document_title: Apollo 11

question_text: who was the president when apollo 11 landed

question_tokens: who was the president when apollo 11 landed

text: Apollo 11

text: Background

text: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union.[6] On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic and technological superiority.[7] This precipitated the Sputnik crisis, and triggered the Space Race.[8] President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by creating the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and initiating Project Mercury,[9] which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit.[10] But on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth.[11] It was another body blow to American pride.[12] Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, completing a 15-minute suborbital journey. After being recovered from the Atlantic Ocean, he received a congratulatory telephone call from Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy.[13]

text: Kennedy cared about what people in other nations thought of the United States, and believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but that the perception of American power was at least as important as the actuality. It was therefore intolerable that the Soviet Union was more advanced in the field of space exploration. He was determined that the United States should compete, and sought a challenge that maximized its chances of winning.[6] Since the Soviet Union had better booster rockets, he required a challenge that was beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, one where the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality. Something spectacular, even if it could not be justified on military, economic or scientific grounds. After consulting with his experts and advisors, he chose such a project.[14] On May 25, 1961, he addressed the United States Congress on "Urgent National Needs" and declared:

text: I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations-explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon-if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.[15]

text: The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: Project Apollo.[16] An early and crucial decision was the adoption of lunar orbit rendezvous, under which a specialized spacecraft would land on the lunar surface. The Apollo spacecraft therefore had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.[17] This choice of mode meant that the spacecraft could be launched by the Saturn V rocket that was then under development.[18] Technologies and technics required for Apollo were developed by Project Gemini.[19] Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the Apollo 1 fire on January 27, 1967, in which three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation.[20] In October 1968, Apollo 7 tested the command module in Earth orbit,[21] and in December, Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit.[22] In March 1969, Apollo 9 tested the lunar module in Earth orbit,[23] and then in May 1969, Apollo 10 conducted a "dress rehearsal", testing the lunar module in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.[24]

text: The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V.[25] Meanwhile, the Soviets tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin their voyage home. The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.[26]

text: Framework

text: Prime crew

text:
Position

Astronaut

Commander

Neil A. ArmstrongSecond and last spaceflight

Command Module Pilot

Michael CollinsSecond and last spaceflight

Lunar Module Pilot

Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Jr.Second and last spaceflight

tag: table

text: The initial crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander, Jim Lovell as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967.[27] Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module (LM), Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.[28] There would be one change. Michael Collins, the CMP on the Apollo 8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.[29] Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when Collins recovered, he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.[30] Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew on an American mission,[31] the first being that of Apollo 10.[32] An all-veteran crew would not be flown again until STS-26 in 1988.[31]

text: Backup crew

text:
Position

Astronaut

Commander

James A. Lovell, Jr.

Command Module Pilot

William A. Anders

Lunar Module Pilot

Fred W. Haise, Jr.

text: The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, William Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.[31] In early 1969, he accepted a job with the National Aeronautics and Space Council effective August 1969, and announced that he would retire as an astronaut at that time. Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Lovell, Haise, and Mattingly were later assigned as the prime crew of Apollo 13.[33]

text: Support crew

text: During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured that the prime and backup crews were apprised of any changes. The support crew developed procedures in the simulators, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them.[34] For Apollo 11, the support crew consisted of Ken Mattingly, Ronald Evans and Bill Pogue.[35]

text: Capsule communicators

text: The Capsule communicator (CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.[36] For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt.[35]

text: Flight directors

text: The four shift flight directors for this mission were:[37][38]

text:
Clifford E. Charlesworth (Green Team), launch and extravehicular activity (EVA)
Gerald D. Griffin (Gold Team)
Gene Kranz (White Team), lunar landing
Glynn Lunney (Black Team), lunar ascent

text: Call signs

text: After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name Snowcone was used for the Command Module and Haystack was used for the Lunar Module in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.[39]

text: The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell spacecraft fired by a giant cannon (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon. It also referenced Columbia, a historical name of the United States. The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States, the bald eagle, which was featured prominently on the mission insignia.[40]

text: Insignia

text: The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its talons, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left. NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11";[41] they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing".[42]

text: When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.[43] The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.[44]

text: Mementos

text: Each astronaut had a personal preference kit (PPK), a small bag containing personal items of significance that they wanted to take with them on the mission.[45] Neil Armstrong's PPK contained a piece of wood from the Wright brothers' 1903 airplane's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,[46] along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin originally given to Deke Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards; but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11.[47]

text: Site selection

text: NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five unmanned probes of the Lunar Orbiter program and information about surface conditions provided by the Surveyor program.[48] The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.[49] Areas that appeared to be clear and promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.[50] The sites were:

text:
Site 1:  34° East, 2°40' North, in the Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquilitatis);
Site 2:  23°37' East, 0°45' North, in the Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquilitatis);
Site 3:  1°20' West, 0°25' North, in the Central Bay (Sinus Medii);
Site 4:  36°25' West, 3°30' South, in the Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum); and
Site 5:  41°40' West, 1°40' North, in the Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum).[48]

text: The final site selection was based on seven criteria:

text:
The site needed to be smooth, with relatively few craters;
with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings;
reachable with a minimum amount of propellant;
allowing for delays in the launch countdown;
providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon;
with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning that the Sun would be between 7 and 20 degrees behind the Lunar Module; and
a general slope (less than 2 degrees) in the landing area.[48]

text: The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.[48] The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable.[51]

text: Preparations

text: The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23.[52] There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.[53][54]  The command and service modules were mated on January 29, and shipped from the Operations and Checkout Building to the Vehicle Assembly Building on April 14.[52]

text: Meanwhile, the  S-IVB third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the S-II second stage on February 6, S-IC first stage on February 20, and the Saturn V Instrument Unit on February 27. At 1230 on May 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the crawler-transporter, bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of Launch Complex 39, while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 26, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the mobile service structure back to its parking area.[52] In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with liquid hydrogen.[55] Fueling was completed by three hours before launch.[56] Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the ATOLL programming language.[57]

text: Haise entered Columbia about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking the center couch.[56] Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch.[58] The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time.[56] Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the firing room.[55]

text: Mission

text: Launch and flight to lunar orbit

text: An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General William Westmoreland, four cabinet members, 19 state governors, 40 mayors, 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen. Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with the former president, Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson.[59][55] Around 3,500 media representatives were present.[60] About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts.[59][55] President Richard Nixon viewed the launch from his office in the White House with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut Frank Borman.[61]

text: Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 EDT).[62]  It entered Earth orbit at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes later. After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver was performed: this involved separating Columbia from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with Eagle still attached to the stage. After the Lunar Module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon.[2] The was done to avoid colliding with the spacecraft, the Earth or the Moon. A slingshot effect from passing around the Moon threw it into an orbit around the Sun.[63]

text: On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit.[2] In the thirty orbits that followed,[64] the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquillity about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater Sabine D. The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges.[65] It lay about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast of the Surveyor 5 landing site, and 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest of Ranger 8's crash site.[66]

text: Lunar descent

text: At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered Eagle, and began the final preparations for lunar descent. At 17:44:00 Eagle separated from the Columbia.[2] Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.[67][68] Armstrong exclaimed: "The Eagle has wings!"[68]

text: As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. Eagle was traveling too fast. The problem could have been mascons—concentrations of high mass that could have altered the trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel. Or it could have been the result of Eagle's pirouette maneuver.[69][70]

text: Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the LM guidance computer (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them.[71] Margaret Hamilton, the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory later recalled:

text: To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones. The computer, rather than almost forcing an abort, prevented an abort. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful Moon landing it was.[72]

text: During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.[73][74] However, software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first unmanned LM in Apollo 5. Having the rendezvous radar on (so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.[75]

text: The Apollo onboard flight software for both the CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs. The sequence that occurred in the Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global error detection and recovery system. This included the restart capability to "kill and start over again" and recompute and the display interface routines ("priority displays") providing the ability, in the case of an emergency, to interrupt nominal displays with higher priority alarm displays. Steps previously taken to create solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment suggested solutions for multiprocessing. Although only one process is actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment, other processes in the same system―sleeping or waiting―exist in parallel with the executing process. With this as a backdrop, the priority display mechanisms were created, essentially changing the man-machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do so.[76]

text: Landing

text: When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300-meter (980 ft) diameter crater (later determined to be West crater, named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse). Armstrong took semi-automatic control.[77]

text: Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the Eagle. A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from Eagle's footpads had touched the surface, and he said: "Contact light!" Three seconds later, Eagle landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown." Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA – out of detent." Armstrong acknowledged: "Out of detent. Auto." Aldrin continued: "Mode control – both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm – off. 413 is in."[78]

text: ACA was the attitude control assembly, the LM's control stick. Output went to the LGC to command the reaction control system (RCS) jets to fire. "Out of Detent" meant that the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car. LGC address 413 contained the variable that indicated that the LM had landed.[3]

text: The Eagle landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.[3] Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.[3]

text: Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, Tranquillity Base here. The Eagle has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquillity Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.[79] Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan— Tranquillity, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[3][80]

text: Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:

text: This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.[81]

text: He then took communion privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[82] The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period. However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep.[83]

text: Lunar surface operations

text: Preparations for the EVA began at 23:43.[2] These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.[84] During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets and tools.[85] Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, Eagle was depressurized. The hatch was opened at 02:39:33.[86][2] Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System (PLSS).[84] Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[87] At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote control unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side to activate the TV camera.[88][89]

text: Apollo 11 used slow-scan television (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[90] The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States, but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station near Canberra in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia.[91] Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[91] Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.[90]

text:
That's one small step ...

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: While still on the ladder, Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read:

text: Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.[89]

text: After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",[89] six and a half hours after landing,[2] Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and declared: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."[92][93][94][95]

text: Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static.[96][97]

text: About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.[98] Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,[2] he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.[84] The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a Hasselblad camera which could be operated hand held or mounted on Armstrong's suit.[99] Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."[89]

text: Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."[89] Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[89] The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment.[99]

text: The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising."[100] But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only jam the pole a couple of inches into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute".[100] Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."[101] Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief, to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy.[102]

text: Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you've done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquillity, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquillity to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.

text: Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.[103]

text: They deployed the EASEP, which included a Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure moonquakes and a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment.[89] Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater  while Aldrin collected two core samples. He used the geologist's hammer to pound in the tubes – the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11, but was unable to penetrate more than six inches deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled 6 kilograms (13 lb) of soil into the box of rocks in order to pack them in tightly.[104] Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.[105]

text: Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. However, as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[106] In a 2010 interview, Armstrong, who had walked a maximum of 196 feet (60 m) from the LM, explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.[107]

text: Lunar ascent and return

text: Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.[84] Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.[108]

text: Nixon's speech writer William Safire had prepared In Event of Moon Disaster for the President to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.[109] The contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon's White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.[110][111] According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to burial at sea. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke's First World War poem, "The Soldier".[111]

text: While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. However, a felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch. Had this not worked, the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine.[108]

text: After more than 21 1⁄2 hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind an Apollo 1 mission patch and a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk. The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world. The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management.[112]

text: After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54 UTC, they lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit. Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple:[2] "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."[64] Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags further from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust.[113]

text: After rendezvous with Columbia, Eagle's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21, 1969, at 23:41 UTC. Just before the Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[114] The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time.[115]

text: On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:

text: ... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, "Thank you very much."[64]

text: Aldrin added:

text: This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. "When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?"[64][116]

text: Armstrong concluded:

text: The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little EMU, the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.[64]

text: On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong.[117]

text: Splashdown and quarantine

text: The aircraft carrier USS Hornet, under the command of Captain Carl J. Seiberlich,[118] was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the LPH USS Princeton, which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. The Hornet was then at her home port of Long Beach, California.[119] On reaching Pearl Harbor on July 5, Hornet embarked the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters of HS-4, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of UDT Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of Hornet's air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a boilerplate command module used for training.[120]

text: On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, Hornet departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific,[121] in the vicinity of 10°36′N 172°24′E / 10.600°N 172.400°E / 10.600; 172.400.[122] A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State William P. Rogers and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger flew to Johnston Atoll on Air Force One, then to the command ship USS Arlington in  Marine One. After a night on board, they would fly to Hornet in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival on the Hornet, the party was greeted by the  Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC), Admiral John S. McCain Jr., and NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine, who flew to Hornet from Pago Pago in one of Hornet's carrier onboard delivery aircraft.[123]

text: Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force Captain Hank Brandli had access to top secret spy satellite images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility was a serious threat to the mission; if the helicopters could not locate Columbia, the spacecraft, its crew, and its priceless cargo of Moon rocks might be lost. Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the Fleet Weather Center at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, Rear Admiral Donald C. Davis, the commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area. This was done; a new one was designated,[124] 215 nautical miles (398 km) northeast of the original.[125]

text: This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned that they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when the entered P67.[125] The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to 6.5 standard gravities (64 m/s2); the second, to 6.0 standard gravities (59 m/s2).[126]

text: Before dawn on July 24, Hornet launched four Sea King helicopters and three Grumman E-1 Tracers. Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.[127] At 16:44 UTC (05:54 local time) Columbia's drogue parachutes were deployed. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later Columbia struck the water forcefully 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of Wake Island, 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from Hornet,[2][125] at 13°19′N 169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W / 13.317; -169.150.[128] During splashdown, Columbia landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.[129] A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to prevent it from drifting.[130] Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.[131]

text: The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote, it was a possibility, and NASA took precautions at the recovery site. Additionally, they were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and Columbia wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the Hornet. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.[129]

text: After touchdown on the Hornet at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.[132] This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.[133] Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[134]

text: After Nixon departed, the Hornet was brought alongside the 5-short-ton (4.5 t) Columbia, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at 10:00 UTC on July 28. Columbia was taken to Ford Island for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to Hickham Air Force Base, from whence it was flown to Houston in a Douglas C-133 Cargomaster, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.[135]

text: In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,[136] the astronauts continued in quarantine. However, after three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on the Hornet, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[137] On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki),[138] and on Columbia itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.[139]

text: Celebrations

text: On August 13, the three astronauts rode in parades in their honor in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.[140][141] On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official state dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel. Nixon and Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[141] This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Many nations honored the first human Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.[142][143]

text: On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress. They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them.[144]  The flag of American Samoa which was taken to the Moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa.[145]

text: Legacy

text: Spacecraft

text: The Command Module Columbia was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) in Washington, DC. It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Wright Flyer, the Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1, the North American X-15, and Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7.[146] Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits are displayed in the museum's Apollo to the Moon exhibit.[147] The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the flotation bags are in the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module.[148][149][150]

text: The descent stage of the Lunar Module Eagle remains on the Moon. In 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.[151] The remains of the ascent stage lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface, after being abandoned and impacting the Moon.[115]

text: In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos located the F-1 engines from the S-IC stage that launched Apollo 11 into space. They were found below the Atlantic Ocean's surface through the use of advanced sonar scanning.[152] His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.[153][154]

text: Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission. This included Space Center Houston from October 14, 2017 to March 18, 2018, the Saint Louis Science Center from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh from September 29, 2018 to February 18, 2019, and the Seattle Museum of Flight from March 16 to September 2, 2019.[155][156]

text: The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.[157]

text: Moon rocks

text: The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at White Sands Test Facility near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories around the world conduct studies of the samples, and approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.[158][159]

text: In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA  to make up about 250 presentation Apollo 11 lunar sample displays for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations. Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11. The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50 mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a United States half dollar coin. This acrylic button magnified the grains of lunar dust. The Apollo 11 lunar sample displays were given out as goodwill gifts by Nixon in 1970.[160][161]

text: The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14, 1969.[162]  As of  2018[update], the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment remains operational.[163]

text: 40th anniversary events

text: On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch.[164] From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.[165] In addition, it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.[166] In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.[167] The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up an Adobe Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.[168]

text: On July 20, 2009, the crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House.[169] "We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."[170] On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson.[171][172]

text: A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:

text: It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts – Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.[173]

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Apollo 11 Mission Summary". The Apollo Program. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Orloff 2000, pp. 102–110.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "The First Lunar Landing". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Williams, David R. (December 11, 2003). "Apollo Landing Site Coordinates". US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved September 7, 2013.

Jump up ^ Stenger, Richard (May 25, 2001). "Man on the Moon: Kennedy speech ignited the dream". CNN. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010.

^ Jump up to: a b Logsdon 1976, p. 134.

Jump up ^ Logsdon 1976, pp. 13–15.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 1.

Jump up ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, pp. 101–106.

Jump up ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 134.

Jump up ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, pp. 332–333.

Jump up ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 342.

Jump up ^ Logsdon 1976, p. 121.

Jump up ^ Logsdon 1976, pp. 112–117.

Jump up ^ "Excerpt: 'Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs'". NASA. April 11, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2018.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 15.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 72–77.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 48–49.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 181–182, 205–208.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 214–218.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 265–272.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 274–284.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 292–300.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, pp. 303–312.

Jump up ^ Lindroos, Marcus. "The Soviet Manned Lunar Program" (PDF). MIT OpenCourseWare. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 4, 2011.

Jump up ^ Brown, Jonathan (July 3, 2009). "Recording tracks Russia's Moon gatecrash attempt". The Independent. London. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 374.

Jump up ^ Hansen 2005, pp. 312–313.

Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 288–289.

Jump up ^ Cunningham 2010, p. 109.

^ Jump up to: a b c Orloff 2000, p. 90.

Jump up ^ Orloff 2000, p. 72.

Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994, p. 237.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 261.

^ Jump up to: a b Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 375.

Jump up ^ Kranz 2000, p. 27.

Jump up ^ "Flight Directors". NASA. Retrieved September 18, 2018.

Jump up ^ Kranz 2000, pp. 230, 236, 273, 320.

Jump up ^ Marshall Space Flight Center 1969, p. 8.

Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 334–335.

Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 332–334.

Jump up ^ Collins 2001, p. 332.

Jump up ^ "1971–78 Dollar Eisenhower". CoinSite. ROKO Design Group, Inc. 1994. Retrieved July 20, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Susan B. Anthony Dollar – 1979–1999". United States Mint. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Kit, Pilot's Personal Preference, Apollo 11". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

Jump up ^ Hansen 2005, p. 527.

Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994, pp. 191–192.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "50 Years Ago: Lunar Landing Sites Selected". NASA. February 8, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.

Jump up ^ Cortright 1975, p. 79.

Jump up ^ Cortright 1975, pp. 98–99.

Jump up ^ Cappellari 1972, p. 976.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Apollo 11 Mission Overview". NASA. 2015-04-17. Retrieved September 22, 2018.

Jump up ^ Benson & Faherty 1978, p. 472.

Jump up ^ "Scientific Experiments". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved September 22, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Benson & Faherty 1978, p. 474.

^ Jump up to: a b c Benson & Faherty 1978, p. 475.

Jump up ^ Benson & Faherty 1978, pp. 355–356.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Flight Journal - Day 1, part 1: Launch". NASA. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b Bilstein 1980, pp. 369–370.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 338.

Jump up ^ "President Richard Nixon's Daily Diary" (PDF). Richard Nixon Presidential Library. July 16, 1969. p. 2. Retrieved September 3, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Mission Overview". NASA. 2015-04-17.

Jump up ^ Marshall Space Flight Center 1969, p. 7.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Apollo-11 (27)". Historical Archive for Manned Missions. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission" (PDF) (Press kit). Washington, D.C.: NASA. July 6, 1969. Release No: 69-83K. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 130.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 9.

^ Jump up to: a b Collins & Aldrin 1975, p. 209.

Jump up ^ Mindell 2008, pp. 220–221.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 82.

Jump up ^ Collins & Aldrin 1975, pp. 210–212.

Jump up ^ Hamilton, Margaret H. (March 1, 1971). "Computer Got Loaded". Datamation (Letter). p. 13. ISSN 0011-6963.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 190–192.

Jump up ^ Martin, Fred H. (July 1994). "Apollo 11: 25 Years Later". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Eyles, Don (February 6, 2004). "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer". 27th annual Guidance and Control Conference. Breckenridge, Colorado: American Astronautical Society. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Hamilton & Hackler 2008, pp. 34–43.

Jump up ^ Mindell 2008, pp. 195–197.

Jump up ^ Mindell 2008, p. 226.

Jump up ^ Failure is Not an Option (TV production). The History Channel. August 24, 2003. OCLC 54435670.

Jump up ^ "James May speaks to Charles Duke". BBC Archives. 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.

Jump up ^ Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "Post-landing Activities". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Chaikin 1994, pp. 204, 623.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 21–22.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Jones, Eric M.; Glover, Ken, eds. (1995). "First Steps". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved September 23, 2006.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 22.

Jump up ^ Cortright 1975, p. 215.

Jump up ^ Waligora & Horrigan 1975, pp. 115–120.

Jump up ^ Duggan, Paul (August 25, 2012). "Neil Armstrong, first man to step on the Moon, dies at 82". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "One Small Step". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Macey, Richard (August 5, 2006). "One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost Moon pictures". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Sarkissian 2001, p. 287.

Jump up ^ Canright, Shelley, ed. (July 15, 2004) [updated December 9, 2007]. "Apollo Moon Landing – 35th Anniversary". NASA Education. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Includes the "a" article as intended.

Jump up ^ "Armstrong 'got Moon quote right'". London: BBC News. October 2, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Ghosh, Pallab (June 3, 2009). "Armstrong's 'poetic' slip on Moon". London: BBC News. Retrieved June 13, 2013. News story on later reanalysis which suggests the line was said incorrectly.

Jump up ^ Carreau, Mark (September 30, 2006). "Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the Moon". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil (1990-11-09). "Did astronaut Neil Armstrong muff his historic "one small step" line?".

Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara & David P.  "One Small Step" at Snopes.com: Urban Legends Reference Pages.

Jump up ^ Meyer, Charles (2009). "Lunar Sample Compendium: Contingency Soil (10010)" (PDF). Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 23.

^ Jump up to: a b "A Flag on the Moon". The Attic. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Exhibit: Apollo 11 and Nixon". American Originals. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. March 1996. Retrieved April 13, 2008.

Jump up ^ This was related by Frank Borman during the 2008 documentary When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions, part 2.

Jump up ^ "Richard Nixon: Telephone Conversation With the Apollo 11 Astronauts on the Moon". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved October 26, 2018.

Jump up ^ Harland 1999, pp. 28–29.

Jump up ^ "Moon-walk mineral discovered in Western Australia". ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 24, 2018.

Jump up ^ Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "EASEP Deployment and Closeout". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Neil Armstrong Explains His Famous Apollo 11 Moonwalk". space.com. New York: TechMediaNetwork, Inc. December 10, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "Trying to Rest". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ "White House 'Lost In Space' Scenarios". The Smoking Gun. New York. August 8, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2013. Scanned copy of the "In Event of Moon Disaster" memo.

Jump up ^ Mann, Jim (July 7, 1999). "The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Safire, William (July 12, 1999). "Essay; Disaster Never Came". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages" (PDF) (Press release). Washington, D.C.: NASA. July 13, 1969. Release No: 69-83F. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ "American flags still standing on the Moon, say scientists". The Daily Telegraph. June 30, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2018.

Jump up ^ Williams, David R. "Apollo Tables". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b "Location of Apollo Lunar Modules". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved September 24, 2018.

Jump up ^ Psalm 8:3–4

Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Rachel (July 20, 2009). "The 10-year-old who helped Apollo 11, 40 years later". CNN. Retrieved January 10, 2011.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, p. 3.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, p. 21.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, pp. 38–43, 71–72.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, p. 85.

Jump up ^ "Press Kit - Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission" (PDF). NASA. July 6, 1969. p. 57. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, pp. 107–108, 145–146.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, pp. 136–137, 144–145.

^ Jump up to: a b c Woods, W. David; MacTaggart, Kenneth D.; O'Brien, Frank (eds.). "Day 9: Re-entry and Splashdown". Apollo 11 Flight Journal. NASA. Retrieved September 27, 2018.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 28.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 169-170.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 170.

^ Jump up to: a b Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 164–167.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, pp. 184–185.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, pp. 186–188.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, pp. 199–200.

Jump up ^ "After Splashdown". Apollo to the Moon. Washington, D.C.: National Air and Space Museum. July 1999. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.

Jump up ^ Gannon, Frank (July 23, 2008). "24 July 1969: Home From The Moon". The New Nixon. Richard Nixon Foundation. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2009.

Jump up ^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 166, 171–173.

Jump up ^ Extra-Terrestrial Exposure, 34 Fed. Reg. 11975 (July 16, 1969), codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 1200

Jump up ^ "A Front Row Seat For History". NASAexplores. NASA. July 15, 2004. Archived from the original on March 19, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ Carmichael 2010, p. 118.

Jump up ^ Ertel, Newkirk & Brooks 1978, p. 312.

Jump up ^ Taylor, Alan (July 15, 2014). "The Year Men Walked on the Moon". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 24, 2017.

^ Jump up to: a b "Richard Nixon: Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts". The American Presidency Project. August 13, 1969. Retrieved October 24, 2017.

Jump up ^ Wilson, Bill (July 23, 1969). "Families Wait for Moon Men". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 37 no. 8. Sydney. pp. 2–4. Retrieved July 19, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Lunar Missions: Apollo 11". Lunar Hall of Fame. 2008. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "The Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of Congress". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved March 3, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Jean P. Haydon Museum". www.fodors.com. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Museum in DC". National Air and Space Museum. 2016-05-03. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Apollo to the Moon". National Air and Space Museum. 2003-03-20. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Mobile Quarantine Facility". National Air and Space Museum. 2016-03-20. Retrieved September 30, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Flotation Collar". National Air and Space Museum. 2016-03-20. Retrieved September 30, 2018.

Jump up ^ "National Air and Space Museum Moves Apollo Artifact to Future Home". National Air and Space Museum. 2015-09-15. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

Jump up ^ "LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites". NASA. 2015-03-10. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Amazon boss Jeff Bezos 'finds Apollo 11 Moon engines'". BBC News. London. March 28, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ Kolawole, Emi (July 19, 2013). "Bezos Expeditions retrieves and identifies Apollo 11 engine #5, NASA confirms identity". Retrieved February 13, 2017.

Jump up ^ Bezos, Jeff (July 19, 2013). "F-1 Engine Recovery – Updates".

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia". National Air and Space Museum. 2016-03-21. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

Jump up ^ Maksel, Rebecca (February 22, 2017). "Apollo 11 Moonship To Go On Tour". Air and Space magazine. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 SIVB NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1969-059B". NASA. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017.

Jump up ^ "Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility". NASA. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

Jump up ^ Flavin, Kristen (September 10, 2016). "The mystery of the missing Moon rocks". World. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

Jump up ^ Pearlman, Robert. "Where today are the Apollo 11 goodwill lunar sample displays?". collectspace.com. Retrieved November 2, 2012.

Jump up ^ Earth magazine, March 2011, pp. 42–51

Jump up ^ Bates, Lauderdale & Kernaghan 1979, pp. 2-3, 4-32.

Jump up ^ Todaro, Chelsea (March 5, 2018). "Report: Humans have left 500,000 pounds of 'trash' on the Moon". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved September 27, 2018.

Jump up ^ "LIFE: Up Close With Apollo 11". Life. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Onboard Audio". Apollo 40th Anniversary. NASA. July 26, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ Garner, Robert, ed. (March 16, 2015). "Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads)". NASA. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ Riley, Christopher (July 20, 2010). "Sound restored to mission control film shot during Apollo 11 Moon landing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2013.

Jump up ^ "We Choose the Moon". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Crew Meets With President Obama". Image of the Day Gallery. NASA. July 20, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ Zeleny, Jeff (July 21, 2009). "Obama Hails Apollo Crew From a Lens of Childhood". The New York Times.

Jump up ^ "Text of S.951 as Engrossed in Senate: New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act – U.S. Congress – OpenCongress". OpenCongress.org. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Text of H.R.2245 as Enrolled Bill: New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act – U.S. Congress – OpenCongress". OpenCongress.org. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Moon landings: British scientists salute space heroes". The Daily Telegraph. London. July 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

tag: ol

text: This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.


document_title: Cinderella (2015 Disney film)

question_text: who plays cinderella's father in the 2015 movie

question_tokens: who plays cinderella 's father in the 2015 movie

root

text: Cinderella (2015 Disney film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: After losing her mother at a young age, Ella promises to follow her mother's dying wishes: to have courage and be kind. Some years later, Ella's father remarries Lady Tremaine, the widow of an old acquaintance, who has two daughters of her own, Drisella and Anastasia. Ella welcomes her new stepfamily, despite the stepsisters' unpleasant attitudes. When Ella's father goes abroad for business, Lady Tremaine slowly reveals her cruel and jealous nature, as she pushes Ella to give up her bedroom to the stepsisters for the attic. When her father dies during the trip, Lady Tremaine dismisses the household to save money and forces all of the chores on Ella. One morning, when her stepfamily see Ella's face covered in cinders due to her sleeping by the fireplace for warmth, they mock Ella as "Cinderella" and forbid her from eating with them.

tag: p

text: Crushed by their cruelty, Ella rides off into the woods, where she meets Kit, the crown prince, posing as a palace apprentice, along with his hunting party. Though Ella is unaware of Kit's true identity, they both liken to each other. The two part without Kit learning Ella's name. The King, upon learning he has little time left to live, urges Kit that, for the advantage of the kingdom, he should take a princess for his bride at the upcoming royal ball. Kit persuades his father to also invite every eligible maiden in the kingdom to the ball, in hope of seeing Ella.

text: Upon receiving notice of the ball, Ella finds a gown that belongs to her mother and decides to refashion it for the ball. On the night of the ball, Ella tries to join her stepfamily, but Lady Tremaine and her daughters ridicule and tear up Ella's dress, leaving without her. Ella runs into the garden in tears and meets an old beggar woman, who reveals herself to be Ella's Fairy Godmother. To help Ella attend the ball, her Fairy Godmother magically transforms a pumpkin into a golden carriage, her four mice into white horses, two lizards into footmen, and a goose into the coachman. She transforms Ella's ripped dress into a gorgeous blue gown, complete with a pair of magical glass slippers. As Ella leaves for the Ball, the Fairy Godmother warns her the spell will break at the last stroke of midnight. Finally, she casts a spell to keep Ella's stepfamily from recognizing her.

text: At the ball, the entire court is entranced by Ella when she appears. Ella and Kit proceed to have their first dance. This irritates the Grand Duke, who has promised Kit to Princess Chelina of Zaragoza, a comment which Lady Tremaine overhears. While surprised at Kit's true identity, Ella nonetheless continues to bond with him, touring the palace grounds. As Ella is about to tell Kit her name, Ella hears the clock start to chime midnight and flees. As she leaves the castle, one of her slippers falls off. After being pursued by the Grand Duke and his men, Ella manages to escape home before the final stroke of midnight chimes, causing the spell to wear off. After returning home, Ella hides the remaining glass slipper left behind under the floorboards of her bedroom.

text: The King passes away soon after, but not before giving his son permission to marry Ella. Now King, Kit issues a royal proclamation ordering every maiden in the kingdom to try on the slipper in an effort to find the girl. Ella hurries to retrieve the glass slipper to prove her identity, only to find her stepmother holding it. Having deduced that Ella is the mystery princess, Lady Tremaine demands to be made head of the royal household and with respectable husbands for the stepsisters, as a condition of giving Ella's hand in marriage to Kit. When Ella refuses to meet her demands, Lady Tremaine smashes the slipper and locks Ella in the attic. Lady Tremaine then takes the remaining glass slipper to the Grand Duke, and has him agree to make her a countess and securing marriages for her daughters, in exchange for keeping Ella hidden.

text: The Grand Duke and the Captain of the Guards lead the mission to find the mystery princess, but the magical slipper refuses to fit any other maiden. When they arrive at the Tremaine estate, the shoe fits neither of the stepsisters. As they turn to leave, Ella's singing of Lavender's Blue is heard. The Grand Duke tries to ignore this, but Kit, disguised as a guard, commands the Captain to investigate. Dismissing Lady Tremaine's attempts to stop her, Ella is reunited with Kit. They leave the house as Ella offers forgiveness to her stepmother. Afterward, the Fairy Godmother states that Ella's stepfamily and the Grand Duke left the kingdom never to return.

text: Ella and Kit marry and eventually grow to become the land's most beloved monarchs, ruling with the same courage and kindness that Ella has promised her mother, living happily ever after.

text: Cast[edit]

text: As shown in the credits, some names differ in dialogues.

text:
Cate Blanchett as Stepmother, also known as Lady Tremaine
Lily James as Cinderella, also known as Ella

Eloise Webb as a young Ella

Richard Madden as Prince, also known as Kit
Helena Bonham Carter as Fairy Godmother
Nonso Anozie as Captain
Stellan Skarsgård as Grand Duke
Sophie McShera as Drisella
Holliday Grainger as Anastasia
Derek Jacobi as King
Ben Chaplin as Ella's father
Hayley Atwell as Ella's mother
Rob Brydon as Master Phineus
Jana Perez as Princess Chelina of Zaragosa
Alex Macqueen as Royal Crier

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2010, following the box office success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland, which was the second-highest-grossing film of 2010 and earned over $1 billion at the box office worldwide,[5] Walt Disney Pictures began developing a new film adaptation of Cinderella, commissioning a live-action reimagining based on a script by Aline Brosh McKenna and produced by Simon Kinberg.[6] In August 2011, Mark Romanek was brought on to direct.[7] On February 29, 2012, it was announced that Chris Weitz would revise McKenna's script.[8][9] In January 2013, Romanek left the project due to creative differences, as he was developing a version that was darker than Disney wanted.[10] Later that month, Disney negotiated with Kenneth Branagh to take over as director.[11][12]

text: Cate Blanchett was the first actor to sign on, when it was announced in November 2012 that she would be playing Lady Tremaine, Cinderella's evil stepmother.[13] In March 2013, Emma Watson was in talks to portray Cinderella, but a deal could not be worked out.[14][15] Gabriella Wilde, Saoirse Ronan, Alicia Vikander, Bella Heathcote and Margot Robbie were also considered for the part, but deals could not be worked out due to scheduling and other conflicts.[15][16]

text: On April 30, 2013, Lily James was cast as the title character.[17][18] A week later, Richard Madden was cast as Prince Charming, who was named Kit in the film.[19] In June 2013, it was reported that Holliday Grainger and Sophie McShera joined the film as Cinderella's two evil stepsisters, Anastasia and Drisella.[20][21] Later that month, Helena Bonham Carter was cast as the Fairy Godmother.[22] In August 2013, Hayley Atwell and Ben Chaplin joined the cast to play Cinderella's mother and Cinderella's father.[23] In September 2013, Stellan Skarsgård's role as the Grand Duke was confirmed.[24] On September 23, 2013, it was announced that Derek Jacobi was cast as the King, Prince Kit's father, and Nonso Anozie as the Captain, a loyal friend to the Prince.[24]

text: According to Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey, studio chairman Alan F. Horn wished to make the film the "definitive Cinderella for generations to come," and told him that "if you need to spend a little more, spend it, to make sure it's one for the time capsule."[25]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: Three-time Oscar-winning costume designer Sandy Powell was in charge of the costumes for the film. Powell began working on concepts for the characters' looks almost two years before principal photography began in the summer of 2013. Powell said she was aiming for the look of "a nineteenth-century period film made in the 1940s or 1950s."[26][27]

text: For the stepmother and stepsisters, Powell had a very clear idea about the look; "They are meant to be totally ridiculous on the outside—a bit too much and overdone—and ugly on the inside."[27] The silhouette of the prince came from the original animation, however she created a more fitted look and less masculine colors. Some of the prince costumes were dyed to accentuate Madden's eyes.[26]

text: The ball gown was inspired by the Disney animated film in its color and shape; "The gown had to look lovely when she dances and runs away from the ball. I wanted her to look like she was floating, like a watercolor painting."[26] The dress was made with more than a dozen fine layers of fabric, a corset and a petticoat. Nine versions of the Cinderella gown were designed, each with more than 270 yards of fabric and 10,000 crystals. It took 18 tailors and 500 hours to make each dress.[26]

text: The wedding dress was another difficult project. "Creating the wedding dress was a challenge. Rather than try to make something even better than the ball gown, I had to do something completely different and simple... I wanted the whole effect to be ephemeral and fine, so we went with an extreme-lined shaped bodice with a long train", said Powell. It took 16 people and 550 hours to complete the silk-organza, hand painted dress. While the crew photographed James in the gown, the actress stood too close to an electric heater and the dress caught on fire; the top layer of the dress had to be redone because only one wedding dress was created due to time and budget constraints.[26]

text: For the glass slipper, Powell took inspiration from a 1950s shoe she saw in a museum. Since glass does not sparkle, they decided to use crystal instead. Swarovski partnered with Disney to make the famous shoe. Powell went directly to Swarovski headquarters in Austria to meet the product developers. It took 6 digital renderings of the shoes until they found the right one for the film. Swarovski made eight pairs of crystal shoes for the film, though none were actually wearable. Consequently, the leather shoes James wore on set had to be digitally altered into crystal. Alongside the slipper, Swarovski provided more than 7 million crystals that were used in costumes and 100 tiaras for the ball scene.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on Cinderella began on September 23, 2013.[24] The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England, where Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and Maleficent were also filmed,[29] and at various other locations including Blenheim Palace, Windsor Castle, Cliveden, Old Royal Naval College, and Black Park.[12] Although the royal palace is mainly computer-generated, it has been modeled after the Zwinger in Dresden, Germany.[30]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Post-production began in December 2013, and was completed in August 2014.[12] The finished film was rated PG for "mild thematic elements" by the MPAA.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Cinderella (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Patrick Doyle

Released
March 10, 2015

Recorded
Air Lyndhurst Studios (London)

Genre
Orchestral

Length
84:57

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Kenneth Branagh

Patrick Doyle chronology

Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit
(2014) Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit2014
Cinderella
(2015) Cinderella2015

text: On June 7, 2013, news confirmed that composer Patrick Doyle would score the film, with the music having an emphasis on romance.[32][33] Doyle has previously scored several Branagh films, including Hamlet and Thor.[34] He has also scored the Disney·Pixar computer-animated fantasy-comedy film Brave.[35] Doyle recorded the film's score with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Air Lyndhurst Studios in London.[36]

text: The soundtrack debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard 200, selling 8,000 copies in its first week.[37]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"A Golden Childhood"

3:56

2.
"The Great Secret"

3:01

3.
"A New Family"

2:15

4.
"Life and Laughter"

1:34

5.
"The First Branch"

2:11

6.
"Nice and Airy"

1:53

7.
"Orphaned"

3:46

8.
"The Stag"

4:56

9.
"Rich Beyond Reason"

1:43

10.
"Fairy Godmother"

2:47

11.
"Pumpkins and Mice"

4:32

12.
"You Shall Go"

3:02

13.
"Valse Royale"

2:06

14.
"Who Is She?"

3:20

15.
"La Valse De L'amour"

2:34

16.
"La Valse Champagne"

1:35

17.
"La Polka Militaire"

1:47

18.
"La Polka De Paris"

1:22

19.
"A Secret Garden"

2:48

20.
"La Polka De Minuit"

2:02

21.
"Choose That One"

1:16

22.
"Pumpkin Pursuit"

2:28

23.
"The Slipper"

1:00

24.
"Shattered Dreams"

4:10

25.
"Searching the Kingdom"

2:51

26.
"Ella and Kit"

2:11

27.
"Courage and Kindness"

4:38

28.
"Strong"
Patrick Doyle, Kenneth Branagh and Tommy Danvers
Sonna Rele
3:14

29.
"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes"
Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston
Lily James
2:00

30.
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (The Magic Song)"
Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston
Helena Bonham Carter
2:28

31.
"Strong (Instrumental Version)"

3:14

32.
"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Instrumental Version)"

2:01

33.
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (The Magic Song) (Instrumental Version)"

1:21

Total length:
84:57

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere on February 13, 2015 at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival,[38][39] and was released on March 13, 2015.[40] Theatrically, it was accompanied by Walt Disney Animation Studios' short film Frozen Fever, featuring the characters from Frozen.[41] On February 10, 2015, IMAX Corporation and Disney announced plans to digitally re-master the film into the IMAX format and release it in IMAX theaters globally on the scheduled release date.[42]

text: The first official presentation of the film occurred at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2013.[43][44] The film was previewed at CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Nevada, in March 2014, with a teaser showing Cinderella hearing about her father's death, meeting the prince while riding through the forest, her mother's ball gown being torn apart by her step-family, and a comedic bit where the Fairy Godmother transforms a pumpkin into a carriage.[45][46]

text: The first official trailer debuted on May 15, 2014. In the minute-long teaser, which doesn't include any footage from the film, a sparkling glass slipper is slowly revealed over a black background.[47][48] The second official trailer, two-and-a-half minutes long and containing footage from the film, debuted on Good Morning America on November 19, 2014, with a 15-second trailer preview released two days prior.[49][50] In its first 24 hours of release, the trailer was viewed 4.2 million times on YouTube and 33 million times on Facebook, the highest views among all Disney films in history, except for Marvel Studios releases.[51] The movie's official poster was also released on November 19, featuring James as Cinderella and photographed by Annie Leibovitz.[52] Disney released an international trailer on December 16, 2014.[53] A new trailer was released on January 1, 2015.[54] On February 11, 2015, Disney released a final trailer for the film.[55]

text: In October 2014, a licensing agreement between Disney and Turner Broadcasting was announced, in which Cinderella would premiere across Turner's cable network portfolio (including TBS and TNT) in the Spring of 2017.[56]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Cinderella on Blu-ray combo pack, Digital HD, DVD, and "Disney Movies Anywhere" on September 15, 2015.[57] Blu-ray bonus features include an alternate opening, the Frozen Fever short, and the featurettes: "Staging The Ball", "Ella's Furry Friends", "A Fairy Tale Comes to Life", and "Costume Test Fun". Five deleted scenes with an introduction by Kenneth Branagh are included exclusively on "Disney Movies Anywhere".[58] The film debuted in second place on the home media sales charts behind Furious 7.[59]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Cinderella grossed $201.2 million in the US and Canada, and $342.4 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $543.5 million against a budget of $95 million.[3] It is the twelfth highest-grossing film of 2015 in any genre.[60] The film had a worldwide opening of $132.45 million,[61] and an IMAX opening of $9 million.[62] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $164.77 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[63]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, Cinderella opened on Friday, March 13, 2015, across 3,845 theaters, and earned $23 million.[64] The film's Friday gross included a $2.3 million late night run.[64] It topped the box office during its opening weekend as projected, earning $67.9 million,[65] including a record $5 million from 358 IMAX theaters, and became Disney's biggest 2D PG-rated opening of all time.[66][67] It is director Kenneth Branagh's biggest opening of his career (breaking 2011's Thor record), the fourth-highest Disney opening in March,[68] and was the seventh-highest opening in March overall (not counting for inflation).[69][70] Audiences during its opening weekend comprised 66% female, 66% families, 26% adults, 8% teenagers, 31% under the age of 12 and 9% 50 years and older.[62] Cinderella finished its first week at the box office with $87.55 million, which was very high end of the film's lofty pre-release expectations.[71] In its second weekend, the film declined 49% to $35 million and was surpassed by The Divergent Series: Insurgent, dropping to #2.[72] The drop was in between two of Disney's previous live-action fantasy films, Oz the Great and Powerful (48%) and Maleficent (51%).[73] In North America, Cinderella is the ninth highest-grossing 2015 film.[74]

text: Outside North America, box office analysts predicted as much as $60 million opening.[75] The film made its debut outside of North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned an estimated $62.4 million from 31 countries,[61] including $4 million from IMAX theaters.[62] It topped the box office for two non-consecutive weekends.[76] It opened in China with $25 million, the biggest March opening in the country,[61] and Russia with $7.3 million.[61] The opening in these two countries were considered impressive given that both the countries are famous for their keenness for 3D films rather than 2D.[61] Other high openings occurred in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($5.6 million), Mexico ($5 million), Japan ($4.8 million), France ($3.3 million), and Brazil ($3.7 million).[76][77] In Australia, where the release date was coinciding with the Cricket World Cup finale, it managed to open with $3.4 million.[76] Italy opened with $4.6 million and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends.[61][76] It also topped the Japanese box office for five consecutive weekends.[78] It became the second-highest grossing Disney live-action film in China, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and in the Philippines, behind Maleficent.[79] In total earnings, its largest markets outside of the US and Canada are China ($71.1 million), Japan ($46 million) and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($29.2 million).[78][80][81]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Cinderella received mostly positive reviews from critics with particular praise going to the cast, notably Blanchett, James and Bonham Carter, Patrick Doyle's musical score, faithfulness to the original animated film, and Sandy Powell's costume designs.[82] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 83% approval rating, based on 218 reviews, with a rating average of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Refreshingly traditional in a revisionist era, Kenneth Branagh's Cinderella proves Disney hasn't lost any of its old-fashioned magic."[83] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[84] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[85]

text: David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter reviewed the film at the Berlin Film Festival and praised the special effects, the screenplay, and Blanchett's performance and said that "anyone nostalgic for childhood dreams of transformation will find something to enjoy in an uplifting movie that invests warm sentiment in universal themes of loss and resilience, experience and maturity."[86] Peter Debruge of Variety said, "It's all a bit square, big on charm, but lacking the crackle of Enchanted or The Princess Bride. But though this Cinderella could never replace Disney's animated classic, it's no ugly stepsister either, but a deserving companion."[87] Guy Lodge of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, "While it might have been nice to see the new-model Cinderella follow Frozen's progressive, quasi-feminist lead, the film's naff, preserved-in-amber romanticism is its very charm."[88] Scott Mendelson of Forbes admired the film's visual effects, production design, and called the costume design as Oscar-worthy, adding, "with an emphasis on empathy and empowerment, Walt Disney's Cinderella is the best film yet in their 'turn our animated classics into live-action blockbuster' subgenre."[89]

text: Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that Branagh's Cinderella successfully updates and revitalizes Disney's "ill-conceived" animated film, and praised the empowered Ella, the visuals, and Blanchett's performance.[90] Katy Waldman of Slate similarly deemed the film a commendable and authentic upgrade that does not undermine its heroine while maintaining its classic splendor and charm.[91] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal commended James' and Blanchett's performances, the sets, costumes and minimal digital effects, as well as Branagh's direction, stating he "set a tone of lushly sustainable fantasy that's often affecting, frequently witty, seldom cloying, nearly free of self-comment and entirely free of irony."[92] Likewise, Claudia Puig of USA Today complimented the performances along with Branagh and screenwriter Chris Weitz for "ground[ing] this romantic tale with sincerity amid the dazzle."[93] Los Angeles Times' Betsy Sharkey praised Blanchett's and James' performances and considered the film a "poetically, if not prophetically, imagined storybook fable" that succeeds because of its earnestness, humor, its lack of modern-day pretenses, and Branagh's "singular focus".[94] Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer proclaimed, "This version has more psychological depth than usual and answers questions we may always have had. Branagh's 'Cinderella' does something extraordinarily rare among fairy-tale adaptations: It leaves out nothing we want and adds nothing we don't."[95] Noting the religious themes and symbols of the film, cultural commentator Fr. Robert Barron writes that due to Branagh's traditional telling of the story, "he actually allows the spiritual -- indeed specifically Christian -- character of the tale to emerge."[96]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Nominated
[97]

Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Lily James

Heartland Film Festival
Truly Moving Picture Award

Won
[98]

Hollywood Film Awards
Costume Designer of the Year
Sandy Powell
[99]

Italian Online Movie Awards
Best Art Direction
Dante Ferretti
Nominated
[100]

Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell

World Soundtrack Award
Best Original Score of the Year
Patrick Doyle

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie

[101]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
Costume Design
Sandy Powell
[102]

British Academy Film Awards
Costume Design
Sandy Powell
[103]

Satellite Awards
Best Art Direction and Production Design
Dante Ferretti
[104]

Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell

Costume Designers Guild
Excellence in Fantasy Film
Sandy Powell
[105]

Academy Awards
Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell
[106]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie

[107]

Favorite Movie Actress
Lily James

Empire Awards
Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell
[108]

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film

Won
[109]
[110]

Best Costume Design
Sandy Powell
Nominated

text: Impact[edit]

text: After the release and success of Cinderella, along with Maleficent, The Jungle Book, and Beauty and the Beast —Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several other live-action remakes from their Animated Classics series.[111][112] Since the releases of these four films, Disney has announced the development of live-action adaptations of Christopher Robin,[113] Dumbo,[114] Aladdin,[115] The Lion King,[116] Mulan,[117] Pinocchio,[118] Fantasia,[119] The Sword in the Stone,[120] The Black Cauldron,[121] Peter Pan,[122] The Little Mermaid,[123] and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[124] The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of Peter Pan, One Hundred and One Dalmatians and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin.[125][126][127][128]