document_title: List of Tour de France general classification winners

question_text: who won the tour de france last year

question_tokens: who won the tour de france last year

text: History[edit]

text: The Tour de France was established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto, in an attempt to increase its sales. The first race was won by Frenchman Maurice Garin. He won again the next year, but was disqualified after allegations that he had been transported by car or rail arose. Henri Cornet became the winner after the dispute was settled; he is the youngest to win the Tour. Following the scandals in 1904, the scoring system was changed from being time-based to a points-based system, in which the cyclist who has the fewest points at the end of the race is victorious. This system lasted until 1912, when the time-based system was re-introduced. French cyclists were successful in the early Tours; the first non-Frenchman to win the Tour was François Faber of Luxembourg, who won in 1909.[8]

text: Belgian riders were more successful before and after the First World War (which suspended the Tour from 1915 to 1918). In the 1920s, trade teams dominated the Tour; cyclists such as Nicolas Frantz won the Tour with the Alcyon team. However, when Alcyon cyclist Maurice De Waele won the Tour in 1929 while ill, the organisers decided to introduce national teams the following year, to stop team tactics from undermining the race. Because of the Second World War, the Tour de France was suspended from 1940 to 1946.[9]

text: After the Second World War, no one dominated the Tour until Louison Bobet, who won three consecutive Tours from 1953 to 1955—he was the first person to achieve this feat.[10] This was bettered by the French cyclist Jacques Anquetil, who won four successive Tours from 1961 to 1964. Anquetil, who also won in 1957, became the first to win five Tours.[11] Anquetil's five victories were matched when Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx won four successive Tours from 1969 to 1972 and the 1974 Tour. Merckx is the only person to have won the general, points and king of the mountains classifications in the same Tour. He achieved this in 1969, when he won his first Tour.[12]

text: Merckx looked to be heading for a record sixth Tour victory in 1975, but Bernard Thévenet beat him, becoming the first French winner in seven years. Thévenet won again in 1977; however, he was eclipsed in following years by fellow Frenchman Bernard Hinault, who won consecutive Tours in 1978 and 1979. Hinault won the Tour at his first attempt in 1978; becoming one of 11 cyclists (including Anquetil, Merckx, Hugo Koblet and Fausto Coppi) managed to do so.[13] In 1980, Hinault was going for a third consecutive win, but had to pull out because of tendinitis, and the Tour was won by Joop Zoetemelk.[14] Hinault returned in 1981 and won that race as well as the one after that. Hinault sat out the Tour in 1983, and another Frenchman—Laurent Fignon—achieved victory. Fignon won again the following year, beating Hinault; Hinault recovered in 1985 to win his fifth Tour.

text: American Greg LeMond became the first non-European to win the Tour in 1986. LeMond missed out in 1987 and 1988, but returned in 1989 to win the Tour by finishing eight seconds ahead of Laurent Fignon, the smallest winning margin in the Tour's history. LeMond also won in 1990.[15] In 1991, Spaniard Miguel Indurain won his first Tour. Indurain came to dominate the Tour, winning four more Tours consecutively—making him the first person to win five consecutive Tours.[16] He tried to win a record-high sixth Tour in 1996, but was beaten by Bjarne Riis, who later admitted to using Erythropoietin.[17] Jan Ullrich and Marco Pantani won in 1997 and 1998, respectively; however, Pantani's victory was overshadowed by doping scandals.[18]

text: The 1999 Tour saw the first victory of Lance Armstrong,[19] which was followed by six more, for a total of seven consecutive victories.[20] He was stripped of his titles in October 2012, when it emerged he had used performance-enhancing drugs throughout much of his career, including the Tour de France victories.[4] Floyd Landis won the Tour in 2006, but was later stripped of his title, after a drug-control test demonstrated the presence of a skewed testosterone/epitestosterone ratio.[21] Óscar Pereiro was subsequently awarded the victory. Alberto Contador won the 2007 Tour with the Discovery Channel. The 2007 Tour was also marred by doping scandals, thus Contador was unable to defend his title in 2008, as his Astana team was banned for its part. Fellow Spaniard Carlos Sastre of Team CSC won.[22] Contador and Astana returned in 2009 to regain the title. He won the Tour again in 2010, but was later stripped of his title after he was found guilty of doping. Runner-up Andy Schleck was awarded the victory.

text: Cadel Evans became the first Australian to win the Tour in 2011.[23] The following year, Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist to win the Tour.[24] Chris Froome became the second successive British winner in 2013, which was the 100th edition of the race.[25] He could not defend his title the following year, as he crashed out in stage 5, with Vincenzo Nibali winning his first Tour.[26] Froome regained the title in 2015 and then successfully defended it in 2016, the first rider in over 20 years to do so.[27] He then backed it up with a third consecutive win in 2017.[7]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

Winner won points classification in the same year

*
Winner won mountains classification in the same year

#
Winner won young rider classification in the same year

Winner won points and mountains classification in the same year

tag: table

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The "Distance" column refers to the distance over which the race was held.
The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

tag: ul

text:
Tour de France general classification winners

Year
Country
Cyclist
Sponsor/Team
Distance
Time/Points
Margin
Stage wins
Stages in lead

1903
 France
Garin, MauriceMaurice Garin
La Française
2,428 km (1,509 mi)
094 !94h 33' 14"
24921 !+ 2h 59' 21"
3
6

1904
 France
Garin, MauriceMaurice Garin Cornet, HenriHenri Cornet[E]
Conte
2,428 km (1,509 mi)
096 !96h 05' 55"
21614 !+ 2h 16' 14"
1
3

1905
 France
Trousselier, LouisLouis Trousselier
Peugeot–Wolber
2,994 km (1,860 mi)
35
26
5
10

1906
 France
Pottier, RenéRené Pottier
Peugeot–Wolber
4,637 km (2,881 mi)
31
8
5
12

1907
 France
Petit-Breton, LucienLucien Petit-Breton
Peugeot–Wolber
4,488 km (2,789 mi)
47
19
2
5

1908
 France
Petit-Breton, LucienLucien Petit-Breton
Peugeot–Wolber
4,497 km (2,794 mi)
36
32
5
13

1909
 Luxembourg
Faber, FrançoisFrançois Faber
Alcyon–Dunlop
4,498 km (2,795 mi)
37
20
6
13

1910
 France
Lapize, OctaveOctave Lapize
Alcyon–Dunlop
4,734 km (2,942 mi)
63
4
4
3

1911
 France
Garrigou, GustaveGustave Garrigou
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,343 km (3,320 mi)
43
18
2
13

1912
 Belgium
Defraye, OdileOdile Defraye
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,289 km (3,286 mi)
49
59
3
13

1913
 Belgium
Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys
Peugeot–Wolber
5,287 km (3,285 mi)
197 !197h 54' 00"
00837 !+ 8' 37"
1
8

1914
 Belgium
Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys
Peugeot–Wolber
5,380 km (3,340 mi)
200 !200h 28' 48"
00150 !+ 1' 50"
1
15

1915
World War I

1916

1917

1918

1919
 Belgium
Lambot, FirminFirmin Lambot
La Sportive
5,560 km (3,450 mi)
231 !231h 07' 15"
14254 !+ 1h 42' 54"
1
2

1920
 Belgium
Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys
La Sportive
5,503 km (3,419 mi)
228 !228h 36' 13"
05721 !+ 57' 21"
4
14

1921
 Belgium
Scieur, LéonLéon Scieur
La Sportive
5,485 km (3,408 mi)
221 !221h 50' 26"
01836 !+ 18' 36"
2
14

1922
 Belgium
Lambot, FirminFirmin Lambot
Peugeot–Wolber
5,375 km (3,340 mi)
222 !222h 08' 06"
04115 !+ 41' 15"
0
3

1923
 France
Pélissier, HenriHenri Pélissier
Automoto–Hutchinson
5,386 km (3,347 mi)
222 !222h 15' 30"
03041 !+ 30 '41"
3
6

1924
 Italy
Bottecchia, OttavioOttavio Bottecchia
Automoto
5,425 km (3,371 mi)
226 !226h 18' 21"
03536 !+ 35' 36"
4
15

1925
 Italy
Bottecchia, OttavioOttavio Bottecchia
Automoto–Hutchinson
5,440 km (3,380 mi)
219 !219h 10' 18"
05420 !+ 54' 20"
4
13

1926
 Belgium
Buysse, LucienLucien Buysse
Automoto–Hutchinson
5,745 km (3,570 mi)
238 !238h 44' 25"
12225 !+ 1h 22' 25"
2
8

1927
 Luxembourg
Frantz, NicolasNicolas Frantz
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,398 km (3,354 mi)
198 !198h 16' 42"
14841 !+ 1h 48' 41"
3
14

1928
 Luxembourg
Frantz, NicolasNicolas Frantz
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,476 km (3,403 mi)
192 !192h 48' 58"
05007 !+ 50' 07"
5
22

1929
 Belgium
De Waele, MauriceMaurice De Waele
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,286 km (3,285 mi)
186 !186h 39' 15"
04423 !+44' 23"
1
16

1930
 France
Leducq, AndréAndré Leducq
Alcyon–Dunlop
4,822 km (2,996 mi)
172 !172h 12' 16"
01413 !+ 14' 13"
2
13

1931
 France
Magne, AntoninAntonin Magne
France
5,091 km (3,163 mi)
177 !177h 10' 03"
01256 !+ 12' 56"
1
16

1932
 France
Leducq, AndréAndré Leducq
France
4,479 km (2,783 mi)
154 !154h 11' 49"
02403 !+ 24' 03"
6
19

1933
 France
Speicher, GeorgesGeorges Speicher
France
4,395 km (2,731 mi)
147 !147h 51' 37"
00401 !+ 4' 01"
3
12

1934
 France
Magne, AntoninAntonin Magne
France
4,470 km (2,780 mi)
147 !147h 13' 58"
02731 !+ 27' 31"
3
22

1935
 Belgium
Maes, RomainRomain Maes
Belgium
4,338 km (2,696 mi)
141 !141h 23' 00"
01752 !+ 17' 52"
3
21

1936
 Belgium
Maes, SylvèreSylvère Maes
Belgium
4,442 km (2,760 mi)
142 !142h 47' 32"
02655 !+ 26' 55"
4
14

1937
 France
Lapébie, RogerRoger Lapébie
France
4,415 km (2,743 mi)
138 !138h 58' 31"
00717 !+ 7' 17"
3
4

1938
 Italy
Bartali, GinoGino Bartali*
Italy
4,694 km (2,917 mi)
148 !148h 29' 12"
01827 !+ 18' 27"
2
8

1939
 Belgium
Maes, SylvèreSylvère Maes*
Belgium
4,224 km (2,625 mi)
132 !132h 03' 17"
03038 !+ 30' 38"
2
4

1940
World War II

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947
 France
Robic, JeanJean Robic
France
4,642 km (2,884 mi)
148 !148h 11' 25"
00358 !+ 3' 58"
3
1

1948
 Italy
Bartali, GinoGino Bartali*
Italy
4,922 km (3,058 mi)
147 !147h 10' 36"
02616 !+ 26' 16"
7
9

1949
 Italy
Coppi, FaustoFausto Coppi*
Italy
4,808 km (2,988 mi)
149 !149h 40' 49"
01055 !+ 10' 55"
3
5

1950
  Switzerland
Kübler, FerdinandFerdinand Kübler
Switzerland
4,773 km (2,966 mi)
145 !145h 36' 56"
00930 !+ 9' 30"
3
11

1951
  Switzerland
Koblet, HugoHugo Koblet
Switzerland
4,690 km (2,910 mi)
142 !142h 20' 14"
02200 !+ 22' 00"
5
11

1952
 Italy
Coppi, FaustoFausto Coppi*
Italy
4,898 km (3,043 mi)
151 !151h 57' 20"
02817 !+ 28' 17"
5
14

1953
 France
Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet
France
4,476 km (2,781 mi)
129 !129h 23' 25"
01418 !+ 14' 18"
2
5

1954
 France
Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet
France
4,656 km (2,893 mi)
140 !140h 06' 05"
01549 !+ 15' 49"
3
14

1955
 France
Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet
France
4,495 km (2,793 mi)
130 !130h 29' 26"
00453 !+ 4' 53"
2
6

1956
 France
Walkowiak, RogerRoger Walkowiak
France
4,498 km (2,795 mi)
124 !124h 01' 16"
00125 !+ 1' 25"
0
8

1957
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
France
4,669 km (2,901 mi)
135 !135h 44' 42"
01456 !+ 14' 56"
4
15

1958
 Luxembourg
Gaul, CharlyCharly Gaul
Luxembourg
4,319 km (2,684 mi)
116 !116h 59' 05"
00310 !+ 3' 10"
4
2

1959
 Spain
Bahamontes, FedericoFederico Bahamontes*
Spain
4,358 km (2,708 mi)
123 !123h 46' 45"
00401 !+ 4' 01"
1
6

1960
 Italy
Nencini, GastoneGastone Nencini
Italy
4,173 km (2,593 mi)
112 !112h 08' 42"
00502 !+ 5' 02"
0
14

1961
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
France
4,397 km (2,732 mi)
122 !122h 01' 33"
01214 !+ 12' 14"
2
21

1962
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
Saint-Raphaël–Helyett–Hutchinson
4,274 km (2,656 mi)
114 !114h 31' 54"
00459 !+ 4' 59"
2
3

1963
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–R. Geminiani
4,138 km (2,571 mi)
113 !113h 30' 05"
00335 !+ 3' 35"
4
5

1964
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–Dunlop
4,504 km (2,799 mi)
127 !127h 09' 44"
00055 !+ 55"
4
6

1965
 Italy
Gimondi, FeliceFelice Gimondi
Salvarani
4,188 km (2,602 mi)
116 !116h 42' 06"
00240 !+ 2' 40"
3
18

1966
 France
Aimar, LucienLucien Aimar
Ford France–Hutchinson
4,329 km (2,690 mi)
117 !117h 34' 21"
00107 !+ 1' 07"
0
6

1967
 France
Pingeon, RogerRoger Pingeon
Peugeot–BP–Michelin
4,779 km (2,970 mi)
136 !136h 53' 50"
00340 !+ 3' 40"
1
17

1968
 Netherlands
Janssen, JanJan Janssen
Pelforth–Sauvage–Lejeune
4,492 km (2,791 mi)
133 !133h 49' 42"
00038 !+ 38"
2
1

1969
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Faema
4,117 km (2,558 mi)
116 !116h 16' 02"
01754 !+ 17' 54"
6
18

1970
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx*
Faemino–Faema
4,254 km (2,643 mi)
119 !119h 31' 49"
01241 !+ 12' 41"
8
20

1971
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Molteni
3,608 km (2,242 mi)
096 !96h 45' 14"
00951 !+ 9' 51"
4
17

1972
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Molteni
3,846 km (2,390 mi)
108 !108h 17' 18"
01041 !+ 10' 41"
6
15

1973
 Spain
Ocaña, LuisLuis Ocaña
Bic
4,090 km (2,540 mi)
122 !122h 25' 34"
01551 !+ 15' 51"
6
14

1974
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Molteni
4,098 km (2,546 mi)
116 !116h 16' 58"
00804 !+ 8' 04"
8
18

1975
 France
ThevenetBernard Thévenet
Peugeot–BP–Michelin
4,000 km (2,500 mi)
114 !114h 35' 31"
00247 !+ 2' 47"
2
8

1976
 Belgium
Van Impe, LucienLucien Van Impe
Gitane–Campagnolo
4,017 km (2,496 mi)
116 !116h 22' 23"
00414 !+ 4' 14"
1
12

1977
 France
ThevenetBernard Thévenet
Peugeot–Esso–Michelin
4,096 km (2,545 mi)
115 !115h 38' 30"
00048 !+ 48"
1
8

1978
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Gitane–Campagnolo
3,908 km (2,428 mi)
108 !108h 18' 00"
00356 !+ 3' 56"
3
3

1979
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Gitane
3,765 km (2,339 mi)
103 !103h 06' 50"
01307 !+ 13' 07"
7
17

1980
 Netherlands
Zoetemelk, JoopJoop Zoetemelk
TI–Raleigh–Creda
3,842 km (2,387 mi)
109 !109h 19' 14"
00655 !+ 6' 55"
2
10

1981
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Elf–Gitane
3,753 km (2,332 mi)
096 !96h 19' 38"
01434 !+ 14' 34"
5
18

1982
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Elf–Gitane
3,507 km (2,179 mi)
092 !92h 08' 46"
00621 !+ 6' 21"
4
12

1983
 France
Fignon, LaurentLaurent Fignon#
Renault–Elf
3,809 km (2,367 mi)
105 !105h 07' 52"
00404 !+ 4' 04"
1
6

1984
 France
Fignon, LaurentLaurent Fignon
Renault–Elf
4,021 km (2,499 mi)
112 !112h 03' 40"
01032 !+ 10' 32"
5
7

1985
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
La Vie Claire
4,109 km (2,553 mi)
113 !113h 24' 23"
00142 !+ 1' 42"
2
16

1986
 United States
LeMond, GregGreg LeMond
La Vie Claire
4,094 km (2,544 mi)
110 !110h 35' 19"
00310 !+ 3' 10"
1
7

1987
 Ireland
Roche, StephenStephen Roche
Carrera Jeans–Vagabond
4,231 km (2,629 mi)
115 !115h 27' 42"
00040 !+ 40"
1
3

1988
 Spain
Delgado, PedroPedro Delgado
Reynolds
3,286 km (2,042 mi)
084 !84h 27' 53"
00713 !+ 7' 13"
1
11

1989
 United States
LeMond, GregGreg LeMond
AD Renting–W-Cup–Bottecchia
3,285 km (2,041 mi)
087 !87h 38' 35"
00008 !+ 8"
3
8

1990
 United States
LeMond, GregGreg LeMond
Z–Tomasso
3,504 km (2,177 mi)
090 !90h 43' 20"
00216 !+ 2' 16"
0
2

1991
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,914 km (2,432 mi)
101 !101h 01' 20"
00336 !+ 3' 36"
2
10

1992
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,983 km (2,475 mi)
100 !100h 49' 30"
00435 !+ 4' 35"
3
10

1993
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,714 km (2,308 mi)
095 !95h 57' 09"
00459 !+ 4' 59"
2
14

1994
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,978 km (2,472 mi)
103 !103h 38' 38"
00539 !+ 5' 39"
1
13

1995
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,635 km (2,259 mi)
092 !92h 44' 59"
00435 !+ 4' 35"
2
13

1996
 Denmark
Riis, BjarneBjarne Riis[A]
Team Telekom
3,765 km (2,339 mi)
095 !95h 57' 16"
00141 !+ 1' 41"
2
13

1997
 Germany
Ullrich, JanJan Ullrich#
Team Telekom
3,950 km (2,450 mi)
100 !100h 30' 35"
00909 !+ 9' 09"
2
12

1998
 Italy
Pantani, MarcoMarco Pantani
Mercatone Uno–Bianchi
3,875 km (2,408 mi)
092 !92h 49' 46"
00321 !+ 3' 21"
2
7

1999[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,687 km (2,291 mi)
091 !91h 32' 16"
00737 !+ 7' 37"
4
15

2000[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,662 km (2,275 mi)
092 !92h 33' 08"
00602 !+ 6' 02"
1
12

2001[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,458 km (2,149 mi)
086 !86h 17' 28"
00644 !+ 6' 44"
4
8

2002[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,272 km (2,033 mi)
082 !82h 05' 12"
00717 !+ 7' 17"
4
11

2003[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,427 km (2,129 mi)
083 !83h 41' 12"
00101 !+ 1' 01"
1
13

2004[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,391 km (2,107 mi)
083 !83h 36' 02"
00619 !+ 6' 19"
5
7

2005[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
Discovery Channel
3,593 km (2,233 mi)
086 !86h 15' 02"
00440 !+ 4' 40"
1
17

2006
 Spain
Landis, FloydFloyd Landis Pereiro, ÓscarÓscar Pereiro[C]
Caisse d'Epargne–Illes Balears
3,657 km (2,272 mi)
089 !89h 40' 27"
00032 !+ 32"
0
8

2007
 Spain
Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador#
Discovery Channel
3,570 km (2,220 mi)
091 !91h 00' 26"
00023 !+ 23"
1
4

2008
 Spain
Sastre, CarlosCarlos Sastre*
Team CSC
3,559 km (2,211 mi)
087 !87h 52' 52"
00058 !+ 58"
1
5

2009
 Spain
Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador
Astana
3,459 km (2,149 mi)
085 !85h 48' 35"
00411 !+ 4' 11"
2
7

2010
 Luxembourg
Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador Schleck, AndyAndy Schleck#[D]
Team Saxo Bank
3,642 km (2,263 mi)
091 !91h 59' 27"
00122 !+ 1' 22"
2
12

2011
 Australia
Evans, CadelCadel Evans
BMC Racing Team
3,430 km (2,130 mi)
086 !86h 12' 22"
00134 !+ 1' 34"
1
2

2012
 Great Britain
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
Team Sky
3,496 km (2,172 mi)
087 !87h 34' 47"
00321 !+ 3' 21"
2
14

2013
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome
Team Sky
3,404 km (2,115 mi)
083 !83h 56' 20"
00420 !+ 4' 20"
3
14

2014
 Italy
Nibali, VincenzoVincenzo Nibali
Astana
3,660.5 km (2,274.5 mi)
089 !89h 59' 06"
00737 !+ 7' 37"
4
19

2015
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome*
Team Sky
3,360.3 km (2,088.0 mi)
084 !84h 46' 14"
00112 !+ 1' 12"
1
16

2016
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome
Team Sky
3,529 km (2,193 mi)
089 !89h 04' 48"
00405 !+ 4' 05"
2
14

2017
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome
Team Sky
3,540 km (2,200 mi)
086 !86h 20' 55"
00054 !+ 54"
0
15

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions. Since the retirement of twice winner Alberto Contador in 2017, the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome, currently with 4 wins. Contador had originally won three Tours, but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation[D].

text: Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences. Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated (as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador) to the second placed rider in each race, Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins. However, the race organisers ASO have decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years, in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation. Ullrich, therefore, has a single Tour victory to his name.

text:
Multiple winners of the Tour de France general classification

Cyclist
Total
Years

 Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil (FRA)
5
1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964

 Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx (BEL)
5
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974

 Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault (FRA)
5
1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985

 Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain (ESP)
5
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995

 Froome, ChrisChris Froome (GBR)
4
2013, 2015, 2016, 2017

 Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys (BEL)
3
1913, 1914, 1920

 Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet (FRA)
3
1953, 1954, 1955

 LeMond, GregGreg LeMond (USA)
3
1986, 1989, 1990

 Petit-Breton, LucienLucien Petit-Breton (FRA)
2
1907, 1908

 Lambot, FirminFirmin Lambot (BEL)
2
1919, 1922

 Bottecchia, OttavioOttavio Bottecchia (ITA)
2
1924, 1925

 Frantz, NicolasNicolas Frantz (LUX)
2
1927, 1928

 Leducq, AndréAndré Leducq (FRA)
2
1930, 1932

 Magne, AntoninAntonin Magne (FRA)
2
1931, 1934

 Maes, SylvèreSylvère Maes (BEL)
2
1936, 1939

 Bartali, GinoGino Bartali (ITA)
2
1938, 1948

 Coppi, FaustoFausto Coppi (ITA)
2
1949, 1952

 Thévenet, BernardBernard Thévenet (FRA)
2
1975, 1977

 Fignon, LaurentLaurent Fignon (FRA)
2
1983, 1984

 Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador (ESP)[D]
2
2007, 2009

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Tour de France general classification winners by nationality

Country
No. of winning cyclists
No. of wins

 France
23
36

 Belgium
10
18

 Spain[D]
7
12

 Italy
7
10

 Luxembourg
4
5

 Great Britain
2
5

 United States[B][C]
1
3

 Netherlands
2
2

  Switzerland
2
2

 Denmark
1
1

 Germany
1
1

 Ireland
1
1

 Australia
1
1

text: Footnotes[edit]

text: A. ^ Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France. The organizers of the Tour de France have stated that they no longer consider him to be the winner, although Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status due to the amount of time passed since his win. Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris.[28]

text: B. a b c d e f g h Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven consecutive Tours from 1999 to 2005. However, in October 2012 he was stripped of all titles by the UCI due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had previously declared that if this happened, there would be no alternate winners for those years, but this has not yet been made official.[29]

text: C. a b Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour, but subsequently was found to have tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race. The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and stripped him of his title on 20 September 2007.[30]

text: D. a b c Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour, but subsequently was found to have tested positive for the prohibited substance Clenbuterol on a rest day. The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and stripped him of his title on 6 February 2012.[31]

text: E. ^ Henri Cornet was declared the winner after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating.


document_title: Elasticity (physics)

question_text: who discovered the law of elastic properties of matter

root

text: Elasticity (physics)

text: Overview[edit]

text: When an elastic material is deformed due to an external force, it experiences internal resistance to the deformation and restores it to its original state if the external force is no longer applied. There are various elastic moduli, such as Young's modulus, the shear modulus, and the bulk modulus, all of which are measures of the inherent elastic properties of a material as a resistance to deformation under an applied load. The various moduli apply to different kinds of deformation. For instance, Young's modulus applies to extension/compression of a body, whereas the shear modulus applies to its shear.[1]

tag: p

text: The elasticity of materials is described by a stress–strain curve, which shows the relation between stress (the average restorative internal force per unit area) and strain (the relative deformation).[2] The curve is generally nonlinear, but it can (by use of a Taylor series) be approximated as linear for sufficiently small deformations (in which higher-order terms are negligible). If the material is isotropic, the linearized stress–strain relationship is called Hooke's law, which is often presumed to apply up to the elastic limit for most metals or crystalline materials whereas nonlinear elasticity is generally required to model large deformations of rubbery materials even in the elastic range. For even higher stresses, materials exhibit plastic behavior, that is, they deform irreversibly and do not return to their original shape after stress is no longer applied.[3] For rubber-like materials such as elastomers, the slope of the stress–strain curve increases with stress, meaning that rubbers progressively become more difficult to stretch, while for most metals, the gradient decreases at very high stresses, meaning that they progressively become easier to stretch.[4] Elasticity is not exhibited only by solids; non-Newtonian fluids, such as viscoelastic fluids, will also exhibit elasticity in certain conditions quantified by the Deborah number. In response to a small, rapidly applied and removed strain, these fluids may deform and then return to their original shape. Under larger strains, or strains applied for longer periods of time, these fluids may start to flow like a viscous liquid.

text: Because the elasticity of a material is described in terms of a stress–strain relation, it is essential that the terms stress and strain be defined without ambiguity.  Typically, two types of relation are considered.  The first type deals with materials that are elastic only for small strains.  The second deals with materials that are not limited to small strains.  Clearly, the second type of relation is more general in the sense that it must include the first type as a special case.

text: For small strains, the measure of stress that is used is the Cauchy stress while the measure of strain that is used is the infinitesimal strain tensor; the resulting (predicted) material behavior is termed linear elasticity, which (for isotropic media) is called the generalized Hooke's law. Cauchy elastic materials and hypoelastic materials are models that extend Hooke's law to allow for the possibility of large rotations, large distortions, and intrinsic or induced anisotropy.

text: For more general situations, any of a number of stress measures can be used, and it generally desired (but not required) that the elastic stress–strain relation be phrased in terms of a finite strain measure that is work conjugate to the selected stress measure, i.e., the time integral of the inner product of the stress measure with the rate of the strain measure should be equal to the change in internal energy for any adiabatic process that remains below the elastic limit.

text: Linear elasticity[edit]

text: As noted above, for small deformations, most elastic materials such as springs exhibit linear elasticity and can be described by a linear relation between the stress and strain. This relationship is known as Hooke's law.  A geometry-dependent version of the idea[5] was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin anagram, "ceiiinosssttuv". He published the answer in 1678: "Ut tensio, sic vis" meaning "As the extension, so the force",[6][7][8] a linear relationship commonly referred to as Hooke's law. This law can be stated as a relationship between tensile force F and corresponding extension displacement x,

text:
where k is a constant known as the rate or spring constant. It can also be stated as a relationship between stress σ and strain

ε

{\displaystyle \varepsilon }

:

text: where E Is known as the elastic modulus or Young's modulus.

text: Although the general proportionality constant between stress and strain in three dimensions is a 4th-order tensor called stiffness, systems that exhibit symmetry, such as a one-dimensional rod, can often be reduced to applications of Hooke's law.

text: Finite elasticity[edit]

text: The elastic behavior of objects that undergo finite deformations has been described using a number of models, such as Cauchy elastic material models, Hypoelastic material models, and Hyperelastic material models. The deformation gradient (F) is the primary deformation measure used in finite strain theory.

text: Cauchy elastic materials[edit]

text: A material is said to be Cauchy-elastic if the Cauchy stress tensor σ is a function of the deformation gradient F alone:

text: It is generally incorrect to state that Cauchy stress is a function of merely a strain tensor, as such a model lacks crucial information about material rotation needed to produce correct results for an anisotropic medium subjected to vertical extension in comparison to the same extension applied horizontally and then subjected to a 90-degree rotation; both these deformations have the same spatial strain tensors yet must produce different values of the Cauchy stress tensor.

text: Even though the stress in a Cauchy-elastic material depends only on the state of deformation, the work done by stresses might depend on the path of deformation. Therefore, Cauchy elasticity includes non-conservative "non-hyperelastic" models (in which work of deformation is path dependent) as well as conservative "hyperelastic material" models (for which stress can be derived from a scalar "elastic potential" function).

text: Hypoelastic materials[edit]

text: A hypoelastic material can be rigorously defined as one that is modeled using a constitutive equation satisfying the following two criteria:[9]

text:
1. The Cauchy stress

σ

{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}

 at time

t

{\displaystyle t}

 depends only on the order in which the body has occupied its past configurations, but not on the time rate at which these past configurations were traversed. As a special case, this criterion includes a Cauchy elastic material, for which the current stress depends only on the current configuration rather than the history of past configurations.

text:
2. There is a tensor-valued function

G

{\displaystyle G}

 such that

σ
˙

=
G
(

σ

,

L

)

,

{\displaystyle {\dot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}=G({\boldsymbol {\sigma }},{\boldsymbol {L}})\,,}

in which

σ
˙

{\displaystyle {\dot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}}

 is the material rate of the Cauchy stress tensor, and

L

{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {L}}}

 is the spatial velocity gradient tensor.

text: If only these two original criteria are used to define hypoelasticity, then hyperelasticity would be included as a special case, which prompts some constitutive modelers to append a third criterion that specifically requires a hypoelastic model to not be hyperelastic (i.e., hypoelasticity implies that stress is not derivable from an energy potential). If this third criterion is adopted, it follows that a hypoelastic material might admit nonconservative adiabatic loading paths that start and end with the same deformation gradient but do not start and end at the same internal energy.

text:
Note that the second criterion requires only that the function

G

{\displaystyle G}

 exists. As detailed in the main Hypoelastic material article, specific formulations of hypoelastic models typically employ so-called objective rates so that the

G

{\displaystyle G}

 function exists only implicitly and is typically needed explicitly only for numerical stress updates performed via direct integration of the actual (not objective) stress rate.

text: Hyperelastic materials[edit]

text: Hyperelastic materials (also called Green elastic materials) are conservative models that are derived from a strain energy density function (W).  A model is hyperelastic if and only if it is possible to express the Cauchy stress tensor as a function of the deformation gradient via a relationship of the form

text:
This formulation takes the energy potential (W) as a function of the deformation gradient (

F

{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}}

). By also requiring satisfaction of Objectivity, the energy potential may be alternatively regarded as a function of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor (

C

:=

F

T

F

{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {C}}:={\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}{\boldsymbol {F}}}

), in which case the hyperelastic model may be written alternatively as

text: Applications[edit]

text: Linear elasticity is used widely in the design and analysis of structures such as beams, plates and shells, and sandwich composites.  This theory is also the basis of much of fracture mechanics.

text: Hyperelasticity is primarily used to determine the response of elastomer-based objects such as gaskets and of biological materials such as soft tissues and cell membranes.

text: Factors affecting elasticity[edit]

text: For isotropic materials, the presence of fractures affects the Young and the shear moduli perpendicular to the planes of the cracks, which decrease (Young's modulus faster than the shear modulus) as the fracture density increases,[10] indicating that the presence of cracks makes bodies brittler. Microscopically, the stress–strain relationship of materials is in general governed by the Helmholtz free energy, a thermodynamic quantity. Molecules settle in the configuration which minimizes the free energy, subject to constraints derived from their structure, and, depending on whether the energy or the entropy term dominates the free energy, materials can broadly be classified as energy-elastic and entropy-elastic. As such, microscopic factors affecting the free energy, such as the equilibrium distance between molecules, can affect the elasticity of materials: for instance, in inorganic materials, as the equilibrium distance between molecules at 0 K increases, the bulk modulus decreases.[11] The effect of temperature on elasticity is difficult to isolate, because there are numerous factors affecting it. For instance, the bulk modulus of a material is dependent on the form of its lattice, its behavior under expansion, as well as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are dependent on temperature.[12]


document_title: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions

question_text: who won the ncaa basketball championship the last 5 years

text: Championship games[edit]

text:
Legend for "Championship games" table below

Indicator
Meaning

*
Game was decided in an overtime period

Game was decided in a third overtime period

Score
Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game, when available

Year
Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament

text:
Championship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues

Year
Winning team
Winning head coach
Score
Losing team
Losing head coach
Venue
City
Ref.

1939
Oregon
Hobson, HowardHoward Hobson
046.3 !46–33
Ohio State
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
Patten Gymnasium
Evanston, Illinois
[17]

1940
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
060.3 !60–42
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[18]

1941
Wisconsin
Foster, BudBud Foster
039 !39–34
Washington State
Friel, JackJack Friel
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[19]

1942
Stanford
Dean, EverettEverett Dean
053.2 !53–38
Dartmouth
Cowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[20]

1943
Wyoming
Shelton, EverettEverett Shelton
046.2 !46–34
Georgetown
Ripley, ElmerElmer Ripley
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[21]

1944
Utah
Peterson, VadalVadal Peterson
042 !42–40*
Dartmouth
Brown, EarlEarl Brown
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[22][23]

1945
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
049 !49–45
NYU
Cann, HowardHoward Cann
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[24]

1946
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
043 !43–40
North Carolina
Carnevale, BenBen Carnevale
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[25]

1947
Holy Cross
Julian, DoggieDoggie Julian
058.1 !58–47
Oklahoma
Drake, BruceBruce Drake
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[26]

1948
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
058.2 !58–42
Baylor
Henderson, BillBill Henderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[27]

1949
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
046.1 !46–36
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[28]

1950
CCNY
Holman, NatNat Holman
071.2 !71–68
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[29]

1951
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
068.3 !68–58
Kansas State
Gardner, JackJack Gardner
Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[30]

1952
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
080.3 !80–63
St. John's
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[31]

1953
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
069 !69–68
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[32]

1954
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
092.2 !92–76
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[33]

1955
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
077.3 !77–63
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[34]

1956
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
083.2 !83–71
Iowa
O'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor
McGaw Hall
Evanston, Illinois
[35]

1957
North Carolina
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
054.1 !54–53
Kansas
Harp, DickDick Harp
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[36]

1958
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
084.3 !84–72
Seattle
Castellani, JohnJohn Castellani
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[37]

1959
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
071.1 !71–70
West Virginia
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[38]

1960
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
075.4 !75–55
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
[39][40]

1961
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
070 !70–65*
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[41]

1962
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
071.4 !71–59
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[42]

1963
Loyola Chicago
Ireland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland
060.1 !60–58*
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[43]

1964
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
098 !98–83
Duke
Bubas, VicVic Bubas
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[44]

1965
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
091 !91–80
Michigan
Strack, DaveDave Strack
Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon
[45]

1966
Texas Western
Haskins, DonDon Haskins
072.2 !72–65
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[46]

1967
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
079 !79–64
Dayton
Donoher, DonDon Donoher
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[47]

1968
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
078.2 !78–55
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[48]

1969
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.3 !92–72
Purdue
King, GeorgeGeorge King
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[49]

1970
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
080.2 !80–69
Jacksonville
Williams, JoeJoe Williams
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[50]

1971
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
068.2 !68–62
Villanova[a]
Kraft, JackJack Kraft
Astrodome
Houston, Texas
[51]

1972
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
081.2 !81–76
Florida State
Durham, HughHugh Durham
Memorial Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[52]

1973
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
087 !87–66
Memphis State
Bartow, GeneGene Bartow
St. Louis Arena
St. Louis, Missouri
[53]

1974
North Carolina State
Sloan, NormNorm Sloan
076.3 !76–64
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
[54]

1975
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.1 !92–85
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
[55]

1976
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
086 !86–68
Michigan
Orr, JohnnyJohnny Orr
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[56]

1977
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
067 !67–59
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
[57]

1978
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
094 !94–88
Duke
Foster, BillBill Foster
The Checkerdome
St. Louis, Missouri
[58]

1979
Michigan State
Heathcote, JudJud Heathcote
075.3 !75–64
Indiana State
Hodges, BillBill Hodges
Special Events Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
[59]

1980
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
059 !59–54
UCLA[a]
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
Market Square Arena
Indianapolis, Indiana
[60]

1981
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
063.2 !63–50
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[61]

1982
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
063.1 !63–62
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[62]

1983
North Carolina State
Valvano, JimJim Valvano
054.2 !54–52
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
University Arena
Albuquerque, New Mexico
[63]

1984
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
084.2 !84–75
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[64]

1985
Villanova
Massimino, RollieRollie Massimino
066 !66–64
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Rupp Arena
Lexington, Kentucky
[65]

1986
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
072.1 !72–69
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
[66]

1987
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
074 !74–73
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[67]

1988
Kansas
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
083.1 !83–79
Oklahoma
Tubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
[68]

1989
Michigan
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
080.1 !80–79*
Seton Hall
Carlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[69]

1990
UNLV
Tarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian
103 !103–73
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
McNichols Sports Arena
Denver, Colorado
[70]

1991
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
072.2 !72–65
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[71]

1992
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
071.5 !71–51
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[72]

1993
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
077.2 !77–71
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[73]

1994
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
076.1 !76–72
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
[74]

1995
UCLA
Harrick, JimJim Harrick
089.1 !89–78
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[75]

1996
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
076.2 !76–67
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
[76]

1997
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
084.1 !84–79*
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[77]

1998
Kentucky
Smith, TubbyTubby Smith
078.1 !78–69
Utah
Majerus, RickRick Majerus
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[78]

1999
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
077.1 !77–74
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Tropicana Field
St. Petersburg, Florida
[79]

2000
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
089.2 !89–76
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[80]

2001
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
082.3 !82–72
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[81]

2002
Maryland
Williams, GaryGary Williams
064 !64–52
Indiana
Davis, MikeMike Davis
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[82]

2003
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
081.1 !81–78
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[83]

2004
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
082.2 !82–73
Georgia Tech
Hewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[84]

2005
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
075.1 !75–70
Illinois
Weber, BruceBruce Weber
Edward Jones Dome
St. Louis, Missouri
[85]

2006
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
073 !73–57
UCLA
Howland, BenBen Howland
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[86]

2007
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
084.2 !84–75
Ohio State
Matta, ThadThad Matta
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[87]

2008
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
075.2 !75–68*
Memphis[a]
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[88]

2009
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
089.3 !89–72
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan
[89]

2010
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
061 !61–59
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[90]

2011
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
053.1 !53–41
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Reliant Stadium
Houston, Texas
[91]

2012
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
067.1 !67–59
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[92]

2013
Louisville[a]
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
067.1 !82–76
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[93]

2014
Connecticut
Ollie, KevinKevin Ollie
060.2 !60–54
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
[94]

2015
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
068.1 !68–63
Wisconsin
Ryan, BoBo Ryan
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[95]

2016
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !77–74
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
NRG Stadium
Houston, Texas
[96]

2017
North Carolina
Roy Williams
071.3 !71–65
Gonzaga
Mark Few
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
[97]

2018
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !79–62
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[98]

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Teams with multiple championships

Team
Wins
Years won

UCLA
11
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

Kentucky
8
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1996, 1998, 2012

North Carolina
6
1957, 1982, 1993, 2005, 2009, 2017

Duke
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Villanova
3
1985, 2016, 2018

Louisville
2
1980, 1986, 2013[c]

Michigan State
2
1979, 2000

Cincinnati
2
1961, 1962

Florida
2
2006, 2007

North Carolina State
2
1974, 1983

Oklahoma State[b]
2
1945, 1946

San Francisco
2
1955, 1956

text:
Coaches with multiple championships

Team
Wins
Years won

Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
10
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975

Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
4
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958

Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
3
1999, 2004, 2011

Knight, BobBob Knight
3
1976, 1981, 1987

Williams, RoyRoy Williams
3
2005, 2009, 2017

Crum, DennyDenny Crum
2
1980, 1986

Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
2
2006, 2007

Iba, HenryHenry Iba
2
1945, 1946

Jucker, EdEd Jucker
2
1961, 1962

McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
2
1940, 1953

Smith, DeanDean Smith
2
1982, 1993

Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
2
1955, 1956

Wright, JayJay Wright
2
2016, 2018

text: Champions by conference status[edit]

text: Champions by conference at the time of tournaments[edit]

text:
Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference (1915–current)
15
1939, 1942, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[17][38][99][100][101]

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference (1953–current)
14
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
[102][103][104][105][106]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference (1932–current)
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference (1896–current)
10
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000
[118]

Big East Conference !Big East Conference (1979–current)
8
1984, 1985, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2013,[c] 2016, 2018
[93][119][120][121][122]

Independents
6
1944, 1947, 1954, 1963, 1966, 1977
[46][123][124][125][126][127]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference (1907–current)
4
1945, 1946, 1961, 1962
[128][129][130][131]

Big Eight Conference !Big 8 Conference (1907–1996)
2
1952, 1988
[31][68]

Metro Conference !Metro Conference (1975–1995)
2
1980, 1986
[132]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference (1952–current)
2
1955, 1956
[133]

American Athletic Conference !American Athletic Conference (2014–current)
1
2014
[94]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference (1994–current)
1
2008
[134]

Big West Conference !Big West Conference (1969–current)
1
1990
[135]

Metropolitan New York Conference !Metropolitan New York Conference (1933–1963)
1
1950
[136]

Mountain States Conference !Mountain States Conference (1938–1962)
1
1943
[137]

text: Championships by current conference membership[edit]

text:
Championships by current conference membership

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference
16
1957, 1974, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2013,[c] 2015, 2017
[138][139]

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference
16
1939, 1942, 1944, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[140][141]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[142]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference
11
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000, 2002
[143]

American Athletic Conference
6
1961, 1962, 1999, 2004, 2011, 2014
[144][145][146]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference
5
1945, 1946, 1952, 1988, 2008
[147][148][149]

Big East Conference
5
1977, 1984, 1985, 2016, 2018
[122][150][151]

Mountain West Conference !Mountain West Conference
2
1943, 1990
[152][153]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference
2
1955, 1956
[154]

Atlantic 10 Conference !Atlantic 10 Conference
1
1954
[155]

City University of New York Athletic Conference !City University of New York Athletic Conference
1
1950
[156]

Conference USA !Conference USA
1
1966
[157]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference
1
1963
[158]

Patriot League !Patriot League
1
1947
[159]

text: Championships by state[edit]

text:
Championships by state

State
Wins
Years won

California
15
1942, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

North Carolina
13
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017

Kentucky
10
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1996, 1998, 2012, 2013[c]

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Pennsylvania
4
1954, 1985, 2016, 2018

Ohio
3
1960, 1961, 1962

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Michigan
3
1979, 1989, 2000

Oklahoma
2
1945, 1946

Wisconsin
2
1941, 1977

New York
2
1950, 2003

Florida
2
2006, 2007

Oregon
1
1939

Wyoming
1
1943

Utah
1
1944

Massachusetts
1
1947

Illinois
1
1963

Texas
1
1966

Washington, D.C.
1
1984

Nevada
1
1990

Arkansas
1
1994

Arizona
1
1997

Maryland
1
2002

text: Indicates vacated by NCAA