985–1986
1
Y

Y

Kenan Thompson
2003–present
15
Y

Danitra Vance
1985–1986
1
Y

Melissa Villaseñor
2016–present
2

Y

Dan Vitale
1985–1986
1

Y

Nancy Walls
1995–1996
1
Y

Michaela Watkins
2008–2009
1

Y

Damon Wayans
1985–1986
1

Y

Y

Patrick Weathers
1980–1981
1

Y

Noël Wells
2013–2014
1

Y

Brooks Wheelan
2013–2014
1

Y

Kristen Wiig
2005–2012
7
Y

Y

Casey Wilson
2007–2009
2

Y

Fred Wolf
1995–1997
2

Y

Y

Sasheer Zamata
2014–2017
4
Y

Alan Zweibel
1979–1980
1

Y

Y

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Lighter colors denote "featured players" versus repertory cast members.

text: Notable tenures[edit]

text: Longest tenures[edit]

text: These are the cast members who have spent at least nine seasons on the show.

text:
Performer
No. of seasons
Notes

Kenan Thompson
15
Thompson holds the record of being the longest-tenured cast member in the show's history, having been a cast member since 2003. He is also the first person born after SNL's premiere in 1975 to have joined the cast (he was born in 1978). Thompson is also the only current cast member who was hired in the 2000s to still be on the show.

Darrell Hammond
14
Hired after a cast overhaul in 1995, he is the last cast member hired in the 1990s to leave the show, and the oldest cast member to leave the show (age 53 when he left the show in 2009). In 2014, Hammond returned to the show where he replaced Don Pardo as the show's announcer after Pardo's death, and often appears in sketches, reprising old roles such as Donald Trump and Bill Clinton.

Seth Meyers
13
He joined the show in 2001. In 2006, he starting anchoring Weekend Update and in 2012, his tenure on Weekend Update reached its seventh season, making him the longest-serving Weekend Update anchor (breaking the records held by Dennis Miller and Tina Fey). He continued to anchor Update until he left the show in February 2014 to take over hosting duties for Late Night.

Fred Armisen
11
Armisen joined the show in 2002, and left at the end of season 38 in 2013.

Al Franken
Hired as a writer in the beginning of the series, as the show progressed, he and Tom Davis were allowed to perform material on-air sporadically, starting in 1977. He left the show in 1980, but returned to the show when Lorne Michaels came back in 1985, regaining his writing and on-air featured status, and came back in the finale episode of season 11 in 1986, and after a few years off, he came back for on-and-off featured status in 1988 and stayed until 1995. Later elected the junior United States Senator from Minnesota in 2009, and then he resigned in Jan. 2018.

Tim Meadows
10
Meadows joined the show in early 1991. He left the show at the end of the season 25, which ended in 2000, after ten seasons on the show.

Kevin Nealon
9
Nealon joined the show as a featured player in 1986 following a major cast overhaul, and was promoted to contract status the following year. He served as Weekend Update anchor for his sixth through eighth seasons, then gave up the position in his ninth. After nine seasons on the show, Nealon left in 1995.

Bobby Moynihan
He joined the show at the beginning of season 34 in 2008, and departed after the finale of season 42 in 2017.

Maya Rudolph
She joined the show in early 2000 towards the end of season 25. She was absent for most of season 31 following the birth of her child. She left the show in Nov. 2007, during the first half of season 33 which coincided with the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Between 2007 and 2017 she was the show's longest-running female cast member with 146 episodes as a credited cast member. In 2017 Vanessa Bayer surpassed her and ended her tenure at SNL with 149 credited episodes.

Jason Sudeikis
He joined towards the end of season 30 in May 2005, after having been a writer for the show in the previous season. He left at the end of season 38 in 2013.

text: Shortest tenures[edit]

text: These cast members spent less than a full 20-episode season on the show.[1]

text:
Performer
No. of episodes
Notes

Emily Prager
0
Hired by Dick Ebersol to be a featured player, she appeared in a few sketches at dress rehearsal in what would be the final episode of season six, due to the Writers' Guild of America going on strike in 1981. She did not return to the SNL cast in season seven. This technically makes her the shortest tenured SNL cast member. Although she did not appear in the single episode for which she was credited as a featured player, she had appeared uncredited in five previous episodes.[2]

Laurie Metcalf
1
She also was hired as part of Ebersol's temporary season six cast following the termination of Jean Doumanian, and appeared on-camera in a Weekend Update piece. When the show was put on hiatus for retooling, she was not chosen to return to the show for the season seven cast.

Dan Vitale
3
Hired as an on-and-off featured player for season 11, he was only credited with appearing in three episodes throughout the season.

Morwenna Banks
4
She was hired as a repertory player for the last four episodes of season 20, but was let out of her contract as part of a major cast overhaul Lorne Michaels had planned for season 21.

Ben Stiller
4
Before becoming a cast member, he submitted a short film – a parody of the movie The Color of Money – that was shown on the season 12 episode hosted by Charlton Heston. He was hired during season 14, but quit after four episodes due to creative differences. Despite this, he returned to host in 1998 and 2011.

Fred Wolf
4
He's been a writer since 1992. However, he became a featured player in near the end season 21 for the last four episodes, however, he only appeared and was credited for episodes 17, 18, and 20. His last episode was in the 3rd episode of the 22nd season. After that episode, he decided to leave the show for good.

Tom Schiller
7
One of the show writers who was upgraded to cast member status during season five, he left the show at the end of the season.

Patrick Weathers
7
Hired as a featured cast member for season six, he was fired along with many of Doumanian's cast.

George Coe
8
He was one of the original "Not-Ready-for-Primetime Players", because NBC wanted someone older in the cast. He was credited for only the first three episodes, though he continued to make several uncredited appearances throughout the first season. He was later known for voicing the valet Woodhouse in the animated series Archer.

Yvonne Hudson
8
She was a recurring extra during season five, and became the first black female cast member in season six. Like many of Doumanian's cast, she was fired mid-season.

Jim Downey
9
He was hired as one of many writers-turned-feature players in season five, and though he left the cast after the season, he returned to the show as a writer in the mid-1980s and has remained with it.

Matthew Laurance
10
Hired as a feature player during season six, he was fired as part of the mid-season overhaul.

Alan Zweibel
11
A writer for the show before joining the cast in season five, he left after the season finale.

Gilbert Gottfried
12
He joined the cast for season six and was fired as part of the mid-season overhaul.

Michael O'Donoghue
12
One of the original "Not Ready for Primetime Players" and the show's first head writer, he was dropped as a cast member after a few episodes. He remained with the show as a writer (leaving and returning twice) and occasional on-screen performer.

Ann Risley
12
She joined the cast for season six and was fired as part of the mid-season overhaul.

Charles Rocket
12
He joined the cast for season six and was fired as part of the mid-season overhaul, after having dropped an f-bomb one episode prior.

Damon Wayans
12
Hired for season 11 as a featured player, he was fired mid-season for improvising on the air. He returned as a guest to perform stand-up comedy on season 11's last episode and hosted SNL in 1995.

Beth Cahill
13
She joined the show during season 17 as an off-and-on featured player. She did not return the following season, as she was fired along with castmate Siobhan Fallon.

Denny Dillon
13
She joined the cast for season six and was let go after the finale as part of the cast overhaul. She auditioned for the show's first season, but did not make the cut.

Gail Matthius
13
She joined the cast for season six and was let go after the season ended.

Paul Shaffer
13
After being the band's pianist for the first five seasons, he joined the cast during season five, but left after the finale. He hosted SNL in 1987, making him the only member of the house band to do so.

Janeane Garofalo
14
She joined the cast during season 20, but quit mid-season due to creative differences.

Michaela Watkins
15
She joined the show on the first episode after the 2008 United States presidential election, then was let go before the start of season 35.

Peter Aykroyd
16
He joined the show midway through season five, but left at the end of the season, after only 16 episodes.

text: Youngest cast members[edit]

text:
Performer
Age when joined show
Tenure

Anthony Michael Hall
17 years old
1985–1986

Eddie Murphy
19 years old
1980–1984

Robert Downey Jr.
20 years, 5 months
1985–1986

Pete Davidson
20 years, 10 months
2014–present

Abby Elliott
21 years, 5 months
2008–2012

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
21 years, 8 months
1982–1985

Sarah Silverman
22 years, 9 months
1993–1994

Jay Pharoah
22 years, 11 months
2010–2016

text: Oldest cast members[edit]

text:
Performer
Age when joined show
Tenure

Leslie Jones
47 years old
2014–present

George Coe
46 years, 155 days
1975

Michael McKean
46 years, 147 days
1994–1995

Darrell Hammond
39 years old
1995–2009

Garrett Morris
38 years, 8 months
1975–1980

Phil Hartman
38 years, 1 month
1986–1994

Mike O'Brien
37 years old
2013–2014

Michaela Watkins
36 years, 11 months
2008–2009

Colin Quinn
36 years, 9 months
1996–2000

Christopher Guest
36 years, 8 months
1984–1985

Mikey Day
36 years, 7 months
2016-present

text: After 14 seasons, Hammond left as the show's oldest active cast member, ending his tenure at 53 years old during his final season in 2009.

text: President of the United States impressionists[edit]

text: Portraying the sitting President of the United States is considered "about as high [...] an honor that can be bestowed upon a cast member."[3]

text:
President
Performer (years)

Gerald Ford
Chevy Chase (1975–76)

Jimmy Carter
Dan Aykroyd (1977–79)
Joe Piscopo (1980–81)

Ronald Reagan
Charles Rocket (1981)
Joe Piscopo (1981–84)
Harry Shearer (1984)
Randy Quaid (1985–86)
Phil Hartman (1986–89)

George H. W. Bush
Dana Carvey (1989–93)

President
Performer (years)

Bill Clinton
Phil Hartman (1993–94)
Michael McKean (1994–95)
Darrell Hammond (1995–2001)

George W. Bush
Will Ferrell (2001–2002)
Chris Parnell (2002–2003)
Darrell Hammond (2003)
Will Forte (2004–2006)
Jason Sudeikis (2006–2008)

Barack Obama
Fred Armisen (2009–12)
Jay Pharoah (2012–16)

Donald Trump
Alec Baldwin[n 1] (2017–present)

text: Darrell Hammond had the longest tenure portraying a U.S. president, with Bill Clinton from 1995–2001, and George W. Bush during 2003. Hammond also portrayed Richard Nixon in season 34, episode 12.

text: Michael McKean portrayed Bill Clinton during a brief period after Phil Hartman's departure. There was also a sketch featuring Chris Farley, David Spade, Chris Elliott, Adam Sandler, and Tim Meadows auditioning for the role of Clinton. There was also a gag in a 2001 sketch with Tracy Morgan filling in for Will Ferrell as George W. Bush.

text: Another noteworthy presidential portrayal was that of Dan Aykroyd as former president Richard Nixon from 1975–79.

text: Jim Carrey, while never having been an SNL cast member, portrayed Ronald Reagan in Funny or Die's Presidential Reunion of SNL Presidents (which reunited Chase as Ford, Aykroyd as Carter, Carvey as George H. W. Bush, Hammond as Clinton, Ferrell as George W. Bush, and Armisen as Obama), because two of the actors who previously portrayed Reagan had died since and the other three had declined to appear in the reunion. Carrey did, however, audition to be a cast member for the 1980–81 season; he hosted the show in May 1996, January 2011, and October 2014.

text: Donald Trump, having been a public figure before being president, was portrayed by several cast members over the years. He was portrayed by Phil Hartman (1988–90), Darrell Hammond (1999–11, 2015–16), Jason Sudeikis (2012) and Taran Killam (2015).

text: Emmy Awards[edit]

text: The Primetime Emmy Awards are presented by the American Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. These are the cast members who won or were nominated for an Emmy for their work while in the cast.

text:
Year
Performer
Category
Result
Ref.

1976
Chevy Chase
Performance in a Variety or Music Program - Supporting Actor
Won

1977
Nominated

John Belushi
Nominated

Gilda Radner
Performance in a Variety or Music Program - Supporting Actress
Nominated

1978
Dan Aykroyd
Performance in a Variety or Music Program - Supporting Actror
Nominated

John Belushi
Nominated

Jane Curtin
Performance in a Variety or Music Program - Supporting Actress
Nominated

Gilda Radner
Won

1984
Eddie Murphy
Performance in a Variety or Music Program
Nominated

Joe Piscopo
Nominated

1985
Billy Crystal
Nominated

1986
Jon Lovitz
Nominated

1987
Nominated

1989
Dana Carvey
Nominated

1990
Nominated

1991
Nominated

1992
Nominated

1993
Won

1994
Phil Hartman
Nominated

Mike Myers
Nominated

2000
Molly Shannon
Nominated

2001
Will Ferrell
Nominated

text:
Year
Performer
Category
Result
Ref.

2008
Amy Poehler
Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated

2009
Nominated

Kristen Wiig
Nominated

2010
Nominated

2011
Nominated

2012
Nominated

Bill Hader
Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Nominated

2013
Nominated

2014
Kate McKinnon
Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated

2015
Nominated

2016
Won

2017
Won
[4]

Vanessa Bayer
Nominated

Leslie Jones
Nominated

text: Both cast and hosts[edit]

text: As of May 2016, there are 33 SNL hosts who, at one point in their careers, were either a repertory or featured member of the SNL cast.

text:
Host
Number of
episodes
First hosted
Last hosted

Fred Armisen
1
May 21, 2016

Dan Aykroyd
1
May 17, 2003

Dana Carvey
4
October 22, 1994
February 5, 2011

Chevy Chase
8[5]
February 18, 1978
February 15, 1997

Billy Crystal
2
March 17, 1984
May 12, 1984

Robert Downey Jr.
1
November 16, 1996

Jimmy Fallon
3
December 17, 2011
April 15, 2017

Chris Farley
1
October 25, 1997

Will Ferrell
4
May 14, 2005
January 27, 2018

Tina Fey
6
February 23, 2008
May 19, 2018

Bill Hader
2
October 11, 2014
March 17, 2018

Phil Hartman
2
March 23, 1996
November 23, 1996

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
3
May 13, 2006
April 16, 2016

Jon Lovitz
1
November 8, 1997

Norm Macdonald
1
October 23, 1999

Michael McKean
1
November 3, 1984

Tracy Morgan
2
March 14, 2009
October 17, 2015

Eddie Murphy
2
December 11, 1982
December 15, 1984

Bill Murray
5
March 7, 1981
February 20, 1999

Mike Myers
1
March 22, 1997

Don Novello
2
January 14, 1984
May 12, 1984

Amy Poehler
2
September 25, 2010
December 19, 2015

Chris Rock
2
November 2, 1996
November 1, 2014

Maya Rudolph
1
February 18, 2012

Andy Samberg
1
May 17, 2014

Paul Shaffer
1
January 31, 1987

Molly Shannon
1
May 12, 2007

Martin Short
3
December 6, 1986
December 15, 2012

Sarah Silverman
1
October 4, 2014

David Spade
2
November 7, 1998
March 12, 2005

Ben Stiller
2
October 24, 1998
October 8, 2011

Damon Wayans
1
April 8, 1995

Kristen Wiig
2
May 11, 2013
November 19, 2016

text: "SNL Curse"[edit]

text: Although SNL is best known as the launchpad for many successful careers, nine former cast members have died before the age of 60. This has given rise to a superstition known as the "Saturday Night Live Curse".[6][7][8]

text:
Cast member
Age
Date of death
Cause of death

Belushi, JohnJohn Belushi
33
March 5, 1982
Belushi died of a drug overdose from a speedball injection (cocaine and heroin). His death led to the conviction of Cathy Smith for administering the fatal injection.

Radner, GildaGilda Radner
42
May 20, 1989
Radner died from ovarian cancer. She was originally scheduled to host the season 13 finale, a first for a former female cast member. However, SNL was canceled due to a Writer's Guild of America (WGA) strike. Radner's health worsened the following year. Moments before the season 14 finale, news broke of Radner's death. In lieu of the opening monologue Steve Martin, visibly shaken, introduced a replay of the "Dancing in the Dark" sketch he and Radner had performed in a 1978 episode;[9] her ex-husband G. E. Smith performed a musical tribute to Radner with the SNL band.

Vance, DanitraDanitra Vance
40
August 21, 1994
Vance died of breast cancer, which had returned after a remission three years earlier.

Michael O'Donoghue
54
November 8, 1994
O'Donoghue died from cerebral hemorrhage after suffering from severe chronic migraine headaches for most of his life. Bill Murray honored O'Donoghue's memory in an appearance on a season 20 episode[10] (hosted by Sarah Jessica Parker with musical guest R.E.M.) by replaying his sketch "Mr. Mike's Least Loved Bedtime Stories: The Soiled Kimono" from 1977.[11]

Farley, ChrisChris Farley
33
December 18, 1997
Similar to Belushi, Farley died of a drug overdose from a speedball. His death occurred less than two months after he came back to host SNL, which turned out to be his final television appearance.

Hartman, PhilPhil Hartman
49
May 28, 1998
Hartman was murdered by his wife, Brynn, while he slept in his Encino, California home. Before committing this crime, Brynn had allegedly consumed a combination of cocaine, alcohol, and the antidepressant drug Zoloft, and later killed herself. During SNL's 25th anniversary special in 1999, several of Hartman's peers honored his memory by replaying his sketch "Love is a Dream" from 1988.

Rocket, CharlesCharles Rocket
56
October 7, 2005
Rocket was found dead in his Canterbury, Connecticut backyard. Local police concluded his death a suicide; Rocket had allegedly taken his own life by slashing his throat with a box cutter.

Davis, TomTom Davis
59
July 19, 2012
Davis died from head and neck cancer.

Hooks, JanJan Hooks
57
October 9, 2014
Hooks died of throat cancer after a long illness.[12]


document_title: List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals

question_text: who has the most career goals in football

root

text: In top-level football, 27 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career, according to research by the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Only players who were active in top division football for all or most of their careers are considered. The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions.[1]

tag: p

text: Ranking[edit]

text:
Unverified data is excluded from players' data; goal and match totals may be higher.
Players in bold are currently active; data is accurate as of 16 June 2018.[2][3]

text:
Rank
Player
Goals
Matches
Ratio
Years

1
 Bican, JosefJosef Bican (CZE)
805
530
1.52
1931–1955

2
 Romário (BRA)
772
994
0.78
1985–2007

3
 Pelé (BRA)
767
831
0.92
1957–1977

4
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (HUN)
746
754
0.99
1943–1966

5
 Müller, GerdGerd Müller (GER)
735
793
0.92
1962–1981

6
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (POR)
675
948
0.71
2001–present

7
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (ARG)
643
817
0.79
2003–present

8
 Deák, FerencFerenc Deák (HUN)
576

1940–1957

9
 Seeler, UweUwe Seeler (GER)
575
649
0.89
1953–1978

 Maravilha, TúlioTúlio Maravilha (BRA)
575
—
1988–2012

11
 Friedenreich, ArthurArthur Friedenreich (BRA)
557

1909–1935

12
 Willimowski, ErnstErnst Willimowski (POL)
554
—
1934–1955

13
 Eusébio (POR)
552
—
1957–1979

14
 McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (SCO)
550
—
1922–1937

15
 Binder, FranzFranz Binder (AUT)
546
—
1949–1976

16
 Peyroteo, FernandoFernando Peyroteo (POR)
544
354
1.54
1937–1949

17
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (MEX)
541
—
1976–1997

18
 Walter, FritzFritz Walter (GER)
539
—
1937–1959

19
 Takács, JózsefJózsef Takács (HUN)
523
—
1917–1934

20
 Zsengellér, GyulaGyula Zsengellér (HUN)
522
—
1935–1953

 Zico (BRA)
522
—
1971–1994

22
 Di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo Di Stéfano (ARG)
514
—
1945–1966

 Krankl, HansHans Krankl (AUT)
514
—
1970–1989

24
 Nordahl, GunnarGunnar Nordahl (SWE)
513
—
1937–1958

25
 Dinamite, RobertoRoberto Dinamite (BRA)
512
—
1971–1993

26
 Greaves, JimmyJimmy Greaves (ENG)
511
—
1957–1980

27
 Bene, FerencFerenc Bene (HUN)
508
—
1961–1978

tag: table

text: Source: Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation[1]


document_title: Chromosome

question_text: where are chromosomes found in multi cellular organisms

text: Chromosome

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word chromosome (/ˈkroʊməˌsoʊm, -ˌzoʊm/[5][6]) comes from the Greek χρῶμα (chroma, "colour") and σῶμα (soma, "body"), describing their strong staining by particular dyes.[7] The term was coined by von Waldeyer-Hartz,[8] referring to the term chromatin, which was introduced by Walther Flemming.

text: Emilio Battaglia (1917-2011)[9][10] points out that over time many of the most familiar caryological terms have become inadequate or illogical or, in some cases, etymologically incorrect so that they should be replaced by more adequate alternatives suggested by the present scientific progress. The author has been particularly disappointed by the illogicality of the present chromosomal (chromatin-chromosome) terminology based on, or inferred by, two terms, Chromatin (Flemming 1880) and Chromosom (Waldeyer 1888), both inappropriately ascribed to a basically non coloured state.[11]

text: History of discovery[edit]

text: Schleiden,[3] Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes.[12]

text: In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave the definitive demonstration that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity. His two principles were the continuity of chromosomes and the individuality of chromosomes.[citation needed][further explanation needed] It is the second of these principles that was so original.[citation needed] Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic load. Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. Boveri influenced two generations of American cytologists: Edmund Beecher Wilson, Nettie Stevens, Walter Sutton and Theophilus Painter were all influenced by Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, and Painter actually worked with him).[13]

text: In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity, Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed).[14] Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson, Wilhelm Johannsen, Richard Goldschmidt and T.H. Morgan, all of a rather dogmatic turn of mind. Eventually, complete proof came from chromosome maps in Morgan's own lab.[15]

text: The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter. By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. His error was copied by others and it was not until 1956 that the true number, 46, was determined by Indonesia-born cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio.[16]

text: Prokaryotes[edit]

text: The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome, but many variations exist.[17] The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola[18] and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps,[19] to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum.[20] Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single linear chromosome.[21]

text: Structure in sequences[edit]

text: Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins.[22] The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes.

text: DNA packaging[edit]

text: Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid.[23][24] The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome.[25] In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes.[26][27]

text: Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.[3] In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses,[28] the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins.

text: Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA).

text: Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication.

text: Eukaryotes[edit]

text: Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is made of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells.

text: Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The structure of chromosomes varies through the cell cycle. During cellular division chromosomes are replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny. Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.

text: Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.

text: In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin.

text: Interphase chromatin[edit]

text: During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished:

text:
Euchromatin, which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein.
Heterochromatin, which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types:

Constitutive heterochromatin, which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences.
Facultative heterochromatin, which is sometimes expressed.

tag: ul

text: Structure of Eukaryotic chromosome

text:
Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids(chromosomal arms) which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere.(Primary constriction). These sister chromatids are conjoined twins the result of DNA replication.
The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres during cell division, it is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase.
Besides the primary constriction, in certain chromosomes there is a secondary constriction as well. Because a small portion is pinched off from the chromosomal body; this portion is called a 'satellite' and the chromosome is called an SAT chromosome.
The two chromatids are made up of very thin chromatin fibres which are made up of 40% DNA and 60% histone proteins
Each chromatin fibre consists of one DNA helix coiled around eight histone molecules like a loop; such a complex is called nucleosome and resembles a bead on a string. These nucleosomes pack tighter, during condensation required to get to metaphase.
The primary constriction cannot take up most stains, so during cell division this region is a gap in staining.
Within the primary constriction there is a clear zone called Centromere.
The centromere with the DNA and histone proteins bound to them form a disc shaped structure called kinetochore.
the chromonemata is a word that means a chromatid in the early stage of condensation.

tag: ol

text: Metaphase chromatin and division[edit]

text: In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material (transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere. The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit, small) and the longer arms are called q arms (q follows p in the Latin alphabet; q-g "grande"; alternatively it is sometimes said q is short for queue meaning tail in French[29]). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical microscope.

text: Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops.[30]

text: During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores, one of which is present on each sister chromatid. A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus.

text: Human chromosomes[edit]

text: Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome (sex chromosome(s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition to these, human cells have many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome. Sequencing of the human genome has provided a great deal of information about each of the chromosomes. Below is a table compiling statistics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database.[31] Number of genes is an estimate, as it is in part based on gene predictions. Total chromosome length is an estimate as well, based on the estimated size of unsequenced heterochromatin regions.

text:
Chromosome
Genes[32]
Total base pairs
 % of bases
Sequenced base pairs[33]

1
2000
247,199,719
8.0
224,999,719

2
1300
242,751,149
7.9
237,712,649

3
1000
199,446,827
6.5
194,704,827

4
1000
191,263,063
6.2
187,297,063

5
900
180,837,866
5.9
177,702,766

6
1000
170,896,993
5.5
167,273,993

7
900
158,821,424
5.2
154,952,424

8
700
146,274,826
4.7
142,612,826

9
800
140,442,298
4.6
120,312,298

10
700
135,374,737
4.4
131,624,737

11
1300
134,452,384
4.4
131,130,853

12
1100
132,289,534
4.3
130,303,534

13
300
114,127,980
3.7
95,559,980

14
800
106,360,585
3.5
88,290,585

15
600
100,338,915
3.3
81,341,915

16
800
88,822,254
2.9
78,884,754

17
1200
78,654,742
2.6
77,800,220

18
200
76,117,153
2.5
74,656,155

19
1500
63,806,651
2.1
55,785,651

20
500
62,435,965
2.0
59,505,254

21
200
46,944,323
1.5
34,171,998

22
500
49,528,953
1.6
34,893,953

X (sex chromosome)
800
154,913,754
5.0
151,058,754

Y (sex chromosome)
50
57,741,652
1.9
25,121,652

Total
21,000
3,079,843,747
100.0
2,857,698,560

text: Number in various organisms[edit]

text: In eukaryotes[edit]

text: These tables give the total number of chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) in a cell nucleus. For example, most eukaryotes are diploid, like humans who have 22 different types of autosomes, each present as two homologous pairs, and two sex chromosomes. This gives 46 chromosomes in total. Other organisms have more than two copies of their chromosome types, such as bread wheat, which is hexaploid and has six copies of seven different chromosome types – 42 chromosomes in total.

text:
Chromosome numbers in some plants

Plant Species
#

Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid)[34]
10

Rye (diploid)[35]
14

Einkorn wheat (diploid)[36]
14

Maize (diploid or palaeotetraploid)[37]
20

Durum wheat (tetraploid)[36]
28

Bread wheat (hexaploid)[36]
42

Cultivated tobacco (tetraploid)[38]
48

Adder's tongue fern (polyploid)[39]
approx. 1,200

Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals

Species
#

Indian muntjac
7

Common fruit fly
8

Pill millipede (Arthrosphaera fumosa)[40]
30

Earthworm (Octodrilus complanatus)[41]
36

Tibetan fox
36

Domestic cat[42]
38

Domestic pig
38

Laboratory mouse[43][44]
40

Laboratory rat[44]
42

Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)[45]
44

Syrian hamster[43]
44

Guppy (poecilia reticulata)[46]
46

Human[47]
46

Hares[48][49]
48

Gorillas, chimpanzees[47]
48

Domestic sheep
54

Garden snail[50]
54

Silkworm[51]
56

Elephants[52]
56

Cow
60

Donkey
62

Guinea pig[53]
64

Horse
64

Dog[54]
78

Hedgehog
90

Goldfish[55]
100-104

Kingfisher[56]
132

Chromosome numbers in other organisms

Species
Large
Chromosomes
Intermediate
Chromosomes
Microchromosomes

Trypanosoma brucei
11
6
~100

Domestic pigeon
(Columba livia domestics)[57]
18
-
59-63

Chicken[58]
8
2 sex chromosomes
60

text: Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell.

text: Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid.

text: Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes, reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves (crossover), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge (fertilization), a new diploid organism is formed.

text: Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes. Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat.[59]

text: In prokaryotes[edit]

text: Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies.[60] For example, Buchnera, a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell.[61] However, in some large bacteria, such as Epulopiscium fishelsoni up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present.[62] Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by the rate of division of the plasmid – fast division causes high copy number.

text: Karyotype[edit]

text: In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species.[63] The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.

text: Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes, the same cannot be said for their karyotypes, which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization. In some cases, there is significant variation within species. Often there is:

text: Also, variation in karyotype may occur during development from the fertilized egg.

text: The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called karyotyping. Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine. These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a karyogram, with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end.

text: Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes). These are XX in females and XY in males.

text: Historical note[edit]

text: Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: How many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia, concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism.[64] Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of man is 46 or 48, at first favouring 46.[65] He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system.[66]

text: New techniques were needed to definitively solve the problem:

text:
Using cells in culture
Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine
Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution 0.075 M KCl, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes
Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane
Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram.

text: It took until 1954 before the human diploid number was confirmed as 46.[67][68] Considering the techniques of Winiwarter and Painter, their results were quite remarkable.[69] Chimpanzees, the closest living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes: in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2.

text: (See Also: Argument from authority#Inaccurate chromosome number)

text: Aberrations[edit]

text: Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome, although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations, or chromosomal inversions, although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy, may be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders.[70] Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement.

text: The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Human examples include:

text:
Cri du chat, which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. "Cri du chat" means "cry of the cat" in French; the condition was so-named because affected babies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, moderate to severe mental health problems, and are very short.
Down syndrome, the most common trisomy, usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate developmental disability.[71]
Edwards syndrome, or trisomy-18, the second most common trisomy.[72] Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clenched hands and overlapping fingers.
Isodicentric 15, also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15).
Jacobsen syndrome, which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.[73] Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive language skills. Most have a bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome.
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia. Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty.
Patau Syndrome, also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand.
Small supernumerary marker chromosome. This means there is an extra, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the extra genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister–Killian syndrome.
Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia.
Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the chest.
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by growth retardation, delayed motor skills development, "Greek Helmet" facial features, and mild to profound mental health problems.
XYY syndrome. XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings. Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties.

text: Sperm aneuploidy[edit]

text: Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa.[74] In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking,[75][76] and occupational exposure to benzene,[77] insecticides,[78][79] and perfluorinated compounds.[80] Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa.