document_title: Kyle Rayner

question_text: who wore all the lantern rings at once

question_tokens: who wore all the lantern rings at once

text: Kyle Rayner

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Created by writer Ron Marz and artist Darryl Banks, Kyle Rayner first appeared in Green Lantern vol. 3, #48 (1994), as part of the "Emerald Twilight" storyline, in which DC Comics replaced Green Lantern Hal Jordan with Rayner, who was the sole Green Lantern for years until the late 1990s. He was DC's star Green Lantern into the mid-2000s. During this period he was also briefly known as Ion.[3]

text: Following Jordan’s return to Green Lantern status in the 2004–2005 limited series Green Lantern: Rebirth, and the 2005 crossover storyline "Infinite Crisis", Rayner returned to his alias of Ion. After the events of the "Sinestro Corps War", Rayner returned to his original role as a Green Lantern officer, along with a promotion to Honor Guard Illustres of the Corps. Later on, he becomes a White Lantern following the mastery of all seven lantern rings.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: The last Green Lantern[edit]

text: Before he acquired a Green Lantern power ring, Kyle Rayner was a struggling-but-gifted freelance graphic artist who was raised in North Hollywood and lived and worked in Los Angeles. Kyle was raised by his mother as an only child; his father abandoned his mother when she was pregnant. It was later revealed that his father was a Mexican-American CIA agent named Gabriel Vasquez and that Aaron Rayner was merely an alias. Kyle and his mother lived a very modest lifestyle until he reached adulthood. After Hal Jordan, grief-stricken over the destruction of his home town of Coast City, went on a mad rampage killing various members of the Green Lantern Corps and the Guardians of the Universe, Rayner was found by the last surviving Guardian of the Universe, Ganthet. Ganthet gave Kyle the last working Green Lantern power ring that would allow him to conjure any form of matter or energy through sheer force of will.[3] Ganthet's reasons for choosing Kyle to bear the ring have never been made completely apparent, aside from Rayner having been in the right place at the right time: prior to bequeathing the ring upon Rayner, Ganthet simply utters, "You will have to do." Ganthet later revealed that humans make great Green Lanterns (before Hal Jordan's mental breakdown he was the Corps' greatest Green Lantern, and John Stewart became the first mortal Guardian of the Universe). Several sources, however, imply that Ganthet was following a deeper reason: Kyle Rayner was not chosen because he was fearless but because he was able to feel and overcome fear,[4][5] thus making him, and all the future Lanterns, less susceptible to Parallax's influence. The New Guardians retelling goes so far as to replace the scowling "You will have to do" with a smiling "It would seem I chose well."

text: At first Kyle took possession of the ring very lightly. His girlfriend, Alexandra DeWitt, encouraged him to be more responsible, create his own version of the Green Lantern uniform, and helped him train for his new role as a superhero, but she was later murdered and stuffed in a refrigerator by the supervillain Major Force.[6] The guilt over this event drove Rayner to take his role more seriously, and as a result he strove to be the best Green Lantern he could be in honoring of Alex's memory. Rayner then moved to New York City since Los Angeles reminded him of Alex and he needed a fresh start.

text: Rayner grew up enamored with Superman and Batman, though he had only a passing knowledge of Earth's various Green Lanterns. This soon changed, and he found that the Green Lantern ring was the ultimate expression of his fertile imagination. While in battle, he often used the ring's power to create constructs of just about anything his artistic mind could imagine: other superheroes, anime characters, mystical characters, mechas, futuristic weapons, and original characters from his comic books. While other members of the Green Lantern Corps questioned the practicality of those constructs, they often made Rayner an unpredictable and formidable opponent.[citation needed]

text: Justice League[edit]

text: After relocating to New York City, Rayner joined the superhero group the Titans for a brief time, during which he dated Donna Troy, but eventually became a member of the Justice League (JLA).[7] He initially clashed with the Flash (Wally West) early in his career. West had worked with Jordan since childhood and had reservations about Kyle as the new Green Lantern, but he eventually became one of Rayner's best friends and biggest supporters. Surprisingly, another of Kyle's biggest supporters amongst the League was Batman, who often treated him with more respect than he showed certain other League members (including his predecessors as Green Lantern—Jordan, Gardner, and Stewart), most likely due to the fact that Kyle was willing to learn from others where other Lanterns focused on their rings and pre-existing skills. Rayner also entered a romantic relationship with Jade and formed friendships with the Golden Age Green Lantern (Jade's father, Alan Scott), Green Arrow (Connor Hawke), Arsenal (Roy Harper), Warrior (Guy Gardner), and John Stewart (who at the time was a former Green Lantern).

text: During his superhero career Rayner accumulated a rogues gallery that included characters from his predecessors' pasts such as Dr. Polaris and Dr. Light.

text: Oblivion[edit]

text: During the Fifth-week event "Circle of Fire", it is discovered that a cosmic entity named Oblivion is coming to Earth after he attacked the planet Rann. This shocked Rayner because the villain is strikingly identical to the character of a story Rayner made when he was seven during his period of struggling with his fear and anger of growing up without a father, as a nemesis to the adventurer the Cannoneer. The Justice League tries to stop Oblivion, and during the battle, Kyle is sent back to Earth to get reinforcements, but the League is captured. On Earth, Kyle recruits Power Girl, the Atom, Firestorm, Adam Strange, and the Circle of Fire — a group of Green Lanterns from alternate realities and different time periods. The Circle of Fire consists of Rayner's late girlfriend Alexandra DeWitt from an alternate timeline (where she had received the power ring instead of Rayner); Hunter and Forest Rayner, cousins descended from Rayner who share one power ring; Ali Rayner-West, Green Lightning, a future descendant of Wally West and Kyle Rayner who possesses both the Flash and Green Lantern's powers but could only use one of those powers at a time; a reprogrammed Manhunter robot model G.L.7177.6; and Pel Tavin, the Emerald Knight, a Daxamite Green Lantern from the Middle Ages.

text: Finding himself in a role as a leader, Rayner split this group up to handle different crises caused by Oblivion, or in some cases to search for a way to defeat him. Eventually, in a confrontation, Oblivion reveals that he is a distillation of Rayner's doubts and darker impulses, made manifest through the power of the ring. The villain also reveals that Rayner has subconsciously created the Circle of Fire based on his positive aspects because he needed help; Alex is an embodiment of Rayner's capability for love, while Tavin represents his bravery, Ali represents hope, G.L.7177.6 represents logic, and Hunter and Forest represent his imagination. When they realize this, they decide that the created Green Lanterns should return to Rayner's mind. Doing so allows him to unlock more powers from the ring that had been previously unavailable to him and also discovers an inner strength he never knew he possesses after his positive aspects return to him. Facing up to this, Rayner is able to defeat Oblivion in New York City, imprison the entity within his own mind, and free the Justice League.

text: Ion[edit]

text: For a brief period, Rayner achieved godhood as Ion[3] after absorbing the energy Hal Jordan had left in Earth's Sun during "The Final Night" storyline, which had merged and grown with energies released after Oblivion's defeat. With his new powers, Rayner could bend time, space and reality, allowing himself, for example, to be in many places at once. The drawback of being one with everything was that Rayner could no longer sleep or separate himself from the overwhelming responsibilities these abilities imposed upon him. Rather than sacrifice his humanity, Rayner abandoned omnipotence, bleeding off the vast power, recharging the Central Power Battery on the Guardians' home planet and headquarters, Oa, and helping to create a new group of Guardians in the process.[3][8] Before he purged all of the power, though, he modified his ring and conjured a new Corps uniform to reflect his new maturity. Once again limited only by his willpower and imagination, Rayner's ring could still affect yellow and would always harbor a lifeline of power without a time limit on its power, is keyed directly to him, and would always return to him, though it still required charging to reach full power.

text: After the brutal gay bashing of his young assistant and friend Terry Berg, Rayner went on a lengthy self-imposed exile into space. Before leaving, he placed John Stewart, recently recovered from his paraplegia and given a new power ring, into his spot in the Justice League. On his return, he discovered that Jade had begun seeing someone new and was doing so in his own apartment. He left New York and spent some time trying once again to find his place on Earth and ended up staying with his mother for a brief time.

text: Green Lantern: Rebirth[edit]

text: After being tricked into believing his mother had been murdered by Major Force, Rayner fights with the villain, eventually dealing with the immortal by decapitating him and shooting his head into space.[9] Feeling that he is a danger to those he cares for, Rayner once again leaves for the far reaches of space. During the events of the miniseries Green Lantern: Rebirth, he returns with Jordan's corpse and the discovery of the true nature of Parallax, which is revealed to actually be an alien parasitic entity, the non-corporeal embodiment of fear, that possessed Jordan and committed crimes in his name. Subsequent to this, Rayner is given special status amongst the Guardians, who consider him the "Torch-Bearer", the Green Lantern who carried the legacy through the Corps' darkest period.[10]

text: Infinite Crisis and the Return of Ion[edit]

text: In Infinite Crisis, Alexander Luthor reveals that had the Multiverse continued to exist if the event of Crisis on Infinite Earths hadn't occurred, Rayner would have been a native of Earth-Eight.[11] When Jade dies during the Infinite Crisis Rann/Thanagar War Special, she transfers her power to Rayner, catalyzing his transformation into Ion.[12]

text: In the series Ion: Guardian of the Universe, Ion seemingly destroys a fleet of starships and violently attacks two Green Lanterns, but Kyle has no memory of the destruction and only learns of his possible role in it after being attacked by a bounty hunter. Upon visiting the fleet's wreckage, Rayner loses control and finds himself near the sentient planet Mogo, also a Green Lantern, who uses his Lantern abilities to help convalescing Lanterns gain insight into their problems through the use of constructs conjured by the Lantern's own subconscious. On Mogo, Rayner converses with images of Alex, Donna, and Jade and fights Major Force. Rayner realizes that as Ion, he is able to channel the green energy of both the Starheart and the Central Power Battery. This new energy is called the "Ion Power".

text: Later, Jordan finds Ion destroying a planet but discovers that this is in fact Alexander Nero, who claims that his connection with Kyle and new powers are the result of a third party's interference. Jordan and Rayner then discover that the Guardians had placed Rayner through these events as a test of whether he could handle his power, in anticipation of their granting him an honored position among Green Lanterns as their Torchbearer, now that he harbors the ability to revive the Corps should it ever be destroyed again. They explain that he will not patrol a sector as other Lanterns do but will be called upon for aid in situations that the Corps cannot handle alone. They also reveal that some unforeseen enemy manipulated Nero, who unleashes a massive amount of energy that Kyle dissipates into what is presumed to be a pocket universe. Rayner later learns that he was hunted by enemies such as Effigy, who was subliminally instructed to attack Rayner by Nero.[13] After clearing his reputation on the planet that was scorched by Nero while using Rayner's identity, Rayner learns his mother is dying of an unknown cause. After being attacked by the Tangent Comics version of the Atom and the Flash, and being transported to the interdimensional realm known as the "Bleed", where he encounters Captain Atom, he returns home to attempt to reanimate his now-dead mother's corpse with newly acquired powers, but after a tearful farewell, she declines resurrection, asking Rayner to allow her to die, a request that the grief-stricken Rayner grants.

text: Sinestro Corps War[edit]

text: Sinestro abducts Rayner from Oa through one of his new yellow power rings. At the Sinestro Corps' base on Qward, he reveals to Kyle that he was responsible for his mother's death and infected her with the sentient virus Despotellis to kill her in a plot to break Rayner's will so that he could serve as Parallax's new host. Sinestro also reveals that Ion is actually a benevolent energy entity, similar to Parallax, that thrives on willpower and that Rayner was unknowingly its current host.

text: The Sinestro Corps confront Kyle, who has his powers drained out of him by Sinestro himself, and is immediately taken over by Parallax. Parallax then clothes itself in a new uniform, which appears as a combination of the Sinestro Corps' uniform, Kyle's original Green Lantern costume, and the armor Hal Jordan wore as Parallax. Parallax's possession also turns the hair on top of Kyle's head gray, just as it turned the hair on Hal Jordan's temples. Parallax returns to Qward with the Sinestro Corps and is inducted into their ranks, becoming one of the Anti-Monitor's heralds.[14]

text: In Kyle's body, Parallax captured Hal Jordan, Guy Gardner, and John Stewart and brought them to Qward. Before bringing them, Parallax made Hal relive the only time he ever experienced fear: when his father died. Parallax also elaborated that since invading Kyle's mind, he now has nearly infinite creativity to call upon in his deeds.[15] During the battle with the Green Lantern Corps, who arrive to Qward to rescue the captured Lanterns, Parallax murders Jack T. Chance and crushes his Power Ring before it can find a replacement.[16] During his fight with the Earth Green Lanterns, Parallax revealed that Kyle Rayner's "twisted desire" was to be the last Green Lantern again and thus "special". He is stopped from murdering Guy Gardner by the intervention of the surviving Lost Lanterns and the Ion entity. The Embodiment of Fear then led an advance group of the Sinestro Corps, readying to attack Coast City. It is also suggested by the Guardians of the Universe that Kyle is no longer destined to be Ion following his being taken over by Parallax.[17]

text: As seen in the one shot Parallax (September 2007) Kyle was trapped within his own mind. He is able to witness all that Parallax says and does from a third person perspective but is unable to stop it. Kyle's personality watches Parallax's actions from inside the prison that his own imagination has constructed: his mother's empty house. The only fixture in the house is an old painting of uncertain origin and authorship that had belonged to Kyle's mother. As Kyle watches Parallax battle Hal Jordan and the Lost Lanterns a manifestation of the fear entity comes to pay him a visit. In the realm of his imagination Kyle is able to "transform" into Ion and engage the parasite in battle. After being blasted back by Parallax and losing his Ion form, Kyle forms a power ring, places it on his finger, and appears in his original costume. Although he puts up a valiant fight, Parallax is too much for him, and Kyle is defeated. Parallax taunts Kyle with his deepest fear: failing the people who depend on him, especially the women in his life. Many of the women in Kyle's life have died or come to harm because of their association with him, and this causes Kyle to struggle with feelings of guilt and responsibility. The latest to die was Kyle's mother, killed by the sentient virus Despotellis on the orders of Sinestro. It was the grief and guilt that this revelation caused Kyle that allowed the Parallax entity to possess him. Sneering, Parallax mocks Kyle's helplessness and turns to depart, but the enraged artist grabs a pencil and stabs the creature in the eye with it. Parallax, unfazed and unhurt, taunts Kyle once more with the hopelessness of his position and disappears. Left alone, Kyle is about to smash the painting in frustration when he notices his mother's signature in the bottom corner and realizes that she secretly painted it years ago. This deep and unexpected connection with his mother gives Kyle hope, the very thing he most needs to overcome his fear. With renewed faith in himself, Kyle walks into the painting and ends up in a field walking toward a bright, green star.[18]

text: Green Lantern again[edit]

text: After threatening Hal's brother and family in Coast City, Parallax is confronted by Hal Jordan, who is enraged by the entity's attempt to take James Jordan's life as well as possession of Kyle. Surprisingly, Jordan actually manages to beat Parallax consistently in fury but loses the charge in his ring before he's able to defeat him completely. While visibly weakened, Jordan becomes absorbed by Parallax in addition to Rayner, and Parallax takes a new physical form with a bright yellow costume, a sign that he is a creature capable of inducing great fear.

text: Meanwhile, fellow Lantern John Stewart orders Honor Guard Lantern Guy Gardner to retrieve the painting (Kyle had discussed the painting in the Sinestro Corps Special, as well as the Tales of the Sinestro Corps: Parallax one-shot) of a little boy in a field, which was hanging in Kyle's dead mother's house. As Guy returns and shows the painting to Parallax, it visibly shifts his demeanor. Jordan, the beacon of green light that had come to Kyle inside his mind, assists Rayner in fighting Parallax exhaustively until they finally break free from the fear embodiment's grip.

text: Just as the now-separated Parallax creature counterattacks the Lanterns, ousted Guardians Ganthet and Sayd arrive with four Lantern Power Batteries, and they proceed to entrap Parallax within them all. Ganthet explains that his final act as a Guardian is to give Rayner his power ring. The Guardian asks Rayner if he is willing to downgrade himself to a regulation Green Lantern after serving as host to Ion for so long. Kyle quickly agrees, and the four officers then take their batteries, recite the oath, and recharge their rings.[19]

text: The four Green Lanterns then split in two directions; Hal returns to Coast City in order prevent it from being destroyed again with Kyle by his side, and John and Guy head to New York City to battle the Anti-Monitor, Superboy-Prime, and the Cyborg Superman. As Hal and Kyle battle Sinestro, Sinestro momentarily gains the upperhand after one of the Manhunters absorbs their power ring's energies. After the Green Lantern Corps defeat the Cyborg Superman, the Manhunters immediately deactivate, with Hal able to take one of the robots' skulls to absorbs Sinestro's power. With three of them powerless, Hal and Kyle immediately engage Sinestro in combat, with the two Lanterns emerging as the victors against the despotic Korugarian.[20]

text: After the war he is assigned to the Honor Guard as Guy Gardner's partner and sent to counsel Sodam Yat, the new Ion.[21] Kyle and Guy decide to move to Oa, giving them better access to performing their duties. Kyle places his mother's painting on the wall of his new Oan apartment.[22] The Ion is now stated as unrelated to the Starheart Power given to him by Jade: Such sudden spike in powers enabled the Guardians to temporarily bond the Ion entity with Kyle. With the loss of the Ion entity, Rayner again has the powers and abilities of a standard Green Lantern.[volume & issue needed]

text: Since his promotion to Honor Guard, Rayner has acted as a troubleshooter for the Corps, participating in actions such as the defeat of Sinestro Corps member Mongul and the capture of Sinestro Corps member Krybb. Following this, Rayner and Lantern Soranik Natu began a romantic relationship.

text: Countdown and beyond[edit]

text: In Countdown, Weeks 49-47, Kyle Rayner is among those "anomalies" listed by the Monitors as being dangerous to the Universe, so he is on their list for termination. Also on the list are Duela Dent, Donna Troy, and Jason Todd.

text: Rayner briefly appears in All-New Atom #15, once again carrying a Green Lantern ring (through his narration, Rayner makes it clear that he is no longer Ion, stating that he "[has] to change [his] business cards"). He now joins Donna Troy, Jason Todd, Bob the Monitor, and the Jokester in the Countdown Presents the Search for Ray Palmer. This story takes place after the events of the "Sinestro Corps War", though it was started while the war was still ongoing in the Green Lantern and Green Lantern Corps series. Rayner's new uniform is an amalgamation of his previous Lantern uniforms and elements of the traditional version, as well as his original mask.[23]

text: When the challengers finally locate Ray Palmer (on Earth-51) Bob attacks him, revealing his acts of assistance to be a ruse.[24] Kyle escapes with Ray, who reveals that it was the deceased Earth-51 Ray Palmer who was meant to stop the great disaster, not him. The two are then attacked by Power Ring and evil versions of Booster Gold and Supergirl.[25][26] While the battle between Monarch and Superboy-Prime rages, the hand of the Source urges the Challengers to go to Apokolips. With the help of Earth-51's Monitor, Nix Uotan, the group manages to leave before Superboy-Prime tears open Monarch's armor, obliterating that entire universe.[27][28]

text: After Darkseid's defeat, Rayner joins Donna, Ray, and Forager in becoming border guards to the Multiverse.[29]

text: Blackest Night[edit]

text: Continuing his duties as a Green Lantern Honor Guard member, Rayner moved to Oa, running a new version of the Warriors Bar with Guy Gardner and continuing his relationship with Soranik Natu, secretly breaking one of the ten new laws in the book of Oa unveiled by the Guardians: No relationships between Green Lanterns.[30][31] He had been involved in the lead-up to "The Blackest Night", being one of the first to deal with a new Star Sapphires member, and fought on Oa after the Guardian Scar caused a mass prison break of Sinestro Corpsmen.[32][33]

text: After the prison break, the Alpha Lanterns were ordered by the Guardians to execute all Sinestro Corps members and all other prisoners. Rayner and Guy opposed this, cautioning the Alphas and the Guardians to avoid the dark path to which such actions would lead, but the Guardians ignored this, reassigning Rayner and Guy to Earth for their opposition to their decree.[34] After briefly returning to Earth, the two Lanterns returned to Oa, encountering an immense swarm of black rings, which reanimated all the deceased Lanterns in Oa's crypts, bringing Kyle face to face with the reanimated corpse of Jade.[35][36] Having learned that these Black Lanterns are not truly the deceased persons they once were but grotesque mockeries, Rayner tries to destroy them, but the false Jade torments Rayner with images of people he has failed in the past.[37] The false Jade is destroyed by Natu.[38]

text: During the Black Lanterns' attack upon the Central Power Battery on Oa, Alpha Lantern Chaselon's internal power battery was breached. Anticipating its detonation, and after professing his love for Natu, Kyle sacrificed himself by grabbing it and using it to destroy as many Black Lanterns as he could.[39] Black rings attempt to resurrect Rayner as a Black Lantern, but they are destroyed by the Corps, Munk of the Indigo Tribe, and Miri Riam of the Star Sapphires, whose power embodies love. Having sensed the love between Kyle and Soranik in jeopardy, she uses her power to connect Kyle's heart to Natu's and restores Rayner to life.[40] Journeying to Earth, Rayner battles a Black Lantern version of Alexandra DeWitt, where he helps defeat the Black Lantern Corps leader, Nekron.[41] In the aftermath, some of the Black Lanterns are restored to life, including Jade.[42]

text: War of the Green Lanterns[edit]

text: When the rogue Guardian Krona attacks Oa, he places Parallax back inside the Central Power Battery, enabling him to control the Green Lanterns through fear. Due to his past experiences with Parallax, Kyle is able to resist the effects but is forced to remove his ring to prevent himself from losing control. Tasked by Ganthet to flee, Kyle and John Stewart make their way into Oa's underground.[43] While there, they encounter Guy and Hal, who has the rings of the other Corps leaders. Kyle, taking Ganthet's earlier declaration that he was putting his "hopes" in him to heart, chooses Saint Walker's ring, while Hal chooses Sinestro's, Guy chooses Atrocitus's, and John chooses Indigo-1's.[44] However, the blue ring has the effect of supercharging the attacking Green Lanterns' rings, severely impeding the Earthmen's defense.[45] While Hal and Guy go to remove Parallax from the Central Power Battery, Kyle and John attempt to free Mogo from Krona's control. On the way, Kyle discovers the blue ring's ability to show a person their greatest hope can free the Lanterns from Krona's control. Unfortunately, it does not work on Mogo, due to the residual Black Lantern energy in his core. Kyle can only watch in horror as John absorbs the Black Lantern energy, along with all the Green Lantern energy, and uses it to destroy Mogo.[46] In the fallout, the two regroup with Hal, Guy, and Ganthet, using the full power of the emotional spectrum to crack open the Battery and release Parallax. Their job done, the Lanterns regain their original green rings, in preparation for the final confrontation with Krona.[47] In the final battle, Hal takes Kyle to the Book of the Black and makes him draw a picture of Sinestro, Carol Ferris, and the others Lanterns trapped in the Book, which effectively frees them from their prison.[48]

text: In the aftermath of the war, Kyle and Soranik are forced to deal with their relationship issues. Kyle talks with Tomar-Tu about his problems with Soranik, but they, along with Soranik, are teleported into an alien world ravaged by Star Sapphire Miri Riam. The Lanterns subdue Miri, who reveals them that she did not kill anyone on the planet and she only damaged property to force Kyle and Soranik to reunite and solve their problems, reminding them of the time when she used her crystal to reveal to them their respective true loves. However, Kyle reveals that when Miri showed him his true love, he saw Jade, not Soranik. He justified himself saying that although Jade was the love of his life, she was dead and he needed to move on. Angered, Soranik breaks up with Kyle, telling him not to enter her sector.[49]

text: The New 52[edit]

text: After the "War of the Green Lanterns", Kyle resumes his functions on Earth, using his signature creative constructs to save construction workers caught in a construction accident. Elsewhere in the universe, red, indigo, violet, and yellow power ring bearers are decommissioned, and their rings set out for Sector 2814 (Earth). After saving the construction workers, the four rings approach Kyle, each claiming him as their new bearer. Confused by the appearance of the rings, Kyle is soon ambushed by the decommissioned bearers' peers, who have tracked the rings to Kyle and have come to retrieve them.[5]

text: As Kyle fights the four lanterns, a blue ring appears, claiming Kyle as its bearer. Soon afterward, Saint Walker appears, having tracked the ring's trajectory, and helps Kyle reach Oa to try to understand what is happening. On their way an orange ring reaches Kyle, with Saint Walker claiming if the orange ring had come to Kyle, and since only one orange ring exists, it means that its former bearer must be dead. On Oa, Kyle tries to talk to Ganthet, only to discover that the Guardians have removed all emotion from him, and Ganthet now acts just like all the other Guardians of the Universe. When the Guardians try to capture Kyle and forcibly discover what turned the Green Lantern into a magnet for the different Corps' rings, the six rings impose themselves on Kyle, turning him into the first entity to bear all seven Lantern Corps' rings.[50] Despite some initial success, Kyle's body is eventually unable to keep up the strain of wielding all of his new rings, with five of the new rings destroyed after a few moments, leaving just the orange ring along with his green ring. Ganthet attempts to remove Kyle's green ring and dismiss him from the Corps, but the ring itself reacts violently to this attempt to remove it. The orange ring is revealed to be a construct of Glomulus, who asks Kyle for help, with the other ring-bearers arriving to either assist or attack Kyle. When the Guardians forcefully strike down the lanterns save for Glomulus, Larfleeze himself shows up and attacks the Guardians.[51] Accompanied by Sayd, Larfleeze attacks the Guardians, but when Kyle hears Sayd imply that there is a way to restore Ganthet to normal, he joins forces with the other ring-wielders and flees the Guardians, essentially resigning from the Corps while retaining his ring. Talking with Larfleeze, they learn that the rings were drawn to Kyle due to the actions of a mysterious space ship that has just entered this universe. Larfleeze sent Glommulus to investigate it since he was able to resist the "compulsion" of the source that tried to remove his ring due to his prolonged contact with it, and the new team resolved to investigate this new threat.[52] When they are attacked by the mysterious and powerful Archangel Invictus, who claims that all who wield the rings are evil, Kyle sends out a message to the other ring-wielders by convincing his ring to tap into his own emotions of hope, fear, and compassion to "tune in" to the appropriate "wavelength".[53] Learning of Invictus's past history with Larfleeze, Kyle is able to trick him into letting the ring-bearers go by claiming that they will kill Larfleeze for him.[54] With his ring low on power, Kyle returns to Earth with Bleez to recharge his ring, Bleez suggesting that Kyle will need protection from the Guardians after his expulsion while retaining his ring.[55] Although he fails to reach the Blue Lanterns in time to save them from the invading Reach,[56] Kyle is able to lead the New Guardians to fight Larfleeze[57] and Invictus, subsequently learning that Sayd was responsible for turning him into a "ring magnet" in the hope that he would be able to bring the seven Corps together to save Ganthet, as both the only person who loved Ganthet as much as her and the only person able to wield all the powers of the emotional spectrum. Despite learning the truth about their origins, the New Guardians split up since they feel that the circumstances of their origin have tainted the team from the beginning regardless of Sayd's motives.[58]

text: Rise of the Third Army[edit]

text: Attempting to track down Hal, Kyle meets Carol Ferris just as they witness a news report about Hal and Sinestro's fight with Black Hand, prompting Carol to re-don her Sapphire ring to help Kyle battle the Black Lanterns, only to find nothing but "conventional" zombies. Although Kyle's ring states that Hal was apparently dead, Carol rejects this idea as the link between her heart and Hal's, which she is aware of although her ring is still intact. Through a vision from her ring, Carol realizes that Kyle must unite the powers of all seven Corps to stop this latest threat, despite Kyle's uncertainty about his ability to channel the powers of rage or avarice even if he has already accessed the powers of hope and fear.[59] Carol is able to contact Atrocitus to help train Kyle to harness the red ring of rage by arguing that Kyle will use that power against the Guardians. He attempts to provoke Kyle's rage by reminding him of the death of his girlfriend Alex after he got the ring, but when this fails, Kyle instead feeling grief rather than anger, he takes Kyle to witness a group of people being threatened and executed in another country, Kyle's anger at this provoking the activation of the red power within him, also turning him disturbingly cold toward the desecration of Alex's grave.[60] Although Arkillo[61] and Larfleeze[62] are able to help him harness the powers of fear and greed, it takes a confrontation with Ganthet to help Kyle harness the power of love since Kyle accepts his refusal to harm Ganthet despite what he has become due to his fatherly regard for Ganthet. With his powers at their peak, Kyle resolves to lead the Guardians in the confrontation against the Third Army.[63]

text: The Wrath of the First Lantern[edit]

text: When the villainous First Lantern is freed, he began to drain all the Lantern Corps of their emotions, minds, and memories of the various beings present with the intention of seeing how their life choices had changed them.[64] Kyle failed to fight off the First Lantern, which also has the powers of the white light and drains his emotions. The First Lantern teleports him back to his old home, leaving him weak.[65] Later, Carol locates Kyle, who resists from his critical weak state, while Kyle and Carol arrive at the planet Korugar's grave when Sinestro rages to attack them, blaming everyone for his home planet being destroyed. Sinestro demands Kyle revive Korugar with the White Lantern ring's abilities, but Kyle is unable to do so. Sinestro flies off vowing to kill the First Lantern, while Kyle and Carol later team-up with Green Lanterns Simon Baz and B'dg.[66]

text: In the final battle, Kyle and the reserve Lantern Corps attack the First Lantern, and he is finally destroyed.[67] Afterwards, Kyle travels to Earth and helps other people with the White Lantern's miracle power on his own. However, he is confronted by Saint Walker, who convinces him that he has to visit his own father, considering that Kyle has not seen him since the First Lantern's attack. Later, Kyle arrives in Arizona and reunites with his father in his filling station.[68]

text: "Lights Out"[edit]

text: After the events of the "Lights Out" storyline, in which Relic destroys Oa and the emotional spectrum, Rayner is believed dead after sacrificing his life to kill Relic. It is later revealed that he is in fact alive, and his survival will not be revealed to the Green Lantern Corps.[69] Soon enough Kyle discovered that when he went past the Source Wall with the purpose to deliver the emotional entities there so that the reservoir could be refilled he also saw the instructions that shape the Universe, and he somehow changed the operating codes. Without even realizing, Kyle created Oblivion from everything that gnawed deep in the corners of his mind—the anxiety, the endless wants, the fears, and the anger given form.[70] Realizing that his power has grown too great for him to keep it all under control, Kyle subconsciously creates the Oblivion entity to destroy himself so that he cannot endanger anyone else. However, various other ring-wielders, including Carol and the repowered Saint Walker, band together and convince him to have hope, resulting in Kyle working with the Templar Guardians into defeating Oblivion. In doing so, Kyle is seemed to be destroyed, but in fact teleported to a dead planet. He revives the dead world, to find that it's a world like Mogo. The world speaks saying it was destroyed by its brother for killing its own populace. After stating that it doesn't like lanterns, it attacks Kyle in an attempt to kill him. He takes back the life that he bestowed on the dead planet.

text: Recognising that the white light is too powerful for him to control full-time, Kyle decides to split his ring between himself and six other allies, allowing the option of the rings recombining into one if Kyle is faced with a serious threat.

text: DC Rebirth[edit]

text: Subsequently, in DC Rebirth, Kyle Rayner is one of the several individuals who feels the tremors of the green light of willpower when Hal Jordan forges a Green Power Ring for himself.[71] When Hal is left badly wounded and in a realm between life and death after a confrontation with Sinestro, his ring travels to Ganthet and Sayd, who summon Kyle to help save Hal's life.[72] Kyle uses the power of his white ring and the former Guardians' power to open a doorway to Emerald Space in the afterlife, and manages to bring Hal back to the realm of the living.[73] After the new truce between the Sinestro and Green Lantern Corps, Kyle attempts to use his ring to help Saint Walker bring the rest of the Blue Lantern Corps back to life, but some external force prevents Kyle channeling his power to that extent, resulting in him 'downgrading' back to a conventional Green Lantern ring as the strain he had subjected his ring to causes it to 'break up' back into the seven differently-coloured rings, with Kyle retaining his original Green Lantern ring while the other six fly off to find new wielders.[74] Kyle begins to initiate another relationship with Soranik. During the fight against the Prism Beasts, Kyle learns from the future Green Power Ring that Rip Hunter possessed, that Sarko is Kyle's and Soranik's future son. After Sarko's death, Kyle is left demoralised and cries.[75]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: As a Green Lantern, Kyle Rayner is semi-invulnerable, capable of projecting hard light constructions, flight, and utilizing various other abilities through his power ring which are only limited by his imagination and willpower. Kyle's constructs are much more elaborate than those of any other Green Lanterns, often fading into view like a sketch refined into an illustration.[76] Eventually, he is able to utilize his skill as an artist to manipulate the pigments and dimensions within his constructs, making them appear so realistic that even Alan Scott was amazed at what Kyle could do with his ring's creations.

text: Rayner's ring was constructed from what remained of Hal Jordan's ring by Ganthet. It is keyed to Rayner and Hal Jordan's DNA, making it only accessible to Rayner, Jordan, and anyone who is closely related to them unless the bearer willed the ring to another individual. This is done by Ganthet to prevent the last ring from being stolen, as there would be no other lantern to send to retrieve it. Unlike most of the Green Lanterns' rings, Kyle's did not require a twenty-four-hour period of recharge, only when the ring's capacity was depleted; and it was not necessary to recite the Corps' oath when recharged. Rayner is the first Lantern not to suffer from a weakness to items colored yellow. Both Mongul and Superman are very surprised at this upon first encountering him. Kyle states that he didn't know about the weakness and never had any trouble with it. Originally, this was explained as his ring being a "new model", which also explained why it had slightly different abilities than those seen previously. Later, this was retconned with the explanation that rings can affect yellow if the user faces and overcomes their fear; as an artist, Kyle had faced his fear of rejection every time he showed his work, and this extended to his constructs, which he considered part of his artwork.

text: When bonded with the benevolent Ion symbiont, Rayner was capable of much more elaborate usage of his imagination which can extend to the manipulation of reality. In possession of the more sinister Parallax entity, Rayner was theoretically capable of similar feats.

text: During his relationship with Donna Troy, Rayner engaged in combat training with his then-girlfriend. During his first battle with Fatality, he proved to be a formidable fighter and was able to defeat her when his ring was drained. In nearly every encounter with Fatality since that incident, Kyle would use his combat skills to defeat her rather than his ring in order to maintain an element of surprise (she expected him to use his ring) or when his ring is drained or absent during battles. As a member of the Justice League, Kyle occasionally would train in the League's combat training systems on the Watchtower and under the tutelage of combat-experienced Leaguers, such as Batman. Even though Rayner is now a skilled hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained by the Dark Knight himself, he is not an expert in hand-to-hand; for example, while he initially held his own in a hand-to-hand fight with Sinestro, the villain proved to be a better fighter due to his greater experience.[77]

text: As an Honor Guard Illustres, Rayner ranks only below Salaak, who holds the rank of Clarissi, and the Guardians in the new Corps chain of command.

text: During a brief period where he was turned into a 'magnet' for all rings, Kyle could briefly wield the power of the entire emotional spectrum, but the strain of doing so meant that the other six rings disintegrated after only a few moments, leaving him feeling significantly weakened by the effort.[51] Despite all of the rings barring his own turning to dust, a measure of each ring's power resides in Kyle which he is able to channel in a combined burst of multicolored lights,[52] Sayd noting that Kyle is the only being she knows capable of bringing together the powers of all of the branches of the emotional spectrum. The ability to use any emotion spectrum light appears to be permanent, as Kyle is learning from different members of each Corps on how to use each power individually with limited success; he harnessed the power of Hope with relative ease, but required a brutal training session with Atrocitus to master Rage, while he only harnessed the power of Love during his fight with Ganthet.

text: After learning to master Avarice from a reluctant Larfleeze, Fear from Arkillo, and Compassion from Indigo-1 Kyle has learned how to harness the entire emotional spectrum and as a result became a White Lantern. As a White Lantern Kyle can heal injuries and ailments although by his own admission he can't resurrect the dead. His ring is more powerful than a standard power ring and can replicate the abilities of any ring in the spectrum (except black) though the full extent of its abilities are yet to be revealed.

text: Kyle was later revealed to possess the Life Equation as a result of being inside the Source Wall. With the Equation, Kyle could manipulate reality itself. However, Kyle was unable to control this level of power and was dying because of it. As a result, Kyle divided the Life Equation by creating seven additional White Lantern power rings and gave them to the most worthy candidates. He swore to never unite the rings unless absolutely necessary. In the Rebirth storyline, when Kyle attempted to use the white ring to resurrect the Blue Lantern Corps, some unspecified force resisted his efforts, causing his ring to 'break' into seven different rings of the seven Corps, the other six rings flying off to find new wielders while Kyle retained his original Green Lantern ring.

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
In the Elseworlds tale Green Lantern: Evil's Might, which takes place in 1888, Kyle Rayner is a political cartoonist working under the pen name "Rain or Shine." Formerly an associate with Alan Scott and the Bowery Greens, Kyle broke off his ties with them when Alan killed a seventy-two-year-old shopkeeper named Angus Kelly. Kyle uses the magic ring he found inside the lantern for the benefit of the immigrant masses of New York. Kyle dies near the end in a showdown with Alan Scott, but not until he absorbs Alan into his ring and combines it with Alan's jewel piece. He then takes the bits and pieces of the Statue of Liberty and puts them together, and finally gives Carol her ring and dies in her arms. The story reuses Alan Scott's origin, with Kyle in the main role.
Kyle Rayner is a member of the Green Lantern Marine Corps in Superman: Red Son.[78]
In the Elseworlds story 1001 Emerald Knights, Ibn Rayner is a young sultan being led astray by his evil vizier, taught life lessons by hearing the tales of Al-Jor-Dhan.
A female version of Kyle named Kylie Rayner resides on Earth-11 and is part of that world's Justice League.[79]
In Superman & Batman: Generations, he takes on the role of Green Lantern when Alan Scott decides to retire.[80] He reappears in Generations 2, where he is viciously attacked by Sinestro, before fleeing to the White House. His ring is then used by President Hal Jordan.[81]
In JLA/Avengers, Kyle appears as the JLA's Green Lantern. He helps defeat Terminus by redirecting his staff's energy. During the battle in Metropolis, he attacks the Scarlet Witch and battles the Vision. Afterwards, he and Superman go to Santa Rico, but they are attacked by Ms. Marvel and Wonder Man. Wonder Man manages to break Kyle's restraints and nearly defeats him before Superman intervenes. He also joins up with Wonder Woman to find the Spear of Destiny and faces Photon and Quasar. They defeat the two, but Iron Man appears and blasts them. In the Savage Land, Photon finally absorbs Kyle's energy and drains his ring. He uses the Cosmic Cube as a power source, but Ms. Marvel takes it from him. When the two worlds are merged, Kyle is replaced with Hal Jordan as Green Lantern, but during the final battle with Krona, Kyle reappears and helps attack Krona's forces with a weapon created by his ring based on Iron Man's designs.[82]
In the distant future, the Book of Oa says that Kyle would help a worth of beings throughout the universe with his White Lantern ring's miracle power.[67]
In the "Convergence" crossover, Kyle had been a rookie Green Lantern when the dome over Metropolis shut off the powers to him and the rampaging Parallax. Over the course a year he becomes close friends with Hal Jordan who, lacking powers, is guilt ridden with the deaths he has caused.[83]
Kyle appears in the second chapter of the Injustice: Year Two comic series, having spent a year away from Earth on a galactic mission to stop a war. Due to his lengthy absence he is completely unaware of all the events to have taken place on Earth, including: the destruction of Metropolis; the death of Superman's wife Lois Lane and unborn child; and the Man of Steel's turn to power over the world. Just before he reaches Earth he is intersected by Sinestro and his Corps, who are aware of Superman's changes. Sinestro removes Kyle's ring, though the Lantern is ripped apart by the Corps before he can suffocate in the vacuum of space.
In Star Trek/Green Lantern: The Spectrum War, after Hal Jordan and various other ring-bearers are sent into the new Star Trek universe, Hal mentions that Kyle was killed by Nekron during Nekron's new major assault on the universe.

tag: ul

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Kyle Rayner appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "In Brightest Day." He was initially voiced by Michael P. Greco. This Kyle Rayner includes character elements of Hal Jordan. Rayner was a newspaper commercial artist for the Daily Planet (and an aspiring comic book artist; in the beginning of the episode he shows Jimmy Olsen a rejection letter from DC Comics as in-joke) when he was chosen by the Lantern ring. The ring had come from Abin Sur, who sent it off with his dying breath (having been shot down to Earth by Sinestro). Mere moments after receiving the ring, Rayner had to fight for his life against Sinestro. With Superman's help, the new Green Lantern defeated Sinestro and took his place amongst the Lantern Corps.

text: John Stewart was established in Justice League as having been a Lantern for 10–15 years, later explained that Stewart's time as a Lantern before the actual timeframe of Justice League was spent in a different sector than 2814, and that he had very recently returned to Earth. Rayner is first mentioned in the episode "Hearts and Minds" by Katma Tui to John Stewart as she scolds him during his frustration when trying to relearn his Lantern training; saying: "You're as bad as that Rayner kid you sent me to train." Rayner is seen amongst the mourners at Superman's funeral in "Hereafter", and finally returns with a speaking part in the Justice League Unlimited episode "The Return", voiced by Will Friedle. Stewart is still stationed in 2814, and Rayner on Oa, with other Green Lanterns posted there. Additionally, an indirect reference to Kyle is made in the episode "Kid Stuff" in which Superman, Wonder Woman, John Stewart and Batman are transformed into children by Mordred. Using the power of the Green Lanterns, John generates a mask for himself—having required glasses as a child, he creates the mask to compensate for his renewed need for them—which is identical in design to the one worn by Rayner in the comics.

text: Kyle Rayner appears in Mad where he tries to appeal to Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman about being called "Super Friends."[citation needed]

text: Books[edit]

text: Kyle Rayner is also featured in the Justice League of America book series by Dennis O'Neil called Hero's Quest, published by Pocket Star Books in 2005. The story takes place outside of both the JLA book series and the mainstream DCU storyline. It retells how Rayner came across the ring, changing the events surrounding it, and the origins of superheroes on Earth. Rather than Hal destroying the Corps, it was instead the Guardians abandoning the Corps to remake the Universe, and Rayner is chosen by Ganthet to be the one to stop them as the new Green Lantern.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Kyle Rayner makes an appearance in Justice League Heroes as an unlockable character.
Kyle Rayner appears in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game DC Universe Online.[84]
The "Emerald Twilight" storyline was to be adapted into a video game for the Super NES by developer Ocean Software. The game would have allowed players to assume the role of Kyle Rayner and take on Hal Jordan. The game was cancelled.[85]
In Injustice: Gods Among Us, Kyle Rayner's name is listed on a hit list during Deathstroke's outro.
The White Lantern version of Kyle Rayner appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Josh Keaton.


document_title: Anchor (brand)

question_text: when did anchor butter stop being from new zealand

root

text: Anchor (brand)

text: The Anchor brand In New Zealand[edit]

text: Historically the Anchor brand of milk products in New Zealand was owned by the New Zealand Dairy Group which merged with Kiwi Co−operative in 2001 to form the mega dairy Co−operative Fonterra. As this merger would leave New Zealand with virtually no competition in the domestic dairy sector, government legislation was required for Fonterra to be formed. One of the requirements was that Fonterra must divest its strongest domestic brand, Anchor, in the New Zealand market. This did not affect the brand internationally. The brand was sold to what is currently Goodman Fielder. Between 2001 and 2005 Fonterra grew one of their smaller milk brands which was originally only available in the South Island of New Zealand, 'Meadow Fresh Milk' into a nationwide brand which provided good competition to the Anchor Brand of milk products. In 2005 Fonterra did a brand swap with what is now Goodman Fielder, swapping Meadow Fresh for Anchor meaning Fonterra could once again align its international and domestic dairy brands.

tag: p

text: Anchor Milk[edit]

text: Fresh Anchor Milk products available in New Zealand are manufactured and marketed by "Fonterra Brands", a division of Fonterra. The main milk processing plant producing Anchor milk in New Zealand is in Takanini, Auckland.

text: In addition to the common varieties with differing percentages of milk fat, they also offer "Anchor-Xtra", with extra calcium (marketed to "extra active" parents), and "Mega Milk", with extra vitamins, as well as extra calcium, marketed for children.[2][3] In 2013 the Anchor brand was released in China.[4]

text: Anchor Milk Powder[edit]

text: Anchor Milk Powder is the major Anchor product available in some developing countries such as Guyana and Ethiopia.

text: Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese[edit]

text: Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese are sold in New Zealand; however, the brand for these products in New Zealand is still owned by a Goodman Fielder subsidiary. For butter and cheese the brand was not returned to Fonterra in the brand swap so not all Anchor branded products are Fonterra products in New Zealand. However, like most dairy products in New Zealand the milk is still sourced from Fonterra suppliers and for butter and cheese it is also likely that Fonterra manufactured the products with Goodman Fielder simply packaging the products.

text: The Anchor brand Outside New Zealand[edit]

text: Internationally the Anchor brand is 100% owned by the Fonterra Co-Op Group. It is available in (and manufactured in) many areas including:

text:
Australia
Barbados
China[5]
Fiji
Ethiopia
Malaysia
Mauritius
Middle East
Pacific Islands
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
United Kingdom

text: In the UK, Anchor block butter was imported from New Zealand until August 2012 when Arla Foods UK, the British licensee, transferred production to a local factory at Westbury, Wiltshire, using British cream.[6]

text: Anchor Spreadable[edit]

text: Anchor Spreadable is one of the brand's specialised products. This butter-based spread is softened with canola oil and spreads easily, but marketing claims of its being spreadable direct from the fridge have been questioned.[citation needed] A 2003 campaign for Anchor Spreadable, created by Jonti Picking, of Weebl and Bob fame, included television ads featuring wobbly cows.[citation needed]

text: Anchor Spreadable, as well as other New Zealand butter products, were banned from import into the EU for a short time. This came after a complaint made to the European Commissioner for Trade, Peter Mandelson, by the German dairy trader, Egenberger.[7]


document_title: Cairn Terrier

question_text: what kind of dog is toto from wizard of oz

text: Cairn Terrier

text: History[edit]

text: Cairns originated in the Highlands of Scotland and the Isle of Skye,[4] initially grouped in the "Skye Terrier" class alongside the Scottish and West Highland White terriers. In the early 1900s, the three breeds began to be bred separately.

text: The Kennel Club UK gave the Cairn terrier a separate register in 1912, during which year 134 were registered and it was in this year that the breed was also given Championship status.[5]

text: Description[edit]

text: Grooming[edit]

text: Cairn terriers shed very little, but should always be hand stripped. Using scissors or shears can ruin the dog's rugged outer coat after one grooming. Hand stripping involves pulling the old dead hair out by the roots. If done incorrectly, this can cause discomfort to the dog, causing it to shy away from future hand stripping. Removing the dead hair in this manner allows new growth to come in. This new growth helps protect the dog from water and dirt.

text: Cairn terrier ancestors are from Scotland, where the wire coat repels water and keeps the dog dry even in rainy or damp climates. Keeping the Cairn terrier coat in its original state will prevent possible skin irritations. As dead hair is removed by stripping the coat, new growth comes in and the skin and coat remain healthy. Clipper-cutting a Cairn might destroy the protective wire coat unique to this breed.

text: It is wise to have a pet examined to rule out heritable skin diseases if a Cairn is obtained from unknown sources (i.e. pet stores, rescues, or puppy mills).[citation needed]

text: Health[edit]

text: These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.[6][7]

text: Survey[edit]

text: Breeders, owners, and veterinarians have identified several health problems that are significant for Cairns. Some of these diseases are hereditary, while others occur as a result of nonspecific factors (i.e. infections, toxins, injuries, or advanced age). Currently, the Cairn Terrier Club of America, along with the Institute for Genetic Disease Control in Animals, maintains an open registry for Cairn terriers in hopes of reducing the occurrence of hereditary diseases within the breed. Breeders voluntarily submit their dogs' test results for research purposes, as well as for use by individuals who seek to make sound breeding decisions.

text: Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:[8]

text:
Cataracts
Corneal dystrophy
Craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw)
Entropion
Hip dysplasia
Hypothyroidism
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy)
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome
Luxating patella
Ocular melanosis
Portosystemic shunt
Progressive retinal atrophy
Soft tissue sarcoma
Von Willebrand disease

text: Living conditions[edit]

text: Cairn terriers exist happily in an apartment if sufficiently exercised.[citation needed] They are very active indoors and suffice even without a yard.[citation needed] Daily walks help keep Cairn terriers happy and healthy. Fenced-in yards are strongly recommended for safety and well being as well as being kept on leash when not in the yard.

text: Cairn terriers are particularly easily trained; ethical breeders strongly suggest obedience school or some other type of training to direct Cairn terrier's focus on the owner as the one in command if they are going to be used for hunting. If allowed to take control of the household, behavior problems may develop that can only be resolved by hiring a professional dog trainer. Many breeders only sell puppies to dedicated dog owners who agree to basic obedience school.

text: Exercise[edit]

text: Cairns are active dogs, thus need a daily walk. Play takes care of a lot of their exercise needs; however, as with all breeds, play will not fulfill their primal instinct to walk. Dogs which do not get to go on daily walks are more likely to display behavior problems. They also enjoy a good romp in a safe open area off leash, such as a large fenced yard.

text: According to Temple Grandin in her book Animals Make Us Human, dogs need 45 minutes to one hour per day of playing and seeking. After fulfilling this, dogs become balanced and well-mannered. Obedience school is often a good start to creating interactive play using words or commands for a dog to perform specific actions on cue. Teaching a Cairn terrier tricks is also a clever way to direct their active energy into acceptable controlled dog games.

text: Famous Cairns[edit]

text: Terry, the dog that played Toto in the 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, was a brindle Cairn terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a resident of Wichita has begun a drive to make the Cairn terrier the official dog of Kansas.[9] Terry also had a role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes, and 12 other films.

text: In media[edit]

text:
In I Love Lucy, Little Ricky had a Cairn terrier named Fred.
UK TV presenter Paul O'Grady often features a Cairn terrier called Olga on his primetime chat show; dark in colour, Olga is a rescue dog.
Also in the UK, Pauline Fowler actress Wendy Richard in the BBC TV show EastEnders had a Cairn she fondly named Betty. Betty made an appearance as Toto on BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" (series 10) after Vincent Simone and his celebrity partner Dani Harmer danced a waltz to "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz.
George Lopez's family dog on the ABC TV series George Lopez, is a Cairn terrier named Mr. Needles, named by the son, Max, for the extremely high number of shots that the incredibly sick former stray received from the veterinarian.
Australian television soap series Neighbours had a Cairn terrier named Audrey which belonged to the character Libby Kennedy.[10]
The character of Romulus, owned by Ray Milland's character, Steven Tolliver, in Cecil B. De Mille's epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942) was a Cairn terrier.
A few years later, in The Uninvited (1944), the Ray Milland character also had a Cairn terrier.
Thimble the dog was a brindle Cairn terrier played by Danvers. Thimble appeared once in episode five, season five of the British television drama Upstairs, Downstairs.
A wheaten Cairn terrier named Kobe was featured in Dunston Checks In, Lost And Found, and the opening scenes of Twister.
In USA Network's Mr. Robot, Rami Malek's character Elliot Alderson has a Cairn terrier named Flipper.[11]

text: In books[edit]

text:
In the Maximum Ride book series, Total, the talking dog, is a Cairn terrier.
In the first edition of L. Frank Baum's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1899), though Baum did not specify in the text what breed Toto was, illustrator W. W. Denslow drew him as a Cairn terrier.
In Donald Barthelme’s short story "Chablis," the narrator says that his baby wants, according to his wife, a "Cairn terrier."[12]


document_title: List of countries by real GDP growth rate

question_text: state which has lowest growth rate in gdp

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Country
Real GDP growth
rate (%)

1
 Iraq
10.09

2
 Turks and Caicos Islands
9.40

3
 Nauru
8.50

4
 Ethiopia
7.96

5
 Uzbekistan
7.80

6
Nepal
7.56

7
 Cote d'Ivoire
7.52

8
Iceland
7.20

9
 Laos
6.94

10
Bangladesh
6.92

11
Tajikistan
6.90

12
India
6.83

13
Philippines
6.80

14
China
6.70

15
Senegal
6.60

15
Tanzania
6.60

17
Dominican Republic
6.57

18
Iran
6.54

19
Vietnam
6.40

20
Myanmar
6.30

21
Niue[2]
6.20

21
Turkmenistan
6.20

23
Gibraltar[3]
6.00

23
Kenya
6.00

23
Romania
6.00

26
Fiji
5.50

26
Mongolia
5.50

26
Timor-Leste
5.50

26
Cambodia
5.50

26
Federated States of Micronesia
5.50

26
Palau
5.50

26
Samoa
5.50

26
Solomon Islands
5.50

26
Tonga
5.50

26
Tuvalu
5.50

36
 Papua New Guinea
5.40

36
Central African Republic
5.40

36
Eritrea
5.40

36
Guinea-Bissau
5.40

36
Mali
5.40

36
Rwanda
5.40

36
Malawi
5.40

36
Sao Tome and Principe
5.40

36
The Gambia
5.40

36
Togo
5.40

36
Zimbabwe
5.40

47
 Republic of Ireland
5.20

48
West Bank
5.10

49
Indonesia
5.00

49
Malta
5.00

51
 Pakistan
4.71

52
 Monaco
4.70

52
Uganda
4.70

54
Northern Mariana Islands[4]
4.50

55
Cameroon
4.40

56
Egypt
4.30

56
Sri Lanka
4.30

58
Algeria
4.20

58
Malaysia
4.20

60
Bolivia
4.10

60
Madagascar
4.10

60
Paraguay
4.10

63
Bahrain
4.00

63
Ghana
4.00

33
Israel
4.00

33
Luxembourg
4.00

33
Moldova
4.00

33
New Zealand
4.00

33
Oman
4.00

34
Afghanistan
3.90

34
Peru
3.90

35
Belize
3.80

35
Costa Rica
3.80

35
El Salvador
3.80

35
Guatemala
3.80

35
Honduras
3.80

35
Nicaragua
3.80

35
Panama
3.80

35
Saint Lucia
3.80

36
Djibouti
3.70

36
Mauritania
3.70

36
Somalia
3.70

36
Curaçao[5]
3.60

36
Mauritius
3.60

36
Sint Maarten[6]
3.60

37
Barbados
3.40

37
Antigua and Barbuda
3.40

37
Bulgaria
3.40

37
Dominica
3.40

37
Grenada
3.40

37
Haiti
3.40

37
Saint Kitts and Nevis
3.40

37
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3.40

37
The Bahamas
3.40

37
Trinidad and Tobago
3.40

38
Sweden
3.30

38
Netherlands
3.30

39
Slovakia
3.20

39
Spain
3.20

39
Thailand
3.20

40
Albania
3.00

40
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3.00

40
Kosovo
3.00

40
Macedonia
3.00

40
Montenegro
3.00

40
Zambia
3.00

41
Croatia
2.90

41
Faroe Islands[7]
2.90

41
Turkey
2.90

42
Cyprus
2.80

42
Poland
2.80

42
New Caledonia[8]
2.80

42
Serbia
2.80

42
South Korea
2.80

43
Georgia
2.70

43
Qatar
2.70

43
United Arab Emirates
2.70

44
Australia
2.50

44
Kuwait
2.50

44
Slovenia
2.50

45
Czech Republic
2.40

45
Democratic Republic of the Congo
2.40

45
Aruba[9]
2.40

45
French Polynesia[10]
2.40

46
Gabon
2.30

46
Lithuania
2.30

46
Mexico
2.30

46
Ukraine
2.30

47
Isle of Man[11]
2.20

48
Jordan
2.10

49
Colombia
2.00

49
European Union
2.00

49
Hungary
2.00

49
Kyrgyzstan
2.00

49
Latvia
2.00

49
Hong Kong SAR
2.00

49
Singapore
2.00

50
Kiribati
1.80

50
Botswana
1.90

50
Cape Verde
1.90

50
Lesotho
1.90

50
Namibia
1.90

50
Seychelles
1.90

50
Swaziland
1.90

50
Germany
1.80

50
United Kingdom
1.80

50
Liechtenstein
1.80

51
Cayman Islands[12]
1.70

51
Marshall Islands
1.70

52
Chile
1.60

52
Estonia
1.60

52
United States
1.60

52
Austria
1.50

52
Morocco
1.50

52
Sudan
1.50

53
Canada
1.40

53
Finland
1.40

53
Portugal
1.40

53
Saudi Arabia
1.40

53
Taiwan
1.40

53
Uruguay
1.40

54
British Virgin Islands[13]
1.30

54
Cuba
1.30

54
Switzerland
1.30

55
Belgium
1.20

55
France
1.20

56
Denmark
1.10

56
Jamaica
1.10

56
Kazakhstan
1.10

57
Comoros
1.00

57
Cocos (Keeling) Islands[14]
1.00

57
Japan
1.00

57
Lebanon
1.00

57
North Korea
1.00

57
Norway
1.00

57
San Marino
1.00

57
Tunisia
1.00

58
Greenland[15]
0.90

58
Italy
0.90

58
Guernsey[16]
0.90

58
Liberia
0.90

59
Guam[17]
0.60

60
South Africa
0.30

61
Armenia
0.20

62
Cook Islands[18]
0.10

63
Angola
0.00

63
Azerbaijan
0.00

63
Greece
0.00

63
Guinea
0.00

63
Russia
-0.20

64
Jersey[19]
-0.30

65
Brunei
-1.20

66
Nigeria
-1.50

67
Andorra
-1.60

68
South Sudan
-1.70

69
Puerto Rico[20]
-1.80

70
Vanuatu
-2.00

71
Ecuador
-2.20

72
Argentina
-2.30

73
American Samoa[21]
-2.40

74
Bermuda[22]
-2.50

75
Guyana
-2.70

75
Republic of the Congo
-2.70

76
Suriname
-2.70

77
Belarus
-3.00

78
Brazil
-3.60

79
Macau[23]
-4.00

80
United States Virgin Islands
-5.40

81
Libya
-6.10

82
Chad
-6.40

83
Burundi
-7.20

84
Anguilla[24]
-8.50

85
Syria
-9.90

86
Equatorial Guinea
-10.20

87
Gaza Strip
-15.20

88
Venezuela
-18.00

89
Sierra Leone
-23.90

90
Yemen
-28.10

tag: table


document_title: Beneath the 12-Mile Reef

question_text: where was beneath the 12 mile reef filmed

text: Beneath the 12-Mile Reef

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mike (Gilbert Roland) and Tony Petrakis (Robert Wagner) are Greek American father and son sponge diving entrepreneurs who find themselves in competition with the Rhys family, Conch fishermen who are prepared to resort to violence and even murder to maintain their established fishing grounds off the Gulf Coast of Florida. Run-ins between the two clans lead to an exchange of threats and all-out brawls. Further complications ensue when Tony Petrakis meets Gwyneth Rhys (Terry Moore), and the two fall in love.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Wagner as Tony Petrakis
Terry Moore as Gwyneth Rhys
Gilbert Roland as Mike Petrakis
J. Carrol Naish as Socrates Houlis
Richard Boone as Thomas Rhys
Angela Clarke as Mama Petrakis
Peter Graves as Arnold Dix
Jay Novello as Sinan
Jacques Aubuchon as Demetrios Sofotes
Gloria Gordon as Penny Petrakis
Harry Carey, Jr. as Griff Rhys
Rev. Theophilus Karaphillis as Greek Priest at Epiphany

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Key West and Tarpon Springs, Florida.[5]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times observed, "Another and further extension of the range of CinemaScope ... is handsomely manifested in Beneath the 12-Mile Reef ... But that, when you come right down to it, is just about the only novelty provided by this third employment of the anamorphic lens. For the scenes shot above the surface, while large and imposing, are routine, and the drama developed in the screen play is hackneyed and banal. And, unfortunately, most of the picture takes place above, not below, the reef ... There is nothing at all fascinating or edifying here."[5]

text: Variety said, "[T]he squeeze-lensing gives punch in the display of underwater wonders, the seascapes and the brilliant, beautiful sunrises and sunsets of the Florida Gulf coast. In handling the young cast, Robert D. Webb's direction is less effective, particularly in the case of Robert Wagner and Terry Moore. Both are likable, so the shallowness of their performances is no serious handicap to the entertainment." [6]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Edward Cronjager was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, and Robert D. Webb was nominated for the Grand Prize at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival.[7]


document_title: Supermassive black hole

question_text: where is the black hole located in our galaxy

text: Supermassive black hole

text: Description[edit]

text: Supermassive black holes have properties that distinguish them from lower-mass classifications. First, the average density of a SMBH (defined as the mass of the black hole divided by the volume within its Schwarzschild radius) can be less than the density of water in the case of some SMBHs.[5] This is because the Schwarzschild radius is directly proportional to mass, while density is inversely proportional to the volume. Since the volume of a spherical object (such as the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole) is directly proportional to the cube of the radius, the minimum density of a black hole is inversely proportional to the square of the mass, and thus higher mass black holes have lower average density. In addition, the tidal forces in the vicinity of the event horizon are significantly weaker for massive black holes. As with density, the tidal force on a body at the event horizon is inversely proportional to the square of the mass: a person on the surface of the Earth and one at the event horizon of a 10 million M☉ black hole experience about the same tidal force between their head and feet. Unlike with stellar mass black holes, one would not experience significant tidal force until very deep into the black hole.

text: History of research[edit]

text: Donald Lynden-Bell and Martin Rees hypothesized in 1971 that the center of the Milky Way galaxy would contain a supermassive black hole. Sagittarius A* was discovered and named on February 13 and 15, 1974, by astronomers Bruce Balick and Robert Brown using the baseline interferometer of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.[6] They discovered a radio source that emits synchrotron radiation; it was found to be dense and immobile because of its gravitation. This was, therefore, the first indication that a supermassive black hole exists in the center of the Milky Way.

text: Formation[edit]

text: The origin of supermassive black holes remains an open field of research. Astrophysicists agree that once a black hole is in place in the center of a galaxy, it can grow by accretion of matter and by merging with other black holes. There are, however, several hypotheses for the formation mechanisms and initial masses of the progenitors, or "seeds", of supermassive black holes. The most obvious hypothesis is that the seeds are black holes of tens or perhaps hundreds of solar masses that are left behind by the explosions of massive stars and grow by accretion of matter. Another model involves a large gas cloud in the period before the first stars formed collapsing into a "quasi-star" and then a black hole of initially only around c. 20 M☉, and then rapidly accreting to become relatively quickly an intermediate-mass black hole, and possibly a SMBH if the accretion-rate is not quenched at higher masses.[7] The initial "quasi-star" would become unstable to radial perturbations because of electron-positron pair production in its core, and may collapse directly into a black hole without a supernova explosion which would eject most of its mass and prevent it from leaving a black hole as a remnant.

text: Yet another model[10] involves a dense stellar cluster undergoing core-collapse as the negative heat capacity of the system drives the velocity dispersion in the core to relativistic speeds. Finally, primordial black holes may have been produced directly from external pressure in the first moments after the Big Bang. Formation of black holes from the deaths of the first stars has been extensively studied and corroborated by observations. The other models for black hole formation listed above are theoretical.

text: The difficulty in forming a supermassive black hole resides in the need for enough matter to be in a small enough volume. This matter needs to have very little angular momentum in order for this to happen. Normally, the process of accretion involves transporting a large initial endowment of angular momentum outwards, and this appears to be the limiting factor in black hole growth. This is a major component of the theory of accretion disks. Gas accretion is the most efficient and also the most conspicuous way in which black holes grow. The majority of the mass growth of supermassive black holes is thought to occur through episodes of rapid gas accretion, which are observable as active galactic nuclei or quasars. Observations reveal that quasars were much more frequent when the Universe was younger, indicating that supermassive black holes formed and grew early. A major constraining factor for theories of supermassive black hole formation is the observation of distant luminous quasars, which indicate that supermassive black holes of billions of solar masses had already formed when the Universe was less than one billion years old. This suggests that supermassive black holes arose very early in the Universe, inside the first massive galaxies.

text: Currently, there appears to be a gap in the observed mass distribution of black holes. There are stellar-mass black holes, generated from collapsing stars, which range up to perhaps 33 M☉. The minimal supermassive black hole is approximately a hundred thousand solar masses. Between these regimes there appears to be a dearth of intermediate-mass black holes. Such a gap would suggest qualitatively different formation processes. However, some models[12] suggest that ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) may be black holes from this missing group.

text: There is, however, an upper limit to how large supermassive black holes can grow. So-called ultramassive black holes (UMBHs), which are at least ten times the size of supermassive black holes, appear to have a theoretical upper limit of around 50 billion solar masses, as anything above this slows growth down to a crawl (the slowdown tends to start around 10 billion solar masses) and causes the unstable accretion disk surrounding the black hole to coalesce into stars that orbit it.[13][14][15]

text: Doppler measurements[edit]

text: Some of the best evidence for the presence of black holes is provided by the Doppler effect whereby light from nearby orbiting matter is red-shifted when receding and blue-shifted when advancing. For matter very close to a black hole the orbital speed must be comparable with the speed of light, so receding matter will appear very faint compared with advancing matter, which means that systems with intrinsically symmetric discs and rings will acquire a highly asymmetric visual appearance. This effect has been allowed for in modern computer generated images such as the example presented here, based on a plausible model[16] for the supermassive black hole in Sgr A* at the centre of our own galaxy. However the resolution provided by presently available telescope technology is still insufficient to confirm such predictions directly.

text: What already has been observed directly in many systems are the lower non-relativistic velocities of matter orbiting further out from what are presumed to be black holes. Direct Doppler measures of water masers surrounding the nuclei of nearby galaxies have revealed a very fast Keplerian motion, only possible with a high concentration of matter in the center. Currently, the only known objects that can pack enough matter in such a small space are black holes, or things that will evolve into black holes within astrophysically short timescales. For active galaxies farther away, the width of broad spectral lines can be used to probe the gas orbiting near the event horizon. The technique of reverberation mapping uses variability of these lines to measure the mass and perhaps the spin of the black hole that powers active galaxies.

text: Gravitation from supermassive black holes in the center of many galaxies is thought to power active objects such as Seyfert galaxies and quasars.

text:
An empirical correlation between the size of supermassive black holes and the stellar velocity dispersion

σ

{\displaystyle \sigma }

 of a galaxy bulge[17] is called the M-sigma relation.

text: In the Milky Way[edit]

text: Astronomers are very confident that the Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center, 26,000 light-years from the Solar System, in a region called Sagittarius A*[19] because:

text:
The star S2 follows an elliptical orbit with a period of 15.2 years and a pericenter (closest distance) of 17 light-hours (7013180000000000000♠1.8×1013 m or 120 AU) from the center of the central object.[20]
From the motion of star S2, the object's mass can be estimated as 4.1 million M☉,[21][22] or about 7036820000000000000♠8.2×1036 kg.
The radius of the central object must be less than 17 light-hours, because otherwise, S2 would collide with it. In fact, recent observations from the star S14[23] indicate that the radius is no more than 6.25 light-hours, about the diameter of Uranus' orbit. However, applying the formula for the Schwarzschild radius yields just about 41 light-seconds, making it consistent with the escape velocity being the speed of light.
No known astronomical object other than a black hole can contain 4.1 million M☉ in this volume of space.

text: The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and UCLA Galactic Center Group[24] have provided the strongest evidence to date that Sagittarius A* is the site of a supermassive black hole,[19] based on data from ESO's Very Large Telescope[25] and the Keck telescope.[26]

text: On 5 January 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*, according to astronomers.[27]

text: Outside the Milky Way[edit]

text: Unambiguous dynamical evidence for supermassive black holes exists only in a handful of galaxies;[29] these include the Milky Way, the Local Group galaxies M31 and M32, and a few galaxies beyond the Local Group, e.g. NGC 4395. In these galaxies, the mean square (or rms) velocities of the stars or gas rises as ~1/r near the center, indicating a central point mass. In all other galaxies observed to date, the rms velocities are flat, or even falling, toward the center, making it impossible to state with certainty that a supermassive black hole is present.[29] Nevertheless, it is commonly accepted that the center of nearly every galaxy contains a supermassive black hole.[30] The reason for this assumption is the M-sigma relation, a tight (low scatter) relation between the mass of the hole in the ~10 galaxies with secure detections, and the velocity dispersion of the stars in the bulges of those galaxies.[31] This correlation, although based on just a handful of galaxies, suggests to many astronomers a strong connection between the formation of the black hole and the galaxy itself.[30]

text: The nearby Andromeda Galaxy, 2.5 million light-years away, contains a (1.1–2.3) × 108 (110-230 million) M☉ central black hole, significantly larger than the Milky Way's.[32] The largest supermassive black hole in the Milky Way's vicinity appears to be that of M87, weighing in at (6.4 ± 0.5) × 109 (~6.4 billion) M☉ at a distance of 53.5 million light-years.[33][34] On 5 December 2011 astronomers discovered the largest supermassive black hole in the nearby universe yet found, that of the supergiant elliptical galaxy NGC 4889, weighing in at 2.1×1010 (21 billion) M☉ at a distance of 336 million light-years away in the Coma Berenices constellation.[35] Black holes in quasars are much larger, due to their active state of continuous growing phase. The hyperluminous quasar APM 08279+5255 has a supermassive black hole with a mass of 2.3×1010 (23 billion) M☉. Larger still is at another hyperluminous quasar S5 0014+81, the largest supermassive black hole yet found, which weighs in at 4.0×1010 (40 billion) M☉, or 10,000 times the size of the black hole at the Milky Way Galactic Center. Both quasars are 12.1 billion light years away.

text: Some galaxies, such as Galaxy 0402+379, appear to have two supermassive black holes at their centers, forming a binary system. If they collided, the event would create strong gravitational waves.[36] Binary supermassive black holes are believed to be a common consequence of galactic mergers.[37] The binary pair in OJ 287, 3.5 billion light-years away, contains the most massive black hole in a pair, with a mass estimated at 18 billion M☉.[38] A supermassive black hole was recently discovered in the dwarf galaxy Henize 2-10, which has no bulge. The precise implications for this discovery on black hole formation are unknown, but may indicate that black holes formed before bulges.[39]

text: On March 28, 2011, a supermassive black hole was seen tearing a mid-size star apart.[40] That is the only likely explanation of the observations that day of sudden X-ray radiation and the follow-up broad-band observations.[41][42] The source was previously an inactive galactic nucleus, and from study of the outburst the galactic nucleus is estimated to be a SMBH with mass of the order of a million solar masses. This rare event is assumed to be a relativistic outflow (material being emitted in a jet at a significant fraction of the speed of light) from a star tidally disrupted by the SMBH. A significant fraction of a solar mass of material is expected to have accreted onto the SMBH. Subsequent long-term observation will allow this assumption to be confirmed if the emission from the jet decays at the expected rate for mass accretion onto a SMBH.

text: In 2012, astronomers reported an unusually large mass of approximately 17 billion M☉ for the black hole in the compact, lenticular galaxy NGC 1277, which lies 220 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. The putative black hole has approximately 59 percent of the mass of the bulge of this lenticular galaxy (14 percent of the total stellar mass of the galaxy).[43] Another study reached a very different conclusion: this black hole is not particularly overmassive, estimated at between 2 and 5 billion M☉ with 5 billion M☉ being the most likely value.[44] On 28 February 2013 astronomers reported on the use of the NuSTAR satellite to accurately measure the spin of a supermassive black hole for the first time, in NGC 1365, reporting that the event horizon was spinning at almost the speed of light.[45][46]

text: In September 2014, data from different X-ray telescopes has shown that the extremely small, dense, ultracompact dwarf galaxy M60-UCD1 hosts a 20 million solar mass black hole at its center, accounting for more than 10% of the total mass of the galaxy. The discovery is quite surprising, since the black hole is five times more massive than the Milky Way's black hole despite the galaxy being less than five-thousandths the mass of the Milky Way.

text: Some galaxies, however, lack any supermassive black holes in their centers. Although most galaxies with no supermassive black holes are very small, dwarf galaxies, one discovery remains mysterious: The supergiant elliptical cD galaxy A2261-BCG has not been found to contain an active supermassive black hole, despite the galaxy being one of the largest galaxies known; ten times the size and one thousand times the mass of the Milky Way. Since a supermassive black hole will only be visible while it is accreting, a supermassive black hole can be nearly invisible, except in its effects on stellar orbits.

text: In fiction[edit]


document_title: Pickled cucumber

question_text: is a dill pickle a fruit or vegetable

question_tokens: is a dill pickle a fruit or vegetable

text: Pickled cucumber

text: Types

text: Gherkin

text: A gherkin is a variety of cucumber:[1] the West Indian or burr gherkin (Cucumis anguria), which produces a somewhat smaller fruit than the garden cucumber (Cucumis sativus).[2] Gherkins are cooked, eaten raw, or used as pickles.[3] Gherkins are usually picked when 4 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) in length and pickled in jars or cans with vinegar (often flavoured with herbs, particularly dill; hence, "dill pickle") or brine. Sugar is also a popular addition, in which case the label typically shows "Sweet Gherkins".

text: Cornichon

text: Cornichons are tart French pickles made from small gherkins pickled in vinegar and tarragon. They traditionally accompany pâtés and cold cuts.[4]

text: Brined pickles

text: Brined pickles are prepared using the traditional process of natural fermentation in a brine which makes them grow sour. The brine concentration can vary between 20 to more than 40 grams of salt per litre of water (3.2–6.4 oz/imp gal or 2.7–5.3 oz/US gal). There is no vinegar used in the brine of naturally fermented pickled cucumbers.

text: The fermentation process is entirely dependent on the naturally occurring Lactobacillus bacteria that normally cover the skin of a growing cucumber. Since these are routinely removed during commercial harvesting/packing processes, traditionally prepared pickles can only be made from freshly harvested cucumbers, unless the bacteria are artificially replaced.[citation needed]

text: Typically, small cucumbers are placed in a glass or ceramic vessel or a wooden barrel, together with a variety of spices. Among those traditionally used in many recipes are garlic, horseradish, whole dill stems with umbels and green seeds, white mustard seeds, grape, oak, cherry, blackcurrant and bay laurel leaves, dried allspice fruits, and—most importantly—salt. The container is then filled with cooled, boiled water and kept under a non-airtight cover (often cloth tied on with string or a rubber band) for several weeks, depending on taste and external temperature. Traditionally stones, also sterilized by boiling, are placed on top of the cucumbers to keep them under the water. The more salt is added the more sour the cucumbers become.

text: Since they are produced without vinegar, a film of bacteria forms on the top, but this does not indicate they have spoiled, and the film is simply removed. They do not, however, keep as long as cucumbers pickled with vinegar, and usually must be refrigerated. Some commercial manufacturers add vinegar as a preservative.

text: Kosher dill (US)

text: A "kosher" dill pickle is not necessarily kosher in the sense that it has been prepared in accordance with Jewish dietary law. Rather, it is a pickle made in the traditional manner of Jewish New York City pickle makers, with generous addition of garlic and dill to a natural salt brine.[5][6][7]

text: In New York terminology, a "full-sour" kosher dill is one that has fully fermented, while a "half-sour", given a shorter stay in the brine, is still crisp and bright green.[8] Elsewhere, these pickles may sometimes be termed "old" and "new" dills.

text: Dill pickles (not necessarily described as "kosher") have been served in New York City since at least 1899.[9]

text: Polish and German

text: The Polish- or German-style pickled cucumber (Polish: ogórek kiszony/kwaszony; German: Salzgurken), was developed in the northern parts of central and eastern Europe. It has been exported worldwide and is found in the cuisines of many countries, including the United States, where it was introduced by immigrants. It is sour, similar to the kosher dill, but tends to be seasoned differently.[citation needed]

text: Traditionally it was preserved in wooden barrels, but now is sold in glass jars. A cucumber only pickled for a few days is different in taste (less sour) than one pickled for a longer time and is called ogórek małosolny, which literally means "low-salt cucumber." This distinction is similar to the one between half- and full-sour types of kosher dills (see above).

text: Another kind of pickled cucumber, popular in Poland is ogórek konserwowy ("preserved cucumber") which is rather sweet and vinegary in taste, due to different composition of the preserving solution.

text: Hungarian

text: In Hungary, while regular vinegar-pickled cucumbers (Hungarian: savanyú uborka) are made during most of the year, during the summer kovászos uborka ("leavened pickles") are made without the use of vinegar. Cucumbers are placed in a glass vessel along with spices (usually dill and garlic), water and salt. Additionally, a slice or two of bread are placed at the top and bottom of the solution, and the container is left to sit in the sun for a few days so the yeast in the bread can help cause a fermentation process.[10]

text: China

text: All grocers offer a wide variety of pickled vegetables, such as pepper, cabbage, eggplant, white radish, long bean, and garlic. These are heavily salted and undergo lactic acid bacteria fermentation, similar to sauerkraut.

text: Korean

text: In Korea, oi-ji (오이지) is a type of jjanji (salted vegetables).

text: Lime

text: Lime pickles are soaked in pickling lime (not to be confused with the citrus fruit) rather than in a salt brine.[11] This is done more to enhance texture (by making them crisper) rather than as a preservative. The lime is then rinsed off the pickles. Vinegar and sugar are often added after the 24-hour soak in lime, along with pickling spices.

text: Bread and butter

text: Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated pickle produced with sliced cucumbers in a solution of vinegar, sugar and spices which may be either be processed by canning or simply chilled as refrigerator pickles. The origin of the name and the spread of their popularity in the United States is attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, a pair of Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet and sour pickles in the 1920s and filed for the trademark "Fanning's Bread and Butter Pickles" in 1923 (though the recipe and similar ones are probably much older).[12] The story attached to the name is that the Fannings survived rough years by making the pickles with their surplus of undersized cucumbers and bartering them with their grocer for staples such as bread and butter.[13]

text: Cinnamon pickle

text: Bright red, cinnamon-flavored pickles produced by a multiday process are sometimes seen as a Christmas treat.[14] They are somewhat similar to canned red cinnamon apple rings in color and texture.

text: Swedish and Danish

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Swedish pickled cucumbers (pressgurka) are thinly sliced, mixed with salt and pressed to drain some water from the cucumber slices. Afterwards placed in a jar with a sour-sweet brine of vinegar, sugar, dill and mustard seeds.

text: Danish cucumber salad (agurkesalat) is similar, but the cucumbers are not pressed and the brine doesn't have parsley. The cucumber salad accompanies meat dishes, especially a roasted chicken dish (gammeldags kylling med agurkesalat), and is used on Danish hot dogs.

text: There are also "long time pickles", which call for some months of cool storing in order to be edible. In southern Sweden and Denmark a solution of water, mild acidic vinegar (not made of wine and as clear as water), sugar and the top of dill plants, known as krondill (English: crown dill) and a little salt. In Sweden this is known as "Ättiksgurka" (English: vinegar cucumber) and has a crispy sweet and sour taste. Further north in Sweden some of the acidic vinegar and all the sugar are replaced with more salt. This is known as "saltgurka". Both "ättiksgurka" and "saltgurka" are used as a minor part of certain dishes.

text: Kool-Aid pickles

text: Kool-Aid pickles or "koolickles", enjoyed by children in parts of the Southern United States,[15] are created by soaking dill pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine.

text: Nutrition

text: Like pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut, sour pickled cucumbers (technically a fruit) are low in calories. They also contain a moderate amount of vitamin K, specifically in the form of K1. 30-gram sour pickled cucumber offers 12–16 µg, or approximately 15–20%, of the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamin K. It also offers 3 kilocalories (13 kJ), most of which come from carbohydrate.[16] However, most sour pickled cucumbers are also high in sodium; one pickled cucumber can contain 350–500 mg, or 15–20% of the American recommended daily limit of 2400 mg.[17]

text: Sweet pickled cucumbers, including bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain 20 to 30 kilocalories (84 to 126 kJ). Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles.[18]

text: Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as L. plantarum and L. brevis have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles.[19]

text: Serving

text: In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a "pickle spear", which is a pickled cucumber cut length-wise into quarters or sixths. Pickles may be used as a condiment on a hamburger or other sandwich (usually in slice form), or on a sausage or hot dog in chopped form as pickle relish.

text: Soured cucumbers are commonly used in a variety of dishes—for example, pickle-stuffed meatloaf,[20] potato salad or chicken salad—or consumed alone as an appetizer.

text: Pickles are sometimes served alone as festival foods, often on a stick. This is also done in Japan, where it is referred to as "stick pickle" (一本漬, ippon-tsuke).

text: Dill pickles can be fried, typically deep-fried with a breading or batter surrounding the spear or slice. This is a popular dish in the Southern US, and a rising trend elsewhere in the US.[21]

text: In Russia and Ukraine, pickles are used in rassolnik: a traditional soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley, pork or beef kidneys, and various herbs. The dish is known to have existed as far back as the 15th century, when it was called kalya.

text: Etymology

text: The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine.[22] In the United States and Canada, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber (other types of pickles will be described as "pickled onion", "pickled beets", etc.). In the UK pickle generally refers to ploughman's pickle made from various vegetables, such as Branston pickle, traditionally served with a ploughman's lunch.

text: Gallery

text:
Fresh pickling cucumbers for sale in Kraków

Cucumbers in salted water with dill (Poland)

German pickles called Spreewald gherkins

German pickle Christmas tree ornament

Cover for 1906 U.S. ragtime piece "Dill Pickles"