document_title: REO Speedwagon

question_text: what does reo stand for in the band reo speedwagon

text: REO Speedwagon

text: History[edit]

text: Formation[edit]

text: In the fall of 1966, Neal Doughty entered the electrical engineering program at the University of Illinois in Champaign, Illinois, as a junior. On his first night, he met fellow student Alan Gratzer. They held an impromptu jam session in the basement of their Illinois Street Residence Hall dormitory[1][2] and soon started a rock band. Gratzer had been a drummer since high school, and was playing in a local group on the weekends, while Doughty had learned some Beatles songs on his parents' piano.

text: Doughty began to follow Gratzer's band, eventually sitting in on a song or two. The keyboard player was the leader, but several other band members were unhappy with the situation. On the last day of the university's spring semester, guitarist Joe Matt called the band's leader and told him that he, drummer Gratzer, and bassist Mike Blair had decided to leave the band to start a new one with Doughty.

text: They made a list of songs to learn over the summer break, and Doughty landed a summer job to buy his first keyboard. On his Farfisa organ, he learned "Light My Fire" by The Doors. The members returned to school in the fall of 1967, and had their first rehearsal before classes started. They named the band REO Speedwagon, from the REO Speed Wagon, a 1911 Fire Truck that was designed by Ransom Eli Olds.  Doughty had seen the name written across the blackboard when he walked into his History of Transportation class on the very first day they had decided to look for a name. The REO initials are those of its founder Ransom Eli Olds. Rather than pronouncing REO as a single word as the motor company did, they chose to spell out the name with the individual letters each pronounced ("R-E-O"). An ad in the school newspaper produced their first job, a fraternity party that turned into a food fight. They continued to perform cover songs in campus bars, fraternity parties, and university events. The first lineup consisted of Doughty on keyboards, Gratzer on drums and vocals, Joe Matt on guitar and vocals, Mike Blair on bass and vocals.

text: In early 1968, Terry Luttrell became lead singer, and Bob Crownover joined as the guitar player, replacing Matt.  When Mike Blair left the band in the summer of 1968, Gregg Philbin replaced Blair, Marty Shepard played trumpet and Joe McCabe played sax until McCabe moved to Southern Illinois University. Crownover played guitar for the group until the summer of 1969 when Bill Fiorio replaced him. Fiorio then departed in late 1969, eventually assuming the name Duke Tumatoe, and went on to form the All Star Frogs. Steve Scorfina (who would go on to found progressive rock/album-oriented rock band Pavlov's Dog) came aboard for over a year, composing with the band and performing live, before being replaced by Gary Richrath in late 1970.

text: Richrath was a Peoria, Illinois-based guitarist and prolific songwriter who brought fresh original material to the band. Richrach had driven 100 miles to see the band and become a part of it.  He is quoted as saying "I'm going to be a part of that band whether they like it or not", and then went about making it happen.  With Richrath on board, the regional popularity of the band grew tremendously. The Midwestern United States was the original REO Speedwagon fan stronghold and is pivotal in this period of the band's history.

text: The band signed to Epic Records in 1971. Paul Leka, an East Coast record producer, brought the band to his recording studio in Bridgeport, Connecticut where it recorded original material for its first album. The lineup on the first album consisted of Richrath, Gratzer, Doughty, Philbin, and Luttrell.

text: Debut album[edit]

text: With their equipment being hauled to dates in a friend's station wagon, REO played bars and clubs all over the Midwest. The band's debut album, R.E.O. Speedwagon, was released on Epic Records in 1971. The most popular track on this record was "157 Riverside Avenue". The title refers to the Westport, Connecticut address, where the band stayed while recording in Leka's studio in Bridgeport and remains an in-concert favorite.

text: Although the rest of the band's lineup remained stable, REO Speedwagon switched lead vocalists three times for their first three albums. Luttrell left the band in early 1972, eventually becoming the vocalist for Starcastle. He was replaced by Kevin Cronin. Cronin recorded one album with the band, 1972's R.E.O./T.W.O. but left the band during the recording sessions for 1973's Ridin' the Storm Out because of internal conflicts.[3] Ridin' the Storm Out was completed with Michael Bryan Murphy on lead vocal, and featured Neal Doughty's memorable "wailing storm siren" entrance on the title track. Murphy stayed on for two more albums, Lost in a Dream and This Time We Mean It, before Cronin returned to the fold in January 1976 and recorded R.E.O., which was released that same year.

text: Cronin's return came after Greg X. Volz turned down the position for lead vocalist after becoming a born-again Christian.

text: In 1977 REO convinced Epic Records that their strength was in their live performances. Epic agreed to let them produce their first live album, Live: You Get What You Play For, which was eventually certified platinum. That same year, the band moved to Los Angeles, California.

text: In 1977 bassist Gregg Philbin left the band. Depending upon which band member is expressing an opinion, it was either because Philbin was disenchanted with the new corporate-structure REO where Cronin and Richrath got bigger slices of the pie instead of the equal credit they once shared as a "garage band", or he was asked to leave over his lifestyle issues affecting the music quality.[4] Philbin was replaced with another Champaign, Illinois musician, Centennial High School alumnus, Bruce Hall,[2] to record You Can Tune a Piano but You Can't Tuna Fish. The album was released in 1978 and has received FM radio airplay over the years, thanks to songs like "Roll with the Changes" and "Time for Me to Fly". The album was REO's first to make the Top 40, peaking at #29. The album went on to sell over 2 million copies in the US, ultimately achieving double platinum status.

text: In 1979 the band took a turn back to hard rock with the release of Nine Lives.

text: Mainstream success[edit]

text: The stage was now set for the height of the band's popularity. On November 21, 1980, REO Speedwagon released Hi Infidelity, which represented a change in sound, going from hard rock to more pop-oriented material.[5] Hi Infidelity spawned four hit singles written by Richrath and Cronin, including the chart-topping "Keep On Loving You" (Cronin), plus "Take It on the Run" (#5) (Richrath), "In Your Letter" (#20) (Richrath), and "Don't Let Him Go" (#24) (Cronin), and remained on the charts for 65 weeks, 32 of which were spent in the top ten, including 15 weeks atop the Billboard 200. Hi Infidelity sold over 10 million copies and set the bar for rock bands across the country.

text: The band's follow-up album, Good Trouble, was released in June 1982.  Although it was not as successful as its predecessor, the album performed moderately well commercially, featuring the hit singles "Keep the Fire Burnin'" (U.S. #7), "Sweet Time" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit "The Key."

text: The band came storming back two years later with Wheels Are Turnin', an album that included the #1 hit single "Can't Fight This Feeling" plus three more hits: "I Do' Wanna Know" (U.S. #29), "One Lonely Night" (U.S. #19), and "Live Every Moment" (U.S. #34).

text: REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May.[6] On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live Aid, which broke a record for number of viewers. They performed "Can't Fight This Feeling" and "Roll With the Changes," which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals.

text: 1987's Life as We Know It saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits "That Ain't Love" (U.S. #16) and "In My Dreams" (U.S. #19).[7] The Hits (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks "Here With Me" and "I Don't Want to Lose You." "Here with Me" cracked the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart. They were the last songs recorded with Gary Richrath and Alan Gratzer

text: Changes in the 1990s[edit]

text: By the late 1980s, the band's popularity was starting to decline.[5]  Alan Gratzer left in September 1988 after he decided to retire from music to open a restaurant. In early 1989, Gary Richrath quit after tensions between him and Kevin Cronin boiled over.[8] Cronin had been playing in The Strolling Dudes, a jazz ensemble that included jazz trumpet player Rick Braun (who had co-written the abovementioned "Here With Me" with Cronin), Miles Joseph on lead guitar and Graham Lear on drums. Lear had already been invited to join REO in September 1988 as Gratzer's successor and Joseph was brought in as a temporary stand-in for Richrath. Back up singers Carla Day and Melanie Jackson were also added. This lineup did only one show, on January 7, 1989 in Viña del Mar, Chile, where it won the award for best group at the city's annual International Song Festival. After that, Miles Joseph and the back up singers were dropped in favor of former Ted Nugent guitarist Dave Amato (who was brought aboard in May 1989) and keyboardist/songwriter/producer Jesse Harms.

text: The 1990 release The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken, with Bryan Hitt (formerly of Wang Chung) on drums, was a commercial disappointment. The album produced only one, and - to date - the band's last Billboard Hot 100 single, "Love Is a Rock," which peaked at #65. Harms, disenchanted by the album's failure, left the group in early 1991.

text: Shortly after his departure, Richrath assembled former members of the Midwestern band Vancouver to form a namesake band, Richrath. After touring for several years, the Richrath band released Only the Strong Survive in 1992 on the GNP Crescendo label. Richrath (the band) continued to perform for several years before disbanding in the late 1990s. In September 1998, Gary Richrath briefly joined REO onstage at the County Fair in Los Angeles to play on the band's encore song, "157 Riverside Avenue". He then joined REO once again in Los Angeles in May 2000 for the same encore but no serious plans for a reunion ever materialized.

text: Having lost their recording contract with Epic, REO Speedwagon ended up releasing Building the Bridge (1996) on the Priority/Rhythm Safari label. When that label went bankrupt, the album was released on Castle Records, which also experienced financial troubles. REO Speedwagon ultimately self-financed this effort, which failed to chart. The title track did make R&R's AC Top 30 chart.

text: Revival of the hits[edit]

text: The commercial failure of the band's newer material with its revised lineup demanded a change in marketing strategy. As a consequence, Epic began re-releasing recordings from older albums with updated artwork and design.

text: From 1995 to the present, the label released over a dozen compilation albums featuring greatest hits, including 1999's The Ballads. In 2000, REO teamed up with Styx for an appearance at Riverport Amphitheater in St. Louis, which was released as a live concert video Arch Allies: Live at Riverport. The REO portion of the show was released again under three separate titles: Live - Plus (2001), Live Plus 3 (2001) and Extended Versions (2001) (which was certified gold by the RIAA on April 26, 2006). REO once again teamed with Styx in 2003 for the Classic Rock's Main Event tour which also included another band from their common rock era, Journey.

text: The band released a self-financed album entitled Find Your Own Way Home in April 2007. Though it did not chart as an album, it produced two singles which appeared on Billboard's Adult Contemporary radio chart.

text: REO Speedwagon continues to tour regularly, performing mostly their classic hits.[9] They teamed up with Styx to record a new single entitled "Can't Stop Rockin'", released in March 2009, as well as for a full tour that included special guest .38 Special.[10]

text: In November 2009 REO Speedwagon released a Christmas album, Not So Silent Night...Christmas with REO Speedwagon.[11]

text: In Summer 2010, the band — then touring with Pat Benatar — announced that it would release a 30th anniversary deluxe edition reissue of Hi Infidelity.[12]

text: On December 2, 2009 REO Speedwagon released an online video game, Find Your Own Way Home, produced by digital design agency Curious Sense. The game was the first "downloadable casual game" produced with a rock band and was cited by numerous publications including The New York Times as an innovative marketing product for a music act.[13]

text: REO Speedwagon headlined on the M&I Classic Rock Stage at the Milwaukee Summerfest on June 30, 2011. On March 11, 2012, Kevin Cronin appeared on the Canadian reality TV series Star Académie. He sang a sampling of REO's hits with the show's singing finalists.

text: On November 22, 2013 they announced a benefit concert with Styx titled "Rock to the Rescue" to raise money for the affected families of the tornadoes in central Illinois.  The concert was held on December 4, 2013 in Bloomington, Illinois. Richard Marx joined REO on stage for a joint performance of two of his hit songs.  Gary Richrath reunited with REO one final time for a performance of "Ridin' the Storm Out" to end REO's set at the sold-out concert.  Richrath stayed on stage to help with the encore of "With a Little Help From My Friends" along with REO, Styx, Richard Marx, and others.  Richrath was originally from the town of East Peoria which was damaged during the storm.  Families impacted by the storm and first responders sat near the stage for this special REO concert.

text: In early 2014, it was announced that REO Speedwagon and Chicago would be teaming up for 15 dates throughout 2014.[14]

text: Gary Richrath died on September 13, 2015, due to complications from surgery.[15]

text: In 2016 the band went on tour with Def Leppard and Tesla.[16]

text: The band performed with Pitbull the song "Messin' Around" live on the ABC TV show Greatest Hits in 2016; that version of the song was also released as a single on iTunes.[17]

text: The band toured the UK arena circuit with Status Quo in December 2016.[18]

text: The band toured the US with Styx and Don Felder on the "United We Rock" tour, debuting June 20, 2017 at the Sunlight Supply Amphitheater.[19]

text: In 2017 the Hi Infidelity album received the Diamond Award for official U.S. sales of over ten million copies.[20]

text: REO and Chicago once again teamed up for tour dates during the summer of 2018.

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current members

text:
Neal Doughty – keyboards (1967–present)(Only 1 of 2 founding members still with the band)
Kevin Cronin – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards (1972–1973, 1976–present)
Bruce Hall  – bass, backing and lead vocals (1977–present)
Dave Amato – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–present)
Bryan Hitt – drums, percussion (1989–present)

text: Former members

text:
Alan Gratzer – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1967–1988)(The other founding member)
Joe Matt – lead guitar, lead vocals (1967–1968)
Mike Blair – bass, backing vocals (1967–1968)
Terry Luttrell – lead vocals (1968–1972)
Bob Crownover – lead guitar (1968–1969)
Gregg Philbin – bass, backing vocals (1968–1977)
Joe McCabe – saxophone (1968)
Marty Shepard – trumpet (1968)
Bill Fiorio – lead guitar (1969)
Steve Scorfina – lead guitar (1969–1970)
Gary Richrath – lead guitar, occasional vocals (1970–1989; died 2015)
Mike Murphy – lead vocals, occasional rhythm guitar (1973–1976)
Graham Lear – drums (1988–1989)
Miles Joseph – lead guitar (1989; died 2012)
Carla Day – backing vocals (1989)
Melanie Jackson – backing vocals (1989)
Jesse Harms – keyboards (1989–1991)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums

text:
R.E.O. Speedwagon (1971)
R.E.O./T.W.O. (1972)
Ridin' the Storm Out (1973)
Lost in a Dream (1974)
This Time We Mean It (1975)
R.E.O. (1976)
You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish (1978)
Nine Lives (1979)
Hi Infidelity (1980)
Good Trouble (1982)
Wheels Are Turnin' (1984)
Life as We Know It (1987)
The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken (1990)
Building the Bridge (1996)
Find Your Own Way Home (2007)[5]
Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon (2009)


document_title: Ewok

question_text: what is the name of the first ewok leia meets

root

text: Ewok

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: George Lucas created the Ewoks because he wanted Return of the Jedi to feature a tribe of some primitive creatures that bring down the technological Empire. He had originally intended the scenes to be set on the Wookiee home planet, but as the film series evolved, the Wookiees became technologically skilled. Lucas designed a new species instead, and as Wookiees were tall, he made Ewoks short.[1] In addition, he also based the Ewoks' defeat of the Galactic Empire on the actions of the Viet Cong guerrillas who menaced American soldiers during the Vietnam War.[2] The Ewoks are named after the Miwok, a Native American tribe, indigenous to the Redwood forest in which the Endor scenes were filmed for Return of the Jedi, near the San Rafael location of Lucas' Skywalker Ranch.[3]

tag: p

text: Using the image of the Griffon Bruxellois, a dog breed which Lucas owned, the Ewok was developed by renowned make-up artist Stuart Freeborn.[4][5] As presented in the films, Ewoks appear as stocky, sapient bipeds which stand about one metre tall. They have flat faces, are completely covered in fur, and have large jewel-like eyes. Both their fur and their eyes come in a variety of earth tones, primarily brown, white, grey, gold, and black. Despite their small size, Ewoks are strong; in the climactic battle scene of Return of the Jedi, they are shown physically overpowering and once even throwing Imperial Stormtroopers, though this detail is not consistent throughout the film. Ewoks live high among the trees of their home moon's forests, in villages built on platforms between the closely spaced trees.

text: An "Ewokese" language was created for the films by Return of the Jedi’s sound designer Ben Burtt. On the commentary track for the DVD of Return of the Jedi, Burtt explains that the language is based on Kalmyk, a Mongolic language spoken by the Kalmyk people of Russia. Burtt heard the language in a documentary and liked its sound, which seems very alien to Western ears. After some research, he identified an 80-year-old Kalmyk refugee. Burtt recorded her telling folk stories in her native language, and then used the recordings as a basis for sounds that became the Ewok language and were performed by voice actors who imitated the old woman's voice in different styles. For the scene in which C-3PO speaks Ewokese, actor Anthony Daniels worked with Burtt and invented words, based on the Kalmyk recordings.[6]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Return of the Jedi[edit]

text: The Ewoks are involved in a large portion of the final installment in Lucas' Films Star Wars trilogy. When the Empire begins operations on the moon of Endor, prior to the events depicted in the film, it ignores the primitive Ewoks. Princess Leia, part of a Rebel strike team, then befriends the Ewok Wicket W. Warrick, a scout from Bright Tree village, and is taken to meet the other Ewoks. The Ewoks capture Han Solo, Chewbacca, Luke and the droids in a trap, and take them back to the village. As Ewoks are a carnivorous race that considers humanoid flesh a delicacy, they prepare fires in anticipation of eating Han, Luke and Chewbacca to absorb their power.

text: The Ewoks worship the protocol droid C-3PO, thinking he is a god due to his shininess and gold coverings and a later display of power arranged by Luke Skywalker through the Force. C-3PO tells the Council of Elders the adventures of the rebel heroes Skywalker, Princess Leia, and Han Solo. The Ewoks accept the Rebels into their tribe and ally themselves to their cause. They then help in the ground battle to destroy the Imperial shield generator on the forest floor, and their primitive weapons fell the Imperial Stormtroopers and the AT-ST walkers of the Empire. This assistance paves the way to victory at the Battle of Endor. Later that night, the Ewoks are shown holding a huge celebration.

text: Ewoks speak their native language of Ewokese, a fictional language created for the film. This language is understood by C-3PO, but not the humans, in the film.

text: The word Ewok is not mentioned anywhere in the film, nor are any individuals referred to by name, except in the end titles, where names of the more prominent characters (Wicket, Paploo, Teebo, Logray and Chirpa) are shown, while the others are just listed as Ewoks.[7]

text: Post-Return of the Jedi[edit]

text: After the release of Return of the Jedi, the Ewoks starred in two made for TV movies, both of which starred Warwick Davis reprising his role as Wicket from Return of the Jedi.[8] The first film released in November 1984 was Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure, followed the next year by Ewoks: The Battle for Endor.[8] The Ewoks also starred in cartoon series on ABC known simply as Ewoks.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Ewoks were a controversial addition to Return of the Jedi and the Star Wars Universe in general, and are seen by some to be the weakest link of the original trilogy. According to Tami Katzoff of MTV News, "a prevailing theory among Ewok-haters is that the creatures were originally conceived as a sure way to appeal to small children and sell plush toys to their parents."[10] The Ewoks have some defenders, and have proven to be very popular with children from their introduction in the 1980s to the present day.[11]

text: Notable Ewoks[12][edit]

text: Wicket[edit]

text: Wicket is the most prominently featured Ewok in Return of The Jedi. During his travelling, he encounters Princess Leia in the forest. He helps her to the relative safety of his village, and notices her kindness and good spirit. Wicket has good knowledge of the terrain of Endor, leading him to be essential during the Rebellion's attack on the Imperial forces. Wicket was portrayed by actor Warwick Davis.

text: Teebo[edit]

text: Teebo is described by the Star Wars: The Complete Visual Dictionary as being 'A watcher of the stars and a poet at heart.' His ability to make a sound practical judgement has caused him to have a position as a leader within the tribe. He wears a Gurreck skull headdress. Teebo was portrayed by Jack Purvis.

text: Chief Chirpa[edit]

text: Chief Chirpa has been the leader of the Ewok tribe for a total of 42 seasons. He has a large amount of wisdom and good judgement, but he has become forgetful due to his old age. He allows the Ewok tribe the authority to fight against the Empire. Chief Chirpa has a medallion signifying he is the chief of the Ewoks. Chirpa was played by Jane Busby.

text: Logray[edit]

text: Logray is the Ewok tribal shaman, who relies on ancient magic in order to assist his tribe. He is suspicious of all outsiders, which is reinforced due to the arrival of Imperial troops. Logray was portrayed by Mike Edmonds who also was "tail-puppeteer" for Jabba the Hutt.

text: Paploo[edit]

text: Paploo is Chief Chirpa's nephew and a scout who, along with Wicket, helps lead the Rebels to the shield generator protecting the Death Star. Although his effort to lure four Imperial scouts away from the bunker could have compromised the attack, it was relatively successful as he stole a speeder bike and forced three of the scouts to give chase, allowing the rebels to overpower the last guard and gain entrance. Paploo is seen later helping the Ewoks fight the Empire.


document_title: World energy consumption

question_text: when did oil consumption peak as a share of global energy

question_tokens: when did oil consumption peak as a share of global energy

text: World energy consumption

text: Overview[edit]

text: Energy supply, consumption and electricity[edit]

text:
Key figures (TWh)

Year
Primary energy
supply (TPES)1
Final energy
consumption1
Electricity
generation
Ref

1973

71,013
(Mtoe 6,106)

54,335
(Mtoe 4,672)

6,129
[3]

1990
102,569
–
11,821
–

2000
117,687
–
15,395
–

2010

147,899
(Mtoe 12,717)

100,914
(Mtoe 8,677)

21,431
[6]

2011

152,504
(Mtoe 13,113)

103,716
(Mtoe 8,918)

22,126
[7]

2012

155,505
(Mtoe 13,371)

104,426
(Mtoe 8,979)

22,668
[8]

2013

157,482
(Mtoe 13,541)

108,171
(Mtoe 9,301)

23,322
[9]

2014

155,481
(Mtoe 13,369)

109,613
(Mtoe 9,425)

23,816
[10]

2015

168,519
(Mtoe 13,647)

[11][12]

1 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)
and from Quad BTU into TWh (1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh)

tag: table

text: World total primary energy supply (TPES), or "primary energy" differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers. For instance, when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline, so that it can be used in a car, and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers. World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity.

text: In 2014, world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt-hour (TWh) or 13,541 Mtoe, while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5% less than the total supply.[10] World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants, asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel. This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh (809 Mtoe) in 2012.[13]

text: 2014 World electricity generation (23,816 TWh) by source (IEA, 2016)[14]

text: The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. For 2013, estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 1020 joules, or 157,481 TWh. According to the IEA the total world energy consumption in past years was 143,851 TWh in 2008, 133,602 TWh in 2005, 117,687 TWh in 2000, and 102,569 TWh in 1990.[3] In 2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5% was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific region.[1]

text: Electricity generation[edit]

text: The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in 2013, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in 2005, and 12,116 TWh in 2000. By the end of 2014, the total installed electricity generating capacity worldwide was nearly 6.142 TW (million MW) which only includes generation connected to local electricity grids.[15] In addition there is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed off-grid by isolated villages and industries. In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 40.8%, natural gas at 21.6%, nuclear at 10.6%, hydro at 16.4%, other sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) at 6.3% and oil at 4.3%. Coal and natural gas were the most used energy fuels for generating electricity. The world's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh[citation needed] in 2012. This figure is about 18% smaller than the generated electricity, due to grid losses, storage losses, and self-consumption from power plants (gross generation). Cogeneration (CHP) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted for use in buildings or in industrial processes.

text: In 2016 while total world energy came from 80% fossil fuels, 10% biofuels, 5% nuclear and 5% renewable (hydro, wind, solar, geothermal), only 18% of that total world energy was in the form of electricity.[16] Most of the other 82% was used for heat and transportation.

text: Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.[4][17] One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.[4] From 2000–2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history, with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy. The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period.[1]

text: Trends[edit]

text: The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2% in 2011, after the strong increase of 2010. The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth. For several years now, the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets, while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies, high oil prices, resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption.[21]

text: According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and world overall grew by 39%.

text: In 2008, total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) or 474 exajoules (EJ).[22] In 2012, primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh (567 EJ).[23]

text: Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1%, or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), as a result of the financial and economic crisis, which reduced world GDP by 0.6% in 2009.[24]

text: This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends: Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

text: Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008, the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm) and hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt).[25]

text: Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter (see solar constant), though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89,000 TW, reaches the Earth's surface.[26]

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 1023 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."[27]

text: According to IEA (2012) the goal of limiting warming to 2 °C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes. If action is not taken before 2017, CO2 emissions would be locked-in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017. Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables.[28]

text:
Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990–2008 (%)[29][30]

kWh/capita
Population (million)
Energy use (1,000 TWh)

Region
1990
2008
Growth
1990
2008
Growth
1990
2008
Growth

USA
89,021
87,216
−2%
250
305
22%
22.3
26.6
20%

EU-28
40,240
40,821
1%
473
499
5%
19.0
20.4
7%

Middle East
19,422
34,774
79%
132
199
51%
2.6
6.9
170%

China
8,839
18,608
111%
1,141
1,333
17%
10.1
24.8
146%

Latin America
11,281
14,421
28%
355
462
30%
4.0
6.7
66%

Africa
7,094
7,792
10%
634
984
55%
4.5
7.7
70%

India
4,419
6,280
42%
850
1,140
34%
3.8
7.2
91%

Others*
25,217
23,871
nd
1,430
1,766
23%
36.1
42.2
17%

The World
19,422
21,283
10%
5,265
6,688
27%
102.3
142.3
39%

Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Energy use = kWh/capita * billion capita (population) = 1 TWh
Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

text: Emissions[edit]

text: Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem. Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts, which a number of nations have signed. Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius, thought to be a risk by the SEI, is now doubtful.

text: To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion in 2050.[31] Across 40 years, this averages to a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).[32]

text: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption. Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution.[33] Biomass combustion is a major contributor.[33][34][35] In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion, most biomass has high CO2 emissions.[36]

text: By source[edit]

text: Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 (IEA, 2016)[14][8]:28

text: Fossil fuels[edit]

text: The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[22] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

text: Coal[edit]

text: In 2000, China accounted for 28% of world coal consumption, other Asia consumed 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. The single greatest coal-consuming country is China. Its share of the world coal production was 28% in 2000 and rose to 48% in 2009. In contrast to China's ~70% increase in coal consumption, world coal use increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia.[37] China's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector, the majority of which comes from coal consumption.[38]

text: World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32% in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005, of which over 70% was in China and 8% in India. Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt, and 2009 6,903 Mt, equal to 12.7% production increase in two years.[39]

text: If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008, proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years. This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe. Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO2 emissions from coal.[40] Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1% of the world coal export in 2011. China, Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan had 65% share of all the world coal import in 2011.[41]

text:
Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000–2010[37][42]

Region
2000
2008
2009*
2010*
%*
Change
2000–2009*

North America
6,654
6,740
6,375
6,470
16%
−1.2%

Asia excl. China
5,013
7,485
7,370
7,806
19%
18.9%

China
7,318
16,437
18,449
19,928
48%
85.5%

EU
3,700
3,499
3,135
3,137
8%
−3.8%

Africa
1,049
1,213
1,288
1,109
3%
0.4%

Russia
1,387
1,359
994
1,091
3%
−2.0%

Others
1,485
1,763
1,727
1,812
4%
2.2%

Total
26,607
38,497
39,340
41,354
100%
47.9%

Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP
*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009

text:
Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)[43]

Rank
Nation
2010
2011
Share
% 2011
2012

1
Indonesia
162
309
29.7%
383

2
Australia
298
285
27.4%
302

3
Russia
89
99
9.5%
103

4
US
57
85
8.2%
106

5
Colombia
68
76
7.3%
82

6
South Africa
68
70
6.7%
72

7
Kazakhstan
33
34
3.3%
32

8
Canada
24
24
2.3%
25

9
Vietnam
21
23
2.2%
18

10
Mongolia
17
22
2.1%
22

x
Others
19
14
1.3%

Total (Mt)
856
1,041

1,168

Top ten
97.8%
98.7%

text: Oil[edit]

text: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[44] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[45] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[46]

text: It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present.[47]

text: Natural Gas[edit]

text: In 2009, the world use of natural gas grew 31% compared to 2000. 66% of this growth was outside EU, North America, Latin America, and Russia. Others include the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.[48]

text:
Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)[42][48]

Land
2000
2008
2009
2010
%

North America
7,621
7,779
8,839
8,925
27%

Asia excl. China
2,744
4,074
4,348
4,799
14%

China
270
825
1,015
1,141
3%

EU
4,574
5,107
4,967
5,155
16%

Africa
612
974
1,455
1,099
3%

Russia
3,709
4,259
4,209
4,335
13%

Latin America
1,008
1,357
958
nd
nd

Others
3,774
5,745
6,047
7,785
23%

Total
24,312
30,134
31,837
33,240
100%

Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP

text: Nuclear power[edit]

text: As of 1 July 2016, the world had 444 operable grid-electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction.[49] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[50][51]

text: Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and another 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWh, despite increases in production from most countries worldwide, because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan. Nuclear power met 11.7% of the world's electricity demand in 2011. Source: IEA/OECD[7]

text: Renewable energy[edit]

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[53] Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[54]

text: Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.[55] Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.[56] In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.[57] At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.[58]

text: The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity, and has capacity factors that range from 11% for solar, to 40% for hydropower.[59]

text:
Selected renewable energy global indicators
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

Investment in new renewable capacity (annual) (109 USD)[60]
182
178
237
279
256
232
270
285

Renewables power capacity (existing) (GWe)
1,140
1,230
1,320
1,360
1,470
1,578
1,712
1,849

Hydropower capacity (existing) (GWe)
885
915
945
970
990
1,018
1,055
1,064

Wind power capacity (existing) (GWe)
121
159
198
238
283
319
370
433

Solar PV capacity (grid-connected) (GWe)
16
23
40
70
100
138
177
227

Solar hot water capacity (existing) (GWth)
130
160
185
232
255
373
406
435

Ethanol production (annual) (109 litres)
67
76
86
86
83
87
94
98

Biodiesel production (annual) (109 litres)
12
17.8
18.5
21.4
22.5
26
29.7
30

Countries with policy targets
for renewable energy use
79
89
98
118
138
144
164
173

Source: The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)–Global Status Report[61][62][63][64][65]

text:
Renewable energy 2000-2013 (TWh)[66]

2000
2010
2013

North-America
1,973
2,237
2,443

EU
1,204
2,093
2,428

Russia
245
239
271

China
2,613
3,374
3,847

Asia (-China)
4,147
4,996
5,361

Africa
2,966
3,930
4,304

Latin America
1 502
2,127
2,242

Other
567
670
738

Total renewable
15,237
19,711
21,685

Total energy
116,958
148,736
157,485

Share
13.0%
13.3%
13.8%

Total nonrenewable
101,721
129,025
135,800

text: From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh.

text: Hydro[edit]

text: Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity,[67] which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.[68] Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 2,600 PJ (721 TWh) of production in 2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.[68] Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric, one is wind.

text: Marine energy[edit]

text: Marine energy, also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy, with most projects still in the pilot phase, but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4–18 million tonne of oil equivalent (toe). MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as, wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves, tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas, in-stream turbines in fast-moving rivers, ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents, and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters.[69]

text: Wind[edit]

text: Wind power is growing at the rate of 17% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2015,[70][71][72] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[73][74] Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark,[75] 18% in Portugal,[75] 16% in Spain,[75] 14% in Ireland[76] and 9% in Germany in 2010.[75][77] As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.[77] Continuing strong growth, by 2016 wind generated 3% of global power annually.[78]

text: Solar[edit]

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO2 emissions would be reduced to very low levels."[79] Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3% of global energy.[80]

text: Geothermal[edit]

text: Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[81] In 2004, 200 petajoules (56 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 petajoules (75 TWh) of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000♠10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000♠28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[82][83] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000♠100 GW.[81]

text: Bio energy[edit]

text: Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[82] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7×109 US gal), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[82] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 gigalitres (1.0×109 US gal), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[82]

text: By country[edit]

text: World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 (IEA, 2016)[14]

text: Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.

text: The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%.[84] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population[84]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

text: One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

text: Oil[edit]

text: Saudi Arabia, Russia and the United States accounted for 34% of oil production in 2011. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36% of oil export in 2011.

text:
Top 10 oil producers (Mt)[43]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011
2012

1
Saudi Arabia
519
509
452
471
517
12.9%
544

2
Russia
470
485
494
502
510
12.7%
520

3
United States
307
300
320
336
346
8.6%
387

4
Iran
205
214
206
227
215
5.4%
186

5
China
183
190
194
200
203
5.1%
206

6
Canada
143
155
152
159
169
4.2%
182

7
UAE
nd
136
120
129
149
3.7%
163

8
Venezuela
162
137
126
149
148
3.7%
162

9
Mexico
188
159
146
144
144
3.6%
nd

10
Nigeria
133
nd
nd
130
139
3.5%
nd

x
Kuwait
nd
145
124
nd
nd
nd
152

x
Iraq
nd
nd
114
140
nd
nd
148

x
Norway
139
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
3,923
3,941
3,843
3,973
4,011
100%

Top ten
62%
62%
61%
62%
63%

text:
Top 10 oil exporters (Mt)[85]

Rank
Nation
2011
Share %
2011
2012

1
Saudi Arabia
333
17.0%

2
Russia
246
12.5%

3
Nigeria
129
6.6%

4
Iran
126
6.4%

5
UAE
105
5.4%

6
Iraq
94
4.8%

7
Venezuela
87
4.4%

8
Angola
84
4.3%

9
Norway
78
4.0%

10
Mexico
71
3.6%

x
Others
609
31.0%

Total (Mt)
1,962

text: Coal[edit]

text:
Top 10 coal producers (Mt)[43]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011
2012

1
China
2,226
2,761
2,971
3,162
3,576
46%
3,549

2
US
1,028
1,076
985
997
1,004
13%
935

3
India
430
521
561
571
586
8%
595

4
Australia
372
397
399
420
414
5%
421

5
Indonesia
318
284
301
336
376
5%
443

6
Russia
222
323
297
324
334
4%
354

7
South Africa
315
236
247
255
253
3%
259

8
Germany
nd
nd
nd
nd
189
2%
197

9
Poland
160
144
135
134
139
2%
144

10
Kazakhstan
79
108
101
111
117
2%
126

11
Colombia
65
79
73
74
1%
nd
nd

Total
5,878
6,796
6,903
7,229
7,783
100%
7,831

Top ten
89%
87%
88%
88%
nd
90%

*include hard coal and brown coal

text:
Top 10 coal importers (Mt)[86]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011

1
China
25
nd
114
157
177

2
Japan
178
186
165
187
175

3
South Korea
77
100
103
119
129

4
India
37
58
66
88
101

5
Taiwan
61
66
60
63
66

6
Germany
38
46
38
45
41

7
UK
44
43
38
26
32

8
Turkey
nd
19
20
27
24

9
Italy
24
25
19
22
23

10
Malaysia
nd
nd
nd
19
21

x
Spain
25
19
16
nd
nd

x
France
nd
21
nd
nd
nd

x
US
28
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
778
778
819
949
1,002

Top ten
69%
75%
78%
79%
79%

Import of production
16%
13%
14%
15%
13%

*2005–2010 hard coal

text: Natural gas[edit]

text:
Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)[85]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011

1
Russia
627
657
589
637
677
20.0%

2
US
517
583
594
613
651
19.2%

3
Canada
187
175
159
160
160
4.7%

4
Qatar
nd
79
89
121
151
4.5%

5
Iran
84
121
144
145
149
4.4%

6
Norway
90
103
106
107
106
3.1%

7
China
nd
76
90
97
103
3.0%

8
Saudi Arabia
70
nd
nd
82
92
2.7%

9
Indonesia
77
77
76
88
92
2.7%

10
Netherlands
79
85
79
89
81
2.4%

x
Algeria
93
82
81
nd
nd
nd

x
UK
93
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
2,872
3,149
3,101
3,282
100%
3,388

Top ten
67%
65%
65%
65%
67%

bcm = billion cubic meters

text:
Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)[85]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011

1
Japan
81
95
93
99
116
13.9%

2
Italy
73
77
69
75
70
8.4%

3
Germany
91
79
83
83
68
8.2%

4
US
121
84
76
74
55
6.6%

5
South Korea
29
36
33
43
47
5.6%

6
Ukraine
62
53
38
37
44
5.3%

7
Turkey
27
36
35
37
43
5.2%

8
France
47
44
45
46
41
4.9%

9
UK
nd
26
29
37
37
4.4%

10
Spain
33
39
34
36
34
4.1%

x
Netherlands
23
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
838
783
749
820
834
100%

Top ten
70%
73%
71%
69%
67%

Import of production
29%
25%
24%
25%
25%

bcm = billion cubic meters

text: Wind power[edit]

text:
Top 10 countries
by nameplate windpower capacity
(2011 year-end)[87]

Country
Windpower capacity
(MW) ǂprovisional
% world total

China
62,733ǂ
26.3

United States
46,919
19.7

Germany
29,060
12.2

Spain
21,674
9.1

India
16,084
6.7

France
6,800ǂ
2.8

Italy
6,747
2.8

United Kingdom
6,540
2.7

Canada
5,265
2.2

Portugal
4,083
1.7

(rest of world)
32,446
13.8

World total
238,351 MW
100%

text:
Top 10 countries
by windpower electricity production
(2010 totals)[88]

Country
Windpower production
(TWh)
% world total

United States
95.2
27.6

China
55.5
15.9

Spain
43.7
12.7

Germany
36.5
10.6

India
20.6
6.0

United Kingdom
10.2
3.0

France
9.7
2.8

Portugal
9.1
2.6

Italy
8.4
2.5

Canada
8.0
2.3

(rest of world)
48.5
14.1

World total
344.8 TWh
100%

text: By sector[edit]

text:
World energy use by sector, 2012[89]

Sector
1015Btu
Petawatt-hours
percentage

Residential
53.0
15.5
13

Commercial
29.3
8.6
7

Industrial
222.3
65.1
54

Transportation
104.2
30.5
26

Total*
408.9
119.8
100

Source: US DOE. PWh from 0.293 times Btu column.
Numbers are the end use of energy

text: The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors, according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy:

text:
Residential (heating, lighting, and appliances)
Commercial (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services)
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction)
Transportation (passenger, freight, and pipeline)

tag: ul

text: Of the total 120 PWh (7020432000000000000♠120×1015 Wh) consumed, 19.4 were in the form of electricity, but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce. Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh (ca 7020580280718941000♠550×1015 Btu).[89] The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[90] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[91]

text: Another report gives different values for the sectors, apparently due to different definitions. According to this, total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[92]

text:
World energy use per sector[92]

Year
2000
2008
2000
2008

Sector
TWh
%*

Industry
21,733
27,273
26.5
27.8

Transport
22,563
26,742
27.5
27.3

Residential and service
30,555
35,319
37.3
36.0

Non-energy use
7,119
8,688
8.7
8.9

Total*
81,970
98,022
100
100

Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors
Numbers are the end use of energy
Total world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

text: European Union[edit]

text: The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8% of final energy consumption, households 26.2%, industry 25.6%, services 13.5% and agriculture 2.9% in 2012.[93] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.[94]

text: While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32–40%.[95] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.[95] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.[95] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58–59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).[95] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of natural gas and 25 Mt (25,000,000 long tons; 28,000,000 short tons) of coal.[95]


document_title: Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

question_text: when did the first protozoa appear on earth

text: Extinction[edit]

text: Species go extinct constantly as environments change, organisms compete for environmental niches, and genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. Occasionally biodiversity on the planet takes a hit in the form of a mass extinction in which the extinction rate is much higher than usual.[8] A large extinction event often represents an accumulation of smaller extinction events that take place in a relatively brief period of time.[9]

text: The first known mass extinction in earth's history was the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago. The event led to the loss of most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. The five largest extinction events in earth's history since are these:[10]

text:
End of the Ordovician: 440 million years ago, 86% of all species lost, including graptolites
Late Devonian: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including most trilobites
End of the Permian, "The Great Dying": 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including tabulate corals, and most extant trees and synapsids
End of the Triassic: 200 million years ago, 80% of species lost, including all of the conodonts
End of the Cretaceous: 66 million years ago, 76% of species lost, including all of the ammonites, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and nonavian dinosaurs

text: (Dates and percentages represent estimates.)

text: Smaller extinction events have occurred in the periods between these larger catastrophes, with some standing at the delineation points of the periods and epochs recognized by scientists in geologic time. The Holocene extinction event is currently under way.[11]

text: Factors in mass extinctions include continental drift, changes in atmospheric and marine chemistry, volcanism and other aspects of mountain formation, changes in glaciation, changes in sea level, and impact events.[9]

text: Detailed timeline[edit]

text: In this timeline, Ma (for megaannum) means "million years ago," ka (for kiloannum) means "thousand years ago," and ya means "years ago."

text: Hadean Eon[edit]

text: 4000 Ma and earlier.

text:
Date
Event

4600 Ma
The planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sun with organic compounds (complex organic molecules) necessary for life having perhaps formed in the protoplanetary disk of cosmic dust grains surrounding it before the formation of the Earth.[12]

4500 Ma
According to the giant impact hypothesis, the Moon was formed when the planet Earth and the hypothesized planet Theia collided, sending a very large number of moonlets into orbit around the young Earth which eventually coalesce to form the Moon.[13] The gravitational pull of the new Moon stabilised the Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation and set up the conditions in which abiogenesis occurred.[14]

4404 Ma
First appearance of liquid water on Earth.

4280 Ma
Earliest appearance of life on Earth.[15][16][17][18]

text: Archean Eon[edit]

text: 4000 Ma – 2500 Ma

text:
Date
Event

4000 Ma
Formation of a greenstone belt of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in Northwest Territories, Canada, the oldest rock belt in the world.[19]

4100–3800 Ma
Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): extended barrage of impact events upon the inner planets by meteoroids. Thermal flux from widespread hydrothermal activity during the LHB may have been conducive to abiogenesis and life's early diversification.[20] "Remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[21][22] According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."[21][relevant? – discuss]

3900–2500 Ma
Cells resembling prokaryotes appear.[23] These first organisms are chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy. Later, prokaryotes evolve glycolysis, a set of chemical reactions that free the energy of organic molecules such as glucose and store it in the chemical bonds of ATP. Glycolysis (and ATP) continue to be used in almost all organisms, unchanged, to this day.[24][25]

3800 Ma
Formation of a greenstone belt of the Isua complex of the western Greenland region, whose rocks show an isotope frequency suggestive of the presence of life.[19] The earliest evidences for life on Earth are 3.8 billion-year-old biogenic hematite in a banded iron formation of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada,[26] graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland[27] and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[28][29]

3500 Ma
Lifetime of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA);[30][31] the split between bacteria and archaea occurs.[32]
Bacteria develop primitive forms of photosynthesis which at first did not produce oxygen.[33] These organisms generated Adenosine triphosphate by exploiting a proton gradient, a mechanism still used in virtually all organisms.[34]

3000 Ma
Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolved; they used water as a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as a waste product.[35] The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore. The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rose, acting as a poison for many bacteria and eventually triggering the Great Oxygenation Event. The Moon, still very close to Earth, caused tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high.[citation needed] The Earth was continually wracked by hurricane-force winds. These extreme mixing influences are thought to have stimulated evolutionary processes.[citation needed]

2800 Ma
Oldest evidence for microbial life on land in the form of organic matter-rich paleosols, ephemeral ponds and alluvial sequences, some of them bearing microfossils.[36]

text: Proterozoic Eon[edit]

text: 2500 Ma – 542 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.

text:
Date
Event

2500 Ma
Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis.[35] Commencement of plate tectonics with old marine crust dense enough to subduct.[19]

2000 Ma
Diversification and expansion of acritarchs.[37]

By 1850 Ma
Eukaryotic cells appear. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Symbiogenesis and Endosymbiont). Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) emerge before, or soon after, the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[38] The appearance of red beds show that an oxidising atmosphere had been produced. Incentives now favoured the spread of eukaryotic life.[39][40][41]

1400 Ma
Great increase in stromatolite diversity.

By 1200 Ma
Meiosis and sexual reproduction are present in single-celled eukaryotes, and possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.[42] Sex may even have arisen earlier in the RNA world.[43] Sexual reproduction first appears in the fossil records; it may have increased the rate of evolution.[44]

800 Ma
First multicellular organism may have arisen.[45]

750 Ma
First protozoa (ex: Melanocyrillium)

850–630 Ma
A global glaciation may have occurred.[46][47] Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of evolution.[48][49][50]

600 Ma
The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer.[51] Prior to this, land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to permit colonisation of the land.[36]

580–542 Ma
The Ediacara biota represent the first large, complex multicellular organisms — although their affinities remain a subject of debate.[52]

580–500 Ma
Most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion.[53][54]

560 Ma
Earliest fungi

550 Ma
First fossil evidence for Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones)

text: Phanerozoic Eon[edit]

text: 542 Ma – present

text: The Phanerozoic Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions.

text: Palaeozoic Era[edit]

text: 542 Ma – 251.0 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.

text:
Date
Event

535 Ma
Major diversification of living things in the oceans: chordates, arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc.

530 Ma
The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma, indicating that early animal explorations may have predated the development of terrestrial plants.[55]

525 Ma
Earliest graptolites

510 Ma
First cephalopods (nautiloids) and chitons

505 Ma
Fossilization of the Burgess Shale

485 Ma
First vertebrates with true bones (jawless fishes)

450 Ma
First complete conodonts and echinoids appear

440 Ma
First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida

434 Ma
The first primitive plants move onto land,[56] having evolved from green algae living along the edges of lakes.[57] They are accompanied by fungi[citation needed], which may have aided the colonization of land through symbiosis.

420 Ma
Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions[58]

410 Ma
First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest Nautilida, lycophytes, and trimerophytes.

395 Ma
First lichens, stoneworts. Earliest harvestmen, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The first known tetrapod tracks on land.

363 Ma
By the start of the Carboniferous Period, the Earth begins to resemble its present state. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; sharks swam the oceans as top predators,[59] and vegetation covered the land, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish.
Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit.

360 Ma
First crabs and ferns. Land flora dominated by seed ferns.

350 Ma
First large sharks, ratfishes, and hagfish

340 Ma
Diversification of amphibians

330 Ma
First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris)

320 Ma
Synapsids (precursors to mammals) separate from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[60]

305 Ma
Earliest diapsid reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus)

280 Ma
Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. Dimetrodon) diversify in species.

275 Ma
Therapsid synapsids separate from pelycosaur synapsids

251.4 Ma
The Permian–Triassic extinction event eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30 million years to completely recover.[61]

text: Mesozoic Era[edit]

text: From 251.4 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

text:
Date
Event

The Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins: increasingly well adapted and diverse predators[who?] pressurize sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey[who?] adapt more rapidly and effectively than others[who?].

248 Ma
Sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseridae) first appear.

245 Ma
Earliest ichthyosaurs

240 Ma
Increase in diversity of gomphodont cynodonts and rhynchosaurs

225 Ma
Earliest dinosaurs (prosauropods), first cardiid bivalves, diversity in cycads, bennettitaleans, and conifers. First teleost fishes. First mammals (Adelobasileus).

220 Ma
Seed-producing Gymnosperm forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.[citation needed] First flies and turtles (Odontochelys). First coelophysoid dinosaurs.

205
Ma

the Massive extinction of Triassic/Jurassic, that wiped out most of the group of pseudosuchians and was given the opportunity of dinosaurs including the Apatosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Perrotasaurus, and Stegosaurus to enter its golden age.

200 Ma
The first accepted evidence for viruses that infect eukaryotic cells (at least, the group Geminiviridae) existed.[62] Viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon.
Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of armoured dinosaurs

195 Ma
First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus). First sauropod dinosaurs. Diversification in small, ornithischian dinosaurs: heterodontosaurids, fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids.

190 Ma
Pliosauroids appear in the fossil record. First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis), hermit crabs, modern starfish, irregular echinoids, corbulid bivalves, and tubulipore bryozoans. Extensive development of sponge reefs.

176 Ma
First members of the Stegosauria group of dinosaurs

170 Ma
Earliest salamanders, newts, cryptoclidids, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, and cladotherian mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify.

165 Ma
First rays and glycymeridid bivalves

163 Ma
Pterodactyloid pterosaurs first appear[63]

161 Ma
Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) and the oldest known Eutherian Mammal appear in the fossil record: Juramaia.

160 Ma
Multituberculate mammals (genus Rugosodon) appear in eastern China

155 Ma
First blood-sucking insects (ceratopogonids), rudist bivalves, and cheilostome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid and symmetrodont mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian and theropod dinosaurs.

130 Ma
The rise of the angiosperms: Some of these flowering plants bear structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen;other angiosperms were pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles.

120 Ma
Oldest fossils of heterokonts, including both marine diatoms and silicoflagellates

115 Ma
First monotreme mammals

110 Ma
First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves.

106 Ma
Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record

100 Ma
Earliest bees

90 Ma
Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Earliest examples of ticks. Probable origins of placental mammals (earliest undisputed fossil evidence is 66 Ma).

80 Ma
First ants

70 Ma
Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. First yoldiid bivalves.

68 Ma
Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of what is now western North America appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops.

text: Cenozoic Era[edit]

text: 66 Ma – present

text:
Date
Event

66 Ma
The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event eradicates about half of all animal species, including mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, rudist and inoceramid bivalves, most planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.[64]

From 66 Ma
Rapid dominance of conifers and ginkgos in high latitudes, along with mammals becoming the dominant species. First psammobiid bivalves. Earliest rodents. Rapid diversification in ants.

63 Ma
Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of meat-eating (carnivorous) mammals

60 Ma
Diversification of large, flightless birds. Earliest true primates, along with the first semelid bivalves, edentate, carnivoran and lipotyphlan mammals, and owls. The ancestors of the carnivorous mammals (miacids) were alive.

56 Ma
Gastornis, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil record

55 Ma
Modern bird groups diversify (first song birds, parrots, loons, swifts, woodpeckers), first whale (Himalayacetus), earliest lagomorphs, armadillos, appearance of sirenian, proboscidean, perissodactyl and artiodactyl mammals in the fossil record. Angiosperms diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in the genus Carcharodon, the early mako shark Isurus hastalis, is alive.

52 Ma
First bats appear (Onychonycteris)

50 Ma
Peak diversity of dinoflagellates and nannofossils, increase in diversity of anomalodesmatan and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels appear in the fossil record, diversification of primates

40 Ma
Modern-type butterflies and moths appear. Extinction of Gastornis. Basilosaurus, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record.

37 Ma
First nimravid ("false saber-toothed cats") carnivores — these species are unrelated to modern-type felines

35 Ma
Grasses diversify from among the monocot angiosperms; grasslands begin to expand. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant ostracods and foraminifers, along with major extinctions of gastropods, reptiles, amphibians, and multituberculate mammals. Many modern mammal groups begin to appear: first glyptodonts, ground sloths, canids, peccaries, and the first eagles and hawks. Diversity in toothed and baleen whales.

33 Ma
Evolution of the thylacinid marsupials (Badjcinus)

30 Ma
First balanids and eucalypts, extinction of embrithopod and brontothere mammals, earliest pigs and cats

28 Ma
Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived

25 Ma
Pelagornis sandersi appears in the fossil record, the largest flying bird that ever lived

25 Ma
First deer

20 Ma
First giraffes, hyenas, bears and giant anteaters, increase in bird diversity

15 Ma
Genus Mammut appears in the fossil record, first bovids and kangaroos, diversity in Australian megafauna

10 Ma
Grasslands and savannas are established, diversity in insects, especially ants and termites, horses increase in body size and develop high-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes

9.5 Ma
The Great American Interchange, where various land and freshwater faunas migrated between North and South America. Armadillos, opossums, hummingbirds Phorusrhacids, Ground Sloths, Glyptodonts, and Meridiungulates traveled to North America, while horses, tapirs, saber-toothed cats, Jaguars, Bears, Coaties, Ferrets, Otters, Skunks and deer entered South America.

6.5 Ma
First hominins (Sahelanthropus)

6 Ma
Australopithecines diversify (Orrorin, Ardipithecus)

5 Ma
First tree sloths and hippopotami, diversification of grazing herbivores like zebras and elephants, large carnivorous mammals like lions and the genus Canis, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and small carnivores, vultures increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores.

4.8 Ma
Mammoths appear in the fossil record

4 Ma
Evolution of Australopithecus, Stupendemys appears in the fossil record as the largest freshwater turtle, first modern elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and gazelles appear in the fossil record

2.7 Ma
Evolution of Paranthropus

2.5 Ma
The earliest species of Smilodon evolve

2 Ma
First members of the genus Homo appear, Homo Habilis in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, aurochs (Bos primigenus), evolves in India.

1.7 Ma
Extinction of australopithecines

1.2 Ma
Evolution of Homo antecessor. The last members of Paranthropus die out.

800 Ka
Short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) become abundant in North America

600 ka
Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis

350 ka
Evolution of Neanderthals

300 ka
Gigantopithecus, a giant relative of the orangutan from Asia dies out

250 ka
Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa.[65][66][67] Around 50,000 years before present they start colonising the other continents, replacing the Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia.

40 ka
The last of the giant monitor lizards (Varanus priscus) die out

30 ka
Extinction of Neanderthals, first domestic dogs

15 ka
The last woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are believed to have gone extinct

11 ka
Short-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last giant ground sloths dying out. All Equidae become extinct in North America.

10 ka
The Holocene epoch starts 10,000[68] years ago after the Late Glacial Maximum. The last mainland species of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenus) die out, as does the last Smilodon species.

8 ka
The Giant Lemur died out

text: Historical extinctions[edit]

text:
Date
Event

6000 ya (c. 4000 BC)
Small populations of American mastodon die off in places like Utah and Michigan

4500 ya (c. 2500 BC)
The last members of a dwarf race of woolly mammoths vanish from Wrangel Island near Alaska

c. 600 ya (c. 1400)
The moa and its predator, Haast's eagle, die out in New Zealand

390 ya (1627)
The last recorded wild aurochs die out

329 ya (1688)
The dodo goes extinct

249 ya (1768)
The Steller's sea cow goes extinct

134 ya (1883)
The quagga, a subspecies of zebra, goes extinct

103 ya (1914)
Martha, last known passenger pigeon, dies

81 ya (1936)
The thylacine goes extinct in a Tasmanian zoo, the last member of the family Thylacinidae

65 ya (1952)
The Caribbean monk seal goes extinct[71]

9 ya (2008)
The baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct, according to the IUCN Red List[72]

6 ya (2011)
The western black rhinoceros is declared extinct