document_title: Lexus IS

question_text: 2001 lexus is300 front or rear wheel drive

question_tokens: 2001 lexus is300 front or rear wheel drive

text: Lexus IS

text: First generation (XE10; 1998–2005)[edit]

text:
First generation

Overview

Manufacturer
Kanto Auto Works[5]

Also called
Toyota Altezza (Japan)

Production
October 1998 – August 2005 (Toyota Altezza)[6]
January 1999 – August 2005 (Lexus IS)

Assembly
Japan: Kanegasaki, Iwate (KAW)[6]

Designer
Tomoyasu Nishi (exterior: 1995)[7]
2003 refresh: Hiroyuki Tada (2002)

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan
5-door hatchback/station wagon

Layout
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive (Japan, Altezza Gita)

Platform
Toyota N platform

Powertrain

Engine
2.0 L 1G-FE I6 (AS200/IS 200)
2.0 L 3S-GE I4 (RS200)
3.0 L 2JZ-GE I6 (AS300/IS 300)

Transmission
4-speed A47DE/A340H automatic
5-speed W55 manual
5-speed A650E automatic
6-speed J160 manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,670 mm (105.1 in)

Length
Sedan: 4,400 mm (173.2 in)
SportCross: 4,415 mm (173.8 in)

Width
Sedan: 1,720 mm (67.7 in)
SportCross: 1,725 mm (67.9 in)

Height
1,410 mm (55.5 in)
1,440 mm (56.7 in)

Curb weight
IS 200: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)
IS 200 SportCross: 1,430 kg (3,150 lb)
IS 300 5-Speed: 1,476 kg (3,255 lb)[8]
IS 300 E-Shift: 1,490 kg (3,285 lb)[8]
IS 300 SportCross: 1,550 kg (3,410 lb)[8]

text: Produced as a direct competitor to the luxury sports sedans of the leading European luxury marques, the XE10 series Toyota Altezza and Lexus IS was designed with a greater performance emphasis than typically seen on prior Japanese luxury vehicles. The engineering work was led by Nobuaki Katayama from 1994 to 1998 under the 038T program code, who was responsible for the AE86 project. Design work by Tomoyasu Nishi was frozen in 1996 and filed under patent number 1030135 on December 5, 1996, at the Japan Patent Office. At its introduction to Japan, it was exclusive to Japanese dealerships called Toyota Netz Store, until Lexus was introduced to Japan in 2006. The Japan-sold AS200 Altezza sedan and AS300 Altezza Gita formed the basis for the Lexus IS 200 and IS 300 models respectively, sold in markets outside Japan, primarily North America, Australia, and Europe. The Altezza Gita was a hatchback-station wagon version sold in Japan and was known in the US and Europe as the Lexus IS SportCross. The AS300 Altezza Gita was the only Altezza with the 2JZ-GE engine, while in export markets, this engine was available in the sedan models as well, as the Lexus IS300 Sedan.

text: Introduced in 1998 with the AS200 (Chassis code GXE10) and RS200 (chassis code SXE10) sedans, the compact vehicle was produced using a shortened, front-engine, rear-wheel-drive midsize platform,[9] allowing Japanese buyers to take advantage of tax savings imposed by Japanese government regulations concerning vehicle exterior dimensions and engine displacement, and adapted parts from the larger second-generation Aristo/GS.[9] The 2.0-liter 1G-FE inline-six powered AS200 (GXE10, sedan) featured a five-speed manual transmission as standard, while a four-speed automatic was optional. The 2.0-liter 3S-GE inline-four-powered RS200 (SXE10, sedan) featured a six-speed manual transmission, while a five-speed automatic was optional. The different size engine choices gave Japanese buyers a choice of which annual road tax obligation they wanted to pay, and the larger engine offered more standard equipment as compensation.

text: The design received critical acclaim at its 1998 launch and was awarded Japan's "Car of the Year" honor for 1998–1999. A few months later, Lexus began marketing the IS 200 equivalent models in Europe.[10] The IS 200 in Europe was listed as producing 153 brake horsepower (114 kW), with a top speed of 216 kilometres per hour (134 mph), and 0 to 100 kilometres per hour (0–62 mph) acceleration in 9.3 seconds.[11] The styling cues of the rear light clusters on the first-generation models were copied by a number of after-market accessory manufacturers for applications on other vehicles.[1] This iconic style of one or more internal lamp units, covered with a clear (or tinted) perspex cover made popular by Lexus, became known in many circles as 'Lexus-style' or 'Altezza lights'.[1] The taillight style became so popular, that it influenced the development of clear-glass LED taillights. The XE10's chief engineer was Nobuaki Katayama, while the chief test driver and test engineer was Hiromu Naruse.

text: In July 2000, a hatchback/station wagon model, the AS300 (Chassis code JCE10), was introduced featuring a 3.0-liter 2JZ-GE inline-six engine. Equipped with rear- or all-wheel drive (JCE10, RWD Gita wagon; JCE15, 4WD Gita wagon), the AS300 was only available with an automatic gearbox; a five-speed automatic for the RWD Gita wagon and a four-speed automatic for the 4WD Gita wagon. The six-cylinder version (2JZ-GE) was only available in Japan on the Gita models. In the US, the IS 300 sedan debuted in 2000 as 2001 model and the wagon debuted in 2001 as a 2002 model with the same 3.0-liter six-cylinder engine (the 2.0-liter six-cylinder was not available), while in Europe, the IS 300 joined the IS 200 in the model lineup. All IS 300 models in the US were initially only available with the five-speed automatic transmission; this was also the case in Europe. However, a five-speed manual was made available in the US in 2001 for the 2002 model year (not available on the SportCross wagon). Visually the exterior of the European IS 200 Sport and 300 were almost identical, the only differences being the boot insignia and the larger-engined model initially having clear front indicators (later generalized to IS 200 range).

text: The first-generation IS interior featured unique elements not typically found in other Lexus models. These included a chrome metal ball shifter, pop-up navigation screen, and chronograph-style instrument panel (with mini gauges for temperature, fuel economy, and volts). For the European market, the IS 300 gained full leather seats rather than the leather/escaine of the 200, plus Auto-dimming rear view and side mirrors, and HID headlamps. In the US, the Environmental Protection Agency listed the IS 300 as a subcompact car; although it technically had enough overall volume to be called a compact, rear seat room exhibited subcompact dimensions.

text: The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test results in 2001 gave the IS 300 the maximum five stars in the Side Driver and Side Rear Passenger categories, and four stars in the Frontal Driver and Frontal Passenger categories.[12] The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rated the IS "Good" overall for frontal collisions and "Good" in all six measured front impact categories.[13]

text: For the first-generation IS in the US market, sales hit a high of 22,486 units in 2001; subsequent sales years were less than forecast, and below the 10,000-unit mark in 2004.[14][15] The IS 200 fared better relative to sales targets in Europe and Asia, while still well short of the sales volume achieved by the Mercedes-Benz C-Class and other, mostly German-made competitors. This trend was indicative of Lexus' smaller global status; while Lexus' range of cars was very successful in North America, the marque's sales lagged behind its German rivals in Europe.[16] In Europe, the lack of a manual gearbox option for the IS 300 may have limited sales in contrast to its rivals, the BMW 3 Series and the Mercedes C-Class.

text: In 2000, TTE had released a compressor kit for the IS 200 on the European market.[17] An Eaton supercharger at 0.3-bar pressure boosted the power to 153 kilowatts (205 hp) without sacrificing fuel consumption (+3.3%). The kit was initially available as an aftermarket fitment, but could also be obtained as OEM Lexus accessory on new cars through the official Lexus dealer network and was fully covered by the standard warranty.[17] This model variant was discontinued when the IS 300 was released on the European market.

text: In 2003 for the 2004 model year, the IS line received a minor facelift (designed by Hiroyuki Tada). On the exterior, was a new 11-spoke wheel design, new fog lights, and smoked surrounding trim for the headlights and taillights. On the interior, a new 2-position memory function was added for the driver seat, a maintenance indicator light, automatic drive-away door locking system, a new storage compartment on the dash (for models without the navigation system) and new trim highlights.[18]

text: An official concept model, the MillenWorks-built Lexus IS 430 was unveiled at the SEMA Show in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2003.[19] The IS 430 prototype was an IS 300 fitted with a 4.3-liter V8 from the Lexus GS.[20] Lexus dubbed the IS 430 a one-off with no plans for production. In Europe, Toyota Team Europe (TTE) shoehorned a supercharged 4.3-liter V8 into an IS 300 bodyshell, the result was a 405 PS (298 kW) ECE sedan.

text: Powertrain and models[edit]

text:
Engine

Lexus

Toyota

Engine
Power/torque
Model
Chassis code
Drivetrain and transmission
Model
Chassis code
Drivetrain and transmission

2.0 L
inline-six
(1G-FE)
114 kW (153 hp);
195 N⋅m (144 lb⋅ft)
@ 4600 rpm
IS 200
(sedan)
GXE10
RWD
6-speed manual (J160)
4-speed automatic (A47DE)
Altezza AS200
(sedan)
GXE10
RWD
6-speed manual (J160)
4-speed automatic (A47DE)

IS 200 SportCross
(wagon)
GXE10
RWD
6-speed manual (J160)
4-speed automatic (A47DE)
Altezza Gita AS200
(wagon)
GXE10W
RWD
6-speed manual (J160)
4-speed automatic (A47DE)

GXE15W
4WD
4-speed automatic (A340H)

2.0 L
inline-four
(3S-GE)
154 kW (207 hp);
216 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft)
@ 6400 rpm
No equivalent
Altezza RS200
(sedan)
SXE10
RWD
6-speed manual (J160)
5-speed automatic (A650E)

3.0 L
inline-six
(2JZ-GE)
162 kW (217 hp);
295 N⋅m (218 lb⋅ft)
@ 3800 rpm
IS 300
(sedan)
JCE10
RWD
5-speed manual (W55, US only)
5-speed automatic (A650E)
No equivalent

IS 300 SportCross
(wagon)
JCE10
RWD
5-speed automatic (A650E)
Altezza Gita AS300
(wagon)
JCE10W
RWD
5-speed automatic (A650E)

JCE15W
4WD
4-speed automatic (A340H)

text: Second generation (XE20; 2005–2013)[edit]

text:
Second generation

Lexus IS 250 (GSE20, US)

Overview

Production
September 2005 – April 2013 (sedan)[21]
December 2007 – 2014 (IS F)[22]
April 2009 – 2015 (IS C)[21]

Model years
2006–2013

Assembly
Japan: Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant);[22] Miyawaka, Fukuoka (Miyata plant)[21]

Designer
Kengo Matsumoto (2003)

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door convertible
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive

Platform
Toyota N platform[23]

Powertrain

Engine
2.2 L 2AD-FHV I4
2.5 L 4GR-FSE V6
3.0 L 3GR-FE V6
3.5 L 2GR-FSE V6
5.0 L 2UR-GSE V8

Transmission
6-speed manual
6-speed automatic
8-speed AA80E automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2730 mm (107.50 in)

Length
4,575–4,590 mm (180.1–180.7 in)

Width
1,800–1,816 mm (70.9–71.5 in)

Height
1,410–1,425 mm (55.5–56.1 in)

Curb weight
1,558–1,600 kg (3,435–3,527 lb)

text: The second-generation IS was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2005 as a pre-production model, with the production version debuting at the 2005 New York Auto Show that April. Sales of the sedan began worldwide in September and October 2005 as a 2006 model, with the Toyota Altezza name discontinued the introduction of the Lexus division in Japan, and the slow-selling SportCross station wagon version deleted from the lineup altogether.

text: Production of the sedan commenced in September 2005 at the Miyata plant in Miyawaka, Fukuoka,[21] supplemented in October 2005 with the Tahara plant at Tahara, Aichi.[22] Production of the IS F started in December 2007 at Tahara.[22] The facility at Miyata began manufacture of the IS C in April 2009.[21]

text: In North America, IS models sold at launch included the IS 250 and IS 350 sedans; in parts of Europe, the IS models sold by Lexus included the IS 250 and IS 220d sedans. The IS 250 was also available in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Chile (automatic only), Taiwan, South Africa and South Korea.

text: All second-generation IS models offered a more typical Lexus interior compared to the previous generation with a focus on luxurious accouterments. The interior featured memory leather seats, lightsaber-like electroluminescent instrument display lighting and LED interior lighting accents, the choice of faux-metallic or optional Bird's Eye Maple wood trim (aluminum composite on the IS F), and SmartAccess keyless entry with push-button start.[24] Options ranged from touchscreen navigation with backup camera to a Mark Levinson premium sound system and Dynamic Radar Cruise Control.

text: On 6 December 2006, Lexus officially confirmed the existence of a high-performance variant of the second-generation IS called the IS F.[25] The Lexus IS F sedan (USE20) premiered at the 2007 North American International Auto Show on 8 January 2007 as the launch product of Lexus' F marque lineup of performance-focused vehicles.[26] The IS F went on sale several months later in North America and Europe. The IS F was capable of 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 4.6 seconds,[27] and had a top speed of 170 mph (270 km/h) (electronically limited).[28]

text: The introduction of the second-generation IS model marked a resurgence in sales for the IS line, with a 332% increase overall in 2006 compared to the previous year. In its first year of sales, the IS sold over 49,000 units, making it one of the ten best-selling luxury cars in the US.[29] The IS line later took a median position in the entry-luxury market; in 2008 it sold behind the variants of the BMW 3 Series, new Mercedes-Benz C-Class, and Cadillac CTS, and ahead of the Acura TL, Audi A4, and Infiniti G35 sedan.[30][31] Outside the US, the Lexus IS spearheaded Lexus' growing sales efforts in Europe, Australia, and South Africa, becoming the best-selling model in Lexus' lineup in many of the aforementioned markets. In the US, as of 2011, the Lexus IS was the third place best-selling vehicle from the marque after the Lexus RX and Lexus ES.[32]

text: In 2008, the IS line received a styling refresh, and the suspension and steering were retuned for improved stability and control. After three years with only one body style, the IS returned with a second body style, this time as a hardtop convertible, on 2 October 2008 when the IS 250 C debuted at the Paris Motor Show.[33] A more powerful IS 350 C also became available, with engine specifications analogous to those on the sedan models. The IS convertible went on sale in Europe in 2009, in North America in May 2009,[33] and an IS 300 C was also produced for certain regions. The mid-cycle refresh in 2008 saw slight styling revisions to the interior.

text: In 2010, coinciding with the second IS line refresh, the diesel IS 220d was detuned for improved fuel consumption figures but lowered power output by 27 bhp (20 kW; 27 PS). The addition was called the IS 200d[34] Building on its "F Sport" line of parts and accessories for the IS 250/350,[35][36] Lexus added factory-produced F Sport IS models in 2010.[34] The second refresh also includes further interior updates for the IS line.

text: Changes to IS C include Intelligent Transport Systems and Dedicated Short Range Communication units become standard equipment. Change to US model of F SPORT Package includes revised silver metallic interior trim. Change to Japan F SPORT Package includes new dark rose interior color, medium silver ornament panel. F SPORT performance accessories include 19-inch forged wheels (set of four), with hardware; brake upgrades, front axle set, rear axle set, carbon fiber engine cover, carbon fiber leather shift knob, floor mats (four-piece set), lowering spring set, performance air intake, performance dual exhaust, shock set (set of four), sway bar set Japan models went on sale in 2013-08-22. Early models include IS 250C, IS 350C.[37] US models went on sale as 2014 model year vehicle. Early models include IS 250C, IS 350C.[38][39]

text: Changes to IS F include carbon rear spoiler, front LED fog lamp, all sports seats include embossed 'F' logo at head rests, Alcantara upholstery at door trim and center console, standard Intelligent Transport Systems and Dedicated Short Range Communication unit. IS F Dynamic Sport Tuning model (available in Japan) includes 7 PS (5 kW; 7 hp) engine power boost via low-friction piston and pump, strengthened body contact, exclusive carbon front spoiler/rear diffuser, 7 kg (15 lb) lower body weight via exclusive titanium muffler, exclusive orange colour brake caliper with LEXUS logo, exclusive orange accent engine head cover, exclusive carbon interior panel at centre console and door switch base with nameplate, choice of 7 body colours including exclusive starlight black glass flake.[40] Japan models went on sale in 2013-09-05.[41] US models went on sale as 2014 model year vehicle.[42][43]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Safety features on the IS models ranged from multiple airbags to stability control systems.[44] A Pre-Collision System (PCS) was the first offered in the entry-luxury performance sedan market segment. NHTSA crash test results rated the second-generation IS the maximum five stars in the Side Driver and Rollover categories, and four stars in the Frontal Driver, Frontal Passenger, and Side Rear Passenger categories;[45] Insurance Institute for Highway Safety scores were "Good" overall score for all fourteen measured categories in the front and side impact crash tests.[46][47]

text: The second-generation IS marked the next introduction of Lexus' new L-finesse design philosophy on a production vehicle, following the premiere of the 2006 Lexus GS performance sedan. The sedan's exterior design featured sleeker, coupe-like contours, a fastback profile, and a repeated arrowhead motif in the front fascia and side windows.[48] The IS sedans had a drag coefficient of Cd=0.28. The forward design was reminiscent of the earlier Lexus LF-C convertible coupe concept.[citation needed]

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Petrol and diesel engines

[hide]Calendar year(s)
Model no(s).
Chassis code(s)
Engine type
Engine code
Transmission(s)
Power
Torque

2010–2012
IS 200d
ALE20
2.2 L inline-4
2AD-FTV
6-speed MT
110 kW (150 hp)
360 N⋅m (270 ft⋅lbf) @2600 rpm

2005–2012
IS 220d
ALE20
2.2 L inline-4
2AD-FHV
6-speed MT
130 kW (170 hp)
400 N⋅m (300 ft⋅lbf) @2600 rpm

2005–2013
IS 250
GSE20
2.5 L V6
4GR-FSE
6-speed AT/MT
153 kW (205 hp)
252 N⋅m (186 ft⋅lbf) @4800 rpm

IS 250 AWD
GSE25
6-speed AT

2005–2013
IS 350
GSE21
3.5 L V6
2GR-FSE
6-speed AT
228 kW (306 hp)
375 N⋅m (277 ft⋅lbf) @4800 rpm

2007–2013
IS 300
GSE22
3.0 L V6
3GR-FE
6-speed AT
170 kW (230 hp)
300 N⋅m (220 ft⋅lbf) @4400 rpm

2007—
IS F
USE20
5.0 L V8
2UR-GSE
8-speed AT
311 kW (417 hp)
503 N⋅m (371 ft⋅lbf) @5200 rpm

2009–2013
IS 250 C
GSE20
2.5 L V6
4GR-FSE
6-speed AT/MT
153 kW (205 hp)
252 N⋅m (186 ft⋅lbf) @4800 rpm

2009—
IS 350 C
GSE21
3.5 L V6
2GR-FSE
6-speed AT
228 kW (306 hp)
375 N⋅m (277 ft⋅lbf) @4800 rpm

2009—
IS 300 C
GSE22
3.0 L V6
3GR-FE
6-speed AT
170 kW (230 hp)
300 N⋅m (220 ft⋅lbf) @4400 rpm

2010–2013
IS 350 AWD
GSE26
3.5 L V6
2GR-FSE
6-speed AT
228 kW (306 hp)
375 N⋅m (277 ft⋅lbf) @4800 rpm

text: The IS 250, IS 350 and IS F feature a D-4 (IS250) or D-4S (IS350 and IS F) direct injection system with direct fuel injectors (D-4 and D-4S) and port fuel injectors (D-4S only). Certain Asian markets feature the IS 300 (GSE22) without direct injection.[49]

text: Third generation (XE30; 2013–present)[edit]

text:
Third generation

2014 Lexus IS 250 F-Sport (GSE30, US)

Overview

Production
25 April 2013–present

Model years
2014–present

Assembly
Japan: Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant); Miyawaka, Fukuoka (Miyata plant)[50]

Designer
Masanari Sakae (2010)[51]
Yuki Isogai (2011)

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive

Platform
Toyota New N platform

Related
Lexus RC

Powertrain

Engine
2.0 L 8AR-FTS I4 (turbocharged)
2.5 L 2AR-FSE I4 (hybrid)
2.5 L 4GR-FSE V6
3.5 L 2GR-FSE V6
3.5 L 2GR-FKS V6 (2018-)

Transmission
6-speed automatic
8-speed AA81E automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,800 mm (110.2 in)

Length
4,665 mm (183.7 in)

Width
1,810 mm (71.3 in)

Height
1,430 mm (56.3 in)

text: Concept models[edit]

text: Several concept models preceded the launch of the third-generation IS. The first was the LF-LC (2012). It is a rear-wheel drive concept coupe with mesh pattern of the spindle grille in 3D sculpture form, daytime running lights shaped like an "L", vertical front fog lamps in fading dot matrix pattern, glass roof with cantilevered pillar with a glass-to-glass juncture inspired by modern architecture, rear fog lamps, twin 12.3-inch LCD screens provide information and navigation display, leather and suede interior upholstery with brushed metal trim and wood accents, race-inspired front seats are formed of multiple layers and repeat the interlacing curves that define the cabin interior, racing-style steering wheel upholstered in carbon fibre with integrated controls and start button. The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 North American International Auto Show.[52][53][54]

text: That concept was followed by the LF-LC Blue (2012), which is a rear-wheel drive concept coupe based on the LF-LC, with Opal Blue body color, Atkinson cycle combustion engine, battery pack, white and brown interior. The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 Australian International Motor Show,[55] and later in 2012 LA Auto Show.[56]

text: The LF-CC concept (2012) is a rear-wheel drive coupe incorporating designs from LF-LC concept and Lexus LFA. It included a 2.5-litre 4-cylinder Atkinson cycle petrol engine with D-4S direct injection technology, water-cooled permanent magnet electric motor, 3 LED-projector headlamp design, Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) are integrated into the upper bumper surface, rear spoiler integrated within the boot lid, L-shaped combination lamps with three-dimensional design, Fluid Titanium body colour, 2-zone dashboard, seats, door panels and instrument binnacle hood upholstered in amber leather. The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 Paris Motor Show,[57][58] followed by Auto Shanghai 2013.[59][60]

text: Exterior design work was done by Masanari Sakae[61] during 2010–2011 and Yuki Isogai (F-Sport) in 2011.[62][63]

text: The IS F Sport models include enhanced handling and performance, Adaptive Variable Suspension and Variable Gear Ratio Steering (IS 350). Not only does the F Sport handle differently, but its more aggressive styling certainly sets it apart from the basic production model. F-Sport styling includes an edition specific F-Sport pattern front grill, F-Sport logo badges, and five spoke split graphite wheels. Inside the cabin, you'll find bright, carbon fiber-like trim, extra bolstered performance seats, an all-black headliner, and an impressive moving vessel gauge cluster that displays navigation and audio information. The F-Sport models have an edition specific Ultra White exterior and vibrant, Rioja Red interior. The 2014 model year also served as the first year to offer all-wheel drive in the IS F Sport line up.

text: The new IS sedan was unveiled at the January 2013 North American International Auto Show,[64][65] followed by Auto Shanghai 2013,[66][67] Octagon Club in South Korea[68]

text: International models went on sale in mid-2013. Early models included the IS 250 RWD, IS 250 AWD, IS 300h and IS 350 RWD. The hybrid IS 300h will be sold in Europe, Japan, and select international markets.[69][70][71]

text: US models went on sale as 2014 model year vehicles on June 28, 2013.[72] Early models include IS 250 RWD, IS 250 AWD, IS 350 RWD, IS 350 AWD.[73][74][75] In 2015, for the 2016 model year, the IS 250 was discontinued and replaced by the rear wheel drive only IS 200t. The IS 300 is only offered with all-wheel drive, while the top of the line IS 350 can be ordered with either drivetrain.

text: Chinese models went on sale in 2013. Early models include IS 250, IS 250 F SPORT.[66][76]

text: Japanese models went on sale on 16 May 2013. Early models include IS 250, IS 250 AWD, IS 350, IS 300h.[77][78][79]

text: European models arrived at dealerships in 2013 June/July. Early models include IS 250, IS 300h.[80]

text: South Korean models went on sale on 27 June 2013. Early models include IS 250 Supreme, IS 250 Executive.[81]

text: Australian models went on sale in July 2013. Only RWD versions were on offer, the models included the IS 250, IS 300h and the IS 350. The IS 250 was dropped from the line-up in September 2015 replaced with the IS 200t.[82]

text: In April 2016, Lexus teased an image of a revamped third generation model which includes new headlights, taillights, front fascia, and hood. It debuted at the April 2016 Beijing Auto Show with new interior technology improvements including 10.3 inch infotainment screen, new steering wheel, contrast stitching along the dash, and a lot more.[83]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Toyota Racing Development F SPORT parts for Japanese Lexus IS sedan included front spoiler, side spoiler, rear spoiler, sport muffler and rear diffuser, diamond-like carbon shock absorber, 19-inch aluminium wheel set (19x8.5J front and 19x9J rear rims, 45 mm front and 50 mm rear insets, 245/35ZR19 front and 265/30ZR19 rear tires), member brace, performance damper.[84][85]

text: Variants[edit]

text:
[hide]Model
Years

IS 200t (ASE30)
2015–present

IS 250 (GSE30)
2013–2015

IS 250 AWD (GSE35)
2013–2015

IS 300 AWD (GSE37)
2015–present

IS 350 (GSE31)
2013–present

IS 350 AWD (GSE36)
2013–present

IS 300h (AVE30)
2013–present

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Petrol and hybrid engines

[hide]Model
Years
Type/code
Power
at rpm
Torque
at rpm

PS
kW
hp
kg·m
N·m
lb·ft

IS 300 / IS 200t (formerly called)
2015–2017 (200 t) / 2017–present (300)
1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) I4 (8AR-FTS)
244
179
241
4,800–5,600
35.73
350
258
1,650–4,800

IS 250
2013–2015
2,499 cc (152.5 cu in) V6 (4GR-FSE)
207
152
204
6,400
25.5
250
184
4,800

IS 250 (215PS, DBA-GSE30-AETLH)
2013–2015
2,499 cc (152.5 cu in) V6 (4GR-FSE)
215
158
212
6,400
26.5
260
192
3,800

IS 250 AWD
2013–2015
2,499 cc (152.5 cu in) V6 (4GR-FSE)
207
152
204
6,400
25.5
250
184
4,800

IS 250 AWD (215PS, DBA-GSE35-AETLH)
2013–2015
2,499 cc (152.5 cu in) V6 (4GR-FSE)
215
158
212
6,400
26.5
260
192
3,800

IS 300 AWD
2015–
3,456 cc (210.9 cu in) V6 (2GR-FSE)
259
190
255
6,400
32.6
320
236
2,000–4,800

IS 350
2013–
3,456 cc (210.9 cu in) V6 (2GR-FSE)
310
228
306
6,400
38.2
375
276
4,800

IS 350 (318PS, DBA-GSE31-AEZLH)
2013–
3,456 cc (210.9 cu in) V6 (2GR-FSE)
318
234
314
6,400
38.72
380
280
4,800

IS 350 AWD
2013–
3,456 cc (210.9 cu in) V6 (2GR-FSE)
310
228
306
6,400
38.2
375
276
4,800

IS 300h
2013–
2,494 cc (152.2 cu in) I4 (2AR-FSE)
177
130
175
6,000
21.9
215
158
4,400

electric motor
143
105
141

30.6
300
221

combined
220
162
217

IS 300h (178PS, DAA-AVE30-AEXLH)
2013–
2,494 cc (152.2 cu in) I4 (2AR-FSE)
178
131
176
6,000
22.5
221
163
4,200–4,800

electric motor
143
105
141

30.6
300
221

combined
220
162
217

text: Transmissions[edit]

text:
Petrol engines

[hide]Model
Years
Types

IS 200t
2015—
8-speed automatic (8-Speed Sport Direct Shift/ECT-i/SPDS) (AA81E)

IS 250
2013–2015
6-speed automatic (6 Super ECT/ECT-i) (A960)

IS 250 AWD
2013–2015
6-speed automatic (6 Super ECT) (A760H)

IS 300 AWD
2015—
6-speed automatic (6 Super ECT) (A760H)

IS 350
2013—
8-speed automatic (8-Speed Sport Direct Shift/ECT-i/SPDS) (AA81E)

IS 350 AWD
2013—
6-speed automatic (6 Super ECT) (A760H)

IS 300h
2013—
electronic CVT

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: A race car based on the Lexus LF-CC entered the 2014 Super GT GT500 class, replacing the SC 430. Vehicle shakedown began at the Suzuka Circuit.[86][87]

text: Production[edit]

text: Production at Tahara plant in Japan began on 25 April 2013.[88]

text: As of June 2013, sales of Lexus IS has reached 1919 units.[89]

text: Between 16 May 2013 and 16 June 2013, the order of IS sedans reached approximately 7600 units, including 2100 IS 250 and IS 350, 5500 IS 300h.[90]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sports sedan launch in the US, Lexus, and the Tony Hawk Foundation will be asking their fans and supporters to be part of a fan based decal that will be featured on the Lexus IS F CCS-R race car competing in Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. Fans will be able to enter their names via a response to a Lexus Facebook post, a Lexus Google+ post, a comment to a Lexus YouTube IS F CCS-R video and through Twitter and Instagram using #Lexus14K.[91]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sports sedan launch in the US, 2 new television ads (Crowd, Color Shift) were produced by Lexus' agency of record, Team One, with Original music from Devo's Mark Mothersbaugh, and directed by Jonas Åkerlund. The 'Crowd' ad emphasizes that things designed to draw a crowd are good, but leaving the crowd behind is more rewarding. The 'Color Shift' ad shows it's more fun and exciting to blend out than blend in. The[92] Two additional ads (This is Your Move, Intense) were created by Lexus' multicultural agency, Walton Isaacson, as part of the campaign. 'This is Your Move' was geared to the African-American audience, features Los Angeles Dodgers center fielder Matt Kemp as he searches for something that matches his ambitious and driven personality. 'Intense' is targeted to the Hispanic audience and follows a young couple as they experience the thrills of driving the redesigned IS 250.[93]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sports sedan launch in the US, Lexus outfitted respective editors of Motor Trend and ArrestedMotion.com with the first of Kogeto's 'Joey' panoramic cameras to showcase the performance and stunning design of the 2014 Lexus IS.[92]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sports sedan launch in the US, Lexus invited more than 200 followers on Instagram, along with their smartphones, to make a commercial of the 2014 Lexus IS using hundreds of their photos of the car strung together into a video.[94]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sport sedan launch in the US, Lexus created and hosted a MADE Fashion Week event in 2013-09-05 debuting a first-ever live holographic performance art experience titled 'Lexus Design Disrupted', featured supermodel Coco Rocha and a bold retrospective from the archives of designer Giles Deacon in a creative concept inspired by the IS and the brand's commitment to design and technology.[95]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sports sedan launch in the US, Lexus partnered with NBCUniversal for the 'It's Your Move After Dark' campaign. The ads took advantage of real-time marketing by allowing viewers to contribute ad concepts via social networks to influence the creative for the Lexus advertisements. The campaign featured a series of live, improvisational short comedy ads that will run in the commercial pods during NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. The ads were based on real-time viewer social media submissions each Thursday and performed by New York's comedy troupes including Fun Young Guys, Magnet Theater Touring Company, MB's Dream and Stone Cold Fox. Every Thursday night for four weeks beginning 19 September, as part of an early commercial break on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, improv comedians asked viewers to suggest ad concepts with the #LexusIS hashtag via social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr and Twitter. Submissions would influence the content of the ad and a live, on-air improve performance based on the viewer's ad suggestion will follow at the final commercial break. East and west coast live broadcasts of the commercials will be completely different each time based on their respective social media suggestions. Each Thursday's advertisement would be broadcast live from under the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. In anticipation of the campaign launch, a 15-second promotional teaser was premiered on 18 September in NBC's late night programming commercial pods. Additionally, the selected comedic concepts and submissions were made be available for viewing and sharing on a custom page at NBC.com the day after each live broadcast. Fans can continue to engage in exclusive, behind-the-scenes content from the campaign on NBC.com.[96]

text: As part of the 2014 Lexus IS sports sedan launch in the US, Lexus partnered with DeviantART to start a campaign to challenge the design community to show their vision for the 2014 IS with custom exterior treatments and modifications. The ultimate IS sports sedan concept would be modified by VIP Auto Salon in 10 weeks to reflect the rendering, and be displayed at the Lexus space at SEMA.[97][98]

text: In November 2016, Lexus partnered with Huy Fong Foods to produce a Sriracha edition of the IS for the 2016 LA Auto Show. The car is painted red with chili-like flakes and has green accents that evoke a Sriracha bottle cap. In addition, the trunk is filled with 43 bottles of Sriracha sauce.[99]

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: The first-generation IS 200/300 and RS200 series was used by many racing teams, including TRD, to race in various touring car racing series across Asia. In Europe, the Lexus IS 200 was raced in the British Touring Car Championship (through organizations such as BTC Racing),[100] and the IS 300 was raced in the US via the Motorola Cup North American Street Stock Championship touring car series (with the manufacturer-sanctioned Team Lexus).

text: In 2001, Team Lexus entered three IS 300s in the third race of the 2001 Grand-Am Cup season at Phoenix, Arizona,[101] and won their first IS 300 victory that year at the Virginia International Raceway.[101] In 2002, Team Lexus raced the IS 300 in the Grand-Am Cup ST1 (Street Tuner) class, winning both the Drivers' and Team Championships,[102][103] as well as a sweep of the top three finishes at Circuit Mont-Tremblant in Quebec, Canada.[104]

text: In 2008, the second-generation IS 350 was entered in the Super GT race series in the GT300 class (cars with approximately 300 horsepower). The No. 19 Team Racing Project Bandoh IS 350 driven by Manabu Orido and Tsubasa Abe achieved its first victory in its fifth race at the Motegi GT300 race.[105] In 2009, The Project Bandoh WedsSport IS 350, driven by Manabu Orido and Tatsuya Kataoka, won both driver and team title in the GT300 class that season.[106]

text: In April 2009, a Lexus IS F entered by Gazoo Racing finished second to the team's Lexus LF-A in the SP8 class[107] in the ADAC-Westfalenfahrt VLN 4h endurance race. An IS F was also entered in the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring race and finished third in the SP8 class.[108] In August 2009, an IS F entered by Gazoo Racing and driven by Peter Lyon, Hideshi Matsuda, and Kazunori Yamauchi won the SP8 class at the DMV Grenzlandrennen VLN race.[109][110] Kazunori Yamauchi is the developer of Gran Turismo series,[110] of which the IS line is playable in several versions, and the IS F racer carried test equipment for future game modes.[111] The 3 drivers, along with Owen Mildenhall, participated in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring and finished in 4th place in the SP8 class, behind the 1st place ranked Lexus LFA.[112]

text: In 2012, Japanese drift racer Daigo Saito entered an IS 250 C in the Formula Drift Asia series. The car, which was a victim of the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami and due to be scrapped, was purchased by Saito and heavily customized for drift racing use. The most notable modification was the swapping of the stock engine to a 2JZ-GTE from a Mark IV Toyota Supra. With 1200 horsepower under the hood, Daigo obliterated the competition in that season, winning all the rounds and earning the championship in convincing fashion.[citation needed]

text: Sales and production[edit]

text: Sales data for Lexus IS generations are as follows, with chart numbers sourced from manufacturer yearly data.

text:
Generation
(chassis code)
Model nos
Calendar
year
Sales
Total exports,
production‡

US
Japan

GXE10, SXE10, JCE10

IS 200/300
2000
15,540[113]
?
?

2001
22,486[14]
?
30,475[114]

GXE10, SXE10, JCE10, JCE15

IS 200/300/
SportCross
2002
20,306[14]
?
23,749[115]

2003
13,559[116]
?
14,187[117]

2004
9,972[15]
?
11,114[118]

2005
15,789,[119]
3,911[120]
10,253[121]

GSE20, GSE21, GSE25

IS 250/350
2006
54,267,[119]
10,727[120]
109,720‡[120]

2007
54,933,[122]
9,514[123]
110,907‡[124]

GSE20, GSE21, GSE25, USE20
IS 250/350/F
2008
49,432,[122]
10,110[125]
93,612‡[126]

IS 250/350/C/F
2009
38,077,[127]
5,278[128]
43,369‡[129]

IS 250/350/C/F
2010
34,129[130]
?
?

IS 250/350/C/F
2011
29,669[131]
?
?

IS 250/350/C/F
2012
27,708[132]
?
?

IS 250/350/C/F
2013
35,017[133]
?
?

IS 250/350/C/F
2014
51,358[134]
?
?

2015
46,430[135]

2016
37,289[136]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
J.D. Power and Associates named the second-generation IS 250/IS 350 sedans the best vehicles in the entry luxury class in its 2006 Initial Quality Survey.[137]
J.D. Power and Associates named the first-generation IS 300 sedan and IS 300 SportCross the best vehicles in the entry luxury class in its 2005 Initial Quality Survey.[138]
Ward's Auto bestowed the IS 350 V6 engine with one of its 10 Best Engines awards in 2006.[139] The IS 350 V6 engine was also named to Ward's 10 Best Engines list in 2007, 2008, and 2009.
The 2007 Lexus IS was the winner of the Intellichoice/AutoPacific Motorist Choice Award for Aspirational Luxury Cars, referring to the vehicle owners most desired in the luxury segment.[140]
The Lexus IS was named the winner of the 2007 IF product design award from the International Forum Design group in Hannover, Germany.[141]
The 2007 Lexus IS was the winner of the Golden Steering Wheel Award in the Luxury category, according to German newspaper, Bild am Sonntag. This award, selected by a jury panel of 25 automotive experts, was presented to Lexus in a Berlin ceremony.
British automotive magazine Top Gear named the second-generation Lexus IS as the Executive Car of the Year in 2006.
The Canadian Car of the Year Awards, selected by the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada, gave the IS 350 its Best New Technology award in 2006.[142]
The Lexus IS was a finalist for Wheels magazine's Car of the Year (COTY) awards and also the World Car of the Year (WCOTY) award in 2006.[143]
Kelley Blue Book gave the first-generation IS 300 its Best to Hold Value Award in 2001.[144]
The IS 250 was the winner in 2006 and 2007 of Best Prestige Car in the Australia's Best Cars awards – awarded by the conglomeration of all of Australia's respective State Automotive Associations.
The Lexus IS came second in the Top Gear Satisfaction Survey 2005, beaten only by the Honda S2000.
The Lexus IS came first in the 'J.D.Power' car satisfaction survey in 2011 and joint second in 2010.[145]


document_title: As You Like It

question_text: who accompanied rosalind and celia to the forest of arden

root

text: As You Like It

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main Characters: The Court of Duke Frederick:

tag: p

text:
Duke Frederick, Duke Senior's younger brother and his usurper, also Celia's father
Rosalind, Duke Senior's daughter
Celia, Duke Frederick's daughter and Rosalind's cousin
Touchstone, a court fool or jester
Le Beau, a courtier
Charles, a wrestler
Lords and ladies in Duke Frederick's court

tag: ul

text: The Household of the deceased Sir Rowland de Boys:

text:
Oliver de Boys, the eldest son and heir
Jacques de Boys, the second son
Orlando de Boys, the youngest son
Adam, a faithful old servant who follows Orlando into exile
Dennis, Oliver's servant who called Charles

text: The Exiled Court of Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden:

text:
Duke Senior, Duke Frederick's older brother and Rosalind's father
Jaques, a discontented, melancholic lord
Amiens, an attending lord and musician
Lords in Duke Senior's forest court

text: Country folk in the Forest of Arden:

text:
Phoebe, a proud shepherdess
Silvius, a shepherd
Audrey, a country girl
Corin, an elderly shepherd
William, a country man
Sir Oliver Martext, a curate

text: Other characters:

text:
Hymen, officiates over the weddings in the end; God of marriage, as appearing in a masque
Pages and musicians

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The play is set in a duchy in France, but most of the action takes place in a location called the Forest of Arden. This may be intended as the Ardennes, a forested region covering an area located in southeast Belgium, western Luxembourg and northeastern France, or Arden, Warwickshire, near Shakespeare's home town, which was the ancestral origin of his mother's family—who incidentally were called Arden.

text: Frederick has usurped the duchy and exiled his older brother, Duke Senior. Duke Senior's daughter, Rosalind, has been permitted to remain at court because she is the closest friend and cousin of Frederick's only child, Celia. Orlando, a young gentleman of the kingdom who at first sight has fallen in love with Rosalind, is forced to flee his home after being persecuted by his older brother, Oliver. Frederick becomes angry and banishes Rosalind from court. Celia and Rosalind decide to flee together accompanied by the court fool, Touchstone, with Rosalind disguised as a young man and Celia disguised as a poor lady.

text: Rosalind, now disguised as Ganymede ("Jove's own page"), and Celia, now disguised as Aliena (Latin for "stranger"), arrive in the Arcadian Forest of Arden, where the exiled Duke now lives with some supporters, including "the melancholy Jaques," a malcontent figure, who is introduced to us weeping over the slaughter of a deer. "Ganymede" and "Aliena" do not immediately encounter the Duke and his companions. Instead, they meet Corin, an impoverished tenant, and offer to buy his master's crude cottage.

text: Orlando and his servant Adam, meanwhile, find the Duke and his men and are soon living with them and posting simplistic love poems for Rosalind on the trees. (The role of Adam may have been played by Shakespeare, though this story is said to be apocryphal.)[1] Rosalind, also in love with Orlando, meets him as Ganymede and pretends to counsel him to cure him of being in love. Ganymede says that "he" will take Rosalind's place and that "he" and Orlando can act out their relationship.

text: The shepherdess, Phoebe, with whom Silvius is in love, has fallen in love with Ganymede (Rosalind in disguise), though "Ganymede" continually shows that "he" is not interested in Phoebe. Touchstone, meanwhile, has fallen in love with the dull-witted shepherdess, Audrey, and tries to woo her, but eventually is forced to be married first. William, another shepherd, attempts to marry Audrey as well, but is stopped by Touchstone, who threatens to kill him "a hundred and fifty ways."

text: Finally, Silvius, Phoebe, Ganymede, and Orlando are brought together in an argument with each other over who will get whom. Ganymede says he will solve the problem, having Orlando promise to marry Rosalind, and Phoebe promise to marry Silvius if she cannot marry Ganymede.

text: Orlando sees Oliver in the forest and rescues him from a lioness, causing Oliver to repent for mistreating Orlando. Oliver meets Aliena (Celia's false identity) and falls in love with her, and they agree to marry. Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, Silvius and Phoebe, and Touchstone and Audrey all are married in the final scene, after which they discover that Frederick also has repented his faults, deciding to restore his legitimate brother to the dukedom and adopt a religious life. Jaques, ever melancholic, declines their invitation to return to the court preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well. Rosalind speaks an epilogue to the audience, commending the play to both men and women in the audience.

text: Sources[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The direct and immediate source of As You Like It is Thomas Lodge's Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacie, written 1586-7 and first published in 1590.[2] Lodge's story is based upon "The Tale of Gamelyn," wrongly attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer and sometimes printed among his Canterbury Tales. Although it was first printed in 1721,"Gamelyin" must have existed in manuscript form in Shakespeare's time. It is doubtful that Shakespeare had read it, but Lodge must have built his pastoral romance on the foundation of "Gamelyin," giving it a pastoral setting and the artificial sentimental vein, much in fashion at the time. The tale provided the intertwined plots, and suggested all the characters except Touchstone and Jaques.

text: Some have suggested two other minor debts. The first is Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion, a poetic description of England, but there is no evidence that the poem was written before As You Like It. The second suggested source is The Historie of Orlando Furioso by Robert Greene, acted about 1592. It is suggested that Shakespeare derived the idea of Orlando's carving his lady's name on barks of trees from this play, but a lover carving love-poems on barks of trees was already in Lodge's tale.

text: Date and text[edit]

text: As You Like It was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare's plays, known as the First Folio, during 1623. No copy of it in Quarto exists, for the play is mentioned by the printers of the First Folio among those which "are not formerly entered to other men." By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599.

text: External evidence[edit]

text: As You Like It was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was "to be stayed," i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's First Book of Ayres, published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song "It was a Lover and his Lass" from As You Like It. This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600.

text: It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his Palladis Tamia. Although twelve plays are listed in Palladis Tamia, it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new playhouse's motto was Totus mundus agit histrionem—"all the Globe's a stage"—an echo of Jaques' famous line "All the world's a stage" (II.7).[3] This evidence posits September 1598 and September 1599 as the time frame within which the play was likely written.

text: Internal evidence[edit]

text: In Act III, vi, Phoebe refers to the famous line "Whoever loved that loved not at first sight" taken from Marlowe's "Hero and Leander," which was published in 1598.[4] This line, however, dates from 1593 when Marlowe was killed, and the poem was likely circulated in unfinished form before being completed by George Chapman. It is suggested in Michael Wood's In Search of Shakespeare that the words of Touchstone, "When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with the forward child understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room," allude to Marlowe's assassination. According to the inquest into his death, Marlowe had been killed in a brawl following an argument over the "reckoning" of a bill in a room in a house in Deptford, owned by the widow Eleanor Bull in 1593. The 1598 posthumous publication of Hero and Leander would have revived interest in his work and the circumstances of his death. These words in Act IV, i, in Rosalind's speech, "I will weep for nothing, like Diana in the fountain," may refer to an Alabaster image of Diana which was set up in Cheapside in 1598. However, it should be remembered Diana is mentioned by Shakespeare in at least ten other plays, and is often depicted in myth and art as at her bath. Diana was a literary epithet for Queen Elizabeth I during her reign, along with Cynthia, Phoebe, Astraea, and the Virgin Mary. Certain anachronisms exist as well, such as the minor character Sir Oliver Mar-text's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588-1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that As You Like It may have been composed in 1599-1600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty.

text: Analysis and criticism[edit]

text: Scholars have long disagreed about the merits of the play. George Bernard Shaw complained that As You Like It is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling opinion of the work by calling it As You Like It – as if the playwright did not agree. Tolstoy objected to the immorality of the characters and Touchstone's constant clowning. Other critics have found great literary value in the work. Harold Bloom has written that Rosalind is among Shakespeare's greatest and most fully realised female characters. Despite critical disputes, the play remains one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies.

text: The elaborate gender reversals in the story are of particular interest to modern critics interested in gender studies. Through four acts of the play, Rosalind, who in Shakespeare's day would have been played by a boy, finds it necessary to disguise herself as a boy, whereupon the rustic Phoebe, also played by a boy, becomes infatuated with this "Ganymede," a name with homoerotic overtones. In fact, the epilogue, spoken by Rosalind to the audience, states rather explicitly that she (or at least the actor playing her) is not a woman. In several scenes, "Ganymede" impersonates Rosalind' so a boy actor would have been playing a girl disguised as a boy impersonating a girl.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Arden is possibly a toponym for a forest close to Shakespeare's home town of Stratford-upon-Avon, although the play is ostensibly set in France. The Oxford Shakespeare edition rationalises this geographical discrepancy by assuming that "Arden" is an anglicisation of the forested Ardennes region of France, where Lodge set his tale)[5] and alters the spelling to reflect this. Other editions keep Shakespeare's "Arden" spelling, since it can be argued that the pastoral mode depicts a fantastical world in which geographical details are irrelevant. The Arden edition of Shakespeare makes the suggestion that the name "Arden" comes from a combination of the classical region of Arcadia and the biblical garden of Eden, as there is a strong interplay of classical and Christian belief systems and philosophies within the play.[6] Arden was also the maiden name of Shakespeare's mother and her family home is located within the Forest of Arden.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Love[edit]

text: Love is the central theme of As You Like It, like other romantic comedies of Shakespeare. Following the tradition of a romantic comedy, As You Like It is a tale of love manifested in its varied forms. In many of the love-stories, it is love at first sight. This principle of "love at first sight" is seen in the love-stories of Rosalind and Orlando, Celia and Oliver, as well as Phoebe and Ganymede. The love-story of Audrey and Touchstone is a parody of romantic love. Another form of love is between women, as in Rosalind and Celia's deep bond.[7]

text: Usurpation and Injustice[edit]

text: This is a significant theme of this play. The new Duke Frederick usurps his older brother Duke Senior, while Oliver parallels this behavior by treating his younger brother Orlando so ungenerously as to compel him to seek his fortune elsewhere. Both Duke Senior and Orlando take refuge in the forest, where justice is restored "through nature."[8]

text: Forgiveness[edit]

text: The play highlights the theme of usurpation and injustice on the property of others. However, it ends happily with reconciliation and forgiveness. Duke Frederick is converted by a hermit and he restores the dukedom to Duke Senior who, in his turn, restores the forest to the deer. Oliver also undergoes a change of heart and learns to love Orlando. Thus, the play ends on a note of rejoicing and merry-making.

text: Court life and country life[edit]

text: Most of the play is a celebration of life in the country. The inhabitants of Duke Frederick's court suffer the perils of arbitrary injustice and even threats of death; the courtiers who followed the old duke into forced exile in the "desert city" of the forest are, by contrast, experiencing liberty but at the expense of some easily borne discomfort. (Act II, i). A passage between Touchstone, the court jester, and shepherd Corin establishes the contentment to be found in country life, compared with the perfumed, mannered life at court. (Act III, I). At the end of the play the usurping duke and the exiled courtier Jaques both elect to remain within the forest.[9]

text: Religious allegory[edit]

text: University of Wisconsin professor Richard Knowles, the editor of the 1977 New Variorum edition of this play, in his article "Myth and Type in As You Like It,"[10] pointed out that the play contains mythological references in particular to Eden and to Hercules.

text: Music and songs[edit]

text: As You Like It is known as a musical comedy because of the number of songs in the play. Indeed, there are more songs in it than in any other play of Shakespeare. These songs and music are incorporated in the action that takes place in the forest of Arden, as shown below:

text:
Under the Greenwood Tree: It summarises the views of Duke Senior on the advantages of country life over the amenities of the court. Amiens sings this song.
Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind: This song is sung by Amiens. It states that physical suffering caused by frost and winter winds is preferable to the inner suffering caused by man's ingratitude.
What Shall He Have That Killed the Deer: It is another song which adds a lively spectacle and some forest-colouring to contrast with love-talk in the adjoining scenes. it highlights the pastoral atmosphere.
It Was a Lover and his Lass: It serves as a prelude to the wedding ceremony. It praises spring time and is intended to announce the rebirth of nature and the theme of moral regeneration in human life.

text: Language[edit]

text: Use of prose[edit]

text: Shakespeare uses prose for about 55% of the text, with the remainder in verse.[11] Shaw explains that as used here the prose, "brief [and] sure," drives the meaning and is part of the play's appeal, whereas some of its verse he regards only as ornament.[12] The dramatic convention of the time required the courtly characters to use verse, and the country characters prose, but in As You Like It this convention is deliberately overturned.[11] For example, Rosalind, although the daughter of a Duke and thinking and behaving in high poetic style, actually speaks in prose as this is the "natural and suitable" way of expressing the directness of her character, and the love scenes between Rosalind and Orlando are in prose (III, ii, 277).[13] In a deliberate contrast, Silvius describes his love for Phoebe in verse (II, iv, 20). As a mood of a character changes, he or she may change from one form of expression to the other in mid-scene. Indeed, in a metafictional touch, Jaques cuts off a prose dialogue with Rosalind because Orlando enters, using verse: "Nay then, God be with you, an you talk in blank verse" (IV, i, 29).[14] The defiance of convention is continued when the epilogue is given in prose.

text: All the world's a stage[edit]

text: Act II, Scene VII, features one of Shakespeare's most famous monologues, spoken by Jaques, which begins:

text: "All the world's a stage

text:
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,

text: The arresting imagery and figures of speech in the monologue develop the central metaphor: a person's lifespan is a play in seven acts. These acts, or "seven ages", begin with "the infant/Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms" and work through six further vivid verbal sketches, culminating in "second childishness and mere oblivion,/Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything,".

text: Pastoral mode[edit]

text: The main theme of pastoral comedy is love in all its guises in a rustic setting, the genuine love embodied by Rosalind contrasted with the sentimentalised affectations of Orlando, and the improbable happenings that set the urban courtiers wandering to find exile, solace or freedom in a woodland setting are no more unrealistic than the string of chance encounters in the forest which provoke witty banter and which require no subtleties of plotting and character development. The main action of the first act is no more than a wrestling match, and the action throughout is often interrupted by a song. At the end, Hymen himself arrives to bless the wedding festivities.

text: William Shakespeare’s play As You Like It clearly falls into the Pastoral Romance genre; but Shakespeare does not merely use the genre, he develops it. Shakespeare also used the Pastoral genre in As You Like It to ‘cast a critical eye on social practices that produce injustice and unhappiness, and to make fun of anti-social, foolish and self-destructive behaviour’, most obviously through the theme of love, culminating in a rejection of the notion of the traditional Petrarchan lovers.[15]

text: The stock characters in conventional situations were familiar material for Shakespeare and his audience; it is the light repartee and the breadth of the subjects that provide opportunities for wit that put a fresh stamp on the proceedings. At the centre the optimism of Rosalind is contrasted with the misogynistic melancholy of Jaques. Shakespeare would take up some of the themes more seriously later: the usurper Duke and the Duke in exile provide themes for Measure for Measure and The Tempest.

text: The play, turning upon chance encounters in the forest and several entangled love affairs in a serene pastoral setting, has been found, by many directors, to be especially effective staged outdoors in a park or similar site.

text: Performance history[edit]

text: There is no certain record of any performance before the Restoration. Evidence suggests that the premiere may have taken place at Richmond Palace on 20 Feb 1599, enacted by the Lord Chamberlain's Men.[16] Another possible performance may have taken place at Wilton House in Wiltshire, the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke. William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke hosted James I and his Court at Wilton House from October to December 1603, while Jacobean London was suffering an epidemic of bubonic plague. The King's Men were paid £30 to come to Wilton House and perform for the King and Court on 2 December 1603. A Herbert family tradition holds that the play acted that night was As You Like It.[17]

text: During the English Restoration, the King's Company was assigned the play by royal warrant in 1669. It is known to have been acted at Drury Lane in 1723, in an adapted form called Love in a Forest; Colley Cibber played Jaques. Another Drury Lane production seventeen years later returned to the Shakespearean text (1740).[18]

text: Notable recent productions of As You Like It include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite production of the play was Cheek by Jowl's 1991 production, directed by Declan Donnellan.[19]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: Thomas Morley (c. 1557–1602) composed music for "It Was a Lover and His Lass"; he lived in the same parish as Shakespeare, and at times composed music for Shakespeare's plays.

text: In 1942, Gerald Finzi included a setting of "It Was a Lover and His Lass" (V, iii) in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts Let Us Garlands Bring.

text: Donovan set "Under the Greenwood Tree" to music and recorded it for A Gift from a Flower to a Garden in 1968.

text: Mark Nichols wrote a musical version of the play in 2007.

text: In 2008, to celebrate the 450th anniversary of the ascension of Elizabeth I, Lady and Lord Salisbury, descendant of Robert Cecil, commissioned composer Scott Stroman to create a new set of Shakespeare Songs, most which were drawn from As You Like It. They were premiered in the Great Hall in which Elizabeth had held her first council of state in 1558.

text: Michael John Trotta composed a setting of "Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind" for choir in 2013.[20]

text: Radio[edit]

text: According to the history of radio station WCAL in the US state of Minnesota, As You Like It may have been the first play ever broadcast. It went over the air in 1922.

text: On 1 March 2015, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new production directed by Sally Avens with music composed by actor and singer Johnny Flynn of acclaimed folk rock band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit.[21] The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin.

text: Film[edit]

text: As You Like It was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, As You Like It also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less "Hollywoody" than the versions of A Midsummer Night's Dream and Romeo and Juliet made at about the same time, and although its cast was made up entirely of Shakespearean actors, it was not considered a success by either Olivier or the critics.

text: Helen Mirren starred as Rosalind in the 1978 BBC videotaped version of As You Like It, directed by Basil Coleman.[22]

text: In 1992, Christine Edzard made another film adaptation of the play. It features James Fox, Cyril Cusack, Andrew Tiernan, Griff Rhys Jones, and Ewen Bremner. The action is transposed to a modern and bleak urban world.

text: A film version of As You Like It, set in 19th-century Japan, was released in 2006, directed by Kenneth Branagh. It stars Bryce Dallas Howard, David Oyelowo, Romola Garai, Alfred Molina, Kevin Kline, and Brian Blessed. Although it was actually made for cinemas, it was released to theatres only in Europe, and had its U.S. premiere on HBO in 2007. And although it was not a made-for-television film, Kevin Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries for his performance as Jaques.[23]

text: In 2012, Distant Thunder Films [24] produced an award-winning [25] film adaptation of the play set in modern-day San Francisco's Mission District. Directed by Marika Sonja Cotter, a graduate of the USC School of Cinematic Arts, LOVE: As You Like It was produced with a crowd-sourced budget of roughly $16,000.[26] Though deeply abridged, this feature-length adaptation features the original language of the play and offers an interpretation of the play through the use of performance, color, camera movement, space and medium [27] (both Super 8mm film and digital video were used [26]).

text: Musical theatre[edit]

text: Daniel Aquisito and Sammy Buck adapted this play into an 1980s themed musical entitled Like You Like It.[28]

text: For Shakespeare's 450th birthday Scott Stroman adapted the play into a stage musical of the same name, premiered in London, England by Highbury Opera Theatre in June 2014. www.highburyoperatheatre.com Stroman's version edits Shakespeare's original text, removing subplots and combining characters to make room for the jazz-influenced music, which also alludes to the music of William Byrd. In addition to the songs existing in the play he sets some sections of dialogue as songs (All the World's a Stage, What 'Tis to Love, Married Tomorrow), borrows songs from other plays (O Mistress Mine, Sigh No More, Fear No More) and creates a musical prologue (Crabbed Age and Youth, from The Passionate Pilgrim).

text: Graphic novel[edit]

text: A manga-style graphic novel was released in January 2009 by Self-Made Hero publishers, where the setting of the Forest of Arden has been transposed to modern-day China. The story has been adapted by Richard Appignanesi and features the illustrations of Chie Kutsuwada.

text: Other musical work[edit]

text: The Seven Doors of Danny, by Ricky Horscraft and John McCullough is based on the "Seven Ages of Man" element of the "All the World's a Stage" speech and was premiered in April 2016.


document_title: Top Fuel

question_text: how much fuel does a top fuel dragster use per run

text: Top Fuel

text: Top Fuel racing[edit]

text: Before their run, racers often perform a burnout in order to clean and heat tires. Additionally, the burnout applies a layer of fresh rubber to the track surface, which greatly improves traction during launch.

text: At maximum throttle and RPM, the exhaust gases escaping from a dragster's open headers produce about 4.0–4.9 kilonewtons (900–1,100 lbf) of downforce. The massive airfoil over and behind the rear wheels produces much more, peaking at around 53 kilonewtons (12,000 lbf) when the car reaches a speed of about 530 km/h (330 mph).

text: The engine of a Top Fuel dragster generates around 150 dB[2] of sound at full throttle, enough to cause physical pain or even permanent damage. A sound that intense is not just heard, but also felt as pounding vibrations all over one's body, leading many to compare the experience of watching a Top Fuel dragster make a pass to 'feeling as though the entire drag strip is being bombed.' Before a run, race announcers usually advise spectators to cover or plug their ears. Ear plugs and even earmuffs are often handed out to fans at the entrance of a Top Fuel event.

text: Dragsters are limited to a maximum wheelbase of 760 centimetres (300 in).

text: Currently, the most prolific active driver in Top Fuel is Tony Schumacher, and the most successful crew chief is Alan Johnson, who was the crew chief for 6 of Schumacher's championships, the back-to-back titles won by driver Gary Scelzi and was the crew chief for his brother Blaine for his entire professional career. The first female driver in the Top Fuel category is also the most associated female in the drag racing world, Shirley Muldowney, who won three championships during her career.

text: The fuel[edit]

text: NHRA regulations limit the composition of the fuel to a maximum of 90% nitromethane (Since 2015); the remainder is largely methanol. However, this mixture is not mandatory, and less nitromethane may be used if desired.

text: Kenny Bernstein was the first drag racer in NHRA history to break 480 km/h (300 mph) in such a class of car on the 402 m (1⁄4 mi) at the Gatornationals on March 21, 1992, and Tony Schumacher the first over 500 km/h (310 mph) under the new rules established in 2008 with the shorter strip.[3]

text: While nitromethane has a much lower energy density (11.2 MJ/kg) than either gasoline (44 MJ/kg) or methanol (22.7 MJ/kg), an engine burning nitromethane can produce up to 2.3 times more power than an engine burning gasoline. This is made possible by the fact that, in addition to fuel, an engine must burn oxygen in order to generate force: 14.7 kg of air (21% oxygen) is required to burn one kilogram of gasoline, compared to only 1.7 kg of air for one kilogram of nitromethane, which, unlike gasoline, already has oxygen in its molecular composition. This means that an engine can burn 8.7 times more nitromethane than gasoline.

text: Nitromethane also has a high latent heat of vaporization, meaning that it will absorb substantial engine heat as it vaporizes, providing an invaluable cooling mechanism. The laminar flame speed and combustion temperature are higher than gasoline at 0.5 m/s and 2400 °C respectively. Power output can be increased by using very rich air fuel mixtures. This is also something that helps prevent pre-ignition, something that is usually a problem when using nitromethane.

text: Due to the relatively slow burn rate of nitromethane, very rich fuel mixtures are often not fully ignited and some remaining nitromethane can escape from the exhaust pipe and ignite on contact with atmospheric oxygen, burning with a characteristic yellow flame. Additionally, after sufficient fuel has been combusted to consume all available oxygen, nitromethane can combust in the absence of atmospheric oxygen, producing hydrogen, which can often be seen burning from the exhaust pipes at night as a bright white flame. In a typical run the engine can consume between 45 litres (12 US gal) and 86.1 litres (22.75 US gal) of fuel during warmup, burnout, staging, and the 400 m run.[4][5][6]

text: Top fuel engines[edit]

text: Rules[edit]

text: Like many other motor sport formulas originating in the United States, NHRA-sanctioned drag racing favors heavy restrictions on engine configuration, sometimes to the detriment of technological development. In some regards, teams are forced to use technologies that may be decades old, resulting in cars that may seem substantially less advanced than the average family car. However, while some basic facets of engine configuration are heavily restricted, other technologies, such as fuel injection, clutch operation, ignition, and car materials and design, are under constant development.[7]

text: NHRA competition rules limit the engine displacement to 8,190 cubic centimetres (500 cu in). A 106-millimetre (4.1875 in) bore with a 114-millimetre (4.5 in) stroke are customary dimensions. Larger bores have been shown to weaken the cylinder block.[citation needed] Compression ratio is about 6.5:1,[citation needed] as is common on engines with overdriven Roots-type superchargers (that is, the supercharger is driven faster than the crankshaft).

text: Engine[edit]

text: The engine used to power a Top Fuel drag racing car follows the basic layout found in the second generation Chrysler 426 Hemi "Elephant Engine" made from 1964-71. Although the Top Fuel engine is built exclusively of specialist parts, it retains the basic configuration with two valves per cylinder activated by pushrods from a centrally-placed camshaft. The engine has hemispherical combustion chambers, a 90 degree valve stem angle; 120 millimetres (4.8 in) bore pitch. The configuration is identical to the overhead valve, single camshaft-in-block "Hemi" V-8 engine which became available for sale to the public in selected Chrysler Corporation (Chrysler brand) automotive products in 1950 (model year 1951).

text: The block is machined from a piece of forged aluminum. It has press-fitted, ductile iron liners. There are no water passages in the block, which adds considerable strength and stiffness. The engine is cooled by the incoming air/fuel mixture and the lubricating oil. Like the original Hemi, the racing cylinder block has a deep skirt for strength. There are five main bearing caps, which are fastened with aircraft-standard-rated steel studs, with additional reinforcing main studs and side bolts("cross-bolting"). There are three approved suppliers of these custom blocks.

text: The cylinder heads are machined from aluminum billets. As such, they, too, lack water jackets and rely entirely on the incoming air/fuel mixture and lubricating oil for their cooling. The original Chrysler design of two large valves per cylinder is used. The intake valve is made from solid titanium and the exhaust from solid Nimonic 80A or similar. Seats are of ductile iron. Beryllium-copper has been tried but its use is limited due to it's toxicity. Valve sizes are around 62.2 mm (2.45 in) for the intake and 48.9 mm (1.925 in) for the exhaust. In the ports there are integral tubes for the push rods. The heads are sealed to the block by copper gaskets and stainless steel o-rings. Securing the heads to the block is done with aircraft-rated steel studs and stud nuts.

text: The camshaft is billet steel, made from 8620 carbon or S7 through-hardened tool steel or similar. It runs in five oil pressure lubricated bearing shells and is driven by gears in the front of the engine. Mechanical roller lifters (cam followers) ride atop the cam lobes and drive the steel push rods up into the steel rocker arms that actuate the valves. The rockers are of roller tip type on the intake and exhaust sides. Like the cam follower rollers, the steel tip roller rotates on a steel roller bearing and the steel rocker arms rotate on a pair of through-hardened tool steel shafts within bronze bushings. Intake and exhaust rockers are billet. The dual valve springs are of coaxial type and made out of titanium. Valve retainers are also made of titanium, as are the rocker covers.

text: Billet steel crankshafts are used; they all have a cross plane a.k.a. 90 degree configuration and run in five conventional bearing shells. 180 degree crankshafts have been tried and they can offer increased power. A 180 degree crankshaft is also about 10 kg lighter than 90 degree crankshaft, but they create a lot of vibration. Such is the strength of a top fuel crankshaft that in one incident, the entire engine block was split open and blown off the car during an engine failure, and the crank, with all eight connecting rods and pistons, was left still bolted to the clutch.

text: Pistons are made of forged aluminum. They have three rings and aluminum buttons retain the 29.4 mm × 83.8 mm (1.156 in × 3.300 in) steel wrist pin. The piston is anodized and Teflon coated to prevent galling during the high thrust load operation encounterd. The top ring is an L-shaped section "Dykes" ring that provides a good seal during combustion but a second ring must be used to prevent excessive oil from entering the combustion chamber during intake strokes as the Dykes-style ring offers less than optimal reverse gas/oil sealing. The third ring is an oil scraper ring whose function is to scrape the majority of the oil film off of the cylinder wall as the piston descends, to prevent oil being exposed to combustion heat and contaminating the upcoming round of fuel/air. This "oil scraping" also provides a key heat removal step for the cylinder walls and piston skirts, the oil film is renewed as the piston moves upward after BDC.

text: The connecting rods are of forged aluminum and do provide some shock damping, which is why aluminum is used in place of titanium, because titanium connecting rods transmit too much of the combustion impulse to the big-end rod bearings,[citation needed] endangering the bearings and thus the crankshaft and block. Each con rod has two bolts, shell bearings for the big end while the pin runs directly in the rod.[citation needed]

text: Superchargers[edit]

text: The supercharger must be a 14-71 type Roots blower. It has twisted lobes and is driven by a toothed belt. The supercharger is slightly offset to the rear to provide an even distribution of air. Absolute manifold pressure is usually 390–460 kilopascals (56–66 psi), but up to 510 kilopascals (74 psi) is possible. The manifold is fitted with a 1,400 kilopascals (200 psi) burst plate. Air is fed to the compressor from throttle butterflies with a maximum area of 419 cm2 (65 sq in). At maximum pressure, it takes approximately 750 kilowatts (1,000 hp) to drive the supercharger.

text: These superchargers are in fact derivatives of General Motors scavenging-air blowers for their two-stroke diesel engines, which were adapted for automotive use in the early days of the sport. The model name of these superchargers delineates their size – the once commonly used 6-71 and 4-71 blowers were designed for General Motors diesels having six cylinders of 1,160 cm3 (71 cu in) each, and four cylinders of 1,160 cm3 (71 cu in) each, respectively. Thus, the currently used 14-71 design can be seen to be a huge increase in power delivery over the early designs, purpose-built for the GM Detroit Diesel truck powerplants.

text: Mandatory safety rules require a secured Kevlar-style blanket over the supercharger assembly as "blower explosions" are not uncommon, from the volatile air/fuel mixture coming from the fuel injectors being drawn directly through them. The absence of a protective blanket exposes the driver, team and spectators to shrapnel in the event that nearly any irregularity in the induction of the air/fuel mixture, the conversion of combustion into rotating crankshaft movements, or in the exhausting of spent gasses is encountered.

text: Note that Detroit Diesel did not produce a 14-71.

text: Oil and fuel systems[edit]

text: The oil system has a wet sump which contains 16 quarts of SAE 70 mineral or synthetic racing oil. The pan is made of titanium or aluminum. Titanium can be used to prevent oil spills in the event of a blown rod. Oil pump pressure is somewhere around 1,100–1,200 kPa (160–170 psi) during the run, 1,400 kPa (200 psi) at start up, but actual figures differ between teams.

text: Fuel is injected by a constant flow injection system. There is an engine driven mechanical fuel pump and about 42 fuel nozzles. The pump can flow 380 litres (100 US gal) per minute at 7500 rpm and 3,400 kPa (500 psi) fuel pressure. In general 10 injectors are placed in the injector hat above the supercharger, 16 in the intake manifold and two per cylinder in the cylinder head. Usually a race is started with a leaner mixture, then as the clutch begins to tighten as the engine speed builds, the air/fuel mixture is enriched. As the increased engine speed builds up pump pressure, the mixture is made leaner to maintain a predetermined ratio that is based on many factors, especially race track surface friction. The stoichiometry of both methanol and nitromethane is considerably greater than that of racing gasoline, as they have oxygen atoms attached to their carbon chains and gasoline does not. This means that a "fueler" engine will provide power over a very broad range from very lean to very rich mixtures. Thus, to attain maximum performance, before each race, by varying the level of fuel supplied to the engine, the mechanical crew may select power outputs barely below the limits of tire traction. Power outputs which create tire slippage will "smoke the tires" and as a result the race is often lost.

text: Ignition and timing[edit]

text: The air/fuel mixture is ignited by two 14 mm spark plugs per cylinder. These plugs are fired by two 44-ampere magnetos. Normal ignition timing is 58-65 degrees BTDC (This is dramatically greater spark advance than in a petrol engine as "nitro" and alcohol burn far slower). Directly after launch the timing is typically decreased by about 25 degrees for a short time as this gives the tires time to reach their correct shape. The ignition system limits the engine speed to 8400 rpm. The ignition system provides initial 50,000 volts and 1.2 amperes. The long duration spark (up to 26 degrees) provides energy of 950 millijoules. The plugs are placed in such a way that they are cooled by the incoming charge. The ignition system is not allowed to respond to real time information (no computer-based spark lead adjustments), so instead a timer-based retard system is used.

text: Exhaust[edit]

text: The engine is fitted with eight individual open exhaust pipes, 69.8 mm (2.75 in) in diameter and 457 mm (18 in) long. These are made of steel and fitted with thermocouples for measuring of the exhaust gas temperature. They are called "zoomies" and exhaust gases are directed upward and backwards. Exhaust temperature is about 260 °C (500 °F) at idle and 980 °C (1,796 °F) by the end of a run. During a nighttime event, the slow-burning nitromethane can extend flames many feet out from the exhaust pipes.

text: The engine is warmed up for about 80 seconds. After the warm up the valve covers are taken off, oil is changed and the car is refueled. The run including tire warming is about 100 seconds which results in a "lap" of about three minutes. After each lap, the entire engine is disassembled and examined, and worn or damaged components are replaced.

text: Performance[edit]

text: Measuring the power output of a top fuel engine directly is not always feasible. Certain models use a torque sensor incorporated as part of the RacePak data system. Dynamometers that can measure the output of a Top Fuel engine exist; however, the main limitation is that a Top Fuel engine cannot be run at its maximum power output for more than 10 seconds without overheating or possibly destroying itself explosively. Making such high power levels from such relatively limited displacement is a result of using very high boost levels and running at extremely high RPMs; both of these stress the internal components to a high degree, meaning that the peak power can only safely be achieved for brief periods of time, and even then only by intentionally sacrificing components. The engine power output can also be calculated based upon the car's weight and its performance. The calculated power output of these engines is most likely somewhere between 6,340 and 7,460 kW (8,500 and 10,000 hp),[8] which is about twice as powerful as the engines installed on some modern diesel locomotives, with a torque output of approximately 10,000 newton metres (7,400 lbf·ft)[9] and a brake mean effective pressure of 8.0–10.0 MPa (1,160–1,450 psi).

text: In late 2015, tests using sensors developed by AVL Racing showed peak power of over 8,200 kW.[10]

text: For the purposes of comparison, a 2009 SSC Ultimate Aero TT, which at the time was among the world's most powerful production automobiles, produces 960 kW (1,287 hp) of power and 1,508 N·m (1,112 lbf·ft) of torque.

text: Engine weight[edit]

text:
Block with liners 84.8 kg (187 lb)
Heads 18.1 kg (40 lb) each
Crankshaft 37.0 kg (81.5 lb)
Complete engine 225 kg (496 lb)

text: Mandatory safety equipment[edit]

text: Much of organized drag-racing is sanctioned by the National Hot Rod Association. Since 1955, the association has held regional and national events (typically organized as single elimination tournaments, with the winner of each two car race advancing) and has set rules for safety, with the more powerful cars requiring ever more safety equipment.

text: Typical safety equipment for contemporary top fuel dragsters: full face helmets with fitted HANS devices; multi-point, quick release safety restraint harness; full body fire suit made of Nomex or similar material, complete with face mask, gloves, socks, shoes, and outer sock-like boots, all made of fire-resistant materials; on board fire extinguishers; kevlar or other synthetic "bullet-proof" blankets around the superchargers and clutch assemblies to contain broken parts in the event of failure or explosion; damage resistant fuel tank, lines, and fittings; externally accessible fuel and ignition shut-offs (built to be accessible to rescue staff); braking parachutes; and a host of other equipment, all built to the very highest standards of manufacturing. Any breakthrough or invention that is likely to contribute to driver, staff, and spectator safety is likely to be adopted as a mandated rule for competition. The 54-year history of NHRA has provided hundreds of examples of safety upgrades.

text: In 2000, the NHRA mandated the maximum concentration of nitromethane in a car's fuel be no more than 90%. In the wake of a Gateway International Raceway fatality in 2004, involving racer Darrell Russell, the fuel ratio was reduced to 85%. Complaints from teams in regards to cost, however, has resulted in the rule being rescinded starting in 2008, when the fuel mixture returns to 90%, as NHRA team owners, crew chiefs, and suppliers complained about mechanical failures that can result in oildowns or more severe crashes caused by the reduced nitromethane mixture. They also mandated enclosed roll cages.[11]

text: The NHRA also mandated that different rear tires be used to reduce failure, and that a titanium "shield" be attached around the back-half of the roll-cage to prevent any debris from entering the cockpit. This also was the result of the fatal crash at Gateway International Raceway. The rear tire pressure is also heavily regulated by Goodyear Tire and Rubber on behalf of the NHRA, at 7psi, the absolute minimum pressure allowed.

text: At present, final drive ratios higher than 3.20 (3.2 engine rotations to one rear axle rotation) are prohibited, in an effort to limit top speed potential, thus reducing the perceived level of danger.

text: Most NHRA Top Fuel wins[edit]

text:
Driver
Wins

Tony Schumacher
83

Larry Dixon
62

Joe Amato
52

Antron Brown
47

Doug Kalitta
42

Kenny Bernstein
39

Don Garlits
35

Cory McClenathan
34

Gary Scelzi
29

Gary Beck
19

Darrell Gwynn
18

Brandon Bernstein
18

Spencer Massey
18

Shirley Muldowney
18

Scott Kalitta
17

Dick Lahaie
15

Gary Ormsby
14

Don Prudhomme
14

Shawn Langdon
14

Eddie Hill
13

Mike Dunn
12

Morgan Lucas
12

Steve Torrence
12

Doug Herbert
10

Connie Kalitta
10