document_title: Ofsted

question_text: when did the new ofsted framework come in

text: Ofsted

text: History[edit]

text: In 1833, Parliament agreed an annual grant to the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and the British and Foreign School Society, which respectively provided Church of England and non-denominational elementary schools for poor children. To monitor the effectiveness of the grant, two inspectors of schools were appointed in 1837, Seymour Tremenheere and the Rev. John Allen. Dr. James Kay-Shuttleworth, then secretary of the Privy Council education committee, ensured that the inspectors were appointed by Order-in-Council to guard their independence.[4]

text: The grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee.[5] Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, when inspectors were re-organised by area.

text: After the Education Act 1902, inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time, more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, with HMI focussing on reporting to the Secretary of State on education conditions across the country.[6]

text: The government of John Major, concerned about variable local inspection regimes, decided to introduce a national scheme of inspections though a reconstituted HMI, which became known as the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted).[7] Under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, HMI would supervise the inspection of each state-funded school in the country, and would publish its reports for the benefit of schools, parents, and government instead of reporting to the Secretary of State.[8]

text: In September 2001, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England became responsible for registration and inspection of day care and childminding in England, and the position was renamed Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills. Previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act.[9]

text: Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006[10] changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision. Since 2006 the structure of Ofsted has derived elements from business models, with a Chair, an executive board, regional officers, and a formal annual report to Parliament in the light of concerns about schools, and local authority children's services. In April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate (ALI) to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education (but not Higher Education Institutes and Universities which are inspected by the Quality Assurance Agency). At the same time it took on responsibility for the registration and inspection of social care services for children, and the welfare inspection of independent and maintained boarding schools from the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI).[11]

text: Current state[edit]

text: The services Ofsted inspects or regulates now include: local services, childminding, child day care, children's centres, children's social care, CAFCASS, state schools, independent schools and teacher training providers, colleges, and learning and skills providers in England. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate.[12] HMI are empowered and required to provide independent advice to the United Kingdom government and parliament on matters of policy and to publish an annual report to parliament on the quality of educational provision in England. Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, Birmingham, Cambridge, York and Bristol.

text: Oftsed only covers England; the Education and Training Inspectorate in Northern Ireland, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education in Scotland, and Estyn in Wales perform similar functions within their education systems.

text: Inspectors[edit]

text: The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw.

text: Ofsted directly employs Her Majesty's Inspectors (HMI), who are appointed by the Queen in Council. As of July 2009[update] there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management, 245 in the inspection of schools, and the rest in inspection of other areas for which Ofsted in responsible. All HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience.[13][14]

text: Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors (AI) employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers (RISPs). As of July 2009[update] there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. Although Ofsted claims that most of these have teaching experience,[14][15] in 2012 it was forced to admit that it had done no quality control checks on these inspectors, and that many of them – including lead inspectors – were not qualified teachers and many had no experience of working with children.[16] A further scandal surrounded headteachers dismissed following poor OFSTED reports being hired as inspectors.[17] In 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change.[18] Although OFSTED insisted that this was part of a quality control process and 'should not be seen as an admission that its inspections were substandard',[18] serving headteacher and Times Educational Supplement columnist Geoff Barton commented 'dispensing with almost 40 per cent of inspectors on the grounds of quality is hardly an endorsement of standards.'[19]

text: An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections,[14] including 75% of those of secondary schools.[8] Reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently.[20]

text: The number of RISPs contracted to conduct school inspections was reduced in 2009 from five to three:[15][21]

text:
CfBT Education Trust, covering the North of England
Serco Education and Children's Services, covering the English Midlands
Tribal Group, covering the South of England

text: School inspections[edit]

text: The Office carries out regular inspections of each school in England, resulting in a published evaluation of the effectiveness of the school. An adverse report may include a recommendation for further intervention in the running of the school.

text: System of inspection before 2005[edit]

text: Before 2005, each school was inspected for a week every six years, with two months' notice to prepare for an inspection. This regime was criticised by teachers and school heads as greatly disruptive of the operation of the school, and by others as enabling schools to present an unrealistic picture of themselves that did not truly reflect the quality of teaching and learning in the school.[22][23]

text: System of inspection 2005–12[edit]

text: In September 2005 a new system of short-notice inspections came into being. Under this system the senior leadership of each school were strongly encouraged to complete a Self Evaluation Form (SEF) on a continual basis, which required them to be aware of strengths and areas for development. Inspections were generally two- or three-day visits every three years, with two days' notice. They focussed on the "central nervous system" of the school – examining how well the school was managed, and what processes were in place to ensure standards of teaching and learning improve; the school leadership and management were expected to be aware of everything in the SEF. The SEF served as the main document when planning the inspection, and was crucial in evaluating the quality of leadership and management and the school's capacity to improve.[22][24]

text: After an inspection of a school, Ofsted published a report on the school on its website. In addition to written comments on a number of areas, schools were assessed on each area and overall on a 4-point scale: 1 (Outstanding), 2 (Good), 3 (Satisfactory) and 4 (Inadequate). Schools rated Outstanding or Good might not be inspected again for five years, while schools judged less favourably were inspected more frequently, and might receive little or no notice of inspection visits.[24]

text: Figures published in March 2010 showed that revised inspection criteria, which were introduced in September 2009, resulted in a reduction from 19% to 9% in the number of schools judged to be Outstanding, and an increase from 4% to 10% in the number of schools judged to be Inadequate.[25]

text: Current system of inspection[edit]

text: A framework for section 5 inspections of academies and maintained schools was introduced from January 2012, and replaced with another new framework in September 2012. Public consultation was undertaken,[26] and Ofsted prepared for the new framework after piloting a series of inspections across the country. Among other changes, the new system relabelled the "Satisfactory" category as "Requires Improvement", with an expectation that schools should not remain at that level.[27]

text: Special measures[edit]

text: Sometimes a school is placed into special measures if it is judged as 'inadequate' (Grade 4) in one or more areas and if the inspectors have decided it does not have the capacity to improve without additional help. Schools placed into special measures receive intensive support from local authorities, additional funding and resourcing, and frequent reappraisal from Ofsted until the school is no longer deemed to be failing. Furthermore, the senior managers and teaching staff can be dismissed and the governing body may be replaced by an appointed Interim Executive Board (IEB). Schools which are failing but where inspectors consider there is capacity to improve are given a Notice to Improve (NtI).[28][29]

text: Home educator inspections[edit]

text: Ofsted, as of April 2015, was issuing new guidance to inspectors which will include the following:

text:
Home-educated children are not, by definition, all in need of protection and help.
Ofsted does not have a mandate to inspect the quality of home education.
The statutory duty on local authorities (LAs) to identify as far as possible those children not receiving a suitable education does not extend to home-educated children.
The details, and limits, of the guidance in relation to home education

text: Child care inspections[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010)

text: Child protection[edit]

text: Ofsted also oversees Child Protection by English Local Authorities. In December 2008, Christine Gilbert revealed that Ofsted had been gullible: good ratings could be given, based purely on data submitted directly by local authority providers of care services, that could easily be concealing dangerously flawed practices. This was considered a factor, by The Daily Telegraph, in overlooking alleged inadequacies in Haringey Council's child care provision in the case of Baby P,[30] a child murdered by his parents and their lodger.[31] MPs criticised Ofsted for issuing a favourable report on Haringey Children's Services three months after the death, and for their policy of destroying all source materials on inspections of children's services after three months, which made it impossible to identify the mistakes made. According to Ofsted, three children died in England and Wales from abuse every week between April 2007 and August 2008. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children gives a figure of 1 to 2 per week.[32]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: Ofsted has been criticised as 'not fit for purpose' by the House of Commons Education Select Committee.[33] The committee also highlighted their concern about "the complex set of objectives and sectors that Ofsted now spans and its capacity to fulfil its core mission". Other criticism has come from the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) which said "Ofsted is over-reliant on number crunching, using test data which are fundamentally unsound" and added that the organisation was "ripe for overhaul".[33]

text: Over a period of several years the Select Committee have questioned the Chief Inspector over its treatment of Summerhill School and what it has learnt from the 1999 Court Case and subsequent inspections.[34] In the Court Agreement between DfE and Summerhill School, Independent Schools Tribunal IST/59, inspections would include two advisors from the school and one from the DfE to ensure the fairness of the process. The school has campaigned that all schools should be similarly inspected, ensuring openness and accountability for the process.[35]

text: In August 2013, 18 of the 24 newly launched Free Schools were graded Good or Outstanding by Ofsted;[36] however, with over 100 state schools being downgraded from an Outstanding classification[37] this year, the consistency of Ofsted grading is once again brought into question, leading to numerous 'How to get a Good Ofsted' guides[38] being created.[39]

text: A 2014 report by the think tank Policy Exchange indicated that many Ofsted inspectors lack the knowledge required to make fair judgements of lessons and that judgements are so unreliable, "you would be better off flipping a coin".[40]

text: A 2014 poll of teachers, carried out by Teacher Support Network, revealed that over 90% of teachers felt Ofsted inspections had a neutral or negative impact on students' results.[41] In response to criticisms about the increased workload inspection frameworks caused, Ofsted pledged it would not change its inspection framework during the school year.[42] Wilshaw also dismissed speculation that Ofsted itself was responsible for teachers' heavy workload (in excess of 60 hours per week) describing it as 'a red herring'.[43] However, a 2015 poll by the NUT found that 53% of teachers were planning to leave teaching by 2017, with the extra workload from Ofsted's 'accountability agenda' a key factor in seeking a job with a better work/life balance.[42][44]

text: The Ofsted complaints procedure has also been heavily criticised for opacity and a strong bias in favour of the inspectors. Geoff Barton, after writing an article strongly critical of Ofsted's use of raw data rather than inspection reports to determine grades, noted that:

text: "the Ofsted complaints procedure too often seems constructed around a deep and dutiful need for self-protection. Thus an inspection system that demands transparency from schools refuses to release its own inspection notes, When challenged, it dares us to resort to a Freedom of Information request and then rejects those same requests because they don’t conform to a definition of “public interest”.[45]

text: In 2015 an inspector revealed that inspection judgements can be arbitrarily over-ruled by senior figures, commenting on a case where a school had been downgraded:

text: "We couldn’t understand this rationale at all. It turned out that Ofsted had made a brief visit to the school some time before the inspection and had come up with some sort of unreported provisional judgement. So all that evidence we had gathered meant nothing and essentially this team of experienced inspectors was not trusted to make a judgement.”[45]

text: Barton concluded his article, 'the accounts above reveal an inspection system that appears in too many cases to be doing great damage. My sense is that it’s time to stop quietly accepting that the way Ofsted is the way Ofsted should be.'[45] In response, Wilshaw attacked Barton for being "too quick to perpetuate a 'them against us' view of the schools inspectorate...we fall back on a 'clichéd defence-mechanism' of whingeing about inconsistency", and insisted that Ofsted was becoming "more rigorous and demanding."[19] However, Barton argued the letter lost some of its force and all of its credibility for being published on the day 40% of inspectors were sacked for not being up to the job.[19]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Hope and Glory, a BBC television drama featuring actor/comedian Lenny Henry, gave an insight into a fictional portrayal of teachers dealing with a school in Special Measures.[46] OFSTED! The Musical was launched in 2004 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[47] The piece enjoyed a total sell-out run at Venue 45 and won the Writers' Guild Award for Drama 2004 and the List Magazine Award.[48] The musical was later broadcast on Teachers TV as part of their launch night schedule.[49] Summerhill, a BBC TV drama, depicted the school being threatened with closure due to an inspection and winning a court case in 2000 against the DfE and its actions based on the inspection report.

text: Her Majesty's Chief Inspector[edit]

text: Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills (sometimes abbreviated to HMCI) is the head of Ofsted. Amanda Spielman was appointed Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills on 1 January 2017.

text: List of SCIs and HMCIs[edit]

text: The title of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools (HMCI) was created at the same time as The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) itself. Before Ofsted was set up in 1992, the person heading its forerunner, HM Inspectorate of Schools, was known as the Senior Chief Inspector (SCI) and was also a Deputy Secretary in the Department of Education and Science.

text:
SCI Sheila Browne, 1974–83
SCI Eric Bolton, 1983–91
SCI Terry Melia, 1991–92
HMCI Stewart Sutherland later Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, 1992–94
Chris Woodhead later Sir Chris Woodhead, 1994–2000[50]
Mike Tomlinson later Sir Mike Tomlinson, 2000–02[51]
David Bell later Sir David Bell, 2002–06[52]
Maurice Smith, January–October 2006 (Acting)[52]
Christine Gilbert, 2006–2011[53]
Miriam Rosen, July–December 2011 (Acting)[54]
Sir Michael Wilshaw, January 2012–December 2016[54]
Amanda Spielman, January 2017–present[54]


document_title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

question_text: why would alice have such a great interest in eating and drinking

root

text: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

text: Background[edit]

text: Alice was published in 1865, three years after Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed a boat up the Isis on 4 July 1862[3] (this popular date of the "golden afternoon"[4] might be a confusion or even another Alice-tale, for that particular day was cool, cloudy, and rainy[5]) with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell (the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church): Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13, born 1849, "Prima" in the book's prefatory verse); Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10, born 1852, "Secunda" in the prefatory verse); Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8, born 1853, "Tertia" in the prefatory verse).[6]

tag: p

text: The journey began at Folly Bridge in Oxford and ended 3 miles (5 km) north-west in the village of Godstow. During the trip, Dodgson told the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure. The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. He began writing the manuscript of the story the next day, although that earliest version no longer exists. The girls and Dodgson took another boat trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of Alice, and in November he began working on the manuscript in earnest.[7]

text: To add the finishing touches, he researched natural history for the animals presented in the book, and then had the book examined by other children—particularly the children of George MacDonald. It was also MacDonald, and Henry Kingsley, who encouraged him to publish the story.[8] Carroll added his own illustrations but approached John Tenniel to illustrate the book for publication, telling him that the story had been well liked by children.[7]

text: On 26 November 1864, he gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, with illustrations by Dodgson himself, dedicating it as "A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer's Day".[9] Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate that there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson when he wrote a more elaborate copy by hand.[10]

text: But before Alice received her copy, Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words,[11] most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Chapter One – Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice is feeling bored and drowsy while sitting on the riverbank with her older sister, who is reading a book with no pictures or conversations. She then notices a White Rabbit wearing a waistcoat and pocket watch, talking to itself as it runs past. She follows it down a rabbit hole, but suddenly falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit through, but through it she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle on a table labelled "DRINK ME", the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key, which she has left on the table. She eats a cake with "EAT ME" written on it in currants as the chapter closes.

text: Chapter Two – The Pool of Tears: Chapter Two opens with Alice growing to such a tremendous size that her head hits the ceiling. Alice is unhappy and, as she cries, her tears flood the hallway. After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him in elementary French (thinking he may be a French mouse) but her opening gambit "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?") offends the mouse and he tries to escape her.

text: Chapter Three – The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away by the rising waters. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The Mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her (moderately ferocious) cat.

text: Chapter Four – The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan. Mistaking her for his maidservant, Mary Ann, he orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them, but once she gets inside she starts growing. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes. Alice eats them, and they make her smaller again. Upon leaving the house, she comes upon a puppy, with whom she plays for a while before finding a mushroom with a hookah-smoking blue Caterpillar.

text: Chapter Five – Advice from a Caterpillar: The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her normal height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.

text: Chapter Six – Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess, and her baby (but not the cook or grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise, the baby turns into a pig. The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears, but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air, prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat.

text: Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea-Party: Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the March Hare, the Hatter, and a very tired Dormouse who falls asleep frequently, only to be violently woken up moments later by the March Hare and the Hatter. The characters give Alice many riddles and stories, including the famous "Why is a raven like a writing desk?". The Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because Time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm (tea time). Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves, claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to. She makes her way back to the hallway and, using the pieces of mushroom, manages to get the key, unlock the door and enter the garden.

text: Chapter Eight – The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because The Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a figure difficult to please, introduces her trademark phrase "Off with her head!", which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject. Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects, but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls, and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.

text: Chapter Nine – The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her with the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which the Gryphon interrupts so that they can play a game.

text: Chapter Ten – Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial.

text: Chapter Eleven – Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial in which the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard; the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter; and the judge is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she cannot help it. Meanwhile, witnesses at the trial include the Hatter, who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.

text: Chapter Twelve – Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside, and the King orders the animals to be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high must leave the court"), but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually refusing to hold her tongue. The Queen shouts her familiar "Off with her head!" but Alice is unafraid, calling them out as just a pack of cards, just as they start to swarm over her. Alice's sister wakes her up from a dream, brushing what turns out to be some leaves, and not a shower of playing cards, from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Lists of characters[edit]

text: The following is a list of main characters in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

text:
Alice
Bill the Lizard
Pat
The Caterpillar
The Cheshire Cat
The Dodo
The Dormouse
The Duchess
The Duck
The Eaglet
The Gryphon
The Hatter
The King of Hearts
The Knave of Hearts
The Lory
The March Hare
The Mock Turtle
The Mouse
The Puppy
The Queen of Hearts
The White Rabbit

tag: ul

text: Character allusions[edit]

text: In The Annotated Alice, Martin Gardner provides background information for the characters. The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale"):[12]

text:
Alice Liddell (portrayed as the character Alice) herself is there
Carroll is caricatured as the Dodo (Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, and common lore suggests that he sometimes pronounced his last name as Dodo-Dodgson)
The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth
The Lory and Eaglet refer to Alice Liddell's sisters Lorina and Edith.
Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.[13] One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass — the 1871 sequel to Alice — depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her) as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat.[14]
The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn (also in Looking-Glass) bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli.[15]
It has been suggested by some writers that The Hatter is a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford. Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's.[16] However, it is unlikely that Carter was the model for The Hatter, and there is no evidence that Carroll ever invited Tenniel to Oxford for any purpose.[17]
The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.[18]
The Mock Turtle speaks of a drawling-master, "an old conger eel", who came once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skillful watercolours.)[19]

text: Poems and songs[edit]

text: Carroll wrote multiple poems and songs for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, including:

text:
"All in the golden afternoon..."—the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
"Beautiful Soup" also known as "Turtle Soup", sung by the Mock Turtle—a parody of James M. Sayles's song "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice, and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.[20]
"How Doth the Little Crocodile"—a parody of Isaac Watts' nursery rhyme, "Against Idleness and Mischief"
"Speak roughly to your little boy..."—the Duchess' lullaby, is a parody of David Bates' "Speak Gently"
"The Lobster Quadrille"—a parody of Mary Botham Howitt's "The Spider and the Fly"
"The Mouse's Tale"—an example of concrete poetry
"The Queen of Hearts"—an actual nursery rhyme
"They told me you had been to her..."—the White Rabbit's evidence
"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster"—a parody of Isaac Watts' "The Sluggard"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat"—a parody of Jane Taylor's "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star"
"You Are Old, Father William"—a parody of Robert Southey's "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them"

text: Writing style and themes[edit]

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: Some of the book's adventures may have been based on or influenced by people, situations, and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church. For example, the "Rabbit Hole" might have been inspired by the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church. A carving of a griffon and rabbit may have provided inspiration for the tale, as seen in Ripon Cathedral, where Carroll's father was a canon.[21]

text: Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, and it has been suggested[22][23] that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and Through the Looking-Glass; examples include:

text:
In chapter 1, "Down the Rabbit-Hole", in the midst of shrinking, Alice waxes philosophical concerning what final size she will end up as, perhaps "going out altogether, like a candle"; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit.
In chapter 7, "A Mad Tea-Party", the March Hare, the Hatter, and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A (for example, "Why, you might just as well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I see'!"); in logic and mathematics, this is discussing an inverse relationship.
Also in chapter 7, Alice ponders what it means when changing seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning. This echoes a classic circular combinatorics problem, possibly dating from antiquity.
Again in chapter 7, Alice is asked whether she wants "more tea", and objects that she can't have more because she hasn't had any. The Hatter corrects her: "You mean you can't take less: it's very easy to take more than nothing." This is a play on the allowability of inference in comparatives without "than".
The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely, leaving only its wide grin suspended in the air, leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin, but never a grin without a cat. This echoes ancient questions in logic about substances and predicates.

text: There have been attempts to reinterpret Alice's Adventures in Wonderland as having a coded submersive layer of meaning, as is common in other examples of children's literature (such as the gold standard reading of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)). For example, literary scholar Melanie Bayley asserted in the magazine New Scientist that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-19th century.[24] However, such views are not widely held.

text: Several people (e.g., Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre,[22]) have suggested that Dodgson had an interest in the French language, choosing to make references and puns about it in the story. It is most likely that these are references to French lessons—a common feature of a Victorian middle-class girl's upbringing. For example, in the second chapter, Alice posits that the mouse may be French. She therefore chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson-book to it: "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?"). In Henri Bué's French translation, Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it.

text: Pat's "Digging for apples" could be a cross-language pun, as pomme de terre (literally; "apple of the earth") means potato and pomme means apple, which little English girls studying French would easily guess.[25]

text: In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her memory of the noun declensions "in her brother's Latin Grammar, 'A mouse – of a mouse – to a mouse – a mouse – O mouse!'" These words correspond to the first five of Latin's six cases, in a traditional order established by medieval grammarians: mus (nominative), muris (genitive), muri (dative), murem (accusative), (O) mus (vocative). The sixth case mure (ablative) is absent from Alice's recitation.

text: In the eighth chapter, three cards are painting the roses red on a rose tree, because they had accidentally planted a white-rose tree that The Queen of Hearts hates. Red roses symbolised the English House of Lancaster, while white roses were the symbol for their rival, the House of York. This scene is an allusion to the Wars of the Roses.[26]

text: Eating and devouring[edit]

text: Carina Garland notes how the world is "expressed via representations of food and appetite", naming Alice's frequent desire for consumption (of both food and words) her "Curious Appetites".[27] Often, the idea of eating coincides to make gruesome images. After the riddle "Why is a raven like a writing-desk?", the Hatter claims that Alice might as well say, "I see what I eat… I eat what I see" and so the riddle's solution, put forward by Boe Birns,[28] could be that "A raven eats worms; a writing desk is worm-eaten"; this idea of food encapsulates the idea of life feeding on life, for the worm is being eaten and then becomes the eater  –  a horrific image of mortality.

text: Nina Auerbach discusses how the novel revolves around eating and drinking, which "motivates much of [Alice's] behaviour", for the story is essentially about things "entering and leaving her mouth".[29] The animals of Wonderland are of particular interest, for Alice's relation to them shifts constantly because, as Lovell-Smith states, Alice's size-changes continually reposition her in the food chain, serving as a way to make her acutely aware of the "eat or be eaten" attitude that permeates Wonderland.[30]

text: Illustrations[edit]

text: The manuscript was illustrated by Dodgson himself who added 37 illustrations—printed in a facsimile edition in 1887.[9] John Tenniel provided 42 wood engraved illustrations for the published version of the book. The first print run was destroyed (or sold to the United States[31]) at Carroll's request because he was dissatisfied with the quality. The book was reprinted and published in 1866.[9]

text: Neither Dodgson's nor John Tenniel's illustrations of Alice portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe as in the Charles Robinson illustration pictured above.

text: Alice has provided a challenge for other illustrators, including those of 1907 by Charles Pears and the full series of colour plates and line-drawings by Harry Rountree published in the (inter-War) Children's Press (Glasgow) edition. Other significant illustrators include: Arthur Rackham (1907), Charles Robinson (1907) Willy Pogany (1929), Mervyn Peake (1946), Ralph Steadman (1967), Salvador Dalí (1969), Graham Overden (1969), Max Ernst (1970), Peter Blake (1970), Tove Jansson (1977), Anthony Browne (1988), Helen Oxenbury (1999), Lisbeth Zwerger (1999), DeLoss McGraw (2001), Robert Ingpen (2009) and Yayoi Kusama (2012).

text: Reception by reviewers[edit]

text: The book Alice in Wonderland failed to be named in an 1888 poll of the most popular children's stories. Generally, it received poor reviews, with reviewers giving more credit to Tenniel's illustrations than to Carroll's story. At the release of Through the Looking-Glass, the first Alice tale gained in popularity and, by the end of the 19th century, Sir Walter Besant wrote that Alice in Wonderland "was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete".[32]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Dodgson's tale was published in 1865 as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality.[33] A new edition was quickly printed, released in December of the same year but carrying an 1866 date. The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of D. Appleton & Company. The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice, except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine. The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865, and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.

text: The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria[34] and the young Oscar Wilde.[35] The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into at least 174 languages.[36] There have now been over a hundred English-language editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film.

text: The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland, which has been popularised by the numerous stage, film, and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.

text: Publication timeline[edit]

text: The following list is a timeline of major publication events related to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland:

text:
1865: First UK edition (the second printing).
1865: First US edition (the first printing of above).[37]
1869: Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland[38] is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann.
1869: Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles[39] is published in French translation by Henri Bué.
1870: Alice’s äfventyr i sagolandet[40] is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen.
1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, which sells even better.
1872: Le Avventure di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie[41] is published in Italian translation by Teodorico Pietrocòla Rossetti.
1879: Соня в царстве Дива. First Russian edition of "Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" – in Russian.
1882: Selchow & Righter publishes The Game of Alice in Wonderland, the first game based on the book.
1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice's Adventures Under Ground manuscript.
1890: Carroll publishes The Nursery "Alice", a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five".

text:
1899: 鏡世界. First Japanese edition of an Alice in Wonderland novel. Despite being the first Japanese version of an Alice in Wonderland novel, it is actually a translation of Through the Looking-Glass.
1905: Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable in a series of such books published by A. L. Burt Company, aimed at young readers.
1906: First translation into Finnish by Anni Swan (Liisan seikkailut ihmemaailmassa).
1907: Copyright on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland expires in UK, and so the tale enters the public domain. At least 8 new editions are published in that year alone.[42]
1910: La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by E. L. Kearney.
1916: Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by Milo Winter.
1923: Аня в стране чудес. ("Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland") is published in Russian translation by Vladimir Nabokov.
1928: The manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby's on 3 April. It sold to Philip Rosenbach for £15,400, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time.[43]
1945: The animated picture book of Alice in Wonderland, with illustrations and paper engineering by Julian Wehr is published.[44]
1960: American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition, The Annotated Alice, incorporating the text of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
1961: The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel.
1988: Carroll and Anthony Browne, illustrator of a new edition from Julia MacRae Books, win the Kurt Maschler Award, or the Emil, for the year's best British "work of imagination for children, in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other."[45]
1998: Lewis Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for US$1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever sold, up to that time.[46]
1999: Carroll and Helen Oxenbury, illustrator of a new edition from Walker Books, win the Kurt Maschler Award for integrated writing and illustration, as did Anthony Browne and the 1988 Julia MacRae edition.[45]
2007: For the 50th anniversary of the British Kate Greenaway Medal (1955–2005), a panel of experts names the 1999 Walker Books edition illustrated by Helen Oxenbury one of the top ten Medal-winning works, composing the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite.[47]
2008: Folio Alice's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet).
2009: Children's book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell's own copy at auction for $115,000.[48]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Cinema and television[edit]

text: The book has inspired numerous film and television adaptations which have multiplied as the original work is now in the public domain in all jurisdictions. The following list is of direct adaptations of Adventures in Wonderland (sometimes merging it with Through the Looking-Glass), not other sequels or works otherwise inspired by the works (such as Tim Burton's 2010 film Alice in Wonderland):

text:
Alice in Wonderland (1903), a British silent film directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow, with May Clark as Alice[49]
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910), a silent film directed by Edwin Stanton Porter
Alice in Wonderland (1915), a silent film directed by W. W. Young
Alice in Wonderland (1931), the first talkie adaptation, directed by Bud Pollard
Alice in Wonderland (1933), a film version directed by Norman Z. McLeod, US
Alice in Wonderland (1937), a TV adaptation directed by George More O'Ferrall
Alice in Wonderland (1937) TV adaptation again directed by George More O'ferrall with Usula Henray as Alice[50]
Alice in Wonderland (1944) TV adaptation of Eva La Gaillenne's stage version of both books, USA.[51]
Alice (1946), a BBC production starring Vivian Pickles directed by George More O'Ferrall, UK
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (1948) BBC TV broadcast.[52]
Alice in Wonderland (1949), a live-action/animated film with stop motion segments, directed by Dallas Bower
Through the Crystal Ball: Alice in Wonderland (1949) US TV performance.[53]
Alice in Wonderland (1950), televised on the CBS Ford Theatre, with Iris Mann as Alice, directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
Alice in Wonderland (1951), a film version in traditional animation from Walt Disney Animation Studios. Arguably the most well known of the Alice film adaptations, and today considered one of Disney's great classics.[54]
Alice au pays des Merveilles (1951) France TV broadcast of a stage version
Alice in Wonderland (1954) BBC broadcast of a ballet version.[55]
Alice in Wonderland (1955), a live television adaptation of the 1932 Eva LeGallienne /Florida Friebus stage adaptation of the novel, directed for television by George Schaefer for the Hallmark Hall of Fame
The Adventures of Alice (1960) Televised opera [56]
The BP Super Show: Alice in Wonderland (1962) Australian TV series [57]
Alice in Wonderland (1966), a BBC television play directed by Jonathan Miller
Alice au pays des merveilles (1972), a version made for television, by Jean-Christophe Averty.
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), a musical film version starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice
Nel Mondo Di Alice (In the World of Alice) Italian TV series in 4 parts.[58]
Alice in Wonderland (1976), a porn-musical by Bud Townsend
Alice Through the Looking-Glass (1973) BBC TV special
Alice through the Looking-Glass (1973) 12 part TV series by Thelmes TV.[59]
Alice in Wonderland (1983), a PBS Great Performances presentation of a 1982 stage play which was in turn a revival of the 1932 LeGallienne production
Alice in Wonderland (1985), a two-part made-for-TV special produced by Irwin Allen and featuring a large all-star cast
Alice in Wonderland (1986), a BBC adaptation directed by Barry Letts and starring Kate Dorning
Alice (1988 film) by Jan Švankmajer, stop motion and live action
Alice in Wonderland (1999), a 1999 television movie first shown on NBC and then shown on British television on Channel 4

text: Comic strips and comic books[edit]

text: Alice in Wonderland (1934-5) was a comic strip adaptation drawn by Edward D. Kuekes and written by Olive Ray Scott.This version also featured a "topper" strip, Knurl the Gnome. The strip was distributed by United Feature Syndicate.[60]

text: The book has also inspired numerous comic book adaptations:

text:
Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1951), Dell Comics
Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1965), Gold Key Comics
Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1984), Whitman
The Complete Alice in Wonderland (2005), Dynamite Entertainment
Return to Wonderland (2009), Zenescope Entertainment
Alice in Wonderland (2011), Zenescope Entertainment
Walt Disney's Alice through the looking glass (2016), ?

text: Electronic media[edit]

text:
American McGee's Alice (2000), a third-person psychological horror action video game released for PC on 6 December 2000. Set years after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, the game features an older, more cynical and macabre incarnation of Alice.
Alice for the iPad (2010), a popular adaptation by Atomic Antelope.[61]
Alice: Madness Returns (2011), The sequel to American McGee's Alice (2000), released on Xbox 360, PS3, and PC consoles
Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland (2015),[62] 150th anniversary interactive online edition released free of charge by The Public Domain Review and publishing platform Medium, with copyright-free text and illustrations, annotated by a dozen Carroll scholars. The site allows free remixes of the public domain and Creative Commons licensed resources with reader-supplied commentaries and artwork.[63][64]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: As the book and its sequel are Carroll's most widely recognised works, they have also inspired numerous live performances, including ballets, musicals, operas, plays, and traditional English pantomimes. These works range from fairly faithful adaptations to those that use the story as a basis for new works. Additionally, over the years, many notable people in the performing arts have been involved in Alice productions.

text:
A relatively early example of a live performance is Alice in Wonderland, a musical play by H. Saville Clark (book) and Walter Slaughter (music), which played in 1886 at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London.
The first production on Broadway premiered in 1915, adapted by Alice Gerstenberg and starring Vivian Tobin.[65]
Actress Eva Le Gallienne famously adapted both Alice books for the stage in 1932; this production was revived in New York in 1947 and 1982.[65]
One of the best-known American productions was Joseph Papp's 1980 staging of Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City. Meryl Streep played Alice, the White Queen, and Humpty Dumpty. The cast also included Debbie Allen, Michael Jeter, and Mark Linn-Baker. Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress, the play is a loose adaptation, with song styles ranging the globe.[citation needed] Elizabeth Swados wrote the book, lyrics, and music. Based on both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival.[when?]
In 2001, Adrian Mitchell wrote a 2 act adaptation of both Alice novels for the RSC (Royal Shakespeare Company), Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It was a critical[66] failure[67] at the time, but has gained many amateur productions since, most notably with the 2010 Chichester festival theatre revival.[68]
The operatic production Alice (1992) uses both Alice books as its inspiration and employs scenes with Charles Dodgson, a young Alice Liddell, and an adult Alice Liddell, to frame the story. Paul Schmidt wrote the play, with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music. Although the original production in Hamburg, Germany, received only a small audience,[when?] Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice (2002).
Michael Sirotta and Heather M. Dominick wrote a musical adaption of the novel, titled Alice in Wonderland, a Musical Adventure (1997), suitable for young actors as well as for adult performers.[69][70]

text:
The Eighth Square, a murder mystery set in Wonderland, written by Matthew Fleming and music and lyrics by Ben J. Macpherson, is a goth-toned rock musical that premiered in 2006 at the New Theatre Royal in Portsmouth, England.[citation needed]
A ballet by Christopher Wheeldon[71] and Nicholas Wright[72] commissioned for The Royal Ballet, titled Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, premiered in February 2011 at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London. The ballet was based on the novel Wheeldon grew up reading as a child and is generally faithful to the original story, although some critics claimed it may have been too faithful.[73] The ballet overall stays generally light hearted for its running time of an hour and 40 minutes. The ballet returned to the Royal Opera House in 2012.[74]
The TA Fantastika, a popular Black light theatre in Prague, performs Aspects of Alice, written and directed by Petr Kratochvíl. This adaptation is not faithful to the books; rather, it explores Alice's journey into adulthood while incorporating allusions to the history of Czech Republic.[citation needed]
A community theatre production of Alice[when?] was Olivia de Havilland's first foray onto the stage.[citation needed]
A modern-set musical adaptation, Wonder.land premiered in 2015, with music by Damon Albarn[75] and lyrics by Moira Buffini.[76] The musical is a co-production between the Manchester International Festival, the Royal National Theatre and the Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris.[77]
Gerald Barry's new one act opera, Alice's Adventures Under Ground was premiered at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles in November 2016 by the Los Angeles New Music Group conducted by Thomas Adès with Barbara Hannigan singing the role of Alice.[78]
The Pulitzer Prize winning contemporary American composer David Del Tredici has repeatedly turned to the Alice stories for inspiration. From early works such as Pop-Pourri and Adventures Underground to the theatrical opera-cantata Final Alice and the neo-romantic Child Alice, he has used Carroll's texts both for musical stimulus and source material for librettos.[79][80] He credits Martin Gardner's book The Annotated Alice as introducing him to the world of Carrollian writings and poetry.[79]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alice has inspired numerous songs and albums, including:

text:
Jerome Kern's "Alice in Wonderland," from The Girl from Utah (1914).[65]
"Alice in Wonderland'" by Sammy Fain and Bob Hilliard appears on the Bill Evans trio album Sunday at the Village Vanguard (1961).[81]
Jefferson Airplane's song "White Rabbit", written by Grace Slick and included on their psychedelic album Surrealistic Pillow (1967). An Arabic version of this song for the soundtrack of the American Hustle film (2013) was sung by Mayssa Karaa.
Chick Corea's album The Mad Hatter released in 1979, which is conceptually derived from events that unfold in the book.
Siouxsie and the Banshees named their label inside Polydor Wonderland in 1983.[82]
Tom Waits' album, Alice (2002), is loosely based on Carroll's relationship with Alice Liddell and themes from the novels.[83]
Marilyn Manson described his album Eat Me, Drink Me (2007) as "[his] version of Alice in Wonderland."[citation needed]
Egypt Central's song "White Rabbit", written by Skidd Mills, was released on the studio album White Rabbit (completed 2010) and to radio stations on 15 February 2011 and made available on iTunes on 1 March 2011.[84]
In 2011, Perttu Haapanen composed a vocal work entitled "Readymade Alice", which is described as "Alice in Wonderland being reworked for cyber-space"; this work was commissioned by the 4th International Harald Andersén Competition and most recently performed on 30 September 2015 by the BBC Singers at St. Giles, Cripplegate, London.[85]
Taylor Swift's song "Wonderland," from the deluxe edition of her 1989 album.
AKB48's B-side song, "First Rabbit", which is later also performed by JKT48
Australian composer Leon Coward's "Beautiful Soup" (2014) a lament for piano and string orchestra, premiered by Camerata Academica of the Antipodes.[86]
Melanie Martinez, "Mad Hatter" off the album Cry Baby.
Adam Lambert, "Down The Rabbit Hole" off the album For Your Entertainment.
Violinist Lindsey Stirling released a music video called "Hold My Heart" which was inspired by Alice in Wonderland which was included in her album Brave Enough.
"Her Name is Alice" by American rock band Shinedown.
The 1979 album "One of a Kind" by rock band Bruford, led by drummer Bill Bruford, included the track "Fainting in Coils", the title taken from a speech by the Mock Turtle

text: Parodies[edit]

text: The book has inspired several parodies, including:

text:
The Westminster Alice (1902) by Hector Hugh Munro (Saki), illustrated by Francis Carruthers Gould
Alice's London Adventures in Wonderland (2015) by Lewis Carroll and Sarah Elizabeth Beaumont, illustrated by Sarah Elizabeth Beaumont after Sir John Tenniel (Two Monkeys Publishing, London)

text: Radio[edit]

text: Several radio adaptations have been aired, including:

text:
Lux Radio Theater (1951), based on the Disney animated Alice in Wonderland film of the same year[87]
NBC Star Playhouse (1953)[88]
BBC Radio 4 (2009), which was rebroadcast in 2011[89]

text: Works influenced[edit]

text: Alice and the rest of Wonderland continue to inspire or influence many other works of art to this day, sometimes indirectly via the 1951 Disney movie, for example. The character of the plucky yet proper Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture, many also named Alice in homage.

text: Illustrations by different artists[edit]

text:
The cover illustration, by E. Gertrude Thomson

The White Rabbit by John Tenniel, coloured

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, John Tenniel, 1865

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Arthur Rackham

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Gertrude Kay

An illustration by Karl Beutel

The Pool of Tears by Arthur Rackham

The Pool of Tears by Milo Winter


document_title: A Separate Peace

question_text: who jumped from the tree in a separate peace

text: A Separate Peace

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Gene Forrester, the protagonist, returns to his old prep school, Devon (a thinly veiled portrayal of Knowles' alma mater, Phillips Exeter Academy), fifteen years after he graduated to visit two places he regards as "fearful sites": a flight of marble stairs and a tree by the river that he caused his friend, Phineas, to fall out of. First, he examines the stairs and notices that they are made of very hard marble. He then goes to the tree, which brings back memories of Gene's time as a student at Devon. From this point, the novel follows Gene's description of the time span from the summer of 1942 to the summer of 1943. In 1942, he was 16 and living at Devon with his best friend and roommate, Phineas (nicknamed Finny). At the time, World War II is taking place and has a prominent effect on the story.

text: Gene and Finny, despite being opposites in personality, are close friends at Devon: Gene's quiet, introverted, intellectual personality is a character foil for Finny's extraverted, carefree, athletic demeanor. During his time at Devon, Gene goes through a period of intense kinship with Finny. One of Finny's ideas during Gene's "gypsy summer" of 1942 is to create a "Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session", with Gene and himself as charter members. Finny creates a rite of initiation by having members jump into the Devon River from a large, high tree.

text: Gene and Finny's friendship goes through a period of fun, one-sided rivalry during which Gene strives to out-do Finny academically, since he believes Finny is trying to out-do him. This rivalry begins with Gene's jealousy towards Finny. This rivalry climaxes (and is ended) when, as Finny and Gene are about to jump off the tree, Gene jounces the branch they are standing on, causing Finny to fall and shatter his leg. Because of his "accident", Finny learns that he will never again be able to compete in sports, which are most dear to him. This leads to Gene starting to think like Finny to try to be a better person and to try to solve some of his envy towards him. The remainder of the story revolves around Gene's attempts to come to grips with who he is, why he shook the branch, and how he will go forward. Gene feels so guilty that he tells Finny that he caused Finny's fall. At first Finny does not believe him and afterward feels extremely hurt.

text: World War II soon occupies the schoolboys' time, with student Brinker Hadley rallying the boys to help the war effort and Gene's quiet friend Leper Lepellier joining the Ski Troops and becoming severely traumatized by what he sees.

text: During a meeting of the Golden Fleece Debating Society, Brinker sets up a show trial and, based upon his shaking of the branch, accuses Gene of trying to kill Finny. Faced with the evidence, Finny leaves shamefully before Gene's deed is confirmed. On his way out, Finny falls down a flight of stairs (the same ones Gene visits at the beginning of the novel) and again breaks the leg he had shattered before. Finny at first dismisses Gene's attempts to apologize, but he soon realizes that the "accident" was impulsive and not anger-based. The two forgive each other.

text: The next day, Finny dies during the operation to set the bone when bone marrow enters his bloodstream during the surgery.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Gene Forrester: A Separate Peace is told from Gene's point of view. Gene focuses on, and succeeds at, academics. He envies his roommate Finny's graceful, easy athleticism and social prowess. Gene is from "three states from Texas", and is therefore somewhat unaccustomed to Northeastern culture. Gene causes his best friend's fall in his suppressed envy, by making a small but deliberate quick move on a tree branch from which Phineas would not otherwise have fallen. He is the main character.
Phineas (Finny): Gene's best friend and roommate; an incorrigible, good natured, athletic, daredevil type. In Gene's opinion, he can never leave anything well enough alone, and could always get away with anything. He always sees the best in others, seeks internal fulfillment free of accolades, and shapes the world around himself to fit his desires. He is a prodigious athlete, succeeding in every sport until his leg is shattered in his fall from the tree.
Brinker Hadley: Brinker is a classmate and friend of Gene and Finny's. He ceaselessly strives for order during the Winter Session at Devon. The main antagonist, Brinker wants to get to the bottom of Finny's accident, but it is unclear if he intended for the investigation to be a practical joke. He organizes the "midnight trial" to confront and accuse Gene of causing Finny's accident. During the questioning of Finny by Brinker, Finny changes the story to make Gene appear innocent of his actions in the tree. Finny cites Lepellier as an unreachable witness. Brinker ultimately reconciles with Gene, who appears to forgive him both for his part in Finny's injury and for the trial.
Elwin 'Leper' Lepellier: Leper is Finny and Gene's friend, and a key member of the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session. He is the first student in his class to enlist in the military. Late in the novel, Leper goes insane from the stress of his enlistment in the army. He is a witness at Gene's "trial," testifying that Gene was responsible for Finny's fall.

text: Assertions of homoerotic overtones[edit]

text: Various parties have asserted that the novel implies homoeroticism between Gene and Finny, including those who endorse a queer reading of the novel, and those who condemn homosexuality as immoral. For example, the book was challenged in the Vernon-Verona-Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a "filthy, trashy sex novel"[1] despite having no substantial female characters (and describing no sexual activity).

text: Though frequently taught in U.S. high schools, curricula related to A Separate Peace typically ignore a possible homoerotic reading in favor of engaging with the book as a historical novel or coming-of-age story.[2] Knowles denied any such intentions, stating in a 1987 newspaper interview:

text: "Freud said any strong relationship between two men contains a homoerotic element...If so in this case, both characters are totally unaware of it. It would have changed everything, it wouldn’t have been the same story. In that time and place, my characters would have behaved totally differently." [3]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In 1972, the novel was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Parker Stevenson as Gene and John Heyl as Finny, with a screenplay by Fred Segal and John Knowles.[4]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
1960 New York Times bestseller (Fiction)
1961 William Faulkner Foundation Award, inaugural winner
1961 National Book Award finalist (Fiction)


document_title: List of first overall Major League Baseball draft picks

question_text: who was the first overall pick in the 2017 mlb draft

text: Key[edit]

text:
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame

 *
All-Star

 ៛
Rookie of the Year and All-Star

 #
Retired without playing a game in MLB

 °
Player did not sign

italics
Active player

tag: table

text: Draft[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
Position
Club/School

1965
Monday, RickRick Monday*
Kansas City Athletics
Outfielder
Arizona State University

1966
Chilcott, SteveSteve Chilcott#
New York Mets
Catcher
Antelope Valley High School
(Lancaster, California)

1967
Blomberg, RonRon Blomberg
New York Yankees
First baseman
Druid Hills High School
(Druid Hills, Georgia)

1968
Foli, TimTim Foli
New York Mets
Shortstop
Notre Dame High School
(Sherman Oaks, California)

1969
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs*
Washington Senators
Outfielder
Woodrow Wilson Classical High School
(Long Beach, California)

1970
Ivie, MikeMike Ivie
San Diego Padres
Catcher
Walker High School
(Atlanta, Georgia)

1971
Goodwin, DannyDanny Goodwin°
Chicago White Sox
Catcher
Peoria High School
(Peoria, Illinois)

1972
Roberts, DaveDave Roberts
San Diego Padres
Third baseman
University of Oregon

1973
Clyde, DavidDavid Clyde
Texas Rangers
Left-handed pitcher
Westchester High School
(Houston, Texas)

1974
Almon, BillBill Almon
San Diego Padres
Shortstop
Brown University

1975
Goodwin, DannyDanny Goodwin [a]
California Angels
Catcher
Southern University

1976
Bannister, FloydFloyd Bannister*
Houston Astros
Left-handed pitcher
Arizona State University

1977
Baines, HaroldHarold Baines*
Chicago White Sox
Outfielder
St. Michaels Middle/High School
(St. Michaels, Maryland)

1978
Horner, BobBob Horner៛
Atlanta Braves
Third baseman
Arizona State University

1979
Chambers, AlAl Chambers
Seattle Mariners
Outfielder
John Harris High School
(Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)

1980
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry៛
New York Mets
Outfielder
Crenshaw High School
(Los Angeles, California)

1981
Moore, MikeMike Moore*
Seattle Mariners
Right-handed pitcher
Oral Roberts University

1982
Dunston, ShawonShawon Dunston*
Chicago Cubs
Shortstop
Thomas Jefferson High School
(Brooklyn, New York)

1983
Belcher, TimTim Belcher°
Minnesota Twins
Right-handed pitcher
Mount Vernon Nazarene University

1984
Abner, ShawnShawn Abner
New York Mets
Outfielder
Mechanicsburg Area Senior High School
(Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania)

1985
Surhoff, B.J.B.J. Surhoff*
Milwaukee Brewers
Catcher
University of North Carolina

1986
King, JeffJeff King
Pittsburgh Pirates
Third baseman
University of Arkansas

1987
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.*
Seattle Mariners
Outfielder
Moeller High School
(Cincinnati, Ohio)

1988
Benes, AndyAndy Benes*
San Diego Padres
Right-handed pitcher
University of Evansville

1989
McDonald, BenBen McDonald
Baltimore Orioles
Right-handed pitcher
Louisiana State University

1990
Jones, ChipperChipper Jones*
Atlanta Braves
Shortstop
Bolles High School
(Jacksonville, Florida)

1991
Taylor, BrienBrien Taylor#
New York Yankees
Left-handed pitcher
East Carteret High School
(Beaufort, North Carolina)

1992
Nevin, PhilPhil Nevin*
Houston Astros
Third baseman
California State University, Fullerton

1993
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez*
Seattle Mariners
Shortstop
Westminster Christian High School
(Palmetto Bay, Florida)

1994
Wilson, PaulPaul Wilson
New York Mets
Right-handed pitcher
Florida State University

1995
Erstad, DarinDarin Erstad*
California Angels
Outfielder
University of Nebraska–Lincoln

1996
Benson, KrisKris Benson
Pittsburgh Pirates
Right-handed pitcher
Clemson University

1997
Anderson, MattMatt Anderson
Detroit Tigers
Right-handed pitcher
Rice University

1998
Burrell, PatPat Burrell
Philadelphia Phillies
Outfielder
University of Miami

1999
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton*
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Outfielder
Athens Drive High School
(Raleigh, North Carolina)

2000
Gonzalez, AdrianAdrian Gonzalez*
Florida Marlins
First baseman
Eastlake High School
(Chula Vista, California)

2001
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer*
Minnesota Twins
Catcher
Cretin-Derham Hall High School
(St. Paul, Minnesota)

2002
Bullington, BryanBryan Bullington
Pittsburgh Pirates
Right-handed pitcher
Ball State University

2003
Young, DelmonDelmon Young
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Outfielder
Adolfo Camarillo High School
(Camarillo, California)

2004
Bush, MattMatt Bush
San Diego Padres
Shortstop
Mission Bay Senior High School
(San Diego, California)

2005
Upton, JustinJustin Upton*
Arizona Diamondbacks
Shortstop
Great Bridge High School
(Chesapeake, Virginia)

2006
Hochevar, LukeLuke Hochevar
Kansas City Royals
Right-handed pitcher
Fort Worth Cats [b]

2007
Price, DavidDavid Price*
Tampa Bay Rays
Left-handed pitcher
Vanderbilt University

2008
Beckham, TimTim Beckham
Tampa Bay Rays
Shortstop
Griffin High School
(Griffin, Georgia)

2009
Strasburg, StephenStephen Strasburg*
Washington Nationals
Right-handed pitcher
San Diego State University

2010
Harper, BryceBryce Harper៛
Washington Nationals
Outfielder/Catcher
College of Southern Nevada

2011
Cole, GerritGerrit Cole*
Pittsburgh Pirates
Right-handed pitcher
University of California, Los Angeles

2012
Correa, CarlosCarlos Correa
Houston Astros
Shortstop
Puerto Rico Baseball Academy and High School

2013
Appel, MarkMark Appel
Houston Astros
Right-handed pitcher
Stanford University

2014
Aiken, BradyBrady Aiken°
Houston Astros
Left-handed pitcher
Cathedral Catholic High School
(San Diego, California)

2015
Swanson, DansbyDansby Swanson
Arizona Diamondbacks
Shortstop
Vanderbilt University

2016
Mickey Moniak
Philadelphia Phillies
Outfielder
La Costa Canyon High School
(Carlsbad, California)

2017
Royce Lewis
Minnesota Twins
Shortstop
JSerra Catholic High School
(San Juan Capistrano, California)

text: By Franchise[edit]

text:
Franchise
Total Picks
Most Recent Year

Arizona Diamondbacks
2
2015

Atlanta Braves
2
1990

Baltimore Orioles
1
1989

Boston Red Sox
0
—

Chicago Cubs
1
1982

Chicago White Sox
2
1977

Cincinnati Reds
0
—

Cleveland Indians
0
—

Colorado Rockies
0
—

Detroit Tigers
2
2018

Houston Astros
5
2014

Kansas City Royals
1
2006

Los Angeles Dodgers
0
—

Los Angeles Angels
2
1995

Miami Marlins
1
2000

Milwaukee Brewers
1
1985

Minnesota Twins
3
2017

New York Mets
5
1994

New York Yankees
2
1991

Oakland Athletics
1
1965

Philadelphia Phillies
2
2016

Pittsburgh Pirates
4
2011

San Diego Padres
5
2004

San Francisco Giants
0
—

Seattle Mariners
4
1993

St. Louis Cardinals
0
—

Tampa Bay Rays
4
2008

Texas Rangers
2
1973

Toronto Blue Jays
0
—

Washington Nationals
2
2010

text: Footnotes[edit]

text: Baseball portal

text:
a Goodwin chose to attend university instead of signing with the Chicago White Sox, and re-entered the draft once he graduated in 1975.[7]
b Hochevar played college baseball for the University of Tennessee, and was originally drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2005, but did not agree to a contract. He re-entered the draft in 2006 after spending the previous year with the independent Fort Worth Cats.


document_title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

question_text: who comes after the captain on a ship

question_tokens: who comes after the captain on a ship

text: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Modern ship's complement[edit]

text: Captain/Master[edit]

text: The captain or master is the ship's highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's owner. Whether the captain is a member of the deck department or not is a matter of some controversy, and generally depends on the opinion of an individual captain. When a ship has a third mate, the captain does not stand watch.

text: The captain is legally responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the ship as he/she is in command. It is his/her responsibility to ensure that all the departments under him/her perform legally to the requirements of the ship's owner.[clarification needed] The captain represents the owner and hence is called "master".

text: Deck department[edit]

text: Officers/mates[edit]

text: Chief officer/Chief mate[edit]

text: The Chief Officer/First mate (often called the Chief mate in the United States) is the head of the deck department on a merchant vessel, second-in-command after the ship's Master. The Chief mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. The chief mate typically stands the 4–8 navigation watch as OICNW (officer in-charge of the navigational watch), directing the bridge team. Some crews have additional Third mates, which allow the Chief mate to not stand navigational watch, and focus more on cargo and deck operations. Additional duties include maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, life saving appliances and firefighting appliances. The chief mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies. The chief officer assumes command of the whole ship in the absence or incapacitation of the master.

text: Second officer/Second mate[edit]

text: The Second officer/Second mate is a qualified OICNW watch stander, directing the bridge team and navigating the ship. The Second mate is the 3rd most experienced deck department officer after the Captain/Master and Chief mate. The Second mate's primary duty is navigational, which includes updating charts and publications, keeping them current, making passage plans, and all aspects of ship navigation. The Second mate's other duties may include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor detail and training and instructing crew members.

text: Third officer/Third mate[edit]

text: The Third officer is the least experienced qualified OICNW watch-stander. When on navigational watch, the Third mate directs the bridge team, maneuvering the vessel, keeping it safe and on track. The Third mate's primary duty is matters of safety, inspecting gear lockers, lifeboats, and all equipment onboard insuring that it is safe and operational. Other duties include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor details and training and instructing crew members.

text: Deck ratings / Rates[edit]

text: Mariners without a certificate of competence are called ratings. They assist in all other tasks that can arise during a voyage. This includes for example, mooring, cleaning of the ship and its holds and repairing broken lines and ropes. These are physically challenging jobs and have to be done regardless of the weather.[2]

text: Boatswain(bosun)[edit]

text: Highly skilled in marlinspike seamanship, the Boatswain is the highest ranking unlicensed (rating) in the deck department. The Boatswain generally carries out the tasks instructed by the Chief mate, directing the Able seaman and Ordinary seaman. The Boatswain generally does not stand a navigational watch.

text: Able seaman/AB[edit]

text: An Able seaman works under the Boatswain, completing tasks such as working mooring lines, operating deck gear, standing anchor details, and working cargo. The AB also stands a navigational watch, generally as a lookout or helmsman.

text: Ordinary seaman/OS[edit]

text: The lowest ranking personnel in the deck department. An Ordinary seaman[OS] generally helps out with work the Able seaman are doing. Other tasks include standing lookout, and generally cleaning duties.

text: Engineering department[edit]

text: Engineers / licensed[edit]

text: The engineers are also called technical officers. They are responsible for keeping the ship and the machinery running. Today, ships are complex units that combine a lot of technology within a small space. This includes not only the engine and the propulsion system, but also, for example, the electrical power supply, devices for loading and discharging, garbage incineration and fresh water generators.[2]

text: Chief engineer[edit]

text: The chief engineer on a merchant vessel is the official title of someone qualified to oversee the engine department. The qualification for this position is colloquially called a "Chief's Ticket".

text: The Chief Engineer, commonly referred to as "The chief",  or just "chief", is responsible for all operations and maintenance that have to do with all machinery and equipment throughout the ship. He may be paid on par with the captain, although he is never responsible for the action of ship. The chief engineer cannot assume command and the command always rests with the Captain of the ship, unless it is clearly mentioned within the safety management system.[citation needed]

text: Second engineer/first assistant engineer[edit]

text: The second engineer or first assistant engineer is the officer responsible for supervising the daily maintenance and operation of the engine department. He or she reports directly to the chief engineer.[citation needed]

text: Third engineer/second assistant engineer[edit]

text: The Second Assistant is usually in charge of boilers, fuel, auxiliary engines, condensate and feed systems, and is the third most senior marine engineer on board. Depending on usage, "the Second" or "the Third" is also typically in charge of fueling (a.k.a. bunkering), granted the officer holds a valid Person In Charge (PIC) endorsement for fuel transfer operations.[citation needed]

text: Fourth engineer/third assistant engineer[edit]

text: The fourth engineer or third assistant engineer is junior to the second assistant engineer/third engineer in the engine department.

text: Engine ratings / unlicensed[edit]

text: Motorman[edit]

text: The Motorman is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than an Oiler.

text: Oiler[edit]

text: The Oiler is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than a Wiper.

text: Wiper[edit]

text: The Wiper is an unlicensed member of the engine department, usually with the least experience.[citation needed]

text: Electro-technical department[edit]

text: Electro-technical officer[edit]

text: The electro-technical officer sometimes referred to as the electrical engineer is in charge of all the electrical systems on the ship. The electrical engineer is one of the most vital positions in the technical hierarchy of a ship and engineer is responsible for their assigned work under the chief engineer’s instructions.

text: Unlike engineers the ETO does not carry out an assigned engine room "watch" instead they are normally on call 24 hours a day and generally work a daily shift carrying out electrical and electronic maintenance, repairs, installations and testing.

text: Some shipping companies do not carry electrical officers on their ship to cut down the manning cost, and the electrical duties are carried by an engineer. This is usually the third engineer. However, many companies realized that electrical and electronic system requires some extra attention and therefore require an expert to attend them. This is especially true on diesel electric ships or vessels equipped with systems such as dynamic positioning.

text: On larger vessels such as cruise ships, electrotechnical officers can have ranks within their profession, such position names include, lead ETO, 1st Electrician, chief electrical officer or chief electrical engineer. In this situation, the highest ranked electrotechnical officer will report directly to the chief engineer. On special class ships such as FPSOs the electrotechnical officer can sometimes earn nearly the same wage as a chief engineer due to the complexity of the electrical systems on the ship.

text: As the technology advances, more automation and electronic circuits are replacing conventional and electrical systems. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) amended STCW 95 (also known as the Manila Amendment) on June 25, 2010 to introduce the certified position of Electro-technical officer in place of Electrical officer.[citation needed]

text: With advancements in satellite communications leading to the widespread adoption of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System the old position of radio officer is far less common, although a U.S. Coast Guard license is still issued for it.[5] Ship officers may be licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as GMDSS operators and electrical officers as GMDSS maintainers.  Morse code has not been used on French ships since 1997[6] and on U.S. ones since 1999[7]  However, an FCC certificate for radiotelegraphy may still be obtained.

text: Steward's department[edit]

text: Chief steward[edit]

text: The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus; compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Additional duties may include baking bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries.

text: Chief cook[edit]

text: The chief cook is the senior unlicensed crew member working in the steward's department of a ship. His position corresponds to that of the Boatswain in the deck department, the pump man in an oil tanker, and the electrician (but not ETO) in the engine department of a container ship or general cargo ship. He is the equivalent to a chief petty officer in the Navy.[citation needed]

text: The chief cook directs and participates in the preparation and serving of meals; determines timing and sequence of operations required to meet serving times; inspects galley and equipment for cleanliness and proper storage and preparation of food.[citation needed]

text: Royal Navy historical ship's complement[edit]

text: The Captain was a commissioned officer naval officer in command of a ship and was addressed by naval custom as "captain" while aboard in command, regardless of the officer's actual rank.

text: Wardroom officers[edit]

text: The Lieutenants were commissioned officers immediately subordinate to the captain. Lieutenants were numbered by their seniority within the ship, so that a frigate (which was entitled to three lieutenants) would have a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, and a third lieutenant. A first-rate was entitled to six lieutenants, and they were numbered accordingly.

text: The "Sailing Master" was a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel. The rank can be equated to a professional seaman and specialist in navigation, rather than as a military commander and was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants and was eventually renamed to "navigating lieutenant" in 1867.

text: The Captain of Marines was the commissioned office in command of the Royal Marines on the ship.

text: The Purser was the officer responsible for all administration and of supplies such as food and drink, clothing, bedding, candles, the purser was originally known as "the clerk of burser". Pursers received no pay but were entitled to profits made through their business activities. In the 18th century a purser would buy his warrant for £65 and was required to post sureties totalling £2,100 with the Admiralty.[9]  They maintained and sailed the ships and were the standing officers of the navy, staying with the ships in port between voyages as caretakers supervising repairs and refitting.[10]

text: The Surgeon was the medical officer of the ship. Surgeons were ranked by the Navy Board based on their training and social status.[11] Surgeons were wardroom warrant officers with a high status, billeted along with the other officers in the wardroom.[12] Surgeons were assisted by surgeon's mates, who after 1805 were called "assistant surgeons".[13] The surgeon and his mates were assisted by boys, who were called "loblolly boys", named after the gruel commonly served in the sick bay.[7] A small number of doctors with a prestigious medical education were ranked as physicians; they would supervise surgeons on ships or run hospitals on shore.[14]

text: The Chaplain lead the ship's religious services. As an ordained minister his social status meant he was made an officer.

text: Standing officers[edit]

text: The Gunner was the warrant officer in charge of the ships's naval artillery and other weapons. He supervised the Armourer, the Gunners mate and the Yeoman of the Power room.

text: The Boatswain (/ˈboʊsən/), bo's'n, bos'n, or bosun, was the warrant officer of the deck department. As deck crew foreman, the boatswain planned the day's work and assigned tasks to the deck crew. As work was completed, the boatswain checked the completed work was done correctly. He supervised the Ropemaker, the Boatswain's mate and the Sailmaker.

text: The carpenter was the warrant officer who was responsible for the maintenance and repair of the wooden components of the ship. He supervised the Caulker, the Carpenter's mate and the Master-at-arms.

text: Cockpit mates[edit]

text: Originally, a master's mate was an experienced petty officer, who assisted the master, but was not in line for promotion to lieutenant.[15] By the mid-eighteenth century, he was far more likely to be a superior midshipman, still waiting to pass his examination for lieutenant or to receive his commission, but taking rather more responsibility aboard ship. Six master's mates were allowed on a first rate, three on a third rate, and two on most frigates.[16]

text: Senior petty officers[edit]

text: A Midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman, and was roughly equivalent to a present-day petty officer in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master's mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship.

text: The Clerk was a literate worker who did administrative work on the ship.

text: The Armourer maintained and repaired the smaller weapons on the ship.

text: The Caulker maintained and repaired the caulking of the ship's hull.

text: The Ropemaker made, maintained and repaired ropes on board.

text: The "Master-at-arms" was a naval rating, responsible discipline aboard ship, assisted by Corporals.

text: Petty officers[edit]

text: The Yeoman of the Sheets was in charge of the rope store. Given that the ship was rarely dry inside and the ropes rotted when wet, preserving the rope was a major problem.[17]