document_title: World's fair

question_text: what was the primary purpose of world's fairs in the late 19th century

question_tokens: what was the primary purpose of world 's fairs in the late 19th century

text: World's fair

text: History[edit]

text: World's fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe and the United Kingdom.

text: The best-known 'first World Expo' was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom, in 1851, under the title "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations". The Great Exhibition, as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism.[2] These events have resulted in a remarkable form of Prince Albert's life history, one that continues to be reflected in London architecture in a number of ways, including in the Albert Memorial later erected to the Prince. This expo was the most obvious precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called world's fairs, that have continued to be held to the present time.

text: Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.[3]

text: Industrialization (1851–1938)[edit]

text: The first era could be called the era of "industrialization" and covered, roughly, the period from 1800 to 1938. In these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade, and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platforms where the state-of-the-art in science and technology from around the world were brought together. The world expositions of 1851 London, 1853 New York, 1862 London, 1876 Philadelphia, 1889 Paris, 1893 Chicago, 1897 Brussels, 1900 Paris, 1901 Buffalo, 1904 St. Louis, 1915 San Francisco, and 1933–34 Chicago were landmarks in this respect.[citation needed] Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of world's fairs stems from this first era.

text: Cultural exchange (1939–1987)[edit]

text: The 1939–40 New York World's Fair diverged from the original focus of the world's fair expositions. From then on, world's fairs adopted specific cultural themes; they forecasted a better future for society. Technological innovations were no longer the primary exhibits at fairs. The theme of the 1939 fair was "Building the World of Tomorrow"; at the 1964–65 New York World's Fair, it was "Peace Through Understanding"; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, it was "Man and His World". The fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication for the exchange of innovation.

text: The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67. Event organizers retired the term world's fair in favor of expo. (The Montreal Expos, a former Major League Baseball team, was named for the 1967 fair.)[4]

text: Nation branding (1988–present)[edit]

text: From Expo '88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use world expositions more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the primary participation goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000.[citation needed] In a world where a strong national image is a key asset, pavilions became advertising campaigns, and the Expo a vehicle for 'nation branding'. Apart from cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries (and the cities and regions hosting them) also utilize the world exposition to brand themselves. According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underline its new position as a modern and democratic country and present itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community.[citation needed]

text: At Expo 2000 Hanover, where countries created their own architecture, the average pavilion investment was about €12 million.[5] Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because benefits are often assumed not to outweigh the costs. Tangible effects are difficult to measure, but an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general.[6]

text: Types[edit]

text: Presently, there are two types of world expositions: registered and recognized (sometimes unofficially known as "major" and "minor" fairs, respectively).[7] Registered exhibitions are the biggest category events. Previously, registered expositions were called "Universal Expositions". Even though this name lingers on in public memory, it is no longer in use as an official term. At registered exhibitions, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two registered expositions has been at least five years. The latest registered exposition Expo 2015 was held in Milan, Italy, from May 1 to October 31, 2015.

text: Recognized expositions are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these expositions were called "International or Specialized Expositions" but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 ha and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m2. Only one recognized exhibition can be held between two registered exhibitions.[8]

text: There are also two types of auxiliary expositions: the horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fair in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and the Milan Triennial Exhibition of Decorative Arts and Modern Architecture.[9]

text: Registered expositions (World Expo)[edit]

text: Registered expositions encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations. Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—recent examples include Japan, France, Morocco & Spain at Expo '92. Recent Registered Expositions include Brussels Expo '58, Montreal Expo 67, Osaka Expo '70, and Seville Expo '92. Sometimes prefabricated structures are also used to minimize costs for developing countries or for countries from a geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92).

text: The only Registered (Universal) exposition to be held without BIE approval was the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair.[10] The sanctioning organization at Paris denied them "official" status because its president, Robert Moses, did not comply with BIE rules in place at the time, namely the one limiting the duration for universal expositions to six months only. Both World's Fairs in New York (1939–40 and 1964–65) have the distinction of being the only two-year world expositions in history.[citation needed] The Fair proceeded without BIE approval and turned to tourism and trade organizations to host national pavilions in lieu of official government sponsorship. However, a large number of countries did participate in the world's fair including several newly independent African and Asian states.[11]

text: Frederick Pittera, a producer of international fairs and exhibitions and author of the history of world's fairs in the Encyclopædia Britannica and Compton Encyclopedia, was commissioned by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. of New York City in 1959 to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Pittera was joined in his study by Austrian architect Victor Gruen (Inventor of the 'Shopping Mall').The Eisenhower Commission ultimately awarded the world's fair bid to New York City against several major U.S. cities.[12]

text: Since the turn of the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction expos only every five years; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics. The rule may apply to all expos, or it may end up that universal expositions will be restricted to every five years or so, with international or specialized expositions in the in-between years for countries wishing to celebrate a special event. The most recent universal expo is Expo 2015 in Milan.

text: Recognized expositions (Specialized Expo)[edit]

text: Specialized expositions are usually united by a common theme—such as 'Transportation' (Vancouver Expo 86), or, 'Leisure in the Age of Technology' (Brisbane, Expo '88). Such themes are narrower than the wider scope of world expositions.

text: The Specialized Exposition, Tsukuba, Japan, popularly known as Expo '85 was held in the city of Tsukuba located near Tokyo. This Exposition is more formally known as "The International Science Technology Exposition".

text: Specialized expositions are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to rent the space from the host committee, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of 'adding' their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content. One example of this is China, which has often chosen to add a Chinese archway in the front of its prefabricated pavilions to symbolize the nation (Expo '88, Expo '92, Expo '93).

text: The 2008 Specialized Exhibition was hosted by the Spanish city of Zaragoza with the theme "Water and the Sustainable Development".

text: Expo 2012 was held in Yeosu, South Korea, with the theme "The Living Ocean and Coast: Diversity of Resources and Sustainable Activities".[13]

text: List of expositions[edit]

text: List of official world expositions (Universal, International/Specialised, Horticultural) according to the Bureau International des Expositions[14].

text:
Dates
Name of Exposition
Country[15]
City[15]
Category
Theme

04/1851 – 10/1851
The Great Exhibition
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
London
World Expo
Industry of all Nations

05/1855 – 11/1855
Exhibition Universelle / Paris International
 France
Paris
World Expo
Agriculture, Industry and Art

05/1862 – 11/1862
International Exhibition
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
London
World Expo
Industry and Arts

04/1867 – 11/1867
Exposition Universelle / Paris International
 France
Paris
World Expo
Agriculture, Industry and Arts

05/1873 – 10/1873
Weltausstellung 1873 Wien / Austrian International Exposition
 Austria-Hungary
Vienna
World Expo
Culture and Education

05/1876 – 11/1876
Centennial Exposition
 United States
Philadelphia
World Expo
Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine

05/1878 – 11/1878
Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition
 France
Paris
World Expo
New Technologies

10/1880 – 04/1881
Melbourne International Exhibition
 Australia (colony of  Victoria)
Melbourne
World Expo
Arts, Manufacturing, Agriculture and Industrial Products of all Nations

04/1888 – 12/1888
Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888)
 Spain
Barcelona
World Expo
Fine and Industrial Arts

05/1889 – 10/1889
Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition
 France
Paris
World Expo
French Revolution

05/1893 – 10/1893
World's Columbian Exposition
 United States
Chicago
World Expo
Discovery of America

05/1897 – 11/1897
Brussels International Exposition
 Belgium
Brussels
World Expo
Modern Life

04/1900 – 11/1900
Paris International
 France
Paris
World Expo
19th Century: an overview

04/1904 – 12/1904
Louisiana Purchase
 United States
St. Louis
World Expo
Louisiana Purchase

04/1905 – 11/1905
Liège International (1905)
 Belgium
Liège
World Expo
Commemoration of the 75th anniversary of independence

04/1906 – 11/1906
Milan International
 Italy
Milan
World Expo
Transport

04/1910 – 11/1910
Brussels International Exhibition
 Belgium
Brussels
World Expo
Works of Art and Science, Agricultural and Industrial Products of All Nations

04/1913 – 11/1913
Exposition universelle et international / Ghent International Exposition
 Belgium
Ghent
World Expo
Peace, Industry and Art

02/1915 – 12/1915
Panama–Pacific International Exposition
 United States
San Francisco
World Expo
Inauguration of the Panama Canal

05/1929 – 01/1930
Barcelona International Exposition
 Spain
Barcelona
World Expo
Arts, Industry and Sport

05/1933 – 10/1934
Century of Progress
 United States
Chicago
World Expo
The independence among Industry and scientific research

04/1935 – 11/1935
Brussels International Exposition
 Belgium
Brussels
World Expo
Transports

05/1936 – 06/1936
ILIS 1936
 Sweden
Stockholm
Specialised Expo
Aviation

05/1937 – 11/1937
Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne / Paris International Exposition
 France
Paris
World Expo
Arts and Technology in modern life

05/1938 – 05/1938
Second International Aeronautic Exhibition
 Finland
Helsinki
Specialised Expo
Aerospace

04/1939 – 10/1940
New York World's Fair
 United States
New York City
World Expo
Building The World of Tomorrow

05/1939 – 09/1939
Exposition internationale de l'eau (1939)
 Belgium
Liège
Specialised Expo
Art of Water

07/1947 – 08/1947
International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing
 France
Paris
Specialised Expo
Urbanism and Housing

07/1949 – 08/1949
Universal Sport Exhibition (1949)
 Sweden
Stockholm
Specialised Expo
Sport and physical culture

09/1949 – 10/1949
The International Exhibition of Rural Habitat in Lyon
 France
Lyon
Specialised Expo
Rural Habitat

12/1949 – 06/1950
Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince
 Haiti
Port-au-Prince
World Expo
The festival of Peace

04/1951 – 05/1951
The International Textile Exhibition
 France
Lille
Specialised Expo
Textile

07/1953 – 10/1953
EA 53
 Italy
Rome
Specialised Expo
Agriculture

09/1953 – 10/1953
Conquest of the Desert (exhibition)
 Israel
Jerusalem
Specialised Expo
Conquest of the Desert

05/1954 – 10/1954
The International Exhibition of Navigation (1954)
 Italy
Naples
Specialised Expo
Navigation

05/1955 – 06/1955
The International Expo of Sport (1955)
 Italy
Turin
Specialised Expo
Sport

06/1955 – 08/1955
Helsingborg exhibition 1955
 Sweden
Helsingborg
Specialised Expo
Modern Man in the Environment

05/1956 – 06/1956
Exhibition of citriculture
 Israel
Beit Dagan
Specialised Expo
Citrus

07/1957 – 09/1957
Interbau
 Germany
Berlin
Specialised Expo
Reconstruction of Hansa District

07/1958 – 09/1958
Brussels World's Fair
 Belgium
Brussels
World Expo
A World View: A New Humanism

05/1961 – 10/1961
Expo 61
 Italy
Turin
Specialised Expo
Celebration of centennial of Italian unity

04/1962 – 10/1962
Century 21 Exposition
 United States
Seattle
World Expo
Man in the Space Age

06/1965 – 10/1965
IVA 65
 Germany
Munich
Specialised Expo
Transport

04/1967 – 10/1967
Expo '67
 Canada
Montreal
World Expo
Man and His World

04/1968 – 10/1968
HemisFair '68
 United States
San Antonio
Specialised Expo
Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas

03/1970 – 09/1970
Expo '70
 Japan
Osaka
World Expo
Progress and Harmony for Mankind

08/1971 – 09/1971
Expo 71
 Hungary
Budapest
Specialised Expo
The Hunt through the World

05/1974 – 11/1974
Expo '74
 United States
Spokane
Specialised Expo
Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment

07/1975 – 01/1976
Expo '75
 Japan
Okinawa
Specialised Expo
The Sea We would like to See

06/1981 – 07/1981
Expo 81
 Bulgaria
Plovdiv
Specialised Expo
Hunting

05/1982 – 10/1982
1982 World's Fair
 United States
Knoxville
Specialised Expo
Energy Turns the World

05/1984 – 11/1984
1984 World's Fair
 United States
New Orleans
Specialised Expo
The World of Rivers– Fresh Water as a source of life

03/1985 – 09/1985
1985 World's Fair
 Japan
Tsukuba
Specialised Expo
Dwellings and Surroundings – Science and Technology for Man at Home

11/1985 – 11/1985
Expo 85
 Bulgaria
Plovdiv
Specialised Expo
Inventions

05/1986 – 10/1986
Expo '86
 Canada
Vancouver
Specialised Expo
Transportation and Communication: World in Motion - World in Touch

04/1988 – 10/1988
Expo '88
 Australia
Brisbane
Specialised Expo
Leisure in the Age of Technology

06/1991 – 07/1991
Expo 91
 Bulgaria
Plovdiv
Specialised Expo
The activity of young people in the service of a World of Peace

04/1992 – 10/1992
Expo '92
 Spain
Seville
World Expo
The Era of Discovery

05/1992 – 08/1992
Expo Colombo '92
 Italy
Genoa
Specialised Expo
Christopher Columbus, The Ship and the Sea

08/1993 – 11/1993
Expo '93
 South Korea
Daejeon
Specialised Expo
The Challenge of a New Road of Development

05/1998 – 09/1998
Expo '98
 Portugal
Lisbon
Specialised Expo
The Oceans: A Heritage for the Future

06/2000 – 10/2000
Expo 2000
 Germany
Hanover
World Expo
Man, Nature, Technology

03/2005 – 09/2005
Expo 2005
 Japan
Aichi
Specialised Expo
Nature's Wisdom

06/2008 – 09/2008
Expo 2008
 Spain
Zaragoza
Specialised Expo
Water and Sustainable development

05/2010 – 10/2010
Expo 2010
 China
Shanghai
World Expo
Better City, Better Life

05/2012 – 08/2012
Expo 2012
 South Korea
Yeosu
Specialised Expo
The Living Ocean and Coast

05/2015 – 10/2015
Expo 2015
 Italy
Milan
World Expo
Feeding the planet, Energy for life

06/2017 – 09/2017
Expo 2017
 Kazakhstan
Astana
Specialised Expo
Future Energy

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The majority of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes. Landmark towers from several fairs are notable exceptions. By far the most famous of these is the Eiffel Tower, built for the Exposition Universelle (1889). Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris, a number of influential contemporary critics opposed its construction, and there were demands for it to be dismantled after the fair's conclusion.[16]

text: Other major structures that were held over from these fairs:

text:
1851: The Crystal Palace, from the first World's Fair in London, designed so that it could be recycled to recoup losses, was such a success that it was moved and intended to be permanent, only to be destroyed by a fire in 1936.[17]
1876: The Centennial Exposition's main building, Memorial Hall, is still in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and serving as the new home for the Please Touch Museum. The space under the entrance to Memorial Hall houses a scale model of the entire Exposition.
1880: The World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, constructed for the Melbourne International Exhibition.
1893: The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts, one of the last remaining buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition. In conjunction with the fair, the Art Institute of Chicago building was built to house conferences, as the World's Congress Auxiliary Building. The intent or hope was to make all Columbian structures permanent, but most of the structures burned, possibly the result of arson during the Pullman Strike. The foundation of the world's first Ferris wheel, which operated at the Exposition, was unearthed on the Chicago Midway during a construction project by the University of Chicago, whose campus now surrounds the Midway. Relocated survivors include the Norway pavilion, a small house now at a museum in Wisconsin, and the Maine State Building, now at the Poland Springs Resort in Maine.
1894: The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park is the last major remnant of the California Midwinter International Exposition. Large ornamental wooden gates and a pagoda from the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition were brought in after the latter fair closed,[18] making the Tea Garden a rare if not unique instance of a survivor that incorporates architectural features from two completely separate fairs.
1897: A full-scale replica of the Parthenon was built for the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition where it stands today in Centennial Park. It features plaster reproductions of the Elgin Marbles and, in 1990, a re-creation of the original Athena Parthenos statue was installed inside just as it was in the original Parthenon in ancient Greece.
1900: the Grand Palais and Petit Palais.
1901: The New York State pavilion at the Pan-American Exposition remains today as the home of the Buffalo History Museum, and is set on grounds originally laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted. Across the man-made lake on the Scajaquada Creek is the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, originally intended as the Beaux Arts Exhibition Hall, but not completed in time for the exhibition.
1904: The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park, originally the Palace of the Fine Arts, and Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, are remnants of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (held a year late, as it was originally intended to be the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase), better known as the St. Louis World's Fair. The aviary in Forest Park gave root to the St. Louis Zoo.
1906: The Civic Aquarium of Milan built for the Milan Exposition is still open after 100 years and was recently renovated. The International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) was settled in Milan during the fair and had its first congress in the Expo pavilions. In June 2006 the ICOH celebrated the first century of its life in Milan. An elevated railway with trains running at short intervals linked the fair to the city center. It was dismantled in the 1920s.
1909: The landscaping (by the Olmsted brothers) from the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition (AYPE) in Seattle still forms much of the University of Washington campus. The only major building left from the AYPE, Architecture Hall, is used by the university's architecture school.
1915: The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco and its adjacent artificial lagoon are the only major remnants of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition still in their original locations on the former fairgrounds (now the city's Marina District neighborhood), but the building is almost entirely a reconstruction. The plaster-surfaced original, not intended to survive the fair, was a crumbling ruin in 1964 when all but the steel framework was demolished so that it could be reproduced in concrete. The San Francisco Civic Auditorium, now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium, is another major legacy of the fair but was built off-site in the city's Civic Center. The independent Panama-California Exposition in San Diego left a substantial legacy of permanent buildings and other structures which today define its site, San Diego's central Balboa Park, including the Prado walkway, the California Tower and Dome (now home to the Museum of Man), the 1500-foot Cabrillo Bridge, the lily pond and botanical gardens, and the Spreckels Organ Pavilion.[19]
1929: Much survives from the two simultaneous fairs Spain hosted in that year. Most famous are the remnants of the Ibero-American Exposition in Seville, in which the Spanish Pavilion's Plaza de España forms part of a large park and forecourt. Most of that fair's pavilions have survived and been adapted for other uses, with many of them becoming consulates-general for the countries that built them. The Barcelona International Exposition featured the famous German pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe, which was demolished but later recreated on the original site.[20]
1942: A special case is the EUR quarter in Rome, built for a World's Fair planned for 1942 but cancelled because of World War II. Today it hosts various offices, both governmental and private, and several museums.
1958: In Brussels, the Atomium still stands at the exposition site. It is a 165-billion-times-enlarged iron-crystal-shaped building. Until June 2012, the "American Theatre" on the Expo grounds was frequently used as a television studio by the VRT.

text:
1962: The Space Needle, theme building of the Century 21 Exposition commonly known as the Seattle World's Fair, still stands as Seattle's iconic landmark. The Seattle Center Monorail, the other widely known "futuristic" feature of the fair, still operates daily. The US pavilion became the Pacific Science Center.
1964: The Unisphere, built for the second New York World's Fair, still stands on its original site in Flushing Meadows, Queens, New York City. Also surviving are the building housing the New York State Museum, and the former Singer Bowl, since converted into Louis Armstrong Stadium, part of the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, site of the US Open.
1967: Among the structures still standing from Expo 67 in Montreal are Moshe Safdie's Habitat 67, Buckminster Fuller's American pavilion, and the French pavilion (now the Montreal Casino).
1968: San Antonio kept the Tower of the Americas, the Institute of Texan Cultures and the Convention Center from HemisFair '68.
1974: Spokane still has its Riverfront Park that was created for Expo '74—the park remains a popular and iconic part of Spokane's downtown.
1982: The Sunsphere from the Knoxville World's Fair remains as a feature of Knoxville's skyline.
1984: The main pavilions of the 1984 New Orleans World's Fair became the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, which is also known for its use as a shelter of last resort during Hurricane Katrina.
1986: In Vancouver, many Expo 86 projects were designed as legacy projects. Of note are the Skytrain, Science World and Canada Place.
1988: The Skyneedle, the symbol tower of Expo '88 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, still stands. Other survivors are the Nepal Peace Pagoda of the Nepalese representation, now at the transformed World Expo '88 site South Bank Parklands, and the Japan Pond and Garden from the Japanese representation, now at the Brisbane Mount Cooth-tha Botanic Gardens.
1992: The pavilions of Expo '92 in Seville had been converted into a technological square and a theme park.
1998: The main buildings of Expo '98 in Lisbon were completely integrated into the city itself and many of the art exhibition pieces still remain.
2005: The home of Satsuki & Mei Kusakabe, built for the 2005 Expo in Aichi, remains operating at its original site in Morikoro Park and is a popular tourist attraction.
2010: The China pavilion from Expo 2010 in Shanghai, the largest display in the history of the World Expo, is now the China Art Museum, the largest art museum in Asia.
2015: The Italian Pavilion of Expo 2015 remains on the original site.

text: Some world's fair sites became (or reverted to) parks incorporating some of the expo elements, such as:

text:
Audubon Park, New Orleans: Site of New Orleans's World Cotton Centennial in 1884
Jackson Park, Chicago and the Chicago Midway: Site of the 1893 Columbian Exposition
Centennial Park, Nashville: Tennessee Centennial Expo in 1897
Forest Park, Saint Louis: Home of the Saint Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904
San Diego: Panama-California Exposition (1915) & California Pacific International Exposition (1935)
Seattle Center: Century 21 Exposition in 1962
Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, New York City: Site of both the 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1964 New York World's Fair
Montreal: Expo 67
San Antonio: HemisFair '68
Expo Commemoration Park, Osaka: Expo '70
Riverfront Park, Spokane: Expo '74
World's Fair Park, Knoxville: 1982 World's Fair
Vancouver: Expo 86
Brisbane: Expo '88: now represented with the South Bank Parklands[21]
Seville: Expo '92
Daejeon (Taejŏn): Expo '93
Lisbon: Expo '98 which was divided in several structures, namely Pavilhão Atlântico, Casino Lisboa, Oceanário and Pavilhão do Conhecimento (pt).
Shanghai Expo Park: Expo 2010
World exposition site at Rho, Milano, Lombardy District

text: Some pavilions have been moved overseas intact:

text:
The Argentinian Pavilion from the 1889 Paris was relocated to Buenos Aires, Argentina until its demolition in 1932.
The Chilean Pavilion from 1889 Paris is now in Santiago, Chile and following significant refurbishment in 1992 functions as the Museo Artequin[22]
The Peruvian Pavilion from 1900 Paris is now in Lima, as home to the Military Academy of History.
The Japanese Tower of the 1900 World's Fair in Paris was relocated to Laken (Brussels) on request of King Leopold II of Belgium.
The Belgium Pavilion from the 1939 New York World's Fair was relocated to Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia.
The USSR Pavilion from Expo 67 is now in Moscow.
The Sanyo Pavilion from Expo '70 is the Asian Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
The Portugal Pavilion from Expo 2000 is now in Coimbra, Portugal.
The United Arab Emirates Pavilion from Expo 2010 is now in Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi in UAE[23]
The Bahrain Pavilion from Expo 2015 is relocated to Bahrain.The Azerbaijan Pavilion is in the country's capital Baku.The Chinese Pavilion was brought back to Qingdao and is on the site of the 2014 horticultural exhibition.
The Save the Children Italy pavilion from Expo 2015 was dismantled and re-built as school for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon.[24][25]

text: The Brussels Expo '58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium: the pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool. Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré[26] ever since. One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium: the restaurant "Salon 58" in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier.

text: Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for the 1964 New York World's Fair (which was held over into 1965) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair. Many of the rides, including "it's a small world", "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln", and "Carousel of Progress" (since moved to the Walt Disney World Resort and updated), are still in operation.

text: Disney had contributed so many exhibits to the New York fair in part because the corporation had originally envisioned a "permanent World's Fair" at the Flushing site. That concept instead came to fruition with the Disney theme park Epcot, an extension of the Walt Disney World Resort, near Orlando, Florida. Epcot has many of the characteristics of a typical universal exposition: national pavilions, as well as exhibits concerning technology and/or the future, along with more typical amusement park rides. Meanwhile, several of the 1964 attractions, relocated to Disneyland, have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort.

text: Occasionally other bits and pieces of the fairs remain. In the New York City subway system, signs directing people to Flushing Meadows, Queens remain from the 1964–65 event. In the Montreal subway at least one tile artwork of its theme, "Man and His World", remains. Also, a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from fair visits can be found, and in the United States, at least, can often be bought at garage or estate sales. Many of these events also produced postage stamps and commemorative coins. The 1904 Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, were held in conjunction with the 1904 St. Louis fair, although no particular tie-in seems to have been made. The Exposition Universelle (1900) Paris was also loosely tied to the Olympic Games.)

text: Current and upcoming expositions[edit]

text: 2017 Astana[edit]

text: Expo 2017 will be held in Astana, Kazakhstan.

text: 2017 will see a recognized exposition and two cities bid by the cut-off date for bidding: Liège, Belgium[27] and Astana, Kazakhstan.[27]

text: Several Canadian cities had been interested in 2017 as it is the year of Canada's 150th anniversary, or sesquicentennial. In 2007, a Vancouver, British Columbia based group (Expo 17 Inc) publicly unveiled a 51-page proposal[28] to stage a sustainable "hybrid" expo in Montreal, consisting of an expo approved and recognized by the BIE, a horticultural expo, and a housing expo. Following a recent decision by Canadian Heritage which allows only the city of Edmonton, Alberta to bid for an expo, however, the group is now pursuing alternative events to mark Canada's sesquicentennial.[29] Meanwhile, Edmonton had been actively developing a bid for Edmonton EXPO 2017 since 2008, but failed to receive Federal funding in support of it. In May 2009, Calgary announced to Canadian Heritage it would begin to develop a bid for 2017 as well, but withdrew in November 2009. Ottawa, Canada's capital city, had also considered bidding for 2017.[30] As of November 2009, Edmonton was the only Canadian bidder.[31]

text: Thessaloniki unsuccessfully bid for the 2008 World EXPO, this time won by Zaragoza in Spain; another planned bid for 2017 was announced in September 2006 and was in full development but they did not make a bid.

text: 2020 Dubai[edit]

text: Expo 2020 will be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, as a Registered Exposition.

text: The bidding process for this larger sized exposition formally began in 2011, with five cities being selected to participate in the final round of votes:

text:
São Paulo, Brazil – the largest city in Brazil, the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere[32]
Yekaterinburg, the Russian capital of the Ural region[33]
Dubai, United Arab Emirates has placed a bid themed "Connecting Minds, Creating the Future".[34]
İzmir, Turkey – following a victory in a national competition with Ankara.[35][needs update]

text: Other participating cities and countries that were not selected for the final voting process to host Expo 2020, or did not submitted bids for consideration by the BIE:

text:
Ayutthaya was Thailand's official nomination to host World Expo 2020.[36] The province was chosen and approved as Thailand's bid city to host World Expo 2020 by the Thai cabinet[37] as the Prime Minister, Abhisit Vejjajiva, announced during the Shanghai World Expo 2010.[38][39] Ayutthaya brought a bid under the theme "Redefine Globalisation – Balanced Life, Sustainable Living"[40] concept when bidding on behalf of Thailand to be the host country.[41] However, Thailand's bid was disqualified by the Bureau of International Expositions due to concerns that the bid did not have sufficient government support.[42]
The United States has had several citizen efforts directed at bringing a World's Fair to the country, even though it is not a member of the Bureau of International Expositions. These efforts included the following cities:

Houston – "Inspired Innovation"[43]
New York City – "Showcasing the World"[44]
San Francisco – "Interculture: Celebrating the World's Cultures while Creating New Ones through Interaction and Exchange."[45]
Las Vegas – "The future of my future," according to the Wall Street Journal[46]

Philippines did not bid for the Expo 2020 although Manila had been considered a possible contender under the theme "Manila, Celebrating Light and Life"[47]
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia also considered putting an official bid to host Expo 2020[48] but did not bid.
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia has been quoted by media reports[49] as another potential candidate for the Australian 2020 bid.

text: 2022 or 2023 bids[edit]

text: Countries wishing to organise the Specialised Expo in either 2022 or 2023 had until 6pm (Paris time) on 15 December 2016 to submit their own bids, after which the list will be closed. Four countries have submitted bids to host Specialised Expo 2022/23:

text:
Łódź
Central Polish city of Łódź announced its candidacy to host EXPO 2022.[50] It was promoted in the Polish Pavilion at the EXPO 2015 in Milan. Consequently, the Polish government officially submitted Łódź's candidacy to the International Bureau of Expositions on 15 June 2016.[51]
 Minneapolis
 Rio de Janeiro
 Buenos Aires[52]

text: At the end of the project examination phase, BIE Member States will vote for the host country of Expo 2022/23 in a secret ballot at the BIE General Assembly due to be held in November 2017.[53]

text: 2025 bids[edit]

text: Osaka, Japan

text: Osaka made its official bid for the Expo on April 24, 2017[54] with the theme “Designing Future Society for Our Lives”.[55]

text: Baku, Azerbaijan

text: The Azerbaijani capital entered its candidacy before the deadline[56] under the theme "Human Capital".

text: Paris, France

text: The French capital was the first to declare its candidacy,[57] under the theme "Sharing our Knowledge, Caring for our Planet".[58]

text: Yekaterinburg, Russia

text: The Russian city entered its candidacy on 22 May 2017[57] under the theme "Changing world: inclusive innovation is for our children and future generations".

text: Non-BIE Efforts[edit]

text: Due to the U.S. government's withdrawing its membership in the BIE in 2002, Worlds Fair USA is the first private Worlds Fair effort in history.[59] Worlds Fair USA is organizing a series of mini-World's Fairs around the country called World's Fair Nano in cities like San Francisco[60] and New York City[61] in order to build excitement for the six month World's Fair, which Worlds Fair USA hopes to organize within the decade.

text: The Los Angeles World's Fair is another non-BIE effort.[62]

text: International Horticultural Exhibition[edit]

text: The BIE, since 1959 [63] grants recognition to the International Horticultural Exhibitions (Category A1) approved by the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH) subject to it meeting certain criteria including being approved by the BIE general assembly.[64]

text: International Horticultural Exhibitions (upcoming in italics):

text:
1960 Rotterdam (Netherlands)
 1963 Hamburg (Germany)
 1964 Vienna (Austria)
 1969 Paris (France)
 1972 Amsterdam (Netherlands)
 1973 Hamburg (Germany)
 1974 Vienna (Austria)
 1980 Montreal (Canada)
 1982 Amsterdam (Netherlands)
 1983 Munich (Germany)
 1984 International Garden Festival Liverpool (United Kingdom)
 1990 Osaka (Japan)
 1992 Zoetermeer (Netherlands)
 1993 Stuttgart (Germany)
 1999 Kunming (China)
 2002 Floriade in Haarlemmermeer (Netherlands)
 2003 Rostock (Germany)
 2006–7 Chiang Mai (Thailand)[65]
 2012 Floriade in Venlo (Netherlands)
 2016 Antalya (Turkey)
 2019 Beijing (China)
 2022 Almere (Almere)[66]

See also[edit]

Agricultural show
County fair
State fair

References[edit]

Jump up ^ Horticultural Exhibitions with an A1 grade, regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers, are recognized since 1960.
Jump up ^ John R. Davies in Findling and Pelle (2008), "Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions", pp. 13–14
Jump up ^ Walvis, Tjaco, ed. (April 2004). "Three eras of World Expositions: 1851–present.". Cosmopolite: Stardust World Expo & National Branding Newsletter. Amsterdam: Stardust New Ventures (5): 1.
Jump up ^ Ted Dykstra (Director) (2004). Expo'67: Back to the future (DVD). Canada: CBC Home Video.
Jump up ^ http://www.bayareaeconomy.org/media/files/pdf/Expo_Report_sml.pdf
Jump up ^ Tjaco Walvis (2003), "Building Brand Locations", Corporate Reputation Review, Vol.5, No.4, pp. 358–366
Jump up ^ "World's Fairs  » Expos Q&A". worldsfairs.com. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Based on: BIE Convention
Jump up ^ Anna Jackson. EXPO International Exposititions 1851–2010. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-85177-540-8.
Jump up ^ Harrison Jacobs (2014-04-22). "15 Gorgeous Retro-Future Photos From The 1964 World's Fair". Business Insider. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle, Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions, 9780786434169 p330
Jump up ^ "Building the Fair – Five Men". nywf64.com. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Expo 2012: The Living Ocean and Coast: Diversity of Resources and Sustainable Activities". Expo 2012: Yeosu Korea. International Exposition 2012 Yeosu Korea. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Official Site of the Bureau International des Expositions". Bie-paris.org. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "List of International Exhibitions". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Controversy about the Eiffel Tower". Paris Eiffel Tower News. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Crystal Palace: Joseph Paxton – Transported by moving company". Retrieved 2014-06-19.
Jump up ^ PPIE Found Remnants: Architecture: Japanese Gates and Pagoda. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Balboa Park History". Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Expo, International Expositions 1851–2010, Anna Jackson, 2008
Jump up ^ "Home – South Bank – Visitor Info – What's On – Shopping – Dining – Attractions and more". Visit South Bank. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Artequin". Artequin.cl. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "The UAE in World Expos | World Expos | Expo 2020, Dubai, UAE". Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jarahieh School for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon". Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "La nuova vita del villaggio Expo: una scuola in Libano". Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Home – Carré". Carre.be. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Candidatures International Expo 2017". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Expo 17 Proposal" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ Gordon Kent (21 June 2012). "City may bid to host international conferences of religions". edmontonjournal.com. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "World Fair in Ottawa 2017". .canada.com. 2007-08-02. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ Kent, Gordon (2009-12-01). "A year-long party for $2.3B". Edmontonjournal.com. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ Oliveira, Elida (1 January 2010). "Deu na Imprensa—Disputa acirrada" (in Portuguese). Portal da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Louis (June 18, 2013). "Yekaterinburg presents city's bid for 2020 World Expo". Yekaterinburg News. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Overview | Expo 2020 Dubai, UAE". Expo2020dubai.ae. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
Jump up ^ "EXPO 2020 için büyük yarış – Yeni Asır". Yeniasir.com.tr. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Thailand wants to host World Expo 2020". Channelnewsasia.com. 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Thailand, World Expo 2020: Ayutthaya to be nominated as World Expo site". Bangkokpost.com. 2011-04-05. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Thailand 2020 World Expo : Three candidates". Bangkokpost.com. 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Thailand World expo 2020 Ayutthaya via YOUTUBE". Youtube.com. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ TCEB and Ayutthaya declare confidence in officially bidding for Thailand to host the World Expo 2020
Jump up ^ Sritama, Suchat (2011-04-05). "Thailand, World Expo 2020 : Ayutthaya chosen as Thailand's bid city". My.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Ayutthaya disqualified for World Expo 2020". 2013-06-12.
Jump up ^ "World's Fair EXPO 2020". Expo2020.us. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "New York City 2020 | "Showcasing The World"". Freewebs.com. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Expo 2020 Silicon Valley". 2020worldsfair.com. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ Michaels, Daniel (February 19, 2009). "The U.S. Can't Host a World Expo, and Fans Say That's No Fair". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "ExpoMuseum / potential bids for 2020". Expomuseum.com. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Captain Cook 250th Anniversary Celebration Citizens' Committee". Foundationexpo88.org. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Who stole our mojo? asks Sydney". The Age. July 1, 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "EXPO for Łódź. 60,000 visitors every day". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Site of the Bureau International des Expositions". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Specialised Expo 2022/23". BIE Paris. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Election". BIE Paris. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Osaka launches formal bid to host 2025 World Expo". www.mainichi.jp/english/. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Japan submits bid for World Expo 2025". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Baku bids for World Expo 2025". azernews.az. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Expo 2025". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Application idea". www.expofrance2025.com. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Bringing the World’s Fair Back to the U.S.". 17 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com.
Jump up ^ Stone, Zara. "Inside San Francisco's 21st Century World's Fair". Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Virtual reality features heavily at upcoming Worlds Fair Nano in Brooklyn". Full Dive Gamer. 2017-08-27. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Wants a Transit-Themed World's Fair, and It Might Actually Be a Great Idea". Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Horticultural Expos". Retrieved 2017-05-26. ,
Jump up ^ "International Horticultural Exhibition". Bie-paris.org. 2011-04-18. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
Jump up ^ "Exhibitions, actual programme". AIPH. 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Floriade Amsterdam Almere 2022 (A1) – International Association of Horticultural Producers". aiph.org. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

Further reading[edit]

Alexander C. T. Geppert: Fleeting Cities. Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Findling, John E. and Kimberly D. Pelle, ed. Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions Jefferson, NC and London:McFarland, 2008.

External links[edit]

This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Look up Expo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to World's Fairs.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World's Fair.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: World's fair

ExpoBids.com, information about bids for future world's fairs
Official website of the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)
ExpoMuseum, The Online World's Fair Museum
ExpositionMedals, Award medals of American World's Fairs and Expos
Expo FAQs Celebrate 88
A lot of World's Fairs presented by a lot of photographs
"Spin City". CNBC Business. April 2009.
"Exposition Posters". Paintings and Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
"A Treasury of World's Fair Art and Architecture: A Digital Archive, 1851–1986". essays, images, virtual exhibits, postcards and ephemera. University of Maryland Libraries, Digital Collections. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
Burnham, Beaux-Arts, Plan of Chicago, & Fairs: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries: Archives Collection
Alexander C.T. Geppert, Jean Coffey, Tammy Lau: International Exhibitions, Expositions Universelles and World's Fairs, 1851–1951. A Bibliography.
Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs, from the website of California State University, Fresno
World's Fairs and the Landscapes of the Modern Metropolis Posters, photographs, pamphlets, commemorative books, maps, government reports, and ephemera from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
The contribution of the buildings built for the World's Fairs to the history of architecture structural typologies. PhD Thesis written by Isaac López César.

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document_title: List of national independence days

question_text: countries that have independence day on 15th august

root

text: List of national independence days

text: List[edit]

text: The following is a partial list of independence days of countries around the world:

tag: p

text:
Country

Date of holiday

Year celebrated

Event celebrated

Name of holiday

 Afghanistan

August 19

1919

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1919.

Afghan Independence Day

 Albania

November 28

1912

Declared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.

Independence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë

 Algeria

July 5

1962

Independence from France in 1962.

Independence Day (Algeria)

 Angola

November 11

1975

Independence from Portugal in 1975.

 Anguilla

May 30

1967

Independence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.

Anguilla Day

 Antigua and Barbuda

November 1

1981

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981.

 Argentina

July 9

1816

Independence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.

Independence Day

 Armenia

May 28

1918

Declaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.

September 21

1991

Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Independence Day

 Australia

January 26

1901

Independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1901 celebrated first fleet landing on 26 January.

Australia Day

 Austria

October 26

1955

Restoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.

National Day

 Azerbaijan

May 28

1918

Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.

Republic Day

October 18

1991

Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Day of the State Independence of Azerbaijan

 Bahamas

July 10

1973

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1973.

 Bahrain

December 16

1971

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971.

Bahrain Independence Day

 Bangladesh

March 26

1971

Independence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.

Independence Day of Bangladesh

 Barbados

November 30

1966

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.

 Belarus

July 3

1944

The liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.

Independence Day of Belarus

 Belgium

July 21

1831

Independence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.

Belgian National Day

 Belize

September 21

1981

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981.

September Celebrations

 Benin

August 1

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Bolivia

August 6

1825

Independence from Spain in 1825.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

March 1

1992

Independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.

Independence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

 Botswana

September 30

1966

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.

Independence Day (Botswana)

 Brazil

September 7

1822

Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.

Dia da Independência or Sete de Setembro

 Brunei

January 1

1984

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.

 Bulgaria

March 3

1878

Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.

 Burkina Faso

August 5

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Burma

January 4

1948

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948.

Independence Day (Myanmar)

 Burundi

July 1

1962

Independence from Belgium in 1962.

Independence Day

 Cambodia

November 9

1953

Independence from France in 1953.

 Cameroon

January 1

1960

Independence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.

 Canada

July 1

1867

Granted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).

Canada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)

 Cape Verde

July 5

1975

Independence from Portugal in 1975.

 Central African Republic

August 13

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Chad

August 11

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Chile

September 18

1810

Chileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]

Fiestas Patrias

February 12
1818
Independence from Spain in 1818.
Not a holiday

 Colombia

July 20 and August 7

1810 and 1819

Independence from Spain in 1810.

 Comoros

July 6

1975

Independence from France in 1975.

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the

June 30

1960

Independence from Belgium in 1960.

 Congo, Republic of the

August 15

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Costa Rica

September 15

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

 Croatia

October 8

1991

Independence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.

Independence Day (Croatia)

 Cuba

May 20

1902

Independence from Spain in 1902.

 Cyprus

October 1

1960

Independence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.

Independence Day (Cyprus)

 Czech Republic

October 28

1918

As Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.

January 1

1993

As the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.

 Djibouti

June 27

1977

Independence from France in 1977.

 Dominica

November 3

1978

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.

 Dominican Republic

February 27

1844

Independence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.

 East Timor

May 20

2002

Independence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).

 Ecuador

August 10

1809

Proclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.

May 24

1822

Independence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.

 El Salvador

September 15

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

 Equatorial Guinea

October 12

1968

Independence from Spain in 1968.

 Eritrea

May 24

1993

Independence from Ethiopia in 1993.

Independence Day (Eritrea)

 Estonia

February 24

1918

Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918.

Independence Day (Estonia)

August 20

1991

Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.

 Fiji

October 10

1970

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1970.

Fiji Day

 Finland

December 6

1917

Independence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.

Independence Day (Finland)

 Gabon

August 17

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Gambia, The

February 18

1965

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.

 Georgia

May 26

1918

Day of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.

Independence Day

April 9

1991

Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Day of National Unity

 Ghana

March 6

1957

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.

 Greece

March 25

1821

Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.

 Grenada

February 7

1974

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1974.

Independence Day (Grenada)

 Guatemala

September 15

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

 Guinea

October 2

1958

Independence from France in 1958.

 Guinea-Bissau

September 24

1973

Declaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.

 Guyana

May 26

1966

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.

 Haiti

January 1

1804

Declaration of independence from France in 1804.

 Honduras

September 15

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

 Iceland

June 17

1944

Foundation of republic in 1944.

Icelandic National Day

 India

August 15

1947

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947.

Independence Day (India)

 Indonesia

August 17

1945

Declaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949.  The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]

Independence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)

 Iraq

October 3

1932

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1932.

 Ireland

April 24

1916

Proclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.

 Israel

Iyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).

1948

Independence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.

Yom Ha'atzmaut

 Ivory Coast

August 7

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Jamaica

August 6

1962

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.

 Jordan

May 25

1946

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1946.

 Kazakhstan

December 16

1991

Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Kazakhstan Independence Day

 Kenya

December 12

1963

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1963.

Jamhuri Day

 Kiribati

July 12

1979

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.

 Korea, North

August 15

1945

Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.

Chogukhaebangŭi nal

 Korea, South

August 15

1945

Liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.

Gwangbokjeol

 Kosovo

February 17

2008

Independence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)

 Kuwait

February 25

1961

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.

 Kyrgyzstan

August 31

1991

Independence from USSR in 1991.

Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)

 Laos

October 22

1953

Independence from France on October 22, 1953.

 Latvia

November 18

1918

Proclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918

Proclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia

May 4

1990

Restoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.

 Lebanon

November 22

1943

Independence from France in 1943.

Lebanese Independence Day

 Lesotho

October 4

1966

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.

 Liberia

July 26

1847

Independence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.

 Libya

December 24

1951

Independence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.

 Lithuania

February 16

1918

Act of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.

March 11

1990

Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.

 Macedonia, Republic of

September 8

1991

Independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.

Den na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста

 Madagascar

June 26

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Malawi

July 6

1964

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.

 Malaysia

August 31

1957

Independence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.

Hari Merdeka

 Maldives

July 26

1965

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.

 Mali

September 22

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Malta

September 21

1964

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.

Independence Day

 Mauritania

November 28

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Mauritius

March 12

1968

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968.

 Mexico

September 16

1810

Independence from Spain declared in 1810. ("grito" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.

Grito de Dolores

 Moldova

August 27

1991

Declaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Independence Day

 Mongolia

December 29[2]

1911

Independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]

Independence Day (Mongolia)

 Montenegro

May 21

2006

Referendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.

 Morocco

November 18

1956

Independence from France and Spain in 1956.

Independence Day

 Mozambique

June 25

1975

Independence from Portugal in 1975.

 Namibia

March 21

1990

Independence from South Africa mandated in 1990.

 Nauru

January 31

1968

Independence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.

 Nicaragua

September 15

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

 Niger

August 3

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

Independence Day (Niger)

 Nigeria

October 1

1960

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1960.

Independence Day (Nigeria)

 Northern Cyprus

November 15

1983

Declaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)

 Norway

May 17

1814

Independence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).

National day/Constitution Day

June 7

1905

Finally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.

Independence Day/Union Dissolution Day

 Oman

November 18

1650

Independence from Portugal in 1650.

National Day

 Pakistan

August 14

1947

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947.

Youm-e-Azadi

 Panama

November 28

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

November 3

1903

Panama was member of the "Gran Colombia" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.

 Papua New Guinea

September 16

1975

Independence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.

 Paraguay

May 15

1811

Independence from Spain in 1811.[6]

Día de Independencia

 Peru

July 28

1821

Independence from Spain in 1821.

Fiestas Patrias

 Philippines

June 12

1898

Commemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]

Araw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan

 Poland

November 11

1918

Restoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

Święto Niepodległości (Independence Day)

 Portugal

December 1

1640

Portugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]

Restoration of Independence Day

 Qatar

December 18

1971

Original independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.

Qatar National Day

 Rhodesia

November 11

1965

Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.

Independence Day

 Romania

May 9

1877

Romania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]

 Russia

June 12

1992

It commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.

Russia Day

 Rwanda

July 1

1962

Independence from Belgium in 1962.

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

September 19

1983

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1983.

 Saint Lucia

February 22

1979

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.

Independence Day

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

October 27

1979

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.

 Samoa

January 1

1962

Independence from New Zealand in 1962.

 São Tomé and Príncipe

July 12

1975

Independence from Portugal in 1975.

 Senegal

April 4

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Serbia

February 15

1804

The beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.

Statehood Day

 Seychelles

June 29

1976

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1976.

 Sierra Leone

April 27

1961

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.

 Singapore

August 9

1965

Marks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.

National Day (Singapore)

 Slovakia

July 17

1992

Declaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).

 Slovenia

December 26 and June 25

1991

Date of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.

Independence and Unity Day

 Solomon Islands

July 7

1978

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.

 Somalia

July 1

1960

Union of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.

Independence Day (Somalia)

 Somaliland

May 18

1991

Somaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic

Independence Day (Somaliland)

 South Africa

December 11

1931

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid.  Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.

 South Sudan

July 9

2011

Independence from Sudan in 2011.

 Sri Lanka

February 4

1948

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948.

Independence Day (Sri Lanka)

 Sudan

January 1

1956

Independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.

 Suriname

November 25

1975

Independence from the Netherlands in 1975.

 Swaziland

September 6

1968

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968.

 Sweden

June 6

1523

Celebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.

National Day of Sweden

 Switzerland

August 1

1291

Alliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.

Swiss National Day

 Syria

April 17

1946

End of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.

Evacuation Day

 Tajikistan

September 9

1991

Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Independence Day (Tajikistan)

 Tanzania

December 9

1961

Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.

 Togo

April 27

1960

Independence from France in 1960.

 Tibet

February 13

1913

Independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.

Tibetan Independence Day

 Tonga

June 4

1970

Termination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.

 Trinidad and Tobago

August 31

1962

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.

 Tunisia

March 20

1956

Independence from France in 1956.

 Turkey

October 29

1923

Foundation of the Republic of Turkey.

Republic Day (Turkey)

 Turkmenistan

October 27

1991

Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]

Independence Day (Turkmenistan)

 Tuvalu

October 1

1978

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.

 Uganda

October 9

1962

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.

 Ukraine

August 24

1991

Declaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Independence Day of Ukraine

January 22

1919

Unification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]

Day of Unity of Ukraine

 United Arab Emirates

December 2

1971

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971.

National Day

 United States

July 4

1776

Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.

Independence Day (United States) or Fourth of July

 Uruguay

August 25

1825

Declaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.

Declaratoria de la Independencia

 Uzbekistan

September 1

1991

Independence from Soviet Union in 1991.

Independence Day (Uzbekistan)

 Vanuatu

July 30

1980

Independence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.

 Venezuela

July 5

1811

Declaration of independence from Spain in 1811.

 Vietnam

September 2

1945

Proclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.

Independence Day (Vietnam)

 Western Sahara

February 27

1976

Declaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.

 Yemen

November 30

1967

South Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.

 Zambia

October 24

1964

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.

 Zimbabwe

April 18

1980

Independence from the United Kingdom in 1980.

tag: table


document_title: Looney Tunes

question_text: when did the first looney tunes come out

text: Looney Tunes

text: History[edit]

text: In the beginning, Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies drew their storylines from Warner's vast music library. Between 1934 and 1943, Merrie Melodies were produced in color and Looney Tunes in black and white. After 1943, both series were produced in color and became virtually indistinguishable, varying only in their opening theme music and titles. Both series made use of the various Warner Bros. cartoon characters. By 1937, the theme music for Looney Tunes was "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" by Cliff Friend and Dave Franklin, and the theme music for Merrie Melodies was an adaptation of "Merrily We Roll Along" by Charles Tobias, Murray Mencher and Eddie Cantor.

text: 1930–1933: Harman and Ising era[edit]

text: In 1929, to compete against Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse short cartoons, Warner Bros. became interested in developing a series of animated shorts to promote their music. They had recently acquired Brunswick Records along with four music publishers for US $28 million (equivalent to $410 million in 2018) and were eager to promote this material for the sales of sheet music and phonograph records. Warner made a deal with Leon Schlesinger to produce cartoons for them. Schlesinger hired Rudolf Ising and Hugh Harman to produce the first series of cartoons. Schlesinger was impressed by Harman's and Ising's 1929 pilot cartoon, Bosko, The Talk-Ink Kid. The first Looney Tunes short was Sinkin' in the Bathtub starring Bosko, which was released in 1930.[2]

text: When Harman and Ising left Warner Bros. in 1933 over a budget dispute with Schlesinger, they took with them all the rights of the characters and cartoons they had created. A new character called Buddy became the only star of the Looney Tunes series for a couple of years.

text: New directors including Tex Avery, Friz Freleng and Bob Clampett were brought in or promoted to work with animators in the Schlesinger studio, with Avery's unit housed in a bungalow the animators dubbed "Termite Terrace." In 1935 they debuted the first major Looney Tunes star, Porky Pig, along with Beans the Cat in the Merrie Melodie cartoon I Haven't Got a Hat directed by Friz Freleng. Beans was the star of the next Porky/Beans cartoon Golddiggers of '49, but it was Porky who emerged as the star instead of Beans. The ensemble characters of I Haven't Got a Hat, such as Oliver Owl, and twin dogs Ham and Ex, were also given a sampling of shorts, but Beans and Porky proved much more popular. Beans was later phased out when his popularity declined, leaving Porky as the only star of the Schlesinger studio.

text: 1936–1944: More star characters and switch to color[edit]

text: The debuts of other memorable Looney Tunes stars followed: Daffy Duck (in 1937's Porky's Duck Hunt), Bugs Bunny (in 1938's  Porky's Hare Hunt), and Elmer Fudd (in 1940's Merrie Melodies cartoon Elmer's Candid Camera).

text: Bugs initially starred in the color Merrie Melodies shorts following the success of 1940's A Wild Hare (widely credited to be Bugs' official debut[6]), and formally joined the Looney Tunes series with the release of Buckaroo Bugs in 1944. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color Looney Tunes with the 1942 cartoon The Hep Cat. The final black-and-white Looney Tunes short was Puss n' Booty in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in the Blue Ribbon Classics series of Merrie Melodies. Bugs made a cameo appearance in 1942 in the Avery/Clampett cartoon Crazy Cruise and also at the end of the Frank Tashlin 1943 cartoon Porky Pig's Feat which marked Bugs' only official appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tunes short. Schlesinger sold his interest in the cartoon studio in 1944 to Warner Bros. and went into retirement; he would die five years later.

text: 1944–1964: Golden Age[edit]

text: More Looney Tunes characters were created (most of which first appeared in Merrie Melodies cartoons) such as Tweety (debuted in 1942's A Tale of Two Kitties), Sylvester (debuted in 1945's Life with Feathers), Yosemite Sam (debuted in 1945's Hare Trigger), Pepé Le Pew (debuted in 1945's Oder-able Kitty), Foghorn Leghorn (debuted in 1946's Walky Talky Hawky), Marvin the Martian (debuted in 1948's Haredevil Hare), Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner (debuted in 1949's Fast and Furry-ous), Granny (debuted in 1950's Canary Row), Speedy Gonzales (debuted in 1953's Cat Tails for Two), Witch Hazel (debuted in 1954's Bewitched Bunny), and the Tasmanian Devil (debuted in 1954's Devil May Hare).

text: 1964–1969: DePatie–Freleng and Seven Arts era[edit]

text: During the mid-late 1960s, the shorts were produced by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises (and Format Productions) (1964–1967) and Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (1967–1969) after Warner Bros. shut down their animation studio. The shorts from this era can be identified by their different title sequence, featuring stylized limited animation and graphics on a black background and a new arrangement, by William Lava, of "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down". The change in the introductory title cards was possibly to reflect the switch in the animation style of the shorts themselves.

text: The original Looney Tunes theatrical series ran from 1930 to 1969 (the last short being Bugged by a Bee, by Robert McKimson).[2]

text: The Looney Tunes series' popularity was strengthened even more when the shorts began airing on network and syndicated television in the 1950s, under various titles and formats. However, the Looney Tunes shorts were edited, removing scenes of violence (particularly suicidal gags and scenes of characters doing dangerous stunts that impressionable viewers could easily imitate), racial and ethnic caricatures (including stereotypical portrayals of African-Americans, Mexicans, Jews, Native Americans, Asians, and Germans as Nazis), and questionable vices (such as smoking cigarettes, ingesting pills, and drinking alcohol).

text: Theatrical animated shorts went dormant until 1987, when new shorts were made to introduce Looney Tunes to a new generation of audiences. New Looney Tunes shorts have been produced and released sporadically for theaters since then, usually as promotional tie-ins with various family movies produced by Warner Bros. While many of them have been released in limited releases theatrically for Academy Award consideration, only a few have gotten theatrical releases with movies.

text: In the 1970s through the early 1990s, several feature-film compilations and television specials were produced, mostly centering on Bugs Bunny and/or Daffy Duck, with a mixture of new and old footage. In 1976, the Looney Tunes characters made their way into the amusement business when they became the mascots for the two Marriott's Great America theme parks (Gurnee and Santa Clara). After the Gurnee park was sold to Six Flags, they also claimed the rights to use the characters at the other Six Flags parks, which they continue to do presently. In 1988, several Looney Tunes characters appeared in cameo roles in Disney's film, Who Framed Roger Rabbit. The more notable cameos featured Bugs, Daffy, Porky, Tweety, Sylvester and Yosemite Sam. It is the only time in which Looney Tunes characters have shared screen time with their rivals at Disney (producers of the film)—particularly in the scenes where Bugs and Mickey Mouse are skydiving, and when Daffy and Donald Duck are performing their "Dueling Pianos" sequence.

text: In 1988, Nickelodeon aired all the unaired cartoons in a show called Looney Tunes on Nickelodeon until 1999. To date, Looney Tunes on Nickelodeon is the longest-airing animated series on the network that was not a Nicktoon. In 1996, Space Jam, a feature film mixing animation and live-action, was released to theaters starring Bugs Bunny and basketball player Michael Jordan. Despite mixed critical reception,[7] the film was a major box-office success, grossing nearly $100 million in the U.S. alone, almost becoming the first non-Disney animated film to achieve that feat.[8] For a two-year period, it was the highest grossing non-Disney animated film ever.[9] The film also introduced the character Lola Bunny, who subsequently became another recurring member of the Looney Tunes cast, usually as a love interest for Bugs.

text: In 1997, Bugs Bunny was featured on a U.S. 32 cent postage stamp; the first of five Looney Tunes themed stamps to be issued.[10]

text: The Looney Tunes also achieved success in the area of television during this era, with appearances in several originally produced series, including Taz-Mania (1991, starring Taz) and The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries (1995, starring Sylvester, Tweety, and Granny). The gang also made frequent cameos in the 1990 spinoff series Tiny Toon Adventures, from executive producer Steven Spielberg, where they played teachers and mentors to a younger generation of cartoon characters (Plucky Duck, Hamton J. Pig, Babs and Buster Bunny, etc.), plus occasional cameos in the later Warner shows Animaniacs (also from Spielberg) and Histeria!.

text: In 2000, WB decided to make the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies library exclusive to fellow Time Warner properties, specifically Cartoon Network. Immediately prior to this decision, Looney Tunes shorts were airing on several networks at once: on Cartoon Network, on Nickelodeon (as Looney Tunes on Nickelodeon), and on ABC (as The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show). The latter two had been particularly long-running series, and the Warner Bros. decision forced the two networks to cancel the programs. In 2003, another feature film was released, this time in an attempt to recapture the spirit of the original shorts: the live-action/animated Looney Tunes: Back in Action. Although the film wasn't financially successful,[11] it was met with relatively positive reviews from film critics and has been argued by animation historians and fans as the finest original feature-length appearance for the cartoon characters.[9][12][13][14] In 2006, Warner Home Video released a new, Christmas-themed Looney Tunes direct-to-video movie called Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas, a parody of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. Other Looney Tunes TV series made during this time were Baby Looney Tunes (2002), Duck Dodgers (2003) and Loonatics Unleashed (2005).

text: On October 22, 2007, Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons became available for the first time in High Definition via Microsoft's Xbox Live service, including some in Spanish.[15] From February 29 – May 18, 2008, many Looney Tunes artifacts, including original animation cels and concept drawings, were on display at the Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio, just off the campus of Youngstown State University.[16] The exhibit had the studio come full circle, as the Warners were natives of the Youngstown area.

text: At the 2009 Cartoon Network upfront, The Looney Tunes Show was announced.[17] After several delays, the series premiered on May 3, 2011. Coming from Warner Bros. Animation and producer Sam Register, the concept revolves around Bugs and Daffy leaving the woods and moving to the suburbs with "colorful neighbors" including Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Yosemite Sam, etc. The series introduced the character Tina Russo, a duck who becomes Daffy's girlfriend. The show also features 2-minute music videos titled respectfully "Merrie Melodies" (as a tribute to the Looney Tunes sister shorts) which features the characters singing original songs, as well as CGI animated shorts starring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner (which were removed after the first season). The series was cancelled after its second season.[18]

text: Also, Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner returned to the big screen in a series of 3-D shorts that preceded select Warner Bros. films. There were six in the works that began with the first short, Coyote Falls, that preceded the film Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore, which was released on July 30, 2010. On September 24, 2010, Fur of Flying preceded the film, Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, and on December 17, 2010, Rabid Rider preceded the film, Yogi Bear. On June 8, 2011, Warner Bros. Animation announced that there will be more Looney Tunes 3-D theatrical shorts; the first titled Daffy Rhapsody with Daffy Duck and Elmer Fudd, the next being I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat with Sylvester, Tweety, and Granny. Daffy Rhapsody was to precede the film Happy Feet Two,[19] until the studio decided to premiere I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat instead. Daffy Rhapsody instead premiered in 2012, preceding Journey 2: The Mysterious Island.[20] All five shorts were directed by Matthew O'Callaghan.

text: In 2012, several announcements were made about a new Looney Tunes reboot film, titled Acme, in development.[21] Former Saturday Night Live cast member Jenny Slate was said to be on board as writer for the new movie. Jeffrey Clifford, Harry Potter producer David Heyman, and Dark Shadows writers David Katzenberg and Seth Grahame-Smith were slated to produce the film.[22] On August 27, 2014, writers Ashley Miller and Zack Stentz were hired to script the film, directors Glenn Ficarra and John Requa were in talks to direct the film, while actor Steve Carell was rumored to be starring in a lead role.[23] The film has yet to enter production.

text: At the 2014 Cartoon Network upfront, Wabbit. A Looney Tunes Production was announced.[24] Starring Bugs Bunny, the series premiered on both Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang in Fall 2015.[25]The series has had an unusually slow rollout, with the series having moved to the Boomerang streaming service in 2017, and dozens of episodes still unreleased as of June 2018.

text: On June 11, 2018, a new series of shorts, Looney Tunes Cartoons, was announced by Warner Bros. Animation. Set for release in 2019 on both linear and streaming television platforms, its first "season" would feature 1,000 minutes of new one-to-six minute cartoons featuring the brand's marquee characters, voiced by their current voice actors in “simple, gag-driven and visually vibrant stories” that are rendered by multiple artists employing “a visual style that will resonate with fans.” Sam Register, president of Warner Bros. Animation, and Peter Browngardt, creator of Uncle Grandpa, would serve as executive producers.[26]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the 1980s, the shorts received VHS releases, with the pre-1948 shorts released by MGM/UA Home Video and the post-1948 shorts released by Warner Home Video. In 2003, Warner Home Video began releasing select shorts on DVD, aimed at collectors, in four-disc sets known as the "Looney Tunes Golden Collection". This continued until 2008, when the final volume of the Golden Collection was released. Then in 2010 until 2013, the company released the "Looney Tunes Super Stars" DVDs. There have been numerous complaints regarding the "Super Stars" releases however, particularly the first two, having the post-1953 shorts in a 16:9 widescreen format. The last DVD in the "Super Stars" series was "Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem", released on April 23, 2013. Between 2010 and 2011, the shorts were respectively saw the releases of the "Essential Bugs Bunny" and "Essential Daffy Duck" DVDs. In 2011, the shorts were released on Blu-ray Disc for the first time with the "Looney Tunes Platinum Collection" series. On September 19, 2017, Warner Home Video's Warner Archive Collection released the five-disc "Porky Pig 101" DVD-set.[27]

text: Licensing and ownership[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies began in 1930, although Warner Bros. retained the rights to the cartoons and the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies brandnames, Harman and Ising owned the rights to the Bosko characters. When Harman and Ising left Warner Bros. in 1933, their former producer Leon Schlesinger started his own studio for Warner Bros. continuing the Looney Tunes series. Harman and Ising retained the rights to Bosko and began making Bosko cartoons at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1934. However these cartoons were not a success and in 1937 MGM fired Harman and Ising and formed their own studio to create MGM cartoons, with Harman and Ising retaining the rights to Bosko. Time Warner eventually acquired the characters from their estates. Meanwhile, the Schlesinger studio continued to make popular cartoons until 1944 when Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. and since then, Warner Bros. has owned all rights to all post-1933 characters created by Leon Schlesinger Productions and Warner Bros. Cartoons. The rights to individual cartoons however are in other hands.

text: In 1955, Warner Bros. sold its black-and-white Looney Tunes (plus the black-and-white Merrie Melodies made after Harman and Ising left) into television syndication through their sale of the cartoons to Guild Films.[28] The copyright to those cartoons were assigned to Sunset Productions. These cartoons were distributed by Guild Films until it went bankrupt and was bought by Seven Arts. Seven Arts bought WB, and WB gained rights to the black and white cartoons.

text: In 1956, Associated Artists Productions (a.a.p.) acquired for television most of Warner Bros' pre-1950[29][30] library, including all Merrie Melodies (except for those sold to Sunset and Lady, Play Your Mandolin!) and color Looney Tunes shorts that were released prior to August 1948. Unlike the sale to Sunset Productions, a.a.p. was allowed to keep the Warner titles intact and simply inserted an "Associated Artists Productions presents" title at the head of each reel (as a result, each Merrie Melodies cartoon had the song "Merrily We Roll Along" playing twice).[31] Two years later, United Artists bought a.a.p. (which also bought Paramount's Popeye films) who merged the company into its television division; United Artists Television.

text: In 1981, UA was sold to MGM, and five years later, Ted Turner acquired the pre-May 1986 MGM library. He also acquired the rights to the a.a.p. library. In 1996, Turner's company, Turner Broadcasting System (whose Turner Entertainment Co. division oversaw the film library), was purchased by Time Warner who also owned Warner Bros. Today, Warner Home Video holds the video rights to the entire Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies animated output by virtue of Time Warner's ownership of Turner Entertainment.

text: Starting in 1960, the cartoons were repackaged into several different TV programs that remained popular for several decades before being purchased by Turner Broadcasting System.[32] Turner's Cartoon Network reran the cartoons from their launch in 1992 until 2004, and again from 2009 onwards. An early 2000s version of The Looney Tunes Show, a packaged show produced by Warner Bros. Animation for the network, was broadcast from 2001[33] to 2004. The show featured shorts from the original Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon series. As of 2013, the classic cartoons are currently airing on Cartoon Network's sister channel, Boomerang.

text: Five dozen Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts from before December 1943 have lapsed into the public domain and are thus freely distributed through various unofficial releases. Many of these public domain cartoons on unofficial releases are of poor video and audio quality.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Racial stereotypes[edit]

text: A handful of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts are no longer aired on American television, nor are they available for sale by Warner Bros. because of racial and ethnic stereotypes of black people, American Indians, Asians such as Japanese (especially during WWII, as in Tokio Jokio and Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips), Chinese, and Germans.[34] Eleven cartoons were withdrawn from distribution in 1968 that prominently featured stereotypical black characters (and a few passing jokes about Japanese people, as in Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs and Jungle Jitters) and are known as the Censored Eleven.

text: In 1999, all Speedy Gonzales cartoons were removed from airing on Cartoon Network because of their alleged stereotyping of Mexicans.[35] Many Hispanics protested that they were not offended, and fondly remembered Speedy Gonzales cartoons as a representation of their youth and nation's individuality; these shorts were made available for broadcast again in 2002.[36]

text: In addition to these notorious cartoons, many Warner Bros. cartoons contain fleeting or sometimes extended gags that make reference to racial or ethnic stereotypes. The release of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 includes a disclaimer at the beginning of each DVD in the volume given by Whoopi Goldberg which explains that the cartoons are products of their time and contain racial and ethnic stereotypes that "were wrong then and they are wrong today", but the cartoons are presented on the DVD uncut and uncensored because "editing them would be the same as denying that the stereotypes existed."

text: A written disclaimer similar to the words spoken by Goldberg in Volume 3 is shown at the beginning of each DVD in the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, Volume 5, and Volume 6 sets, as well as the Daffy Duck and Foghorn Leghorn Looney Tunes Super Stars sets and the Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection:

text: The cartoons you are about to see are products of their time. They may depict some of the ethnic and racial prejudices that were commonplace in the U.S society. These depictions were wrong then and they are wrong today. While the following does not represent the Warner Bros. view of today's society, these cartoons are being presented as they were originally created, because to do otherwise would be the same as claiming that these prejudices never existed.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Inducted into the National Film Registry[edit]

text: Porky in Wackyland (1938), selected in 2000[37]

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text: Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (Cartoon)[edit]

text:
For Scent-imental Reasons (1949)[38]
Knighty Knight Bugs (1958)[39]

text: Academy Award nominations[edit]

text:
Swooner Crooner (1944)
Mouse Wreckers (1949)
From A to Z-Z-Z-Z (1954)
Sandy Claws (1955)
Tabasco Road (1957)
Mexicali Shmoes (1959)
Mouse and Garden (1960)
High Note (1960)
The Pied Piper of Guadalupe (1961)
Now Hear This (1963)

text: Related media[edit]

text: Television series[edit]

text:
The Bugs Bunny Show (1960–2000)
The Porky Pig Show (1964–1967)
The Road Runner Show (1966–1973)
The Merrie Melodies Show (1972)
Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends (1990–1994)
Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1995)
Taz-Mania (1991–1995)
The Plucky Duck Show (1992)
The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries (1995–2002)
Bugs 'n' Daffy (1995–1998)
Baby Looney Tunes (2001–2006)
Duck Dodgers (2003–2005)
Loonatics Unleashed (2005–2007)
The Looney Tunes Show (2011–2014)
New Looney Tunes (2015–)
Looney Tunes Cartoons (2019)

text: Feature films[edit]

text:
Bugs Bunny: Superstar (1975)
The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979)
The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981)
Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982)
Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (cameos only)
Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988)
Space Jam (1996)
The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame (1999)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)

text: Direct-to-video[edit]

text:
Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992)
Tweety's High Flying Adventure (2000)
Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003)
Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006)
Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015)

text: Comic books[edit]

text:
Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Comics #1–165 (Dell Publishing, 1941–1955)
Bugs Bunny #1–85 (Dell Publishing, 1942–1962)
Porky Pig #1–81 (Dell Publishing, 1942–1962)
Tweety and Sylvester #1–37 (Dell Publishing, 1952–1962)
Daffy Duck #1–30 (Dell Publishing, 1953–1962)
Looney Tunes #166–246 (Dell Publishing, 1955–1962)
Beep Beep The Road Runner #1–14 (Dell Publishing, 1958–1962)
Bugs Bunny #86–245 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1962–1984)
Daffy Duck #31–145 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1962–1984)
Tweety and Sylvester #1–120 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1963–1984)
Porky Pig #1–109 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1965–1984)
Yosemite Sam and Bugs Bunny #1–80 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1970–1983)
Beep Beep The Road Runner #1–105 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1971–1984)
Looney Tunes #1–47 (Gold Key Comics/Whitman, 1975–1984)
Bugs Bunny #1–3 (DC Comics, 1990); #1–3 (DC Comics, 1993)
Looney Tunes #1–present (DC Comics, 1994–present)

text: Plus various one-shots, specials and appearances in anthology comics like March of Comics, Top Comics and Dell Giant from various Western Publishing imprints. The numbering of the Dell issues generally includes 3-4 appearances in Dell's Four Color comics.

text: Video games[edit]