document_title: Cilium

question_text: what cellular structure is associated with movement of cilia

text: Cilium

text: Types[edit]

text: Cilia can be divided into primary forms and motile forms.[5]

text: Primary/Immotile cilia[edit]

text: In animals, primary cilia are found on nearly every cell.[2]

text: In comparison to motile cilia, non-motile (or primary) cilia usually occur one per cell; nearly all mammalian cells have a single non-motile primary cilium. In addition, examples of specialized primary cilia can be found in human sensory organs such as the eye and the nose:

text:
The outer segment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the human eye is connected to its cell body with a specialized non-motile cilium.[6]
The dendritic knob of the olfactory neuron, where the odorant receptors are located, also contains non-motile cilia (about 10 cilia per dendritic knob).

text: Although the primary cilium was discovered in 1898, it was largely ignored for a century. Only recently has great progress been made in understanding the function of the primary cilium. Until the 1990s, the prevailing view of the primary cilium was that it was merely a vestigial organelle without important function.[2] Recent findings regarding its physiological roles in chemical sensation, signal transduction, and control of cell growth, have led scientists to acknowledge its importance in cell function, with the discovery of its role in diseases not previously recognized to involve the dysgenesis and dysfunction of cilia, such as polycystic kidney disease,[7] congenital heart disease,[8] and an emerging group of genetic ciliopathies.[9] The primary cilium is now known to play an important role in the function of many human organs.[2] The current scientific understanding of primary cilia views them as "sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation.".[10]

text: Motile cilia[edit]

text: Larger eukaryotes, such as mammals, have motile cilia as well. Motile cilia are usually present on a cell's surface in large numbers and beat in coordinated waves.[11]

text:
In humans, for example, motile cilia are found in the lining of the trachea (windpipe), where they sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs.[12]
In female mammals, the beating of cilia in the Fallopian tubes moves the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.[12][13]

text: The functioning of motile cilia is strongly dependent on the maintenance of optimal levels of fluid bathing the cilia. Epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are specifically expressed along the entire length of cilia apparently serve as sensors that regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia.[12][14]

text: Ciliates are microscopic organisms that possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Inside cilia and flagella is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. The axoneme of primary cilia typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubule singlets in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme). The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for molecular motor proteins such as kinesin II, that help carry proteins up and down the microtubules.[2][15][16] On the outside of cilia is a membrane like the plasma membrane, but compositionally distinct due to a blocking ring ("necklace") around the base,[17] and distinct also in its population of receptors and other integral proteins.

text: Ciliary rootlet[edit]

text: The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. According to the Gene Ontology, the following proteins localize to the ciliary rootlet: amyloid precursor protein, rootletin, kinesins (KIF5B, KIF5C, KLC2, KLC3), and presenilins (PSEN1, PSEN2).[18]

text: Development[edit]

text: Cilia are formed through the process of ciliogenesis. The building blocks of the cilia such as tubulins and other partially assembled axonemal proteins are added to the ciliary tips which point away from the cell body.[19] In most species bi-directional motility called intraflagellar transport (IFT) plays an essential role in moving these building materials from the cell body to the assembly site.[20] IFT also carries the disassembled material to be recycled from the ciliary tip back to the cell body. By regulating the equilibrium between these two IFT processes, the length of cilia can be maintained dynamically. Disassembly of cilia requires the action of the Aurora A kinase .[21]

text: Exceptions where IFT is not present include Plasmodium falciparum, which is one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. In this parasite, cilia assemble in the cytoplasm.[22]

text: At the base of the cilium where it attaches to the cell body is the microtubule organizing center, the basal body. Some basal body proteins as CEP164, ODF2 [23] and CEP170,[24] regulate the formation and the stability of the cilium. A transition zone between the basal body and the axoneme "serves as a docking station for intraflagellar transport and motor proteins."[2]

text: In effect, the cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines.[10]

text: Function[edit]

text: The dynein in the axoneme forms bridges between neighbouring microtubule doublets. When ATP activates the motor domain of dynein, it attempts to walk along the adjoining microtubule doublet. This would force the adjacent doublets to slide over one another if not for the presence of Nexin between the microtubule doublets. And thus the force generated by dyenin is instead converted into a bending motion.[25]

text: Sensing the extracellular environment[edit]

text: Some primary cilia on epithelial cells in eukaryotes act as cellular antennae, providing chemosensation, thermosensation and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment.[26] These cilia then play a role in mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile.[26] Some epithelial cells are ciliated, and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarized cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen. This sensory and signalling role puts cilia in a central role for maintaining the local cellular environment and may be why ciliary defects cause such a wide range of human diseases.[27]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Ciliary defects can lead to a number of human diseases. Genetic mutations compromising the proper functioning of cilia, ciliopathies, can cause chronic disorders such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), nephronophthisis or Senior-Loken syndrome. In addition, a defect of the primary cilium in the renal tube cells can lead to polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In another genetic disorder called Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), the mutant gene products are the components in the basal body and cilia.[9]

text: Lack of functional cilia in female Fallopian tubes can cause ectopic pregnancy. A fertilized ovum may not reach the uterus if the cilia are unable to move it there. In such a case, the ovum will implant in the Fallopian tubes, causing a tubal pregnancy, the most common form of ectopic pregnancy.[28]

text: As noted above, epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are expressed along the length of cilia regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia. Mutations that decrease the activity of ENaC result in multisystem pseudohypoaldosteronism, that is associated with fertility problems.[12] In cystic fibrosis that results from mutations in the chloride channel CFTR, ENaC activity is enhanced leading to a severe reduction of the fluid level that causes complications and infections in the respiratory airways.[14]

text: Since the flagellum of human sperm is actually a modified cilium, ciliary dysfunction can also be responsible for male infertility.[29]

text: Of interest, there is an association of primary ciliary dyskinesia with left-right anatomic abnormalities such as situs inversus (a combination of findings known as Kartagener's syndrome) and other heterotaxic defects. These left-right anatomic abnormalities can also result in congenital heart disease.[30] It has been shown that proper cilial function is responsible for the normal left-right asymmetry in mammals.[31]

text: Ciliopathy as an origin for many multi-symptom genetic diseases[edit]

text: Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that were not previously related in the medical literature, may be, in fact, highly related in the root cause of the widely varying set of medical symptoms that are clinically visible in the disorder. These have been grouped as an emerging class of diseases called ciliopathies. The underlying cause may be a dysfunctional molecular mechanism in the primary/immotile cilia, organelles which are present in many diverse cellular types throughout the human body. Cilia defects adversely affect numerous critical developmental signaling pathways essential to cellular development and thus offer a plausible hypothesis for the often multi-symptom nature of a large set of syndromes and diseases.[9] Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alstrom syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Sensenbrenner syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.[9][26]


document_title: Gang

question_text: what is the geographic territory claimed by a gang

root

text: Gang

text: Definition[edit]

text: The word "gang" derives from the past participle of Old English gan, meaning "to go". It is cognate with Old Norse gangster,[1] meaning "journey."[2] It typically means a group of people, and may have neutral, positive or negative connotations depending on usage.[3][4][5]

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: In discussing the banditry in American history Barrington Moore, Jr. suggests that gangsterism as a "form of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of law and order"; he characterizes European feudalism as "mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability and power but gang violences were frequent occurances".[6]

text: A wide variety of gangs, such as the Order of Assassins, the Damned Crew, Adam the Leper's gang, Penny Mobs, Indian Thugs, Chinese Triads, Snakehead, Japanese Yakuza, Irish mob, Pancho Villa's Villistas, Dead Rabbits, American Old West outlaw gangs, Bowery Boys, Chasers, the Italian mafia, Jewish mafia, and Russian Mafia crime families have existed for centuries. According to some estimates the Thuggee gangs in India murdered 1 million people between 1740 and 1840.[7]

text: The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a series of organized gangs",[8] some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. Members dressed in the following way: "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions."[9]

text: Chicago had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.[10] These early gangs had reputations for many criminal activities, but in most countries could not profit from drug trafficking prior to drugs being made illegal by laws such as the 1912 International Opium Convention and the 1919 Volstead Act.[citation needed] Gang involvement in drug trafficking increased during the 1970s and 1980s, but some gangs continue to have minimal involvement in the trade.[11]

text: In the United States, the history of gangs began on the East Coast in 1783 following the American Revolution.[12] The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the 40 Thieves, began around the late 1820s in New York City. The gangs in Washington D.C. had control of what is now Federal Triangle, in a region then known as Murder Bay.[13]

text: Current numbers[edit]

text: In 2007, there were approximately 785,000 active street gang members in the United States, according to the National Youth Gang Center.[14] In 2011, the National Gang Intelligence Center of the Federal Bureau of Investigation asserted that "There are approximately 1.4 million active street, prison, and outlaw gang members comprising more than 33,500 gangs in the United States."[15] Approximately 230,000 gang members were in U.S. prisons or jails in 2011.[15]

text: According to the Chicago Crime Commission publication, "The Gang Book 2012", Chicago has the highest number of gang members of any city in the United States: 150,000 members.[16] Traditionally Los Angeles County has been considered the Gang Capital of America, with an estimated 120,000 (41,000 in the City) gang members.[17]

text: There were at least 30,000 gangs and 800,000 gang members active across the USA in 2007.[18][19] About 900,000 gang members lived "within local communities across the country," and about 147,000 were in U.S. prisons or jails in 2009.[20] By 1999, Hispanics accounted for 47% of all gang members, Blacks 31%, Whites 13%, and Asians 7%.[21]

text: In December 13, 2009, The New York Times published an article about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone.[22]

text: There are between 25,000 and 50,000 gang members in Central America's El Salvador.[23]

text: More than 1,800 gangs were known to be operating in the UK in 2011.[24]

text: The FBI estimates that the four Italian organized crime groups active in the United States have 25,000 members in total.[25]

text: The Russian, Chechen, Azerbaijani, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, and other former Soviet organized crime groups or "Bratvas" have many members and associates affiliated with their various sorts of organized crime, but no statistics are available.

text: The Yakuza are among one of the largest criminal organizations in the world. As of 2005[update], there are some 102,400 known members in Japan.[26]

text: Hong Kong's Triads include up to 160,000 members in the 21st century.[27] It was estimated that in the 1950s, there were 300,000 Triad members in Hong Kong.[28]

text: Notable examples[edit]

text: See List of gangs in the United States

text: Perhaps one of the most infamous criminal gangs is the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, known as the Mafia.[29] The Neapolitan Camorra, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are similar Italian organized gangs.

text: Other criminal gangs include the Russian Mafia, Mexican,[30] Colombian Drug Cartels, the Aryan Brotherhood, the Mexican Mafia, the Texas Syndicate, the Black Guerrilla Family, the Nuestra Familia, the Mara Salvatrucha, the Primeiro Comando da Capital, the Irish Mob, the Puerto Rican Mafia Nuestra familia de Martínez sangre, the Chinese Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, the Jamaican-British Yardies, the Haitian gang Zoe Pound, and other crime syndicates.[31]

text: On a lower level in the hierarchy of criminal gangs are street gangs in the United States (mostly branches of larger criminal gangs). Examples include:

text:
Black gangs like the Bloods and the Crips
National origin and/or racial gangs like the Asian Boyz, the Wa Ching, The Latin Kings, the Hammerskins and Blood & Honour.
Biker gangs such as the Hells Angels, the Pagans, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos,[32][33] known as the "Big Four".[34]

tag: ul

text: Types and structure[edit]

text: Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group.[35]

text: There are street gangs, with members of similar background and motivations.[36] The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighbourhood or street-based youth groups that meet "gang" criteria. Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise."[37]

text: Understanding the structure of gangs is a critical skill to defining the types of strategies that are most effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders.[38] Not all individuals who display the outward signs of gang membership are actually involved in criminal activities. An individual's age, physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and arrest record are often principal factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang hierarchy; now money derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang also impacts the individual's status within the gang. The structure of gangs varies depending primarily on size which can range in size from five or ten to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break up into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets. The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang as they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whoever takes control; others have distinct leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more or less a business or corporation.

text: Prison gangs are groups in prison or correctional institution[39] for mutual protection and advancement. Prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members. The 2005 study neither War nor Peace: International Comparisons of Children and Youth in Organized Armed Violence studied ten cities worldwide and found that in eight of them, "street gangs had strong links to prison gangs".[40] According to criminal justice professor John Hagedorn, many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the St. Charles Illinois Youth Center originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the majority of gang leaders from Chicago are now incarcerated, most of those leaders continue to manage their gangs from within prison.[40]

text: Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, Folk Nation, and the Brazilian[30] PCC. During the 1970s, prison gangs in Cape Town, South Africa began recruiting street gang members from outside and helped increase associations between prison and street gangs.[41] In the USA, the prison gang the Aryan Brotherhood is involved in organized crime outside of prison.

text: Involvement[edit]

text: Matthew O'Deane has identified five primary steps of gang involvement applicable to the majority of gangs in the world; at risk, associates, members, hardcore members and leaders.[38][dead link]

text: Gang leaders are the upper echelons of the gang's command. This gang member is probably the oldest in the posse, likely has the smallest criminal record, and they often have the power to direct the gang's activity, whether they are involved or not. In many jurisdictions, this person is likely a prison gang member calling the shots from within the prison system or is on parole. Often, they distance themselves from the street gang activities and make attempts to appear legitimate, possibly operating a business that they run as fronts for the gang's drug dealing or other illegal operations.[42]

text: Membership[edit]

text: The numerous push factors experienced by at-risk individuals vary situationally however follow a common theme for the desire of power, respect, money and protection. These factors are very influential in the luring process and largely contribute to the reasons why individuals join gangs. These factors are particularly more attractive and influential on at-risk youth. Many times individuals are experiencing low levels of these various factors in their own lives, and feel that joining a gang is the only way to obtain status and success. Unfortunately, a common sentiment is "if you can't beat 'em, join 'em". These at-risk individuals feel ostracized from the community and are experiencing a lack of social support. Upon joining a gang, they instantly gain a feeling of belonging and identity; they are surrounded with individuals whom they can relate to. They have generally grown up in the same area as each other and can bond over similar needs. In some areas, joining a gang is an integrated part of the growing up process.[43]

text: Gang membership is generally maintained by gangs as a lifetime commitment, reinforced through identification such as tattoos, and insured through intimidation and coercion. Gang defectors are often subject to retaliation from the deserted gang. Many gangs, including foreign and transnational gangs, hold that the only way to leave the gang is through death. This is sometimes informally called the "morgue rule".[44]

text: Gang membership represents the phenomenon of a chronic group criminal spin, accordingly the criminality of members is greater when they belong to the gang than when they are not in the gang—either before or after being in the gang. In addition, when together, the gang criminality as a whole is greater than that of its members when they are alone.[45] The gang operates as a whole greater than its parts and influences the behavior of its members in the direction of greater extend and stronger degree of criminality.

text: Non-member women in gang culture[edit]

text: Women associated with gangs but who lack membership are typically categorized based on their relation to gang members. A survey of Mexican American gang members and associates defined these categories as girlfriends, hoodrats, good girls, and relatives.[46] Girlfriends are longterm partners of male gang members, and may have children with them. Hoodrats are seen as being sexually promiscuous and heavy drug and alcohol users. Gang members may engage in casual sex with these girls, but they are not viewed as potential longterm partners and are severely stigmatized by both men and women in gang culture. Good girls are long term friends of members, often from childhood, and relatives are typically sisters or cousins. These are fluid categories, and women often change status as they move between them. Valdez found that women with ties to gang members are often used to hold illegal weapons and drugs, typically, because members believe the girls are less likely to be searched by police for such items.[46]

text: Typical activities[edit]

text: The United Nations estimates that gangs make most of their money through the drugs trade, they are thought to be worth $352 billion in total.[47] The United States Department of Justice estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States.[48]

text: Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like extortion, drug trafficking,[14] both in and outside the prison system and theft. Gangs also victimize individuals by robbery and kidnapping.[49] Cocaine is the primary drug of distribution by gangs in America, which have used the cities Chicago, Cape Town, and Rio de Janeiro to transport drugs internationally.[50] Brazilian urbanization has driven the drug trade to the favelas of Rio. Often, gangs hire "lookouts" to warn members of upcoming law enforcement. The dense environments of favelas in Rio and public housing projects in Chicago have helped gang members hide from police easily.[51]

text: Street gangs take over territory or "turf" in a particular city and are often involved in "providing protection", often a thin cover for extortion, as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other criminal activity. Many gangs use fronts to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area.[52]

text: Gang violence[edit]

text: Gang violence refers mostly to the illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated by gangs against civilians, other gangs, law enforcement officers, firefighters, or military personnel.[53] Throughout history, such acts have been committed by gangs at all levels of organization.[54] Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members.[55]

text: In 2006, 58 percent of L.A.'s murders were gang-related.[56] Reports of gang-related homicides are concentrated mostly in the largest cities in the United States, where there are long-standing and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement.[57]

text: There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans.[58] Members of the Azusa 13 gang, associated with the Mexican Mafia, were indicted in 2011 for harassing and intimidating black people in Southern California.[59]

text: Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest border region, as US-based gangs act as enforcers for Mexican drug cartels.[15]

text: A gang war is a type of small war that occurs when two gangs end up in a feud over territory.

text: Sexual violence[edit]

text: Women in gang culture are often in environments where sexual assault is common and considered to be a norm.[46] Women who attend social gatherings and parties with heavy drug and alcohol use are particularly likely to be assaulted. A girl who becomes intoxicated and flirts with men is often seen as “asking for it” and is written off as a “hoe” by men and women.[46] "Hoodrats" and girls associated with rival gangs have lower status at these social events, and are victimized when members view them as fair game and other women rationalize assault against them.

text: Motives[edit]

text: Usually, gangs have gained the most control in poorer, urban communities and developing countries in response to unemployment and other services.[60] Social disorganization, the disintegration of societal institutions such as family, school, and the public safety net enable groups of peers to form gangs.[61] According to surveys conducted internationally by the World Bank for their World Development Report 2011, by far the most common reason people suggest as a motive for joining gangs is unemployment.[62]

text: Ethnic solidarity is a common factor in gangs. Black and Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the USA often adapted nationalist rhetoric.[63] Both majority and minority races in society have established gangs in the name of identity: the Igbo gang Bakassi Boys in Nigeria defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror, and in the United States, whites who feel threatened by minorities have formed their own gangs, such as the Ku Klux Klan. Responding to an increasing black and Hispanic migration, a white gang called Chicago Gaylords.[64] Some gang members are motivated by religion, as is the case with the Muslim Patrol.

text: Identification[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Most gang members have identifying characteristics which are unique to their specific clique or gang.[65] The Bloods, for instance, wear red bandanas, the Crips blue, allowing these gangs to "represent" their affiliation. Any disrespect of a gang member's color by an unaffiliated individual is regarded as grounds for violent retaliation, often by multiple members of the offended gang. Tattoos are also common identifiers,[66] such as an '18' above the eyebrow to identify a member of the 18th Street gang. Tattoos help a gang member gain respect within their group, and mark them as members for life. They can be burned on as well as inked. Some gangs make use of more than one identifier, like the Nortenos, who wear red bandanas and have "14", "XIV", "x4", and "Norte" tattoos.[67] Also, many male gang members wear earrings or other types of body jewelry, or simply have pierced ears to depict gang membership, unlike females, who usually wear jewelry for appearance.

text: Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including graffiti tags[68] colors, hand signals, clothing (for example, the gangsta rap-type hoodies), jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans,[69] signs (such as the noose and the burning cross as the symbols of the Klan),[70] flags[71] secret greetings, slurs, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, rituals, and mythologies to define and differentiate themselves from other groups and gangs.[72]

text: As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, graffiti, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage, taunt, harass, intimidate, alarm, influence,[73] or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states that "[s]ymbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the terrorist to act and then in defining the targets of their actions."[74] Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience … an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not limited to recklessly endangering another person, harassment, stalking, ethnic intimidation, and criminal mischief."[75]

text: The Internet is one of the most significant media used by gangs to communicate in terms of the size of the audience they can reach with minimal effort and reduced risk.[76] The Internet provides a forum for recruitment activities, typically provoking rival gangs through derogatory postings, and to glorify their gang and themselves. Gangs use the Internet to communicate with each other, facilitate criminal activity, spread their message and culture around the nation. As Internet pages like MySpace, YouTube, Twitter, AIM, and Facebook become more popular, law enforcement works to understand how to conduct investigations related to gang activity in an online environment. In most cases the police can and will get the information they need, however this requires police officers and federal agents to make formal legal requests for information in a timely manner, which typically requires a search warrant or subpoena to compel the service providers to supply the needed information. A grand jury subpoena or administrative subpoena, court order, search warrant; or user consent is needed to get this information pursuant to the Electronic Communication Privacy Act, Title 18 U.S.C. § 2701, et seq. (ECPA). Most gang members have personal web pages or some type of social networking internet account or chat room where they post photos and videos and talk openly about their gang exploits. The majority of the service providers that gang members use are free social networking sites that allow users to create their own profile pages, which can include lists of their favorite musicians, books and movies, photos of themselves and friends, and links to related web pages. Many of these services also permit users to send and receive private messages and talk in private chat rooms. Often a police officer may stumble upon one of these pages, or an informant can give access to the local gang page. Alternatively, they will have to formally request the needed information. Most service providers have four basic types of information about their users that may be relevant to a criminal investigation; 1) basic identity/subscriber information supplied by the user in creating the account; 2) IP log-in information; 3) files stored in a user's profile (such as "about me" information or lists of friends); and 4) user sent and received message content. It is important to know the law, and understand what the police can get service providers to do and what their capabilities are. It is also important to understand how gang members use the Internet and how the police can use their desire to be recognized and respected in their sub-culture against them.[76]

text: Debate surrounding impact[edit]

text: In the UK context, law enforcement agencies are increasingly focusing enforcement efforts on gangs and gang membership. However debate persists over the extent and nature of gang activity in the UK,[77][78] with some academics and policy-makers arguing that the current focus is inadvisable, given a lack of consensus over the relationship between gangs and crime.[78]

text: The Runnymede Trust suggests that, despite the well-rehearsed public discourse around youth gangs and "gang culture", "We actually know very little about 'gangs' in the UK: about how 'a gang' might be defined or understood, about what being in 'a gang' means... We know still less about how 'the gang' links to levels of youth violence."[79]

text: Professor Simon Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the UK are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized group with a corporate structure".[78] This assertion is supported by a field study conducted by Manchester University, which found that "most within- and between-gang disputes... emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang-coordinated... most involved gang members operating as individuals or in small groups."[78]

text: Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the Youth Justice journal, argues that gangs have been constructed as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence. At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may be counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag-net approach which can criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime.[78]


document_title: Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)

question_text: when does the new episode of twin peaks come out

text: Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Background and development[edit]

text: The first series of Twin Peaks, an American serial drama television series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch, premiered on April 8, 1990, on ABC. It was one of the top-rated series of 1990, but declining ratings led to its cancellation in 1991 after its second season. In subsequent years, Twin Peaks has often been listed among the greatest television dramas of all time.[9][10][11][12][13] A prequel film directed by Lynch, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, was released in 1992. Lynch planned two more films that would have concluded the series' narrative, but in 2001 stated that Twin Peaks was as "dead as a doornail."[14]

text: In 2007, artist Matt Haley began work on a graphic novel continuation, which he hoped would be included in the "Complete Mystery" DVD box set. Twin Peaks producer Robert Engels agreed to help write it on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved the project; Haley said: "[Engels] and I had a number of discussions about what the story would be. I was keen to use whatever notes they had for the proposed third season. I really wanted this to be a literal 'third season' of the show." Paramount Home Entertainment agreed to package it with the box set, also on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved. Though Frost approved the project, Lynch vetoed it, stating that he respected the effort but did not want to continue the story of Twin Peaks.[15]

text: In 2013, rumors that Twin Peaks would return were dismissed by Lynch's daughter Jennifer Lynch (author of The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer) as well as by Frost.[16] Cast member Ray Wise recounted what Lynch had said to him about a possible continuation: "Well, Ray, you know, the town is still there. And I suppose it's possible that we could revisit it. Of course, [your character is] already dead... but we could maybe work around that."[17]

text: In January 2014, a casting call for a "Twin Peaks promo", directed by Lynch, was revealed to be the filming of a featurette for the Twin Peaks: The Complete Mystery Blu-ray set.[18] In September 2014, Lynch answered a question about Twin Peaks at the Lucca Film Festival by saying it was a "tricky question", and that "there's always a possibility... and you just have to wait and see."[19]

text: Announcement[edit]

text: On October 6, 2014, Showtime announced that it would air a nine-episode miniseries[20] written by Lynch and Frost and directed by Lynch. Frost emphasized that the new episodes were not a remake or reboot but a continuation of the series. The episodes are set in the present day, and the passage of 25 years is an important element in the plot. As to whether the miniseries would become an ongoing series, Frost said: "If we have a great time doing it and everybody loves it and they decide there's room for more, I could see it going that way."[21]

text: In March 2015, Lynch expressed doubts about the production due to "complications". Showtime confirmed the series was moving forward, stating: "Nothing is going on that's any more than any preproduction process with David Lynch. Everything is moving forward and everybody is crazy thrilled and excited."[22] In April 2015, Lynch said he would not direct the nine episodes due to budget constraints.[23] He and Showtime came to an agreement, with Lynch confirming on May 15, 2015, that he would direct, and that there would be more episodes than the originally announced nine.[3] At a Twin Peaks panel in Seattle, cast members Sherilyn Fenn and Sheryl Lee said that the new series would consist of 18 episodes and Angelo Badalamenti would return as composer.[24]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 12, 2015, Kyle MacLachlan was confirmed to return to the series.[5] In October 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Ontkean, who portrayed Sheriff Harry S. Truman and has since retired from acting, would not return for the revival. In October 2015, it was reported that the role of town sheriff would be filled by Robert Forster, later confirmed as playing Frank Truman, brother of Harry. Forster had been cast as Harry in the 1990 pilot, but was replaced by Ontkean due to scheduling issues.[25] Also in October, David Duchovny teased his return as Agent Denise Bryson.[26] In November 2015, it was reported that Miguel Ferrer would reprise his role as Albert Rosenfield and that Richard Beymer and David Patrick Kelly would return as Benjamin Horne and Jerry Horne respectively.[27] In December 2015, Alicia Witt confirmed she would reprise her role as Gersten Hayward.[28] Michael J. Anderson was asked to reprise his role as The Man from Another Place, but declined.[29]

text: Russ Tamblyn underwent open-heart surgery in late 2014 and was still recovering in 2015. Lynch and Frost were still hoping Tamblyn would join the cast for the new season, which was later confirmed.[30] On September 28, 2015, Catherine E. Coulson, who reprised her role of the Log Lady in the new series,[31] died of cancer.[32] She filmed her final scene four days before her death.[4][33]

text: The series' first teaser trailer, released in December 2015, confirmed the involvement of Michael Horse (Tommy "Hawk" Hill).[34] In January 2016, it was reported that Sherilyn Fenn would reprise her role as Audrey Horne in a "major presence."[35] In February 2016, it was reported that Lynch would reprise his role as Gordon Cole.[36] Frequent Lynch collaborator Laura Dern was cast in a "top-secret pivotal role",[37] which eventually proved to be Diane, the previously unseen character to whom Cooper frequently dictated taped messages during the show's original run. In April 2016, a complete cast list was released, featuring 217 actors, with actors returning from the earlier series marked with asterisks.[38] Mary Reber, who plays Alice Tremond in the finale, is the actual owner of the house used for the Palmer residence.[39]

text: David Bowie was asked to make a cameo appearance as FBI Agent Phillip Jeffries, his character from Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me.[40] As Bowie's health was declining, his lawyer told Lynch that he was unavailable. Before his death in January 2016, Bowie gave the production permission to reuse old footage featuring him; however, he was unhappy with the accent he had used in the film, and requested that he be dubbed over by an authentic Louisiana actor, leading to the casting of Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Jeffries.[41] In January and February 2017, respectively, cast members Miguel Ferrer and Warren Frost died, but both appear in the new series.[42][43] Harry Dean Stanton, who reprised his role as Carl Rodd, died in September 2017, less than two weeks after the last episode of the series aired.[44]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In July 2015, Frost suggested that the series would premiere in 2017 rather than 2016, as originally planned.[45] The series began filming in September 2015, and Showtime president David Nevins said, "I'm hoping we make 2016. It's not clear. It's ultimately going to be in [series co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost's] control."[46] Nevins also stated, "I don't know [how many episodes there will be]. They're going to decide, I expect it to be more than nine, but it's open-ended. I know what the shooting schedule is and then we'll have him cut into it however many episodes it feels best at."[47] In January 2016, Nevins confirmed that the series would premiere in the first half of 2017.[48] The series was shot continuously from a single, long shooting script before being edited into episodes. Filming was completed by April 2016.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kyle MacLachlan as:

Special Agent Dale Cooper[49][50][51]
Cooper's doppelgänger[52]
Douglas "Dougie" Jones[52]

text: Twin Peaks

text:
Jay Aaseng as Drunk[4]
Mädchen Amick as Shelly Briggs[49][50]
Dana Ashbrook as Deputy Sheriff Bobby Briggs[49][50]
Phoebe Augustine[a] as Ronette Pulaski
Richard Beymer as Benjamin Horne[27][50]
Gia Carides as Hannah[4]
Vincent Castellanos as Federico[4]
Michael Cera as Wally "Brando" Brennan[4]
Joan Chen as Josie Packard[b]
Candy Clark as Doris Truman[53]
Scott Coffey as Trick[4]
Catherine E. Coulson[c] as Margaret Lanterman (the "Log Lady")[4][50]
Grace Victoria Cox as Charlotte[4]
Jan D'Arcy as Sylvia Horne[49][50]
Eric Da Re as Leo Johnson[b]
Ana de la Reguera as Natalie[54]
Hugh Dillon as Tom Paige[54]
Eamon Farren as Richard Horne[4]
Sherilyn Fenn as Audrey Horne[49][50]
Sky Ferreira as Ella[4]
Robert Forster as Sheriff Frank Truman[25]
Mark Frost as Cyril Pons
Warren Frost[c] as Dr. Will Hayward[55][50]
Balthazar Getty as Red[56]
Harry Goaz as Deputy Sheriff Andy Brennan[49][50]
Grant Goodeve as Walter Lawford[49]
Andrea Hays as Heidi[4][50]
Gary Hershberger as Mike Nelson[49][50]
Michael Horse as Deputy Chief Tommy "Hawk" Hill[49][50]
Caleb Landry Jones as Steven Burnett[49]
Ashley Judd as Beverly Paige[55]
David Patrick Kelly as Jerry Horne[49][50]
Piper Laurie as Catherine Martell[b]
Jane Levy as Elizabeth[4]
Peggy Lipton as Norma Jennings[49][50]
Sarah Jean Long as Miriam Sullivan[49]
Riley Lynch as Bing
James Marshall as James Hurley[49][50]
Everett McGill as Ed Hurley[49][50]
Clark Middleton as Charlie[4]
Moby as Musician
Jack Nance[c] as Pete Martell[b]
Walter Olkewicz as Jacques Renault[a] and Jean-Michel Renault[4][50]
John Pirruccello as Deputy Sheriff Chad Broxford
Mary Reber as Alice Tremond[4]
Kimmy Robertson as Lucy Brennan[49][50]
Wendy Robie as Nadine Hurley[49][50]
Eric Rondell as Johnny Horne
Marvin "Marv" Rosand[c] as Toad[4][50]
Rod Rowland as Chuck[4]
Amanda Seyfried as Rebecca (Becky) Burnett[57]
Harry Dean Stanton as Carl Rodd[49][50]
JR Starr as MC[4]
Charlotte Stewart as Betty Briggs[49][50]
Jessica Szohr as Renee[58]
Russ Tamblyn as Dr. Lawrence Jacoby[4][50]
Jodi Thelen as Maggie[4]
Lauren Tewes as Gersten's neighbor[4]
Jake Wardle as Freddie Sykes[4]
Alicia Witt as Gersten Hayward[28][50]
Karolina Wydra as Chloe[4]
Charlyne Yi as Ruby[4]
Grace Zabriskie as Sarah Palmer[49][50]

text: Government

text:
Chrysta Bell as FBI Agent Tammy Preston[4]
Richard Chamberlain as Bill Kennedy[4]
Laura Dern as Diane Evans and Diane Evans's tulpa (doppelgänger)[4]
David Duchovny as FBI Chief of Staff Denise Bryson[26][50]
Jay R. Ferguson as Special Agent Randall Headley[4]
Miguel Ferrer[c] as FBI Agent Albert Rosenfield[49][50]
Ernie Hudson as Colonel Davis[4]
David Lynch as FBI Deputy Director Gordon Cole[36][50]
Adele René as Lieutenant Cynthia Knox[4]
Owain Rhys-Davies as Agent Wilson[4]

text: Las Vegas

text:
Alon Aboutboul as Head Mover[4]
Joe Adler as Roger
Tammie Baird as Lorraine[4]
Jim Belushi as Bradley Mitchum
John Billingsley as Doctor Ben[4]
Ronnie Gene Blevins as Tommy[4]
Wes Brown as Darren[4]
Juan Carlos Cantu as Officer Reynaldo
Larry Clarke as Detective T. Fusco[4]
Jonny Coyne as Polish Accountant[4]
Giselle Damier as Sandie[4]
David Dastmalchian as Pit Boss Warrick[59]
Jeremy Davies as Jimmy[4]
Eric Edelstein as Detective "Smiley" Fusco[4]
John Ennis as Slot Machine Man[4]
Josh Fadem as Phil Bisby[4]
Rebecca Field as Another Mom[4]
Patrick Fischler as Duncan Todd[59]
Meg Foster as Cashier[4]
Pierce Gagnon as Sonny Jim Jones[4]
Hailey Gates as Drugged-out Mother[60]
Brett Gelman as Supervisor Burns[4]
Ivy George as 5-Year-Old Girl
Robert Knepper as Rodney Mitchum
David Koechner as Detective D. Fusco[4]
Jay Larson as Limo Driver[4]
Andrea Leal as Mandie[4]
Bellina Logan as Female Doctor[d][4]
Josh McDermitt as Wise Guy[4]
Don Murray as Bushnell Mullins[4]
Sara Paxton as Candy Shaker[4]
Linda Porter as Lady Slot-Addict
Elena Satine as Rhonda[4]
John Savage as Detective Clark[4]
Amy Shiels as Candie[36]
Tom Sizemore as Anthony Sinclair[36]
Bob Stephenson as Frank[4]
Ethan Suplee as Bill Shaker[4]
Sabrina S. Sutherland as Floor Attendant Jackie
Naomi Watts as Janey-E Jones[36]
Nafessa Williams as Jade[4]
Christophe Zajac-Denek as Ike "The Spike" Stadtler[4]

text: South Dakota

text:
Jane Adams as Constance Talbot[4]
Brent Briscoe as Detective Dave Macklay[4]
Bailey Chase as Detective Don Harrison[61]
Neil Dickson as George Bautzer[4]
George Griffith as Ray Monroe[49]
Cornelia Guest as Phyllis Hastings[4]
Nicole LaLiberte as Darya[4]
Jennifer Jason Leigh as Chantal Hutchens[62]
Matthew Lillard as William Hastings[4]
Karl Makinen as Inspector Randy Hollister
Bérénice Marlohe as French Woman[4]
James Morrison as Warden Dwight Murphy[4]
Christopher Murray as Officer Olson[4]
Max Perlich as Hank[4]
Tim Roth as Gary "Hutch" Hutchens[4]
Mary Stofle as Ruth Davenport

text: Supernatural

text:
Phoebe Augustine as American Girl[a][4][50]
Monica Bellucci as herself[4]
David Bowie[c] as Phillip Jeffries[b][4]

Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Phillip Jeffries[63]

Robert Broski as Woodsman[4]
Don S. Davis[c] as Major Garland Briggs[b][64]
Erica Eynon as Experiment[4]
Sheryl Lee as Laura Palmer[49][50]
Joy Nash as Señorita Dido[4]
Carlton Lee Russell as the Jumping Man[4][50]
Frank Silva[c] as Killer BOB[b][65]
Malachy Sreenan as Bosomy Lady[4]
Al Strobel as MIKE[49][50]
Carel Struycken as The Fireman[e][4][50]
Ray Wise as Leland Palmer[49][50]
Nae Yuuki as Naido[4]

text: Michael J. Anderson did not reprise his role as The Man from Another Place, who instead appears as a treelike computer-generated effect and is voiced by an uncredited actor.

text: Other

text:
Michael Bisping as Guard[4]
Benjamin Rosenfield as Sam Colby[4]
Madeline Zima as Tracey Barberato[4]

text:
Leslie Berger as New Mexico Wife[4]
Cullen Douglas as Disc Jockey[4]
Tikaeni Faircrest as Girl[4]
Tad Griffith as New Mexico Husband[4]
Xolo Mariduena as Boy[4]
Tracy Philips as Receptionist[4]

text:
Frank Collison as Muddy[4]
Derek Mears as Renzo[4]

text:
Matt Battaglia as Cowboy 3[4]
Francesca Eastwood as Texas Waitress Kristi[4]
Heath Hensley as Cowboy 1[4]
Rob Mars as Cowboy 2[4]
Sheryl Lee as Carrie Page

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c These actors appear both in archive footage and, playing different roles, in new material.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Archive footage only.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h These actors died before the series aired and episodes are dedicated in their memory.
Jump up ^ In the original series, Logan portrayed Louie "Birdsong" Budway.
Jump up ^ The character's name wasn't revealed until Part 14. Struycken was credited as "The Giant" in the original series.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Part 1"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
0.506[66]

FBI agent Dale Cooper remains trapped in the Black Lodge. The Fireman tells him to remember "430" and "Richard and Linda". Great Northern hotel owner Ben Horne introduces his brother Jerry to his secretary, Beverly. Deputy Chief Hawk gets a call from the Log Lady, who tells him evidence relating to Dale Cooper is missing. In a New York City warehouse, a young man, Sam, is employed to observe a glass box. When the security guard is absent, Sam and a young woman, Tracey, have sex. An androgynous entity, the Experiment, materializes in the box and murders them. In Buckhorn, South Dakota, Cooper's doppelgänger — a sinister, long-haired man with black irises — retrieves two associates, Ray and Darya. Police find the severed head of Buckhorn librarian Ruth Davenport placed on the headless corpse of a John Doe. Local principal Bill Hastings's fingerprints are found and he is arrested. Hastings denies guilt, but fumbles his alibi.

32
2
"Part 2"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
0.506[66]

Hastings's wife visits him in jail and is later murdered by Cooper's doppelgänger. In Las Vegas, businessman Duncan Todd sends money to an unseen woman for a future job. Cooper's doppelgänger employs Darya, Ray and Jack to obtain information. Perceiving that Jack and Darya have turned on him, he murders them. He has a plan to avoid his due return to the Black Lodge and has a telephone conversation with someone he believes is missing FBI agent Phillip Jeffries, who mentions Major Briggs and BOB, the evil spirit inside the doppelänger. The doppelgänger sets out for the South Dakota prison where Ray is imprisoned. Hawk approaches the entrance to the Black Lodge near Twin Peaks. Inside the Black Lodge, Cooper encounters the one-armed spirit MIKE and murdered schoolgirl Laura Palmer, who opens her face, revealing light. The Arm, who has evolved into a skeletal tree, says Cooper's doppelgänger must return before Cooper can leave. The Arm's doppelgänger attacks Cooper and he falls into the box in New York (as Sam welcomes Tracey), then into space. In Twin Peaks, Shelly flirts with Red while her friend Renee notices James Hurley staring at her.

33
3
"Part 3"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 28, 2017 (2017-05-28)[a]
0.195[68]

Cooper lands in a building above a purple sea, where two women protect him from an unseen threat. An eyeless woman, Naido, pulls a lever and falls into space. Cooper leaves through a portal. Cooper's doppelgänger and a second, "manufactured" doppelgänger, Dougie Jones, become sick and see the Black Lodge's curtains. The first doppelgänger crashes his car and is apprehended by the police. Dougie is drawn into the Black Lodge, where he dissolves into a golden seed. Cooper takes Dougie's place in Las Vegas, where Jade, a prostitute, finds him in a disoriented state and drops him at a casino. Criminals pursuing Dougie place a bomb under his car. Cooper wanders around the casino and plays slot machines marked by signals from the Black Lodge, winning megajackpots every time. At the Twin Peaks Sheriff's Department, Hawk, Andy and Lucy are unable to discern what is missing. At the FBI headquarters in Philadelphia, Deputy Director Gordon Cole receives a call stating that Cooper has been found in South Dakota.

34
4
"Part 4"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 28, 2017 (2017-05-28)[a]
0.195[68]

Cooper wins 28 megajackpots at the casino and is driven to Dougie's home. Dougie's wife, Janey-E, is relieved that they can pay his large gambling debts. Cooper, near-catatonic, has difficulty settling into life as Dougie. He sees a vision of MIKE, who informs him that either he or his doppelgänger must die. At the Sheriff's Department, Sheriff Frank Truman gets an update on Hawk's investigation, and Deputy Bobby Briggs recalls that Cooper was the last person to see his father, Major Briggs, before his death. Andy and Lucy's son Wally Brando arrives at the Sheriff's Office to pay his respects to his ill godfather, Harry Truman. Gordon and fellow FBI agents Albert Rosenfield and Tammy Preston travel to South Dakota to interview Cooper's doppelgänger, who claims to have been working undercover with Jeffries. Gordon and Albert discuss their misgivings, suspect a "Blue Rose" case and decide to contact a woman they think can help.

35
5
"Part 5"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)
0.254[69]

Dougie's would-be assassins call their terrified boss, Lorraine, who sends a message that activates a black box in Buenos Aires. An autopsy finds Dougie's wedding ring in the corpse's stomach. Looking into a mirror, Cooper's doppelgänger sees that BOB is still within him. At Dougie's workplace, Cooper reacts to a statue, coffee, and the words "agent" and "case files". A light above his colleague Anthony Sinclair spurs Cooper to accuse him of lying, angering Sinclair and their boss, Bushnell Mullins. The casino's owners, the Mitchum brothers, beat and fire a supervisor, believing him complicit in Cooper's winning streak. Car thieves trigger the bomb under Dougie's car. Jade drops Cooper's Great Northern Hotel room key in a mailbox. Becky and her jobless husband, Steven Burnett, snort drugs after borrowing money from Becky's mother, Shelly. Dr. Jacoby broadcasts conspiracy theories, watched by Jerry Horne and Nadine Hurley. At the Pentagon, Colonel Davis learns the headless corpse's fingerprints match those of Major Briggs. At the Roadhouse, Richard Horne bribes Deputy Chad and molests a woman. Tammy discovers Cooper's on-file fingerprints are the reverse of the doppelgänger's. Cooper's doppelgänger uses his prison phone call to disrupt the security system. The black box becomes a silver ball.

36
6
"Part 6"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
0.270[70]

Police take Cooper to Dougie's home and Janey-E receives a photo of Dougie with Jade from criminals demanding Dougie's gambling debts plus exorbitant interest. Janey-E convinces the criminals to accept a smaller sum. Cooper draws cryptic images on the case files, guided by lights on the pages. Bushnell recognizes a pattern in the drawings and thanks Cooper. Cooper has another vision of MIKE urging him to "wake up". Todd sends an envelope marked with a black spot to hitman Ike "The Spike" Stadtler, ordering him to kill Lorraine and Dougie. Ike kills Lorraine and her coworkers, destroying his signature weapon in the process. Albert finds Diane, Cooper's erstwhile assistant, in a bar. In Twin Peaks, Red, revealed as a drug supplier, charges Richard Horne with a delivery. Richard speeds in his truck, running over and killing a young boy. Carl Rodd comforts the boy's mother. Hawk drops a coin in the restroom and finds pages torn from Laura's diary hidden inside a stall door.

37
7
"Part 7"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
0.294[71]

Hawk and Frank examine the pages, which describe a dream in which Annie tells Laura that the good Dale is trapped in the Black Lodge. Frank calls Doc Hayward, who recalls that after returning from the Black Lodge, Cooper sneaked out of intensive care, where Audrey Horne was in a coma. Air Force Lt. Knox arrives in Buckhorn and learns that Major Briggs's fingerprints come from a body in its forties, not seventies. Albert and Gordon convince Diane to speak to Cooper in prison. She is upset by the conversation and tells Gordon the man is not Cooper. Cooper's doppelgänger blackmails Warden Murphy into releasing him and Ray. Police visit Cooper at Dougie's workplace to question him about his destroyed car. As he leaves with Janey-E, Ike runs at them with a gun, but Cooper expertly disarms him while having a vision of the Arm. In Twin Peaks, the owner of the truck driven by Richard in the hit-and-run fails to arrive for a meeting with Andy. Beverly tries to locate the source of a hum in Ben Horne's office, then returns home to her terminally ill husband, Tom. A young man bursts into the RR, looking for Billy.

38
8
"Part 8"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
0.246[72]

In a standoff, Ray shoots Cooper's doppelgänger. Woodsmen tear at his body, revealing an orb with BOB's face. Ray flees and informs Jeffries that the doppelgänger may have survived. The doppelgänger awakens. In 1945 New Mexico, the first atomic bomb is detonated. Woodsmen occupy a convenience store and the Experiment spews smoke containing an orb bearing BOB's face. In the building above the purple sea, the Fireman observes these events and levitates, emanating a golden mist and an orb containing Laura Palmer’s face. His companion, Señorita Dido, sends the orb to Earth. In 1956 New Mexico, a woodsman descends to the ground, enters a radio station and repeatedly broadcasts a mysterious message, rendering listeners unconscious. A bug/frog-like creature hatches from an egg, enters an unconscious girl's room and climbs down her throat.

39
9
"Part 9"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
0.355[73]

Cooper's doppelgänger meets hitmen Hutch and Chantal at a farm and orders them to kill Warden Murphy. He sends a text to Diane and calls Todd to ask if he has done "it" yet. Dougie's boss says that Dougie sometimes has episodes due to a car accident. The Las Vegas police discover no record of Dougie Jones before 1997 and take fingerprints and DNA from his coffee mug. Ike leaves a phone message for a "JT" and is arrested. Bobby visits his mother with Frank and Hawk to ask about Cooper; her husband Major Briggs long ago foretold their arrival, and she gives them a cylinder containing a location, date, and Cooper's name written twice. The FBI stops in Buckhorn to examine the corpse with Major Briggs's fingerprints. Hastings tells Tammy that he and Ruth visited Briggs in another dimension, where he had been "hibernating" for years, and witnessed his beheading as he was saying "Cooper, Cooper". Johnny Horne injures himself, and Jerry Horne hallucinates that his foot is talking.

40
10
"Part 10"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.267[74]

Richard Horne confronts Miriam, a teacher who witnessed his hit-and-run. She tells him she has written to the sheriff. He attacks her and leaves her for dead in her trailer, then has Deputy Chad intercept the letter. The Mitchums see a news story about Ike's arrest, and recognize Cooper as "Mr. Jackpots". Janey-E notices that her husband's physique has improved and has sex with him. Nadine Hurley watches Jacoby's latest broadcast from her drapery store. Richard attacks his grandmother Sylvia in her home and robs her. She calls Ben and demands money from him. Todd orders Anthony Sinclair to frame Dougie for the denial of an arson insurance claim that lost the Mitchums $30 million. Gordon has a vision of Laura. Albert informs him that the FBI has intercepted a text message from Diane informing someone of Hastings's arrest. Tammy shows them a photo that links Cooper's doppelgänger with the glass box in New York. Hawk receives another call from the Log Lady, who tells him "Laura is the one."

41
11
"Part 11"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
0.219[75]

A group of children discover Miriam crawling from the underbrush. Becky learns Steven has been cheating on her with Gersten Hayward. She drives to Gersten's apartment and shoots through the door, but the couple are elsewhere. At the Double R Diner, Becky's parents, Shelly and Bobby, discuss the incident with her. Red arrives and Shelly leaves to kiss him. A child fires a gun through the diner window, causing a commotion. At the location where Hastings met Major Briggs, the FBI finds Ruth's body with coordinates written on one arm. Gordon sees woodsmen in a vortex and is drawn back by Albert. One of the woodsmen sneaks up on Hastings and kills him. While Hawk and Frank study an ancient map, the Log Lady calls Hawk and tells him "There's fire where you are going." Dougie's boss sends Cooper to give the Mitchums a $30 million check after realizing their claim is legitimate. The Mitchums plan to kill Cooper, but after Bradley has a prophetic dream, they decide he is not their enemy and take him for drinks, where Cooper reacts to the words "damn good" while eating cherry pie.

42
12
"Part 12"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
0.240[76]

Gordon and Albert recruit Tammy and deputize Diane to the Blue Rose task force. Sarah Palmer has an unsettling experience in a grocery store, which leads Deputy Chief Hawk to check on her at her house, where he hears a sound behind Sarah. Albert interrupts Gordon and his French lady friend to show him a text message Diane received asking about Las Vegas. Audrey Horne demands that her husband, Charlie, help her find Billy, her missing lover. He reluctantly phones Tina, and is astonished by what she tells him, but does not tell Audrey what Tina said. Chantal and Hutch assassinate Warden Murphy. Frank visits Ben Horne to tell him his grandson Richard killed the boy in the hit-and-run, and attempted to kill the only witness. Ben agrees to pay her medical costs and gives Cooper's old room key to Frank as a memento for Harry. Diane finds that the coordinates on Ruth Davenport's arm point to Twin Peaks.

43
13
"Part 13"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.280[77]

The Mitchums thank Dougie and Bushnell with gifts. Anthony Sinclair is about to poison Dougie, but relents and confesses his collusion with Todd to Bushnell. The Las Vegas police dismiss Dougie's fingerprint analysis. Cooper's doppelgänger arrives in Montana, where Ray is with a gang. The doppelgänger defeats the gang leader in an arm-wrestling match, then kills him, with the gang (including Richard) watching. He questions Ray about the assassination attempt, forces him to give up the coordinates, and shoots him, sending him to the Black Lodge. Hutch and Chantal drive through Utah. At the RR, Big Ed and Bobby have dinner while Norma meets Walter, who helped franchise her business. Nadine and Jacoby meet for the first time in years. Sarah watches a loop of a boxing match. Audrey tells Charlie she does not know who or where she is and cannot leave the house. James, performing at the Roadhouse, moves Renee to tears.

44
14
"Part 14"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
0.253[78]

Frank informs Gordon that pages found from Laura's diary suggest two Coopers. Albert tells Tammy about the first Blue Rose case, which involved doppelgängers. Diane identifies Janey-E as her estranged half-sister. Gordon orders the Las Vegas office to search for the Joneses. Chad is arrested. Frank, Hawk, Bobby and Andy follow Major Briggs's instructions to “Jack Rabbit's Palace” in the woods, where they find a naked Naido. Andy is transported to the Fireman, who shows him visions of the events in New Mexico, Laura, two Coopers, Lucy and an electrical pole numbered 6. For her safety the police place Naido in a cell in the Sheriff's department, next to cells containing Chad and a drunk bleeding from his face. James learns how fellow Great Northern security guard Freddie Sykes bought a strength-enhancing glove and moved to Twin Peaks from London after a vision of the Fireman. James notices a hum in the boiler room. When a trucker insults her in a bar, Sarah opens her face, revealing darkness, and bites his throat, killing him. At the Roadhouse, Megan and Sophie discuss Billy, who stormed into Megan's kitchen, bleeding from his nose and mouth.

45
15
"Part 15"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
0.329[79]

Cooper's doppelgänger arrives at the convenience store to ask Jeffries (whose voice comes from a machine) about the assassination attempt and his reference to "Judy". Jeffries tells him he has already met Judy and gives him coordinates. Outside, Richard attacks the doppelgänger, whom he recognized as an FBI agent his mother Audrey knew, but is subdued. In Las Vegas, Chantal assassinates Todd and his assistant. Cooper reacts to hearing Gordon's name on TV (in Sunset Boulevard), and sticks a fork into an electrical socket. Inspired by Jacoby's show, Nadine tells Ed he is free to pursue Norma. Norma lets Walter buy out the RR franchise, then accepts Ed's marriage proposal. Gersten attempts to console an armed, suicidal Steven in the woods; hiding from a passerby, she hears a gunshot. The Log Lady calls Hawk and gives him a final message before dying. Audrey and Charlie continue arguing. At the Roadhouse, James is attacked by Renee's jealous husband, Chuck, whom Freddie punches out with his glove; Freddie and James are arrested. A young woman crawls across the Roadhouse floor and screams.

46
16
"Part 16"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
0.267[80]

Cooper's doppelgänger and Richard Horne follow two of three coordinates the doppelgänger obtained. Observed by Jerry Horne, the doppelgänger sends Richard ahead to the site, where he is electrocuted, and then calls Richard his son. While Cooper lies in a coma, both the FBI and Chantal and Hutch are waiting outside the Jones residence. Chantal and Hutch are killed by a neighbor they provoked in a parking dispute. Cooper awakes from his coma. MIKE tells him that the doppelgänger is still at large and gives him the Owl Cave ring. Cooper gives MIKE some of his hair, asking him to "make another one", then has the Mitchums organize a flight to Spokane, Washington. Having received a text from the doppelgänger, Diane tells the task force that, years ago, Cooper raped her and took her to an old gas station. Exclaiming "I'm in the sheriff's station... I'm not me", she pulls a gun but is shot by Albert and Tammy. Diane is drawn to the Black Lodge and dissolves into a seed. Tammy realizes that the "Diane" they had been associating with is actuality a tulpa. At the Roadhouse, Audrey dances to "Audrey's Dance". When a fight breaks out, Audrey begs Charlie to take her home. Suddenly she wakes up, looking into a mirror.

47
17
"Part 17"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
0.254[81]

Gordon tells Albert of a secret plan to find "Judy", an "extreme negative force" originally known as "Jiāo Dài", and is informed that Cooper is headed for Twin Peaks. The remaining coordinates lead Cooper's doppelgänger to "Jack Rabbit's Palace". He is transported to the Fireman, then to the Sheriff's Department, and mistaken for the real Cooper. While talking to the doppelgänger, Frank receives a call from Cooper. The doppelgänger draws a gun but is shot by Lucy. Cooper, the FBI and the Mitchums arrive. Woodsmen tear at the doppelgänger's body, releasing BOB's orb. Freddie knocks out Chad, who had escaped his cell, and smashes BOB's orb with several punches. Cooper puts the Owl Cave ring on the doppelgänger's finger, sending him to the Black Lodge. Naido transforms into Diane. Cooper unlocks a door at the Great Northern, where MIKE takes him to Jeffries, who transports Cooper to the night Laura died. Cooper prevents Laura's murder; in the morning, her corpse vanishes. As he leads her through the woods, she disappears. Sarah screams and smashes Laura's photo.

48
18
"Part 18"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
0.240[81]

Cooper's doppelgänger burns in the Black Lodge. MIKE creates another Dougie, who returns to Janey-E and Sonny Jim. Cooper appears in the Black Lodge again, encountering MIKE and the Arm. He emerges and meets Diane in the woods. They drive on a highway for 430 miles and "cross over" some electrical field, then drive to a motel and have sex. Cooper awakes the next morning alone and finds a note left to "Richard" from "Linda". Arriving at Judy's Diner in Odessa, Texas, Cooper saves a waitress from harassment and obtains the address of another waitress, Carrie Page, who resembles Laura Palmer. Believing she is Laura, he drives her to Twin Peaks, but finds the Palmer house occupied by different owners. Confused, Cooper asks Carrie what year it is. Carrie hears Sarah calling Laura's name and screams. The house lights go out. In the Black Lodge, Laura whispers to Cooper.

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Parts 3 and 4 were made available immediately after the premiere of parts 1 and 2 through Showtime's digital platform.[67]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack contains new and reused compositions from Angelo Badalamenti as well as dark ambient music and sound design by Dean Hurley and David Lynch (including some from The Air Is on Fire) and unreleased music from Lynch and Badalamenti's 1990s project Thought Gang two tracks of which previously appeared in Fire Walk with Me. Hurley's contributions were released on the album Anthology Resource Vol. 1: △△ on August 6, 2017, by Sacred Bones Records.[82] Several tracks from Johnny Jewel's album Windswept also appear throughout. Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima by Krzysztof Penderecki appears in key scenes. Two soundtracks were released on September 8, 2017, by Rhino Records: Twin Peaks (Music From the Limited Event Series) and Twin Peaks (Limited Event Series Original Soundtrack).[83]

text: Additionally, multiple episodes contain musical performances at the Roadhouse:[84]

text:
Episode(s)
Artist
Song

Part 2
Part 12
Chromatics (Ruth Radelet, Adam Miller, Johnny Jewel and Nat Walker)
"Shadow" (Part 2)
"Saturday" (Part 12)

Part 3
The Cactus Blossoms (Jack Torrey, Page Burkum, Joel Paterson, Beau Sample and Alex Hall)
"Mississippi"

Part 4
Part 9
Au Revoir Simone (Heather D'Angelo, Erika Forster and Annie Hart)
"Lark" (Part 4)
"A Violent Yet Flammable World" (Part 9)

Part 5
Trouble (Riley Lynch, Alex Zhang Hungtai, Sam Smith and Dean Hurley)
"Snake Eyes"

Part 6
Sharon Van Etten, with Carolyn Pennypacker Riggs, John Phillip Irons III and Zeke Hutchins
"Tarifa"

Part 8
Nine Inch Nails (Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross, Mariqueen Maandig, Robin Finck, Alessandro Cortini and Joey Castillo)[85]
"She's Gone Away"[86]

Part 9
Hudson Mohawke
"Human"

Part 10
Rebekah Del Rio
"No Stars"

Part 13
James Marshall (as James Hurley)
"Just You"

Part 14
Lissie, with Eric Sullivan, Lewis Keller and Jesse Siebenberg
"Wild West"

Part 15
The Veils (Finn Andrews, Sophia Burn and Uberto Rapisardi)
"Axolotl"

Part 16
Eddie Vedder (introduced as Edward Louis Severson III)
"Out of Sand"

Part 17
Julee Cruise, with Chromatics
"The World Spins"[87]

text: Other music, mostly played diegetically includes:

text:
"American Woman" (David Lynch Remix) by Muddy Magnolias
"Take Five" by Dave Brubeck
"I Love How You Love Me" by The Paris Sisters
"I Am (Old School Hip Hop Beat)" by Blunted Beatz
"Habit" and "Tabloid" by Uniform
"Sleep Walk" by Santo & Johnny
"Green Onions" by Booker T. & the M.G.'s
"My Prayer" by The Platters
"Charmaine" by Mantovani
"Viva Las Vegas" by Shawn Colvin
"I've Been Loving You Too Long" (Live) by Otis Redding
"Sharp Dressed Man" by ZZ Top

text: Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata and "Last Call" by David Lynch are played slowed down significantly.[88][89]

text: Release[edit]

text: Twin Peaks premiered on Showtime on May 21, 2017, with a two-hour episode.[1] After the airing, the premiere and an additional two episodes became available online, and the series aired in weekly increments from that point onwards (at Lynch's insistence). Overall, the series consists of 18 episodes.[1] It concluded on September 3, 2017, with a two-part finale.[90]

text: In the United Kingdom, Sky Atlantic simulcast the first two episodes beginning at 2:00 am British Summer Time on May 22, 2017,[91] and the next two episodes were released on Sky UK's on-demand service after the premiere.[92] In the Nordic countries, the series is broadcast on HBO Nordic, with the two-hour premiere airing on May 22, and subsequent episodes being made available the day after its U.S. airing.[93] In Canada, the series is available on CraveTV and The Movie Network, and debuted simultaneously with the U.S. broadcast.[94][95] In Australia, episodes of the series are available to stream on Stan the same day as the original U.S. broadcast.[96] Two episodes were screened at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[97] In Japan, the series airs on the satellite television network Wowow, which also aired the original series.[98]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The first two episodes garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, Twin Peaks has a score of 74 out of 100 based on 26 reviews.[99] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 94% rating with an average score of 7.75 out of 10 based on 71 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Surreal, suspenseful, and visually stunning, this new Twin Peaks is an auteurist triumph for David Lynch."[7]

text: Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote "Twin Peaks: The Return is weird and creepy and slow. But it is interesting. The show is very stubbornly itself—not quite film and not quite TV, rejecting both standard storytelling and standard forms. It's not especially fun to watch and it can be quite disturbing. But there is never a sense that you are watching something devoid of vision or intention. Lynch’s vision is so total and absolute that he can get away with what wouldn't be otherwise acceptable."[100]

text: The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Fienberg commented that "The thing that struck me most immediately about the premiere is how relatively cogent it was, with a clear emphasis on 'relatively'. What premiered on Sunday was as accessibly scary, disturbing and audaciously funny as many of the best parts of the original Twin Peaks, and nowhere near as hallucinatory and subtextually distilled as the prequel film Fire Walk With Me." Fienberg also wrote about the series' format: "It's obvious this Twin Peaks is going to be an 18-hour unit. There was no discernible separation between hours and if credits hadn't rolled, the second hour could probably just as easily have flowed into the third. This isn't episodic TV. It's another thing."[101]

text: In her "A" grade review, Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club wrote regarding its possible reception from critics and viewers: "This two-part premiere is going to be wildly difficult for any two people to agree upon, in part because a viewer's assessment of the revival will depend upon what they hoped for. If you were looking forward to a return of the sometimes campy, sometimes cozy humor of the original two seasons of Twin Peaks, this premiere could come as a shock. If you were anticipating that once jolting, now familiar blend of genres, this is... not that." She called the two-part premiere "pure Lynchian horror".[102]

text: At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, Lynch screened the two-hour premiere of the series and received a five-minute standing ovation from the crowd.[103]

text: Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone called the series "one of the most groundbreaking TV series ever", praising its original, complex story lines and the performances of its cast, particularly Kyle MacLachlan.[104] Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture wrote that the show was "the most original and disturbing to hit TV drama since The Sopranos".[105] In his season review for IGN, Matt Fowler noted that Twin Peaks "came back as a true artistic force that challenged just about every storytelling convention we know" and scored it an 8.8 out of 10.[106]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour premiere on May 21, 2017, received 506,000 viewers on Showtime, which Deadline.com called "soft for such a strongly promoted prestige project". Ratings increased to 626,000 after the encore broadcasts that night and the premiere also had over 450,000 viewers via streaming and on-demand.[107]

text: Viewership for the premiere increased to 804,000 in Live+3 ratings, and it had a viewership of 1.7 million across streaming and on-demand platforms.[108] Showtime announced that the weekend of the Twin Peaks premiere had the most signups to their streaming service ever.[8] Prior to the finale, the series was averaging 2 million weekly viewers, when including time-shifting, encores and streaming. Showtime president David Nevins said that Twin Peaks "has exceeded expectations" from a financial perspective.[109]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Ep. 17
Ep. 18

The Return
506
506
195
195
254
270
294
246
355
267
219
240
280
253
329
267
254
240

text: Home media[edit]

text: The series is scheduled to be released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 5, 2017.[111]

text: Future[edit]

text: Lynch has expressed interest in making another season of Twin Peaks, but noted that such a project will not immediately follow The Return, given that it took four and a half years for him and Frost to write and film the third season.[112]


document_title: James M. Connor

question_text: who is the guy in the dr pepper football commercial

text: James M. Connor

text: This biographical article needs additional citations for verification, as it includes attribution to IMDb. IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
James M. Connor

Born
(1960-06-16) June 16, 1960 (age 57)
Omaha, Nebraska, United States

text: James Michael Connor (born June 16, 1960 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American actor who, making his film debut as a supporting character in the 1976 science fiction film Futureworld, has played recurring characters on several television series including Buffy the Vampire Slayer and The King of Queens, and FCU: Fact Checkers Unit (2010), as well as guest appearances on The X-Files, The Drew Carey Show, Desperate Housewives, Gilmore Girls, Rules of Engagement (2010), and Scrubs (2002). More recently, Connor has appeared on TV in Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013-2014), Community (2012-2014), Franklin & Bash (2014), and Parks and Recreation (2012-2015).[1]

text: Connor has also appeared in feature films such as About Schmidt, Blades of Glory, Pendulum and Watchmen and in the short film, The Yard Sale. Other movie roles include The Perfect 46 (2014), and Dream World (2012),

text: Commercials and Voiceovers[edit]

text: In late-2014 Connor appeared as Larry Culpepper in Dr. Pepper TV commercials tied to the NCAA college football playoffs. Connor has also contributed voiceovers for a few videogames,[2] namely Marvel Heroes (2013), The 3rd Birthday (2011), Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009), and Gun (2005).

text: He attended Creighton Preparatory School in Omaha, Nebraska, with his friend, the director Alexander Payne.


document_title: Our Souls at Night (film)

question_text: who played jamie in our souls at night

question_tokens: who played jamie in our souls at night

text: Our Souls at Night (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Louis Waters is a widower. One evening he is visited by Addie, a widow who lives next door. She invites him to sometimes sleep over - platonically - talking in bed to combat loneliness. They try it out, and like it. The community finds out, but assume it's a sexual relationship.

text: Addie's son dumps his child Jamie with her. Louis helps her care for him, and gets him a dog. After Jamie's father picks him up, Louis and Addie go on a trip and have sex.

text: Addie falls down and ends up in the hospital, and her son wants her to move in with him and Jamie. She does, and both she and Louis sleep alone. So Louis sends her a phone, and they start talking to each other after getting into bed. And the movie ends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Redford as Louis Waters, a widower who lives next door to Addie, and Holly's father.[2]
Jane Fonda as Addie Moore, a widow who lives next door to Louis, Gene's mother, and Jamie's grandmother.[2]
Matthias Schoenaerts as Gene Moore, Addie's son and Jamie's father.[2]
Judy Greer as Holly Waters, Louis' daughter.[2]
Bruce Dern as Dorlan Becker[2]
Iain Armitage as Jamie Moore, Gene's son and Addie's grandson.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 7, 2016, Netflix hired Ritesh Batra to direct the film adaptation of Kent Haruf's novel Our Souls at Night, scripted by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber.[3]

text: Principal photography on the film began on September 12, 2016 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while it would also be shot in Florence.[4][2] Filming was completed on November 2, 2016.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017.[6] It was released on September 29, 2017.[7]