document_title: Pardon

question_text: who is given power under the constitution to grant individual pardons

question_tokens: who is given power under the constitution to grant individual pardons

text: Pardon

text: By country[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Pardons[edit]

text: The Parole Board of Canada (PBC) is the federal agency responsible for making pardon decisions under the Criminal Records Act (CRA). Under the CRA, the PBC can issue, grant, deny, and revoke pardons.

text: In 2012, the Parliament of Canada passed the Safe Streets and Communities Act,[3] which changed a number of elements regarding the criminal justice system. The Act replaced the term "pardon" with "record suspension",[4] and the pardon system was similarly changed.[5]

text: A pardon keeps a judicial record of a conviction separate and apart from other criminal records, and gives law-abiding citizens an opportunity to reintegrate into Canadian society.

text: The CRA removes all information about the conviction for which an individual received the pardon from the Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC). Federal agencies cannot give out information about the conviction without approval from the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

text: A pardon does not, however, erase the fact that an individual was convicted of a crime. The criminal record is not erased, but it is kept separate and apart from other (non-pardoned) criminal records.

text: A pardon removes disqualifications caused by a criminal conviction, such as the ability to contract with the federal government, or eligibility for Canadian citizenship.

text: If an individual in receipt of a pardon is convicted of a new offence, the information may lead to a reactivation of the criminal record for which the pardon was received in CPIC.

text: A pardon does not guarantee entry or visa privileges to another country. Before travelling to another country, individuals must still contact the authorities of the country in question to find out what the requirements are to enter that country.

text: Processing of pardons by the Parole Board of Canada generally takes six months for a summary offence and 12 months for an indictable offence. If the Parole Board proposes to deny the application, it can take 24 months to process.[6]

text: Individuals can apply for a pardon if they were convicted as an adult of a criminal offence in Canada, or of an offence under a federal act or regulation of Canada, or if they were convicted of a crime in another country and were transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act. Non-Canadian citizens are not eligible for a Canadian pardon unless they were convicted of a crime in Canada.

text: To be eligible for a pardon or record suspension, individuals must have completed all of their sentences and a waiting period.

text: Individuals are considered to have completed all of their sentences if they have:

text:
Paid all fines, surcharges, costs, restitution and compensation orders
Served all sentences of imprisonment, conditional sentences, including parole or statutory release
Completed their probation order

text: Prior to 2012, following completion of all of their sentences, individuals must have completed a waiting period, as follows:

text:
3 years for summary convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation, except sexual crimes against children
3 years under the National Defence Act, if fined $2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned 6 months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence
5 years for indictable convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children
5 years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act
5 years under the National Defence Act, if you were fined more than $2,000, detained or imprisoned more than 6 months, or dismissed from service
10 years for indictable convictions for sexual crimes against children and criminals receiving more than 2 years of imprisonment time for "serious personal injury offence" such as manslaughter or other designated offence under section 752 of the Criminal Code.[7]

text: Effective 13 March 2012, the eligibility criteria and waiting periods changed:

text:
5 years for summary convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation, except sexual crimes against children
5 years under the National Defence Act, if fined $2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned 6 months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence
10 years for indictable convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children
10 years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act
10 years under the National Defence Act, if fined more than $2,000, detained or imprisoned more than 6 months, or dismissed from service
"Not Eligible" for indictable convictions for sexual crimes against children (Schedule 1 Offence under CRA)
"Not Eligible" for criminals with more than three (3) offences prosecuted by indictment, each with a prison sentence of 2 or more years.[8]

text: Applicants for a record suspension must be able to show that they have completed their sentences in full and provide proof of payment.[9]

text: Individuals can apply for a pardon by filling out the application forms available from the Parole Board and by paying a $631 pardon application fee.[10]

text: Clemency[edit]

text: In Canada, clemency is granted by the Governor-General of Canada or the Governor in Council (the federal cabinet) under the royal prerogative of mercy. Applications are also made to the National Parole Board, as in pardons, but clemency may involve the commutation of a sentence, or the remission of all or part of the sentence, a respite from the sentence (for a medical condition) or a relief from a prohibition (e.g., to allow someone to drive who has been prohibited from driving).

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, the institution of pardon (indulto) is regulated in the Criminal Code (article 93, Nº 4º),[11] which deals with the extinction of criminal liability. A pardon "only grants the remission or the commutation of the sentence; it does not remove the condition of having been condemned". The pardon may be either general, when it is granted to all those covered by a specific law passed by qualified quorum in National Congress, or particular, when it is granted by Supreme Decree of the President of the Republic. In Chile's presidential regime, the President is the Head of State; in this capacity, he or she has the discretionary power to grant particular pardons. He or she is not obliged to seek opinion or approval from other authorities, although, the granting of pardons is limited by the norms of Law No. 18.050 (1981),[12] and its Regulations (Decree No. 1542 of 1981 on particular pardons),[13] which forbid particular pardons for those convicted of a crime of terrorism.[14]

text: France[edit]

text: Pardons and acts of clemency (grâces) are granted by the President of France, who, ultimately, is the sole judge of the propriety of the measure. It is a prerogative of the President which is directly inherited from that of the Kings of France. The convicted person sends a request for pardon to the President of the Republic. The prosecutor of the court that pronounced the verdict reports on the case, and the case goes to the Ministry of Justice's directorate of criminal affairs and pardons for further consideration.

text: If granted, the decree of pardon is signed by the President, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Justice, and possibly other ministers involved in the consideration of the case. It is not published in the Journal Officiel.

text: The decree may spare the applicant from serving the balance of his or her sentence, or commute the sentence to a lesser one. It does not suppress the right for the victim of the crime to obtain compensation for the damages it suffered, and does not erase the condemnation from the criminal record.

text: When the death penalty was in force in France, all capital sentences resulted in a presidential review for a possible clemency. Executions were carried out if and only if the President rejected clemency, by signing a document on which it was written: "decides to let justice take its course".

text: The Parliament of France, on occasions, grants amnesty. This is a different concept and procedure from that described above, although the phrase "presidential amnesty" (amnistie présidentielle) is sometimes pejoratively applied to some acts of parliament traditionally voted upon after a presidential election, granting amnesty for minor crimes.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Similar to the United States, the right to grant pardon in Germany is divided between the federal and the state level. Federal jurisdiction in matters of criminal law is mostly restricted to appeals against decisions of state courts. Only "political" crimes like treason or terrorism are tried on behalf of the federal government by the highest state courts. Accordingly, the category of persons eligible for a federal pardon is rather narrow. The right to grant a federal pardon lies in the office of the President of Germany, but he or she can transfer this power to other persons, such as the chancellor or the minister of justice.

text: In early 2007, there was a widespread public discussion about the granting of pardons in Germany after convicted Red Army Faction terrorist Christian Klar, who was serving six consecutive sentences of life imprisonment, filed a petition for pardon. President Horst Köhler ultimately denied his request.

text: For all other (and therefore the vast majority of) convicts, pardons are in the jurisdiction of the states. In some states it is granted by the respective cabinet, but in most states the state constitution vests the authority in the state prime minister. As on the federal level, the authority may be transferred. Amnesty can be granted only by federal law.

text: Greece[edit]

text: The Constitution of Greece grants the power of pardon to the President of the Republic (Art. 47, § 1). He/She can pardon, commute or remit punishment imposed by any court, on the proposal of the Minister of Justice and after receiving the opinion (not the consent necessarily) of the Pardon Committee.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Prior to the Transfer of the sovereignty in 1997, the power of pardon was a royal prerogative of mercy of the monarch of the United Kingdom. This was used and cited the most often in cases of inmates who had been given the death penalty: from 1965 to 1993 (when the death penalty was formally abolished) death sentences were automatically commuted to life imprisonment under the Royal Prerogative.

text: Since the Transfer, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong now exercises the power to grant pardons and commute penalties under section 12 of article 48 Basic Law of Hong Kong. "The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions...to pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties".

text: India[edit]

text: Under the Constitution of India (Article 72), the President of India can grant a pardon or reduce the sentence of a convicted person, particularly in cases involving capital punishment. A similar and parallel power vests in the Governors of each State under Article 161.

text: The Constitution of India vests sovereign power in the President and governors. The governance in the Centre and states is carried out in the name of President and Governor respectively. A President is empowered with the power to pardon under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution. Article 72 says that the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. The meaning of these terms is as follows:

text:
The pardoning powers of the Indian President are elucidated in Art 72 of the Indian Constitution.
There are five different types of pardoning which are mandated by law.
1. Pardon: means completely absolving the person of the crime and letting him go free. The pardoned criminal will be like a normal citizen.
2. Commutation: means changing the type of punishment given to the guilty into a less harsh one, for example, a death penalty commuted to a life sentence.
3. Reprieve: means a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for Presidential Pardon or some other legal remedy to prove his innocence or successful rehabilitation.
4. Respite: means reducing the quantum or degree of the punishment to a criminal in view of some special circumstances, like pregnancy, mental condition etc.
5. Remission: means changing the quantum of the punishment without changing its nature, for example reducing 20 year rigorous imprisonment to 10 years.

text: The Article 72 reads:

text: (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any persons convicted of any offence-

text: (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial;

text: (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;

text: (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.

text: (2) Nothing in sub- clause (a) of clause (1) shall alter the power conferred by law on any officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court Martial.

text: (3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend remit or commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the time being in force.

text: Similarly, as per article 161: Governor of a State has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends. Please note that President can grant pardon to a person awarded death sentence. But Governor of State does not enjoy this power.

text: The question is whether this power to grant pardon is absolute or this power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers. The pardoning power of President is NOT absolute. It is governed by the advice of the Council of Ministers. This has not been discussed by the Constitution but is the practical truth. Further, the Constitution does not provide for any mechanism to question the legality of decisions of President or governors exercising mercy jurisdiction. But the SC in Epuru Sudhakar case has given a small window for judicial review of the pardon powers of President and governors for the purpose of ruling out any arbitrariness. The court has earlier held that court has retained the power of judicial review even on a matter which has been vested by the Constitution solely in the Executive.

text: However, it is important to note that India has a unitary legal system and there is no separate body of state law. All crimes are crimes against the Union of India. Therefore, a convention has developed that the Governor's powers are exercised for only minor offenses, while requests for pardons and reprieves for major offenses and offenses committed in the Union Territories are deferred to the President.

text: Both the President and Governor are bound by the advice of their respective Councils of Ministers and hence the exercise of this power is of an executive character. It is therefore subject to Judicial Review as held by the Supreme Court of India in the case of Maru Ram v. Union of India [1980] INSC  213, 1981 (1) SCC 107, Supreme Court. It was subsequently confirmed by Kehar Singh v. Union of India [1988] INSC  370, 1989(1) SCC 204, Supreme Court. In the case of Epuru Sudhakar & Anr vs Govt. Of A.P. & Ors [2006] INSC  638, Supreme Court, it was held that "clemency is subject to judicial review and that it cannot be dispensed as a privilege or act of grace". The court made these observation while quashing the decision of then Governor of Andhra Pradesh Sushil Kumar Shinde in commuting the sentence of a convicted Congress activist.[15]

text: Iran[edit]

text: In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader has the power to pardon and offer clemency under Article 110, § 1, §§ 11.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Constitutional basis[edit]

text: The Irish constitution states (in Article 13.6) that "The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President, but such power of commutation or remission may also be conferred by law on other authorities".

text: The power of clemency is nominally exercised by the president. However, the President of Ireland must act "on the advice" of the Government (cabinet), so in practice the clemency decisions are made by the government of the day and the president has no discretion in the matter. The responsibility can also be delegated to people or bodies other than the president.

text: Amnesty and immunity, on the other hand, are usually dealt with by an Act of the Oireachtas rather than by a general form of pardon or a slate of individual pardons.

text: There are two methods by which a pardon may proceed:

text: Method I[edit]

text:
In the first procedure, aimed at miscarriages of justice, the Minister for Justice may recommend to the Government that they formally advise the President to grant a pardon, and any conditions along with it.
1993 Criminal Procedure Act provides the method by which a person convicted of an offense may apply for a pardon.  Under this procedure, the person must:

text:
Have already been convicted.
Have used up their appeals.
Allege a new fact (previously known and believed to be significant, but which he has a reasonable excuse for not having mentioned) or newly discovered fact (including a fact previously known which was not believed to be significant) showing a miscarriage of justice has taken place.

text:
Then they can apply in writing to the Minister for Justice for a pardon.
The minister may then "make or cause to be made such inquiries as they consider necessary" and may refuse to grant the pardon on his/her own initiative, or if they think the person should be pardoned, bring such argument to cabinet.

text: Method II[edit]

text: Section six of the act allows a Minister for Justice to seek or receive a pardon request from someone whose case is not a 'miscarriage of justice', but has some other fault, such as an archaic law, a law being misapplied by a rogue judge, a reduction in the harshness of a sentence or a substitution of a sentence, without having to go through the procedure above, gone through appeals, or presented new facts.  It also allows the minister to waive the procedure in a case of miscarriage of justice if the specific case warrants it.  It may also allow prospective pardons as it allows the minister to pardon someone who has not been convicted yet, which the other procedure requires.

text: Committee of Inquiry[edit]

text: The government itself may assemble a committee to study the case in more detail on their behalf.  This may consist of anyone, and any number, but the chair must be:

text:
A judge or former judge or
A Barrister of at least 10 years standing or
A solicitor of at least 10 years standing.

text:
This special committee may look to any material it sees fit to make its decision, even if it was not, or would not be, available to a jury or trial judge in a normal court.
The government do not have to be bound by the committee recommendations.

text: Pardons under Military Law[edit]

text: Under Section 7(5) of the act, the same powers of the Minister for Justice apply to the Minister for Defense in the case of military officers and enlisted convicted by courts martial.

text: Compensation[edit]

text: The Minister for Justice or Defense may also, in their absolute discretion, pay compensation, determined by them alone, to any person given a pardon, if this compensation is applied for.  If they think the compensation is too low they may challenge for a higher figure in the High Court.

text: List of people who have received a Presidential Pardon since 1938

text: The power is used very infrequently compared to, for example, pardons in the United States.

text:
1940 – Thomas Quinn granted by Douglas Hyde
1943 – Walter Brady granted by Douglas Hyde
1992 – Nicky Kelly granted by Mary Robinson
1999 – William Geary granted by Mary McAleese
Source: Murdoch's Dictionary of Irish Law by Henry Murdoch, Page 566: 3rd Edition: ISBN 0-9514032-5-7

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel the President has the power to pardon criminals or give them clemency. The pardon is given following a recommendation by the Minister of Justice.

text: After the Kav 300 affair, President Chaim Herzog issued a pardon to four members of the Shin Bet prior to them being indicted. This unusual act was the first of its kind in Israel.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, the President of the Republic may "grant pardons, or commute punishments" according to article 87 of the Italian Constitution. Like other acts of the president, the pardon requires the countersignature of the competent government minister. The Constitutional Court of Italy has ruled that the Minister of Justice is obliged to sign acts of pardon.[16]

text: The pardon may remove the punishment altogether or change its form. Unless the decree of pardon states otherwise, the pardon does not remove any incidental effects of a criminal conviction, such as a mention in a certificate of conduct (174 c.p.) or  the loss of civil rights.

text: According to article 79 of the Italian Constitution the Parliament may grant amnesty (article 151 c.p.) and pardon (article 174 c.p.) by law deliberated a majority of two thirds of the components. The last general pardon, discounting 3 years from sentences, was approved in 2006.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, the President is granted the right of pardon by Article 139 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As of October 2008, 7,819 people were pardoned, while 3,046 people's appeals were declined.

text:
Lech Wałęsa
Approved – 3,454
Declined – 384
Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Approved – 3,295 (the first term); 795 (the second term); total – 4,090
Declined – 993 (the first term); 1,317 (the second term); total – 2,310
Lech Kaczyński (until October 2007)
Approved – 77
Declined – 550
Bronisław Komorowski
Approved - 219
Declined - 189

text: Russia[edit]

text: The President of the Russian Federation is granted the right of pardon by Article 89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The chain of pardon committees manage lists of people eligible for pardon and directs them to the President for signing. While President Boris Yeltsin frequently used his power of pardon (1998 - 7,000 to 8,000 cases), his successor Vladimir Putin is much more hesitant; he granted five pardons in 2014 and two in 2015.[17]

text: Pardon can be requested in any time. The next request can be submitted one year after the previous one.[18]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Under section 84(2)(j) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the President of the Republic of South Africa is responsible for pardoning or reprieving offenders. This power of the President is only exercised in highly exceptional cases.

text: To pardon a person is to forgive a person for his/her deeds. The pardon process is therefore not available to persons who maintain their innocence and is not an advanced form of appeal procedure.

text: Pardon is only granted for minor offences after a period of ten years has elapsed since the relevant conviction.

text: For many serious offences (for example if the relevant court viewed the offence in such a serious light that direct imprisonment was imposed) pardon will not be granted even if more than ten years have elapsed since the conviction.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The derecho de gracia ("right of grace") or indulto ("pardon") is acknowledged by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 as a privilege of the King of Spain (article 62.i: "Functions of the King"). The Spanish Constitution defines it as a renounce on the State's part of its own punitive power on behalf of an individual, founded on reasons of equity or public interest. The Constitution subjects royal pardons to the Law and forbids general pardons, so they have to be granted individually. Theoretically, a royal pardon can be granted for a general offense or accessory offenses alone; if it is granted for a general offense, the accessory ones it implies are also pardoned, with the exception of punishments involving political rights (i.e., removal of the right to run for a public office as a result of a sentence), which have to be explicitly mentioned in the pardon decree if they are going to be pardoned.

text: The procedure and requirements for the grant of the pardon are given by the Law of 18 June 1870, modified by the Law 1/1988 of 14 January. The application for royal pardon has to be carried out by the convicted person himself, his relatives or any other person in his name. The convicting court will then issue a report of the case, which shall be considered along with the public comments of the Prosecutor and the victims of the crime if there were any. All of this is gathered by the Minister of Justice, who will present the pardon issue to the Cabinet of Ministers. If the Cabinet decides a pardon should be granted, then the Minister of Justice will recommend as such to the King. Pardons are issued by Royal Decree and have to be published in the Boletín Oficial del Estado ("Public Journal").

text: Pardons are not commonly conceded in Spain but for offenders convicted for minor crimes who are about to complete their sentence and have shown good behaviour and repentance. Dating back to medieval times, several organisations and religious brotherhoods still hold the right of granting pardons as part of some privilege or other granted to them by the King of Spain. The scope of this privilege depends on the royal charter received by the organisation when their right to concede pardons was granted, though it usually holds only for minor offenses in very especial conditions; this right is implicitly acknowledged by the public offices nowadays, though it is not exercised but following the usual procedure for royal pardons. Traditionally, they will propose some petty criminal about to end his sentence for pardon being granted to him, and he/she will be released following the tradition to which the pardon holds, usually during the Holy Week. This type of pardons are distinguished from the usual ones in that they only release the prisoner from jail, halting the sentence, but do not pardon the offense itself.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, pardons may be granted by the Swiss Federal Assembly for crimes prosecuted by the federal authorities. For crimes under cantonal jurisdiction, cantonal law designates the authority competent to grant pardons (if any). In most cantons, the cantonal parliament may pardon felonies, and the cantonal government may pardon misdemeanors and minor infractions.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The president of Turkey is granted the right of pardon under certain circumstances defined in the constitution, article 104. According to the article, the president can "remit, on grounds of chronic illness, disability, or old age, all or part of the sentences imposed on certain individuals". After the convict's or his or her proxy's application, if the Council of Forensic Medicine determines that the convict suffers from chronic illness, disability, or old age, the Ministry of Justice presents the situation to the president, and the president can choose to grant a pardon.

text: Additionally, the parliament of Turkey has the power to announce general amnesty.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The power to grant pardons and reprieves in the United Kingdom is known as the Royal prerogative of mercy. It was traditionally in the absolute power of the monarch to pardon an individual for a crime, whether or not he or she had been convicted, and thereby commute any penalty; the power was then delegated both to the judiciary and the Sovereign's ministers. Since the creation of legal rights of appeal, the Royal prerogative of mercy is no longer exercised by the person of the sovereign, or by the judiciary, but only by the government.

text: In constitutional terms, under the doctrine of the Rule of Law, the power of ministers to overrule the judiciary by commuting criminal sanctions imposed resolves different and sometimes conflicting public interests. In civil matters, only the legislative branch, and not ministers, have the power to override the judiciary.

text: Until the nineteenth century, for many crimes the sentence was mandatory and was formally pronounced in court immediately upon conviction, but judges and ministers were given powers to exercise the Royal prerogative of mercy out of court, in order to mitigate the rigour of the law. Before there was any general form of criminal appeal, a judge might grant a pardon either by way of clemency, because he felt in his opinion that the law was unduly harsh (for example, in the case of convictions of minors), that the verdict was dubious, that to seek public approval, or it was otherwise in the public interest. Capital sentences imposed by the Assizes were generally executed when the Assize was concluded and as the circuit judge left the town, so there was a limited window of time to apply to a judge or directly to the Crown for a pardon. Especially for Assizes that were far away from the then capital and major cities of London, York, Durham, Edinburgh, or Dublin, a pardon might well arrive too late. Perhaps as a form of temporary punishment, to give solace, to avoid public disorder, to consult or obtain further evidence, or to maximise the public approval of the King's mercy, judges often did not grant their pardons until their departures; the convict often hoped until his last moments that the sentence of death would not actually be executed, and it was generally popular for a reprieve to arrive at the scaffold at the very moment of the execution.[19]

text: Conditional pardons were granted to many in the 18th century, in return for transportation to British colonies overseas for life in lieu, especially to the Australian Colonies.

text: The first known General Pardon in post-Conquest England was issued during the celebrations at the coronation of King Edward III in 1327. In 2006, all soldiers from England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland who were executed for cowardice during the First World War were given a statutory pardon by an Act of Parliament, resolving a long-running controversy about the justice of their executions.[20] (See the Armed Forces Act 2006.)

text: Today the Sovereign only grants pardons upon the advice of her ministers: currently they are the Secretary of State for Justice, for England and Wales, the First Minister of Scotland, or the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The Secretary of State for Defence is responsible for military cases. It is the standard policy of the Government to only grant pardons to those who are considered "morally" innocent of the offence, as opposed to those who may have been wrongly convicted by a misapplication of the law. Pardons are generally no longer issued prior to a conviction, but only after the conviction. The use of the Royal prerogative of mercy is now a rare occurrence, given that the Criminal Cases Review Commission and the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission are now avenues to statutory remedies against miscarriages of justice.

text: Therefore, the grant of pardons is now very rare occurrence indeed, and the vast majority of acknowledged miscarriages of justice were decided upon by the courts. During the Birmingham Six case, Home Secretary Douglas Hurd stressed that he could only make the decision for a pardon if he was "convinced of [their] innocence", which at the time he was not.[21]

text: One recent case was that of two drug smugglers, John Haase and Paul Bennett. They were pardoned in July 1996 from their sentences of imprisonment both of 18 years, having served some ten months, on the advice of Home Secretary Michael Howard.[22] This was intended as a reward for their information given to the authorities, but there were speculations as to the motives of the Home Secretary.[23] In 2008 they were sentenced to imprisonment for 20 and 22 years, respectively, after subsequent discovery that their information given was unreliable.

text: In 1980, after the courts had dismissed their appeals, the Home Secretary, William Whitelaw, used the Royal prerogative of mercy to free David Cooper and Michael McMahon from their imprisonment, both having been convicted of murder on poor evidence.[24][25]

text: Under the Act of Settlement, a pardon cannot prevent a person from being impeached by Parliament, but a pardon may commute any penalties imposed for the conviction. In England and Wales no person may be pardoned for an offence under Section 11 of the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 (unlawfully transporting prisoners out of England and Wales).[26]

text: United States[edit]

text: U.S. Constitution[edit]

text: In the United States, the pardon power for offences against the United States is granted to the President of the United States under Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution which states that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this language to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites, and amnesties.[27]

text: The pardon power of the President applies only to convictions under federal law.[28] Additionally the power extends to military court-martial cases, as well as convictions in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.[28]

text: Almost all pardon petitions are addressed to the President, who grants or denies the request.  In some cases, the President will, of his own accord, issue a pardon.[29] Typically, applications for pardons are referred for review and non-binding recommendation by the Office of the Pardon Attorney, an official of the United States Department of Justice.[30] The percentage of pardons and reprieves granted varies from administration to administration; however, fewer pardons have been granted since World War II.[31]

text: State law[edit]

text: The governors of most of the 50 states have the power to grant pardons or reprieves for offenses under state criminal law. In other states, that power is committed to an appointed agency or board, or to a board and the governor in some hybrid arrangement (in some states the agency is merged with that of the parole board, as in the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board).[32]

text: Nine states in the United States have Boards of Pardons and Paroles that exclusively grant all state pardons. These states are: Alabama (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Connecticut (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Georgia (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Idaho (Commission of Pardons and Paroles), Minnesota (Board of Pardons), Nebraska (Board of Pardons), Nevada (Board of Pardon Commissioners), South Carolina (Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon), and Utah (Board of Pardons and Parole).

text: On at least three occasions, state governors—George Ryan[33] of Illinois in 2003, Toney Anaya[34] of New Mexico in 1986 and Martin O'Malley[35] of Maryland in 2014—have commuted all death sentences in their respective states prior to leaving office.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: These terms differ subtly from country to country, but generally:[36][37]

text:
Clemency is a general concept of amelioration of penalties, especially by action of executive officials; the forms it may take include the following:
Amnesty: A pardon applied to a group of people rather than an individual. President Jimmy Carter offered amnesty to anyone who had evaded the draft. Weapon amnesties are often granted so that people can hand in weapons to the police without any legal questions being asked as to where they obtained them, why they had them, etc. After a civil war a mass amnesty may be granted to absolve all participants of guilt and "move on".  Amnesties are typically applied in advance of any prosecution for the crime.
Commutation: Substituting the imposed penalty for a crime with a lesser penalty, whilst still remaining guilty of the original crime (e.g., someone who is guilty of murder may have their sentence commuted to life imprisonment rather than death, or the term of imprisonment may be reduced).
Remission: Complete or partial cancellation of the penalty, whilst still being considered guilty of said crime (i.e., reduced penalty). Also known as remand, the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed, with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had.
Reprieve: Temporary postponement of a punishment, usually so that the accused can mount an appeal (especially if he or she has been sentenced to death).[38]
Respite: The delay of an ordered sentence, or the act of temporarily imposing a lesser sentence upon the convicted, whilst further investigation, action, or appeals can be conducted.[39]

text:
Expungement: The process by which the record of a criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the official repository, thus removing any traces of guilt or conviction.
Immunity from prosecution: A prosecutor may grant immunity, usually to a witness, in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. The prosecutor (conditionally) agrees not to prosecute a crime that the witness might have committed in exchange for said evidence.  For example, a car thief who witnesses a murder might be granted immunity for his crime as an inducement to identify, and perhaps to truthfully testify against the murderer.
Other immunity: Several other types of immunity are available, depending on the status of a person as a member of the government.[vague]

text: Some criminals who testify for the prosecution put their life in jeopardy by doing so. To encourage witnesses to testify, the government may offer witness protection. In the United States Federal Witness Protection Program, about "95% of [witnesses in the program] are ... criminals."[40] Those who testify for the prosecution may be offered immunity from prosecution for their own crimes.[40]


document_title: The Sinner (TV series)

question_text: who plays harry ambrose's wife on the sinner

question_tokens: who plays harry ambrose 's wife on the sinner

root

text: The Sinner (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows the events that happen after a young mother kills someone in public but has no idea why she did so.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jessica Biel as Cora Tannetti[3]
Christopher Abbott as Mason Tannetti[4]
Dohn Norwood as Detective Dan Leroy
Abby Miller as Caitlin Sullivan
Bill Pullman as Detective Harry Ambrose[5]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Danielle Burgess as Maddie
Patti D'Arbanville as Lorna Tannetti, Mason's mother
Kathryn Erbe as Fay Ambrose, Harry's wife
Enid Graham as Elizabeth Lacey, Cora's mother
Jacob Pitts as J.D.
Nadia Alexander as Phoebe
Eric Todd as Frankie Belmont

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Part I"
Antonio Campos
Derek Simonds
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
1.63[6]

Cora Tannetti, raised by religious zealots, is now married to Mason and mother of a toddler. The marriage is strained by Mason's attachment to his mother, who lives on the same property and watches her grandson while Cora and Mason work at the family business. At the lake with her husband and son, Cora attempts to drown herself but changes her mind. She then sees an amorous couple kissing and uses a paring knife to repeatedly stab the man, Frankie Belmont, killing him. Detectives Harry Ambrose and Dan Leroy are assigned the case. With Cora's confession, Dan views the case as closed, while Harry wishes to learn why she committed a random murder. He must hurry, as she is soon to be arraigned in court.

2
"Part II"
Antonio Campos
Derek Simonds
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
1.41[7]

Cora pleads guilty to second-degree murder to avoid a trial, but the judge orders a competency evaluation. After learning that Frankie seemed to recognize Cora as she stabbed him and that they possibly had a destructive relationship, Harry questions her. She admits that, in 2012, she had sex with Frankie after meeting him in a bar, only he called himself "J.D.". Frankie's parents claim that he was in California in 2012. Harry confronts Cora, forcing her to listen to the music that caused her to stab Frankie, and she attacks Harry in a similar manner.

3
"Part III"
Antonio Campos
Derek Simonds
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)
1.64[8]

4
"Part IV"
Brad Anderson
Liz W. Garcia
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)
1.76[9]

5
"Part V"
Cherien Dabis
Jesse McKeown
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)
1.84[10]

6
"Part VI"
Judy Lee Lipes
Tom Pabst
September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)
1.84[11]

7
"Part VII"
Tucker Gates
Liz W. Garcia
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
1.84[12]

8
"Part VIII"
Tucker Gates
Jesse McKeown & Tom Pabst
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
2.44[13]

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has received mostly positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a rating of 94%, based on 33 reviews. The critical consensus is "Smartly unpredictable and led by powerful performances from a talented cast, the darkly compelling The Sinner sinks its hooks in fast and doesn't let go."[14] Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, reported that there were "generally favorable reviews" for the series, with an average score of 71 based on 23 reviews.[15] In August 2017, it was announced as the number one new cable series of 2017, according to Nielsen delayed viewing data.[16]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Part I"
August 2, 2017
0.4
1.63[6]
0.8
2.35
1.2
3.98[17]

2
"Part II"
August 9, 2017
0.4
1.41[7]
0.9
2.52
1.3
3.93[18]

3
"Part III"
August 16, 2017
0.5
1.64[8]
0.8
2.37
1.3
4.02[19]

4
"Part IV"
August 23, 2017
0.5
1.76[9]
0.9
2.58
1.4
4.34[20]

5
"Part V"
August 30, 2017
0.5
1.84[10]
1.0
2.78
1.5
4.62[21]

6
"Part VI"
September 6, 2017
0.6
1.84[11]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Part VII"
September 13, 2017
0.5
1.84[12]
0.8
2.55
1.3
4.39[22]

8
"Part VIII"
September 20, 2017
0.8
2.44[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A


document_title: Grateful Dead

question_text: when did the grateful dead change their name

text: Grateful Dead

text: Formation (1965–1966)[edit]

text: The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, California jug band called Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions.[20] The band's first show was at Magoo's Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5, 1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks; coincidentally, the Velvet Underground (similarly influenced by avant-garde music) was also using that name on the East Coast.[21][22] The show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band,[23] the group quickly changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name (not the Velvet Underground, who by then had also changed their name) had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4, 1965, at one of Ken Kesey's Acid Tests.[24][25][26] Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have been recorded by the band's fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8, 1966.[27] Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, an early psychedelic rock concert.[28]

text: The name "Grateful Dead" was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography (pp. 62), "... [Jerry Garcia] picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary ... [and] ... In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, 'Hey, man, how about the Grateful Dead?'" The definition there was "the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial." According to Alan Trist, director of the Grateful Dead's music publisher company Ice Nine, Garcia found the name in the Funk & Wagnalls Folklore Dictionary, when his finger landed on that phrase while playing a game of Fictionary.[29] In the Garcia biography, Captain Trips, author Sandy Troy states that the band was smoking the psychedelic DMT at the time.[30] The term "grateful dead" appears in folktales of a variety of cultures. In mid-1969, Phil Lesh told another version of the story to Carol Maw, a young Texan visiting with the band in Marin County who also ended up going on the road with them to the Fillmore East and Woodstock. In this version, Phil said, "Jerry found the name spontaneously when he picked up a dictionary and the pages fell open. The words 'grateful' and 'dead' appeared straight opposite each other across the crack between the pages in unrelated text."

text: Other supporting personnel who signed on early included Rock Scully, who heard of the band from Kesey and signed on as manager after meeting them at the Big Beat Acid Test; Stewart Brand, "with his side show of taped music and slides of Indian life, a multimedia presentation" at the Big Beat and then, expanded, at the Trips Festival; and Owsley Stanley, the "Acid King" whose LSD supplied the tests and who, in early 1966, became the band's financial backer, renting them a house on the fringes of Watts and buying them sound equipment. "We were living solely off of Owsley's good graces at that time. ... [His] trip was he wanted to design equipment for us, and we were going to have to be in sort of a lab situation for him to do it," said Garcia.[30]

text: Main career (1967–1995)[edit]

text: One of the group's earliest major performances in 1967 was the Mantra-Rock Dance—a musical event held on January 29, 1967, at the Avalon Ballroom by the San Francisco Hare Krishna temple. The Grateful Dead performed at the event along with the Hare Krishna founder Bhaktivedanta Swami, poet Allen Ginsberg, bands Moby Grape and Big Brother and the Holding Company with Janis Joplin, donating proceeds to the Krishna temple.[31][32] The band's first LP, The Grateful Dead, was released on Warner Brothers in 1967.

text: Classically trained trumpeter Phil Lesh performed on bass guitar. Bob Weir, the youngest original member of the group, played rhythm guitar. Ron "Pigpen" McKernan played keyboards and harmonica until shortly before his death in 1973 at the age of 27. Garcia, Weir, and McKernan shared the lead vocal duties more or less equally; Lesh only sang a few leads, but his tenor was a key part of the band's three-part vocal harmonies. Bill Kreutzmann played drums, and in September 1967 was joined by a second drummer, New York native Mickey Hart, who also played a wide variety of other percussion instruments.

text: 1970 included tour dates in New Orleans, Louisiana, where the band performed at The Warehouse for two nights. On January 31, 1970, the local police raided their hotel on Bourbon Street, and arrested and charged a total of 19 people with possession of various drugs.[33] The second night's concert was performed as scheduled after bail was posted. Eventually, the charges were dismissed, except those against sound engineer Owsley Stanley, who was already facing charges in California for manufacturing LSD. This event was later memorialized in the lyrics of the song "Truckin'", a single from American Beauty which reached number 64 on the charts.

text: Mickey Hart took time off from the Grateful Dead beginning in February 1971,[34] leaving Kreutzmann once again as the sole percussionist. Hart rejoined the Grateful Dead for good in October 1974. Tom "TC" Constanten was added as a second keyboardist from 1968 to 1970, while Pigpen also played various percussion instruments and sang.

text: After Constanten's departure, Pigpen reclaimed his position as sole keyboardist. Less than two years later, in late 1971, Pigpen was joined by another keyboardist, Keith Godchaux, who played grand piano alongside Pigpen's Hammond B-3 organ. In early 1972, Keith's wife, Donna Jean Godchaux, joined the Grateful Dead as a backing vocalist.

text: Following the Grateful Dead's "Europe '72" tour, Pigpen's health had deteriorated to the point that he could no longer tour with the band. His final concert appearance was June 17, 1972, at the Hollywood Bowl, in Los Angeles[35];[36]  he died in March 1973 of complications from liver damage.[37]

text: The death of Pigpen did not slow the band down, and they continued with their new members. They soon formed their own record group, Grateful Dead Records.[38] Later that year, they released their next studio album, the jazz-influenced Wake of the Flood. It became their biggest commercial success thus far.[39] Meanwhile, capitalizing on Flood’s success, the band soon went back to the studio, and the next year, 1974, released another album, From the Mars Hotel. Not long after that album’s release however, the Dead decided to take a hiatus from live touring.

text: In September 1975, the Dead released their eighth studio album, Blues for Allah. Their hiatus was short-lived, though, as they resumed touring in June 1976.[38] That same year, they signed with Arista Records. Their new contract soon produced Terrapin Station in 1977. The band's tour in the spring of that year is held in high regard by their fans, and their concert of May 8 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York is often considered to be one of the best performances of their career.[40][41][42]

text: Although things appeared to be going well for the band, problems were arising with their two newest members, Keith and Donna Jean Godchaux. The pair were frequently fighting, and Keith's heroin addiction was affecting his playing. Both of these issues were causing complications with touring, and they agreed to leave the band in February 1979.

text: Following the departure of the Godchauxs, Brent Mydland joined as keyboardist and vocalist and was considered "the perfect fit". The Godchauxs then formed the Heart of Gold Band before Keith died in a car accident in 1980. Mydland was the keyboardist for the Grateful Dead for 11 years until his death by narcotics overdose in July 1990,[43] becoming the third keyboardist to die.

text: During the 1980s the band transformed as the talents of Mydland helped power the group. Shortly after Mydland found his place in the early 1980s, Garcia's health began to decline. His drug habits caused him to lose his liveliness on stage. After beginning to curtail his opiate usage in 1985 gradually, Garcia slipped into a diabetic coma for several days in July 1986. After he recovered, the band released In the Dark in July 1987, which resulted as their best selling studio album release, and also produced their only top-10 chart single, "Touch of Grey". Also that year, the group toured with Bob Dylan, as documented on the album Dylan & the Dead.

text: Inspired by Garcia's improved health and a successful album, the band's energy and chemistry peaked in the late 1980s and 1990. Performances were vigorous, and as a result, every show exceeded its maximum audience capacity. The band's "high time" came to a sudden halt when Mydland died after the summer tour in 1990. They now had to rebuild; Vince Welnick, former keyboardist for the Tubes, joined as a band member, while Bruce Hornsby, who had a successful career with his band the Range, joined as a touring member. Both performed on keyboards and vocals – Welnick until the band's end, and Hornsby mainly from 1990 to 1992.

text: Aftermath (1995 to present)[edit]

text: Jerry Garcia died in August 1995 and the remaining band members decided to disband.[44] Since that time, there have been a number of reunions by the surviving members involving various combinations of musicians. Additionally, the former members have also begun or continued their individual projects.

text: In 1998, Bob Weir, Phil Lesh, and Mickey Hart, along with several other musicians, formed a band called the Other Ones, and performed a number of concerts that year, releasing a live album, The Strange Remain, the following year. In 2000, the Other Ones toured again, this time with Kreutzmann but without Lesh. After taking another year off, the band toured again in 2002 with Lesh. That year, the Other Ones then included all four living former Grateful Dead members who had been in the band for most or all of its history. At different times the shifting lineup of the Other Ones also included guitarists Mark Karan, Steve Kimock, and Jimmy Herring, keyboardists Bruce Hornsby, Jeff Chimenti, and Rob Barraco, saxophonist Dave Ellis, drummer John Molo, bassist Alphonso Johnson, and vocalist Susan Tedeschi.[45]

text: In 2003, the Other Ones, still including Weir, Lesh, Hart, and Kreutzmann, changed their name to the Dead.[46] The Dead toured the United States in 2003, 2004 and 2009. The band's lineups included Jimmy Herring and Warren Haynes on guitar, Jeff Chimenti and Rob Barraco on keyboards, and Joan Osborne on vocals.[47] In 2008, members of the Dead played two concerts, called "Deadheads for Obama" and "Change Rocks".

text: Following the 2009 Dead tour, Lesh and Weir formed the band Furthur, which debuted in September 2009.[48] Joining Lesh and Weir in Furthur were John Kadlecik (guitar), Jeff Chimenti (keyboards), Joe Russo (drums), Jay Lane (drums), Sunshine Becker (vocals), and Zoe Ellis (vocals). Lane and Ellis left the band in 2010, and vocalist Jeff Pehrson joined later that year. Furthur disbanded in 2014.[49]

text: In 2010, Hart and Kreutzmann re-formed the Rhythm Devils, and played a summer concert tour.[50]

text: Since 1995, the former members of the Grateful Dead have also pursued solo music careers. Both Bob Weir & RatDog[51][52] and Phil Lesh and Friends[53][54] have performed many concerts and released several albums. Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann have also each released a few albums. Hart has toured with his world music percussion ensemble Planet Drum[55] as well as the Mickey Hart Band.[56] Kreutzmann has led several different bands, including BK3,[57] 7 Walkers (with Papa Mali),[58] and Billy & the Kids.[59] Donna Godchaux has returned to the music scene, with the Donna Jean Godchaux Band,[60] and Tom Constanten also continues to write and perform music.[61] All of these groups continue to play Grateful Dead music.

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Martin Scorsese will produce a documentary film about the Grateful Dead, to be directed by Amir Bar-Lev. David Lemieux will supervise the musical selection, and Weir, Hart, Kreutzmann and Lesh have agreed to new interviews for the film.[62] Bar-Lev's four-hour documentary, titled Long Strange Trip, was released in 2017.[63][64]

text: "Fare Thee Well"[edit]

text: In 2015, Weir, Lesh, Kreutzmann, and Hart reunited for five concerts called "Fare Thee Well: Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead".[65] The shows were performed on June 27 and 28 at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, and on July 3, 4 and 5 at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois.[65][66] The band stated that this would be the final time that Weir, Lesh, Hart, and Kreutzmann would perform together.[67] They were joined by Trey Anastasio of Phish on guitar, Jeff Chimenti on keyboards, and Bruce Hornsby on piano.[68][69] Demand for tickets was very high.[70][71] The concerts were simulcast via various media.[72][73] The Chicago shows have been released as a box set of CDs and DVDs.[74]

text: Dead & Company[edit]

text: In the fall of 2015, Mickey Hart, Bill Kreutzmann and Bob Weir joined with guitarist John Mayer, keyboardist Jeff Chimenti, and bassist Oteil Burbridge to tour in a band called Dead & Company. Mayer recounts that in 2011 he was listening to Pandora and happened upon the Grateful Dead song "Althea", and that soon Grateful Dead music was all he would listen to.[75] The band has played three tours, and is currently embarking on a fourth:  October–December 2015, June–July 2016, and May–July 2017.[76][77]. Fall tour was shortly announced after summer 2017. Nov–Dec 2017.

text: Musical style[edit]

text: The Grateful Dead formed during the era when bands such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys and the Rolling Stones were dominating the airwaves. "The Beatles were why we turned from a jug band into a rock 'n' roll band," said Bob Weir. "What we saw them doing was impossibly attractive. I couldn't think of anything else more worth doing."[78] Former folk-scene star Bob Dylan had recently put out a couple of records featuring electric instrumentation. Grateful Dead members have said that it was after attending a concert by the touring New York City band the Lovin' Spoonful that they decided to "go electric" and look for a dirtier sound. Jerry Garcia and Bob Weir (each of whom had been immersed in the American folk music revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s), were open-minded to electric guitars.

text: The Grateful Dead's early music (in the mid-1960s) was part of the process of establishing what "psychedelic music" was, but theirs was essentially a "street party" form of it. They developed their "psychedelic" playing as a result of meeting Ken Kesey in Palo Alto, California, and subsequently becoming the house band for the Acid Tests he staged.[79] They did not fit their music to an established category such as pop rock, blues, folk rock, or country & western. Individual tunes within their repertoire could be identified under one of these stylistic labels, but overall their music drew on all of these genres and, more frequently, melded several of them. Bill Graham said of the Grateful Dead, "They're not the best at what they do, they're the only ones that do what they do."[80] Often (both in performance and on recording) the Dead left room for exploratory, spacey soundscapes.

text: Their live shows, fed by an improvisational approach to music, were different from most touring bands. While rock and roll bands often rehearse a standard set, played with minor variations, the Grateful Dead did not prepare in this way. Garcia stated in a 1966 interview, "We don't make up our sets beforehand. We'd rather work off the tops of our heads than off a piece of paper."[81] They maintained this approach throughout their career. For each performance, the band drew material from an active list of a hundred or so songs.[81]

text: The 1969 live album Live/Dead did capture the band in-form, but commercial success did not come until Workingman's Dead and American Beauty, both released in 1970. These records largely featured the band's laid-back acoustic musicianship and more traditional song structures. With their rootsy, eclectic stylings, particularly evident on the latter two albums, the band pioneered the hybrid Americana genre.[82][83][84]

text: As the band and its sound matured over thirty years of touring, playing, and recording, each member's stylistic contribution became more defined, consistent, and identifiable. Lesh, who was originally a classically trained trumpet player with an extensive background in music theory, did not tend to play traditional blues-based bass forms, but more melodic, symphonic and complex lines, often sounding like a second lead guitar. Weir, too, was not a traditional rhythm guitarist, but tended to play jazz-influenced, unique inversions at the upper end of the Dead's sound. The two drummers, Mickey Hart and Kreutzmann, developed a unique, complex interplay, balancing Kreutzmann's steady beat with Hart's interest in percussion styles outside the rock tradition. Hart incorporated an 11-count measure to his drumming, bringing a dimension to the band's sound that became an important part of its style.[85] Garcia's lead lines were fluid, supple and spare, owing a great deal of their character to his training in fingerpicking and banjo.

text: The band's primary lyricists, Robert Hunter and John Perry Barlow, commonly used themes involving love and loss, life and death, gambling and murder, beauty and horror, chaos and order, God and other religious themes, travelling and touring.[citation needed] In a retrospective, The New Yorker described Hunter's verses as "elliptical, by turns vivid and gnomic", which were often "hippie poetry about roses and bells and dew,"[86] and critic Robert Christgau described them as "American myths" that later gave way to "the old karma-go-round".[87]

text: Merchandising and representation[edit]

text: Hal Kant was an entertainment industry attorney who specialized in representing musical groups. He spent 35 years as principal lawyer and general counsel for the Grateful Dead, a position in the group that was so strong that his business cards with the band identified his role as "Czar".[88]

text: Kant brought the band millions of dollars in revenue through his management of the band's intellectual property and merchandising rights. At Kant's recommendation, the group was one of the few rock 'n roll pioneers to retain ownership of their music masters and publishing rights.

text: In 2006, the Grateful Dead signed a ten-year licensing agreement with Rhino Entertainment to manage the band's business interests including the release of musical recordings, merchandising, and marketing. The band retained creative control and kept ownership of its music catalog.[89][90]

text: A Grateful Dead video game titled Grateful Dead Game – The Epic Tour[91] was released in April 2012 and was created by Curious Sense.[92]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: The Grateful Dead toured constantly throughout their career, playing more than 2,300 concerts.[93] They promoted a sense of community among their fans, who became known as "Deadheads", many of whom followed their tours for months or years on end. In their early career, the band also dedicated their time and talents to their community, the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco, making available free food, lodging, music, and health care to all. It has been said that the band performed "more free concerts than any band in the history of music".[94]

text: With the exception of 1975, when the band was on hiatus and played only four concerts together, the Grateful Dead performed many concerts every year, from their formation in April 1965, until July 9, 1995.[95] Initially all their shows were in California, principally in the San Francisco Bay Area and in or near Los Angeles. They also performed, in 1965 and 1966, with Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters, as the house band for the Acid Tests. They toured nationally starting in June 1967 (their first foray to New York), with a few detours to Canada, Europe and three nights at the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt in 1978. They appeared at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Festival Express train tour across Canada in 1970. They were scheduled to appear as the final act at the infamous Altamont Free Concert on December 6, 1969 after the Rolling Stones but withdrew after security concerns. "That's the way things went at Altamont—so badly that the Grateful Dead, prime organizers and movers of the festival, didn't even get to play," staff at Rolling Stone magazine wrote in a detailed narrative on the event"[96]

text: Their first UK performance was at the Hollywood Music Festival in 1970. Their largest concert audience came in 1973 when they played, along with the Allman Brothers Band and the Band, before an estimated 600,000 people at the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen.[97] The 1998 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records recognized them with a listing under the heading, "most rock concerts performed" (2,318 concerts).[98] They played to an estimated total of 25 million people, more than any other band, with audiences of up to 80,000 attending a single show. Many of these concerts were preserved in the band's tape vault, and several dozen have since been released on CD and as downloads. The Dead were known for the tremendous variation in their setlists from night to night—the list of songs documented to have been played by the band exceeds 500.[99] The band has released four concert videos under the name View from the Vault.

text: In the 1990s, the Grateful Dead earned a total of $285 million in revenue from their concert tours, the second-highest during the 1990s, with the Rolling Stones earning the most.[100] This figure is representative of tour revenue through 1995, as touring stopped after the death of Jerry Garcia.[100]

text: Their numerous studio albums were generally collections of new songs that they had first played in concert. The band was also famous for its extended musical jams, which featured both individual improvisations as well as distinctive "group-mind" improvisations during which each of the band members improvised individually while simultaneously blending together as a cohesive musical unit. Musically, this may be illustrated in that the band not only improvised within the form of songs, but also with the form. The Grateful Dead have often been described as having never played the same song the same way twice. The cohesive listening abilities of each band member made for a transcendence of what might be called "free form" and improvisation. Their concert sets often blended songs, one into the next (a segue).

text: Concert sound systems[edit]

text: The Wall of Sound was a large sound system designed specifically for the Grateful Dead.[101][102] The band was never satisfied with the house system anywhere they played. After the Monterey Pop Festival, the band's crew 'borrowed' some of the other performers' sound equipment and used it to host some free shows in San Francisco.[103] In their early days, soundman Owsley "Bear" Stanley designed a public address (PA) and monitor system for them. Stanley was the Grateful Dead's soundman for many years; he was also one of the largest suppliers of LSD.[104] Stanley's sound systems were delicate and finicky, and frequently brought shows to a halt with technical breakdowns. After Stanley went to jail for manufacturing LSD in 1970, the group briefly used house PAs, but found them to be even less reliable than those built by their former soundman. On February 2, 1970 the group contacted Bob Heil to use his system.[105] In 1971, the band purchased their first solid-state sound system from Alembic Inc Studios. Because of this, Alembic would play an integral role in the research, development, and production of the Wall of Sound. The band also welcomed Dan Healy into the fold on a permanent basis that year. Healy would mix the Grateful Dead's live sound until 1993.

text: Tapes[edit]

text: Like several other bands during this time, the Grateful Dead allowed their fans to record their shows. For many years the tapers set up their microphones wherever they could, and the eventual forest of microphones became a problem for the official sound crew. Eventually, this was solved by having a dedicated taping section located behind the sound board, which required a special "tapers" ticket. The band allowed sharing of tapes of their shows, as long as no profits were made on the sale of their show tapes.[106] Sometimes the sound crew would allow the tapers to connect directly to the sound board, which created exceptional concert recordings.[107]

text: Recently, there have been some disputes over which recordings archive.org could host on their site. Although all the recordings are hosted at present, the sound board recordings can only be streamed and not downloaded.[107]

text: Of the approximately 2,350 shows the Grateful Dead played, almost 2,200 were taped, and most of these are available online.[108] The band began collecting and cataloging tapes early on and Dick Latvala was their keeper. "Dick's Picks" is named after Latvala. After his death in 1999, David Lemieux gradually took the post. Concert set lists from a subset of 1,590 Grateful Dead shows were used to perform a comparative analysis between how songs were played in concert and how they are listened online by Last.fm members.[109] In their book Marketing Lessons from the Grateful Dead: What Every Business Can Learn From the Most Iconic Band in History,[110] David Meerman Scott and Brian Halligan identify the taper section as a crucial contributor to increasing the Grateful Dead's fan base.

text: Artwork[edit]

text: Over the years, a number of iconic images have come to be associated with the Grateful Dead. Many of these images originated as artwork for concert posters or album covers.

text: Deadheads[edit]

text: Fans and enthusiasts of the band are commonly referred to as Deadheads. While the origin of the term may be unclear, Dead Heads were made canon by the notice placed inside the Skull and Roses (1971) album by manager Jon McIntire:

text:
“

DEAD FREAKS UNITE: Who are you? Where are you? How are you?Send us your name and address and we'll keep you informed.Dead Heads, P.O. Box 1065, San Rafael, California 94901.

”

text: Many of the Dead Heads would go on tour with the band. As a group, the Dead Heads were considered very mellow. "I'd rather work nine Grateful Dead concerts than one Oregon football game," Police Det. Rick Raynor said. "They don't get belligerent like they do at the games".[120]

text: Donation of archives[edit]

text: On April 24, 2008, members Bob Weir and Mickey Hart, along with Nion McEvoy, CEO of Chronicle Books, UC Santa Cruz chancellor George Blumenthal, and UC Santa Cruz librarian Virginia Steel, held a press conference announcing  UCSC's McHenry Library would be the permanent home of the Grateful Dead's complete archival history from 1965 to the present. The archive includes correspondence, photographs, fliers, posters, and several other forms of memorabilia and records of the band. Also included are unreleased videos of interviews and TV appearances that will be installed for visitors to view, as well as stage backdrops and other props from the band's concerts.

text: Blumenthal stated at the event, "The Grateful Dead Archive represents one of the most significant popular cultural collections of the 20th century; UC Santa Cruz is honored to receive this invaluable gift. The Grateful Dead and UC Santa Cruz are both highly innovative institutions—born the same year—that continue to make a major, positive impact on the world." Guitarist Bob Weir stated, "We looked around, and UC Santa Cruz seems the best possible home. If you ever wrote the Grateful Dead a letter, you'll probably find it there!"[121]

text: Professor of music Fredric Lieberman was the key contact between the band and the university, who let the university know about the search for a home for the archive, and who had collaborated with Mickey Hart on three books in the past, Planet Drum (1990), Drumming at the Edge of Magic (1991), and Spirit into Sound (2006).[122][123][124]

text: The first large-scale exhibition of materials from the Grateful Dead Archive was mounted at the New-York Historical Society in 2010.[125]

text: Awards[edit]

text: In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Grateful Dead No. 57 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[126]

text: On February 10, 2007, the Grateful Dead received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The award was accepted on behalf of the band by Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann.[127]

text: In 2011, a recording of the Grateful Dead's May 8, 1977, concert at Cornell University's Barton Hall was selected for induction into the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress.[128]

text: Twelve members of the Grateful Dead (the eleven official performing members plus Robert Hunter) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994, and Bruce Hornsby was their presenter.[6]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Lead guitarist Jerry Garcia was often viewed both by the public and the media as the leader or primary spokesperson for the Grateful Dead, but was reluctant to be perceived that way, especially since he and the other group members saw themselves as equal participants and contributors to their collective musical and creative output.[129][130] Garcia, a native of San Francisco, grew up in the Excelsior District. One of his main influences was bluegrass music, and he also performed—on banjo, one of his other great instrumental loves, along with the pedal steel guitar—in bluegrass bands, notably Old and in the Way with mandolinist David Grisman.

text: Bruce Hornsby never officially joined the band full-time, because of his other commitments, but he did play keyboards at most Dead shows between September 1990 and March 1992, and sat in with the band over one hundred times in all between 1988 and 1995. Jerry Garcia referred to him as a "floating member" who could come and go as he pleased.[131][132][133]

text: Robert Hunter and John Perry Barlow were the band's primary lyricists, starting in 1967 and 1971, respectively, and continuing until the band's dissolution.[134][135][135] Hunter collaborated mostly with Garcia and Barlow mostly with Weir, though each wrote with other band members as well. Both are listed as official members at Dead.net, the band's website, alongside the performing members.[18] Barlow was the only member not inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
The Grateful Dead (1967)
Anthem of the Sun (1968)
Aoxomoxoa (1969)
Live/Dead (1969)
Workingman's Dead (1970)
American Beauty (1970)
Grateful Dead (Skull & Roses) (1971)
Europe '72 (1972)
History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice) (1973)
Wake of the Flood (1973)
From the Mars Hotel (1974)
Blues for Allah (1975)
Steal Your Face (1976)
Terrapin Station (1977)
Shakedown Street (1978)
Go to Heaven (1980)
Reckoning (1981)
Dead Set (1981)
In the Dark (1987)
Dylan & the Dead (1989)
Built to Last (1989)
Without a Net (1990)


document_title: List of United States cities by crime rate

question_text: us cities with the most murders per capita

text: Note about population

text: Often, one obtains very different results depending on whether crime rates are measured for the city jurisdiction or the metropolitan area.[2]

text: Information is voluntarily submitted by each jurisdiction and some jurisdictions do not appear in the table because they either did not submit data or they did not meet deadlines.

text: The FBI website has this disclaimer on population estimates:

text: Crime rates per 100,000 people

text:
State

City

Population

Violent Crime

Property Crime

Arson1

Total

Murder and
Nonnegligent Manslaughter

Rape

Robbery

Aggravated Assault

Total

Burglary

Larceny-Theft

Motor Vehicle Theft

New Mexico
Albuquerque
559,721
965.8
7.7
72.2
301.2
584.8
6073.2
1071.2
4076.7
925.3
15.9

California
Anaheim
349,471
363.7
5.2
36.9
125.6
196.0
2872.3
422.4
1972.4
477.6
8.0

Alaska
Anchorage
301,239
1070.9
8.6
171.6
206.1
684.5
3917.5
559.4
2975.0
383.1
35.2

Texas
Arlington
387,565
502.1
2.1
53.7
136.5
309.9
3443.6
559.9
2657.1
226.5
7.5

Georgia
Atlanta
464,710
1119.6
20.2
36.6
429.3
633.5
5499.3
1028.8
3549.1
921.4
10.8

Colorado
Aurora
360,237
460.8
6.7
97.7
124.1
232.3
2936.7
467.2
2119.4
350.0
17.8

Texas
Austin
938,728
372.5
2.5
51.9
99.0
219.2
3771.0
532.6
2990.0
248.3
9.7

California
Bakersfield
373,887
484.1
5.9
19.0
175.2
284.0
4161.4
1036.9
2484.2
640.3
90.7

Maryland
Baltimore
621,252
1535.9
57.8
46.2
694.2
740.1
4980.4
1248.6
2842.3
889.5
41.9

Massachusetts
Boston
665,258
706.8
5.7
36.1
233.1
431.9
2316.1
354.3
1769.5
192.3
N/A

New York
Buffalo
258,096
1118.6
15.9
67.0
400.2
635.4
4330.2
1076.0
2875.3
378.9
67.0

Arizona
Chandler
258,875
189.3
0.4
30.5
44.0
114.3
2083.2
297.4
1686.9
98.9
17.4

North Carolina
Charlotte-Mecklenburg
877,817
677.6
6.9
24.6
221.8
424.2
3767.9
769.5
2744.4
253.9
24.6

Illinois
Chicago
2,728,695
903.8
23.8
52.5
353.6
480.2
2946.3
482.0
2089.7
374.6
19.6

California
Chula Vista
265,215
265.8
2.3
23.8
90.1
149.7
1741.6
267.7
1166.2
307.7
10.2

Ohio
Cincinnati
298,478
925.0
22.1
79.1
423.1
400.7
5510.0
1478.5
3642.8
388.6
147.4

Ohio
Cleveland*
388,655
1334.3
16.2
124.0
769.3
424.8
5434.4
1787.7
2659.2
987.5
78.2

Colorado
Colorado Springs
452,410
438.3
5.5
75.4
83.1
274.3
3648.0
533.6
2732.7
381.7
27.9

Ohio
Columbus
860,090
546.3
9.1
95.1
264.2
177.9
3934.3
851.6
2715.6
367.2
47.8

Texas
Corpus Christi
324,326
645.0
5.2
86.9
121.5
431.4
3465.6
674.6
2632.8
158.2
18.2

Texas
Dallas
1,301,977
694.2
10.4
60.1
320.8
302.8
3440.2
854.2
2002.8
583.3
26.8

Colorado
Denver
682,418
673.9
7.8
80.3
180.2
405.6
3529.9
697.8
2192.5
639.6
16.4

Michigan
Detroit
673,225
1759.6
43.4
78.7
513.5
1123.5
4093.6
1161.6
2157.2
774.8
125.1

North Carolina
Durham
257,911
847.2
13.2
28.7
286.1
519.2
4115.8
1234.5
2644.7
236.5
12.0

Texas
El Paso
686,077
366.6
2.5
46.9
59.8
257.4
1914.2
206.8
1591.1
116.3
8.3

Indiana
Fort Wayne
259,712
378.9
9.6
37.3
171.7
160.2
3058.4
569.9
2360.7
127.8
18.9

Texas
Fort Worth
829,731
525.4
6.7
62.2
118.2
338.2
3585.7
723.7
2589.9
272.1
17.1

California
Fresno
520,837
551.2
7.5
32.1
194.3
317.4
4148.3
850.4
2723.3
574.7
49.0

North Carolina
Greensboro
285,950
597.0
9.1
25.2
185.3
377.3
3568.5
828.5
2551.5
188.5
34.6

Nevada
Henderson
282,554
168.5
1.4
34.7
63.7
68.7
1893.1
479.9
1225.6
187.6
7.1

Hawaii
Honolulu
999,307
243.9
1.5
31.8
89.7
120.9
3110.7
428.7
2294.6
387.4
23.1

Texas
Houston
2,275,221
966.7
13.3
43.3
451.7
458.3
4397.5
872.8
2928.7
596.0
29.5

Indiana
Indianapolis
863,675
1288.0
17.1
78.4
440.2
752.3
4790.8
1283.5
2929.5
577.9
N/A

California
Irvine
258,198
55.8
0.8
10.5
22.1
22.5
1498.1
202.6
1217.7
77.8
3.1

Florida
Jacksonville
867,258
648.3
11.2
54.3
161.2
421.6
3673.0
701.3
2704.6
267.0
8.2

New Jersey
Jersey City
265,159
521.6
10.2
36.6
207.0
267.8
1594.9
368.1
998.6
228.2
23.4

Missouri
Kansas City
473,373
1417.3
23.0
77.3
359.8
957.2
4441.3
1029.0
2587.6
824.7
41.8

Texas
Laredo
256,280
379.3
3.1
51.9
63.2
261.0
3370.9
405.8
2843.8
121.4
34.3

Nevada
Las Vegas
1,562,134
920.7
8.1
70.9
320.7
521.0
2995.3
952.3
1537.0
506.0
8.6

Kentucky
Lexington
314,077
332.4
4.8
51.9
162.7
113.0
3949.7
797.6
2834.0
318.1
15.0

Nebraska
Lincoln
276,585
370.6
0.4
69.8
77.4
223.1
3265.9
480.1
2655.2
130.5
32.9

California
Long Beach
476,318
580.7
7.6
37.2
221.3
314.7
3010.0
649.6
1766.3
594.1
14.5

California
Los Angeles
3,962,726
634.8
7.1
55.7
225.9
346.0
2359.6
407.8
1544.2
407.6
28.5

Kentucky
Louisville Metro
680,550
631.8
11.9
30.1
227.0
362.8
4166.0
922.3
2769.8
473.9
N/A

Tennessee
Memphis
657,936
1740.1
20.5
80.6
475.9
1163.2
5630.8
1561.2
3655.2
414.3
45.9

Arizona
Mesa
471,034
418.7
3.4
51.2
86.6
277.5
2527.4
471.1
1881.2
175.1
17.0

Florida
Miami
437,969
1021.3
17.1
18.3
383.8
602.1
4367.4
709.9
3132.9
524.7
20.8

Wisconsin
Milwaukee
600,400
1596.1
24.2
72.6
624.4
874.9
4264.2
912.9
2122.1
1229.2
37.1

Minnesota
Minneapolis
413,479
1062.9
11.4
98.4
458.5
494.6
4193.9
859.8
2918.9
415.3
28.1

Alabama
Mobile2
250,346
610.8
9.6
46.3
160.6
394.3
4311.6
882.0
3186.4
243.3
N/A

Tennessee
Nashville Metropolitan
658,029
1101.0
10.9
77.0
280.7
732.3
3805.8
779.9
2805.8
220.1
8.1

Louisiana
New Orleans
393,447
949.6
41.7
104.0
380.5
423.4
3874.2
736.6
2497.9
639.7
9.1

New York
New York
8,537,673
585.8
3.4
14.0
198.2
357.2
1518.7
164.9
1267.4
86.4
N/A

New Jersey
Newark*
279,110
1077.7
33.3
17.6
688.6
338.2
2851.2
622.0
1365.1
864.2
14.0

California
Oakland
419,481
1442.5
20.3
67.9
784.3
570.0
5856.8
794.6
3539.1
1523.1
42.7

Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
630,621
765.6
11.6
76.1
189.0
488.9
3956.1
923.4
2573.3
459.4
14.7

Nebraska
Omaha
452,252
515.0
10.6
38.5
144.8
321.1
3595.6
477.6
2555.7
562.3
17.9

Florida
Orlando
268,438
940.6
11.9
67.8
194.5
666.4
6015.5
1267.0
4309.0
439.6
14.5

Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
1,567,810
1029.0
17.9
84.3
431.5
495.3
3147.4
515.6
2310.7
321.1
21.0

Arizona
Phoenix
1,559,744
593.8
7.2
65.1
193.6
327.8
3491.3
820.5
2198.3
472.5
N/A

Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh
306,870
706.2
18.6
26.7
279.6
381.3
3224.5
715.9
2312.7
195.8
56.0

Texas
Plano
282,968
153.0
1.4
32.2
41.0
78.5
1799.1
260.1
1442.9
96.1
6.7

Oregon
Portland*
615,672
472.8
4.2
42.6
137.6
288.5
5234.8
673.4
4013.0
548.3
27.0

North Carolina
Raleigh**
428,993
392.3
2.8
18.4
141.0
230.1
3063.0
735.9
2162.7
164.3
12.6

California
Riverside
323,064
446.0
3.1
42.4
161.0
239.6
3259.7
505.5
2211.3
542.9
22.0

California
Sacramento
489,717
737.4
8.8
21.4
239.7
467.4
3369.5
758.2
2014.4
596.9
28.6

Texas
San Antonio
1,463,586
587.2
6.4
71.7
135.7
373.4
5029.5
794.8
3812.8
422.0
17.8

California
San Diego
1,400,467
398.6
2.6
40.4
98.4
257.1
2082.0
366.2
1351.9
363.9
12.4

California
San Francisco
863,782
776.8
6.1
39.8
417.9
312.9
6138.0
600.4
4737.1
800.5
31.5

California
San Jose
1,031,458
329.6
2.9
36.4
110.5
179.8
2427.1
474.7
1273.7
678.7
9.0

California
Santa Ana
337,304
482.1
3.6
45.7
155.1
277.8
2155.3
269.5
1332.3
553.5
11.0

Washington
Seattle
683,700
598.7
3.4
21.1
224.1
350.2
5522.0
1122.9
3831.9
567.2
13.5

Missouri
St. Louis
317,095
1817.1
59.8
82.9
564.5
1110.4
6316.1
1325.2
3998.8
992.1
70.3

Minnesota
St. Paul
300,721
703.3
5.3
67.8
237.4
392.7
3282.1
706.6
1994.2
581.3
39.9

Florida
St. Petersburg
255,821
741.9
5.5
53.2
224.0
459.3
5622.7
906.5
4120.9
595.3
25.0

California
Stockton
304,890
1352.0
16.1
44.3
375.2
916.4
4263.2
948.2
2662.9
652.0
33.8

Florida
Tampa
364,383
630.7
9.3
21.1
184.1
416.0
2295.9
503.0
1629.3
163.6
14.8

Ohio
Toledo
279,552
1128.9
8.6
81.6
322.7
716.1
4475.0
1476.3
2676.8
321.9
N/A

Arizona
Tucson
529,675
655.5
5.9
79.7
199.9
370.0
6642.8
691.7
5586.8
364.2
22.1

Oklahoma
Tulsa
401,520
903.6
13.7
90.9
212.7
586.3
5203.2
1372.8
3170.2
660.2
43.3

Virginia
Virginia Beach
452,797
138.3
4.2
22.7
59.6
51.7
2205.6
211.1
1898.4
96.1
21.0

District Of Columbia
Washington
672,228
1202.6
24.1
73.5
506.4
598.6
4516.2
442.0
3599.1
475.1
N/A

Kansas
Wichita
389,824
984.8
6.9
89.5
188.0
700.3
5041.2
892.7
3623.9
524.6
33.1

text: Notes:

text: * 2014 Data

text: * 2013 Data

text: 1 The FBI does not publish arson data unless it receives data from either the agency or the state for all 12 months of the calendar year.

text: 2 The population for the city of Mobile, Alabama, includes 55,819 inhabitants from the jurisdiction of the Mobile County Sheriff's Department.

text: Criticism of ranking crime data

text: The FBI web site recommends against using its data for ranking because these rankings lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions adversely affecting cities and counties, along with their residents.[4] The FBI web site also recommends against using its data to judge how effective law enforcement agencies are, since there are many factors that influence crime rates other than law enforcement.[5]

text: In November 2007, the executive board of the American Society of Criminology (ASC) went further than the FBI itself, and approved a resolution opposing not only the use of the ratings to judge police departments, but also opposing any development of city crime rankings from FBI Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) at all. The resolution opposed these rankings on the grounds that they "fail to account for the many conditions affecting crime rates" and "divert attention from the individual and community characteristics that elevate crime in all cities", though it did not provide sources or further elaborate on these claims. The resolution states the rankings "represent an irresponsible misuse of the data and do groundless harm to many communities" and "work against a key goal of our society, which is a better understanding of crime-related issues by both scientists and the public".[6]

text: The U.S. Conference of Mayors passed a similar statement, which also committed the Conference to working with the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice "to educate reporters, elected officials, and citizens on what the (UCR) data means and doesn't mean."[6]


document_title: Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte

question_text: who killed john in hush hush sweet charlotte

text: Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: In 1927, young Southern belle Charlotte Hollis (Bette Davis) and her married lover John Mayhew (Bruce Dern) plan to elope during a party at the Hollis family's antebellum mansion in Ascension Parish, Louisiana. Charlotte's father (Victor Buono) confronts John over the affair and intimidates him with the news that John's wife Jewel (Mary Astor) visited the day before and revealed the affair. John pretends to Charlotte that he no longer loves her and that they must part.

text: John is then brutally decapitated in the summerhouse with a cleaver, with one hand severed. Charlotte discovers his body. She returns traumatized to the party in a bloody dress, and most of the guests assume Charlotte is the murderer.

text: The story jumps to 1964. Charlotte is now a wealthy[spinster, still living on the plantation that has been in her family for generations. Charlotte's father died the year after Mayhew's murder, believing his daughter guilty. Throughout the years, Charlotte believed her father killed John Mayhew. Everyone else assumes that Charlotte, the crazy recluse, decapitated her lover.

text: The Louisiana Highway Commission intends to demolish her house and build a new highway through the plantation. Charlotte refuses to leave and ignores the eviction notice. She keeps the foreman (George Kennedy), his demolition crew, and the bulldozer away by shooting at them with a rifle. They temporarily give up and leave.

text: Charlotte is living alone as a virtual recluse in the Hollis mansion, tended by Velma (Agnes Moorehead), her housekeeper. Seeking help in her fight against the Highway Commission, she calls upon Miriam (Olivia de Havilland), a poor cousin who lived with the family as a girl, but has since moved to New York City and has become wealthy. Miriam renews her relationship with Drew Bayliss (Joseph Cotten), a local doctor who jilted her after the murder.

text: Charlotte's sanity deteriorates with Miriam's arrival, her nights haunted by a mysterious harpsichord playing the song Mayhew wrote for her and by the appearance of Mayhew's disembodied hand and head. Suspecting that Miriam and Drew are after Charlotte's money, Velma seeks help from Mr. Willis (Cecil Kellaway), an insurance investigator who is still interested in the Mayhew case and who has visited Mayhew's ailing widow Jewel.

text: Miriam fires Velma, who later returns to discover that Charlotte is being drugged. Miriam sees the housekeeper trying to take Charlotte out of the house. The two argue at the top of the stairs. Velma tries to escape, but knowing that Velma has discovered the drugs, Miriam smashes a chair over her head. Velma falls down the stairs to her death.

text: One night, a drugged Charlotte runs downstairs in the grip of a hallucination, believing John has returned to her. Miriam and Drew trick Charlotte into shooting Drew with a gun loaded with blanks, and then Miriam helps dispose of the "body" in a swamp. Charlotte returns to the house and sees the supposedly dead Drew at the top of the stairs, reducing her to whimpering insanity.

text: Now believing Charlotte completely mad and secure in her room, Miriam and Drew go into the garden to discuss their plan: to drive Charlotte insane to get her money. Miriam also tells Drew that back in 1927 she saw Jewel murder her husband. She's been using this knowledge to blackmail Jewel throughout the years while plotting to gain possession of Charlotte's wealth.

text: Charlotte overhears the plan. She moves toward a huge stone urn on the ledge of the balcony directly over the lovers' heads. Miriam embraces Drew, then she looks up and becomes paralyzed by the sight of Charlotte's tipping the stone urn off the ledge, crushing both to death.

text: The next morning the authorities take Charlotte away. Many neighbors and locals gather at the Hollis home to watch the proceedings, believing that crazy Charlotte has murdered again, although some are complimentary and sympathetic toward her. Willis hands her an envelope from the now-dead Jewel Mayhew, who had a stroke after hearing of the incident the previous night. The envelope contains Jewel's confession to the murder of her husband. As the authorities drive Charlotte away, she looks back at her beloved plantation.

text: Principal cast[edit]

text:
Bette Davis as Charlotte Hollis
Olivia de Havilland as Miriam Deering
Joseph Cotten as Doctor Drew Bayliss
Agnes Moorehead as Velma Cruther
Cecil Kellaway as Harry Willis
Mary Astor as Jewel Mayhew
Victor Buono as Big Sam Hollis
Wesley Addy as Sheriff Luke Standish
William Campbell as Paul Merchand
Bruce Dern as John Mayhew
Frank Ferguson as editor
George Kennedy as the foreman
Percy Helton as funeral director
Carol Delay as Geraldine
Idell James as Ginny Mae
Robert Adler as Mr. Howard
Ellen Corby, Marianne Stewart and Helen Kleeb as the town gossips
Lillian Randolph, Geraldine West and Maye Henderson as the cleaning women

text: Production[edit]

text: Following the unexpected box-office success of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), director Robert Aldrich wanted to make a film on similar themes that reunited stars Joan Crawford and Bette Davis. Writer Henry Farrell, on whose novel the film had been based, had written an unpublished short story called "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?" that seemed to make an excellent followup. It told a similar story of a woman who manipulates a relative for personal gain, but for this film, Aldrich's idea was that the two actresses would switch the roles from the previous one, with Crawford playing the devious cousin trying to manipulate the innocent Davis into giving up her estate.[6]

text: However, Davis was incensed when Crawford accepted Anne Bancroft's Oscar for The Miracle Worker on the absent winner's behalf at that year's ceremony, an award for which Davis had been nominated but not Crawford. She believed Crawford had somehow ensured Bancroft would win so she could upstage her costar and rival. After asking Aldrich if he had been having a sexual relationship with Crawford (much as Crawford had asked the director the same question about him and Davis before Baby Jane), she agreed to take the role only if she got a producing credit.[6]

text: Aware of this, Crawford was convinced that Davis was trying to undermine her in retaliation for the Oscar-night humiliation. Her suspicions only increased when no one came to pick her up at the airport in Baton Rouge for the film's principal photography at the location shooting. At that time, Davis was asking crew members to decide whether they were with her or Crawford, and wound up with support from those who had disliked Crawford’s imperious behavior on the shoot. On the last day of filming on location, Crawford, who had gone back to her trailer and fallen asleep in case she was needed for anything extra, awoke to find everyone had left her behind, having gone back to the hotel after wrapping.[6]

text: Crawford was convinced Davis had engineered this, and upon returning to Hollywood where production was to continue on set, announced after one day that she was sick—at first a ploy to get changes made to the script, but then she actually convinced herself she was sick. Production was suspended to allow her to recover, and she returned for a day, but then after two months, during which a private investigator trailed her to see whether she was really sick or not, the producers were told that either Crawford would be replaced or the production would be canceled. After Aldrich spent four days at Olivia de Havilland's home in Switzerland, she agreed to take the part. Crawford later complained that she only learned of her firing during the news on the radio.[6]

text: Three other cast members from What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? did appear in Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte: Wesley Addy, Dave Willock (as a taxi driver) and Victor Buono. The cast also included Mary Astor, a friend and former co-worker of Davis' during her time at Warner Bros.[4]

text: Scenes outside the Hollis mansion were shot on location at Houmas House plantation in Louisiana.[7][8] The inside scenes were shot on a soundstage in Hollywood.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte was another hit for Aldrich, opening to positive reviews. A pan, however, came from The New York Times. Bosley Crowther observed, "So calculated and coldly carpentered is the tale of murder, mayhem and deceit that Mr. Aldrich stages in this mansion that it soon appears grossly contrived, purposely sadistic and brutally sickening. So, instead of coming out funny, as did Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, it comes out grisly, pretentious, disgusting and profoundly annoying."[9]

text: Variety's reviewer wrote: "Davis' portrayal is reminiscent of Jane in its emotional overtones, in her style of characterization of the near-crazed former Southern belle, aided by haggard makeup and outlandish attire. It is an outgoing performance, and she plays it to the limit. De Havilland, on the other hand, is far more restrained but nonetheless effective dramatically in her offbeat role."[10]

text: Time Out London observed: "Over the top, of course, and not a lot to it, but it's efficiently directed, beautifully shot, and contains enough scary sequences amid the brooding, tense atmosphere. Splendid performances from Davis and Moorehead, too."[11]

text: Judith Crist wrote about the film, "The guignol is about as grand as it gets."

text: Kenneth Tynan asserted that "(Davis) has done nothing better since The Little Foxes."

text: The film maintains a rating of 85% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews.[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte received Academy Award nominations for the following:

text:
Best Supporting Actress (Agnes Moorehead)
Best Art Direction (Black-and-White) (William Glasgow and Raphaël Bretton for set decoration)
Best Black-and-White Cinematography (Joseph Biroc)
Best Costume Design Black-and-White (Norma Koch)
Best Film Editing (Michael Luciano)
Best Original Score (Frank De Vol)
Best Song (Frank De Vol and Mack David).[13]

text: Moorehead won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Farrell and Heller won a 1965 Edgar Award, from the Mystery Writers of America, for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The title song became a hit for Patti Page, who took it to no. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. The film's seven Oscar nominations were the most for a movie of the horror genre up to that time.

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte was first released on DVD on August 9, 2005. It was re-released on April 8, 2008 as part of The Bette Davis Centenary Celebration Collection 5-DVD box-set.[14]

text: On October 17, 2016, Hush...Hush Sweet Charlotte was released onto high-definition Blu-ray by Twilight Time as a 3,000-print limited edition.[15]