document_title: Alcohol proof

question_text: what is the percent alcohol of 100 proof whiskey

text: Alcohol proof

text: History[edit]

text: The term proof dates back to 16th century England, when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content. Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them. If the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate.[1] As gunpowder would not burn if soaked in rum that contained less than 57.15% ABV, rum that contained this percentage of alcohol was defined as having 100 degrees proof.[2] The gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816.[1]

text: From the 18th century until 1 January 1980, the UK measured alcohol content by proof spirit, defined as spirit with a gravity of  12⁄13 that of water, or 923 kg/m3, and equivalent to 57.15% ABV.[3]

text: The value 57.15% is very close to the fraction  4⁄7 = 0.5714. This leads to the definition amounts to declaring that 100° proof spirit has an ABV of  4⁄7. From this it follows that, to convert the ABV (expressed as a percentage standard rather than as a fraction) to degrees proof, it is only necessary to multiply the ABV by  7⁄4 . Thus pure, 100% alcohol will have 100×( 7⁄4) = 175° proof, and a spirit containing 40% ABV will have 40×( 7⁄4) = 70° proof.

text: The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity. 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof.[1]

text: The use of proof as a measure of alcohol content is now mostly historical. Today, liquor is sold in most locations with labels that state its alcohol content as its percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV).

text: Governmental regulation[edit]

text: European Union[edit]

text: The European Union follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). OIML's International Recommendation No. 22 (1973)[4] provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass. A preference for one method over the other is not stated in the document, but if alcohol strength by volume is used, it must be expressed as a percentage (%) of total volume, and the water/alcohol mixture must have a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) when measurement is done. The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Since 1 January 1980, the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content, as prescribed by the European Union.

text: In common with other EC countries, on 1st January, 1980, Britain adopted the system of measurement recommended by the International Organisation of Legal Metrology, a body with most major nations among its members. The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 °C. It replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits, which had been used in Britain for over 160 years.[3]

text: Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof, now uses the European scale set down by the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). This scale, for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay-Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe, was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980. Using the OIML scale or the Gay-Lussac scale is essentially the same as measuring alcohol by volume except that the figures are expressed in degrees, not percentages.[5]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, alcohol content is measured in terms of the percentage of alcohol by volume. The Code of Federal Regulations (27 CFR [4-1-03 Edition] §5.37 Alcohol content) requires that liquor labels must state the percentage of ABV. The regulation permits, but does not require, a statement of the proof provided that it is printed close to the ABV number.[6] For bottled spirits over 100 mL containing no solids, actual alcohol content is allowed to vary within 0.15% of ABV stated on the label.[3] Alcohol proof in the United States is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume. Consequently, 100-proof whiskey contains 50% alcohol by volume; 86-proof whiskey contains 43% alcohol.[3] In the United States the term "degrees proof" is normally not used. For example, 50% ABV would be described as "100 proof" rather than "100 degrees proof".

text: Example: Everclear_(alcohol) is 95% Alc. by Vol./190 Proof.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canada labels by percentage of alcohol by volume.[7] The old UK proof standard was still in use as late as 1972.[8]


document_title: Sergeant Major of the Army

question_text: when was the sergeant major of the army established

root

text: Sergeant Major of the Army

text: History[edit]

text: The rank and position were based on those of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (established in its current incarnation on 23 May 1957).[6] The Chief of Staff of the Army created the position in 1966 after asking leaders of the major commands for a personal recommendation. He asked that it not be considered a near-retirement type assignment. He listed seven duties and functions he expected the Sergeant Major to perform, including service as a personal adviser and assistant on matters pertaining to enlisted soldiers. From 4,700 proposed candidates, 21 nominees were selected. Finally chosen was the only one then serving in Vietnam, Sergeant Major William O. Wooldridge of the 1st Infantry Division.[7]

tag: p

text: The other services later followed, creating the positions of Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force in 1967, Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard in 1969, and Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman in 2005. These six positions are collectively referred to as "senior enlisted advisors" ("SEAs").

text: Pay grade[edit]

text: The Sergeant Major of the Army base pay is $7,844.70 a month ($94,136.40 per year)

text: Insignia[edit]

text:
SMA insignia timeline

1966–1968, the only authorized insignia for all sergeants major[8]

1968–1979, became Command Sergeant Major

1979–1994

1994–2015[9]

2015–present

tag: ul

text: The sergeant major of the army, like counterparts in the other branches, wears a unique rank insignia, including a unique collar insignia ("brass").

text: The collar insignia of the SMA is the shield portion of the collar insignia of an aide-de-camp to the Army Chief of Staff (less the surmounting eagle), placed upon an enlisted collar disk of gold color, one inch in diameter. The insignia worn by SMA Wooldridge was hand-soldered by Colonel Jasper J. Wilson from the cannibalized insignia and enlisted collar brass of an aide. The insignia was approved on 4 July 1966.[10] Originally, the SMA would wear the device on each collar, but he now wears the standard "U.S." disk on his right collar as do all enlisted soldiers.[11] This insignia is also worn in place of a unit insignia on the SMA's beret, garrison cap, and pull-over sweater.[12] The collar insignia of the senior enlisted advisor to the chairman ("SEAC") of the JCS, approved 2 February 2006, is based directly upon that of the SMA, and features the shield of an aide de camp to the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff (without the surmounting eagle), on a gold-colored disk.

text: The SMA's cap device, worn on the front of the blue service cap (and, formerly, the white service cap; and, until 2011 the green service cap) is a gold-colored rendering of the United States' coat of arms, surrounded by a wreath.[13] The cap device for all other U.S. Army enlisted soldiers is a gold-colored rendering of the United States' coat of arms on a gold-colored disk (males) or surrounded by a gold colored ring (females).[14] The chief master sergeant of the Air Force has the same cap device as the SMA, but in silver-colored metal.

text: Positional color[edit]

text: The Sergeant Major of the Army, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force and the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman are the only members of the United States armed forces below the rank of brigadier general/rear admiral, lower half to be authorized a positional color (flag). First considered in 1992,[15] the SMA's color has been authorized since 22 March 1999.[16] It is based on the design of his collar insignia and the positional flag of the Chief of Staff, Army. Like the SEAC's collar brass, the SEAC's positional color was patterned after the SMA's color.

text: List of Sergeants Major of the Army[edit]

text:
#
Photo
SMA[17]
Tenure

1.

William O. Wooldridge
July 1966 – August 1968

2.

George W. Dunaway
September 1968 – September 1970

3.

Silas L. Copeland
October 1970 – June 1973

4.

Leon L. Van Autreve
July 1973 – June 1975

5.

William G. Bainbridge
July 1975 – June 1979

6.

William A. Connelly
July 1979 – June 1983

7.

Glen E. Morrell
July 1983 – July 1987

8.

Julius W. Gates
July 1987 – June 1991

9.

Richard A. Kidd
July 1991 – June 1995

10.

Gene C. McKinney
July 1995 – October 1997

11.

Robert E. Hall
October 1997 – June 2000

12.

Jack L. Tilley
June 2000 – January 2004

13.

Kenneth O. Preston
January 2004 – March 2011

14.

Raymond F. Chandler
March 2011 – January 2015

15.

Daniel A. Dailey
January 2015 – Present

tag: table


document_title: Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens

question_text: do nz citizens need a visa for hong kong

question_tokens: do nz citizens need a visa for hong kong

text: Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[2]

 Albania
Visa not required[3]
90 days

 Algeria
Visa required[4]

 Andorra
Visa not required[5]

 Angola
Visa required[6]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[7]
1 month

 Argentina
Visa not required[8]
90 days

 Armenia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[9]
120 days. Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online.[10]

 Australia
Visa not required[11]
Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement Unlimited stay (special category visa) usually granted on arrival; this is not a right.

 Austria
Visa not required[12]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[13]
30 days[14]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[15]
3 months

 Bahrain
eVisa / Visa on arrival[16]
14 days

 Bangladesh
Visa on arrival[17]
30 days. Not available at all entry points.[18]

 Barbados
Visa not required[19]
6 months

 Belarus
Visa not required[20]
5 days, must arrive via Minsk International Airport;
Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport
if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[21]

 Belgium
Visa not required[22]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Belize
Visa not required[23]
1 month[24]

 Benin
Visa required[25]

 Bhutan
Visa required[26]

 Bolivia
Visa not required[27]
90 days

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa not required[28]
90 days within any 6 month period

 Botswana
Visa not required[29]
90 days within any year period

 Brazil
Visa not required[30]
90 days

 Brunei
Visa not required[31]
30 days

 Bulgaria
Visa not required[32]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Burkina Faso
Visa on arrival[33]
1 month

 Burundi
Visa required[34]

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[35]
30 days. Visa is also obtainable online.[36]

 Cameroon
Visa required[37]

 Canada
Visa not required[38]
6 months; eTA required if arriving by air.[39]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[40]
Not available at all entry points.[41]

 Central African Republic
Visa required[42]

 Chad
Visa required[43]

 Chile
Visa not required[44]
90 days

 China
Visa required[45]
72-hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Shenyang, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
144-hours visa free visit when in transit at Hangzhou, Nanjing and Shanghai's Hongqiao and Pudong international airports, Railway Station and port.

 Colombia
Visa not required[46]
90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one year period

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[47]

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[48]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[49]

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[50]
90 days

Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[51]
3 months; eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.

 Croatia
Visa not required[52]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Cuba
Visa required !Tourist Card required[53]

 Cyprus
Visa not required[54]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Czech Republic
Visa not required[55]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Denmark
Visa not required[56]
90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries (except the other Nordic countries)

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival[57]
Not available at all entry points.[58]

 Dominica
Visa not required[59]
6 months

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[60]
90 days (10 USD Tourist Card valid for 30 days must be purchased upon arrival)

 Ecuador
Visa not required[61]
90 days[24]

 Egypt
Visa on arrival[62]
30 days

 El Salvador
Visa not required[63]
3 months

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[64]

 Eritrea
Visa required[65]

 Estonia
Visa not required[66]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[67]
Not available at all entry points.[68]

 Fiji
Visa not required[69]
4 months

 Finland
Visa not required[70]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 France
Visa not required[71]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (in Regions of France)

 Gabon
e-Visa[72]
Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.

 Gambia
Visa not required[73]
90 days

 Georgia
Visa not required[74]
1 year

 Germany
Visa not required[75]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Ghana
Visa required[76]

 Greece
Visa not required[77]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Grenada
Visa not required[78]
3 months[24]

 Guatemala
Visa not required[79]
90 days

 Guinea
Visa required[80]

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[81]
90 days

 Guyana
Visa not required[82]
3 months

 Haiti
Visa not required[83]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa not required[84]
3 months

 Hungary
Visa not required[85]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Iceland
Visa not required[86]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 India
e-Visa[87]
60 days; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[88]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[89]
30 days

 Iran
Visa on arrival[90]
30 days[91]

 Iraq
Visa required[92]

 Ireland
Visa not required[93]
3 months

 Israel
Visa not required[94]
3 months

 Italy
Visa not required[95]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Jamaica
Visa not required[96]

 Japan
Visa not required[97]
90 days

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[98]
Conditions apply.[99] Not available at all entry points.[100]

 Kazakhstan
Visa not required[101]
30 days

 Kenya
eVisa / Visa on arrival[102]
3 months

 Kiribati
Visa not required[103]
30 days

 North Korea
Visa required[104]

 South Korea
Visa not required[105]
90 days

 Kuwait
eVisa / Visa on arrival[106]
3 months

 Kyrgyzstan
Visa not required[107]
60 days
A single or multiple tourist or business e-visa for 90 days is also available.[108]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[109]
30 days.[24] Not available at all entry points.[110]

 Latvia
Visa not required[111]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lebanon
Visa on arrival[112]
1 month extendable for 2 additional months; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.

 Lesotho
Visa not required[113]
14 days[24]

 Liberia
Visa required[114]

 Libya
Visa required[115]

 Liechtenstein
Visa not required[116]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lithuania
Visa not required[117]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Luxembourg
Visa not required[118]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Macedonia
Visa not required[119]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[120]
30 days free of charge

 Malawi
Visa on arrival[121]

 Malaysia
Visa not required[122]
3 months

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[123]
30 days[24]

 Mali
Visa required[124]

 Malta
Visa not required[125]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival[126]
90 days

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[127]
Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

 Mauritius
Visa not required[128]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa not required[129]
180 days

 Micronesia
Visa not required[130]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa not required[131]
90 days within any 6 month period

 Monaco
Visa not required[132]

 Mongolia
Visa required[133]

 Montenegro
Visa not required[134]
90 days

 Morocco
Visa not required[135]
3 months

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[136]
30 days, conditions apply[137]

 Myanmar
eVisa[138]
28 days. eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports.

 Namibia
Visa not required[139]
3 months

 Nauru
Visa required[140]
Free visa on arrival for Cook Islands and Niue residents.

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[141]
90 days

 Netherlands
Visa not required[142]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (European Netherlands)

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[143]
90 days

 Niger
Visa required[144]

 Nigeria
Visa required[145]

 Norway
Visa not required[146]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Oman
eVisa / Visa on arrival[147]
3 months. Issued free of charge.

 Pakistan
Visa required[148]
Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[149]

 Palau
Visa on arrival[150]
30 days

 Panama
Visa not required[151]
180 days

 Papua New Guinea
Visa on arrival[152]
60 days

 Paraguay
Visa on arrival[153]
90 days, only available at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque. Reciprocity fee applies.

 Peru
Visa not required[154]
up to 183 days

 Philippines
Visa not required[155]
30 days

 Poland
Visa not required[156]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Portugal
Visa not required[157]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Qatar
eVisa / Visa on arrival[158]
30 days, available at Hamad International Airport. eVisa is also available.

 Romania
Visa not required[159]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Russia
Visa required[160]

 Rwanda
Visa on arrival[161]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[162]
3 months

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[163]
6 weeks

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[164]
1 month

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[165]
60 days

 San Marino
Visa not required[166]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
eVisa[167]

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[168]

 Senegal
Visa not required[169]

 Serbia
Visa not required[170]
90 days within any 6 month period

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[171]
3 months[24]

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[172]

 Singapore
Visa not required[173]
30 days

 Slovakia
Visa not required[174]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Slovenia
Visa not required[175]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Solomon Islands
Visa on arrival !Visitor's permit on arrival[176]
3 months

 Somalia
Visa required[177]
Visa may be obtained on arrival, provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival.

 South Africa
Visa required[178]

 South Sudan
Visa required[179]

 Spain
Visa not required[180]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[181]
30 days

 Sudan
Visa required[182]

 Suriname
Visa required[183]

 Swaziland
Visa not required[184]
30 days[24]

 Sweden
Visa not required[185]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

  Switzerland
Visa not required[186]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Syria
Visa required[187]

 Tajikistan
Visa on arrival[188]
45 days at Dushanbe International Airport. Visa also available online. E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[189]

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival[190]

 Thailand
Visa not required[191]
30 days (maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air)

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[192]
30 days. Not available at all entry points.[193]

 Togo
Visa on arrival[194]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa on arrival[195]
31 days

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa on arrival[196]
30 days

 Tunisia
Visa not required[197][198]
3 months

 Turkey
Visa not required[199]
3 months

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[200]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[201]
1 month[24]

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[202]
Determined at the port of entry. May apply online.[203]

 Ukraine
Visa on arrival[204]
15 days for business or tourism purposes, available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) and Odessa International Airport.[205]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa on arrival[206]
30 days

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Visa not required[207]
6 months

 United States
Visa not required !Visa Waiver Program[208]
90 days on arrival from overseas; ESTA (valid for 2 years when issued) required if arriving by air or cruise ship.[209]

ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands.

 Uruguay
Visa not required[210]
3 months

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[211]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[212]
30 days[24]

  Vatican City
Visa not required[213]

 Venezuela
Visa not required[214]
90 days

 Vietnam
Visa required[215]
Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang airports.
Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days.[216]

 Yemen
Visa required[217]

 Zambia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[218]
up to 90 days; also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe. Visa not required for Cook Islands and Niue residents.

 Zimbabwe
eVisa / Visa on arrival[219]
3 months. Strictly tourism purposes only. Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[220]

 Kosovo
Visa not required[221]
90 days

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[222]
3 months

 Nagorno-Karabakh
Visa required[223]
Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[224]

 Palestine
Visa not required[225]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[226]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[227][228]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[229]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[230][231]

 Taiwan
Visa not required[232][233]
90 days

 Transnistria
Visa not required[234]
Registration required after 24h.[235][236]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[237]
90 days

 Macau
Visa not required[238]
30 days

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa not required[239]

 Greenland
Visa not required[240]

France

 French Guiana
Visa not required[241]
3 months

 French Polynesia
Visa not required[242]
90 days within 180 days

 French West Indies
Visa not required
Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

 Mayotte
Visa not required[243]
3 months

 New Caledonia
Visa not required[244]
3 months

 Réunion
Visa not required[245]
3 months

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa not required[246]
3 months

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa not required[247]
3 months

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa not required[248]
30 days, extendable to 180 days

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa not required[249]
90 days. Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa not required[250]
90 days

 Sint Maarten
Visa not required[251]
90 days

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[252]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[253]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[254]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa not required[255]
Stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period require a permit.[256]

 Anguilla
Visa not required[257]
3 months

 Bermuda
Visa not required[258]
Up to 6 months, decided on arriva

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[259]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[260]
30 days, extensions possible

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required[261]
6 months

 Falkland Islands
Visa not required[262]

 Gibraltar
Visa not required[263]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[264]
6 months

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[265][266][267]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[268]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[269]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[270]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[271][272]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa required[273]
90 days

United States

 American Samoa
Entry permit required[274]

 Guam
Visa not required[275]
45 days

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa not required[276]
45 days

 Puerto Rico
Visa not required[277]
Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa not required[278]
Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[279][280][281][282][283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Belarus
Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Visa not required
3 days;[291] must first obtain an electronic pass[292]

 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[293]
15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[294]

 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[295][296][297]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[298]

 Ecuador
 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[299]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[300]

 Greece
 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[301][302]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[303][304][305][306][307][308]

 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[309]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[310]

 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[311]

 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[312]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[313]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[314]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[315]

 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[316] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[317]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[318][319]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[320]

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[321]

 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[322][323][324]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[325]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[326][327][328][329][330][331][332]

 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[333]

 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[334]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[335]

text: Additional rules[edit]

text: Visa exemptions for Schengen states[edit]

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to 3 months[edit]

text: New Zealand citizens are classified as 'Annex II' foreign nationals, and so are permitted to stay visa-free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole — rather than each country individually — for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months.

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months (but no more than 3 months in any individual member state)[edit]

text: The New Zealand Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories, which allow New Zealand citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country, without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states.[336][337][338][339] Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement, the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if New Zealanders visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with New Zealand, then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement.

text: New Zealand has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories:

text:
Austria
 Belgium
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Finland
 France

 Germany
 Greece
 Iceland
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands

 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland

text: Consequently, New Zealand citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa-free for periods of up to 3 months in each country. If, however, a New Zealand citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above, the restriction of no more than 3 months out of a 6-month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies. Therefore, if a New Zealand citizen has already spent 3 months in one or more of the above Schengen countries, any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with New Zealand may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies (e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above).

text: In addition, a New Zealand citizen who has already spent up to 3 months in other parts of the Schengen Area can enter Hungary and remain there for up to a further 90 days visa-free. Following the stay in Hungary, if 3 months has already spent elsewhere in the Schengen area, he/she must then leave the Schengen area from Hungary and go directly to a country outside the Schengen Area.

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months (and more than 3 months in an individual member state)[edit]

text: In general, any person who is not a European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit. New Zealand citizens aged 18–30 (or 18-35 in some cases) are able to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit from 19 Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday (see below). Schengen member states also issue national long-stay 'D' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies (e.g. skilled workers, students, au pair).

text: In general, the national long-stay 'D' visa/residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state's embassy/consulate. However, some Schengen member states offer exceptions for New Zealand citizens.

text: Austria allows New Zealand citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a 'Red-White-Red Card' (issued to permanent immigrants) after arrival, rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy/consulate.[340][341]

text: The  Czech Republic allows New Zealand citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a 'Green Card' (rather than a 'Blue Card' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens). The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy/consulate (or, in some circumstances, within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there) and is usually processed within 60 days.[342]

text: As of 24 June 2014, it is no longer possible to apply for a green card. This type of permit was replaced [343]

text: Denmark permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter Denmark without a visa and to apply for a residence or work permit (excluding a working holiday residence permit) after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be lodged in advance at a Danish foreign mission).[344][345] This is particularly useful as there is no Danish embassy or consulate in New Zealand that accepts residence or work permit applications - the nearest one is in Canberra in Australia.[346]

text: Estonia permits New Zealand citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category 'D' long-stay visa at a cost of €80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[347] New Zealand citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country.[348]

text: Germany permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission).[349][350]

text: Hungary allows New Zealand citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary (unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals).[351] Note also that family members (who are not New Zealand citizens) accompanying New Zealand citizens can apply for a residence permit after arriving in Hungary.[352] For example, if a New Zealand citizen wishes to move to Hungary with her husband and her daughter (who are both Samoan citizens and not New Zealand citizens), all three of them can apply for a Hungarian residence permit after arriving in Hungary (although the husband and daughter will have to apply for a Schengen visa prior to travelling to Hungary).

text: Latvia permits new Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self-employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission).[353]

text: Netherlands exempts New Zealand citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category "D" visa (the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days, known in Dutch as the "MVV" visa) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180-day period.[354]

text: Norway permits New Zealand citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist (except as a religious leader/teacher or an ethnic cook), as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway.[355]

text: Slovakia permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter Slovakia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit (excluding a working holiday residence permit) after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be lodged in advance at a Slovak foreign mission).[356]

text: Switzerland offers New Zealand citizens a more generous visa exemption than that which Schengen rules normally provide for. Not only are New Zealand citizens able to spend 3 months visa-free in Switzerland, they can also stay for over 3 months (i.e. without time limit) without the need to apply for a visa.[357] However, at a cantonal level, individual cantonal migration authorities may impose further requirements, such as the need to register for a residence permit, if a New Zealand citizen wants to take up employment or reside for over 3 months, in which case a residence permit must be applied for before entry to Switzerland.

text: Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom[edit]

text: New Zealand citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months (or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria:

text:
they do not work during their stay in the UK
they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK
they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK (if requested by the border inspection officer)
they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return/onward journey
they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area[358]
if under the age of 18, they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental (or guardian's) consent for their stay in the UK[359]

text: However, even though, strictly speaking, he/she is not required to apply for a visa if he/she satisfies all of the above criteria, a New Zealand citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency (replaced by UK Visas and Immigration) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK:

text:
he/she has any unspent criminal convictions in any country
he/she has previously been refused or breached the terms of any entry to the UK, or been deported or otherwise removed from the UK
he/she has previously applied for a visa and been refused one
he/she has been warned by a UK official that he/she should obtain a visa before travelling to the UK

text: New Zealand citizens who were born before 1983 and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely.

text: New Zealand citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance, which enables them to work in the UK for 5 years, after which they can apply to settle indefinitely.

text: New Zealand citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for 2 years.

text: New Zealand citizens can study in the United Kingdom for up to 6 months as a student visitor without the need to apply for a visa as long as they do not work during this period. If attending a course which is longer than 6 months, New Zealand citizens can apply for a Tier 4 student visa in New Zealand or in the UK merely by completing the application form, quoting the Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) reference number issued to them by their UK education provider and presenting evidence of care arrangements (if under the age of 18); they do not need to submit proof of sufficient funds, qualifications or English language ability (which most other foreign nationals need to demonstrate) as long as the UK education provider is recognised as a 'Highly Trusted' sponsor by the UK Border Agency. However, the UK Border Agency reserves the right to request such evidence in particular situations and New Zealand citizens must still present such evidence if applying for a Tier 4 student visa outside New Zealand or the UK. New Zealand citizens who have been issued with a Tier 4 student visa (but not those who are in the UK as student visitors) can work in the UK for up to 20 hours per week during term-time and without time restrictions outside term-time.

text: Visa exemption for Australia[edit]

text: By virtue of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, New Zealand citizens are granted a Special Category Visa on arrival in Australia (which permits residence and work for an indefinite period) as long as:[360]

text:
they present a valid New Zealand passport
they have no criminal convictions
they have no untreated tuberculosis
they have not been deported, excluded or removed from any country

text: The same privilege is extended to Australian citizens and PR holders.

text: APEC Business Travel Card[edit]

text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[361]

text:
Australia1
 Brunei1
 Chile1
 China2
 Hong Kong2
 Indonesia2
 Japan1
 South Korea1
 Malaysia2

 Mexico1
 Papua New Guinea2
 Peru1
 Philippines3
 Russia1
 Singapore2
 Taiwan1
 Thailand1
 Vietnam2

text:
1 – up to 90 days
2 – up to 60 days
3 – up to 59 days

text: The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[362]

text:
no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by  Canada and  United States)
undertake legitimate business in participating economies
expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
expedited scheduling of visa interview (United States)

text: Non-visa restrictions[edit]

text: Passport validity length[edit]

text: Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival.[363] Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut-off period for each other's citizens.[364][365]

text: Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[366]

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and except for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.

text: Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

text: Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.[367]

text: Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

text: Blank passport pages[edit]

text: Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.[368]

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

text: Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[369]

text: Israeli stamps[edit]

text: Kuwait,[370] Lebanon,[371] Libya,[372] Saudi Arabia,[373] Sudan,[374] Syria[375] and Yemen[376] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

text: To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories." [377] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

text: Iran: Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa/stamp in the last 12 months[378]

text: Armenian ethnicity[edit]

text: Due to a state of war existing between the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan[379][380] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

text: Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[381] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories, will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[382]

text: Upon request, the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, United States, South Korea demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival, unless the passenger is a citizen or resident of that particular country.[383][384][385][386][387][388][389] Furthermore, the UAE conducts retina scanning on visitors, however, that is normally for those who have to apply for a visa.

text: Consular protection of New Zealand citizens abroad[edit]

text: See List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand.

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: According to the statistics these are the numbers of New Zealand visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

text:
Foreign travel statistics

Destination
Number of New Zealand visitors

 American Samoa[390]
3,580

 Angola[391]
276

 Antarctica[note 1][392]
430

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 1][393]
240

 Australia[note 1][394]
1,347,400

 Austria[note 2][note 1][395]
19,900

 Azerbaijan[note 1][396]
480

 Belgium[note 1][397]
6,447

 Bahamas[note 3][398]
758

 Bolivia[note 1][399]
2,767

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 1][400]
771

 Botswana[401]
2,956

 Brazil[note 1][402]
15,622

 Cambodia[note 1][403]
24,797

 Canada[note 1][404]
62,118

 Cayman Islands[note 1][note 4][405]
499

 Chile[note 1][406]
9,991

 China[407]
125,400

 Colombia[408]
2,325

 Congo[note 5][409]
154

 Cook Islands[note 1][410]
99,490

 Costa Rica[note 1][411]
2,851

 Croatia[note 1][412]
25,751

 Cyprus[note 1][413]
389

 Dominica[414]
21

 Ecuador[note 6][415]
2,304

 Fiji[note 1][416]
163,836

 French Polynesia[417]
7,221

 Georgia[note 1][418]
707

 Germany[419]
55,577

 Guatemala[note 6][420]
2,617

 India[note 1][421]
50,917

 Indonesia[note 1][422]
105,391

 Israel[note 1][423]
3,900

 French Polynesia[note 1][424]
7,221

 Jamaica[note 1][425]
404

 Japan[426]
49,402

 Jordan[note 1][427]
3,868

 Kazakhstan[note 1][428]
486

 Kiribati[note 6][429]
395

 Laos[note 1][430]
4,787

 Lebanon[note 1][431]
1,487

 Macau[note 1][432]
13,731

 Macedonia[note 1][note 2][433]
306

 Madagascar[434]
117

 Malaysia[note 1][435]
53,352

 Malawi[note 7][436]
1,589

 Maldives[note 1][437]
2,087

 Mali[note 6][438]
96

 Mauritius[note 1][439]
939

 Micronesia[440]
285

 Montenegro[note 6][note 2][441]
651

 Myanmar[note 1][442]
5,026

   Nepal[443]
2,610

 New Caledonia[444]
8,529

 Niue[note 7][445]
2,690

 Oman[note 3][446]
15,616

 Panama[447]
1,059

 Papua New Guinea[note 1][448]
10,265

 Peru[449]
6,478

 Philippines[450]
20,579

 Romania[451]
3,597

 Russia[note 1][452]
7,631

 Samoa[453]
61,736

 Serbia[note 1][note 2][454]
1,337

 Singapore[note 1][455]
121,100

 Slovakia[note 1][note 2][456]
1,209

 Slovenia[note 1][note 2][457]
5,674

 Solomon Islands[458]
1,451

 South Africa[459]
19,436

 South Korea[note 1][460]
31,623

 Sri Lanka[note 1][461]
9,045

 Suriname[462]
25

 Taiwan[note 1][463]
13,676

 Tanzania[note 6][464]
3,260

 Tonga[465]
25,838

 Thailand[note 1][466]
111,246

 Timor-Leste[note 6][note 8][467]
896

 Turkey[note 1][468]
15,287

 Tuvalu[note 9][469]
133

 Ukraine[note 1][470]
754

 United Kingdom[note 1][471]
142,000

 United States[note 10][472][473]
336,645

 Vanuatu[474]
13,422

 Vietnam[note 1][475]
42,588

 Zambia[476]
2,072

 Zimbabwe[477]
6,725

text:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Data for 2016
^ a b c d e f Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
^ a b Data for 2013
^ Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2012
^ a b c d e f g Data for 2014
^ a b Data for 2009
^ Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2011
^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

tag: ol


document_title: Pitt

question_text: where does the last name pitt come from

question_tokens: where does the last name pitt come from

text: Pitt

text: Look up Pitt or pitt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Pitt is a surname of British[1] origin. Used on its own, in Europe or in history it most commonly refers to one of two British statesmen:

text:
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (William Pitt the Elder) (1708–1778), British Prime Minister and 1st Earl of Chatham 1766–1768
William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806), British Prime Minister 1783–1801 and 1804–1806, son of Pitt the Elder

text: In the U.S., mainly in education or sports, it most commonly refers to:

text:
PITT portal
Pittsburgh portal

text:
University of Pittsburgh ("Pitt"), located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pitt Panthers, the athletic teams of the University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburg State University ("Pitt State"), located in Pittsburg, Kansas

text: In American popular culture it commonly refers to:

text: Brad Pitt (born 1963), American actor

text: It may also refer to the following people:

text:
Andrew Pitt, motorcycle racer from New South Wales, Australia
Christopher Pitt (1699–1748), English poet and translator
Courtney Pitt (born 1981), English footballer
David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead (1913–1994), civil rights campaigner and Labour politician in the United Kingdom
Harvey Pitt (born 1945), former chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Ingrid Pitt (1937–2010), Polish actress in horror films of the 1960s and 70s
Kalanimoku (1768–1827), prominent Hawaiian official given the name William Pitt by visiting Europeans
Malcolm Pitt (1897–1985), American college sports coach
Michael Pitt (born 1981), American actor
Redding Pitt (1944–2016), attorney and chairman of the Alabama Democratic Party
Thomas Pitt (1653–1726), English merchant, grandfather of Pitt the Elder
William Pitt (architect) (1855–1918), architect working in Melbourne, Australia
William Pitt (engineer) (1840–1909), of New Brunswick, Canada, inventor of the underwater cable ferry in the early 1900s
William Fox-Pitt (born 1969), British three-day eventing rider
Bill Pitt (politician) (born 1937), British politician; Liberal Member of Parliament, 1981–1983
William Rivers Pitt (born 1971), leftist author and essayist

text: Pitt also refers to:

text:
Pitt, Hampshire, a hamlet in Hursley parish, Hampshire, England
Pitt River, British Columbia, Canada
Pit River, also known as Pitt River, California, United States
River Pitt, Somerset, England

text: Fiction[edit]

text:
Pitt, a comic book published by Full Bleed Studios
The Pitt, a single issue comic book published in 1987 by Marvel Comics
Fallout 3: The Pitt, the second downloadable content pack for Fallout 3
Dirk Pitt, the protagonist of a series of bestselling adventure novels written by Clive Cussler
Justin Pitt, a minor character in the television series Seinfeld


document_title: New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games

question_text: when did new zealand last host the commonwealth games

text: New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games

text: Host nation[edit]

text: New Zealand has hosted the Games three times:

text:
1950 British Empire Games – Auckland
1974 British Commonwealth Games – Christchurch
1990 Commonwealth Games – Auckland

text: Medal tally[edit]

text: Historically, New Zealand has generally been 4th or 5th, though was up to 3rd (1950 & 1962), and down to 11th (1970 & 2010) and 9th (2006). At the first games in 1930, New Zealand's 4th position was ahead of Australia at 5th. At the conclusion of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, New Zealand has earned 159 gold medals, 220 silver medals and 278 bronze medals. In the all-time medal tally New Zealand is ranked 5th behind Australia, England, Canada and India.

text: Host country (New Zealand)[1]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank

 1930 Hamilton
3
4
2
9
4th

 1934 London
1
0
2
3
6th

 1938 Sydney
5
7
13
25
5th

 1950 Auckland
10
22
22
54
3rd

 1954 Vancouver
7
7
5
19
5th

 1958 Cardiff
4
6
9
19
5th

 1962 Perth
10
12
10
32
3rd

 1966 Kingston
8
5
13
26
4th

 1970 Edinburgh
2
6
6
14
11th

 1974 Christchurch
9
8
18
35
4th

 1978 Edmonton
5
6
9
20
5th

 1982 Brisbane
5
8
13
26
5th

 1986 Edinburgh
8
16
14
38
4th

 1990 Auckland
17
14
27
58
4th

 1994 Victoria
5
16
20
41
8th

 1998 Kuala Lumpur
8
6
20
34
6th

 2002 Manchester
11
13
21
45
5th

 2006 Melbourne
6
12
14
32
9th

 2010 Delhi
6
22
8
36
11th

 2014 Glasgow
14
14
17
45
6th

 2018 Gold Coast
15
16
15
46
5th

Total
159
220
278
657
5th

text: By sport[edit]

text: Events in bold featured at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

text:
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Athletics
37
48
51
136

Cycling
25
47
42
114

Swimming
18
30
36
84

Shooting
15
16
21
52

Lawn bowls
13
12
15
40

Weightlifting
12
12
16
40

Rowing
9
15
7
31

Boxing
7
6
24
37

Rugby sevens
6
1
0
7

Squash
5
4
4
13

Wrestling
3
9
17
29

Netball
2
3
0
5

Gymnastics
2
0
9
11

Judo
1
4
6
11

Hockey
1
3
3
7

Fencing
1
2
3
6

Table tennis
1
1
2
4

Archery
1
0
0
1

Badminton
0
2
9
11

Triathlon
0
2
3
5

Basketball
0
2
2
4

Water polo
0
1
0
1

Diving
0
0
4
4

Synchronised swimming
0
0
2
2

Beach volleyball
0
0
1
1

Cricket
0
0
1
1

text: Competitors[edit]

text: Notable competitors for New Zealand include Greg Yelavich in sports shooting, who has won 11 medals at 6 games from 1986 to 2006. Rowan Brassey has also competed at 6 games, and has won 3 medals in lawn bowls. Gary Anderson won 3 golds, 2 silvers and 3 bronze medals for New Zealand in cycling. Athlete Valerie Young has won the most gold medals (5) of any New Zealand competitor.


document_title: The Legend of Zorro

question_text: who played joaquin in the legend of zorro

text: The Legend of Zorro

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1851, nine years after the events of the first film, California is voting on whether to join the United States of America as a state. Alejandro Murrieta, as Zorro, foils a plot to steal the ballots, but during the fight with a gunman named Jacob McGivens, he briefly loses his mask. A pair of Pinkerton agents sees his face and recognize him. The following day, the Pinkertons confront Alejandro's wife Elena and force her to divorce him.

text: Three months later, the separation from Elena and his son Joaquin, and the feeling that the people no longer need Zorro, are taking its toll on Alejandro. His childhood guardian, Father Felipe, convinces him to attend a party at French Count Armand's new vineyard. There, Alejandro discovers that Elena is dating the count. After leaving the party, Alejandro witnesses a huge explosion close to Armand's mansion and becomes suspicious of him.

text: McGivens leads an attack on the family of Guillermo Cortez, Alejandro's friend, to seize their land deed. Donning his mask again, Zorro rescues Guillermo's wife and son, but fails to save Guillermo and the deed. Zorro follows McGivens to Armand's mansion and discovers that Armand plans to build a railroad on Cortez's land. He also encounters Elena, and learning of an upcoming shipment, he tracks McGivens to a cove where the cargo is delivered. Unbeknownst to him, Joaquin also hitched a ride on McGiven's cart, having sneaked out of a class trip. Zorro saves his son from the bandits, and examing the shipment, he sees a piece of the cargo, a bar of soap, and the name Orbis Unum on a crate lid. Upon researching the phrase, Felipe and Alejandro learn that Armand is the head of a secret society, the Knights of Aragon, which has been secretly ruling Europe. The United States is deemed a threat to the Knights, so they plan to throw the country into chaos before it can gain too much power.

text: Alejandro is captured by the Pinkertons, who reveal that they forced Elena to divorce Alejandro in order to get close to Armand and learn of his plans without the aid of Zorro, as they dislike Zorro and his vigilante ways. Joaquin frees Alejandro from captivity. Zorro goes to Armand's mansion, meets Elena, and eavesdrops on Armand's meeting. He learns that the soap bars are secretly used as an ingredient for nitroglycerin, which Armand plans to distribute throughout the Confederate Army, with the help of Confederate Colonel Beauregard, to destroy the Union. Zorro and Elena reconcile, and Zorro prepares to destroy the train carrying the explosives. McGivens arrives at Felipe's church to look for Zorro. Unable to find him, McGivens shoots the priest and kidnaps Joaquin.

text: At the mansion, Armand is informed by his butler, Ferroq, about Elena's deception. He confronts her, also revealing he had killed the Pinkertons, and takes her and Joaquin hostage on the train carrying the explosives, making Zorro unable to destroy it. Zorro is captured and unmasked in front of his son. Armand takes Joaquin and Elena away and orders McGivens to kill Alejandro. Felipe, having been saved from McGivens's bullet by a cross he wears, arrives, and he and Alejandro overpower and kill McGivens.

text: Zorro catches up with Armand, and they engage in a sword fight. Meanwhile, Elena has Joaquin escape into the back cars of the train, which she disconnects. Elena fights Ferroq in the nitro storage car and throws him and a bottle of nitro out of the car and at the feet of Colonel Beauregard at their prearranged meeting point, killing them. Further along the tracks, the governor prepares to sign the bill to make California a Union state. Joaquin collects Tornado, Zorro's horse, jumps off the train, and overtakes it. He hits a track switch, causing the train to harmlessly pass around the ceremony. Zorro and Armand's duel takes them to the very front of the locomotive. Seeing the track is a dead end, Zorro hooks Armand to the train and escapes with Elena. The train crashes into the pile of rails at the end of the track, setting off the nitroglycerin, killing Armand.

text: With Zorro as an official witness, the governor signs the bill, and California becomes the 31st state of the United States of America. Felipe remarries Alejandro and Elena, and Alejandro apologizes to his son for hiding his identity, admitting that Zorro's identity is a family secret rather than just his own. With Elena's support, Zorro rides off on Tornado to his next mission.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Antonio Banderas as Don Alejandro de la Vega / Zorro
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Eléna de la Vega
Rufus Sewell as Count Armand
Nick Chinlund as Jacob McGivens
Adrián Alonso as Joaquin de la Vega
Julio Oscar Mechoso as Padre Felipe
Leo Burmester as Colonel Beauregard
Tony Amendola as Padre Quintero
Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Governor Riley
Michael Emerson as Harrigan
Shuler Hensley as Pike
Giovanna Zacarias as Blanca Cortez
Raúl Méndez as Ferroq
Alberto Reyes as Padre Ignacio

text: Alternate ending[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: An alternate ending, included on the DVD, shows a grown-up Joaquin putting on the costume and riding off into the sunset, following his father's and maternal grandfather Diego de la Vega's (portrayed by Anthony Hopkins in The Mask of Zorro) footsteps as Zorro, while the elderly Alejandro and Elena watch proudly. This was changed to the theatrical ending in order to allow for future sequels with Antonio Banderas and Catherine Zeta-Jones.

text: Historical references[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Legend of Zorro continues its predecessor's inclusion of historical elements of California history into the fiction, though many liberties have been taken. Alejandro, the Mexican-born Californian who became Zorro at the end of The Mask of Zorro, is a fictional brother to Joaquin Murrieta, for whom the character's son Joaquin is named. Military governor Bennet Riley, the last of California's heads of state prior to statehood, is portrayed, but the Maryland-born American is played by the Mexican actor Pedro Armendáriz Jr. who speaks English with a Hispanic accent. Leo Burmester plays R. S. Beauregard, a Confederate colonel whose character is not to be confused with the historical P. G. T. Beauregard. Pedro Mira plays a pre-Presidential Abraham Lincoln as an observer to California's statehood, though the real Lincoln never traveled to the region. The film also features a fictional monument called Bear Point, commemorating the site where the original Bear Flag of the California Republic flew briefly in 1846. Although the actual flag flew in Sonoma County, the film suggests that Bear Point is located in San Mateo County.

text: The Legend of Zorro, which takes place in 1850, includes a significant number of deviations from national history as well, particularly in depicting an organized Confederate States of America and a presumed completed First Transcontinental Railroad, each more than a decade before their times. Additional deviations include a quote from the Gettysburg Address, which would not be written until 1863. A map discovered by Zorro delineates two states (Arizona and New Mexico) that did not achieve statehood until 1912; several other states depicted on the map entered into the Union long after California. The film also features characters who identify themselves as agents of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, which had been established in the year 1850 but was known at the time as the North-Western Police Agency.[3]

text: A deleted scene on the film's DVD features a short discussion on a magic lantern presentation.

text: The use of the Henry repeating rifle by Jacob McGivens is a mistake, it was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Legend of Zorro: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score by James HornerReleased
October 25, 2005Recorded
2004–2005Length
75:34Label
SonyJames Horner chronology

FlightplanString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found

The Legend of Zorro(2005)

The New World(2005)The New World2005

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingSoundtrackNet

text: No.TitleLength1."Collecting the Ballots"3:272."Stolen Votes"6:313."To the Governor's... And Then Elena"4:054."This Is Who I Am"3:055."Classroom Justice"1:506."The Cortez Ranch"6:357."A Proposal with Pearls / Perilous Times"3:588."Joaquin's Capture and Zorro's Rescue"5:009."Jailbreak / Reunited"5:3610."A Dinner of Pigeon / Setting the Explosives"5:0411."Mad Dash / Zorro Unmasked"3:2012."Just One Drop of Nitro"2:4013."The Train"11:1114."Statehood Proclaimed"5:0015."My Family Is My Life..."8:14

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film currently holds a rating of 47 out of 100 on Metacritic,[4] and a 26% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a below-average review, awarding it one and a half out of four stars, commenting that "of all of the possible ideas about how to handle the Elena character, this movie has assembled the worst ones."[6] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave The Legend of Zorro two out of four stars, saying that "the action is routine", "the chemistry between the two leads, which was one of the highlights of The Mask of Zorro, has evaporated during the intervening years", and that the movie "fails to recapture the pleasure offered by The Mask of Zorro."[7]

text: Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com praised the film, calling it "entertaining, bold, and self-effacing at once", noting the civic and parental questions it raises.[8] Slate Magazine critic David Edelstein also praised the film, in particular the action scenes, villains, and chemistry between Banderas and Zeta-Jones.[9] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said the film was "watchable – not remotely enjoyable, but watchable."[10] Nathan Rabin of The Onion's A.V. Club gave the film a lukewarm review, saying that "director Martin Campbell doles out action sequences stingily", and added that "The Legend of Zorro still feels like a half-hearted shrug of a sequel."[11] Brian Lowry of Variety said that The Legend of Zorro is "considerably less charming than The Mask of Zorro", but added that the film "gets by mostly on dazzling stunt work and the pleasure of seeing its dashing and glamorous leads back in cape and gown."[12] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly awarded the film a "B-" score. Schwarzbaum said that "too many scenes emphasize gross butchery over the elegance of the blade", but added that the film is "well-oiled" and praised the "fancy fight sequences".[13]

text: Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post reacted negatively, calling The Legend of Zorro "a waste of talent, time, and money" and "stupid and boring".[14] Marc Savlov of the Austin Chronicle was also not impressed, remarking that "there are precious few things for a Zorro fan – or a film fan, for that matter – not to loathe about The Legend of Zorro."[15][16] The film did reasonably well at the box office, grossing $142,400,065 internationally, but did not match the success of its predecessor.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD & VHS on January 31, 2006. It was later released on Blu-ray on December 11, 2007.[citation needed]


document_title: Top Gun

question_text: what aircraft carrier was used in the movie top gun

text: Top Gun

text: Plot[edit]

text: United States Naval Aviator LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell and his Radar Intercept Officer LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw fly the F-14A Tomcat aboard USS Enterprise (CVN-65). During an interception with two hostile MiG-28 aircraft (portrayed by a Northrop F-5), Maverick gets missile lock on one, while the other hostile aircraft locks onto Maverick's wingman, Cougar. While Maverick drives off the remaining MiG-28, Cougar is too shaken to land, and Maverick, defying orders, shepherds him back to the carrier. Cougar gives up his wings, citing his newborn child that he has never seen. Despite his dislike for Maverick's recklessness, CAG "Stinger" sends him and Goose to attend Topgun[6], the Naval Fighter Weapons School at Naval Air Station Miramar.

text: At a bar the day before Topgun starts, Maverick, assisted by Goose, unsuccessfully approaches a woman. He learns the next day that she is Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood, an astrophysicist and civilian Topgun instructor. She becomes interested in Maverick upon learning of his inverted maneuver with the MiG-28, which disproves US intelligence on the enemy aircraft's performance.

text: During Maverick's first training sortie he defeats instructor LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly but through reckless flying breaks two rules of engagement and is reprimanded by chief instructor CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf. Maverick also becomes a rival to top student LT Tom "Iceman" Kazansky, who considers Maverick's flying "dangerous." Charlie also objects to Maverick's aggressive tactics, but eventually admits that she admires his flying and omitted it from her reports to hide her feelings for him, and the two begin a romantic relationship.

text: During a training sortie Maverick abandons his wingman "Hollywood" to chase Viper, but is defeated when Viper maneuvers Maverick into a position from which his wingman Jester can shoot down Maverick from behind, demonstrating the value of teamwork over individual prowess.

text: Maverick and Iceman, now direct competitors for the Topgun Trophy, chase an A-4 in a later training engagement. Maverick pressures Iceman to break off his engagement so he can shoot it down, but Maverick's F-14 flies through the jet wash of Iceman's aircraft and suffers a flameout of both engines, going into an unrecoverable flat spin.  Maverick and Goose eject, but Goose hits the jettisoned aircraft canopy head-first and is killed.

text: Although the board of inquiry clears Maverick of responsibility for Goose's death, he is overcome by guilt and his flying skill diminishes. Charlie and others attempt to console him, but Maverick considers retiring. He seeks advice from Viper, who reveals that he served with Maverick's father Duke Mitchell on the USS Oriskany and was in the air battle in which Mitchell was killed. Contrary to official reports which faulted Mitchell, Viper reveals classified information that proves Mitchell died heroically, and informs Maverick that he can succeed if he can regain his self-confidence. Maverick chooses to graduate, though Iceman wins the Top Gun Trophy.

text: During the graduation party, Viper calls in the newly graduated aviators with the orders to deploy. Iceman, Hollywood, and Maverick are ordered to immediately return to Enterprise to deal with a "crisis situation", providing air support for the rescue of a stricken ship that has drifted into hostile waters.

text: Maverick and Merlin are assigned as back-up for F-14s flown by Iceman and Hollywood, despite Iceman's reservations over Maverick's state of mind. The subsequent hostile engagement with six MiGs sees Hollywood shot down; Maverick is scrambled alone due to a catapult failure and nearly retreats after encountering circumstances similar to those that caused Goose's death. Upon finally rejoining Iceman, Maverick shoots down three MiGs, and Iceman one, forcing the other two to flee. Upon their triumphant return to Enterprise, Iceman and Maverick express a newfound respect for each other.

text: Offered any assignment he chooses, Maverick decides to return to Topgun as an instructor. At a bar in Miramar, Maverick and Charlie reunite.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood. The character is based on a real-life person, Christine Fox, who worked at the Miramar Naval Air Station.[7]
Val Kilmer as LT Tom "Iceman" Kazansky
Anthony Edwards as LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
Tom Skerritt as CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf
Michael Ironside as LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly
John Stockwell as LT Bill "Cougar" Cortell
Barry Tubb as LTJG Henry "Wolfman" Ruth
Rick Rossovich as LTJG Ron "Slider" Kerner
Tim Robbins as LTJG Sam "Merlin" Wells
Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as LTJG Marcus "Sundown" Williams
Whip Hubley as LT Rick "Hollywood" Neven
James Tolkan as CDR Tom "Stinger" Jardian
Meg Ryan as Carole Bradshaw
Adrian Pasdar as LT Charles "Chipper" Piper

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The primary inspiration for the film was the article "Top Guns" by Ehud Yonay, from the May 1983 issue of California magazine, which featured aerial photography by then-Lieutenant Commander Charles "Heater" Heatley.[8] The article detailed the life of fighter pilots at Naval Air Station Miramar in San Diego, self-nicknamed as "Fightertown USA". Numerous screenwriters allegedly turned down the project.[8] Bruckheimer and Simpson went on to hire Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., to write the first draft. The research methods, by Epps, included an attendance at several declassified Topgun classes at Miramar and gaining experience by being flown in an F-14. The first draft failed to impress Bruckheimer and Simpson, and is considered to be very different from the final product in numerous ways.[9]

text: Actor Matthew Modine turned down the role of LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (that went to Tom Cruise) because he felt the film's pro-military stance went against his politics.[10]

text: The producers wanted the assistance of the US Navy in production of the film. The Navy was influential in relation to script approval, which resulted in changes being made. The opening dogfight was moved to international waters as opposed to Cuba, the language was toned down, and a scene that involved a crash on the deck of an aircraft carrier was also scrapped.[11] Maverick's love interest was also changed from a female enlisted member of the Navy to a civilian contractor with the Navy, due to the US military's prohibition of fraternization between officers and enlisted personnel.[8] The "Charlie" character also replaced an aerobics instructor from an early draft as a love interest for Maverick after producers were introduced to Christine "Legs" Fox, a civilian mathematician employed by the Center for Naval Analyses as a specialist in Maritime Air Superiority (MAS), developing tactics for aircraft carrier defense.[7]

text: Julianne Phillips was in consideration for the role of Charlie, and had been scheduled to perform a screen test opposite Tom Cruise.[12]

text: Rear Admiral Pete "Viper" Pettigrew, a former Navy aviator, Vietnam War veteran, and Topgun instructor served as a technical advisor on the film, and also made a cameo appearance in the film as a colleague of Charlie's.

text: Former Top Gun instructor pilot and Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham claimed to have been the inspiration for Pete Mitchell, although the film's producers have denied that the character was based on any specific Naval Aviator.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Navy made several aircraft from F-14 fighter squadron VF-51 "Screaming Eagles" (which Tom Skerritt mentions in the scene at his home) available for the film. Paramount paid as much as US$7,800 per hour for fuel and other operating costs whenever aircraft were flown outside their normal duties. Shots of the aircraft carrier sequences were filmed aboard the USS Enterprise, showing aircraft from F-14 squadrons VF-114 "Aardvarks" and VF-213 "Black Lions".[14] The majority of the carrier flight deck shots were of normal aircraft operations and the film crew had to take what they could get, save for the occasional flyby which the film crew would request. During filming, director Tony Scott wanted to shoot aircraft landing and taking off, back-lit by the sun. During one particular filming sequence, the ship's commanding officer changed the ship's course, thus changing the light. When Scott asked if they could continue on their previous course and speed, he was informed by the commander that it cost US$25,000 to turn the ship, and to continue on course. Scott wrote the carrier's captain a US$25,000 check so that the ship could be turned and he could continue shooting for another five minutes.[15]

text: Most of the sequences of the aircraft maneuvering over land were shot at Naval Air Station Fallon, in Nevada, using ground-mounted cameras. Air-to-air shots were filmed using a Learjet. Grumman, manufacturer of the F-14, was commissioned by Paramount Pictures to create camera pods to be placed upon the aircraft that could be pointed toward either the front or rear of the aircraft providing outside shots at high altitude.[citation needed]

text: In July 1985, Kansas City Barbeque served as a filming location for two scenes. The first scene features Goose and Maverick singing "Great Balls of Fire" while seated at the piano. The final scene, where "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" can be heard on the restaurant's jukebox, was also filmed at the restaurant. Both scenes were filmed consecutively. After release of the movie, the restaurant went on to collect a significant amount of memorabilia from the motion picture until a kitchen fire on June 26, 2008 destroyed much of the restaurant. Some memorabilia and props, including the original piano used in the film, survived the fire, and the restaurant re-opened in November 2008.

text: Renowned aerobatic pilot Art Scholl was hired to do in-flight camera work for the film. The original script called for a flat spin, which Scholl was to perform and capture on a camera on the aircraft. The aircraft was observed to spin through its recovery altitude, at which time Scholl radioed "I have a problem... I have a real problem". He was unable to recover from the spin and crashed his Pitts Special bi-plane into the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast near Carlsbad on September 16, 1985. Neither Scholl's body nor his aircraft were recovered, leaving the official cause of the accident unknown.[16] Top Gun was dedicated to Scholl's memory.[17]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Top Gun soundtrack is one of the most popular soundtracks to date, reaching 9× Platinum certification[18] and #1 on the Billboard Hot 200 albums chart for five nonconsecutive weeks in the summer and fall of 1986.[19] Harold Faltermeyer, who previously worked with both Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson on the films Flashdance and Beverly Hills Cop, was sent the script of Top Gun by Bruckheimer before filming began. Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock worked on numerous songs including the Oscar-winning "Take My Breath Away". Kenny Loggins performed two songs on the soundtrack, "Playing with the Boys", and "Danger Zone". Berlin recorded the song "Take My Breath Away", which would later win numerous awards, sending the band to international acclaim. After the release of Loggins's single "Danger Zone", sales of the album exploded, selling 7 million in the United States alone. On the re-release of the soundtrack in 2000, two songs that had been omitted from the original album (and had been released many years before the film was made), "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis and "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" by The Righteous Brothers, were added. The soundtrack also includes "Top Gun Anthem" and "Memories" by Steve Stevens/Faltermeyer and Faltermeyer. However, no soundtrack release to date has included the full Faltermeyer score.[citation needed]

text: Other artists were considered for the soundtrack project but did not participate. Bryan Adams was considered as a potential candidate but refused to participate because he felt the film glorified war.[20] Likewise, REO Speedwagon was considered but backed down because they would not be allowed to record their own composition.[citation needed] The band Toto was originally meant to record "Danger Zone", and had also written and recorded a song "Only You" for the soundtrack. However, there was a dispute between Toto's lawyers and the producers of the film, paving the way for Loggins to record "Danger Zone" and "Only You" being omitted from the film entirely.[21]

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In addition to its box office success, Top Gun went on to break further records in the then still-developing home video market. Backed by a massive US$8 million marketing campaign including a Top Gun-themed Diet Pepsi commercial,[22][23] the advance demand was such that the film became the best-selling videocassette in the industry's history on pre-orders alone. It was also one of the first video cassette releases in the US$20 price range.[24] Top Gun's home video success was again reflected by strong DVD sales, which were furthered by a special-edition release in 2004. Bomber jacket sales increased and Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses jumped 40%, due to their use by characters in the film.[25] The film also boosted Navy recruitment. The Navy had recruitment booths in some theaters to attract enthusiastic patrons.[26]

text: IMAX 3D re-release[edit]

text: Top Gun was re-released in IMAX 3D on February 8, 2013, for six days.[27] A four-minute preview of the conversion, featuring the "Danger Zone" flight sequence, was screened at the 2012 International Broadcasting Convention in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[28] Subsequently, the film was released in Blu-ray 3D on February 19, 2013.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest-grossing film of 1986. It would be six months before its theater count dropped below that of its opening week.[2] It was number one on its first weekend with an US$8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of US$176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated US$177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of US$353,816,701.[30] The film sold an estimated 47,650,100 tickets in North America in its initial theatrical run.[31]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Upon the film's original release, critical response was mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54% of 54 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8/10. The critical consensus states: "Though it features some of the most memorable and electrifying aerial footage shot with an expert eye for action, Top Gun offers too little for non-adolescent viewers to chew on when its characters aren't in the air".[32]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, pointing out that "Movies like Top Gun are hard to review because the good parts are so good and the bad parts are so relentless. The dogfights are absolutely the best since Clint Eastwood's electrifying aerial scenes in Firefox. But look out for the scenes where the people talk to one another."[33]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for and won many awards, most prominently for its sound and effects the film won the following awards:

text:
Year

Award

Category – Recipient(s)

1987

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987

Academy Awards

Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for "Take My Breath Away".

1986

Apex Scroll Awards

Achievement in Sound Effects

1987

BRIT Awards

Best Soundtrack

1987

Golden Globe Awards

Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987

Golden Screen Award

1987

Grammy Awards

Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

1987

Motion Picture Sound Editors

Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

1987

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Motion Picture

1988

Award of the Japanese Academy

Best Foreign Language Film

text: The film was nominated for the following awards:

text:
Academy Awards (1987)[34]
Best Sound Effects Editing – Cecelia Hall and George Watters II
Best Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Sound – Donald O. Mitchell, Kevin O'Connell, Rick Kline and William B. Kaplan
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for "Take My Breath Away"
Apex Scroll Awards (1986)
Actress in a Supporting Role – Meg Ryan
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Best Picture – Don Simpson, Jerry Bruckheimer
Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Achievement in Sound
Golden Globe Awards (1987)
Best Original Score – Motion Picture – Harold Faltermeyer
Award of the Japanese Academy (1988)
Best Foreign Language Film
Fennecus Awards (1986)
Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Achievement in Sound
Achievement in Sound Effects

text: In 2008, the film was ranked at number 455 in Empire's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[35] Yahoo! Movies ranked Top Gun #19 on their list of greatest action films of all-time.[36] The film was nominated multiple times for various AFI lists, but broke through only once. In 2005, the line "I feel the need... the need for speed!" was ranked 94 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"I feel the need — the need for speed." – #94

text: Effect on military recruiting[edit]

text: Movie producer John Davis claimed that Top Gun was a recruiting video for the Navy, that people saw the movie and said, "Wow! I want to be a pilot." After the film's release, the US Navy stated that the number of young men who joined wanting to be Naval Aviators went up by 500 percent.[37]

text: Foreign affairs[edit]

text: On January 23, 2011, China's state broadcaster China Central Television published a TV news story about the alleged efficiency of Chinese fighter pilots which incorporated footage from the Top Gun action sequences. Chinese internet users noticed the plagiarism, whereupon the broadcast was immediately withdrawn. Ironically, this occurred shorty after the initiation of a Chinese campaign to purge such forged reports; CCTV has declined comments on this incident.[38]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Since its initial release, the film has made many top film lists and has been the subject of comedic interpretation.

text: The 1991 film Hot Shots! was a comedy spoof of Top Gun.[citation needed]

text: The masculine theme of the film has been the subject of humorous examination, with the homoerotic subtext examined in a monologue performed by Quentin Tarantino in the 1994 film Sleep with Me.[39][40][41][42][43]

text: Top Gun is one of many war and action films, especially those by Jerry Bruckheimer, parodied in the 2004 comedy Team America: World Police.[44]

text: Top Gun along with A Few Good Men are recognized for being an inspiration for the TV series JAG and for the NCIS franchise in turn.[45]

text: The DisneyToon Studios film Planes (2013), pays homage to Top Gun with Val Kilmer and Anthony Edwards appearing in the film as part of the voice cast.[46]

text: Two Chinese films, 2011's Jian Shi Chu Ji ("Skyfighters") and 2017's Kong Lian Lie ("Skyhunters"), were based on Top Gun.[47]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel has been in active development since at least 2010.[48]  However plans have been complicated by Scott's suicide in 2012.[49] In 2013, all parties were still reported interested in the project with Bruckheimer, "For 30 years we've been trying to make a sequel and we're not going to stop. We still want to do it with Tom and Paramount are still interested in making it. What Tom tells me is that no matter where he goes in the world, people refer to him as Maverick. It's something he is excited about so as long as he keeps his enthusiasm hopefully we'll get it made."[50]

text: By September 2014 it was revealed that Justin Marks was already in negotiations to write the screenplay,[51] which was confirmed that following June.[52] Marks would go on later to say that the film was a dream project for him, calling the original an "iconic film in my memory" due in part to it being one of the first films he remembers seeing in a movie theater.[53]

text: In May 2017, during the promotional tour for The Mummy, Cruise confirmed that a sequel to Top Gun will start filming in 2018.[54] By June of the same year, he revealed that the title will be Top Gun: Maverick with Faltermeyer back as composer for the sequel. Cruise further stated that, "Aviators are back, the need for speed. We're going to have big, fast machines. It's going to be a competition film, like the first one…but a progression for Maverick." [55] Later that month it was announced Joseph Kosinski, who directed Cruise in 2013's Oblivion, was set to direct the sequel.[56]

text: The release date has been pushed to June 2020.[57]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Top Gun also spawned a number of video games for various platforms. The original game was released in 1987 under the same title as the film. It was released on five platforms in total: PC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) (with an equivalent version for Nintendo's "VS." arcade cabinets). In the game, the player pilots an F-14 Tomcat fighter, and has to complete four missions. A sequel, Top Gun: The Second Mission, was released for the NES three years later.

text: Another game, Top Gun: Fire at Will, was released in 1996 for the PC and later for the Sony PlayStation platform. Top Gun: Hornet's Nest was released in 1998. Top Gun: Combat Zones was released for PlayStation 2 in 2001 and was ported to the GameCube and Windows PCs a year later. Combat Zones was considerably longer and more complex than its predecessors, and also featured other aircraft besides the F-14. In late 2005, a fifth game, simply titled Top Gun, was released for the Nintendo DS. At E3 2011, a new game was announced, Top Gun: Hard Lock, which was released in March 2012 for Xbox 360, PC, and PlayStation 3.