document_title: Will Horton

question_text: when does will coming back on days of our lives

text: Will Horton

text: Casting[edit]

text: Identical twins Shawn and Taylor Carpenter originally played Will. They were only six weeks old when they started, and they portrayed Will from babyhood until six years old (1995 to 2002).[9][39] In 2002, Days decided they wanted a trained young actor playing Will, and nine-year-old Darian Weiss was cast,[9][40] and the character was rapidly-aged[39] three years. A year later (2003), Christopher Gerse took over as Will. Gerse was able to attend regular school whilst working on Days, including playing on his school's basketball team,[41] just like his character.[citation needed] In 2005, Days were again planning to rapidly age Will, and were "actively seeking out a new actor to play the role" — but the plans were shelved when new storyline for the younger Will "became available", and Gerse was retained to "preserve the believability of Alison Sweeney and Bryan Dattilo as his parents".[42] Will was not aged again, and Gerse continued until 2007[9] when Will was written out (by having the character go to live with his uncle and aunt in Switzerland). In addition, for one episode in January 2008, Gerse provided Will's voice for a phonecall.[43]

text: In 2009, Will now sixteen,[13] was reintroduced with actor Dylan Patton.[9][44] In 2010 the role was again recast with Chandler Massey, a newcomer to daytime television, reportedly to facilitate a new storyline.[45] Before he started, Massey watched as many episodes of the series as he could find to familiarize himself with the character.[46] Massey's younger brother Christian was employed to play Will in flashbacks for the episode of February 8, 2013.[47] After Massey's second Emmy win in 2013, he revealed he would vacate the role to return to university after his current contract expired.[48][49][50] Executive Producer Ken Corday said, "I wish he would stay. I keep telling him to change his mind, don't go away ... The door will always be open here to Chandler. We are not going to recast Will, but I wish him well".[51] Massey expressed he would support a recast, saying "I don’t want Will and Sonny to break up. I want them to be together forever and go off and get married", and "if they decide to bring someone else to play Will, I won't be upset and bitter. I want what is best for WilSon!"[52] On August 23, 2013, it was reported Massey had left the show effective immediately, and the show would go ahead with a recast due to the character's current storyline.[53]

text: On September 12, 2013, it came out that Guy Wilson was cast in the role of Will.[54] His costar Freddie Smith revealed the switch between Massey and Wilson would happen as quick as the news of the recast, saying, "If you blink and open your eyes, you’ll be like, 'Wait, there's a new Will?!' ... It’s literally just 'BOOM!'"[55] Massey made his final appearance on January 2, 2014, and Wilson made his first appearance on January 8, 2014.[56] Wilson later revealed that when he tested for the role with Smith, Smith did not know that Wilson was reading for the role of Will, saying "I wasn't supposed to tell him". Wilson said "the whole experience was a soap opera, because everyone knew something that someone else didn't know."[57] Wilson's last airdate was October 13, 2015,[58] with the character portrayed as dead.

text: On May 8, 2017, Entertainment Weekly announced that Massey would reprise the role of Will, beginning September 2017. Massey told the publication: "I am so excited to be bringing Will back [...] I can’t wait for the fans to see what we have planned."[35] Sweeney, whose return had been previously announced, told Soap Opera Digest: “I’m so excited to work with Chandler again. It will be fun to see what they have in store for our characters.”[59] Massey made his return appearance as Will on September 15, 2017.[37][60]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization and family[edit]

text: In the show, the character is named William Reed at birth – with "William" being after his aunt Billie Reed (Lisa Rinna),[61] who is both the sister of Austin Reed (who's believed to be Will's father when Will is born), and half-sister to Lucas (Will's real biological father).[61] When Will's real paternity is publicly revealed two years later, Will's surname is changed to Lucas's. As Lucas is using his mother's surname of Roberts, Will becomes Will Roberts - which is the name Will has through most of his childhood. In 2007,[11][12] when Will is nearly fifteen, Lucas changes both their surnames to that of his father, Bill Horton. Will is the great grandson of Days of Our Lives original couple, Tom and Alice Horton.[10]

text: Will's parents, Sami and Lucas, have an on-and off-relationship over the years, and this affects Will. The Sony Pictures web page for Will stated his "turbulent upbringing" makes the young Will "moody and suspicious",[62] but About.com's profile on the character says Will overcame the turmoil of his upbringing, and grew up to be a "kind-hearted" and "level-headed" teenager.[63] In an early interview, Massey said Will is "a great guy .... he kind of had an interesting upbringing, but he turned out to be a really good kid, very forgiving." Massey added: "He doesn’t like being lied to, definitely, but that happens all the time to him. He's very mature for his age. Sometimes it seems like he is the parent in the relationship" (with his mom Sami).[64]

text: Will has a streak of optimism, demonstrated in his childhood ambition to get his parents together as a couple, against all odds.[61] He has a "strong bond" with his one-time "father", his "beloved" Uncle Austin, and his Aunt Carrie.[61] Will also has a close relationship with his Grandma Marlena (Deidre Hall), who helps him through his struggles to come out.[65] She tells Will he is "one of the bravest men I've ever known".[66] Wilson said Will is "very passionate about everything he does".[67]

text: Talking about Will and Sonny's relationship, Massey said Will "being insecure" creates drama, but Will and Sonny were "by far the most stable, most logical and loving" couple on the show.[68] Wilson called the couple "great communicators",[69] and "one thing that Will and Sonny have is a sense of humor".[70]

text: Beginning with the marital conflict storyline that kicked off in the fall of 2014,[71] commentators thought Will was written as if he had had a sudden "full-on personality transplant".[71][72][24]

text: With his best female-friend, Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus), Will is the father of Arianna Horton (played by Harper and Sydnee Udell).[10][73] Arianna's birth was portrayed on the show, as was Will's and his mother's.[74] Will has a long-time best male friend in Tad "T" Stevens[75] – played by Brendan Coughlin,[76] who has played opposite Patton, Massey, and Wilson.[77]

text: Sexuality and coming out[edit]

text: When Dylan Patton played him, Will was characterized as straight.[78] Will (aged 16–17) had a girlfriend in Mia McCormick (Taylor Spreitler), and Patton was unaware of any intention to make Will gay.[78] At the start of Chandler Massey's era, Will was also characterized as straight. Massey told Afterbuzz TV "It wasn't till later" and "I guess something that I was doing made them think, 'this guy should be gay! And this will be great!'". Massey explained: "They sat me down and told me 'we have this great story for Will – he's going to be coming out – and we want to let you know that's the direction we're going in.'"[79] After Massey learned of this in February 2011, uncertainty was cast over the storyline, as Days of Our Lives changed head writers and executive producers.[80] Massey said that, while he was not told whether or not they would proceed, he played Will "with his sexuality in mind".

text: In June 2011, actor Freddie Smith joined the show to play Sonny Kiriakis, an openly gay character.[81] Will and Sonny quickly become friends, and initially, the two characters share a "bromance". Massey told Jacobs of We Love Soaps that Will has a close relationship with Sonny, and Will looks up to and respects Sonny because Sonny has encountered hate but remains confident and comfortable with who he is. Massey said Will admires these qualities in Sonny as "they are rare to see."[46]

text: In November 2011, Days of Our Lives announced that Will would be coming out as gay. Both NBC (the show's broadcaster in the USA) and Sony Pictures Entertainment (its international distributor) approved of the storyline. Co-Executive Producer Greg Meng said "we are excited to have the encouragement and support from both NBC and Sony to tell the inspiring story of a young man learning who he is as he defines and creates his relationships with others."[82] Massey said that he was "thrilled" to play Will in an "empowering way that will show his struggle to accept who he is". He wanted the storyline to help other people to accept themselves for who they are.[82] The Daily Mail reported that the storyline was part of an attempt to attract a younger audience.[83]

text: Massey revealed Will's struggle with his sexuality would not be romantic. In the show, after Will meets Sonny, he starts rebuffing his then girlfriend Gabi Herdandez's attempts at intimacy; and when she ends her relationship with Will, he has an emotional breakdown and smashes up his aunt's kitchen (the place where Gabi breaks up with him).[84] The scenes were fun to film, according to Massey, but a "challenge to do them convincingly". He said Will had had a lot to deal with throughout his life, and so Will "has put his sexuality on the back burner and hasn't really dealt with it";[80] Massey said Will was "living with self-loathing and disgust over not being able to accept himself", and that Will drinks alcohol to make himself feel "less awkward". Boozed-up, Will does something he wouldn't have if he were sober: Will kisses one of Sonny's gay friends, a young man called Neil (Jesse Kristofferson). Sonny sees them at it, and Massey said it's "one of those moments when Will wishes he could turn invisible".[85]

text: Eventually, with the help of his family and Sonny, Will accepts his sexuality, and learns to live happily as an out gay man. Massey was pleased the storyline would reach a "big audience" and he hoped it would promote tolerance.[80]

text: Bryan Dattilo, who plays Will's dad Lucas, praised Massey's scenes in the coming-out story, saying "Chandler just rips up every scene. What a great actor! Before I left the show we'd worked together in only one or two scenes. When I came back I'm going,'Who the hell is this guy?' I didn't know it was the same kid!"[86]

text: Revival[edit]

text: In reaction to the killing of Will, "fans were outraged in a way rarely seen before in Days history, not comprehending the purpose of killing a legacy character ... who we watched grow from birth in real time onscreen", according to soap journalist Hope Campbell.[26] On January 23, 2017 news broke that Days of Our Lives had a new headwriter in Ron Carlivati,[87] a Daytime Emmy Award-winner for headwriting at One Life to Live[88] and a two-time Writers Guild of America Award-winner for headwriting at General Hospital.[89][90] Then on May 8 news broke of Chandler Massey's return as Will,[35] and Carlivati engaged fans on twitter with an exclaim of "Whaaaattt??? Will Horton is dead! Or is he! How can this be?! Tune in and find out!"[36] Carlivati talked about his motivation to bring back Massey in an interview with Soap Opera Digest, saying "it seemed like the death of Will Horton was not a popular decision and was viewed as a mistake. I wanted to take a look at that and see if there was a way to repair some of that damage.”[91] In September 2017, in an interview with the New York Post, Massey opened up about Will's revival, stating: "Will certainly wouldn’t be the first person to come back from the dead. They [the writers] have a medically plausible explanation."[38][60]

text: Storyline[edit]

text:
"Will's paternity drove story for DAYS in the 90's. The character provided a living crucible for the twisted love quadrangle of Sami, Austin, Carrie and Lucas. Will was also a central factor in the delicious, decades-long war Kate and Sami waged against one another."

Jamey Giddens, Daytime Confidential[72]

tag: div

text: Will is born to Sami via Caesarean section. Sami has convinced herself, and everyone else, that Austin is the father, and Austin welcomes Will as his own. But when Will has an accident as a child, his blood is tested, and Sami then realizes that Lucas must be Will's real father. In order not to lose Austin, Sami says nothing, and changes hospital records so no one knows – but her brother Eric (Jensen Ackles) and sister Carrie (Christie Clark) uncover the truth, just before she is going to get married to Austin. The wedding is stopped, and over the following years, Will is centric to several custody battles between his parents. In addition, he is caught up in the bitter feud between Sami and Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow), who is the mother of both Austin and Lucas.

text: Despite his turbulent upbringing, for many years Will is a quiet, eager to please little boy (played by Shawn and Taylor Carpenter). He loves both Austin and Lucas, and he gets upset when he cannot see them, and when his father Lucas is in a coma after a fire. However, after Lucas takes him on holiday to Africa in the summer of 2002, Will (now Darian Weiss, and nine years old) becomes spoiled, bold, and obnoxious. He talks back to his parents and calls them by their first names. He also starts to play rough with other children and ends up hurting his cousin Abby on more than one occasion. Everyone worries that his unstable home life is the cause of his antics.

text: Eventually his childish behavior subsides. But when a serial killer (the Salem Stalker) begins offing his relatives he gets afraid - and it doesn't help that both his parents are, for a time, suspects! Will (now Christopher Gerse) comes home from school one day with a black-eye, after he has gotten into a fight defending his parents honor. Will does everything he can to get his parents together, so that he can be like "other kids" with a father and mother who live together. Several times it seems that Will's dream is going to come true, but Sami, or his grandma Kate, usually manage to throw a spanner in the works. So when Lucas marries Sami's sister Carrie Brady, and Sami gets engaged to Austin, Will is happy, as he loves both his aunt and uncle, and his parents. But when Sami and Austin separate again, Will cannot cope and runs away to Chicago. Sami fears he has been kidnapped and goes onto the news to plea for his safe return. When Will returns, he is surprised to find out the kerfuffle he has caused.

text: Carrie has an affair with Austin and they leave Salem (the show's fictional town) together, and Lucas moves back in with Will and Sami. Will is pleased to have his parents together once more, and to his delight, Lucas and Sami become engaged. They marry despite Kate's attempts to stop them, and Will is over-the-moon that his dream has finally come true. But his happiness does not last, as crimelord Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) tells Sami she has to divorce Lucas and marry Stefano's son EJ DiMera (James Scott) to end the longstanding Brady-DiMera feud. When she refuses, Sami's step-dad (Will's "grandpa John") is killed (or so they think). Sami gives birth to twins, and the girl (Allie) is Lucas's, but the boy (Johnny) is EJ's – and this is due to EJ having raped Sami on a night she made love to Lucas. Sami decides that the only way she can protect the lives of her family is to marry EJ, but Will is furious that his family is being torn apart by EJ. He is so upset that he does something very rash, that is only revealed years later. After Sami and EJ are married, Will is brought home to Lucas by a police office who finds him underage-drinking. Will doesn't want to be in Salem any more – and wants to go live with his Uncle Austin and Aunt Carrie in Switzerland. His dad agrees to this, and Will leaves America. Six weeks later, Sami phones Will to tell him that his dad has been arrested for the shooting of EJ DiMera.

text: After his dad is released from prison, and his mom divorces EJ, Will (now Dylan Patton, and aged 16) returns to Salem in February 2009. Disappointed his parents are not back together, Will is stunned when his mom tells him she has adopted a new baby – Grace Brady. Sami is lying to Will, as in truth, she got pregnant by EJ, and after divorcing EJ, gave birth to a daughter – and the "adoption" is Sami's way to keep EJ from knowing. Will meets and befriends Mia McCormick (Taylor Spreitler), who like Will, is a new student at school. Mia encourages Will to accept Grace as his sister. Mia and Will start dating, but Will knows she is keeping secrets. Eventually, it comes out that she herself had a baby secretly after getting pregnant by an ex-boyfriend, Chad Peterson-Woods (Casey Deidrick). She gave away her daughter to Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker), the new wife of EJ DiMera; the plan being that Nicole would pass the baby off as hers and EJ's. Grace contracts meningitis and dies, and Will and Sami are distraught. Will is further hit when Sami tells Will that Grace was his biological (half) sister. Five months later, everyone is shocked when it is revealed that Nicole Walker secretly swapped Mia's baby with Sami's baby (who she knew was EJ's child), and Nicole has been bringing up Sami's daughter (named Sydney) all along; whereas Grace was actually Mia and Chad's. Sami is re-united with her child Sydney, and Mia learns her daughter is dead.

text: After a break, Will and Mia start dating again, but when Mia two-times Will with Chad, Will (now Chandler Massey) breaks up with her. Despite starting out as rivals for Mia's love, Will and Chad become friends. Chad also befriends Will's best mate − Tad "T" Stevens (Brendan Coughlin).

text: Will's mom marries the former FBI agent and policeman Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering), and Will loves living with them and his three young siblings as a family. His friend Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus) is Rafe's young sister, and Will begins dating her. They graduate high school together, and on graduation day, they meet Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith), who has just returned to town after traveling the world. Will and Sonny quickly become friends, and Will learns Sonny is gay. After befriending Sonny, Will avoids being intimate with Gabi, and she ends the relationship. Will catches Sami cheating on Rafe with EJ, and in an angry and upset mood, he goes to a party with Sonny, gets drunk and kisses a young man named Neil (Jesse Kristofferson). Will talks about the kiss with his grandmother Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall), who promises him her support and love. His grandma Kate also supports and accepts him, saying she has known for a long time. Will confides in Sonny that he is not ready to come out as gay, and, trying to resist his sexuality, he has a one-night stand with Gabi that results in a pregnancy. As Will enters into a relationship with Sonny, Gabi, with Will's agreement, pretends that the baby has been fathered by her new boyfriend Nick Fallon (Blake Berris), who is Will's second cousin. Will and Sonny split when the paternity of Gabi's baby is revealed, but soon reunite. Nick doesn't want Will involved in the coming baby's life because he is gay, and when Nick discovers that it was Will, not Lucas, who had shot EJ years before, he blackmails Will to sign away his parental rights. After Will and Nick are both attacked by a former prison-mate of Nick's, and Will is shot whilst trying to save Nick's life, Nick relents – and Will is correctly named as baby Arianna's father on her birth certificate when she is born. When they leave hospital, Gabi and Arianna move in with Will and Sonny, and together they form a three-parent family, with Gabi, Will and Sonny bringing up Arianna together.

text: Will (Guy Wilson) marries Sonny in April 2014. Gabi rekindles her relationship with Nick, who pressures Gabi to seek a court decision that will drastically limit Will's access to his daughter. Shortly after a court date is set, Nick is shot and killed. Thinking that Sonny did it, Will confesses to protect him. This causes Gabi, the real killer, to admit to killing Nick, who she felt was a threat to her and Arianna. Gabi accepts a plea deal and goes to prison, leaving Arianna in the care of Will and Sonny. In October 2014, Will and Arianna leave Salem temporarily with Sami, who is mourning EJ's death, but they return in December 2014. Will's absence and Sonny's financial troubles with his new club have strained their relationship. Will finds out that Sonny has spent all their money, and Will plunges himself into his work as a journalist. He begins interviewing injured star baseball player Paul Narita (Christopher Sean), whom Will soon suspects is gay but closeted. Will sees an opportunity to get an important scoop about what it is like to be a gay professional athlete, and also to help another gay man to come out. Recognizing that Will is keen to confirm that he is gay, Paul seduces Will into bed with him. Will is immediately remorseful, but he continues to interview Paul and encourages Paul to come out to the world in his article, sharing his own coming-out story with him. What Will doesn't know is that Paul is Sonny's ex, to whom Sonny had proposed to before he had met Will, and Paul had only declined because he didn't think he could be an out gay athlete. Paul's athletic career is now at an end due to his injury, and unbeknownst to Will, he has already reconnected with Sonny. Sonny learns that Paul is Will's interview subject at the same time he hears about Will's infidelity, but he is stabbed in the park as he goes to confront them. Sonny's memory is impaired while he recovers, but when he remembers what Will has done, Sonny rejects Will and leaves Salem to convalesce. When he returns, they struggle to mend their relationship, but Will's infidelity is made public and the Kiriakis family turn against Will. Desperate to repair his marriage and terrified of losing Sonny to Paul, Will does all he can to get Paul to leave town. When this fails, Will tries playing match-maker to pair Paul with Derek (Spencer Neville). To help things along Will shares his interview notes about Paul with Derek, to help him win Paul's heart. But Paul realizes Derek knows stuff he has only told Will. Sonny is furious when he finds out about Will's machinations, and leaves town again, ostensibly to take care of Kiriakis family business. Will is distraught, but he holds onto the hope that they will be re-united. Gabi is released from prison on a technicality, and Will and Arianna welcome her back into their lives.

text: Ben Weston (Robert Scott Wilson) asks Will to be his best man in his upcoming wedding to Will's cousin, Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi). Will calls on Abby at the apartment she shares with Ben, to give her wedding venue information that he and Sonny had put together when they were engaged. Abby has to go out, but the cable guy is due to come that day, and Will offers to wait in the apartment. Whilst there, Will reminisces about his own wedding, and then phones Sonny (who is in Paris, and a different time zone) and leaves him an emotional and loving voice message, fully admitting his fault in their breakup, and expressing his unconditional love. After this Will notices a red necktie in Ben's trash can. This surprises Will, and makes him think of the serial killer currently at large in town who has murdered two women by strangling them with such a necktie (which is left with the body). Ben arrives just as Will is holding the tie and thinking about this. Ben acts alarmingly, and Will realizes Ben is the Necktie Killer. Will tries to leave, but Ben knocks him out. Just as Will is coming to, Ben strangles Will to death with the tie. Will is killed in the episode of October 9, 2015.[23]

text: Sonny is elated to get Will's message, and immediately gets ready to return to Salem, to reunite with Will. Whilst packing, he is informed of Will's murder. Sonny is devastated, and he returns to Salem to bury his husband rather than reconcile with him. Meanwhile, Ben has made sure Chad DiMera (Billy Flynn) is the prime suspect in the murders; but as Ben's relationship with Abigail self-destructs, he becomes increasingly violent and unhinged. After he nearly murders Abigail and Chad, Ben is arrested and publicly revealed as the Necktie Killer.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Coming out story[edit]

text: Days of Our Lives "first gay kiss"[92][93] was welcomed by critics. Online blogger Perez Hilton described the scenes as "incredible" and "absolutely wonderful".[94] Pascal Parvis of Têtu noted Will and Neil's kiss was "not a little" and said "what could be better" than the serial's first gay kiss lasting two episodes.[95] Both The Huffington Post and Perez Hilton remarked favorably on Days showing a hot "steamy make-out" session as opposed to just a kiss,[94][96] and Hilton praised the serial and NBC for not "bowing down to bigoted pressure".[94] Sara Bibel of Xfinity said Will and Neil got the "full soap treatment" (as for heterosexual couples) because other soap operas pan the camera away during same-sex kisses.[93] Soap journalist Michael Fairman[15] called it "one of the best daytime television coming out kisses", and said the best part was "Sonny sees the whole thing!"[97] There were also jibes at Days of Our Lives belated featuring of man-to-man intimacy: Joachim Ohnona from Pure People pointed out it took more than ten thousand episodes for Days to air their first gay kiss;[98] and Dan Avery of Queerty said the serial "made television history yesterday when it became the absolutely last show to show two men kissing", and "he’ll get some bed scenes by 2016".[99] Entertainment Weekly's Lynette Rice commented "a first gay kiss is no longer much of a milestone on broadcast TV, but for Days of Our Lives it represents the latest effort to remain relevant",[92] and Xfinity's Bibel noted it was remarkable for a show with a reputation for being "socially conservative".[93]

text:
"Head writers Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr. developed the character layer by layer, and then bounced him around like a ball in a pinball machine as he had to deal with the 'am I gay?' realization .... Having seen friends go through this before, I've never seen a more honest approach."

Jessica Radloff, Glamour Magazine[14]

text: Fairman called Will's coming out story "excellent",[100] "powerful",[101] "emotionally impactful",[102] "relatable",[101] and "believable",[102] and credited Days of Our Lives for keeping it "edgy, dark, and very raw".[97] He said the writers and actors did "a subtle, compelling and beautiful job relating the struggles of young man trying to face and accept who he is, and the ramifications he fears it will have for him with his family and society";[100] and he also praised the writing for "addressing what parents fear for their child when they come out", saying "a lot of important points were made throughout the dialog."[102] Fairman gave his accolade of "power performances of the week" to Chandler Massey and Deidre Hall (playing Will's grandma Marlena, who helps Will come out),[100] and gave Massey his "Best Overall Performance" of a daytime younger actor in 2012,[103] and praised Massey's performance as "remarkable", "fabulous",[101] and "beyond sensational".[16] Jessica Radloff of Glamour Magazine, said: "In any other actors hands, the story would not carry the same weight. Massey brings a pureness to the role of Will that makes you love him. This is a brilliant young actor who will move you to tears based on a look alone."[14] Massey submitted the episode where Will kisses Neil and talks to Marlena about it to the Daytime Emmys in 2013,[4] and won.[5] Anthony D. Langford of AfterElton.com noted the "terrific chemistry" of Massey and Hall;[104] whilst Rick Nelson of the Star Tribune found the storyline to be addictive viewing.[105]

text: Will and Sonny's romance[edit]

text: Will Horton's romance with Sonny Kiriakis was generally well-received by critics and the audience. TV Guide said that "while it took 45 years for the show to introduce its first openly gay character (Sonny) and another year and a half to have him find a male partner (Will), the wait was well worth it. This steamy, star-crossed saga has had drama to spare (Paranoia! Blackmail! Impossible parents!), but its real success lies in the fresh, easy charm of these two young men."[106] TV Source Magazine named Will and Sonny Best Couple of 2012 in the Days of Our Lives series, saying "One of the most refreshing things about Will and Sonny’s relationship is it's portrayed just as any heterosexual couple would be. Watching them grow from friends to being in love was one of the highlights of the year for DAYS."[107] Jeremy Helligar of The Advocate declared Will and Sonny "groundbreaking" because "their domestic stability (and sex life!) is so front-and-center on Days". He compared them favorably with 1992 series Melrose Place, whose gay character Matt Fielding "never got so much as on onscreen kiss", whereas Will and Sonny "are regularly shown in flagrante delicto and basking shirtless in post-coitus afterglow." "How far we've come", he exclaimed.[108]

text: Wedding[edit]

text: Hollywood reporter Greg Hernandez[109] called the wedding "great, great stuff", and said he was "wiping away tears left and right". He confessed, "I used to get lost in fantasy as a teenager that I would marry a guy" and explained how his imagined festivities were very much like Will and Sonny's wedding. He was thrilled that "with gay marriage becoming legal in a growing number of states" his fantasy "can actually come true for young gay people dreaming about that today", and he said "that is why I will be forever grateful to this soap for giving us this episode, this wedding that was filled with love and supportive family and friends. It’s the way it should be and always should have been", and he "loved every minute of it".[110] Michael Fairman declared it the "best wedding" of 2014, and praised it for being "beautifully acted", with "inspired writing" and "touching speeches", saying "every time we watch this we need hankies".[111]

text: When on June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled to make same-sex marriage a right across all states of the USA,[112] soapcentral.com published an article celebrating the Supreme Court's ruling with a look back at the first same-sex marriages shown in USA soap operas: the first female-female marriage (Bianca and Reese on All My Children) and the first male-male marriage (Will and Sonny on Days of Our Lives), saying both were "incredibly special".[113]

text: Marital strife[edit]

text: In Soap Opera Digest's "Best and Worst" end-of-year reviews, Will and Sonny got "Worst Marital Conflict" in both 2014[114] and 2015.[27] Digest criticized the writing, saying "it was not the write stuff".[114] Greg Hernandez said it was as if Will had had a "sudden personality transplant" and "none of it feels true";[71] and Fairman said the character became "unrecognizable" in his actions.[24] Soap Opera Digest complained that Will "inexplicably succumbed" to Paul's advances and that it added "insult to injury" when it was subsequently revealed that Will had a previous episode of infidelity when off the show. They remarked: "when Will and Sonny tied the knot, it was a groundbreaking moment based in love, which is why it is impossible to comprehend why the show spent the better half of the last two years trying so hard to unravel this historic union".[27]

text: Murder[edit]

text: Former Days writer Kola Boof,[115][116] tweeted "I think the killing of Will Horton is one of the biggest dumbest mistakes in Days history. On many levels."[117] Soap Opera Digest condemned the killing, saying it was "sick and violent", and "it got people talking all right, but not in a good way," and whilst realizing the show needed to boost ratings, "killing off a legacy character like Will was not at all the way to do it." They said "Will holds a special place in the hearts of Days viewers", because they watched him "grow up on-screen after his birth in 1995", and "his sensitive coming out tale in 2012" added to his "cherished status".[27] TV Guide Magazine's Michael Logan tweeted "Killing Will is a dumb-ass move. He's not just a legacy character & LGBT icon, this crazy hot mess was storytelling gold. Insane."[118] Logan expanded in his end-of-year review, saying it was "dead wrong" and "idiotic" and "the murder of Days of Our Lives’ landmark gay character Will Horton via brutal strangulation meant the loss of an insanely fascinating fire-starter who had kept the show spinning for years," adding "many are calling the move homophobic."[28]

text: Michael Fairman[15] labelled the killing as "The Worst Decision" in soaps in 2015, saying "to kill the legacy character of Will Horton by having him brutally murdered ... sent a message to the LGBT community, and the viewers, that caused a major negative backlash." Fairman gave the runner-up for "Worst Decision 2015" to Days not having Will's husband upfront at his funeral, "Will’s husband Sonny was relegated to the second row ... Not cool!"[24] Tony S., a columnist at soapcentral.com, said the family photograph of Will, Sonny and Arianna blowing off Will's grave "came across as a promise from someone in charge to homophobic fans ... as, 'Congrats, you won't have to worry about their kind anymore.'"[119]

text: James Lott Jr[120] of AfterBuzz TV said Will's murder was a "jump the shark moment", and "I just couldn't believe it!" He said Will was "a character that has been on since pre-birth", and is "related to almost everyone on the show", and "I mean this is really ridiculous to me: to kill Will Horton!" Lott described his experience watching it happen and thinking "you're ruining the show right now - this is the biggest mistake you could have made," and "as the life was coming out of him, the life was coming out of me at the same time, as a long-time viewer."[29] Lott's Afterbuzz TV colleague Tony Moore[121] called Will's death "gruesome" and "hard to watch", and bemoaned "the whole gay storyline is just going to be done away with." He criticized the writing, in that Will didn't run, cry for help, or fight back.[29] Tony S did too, writing "Will was just as fit as any other Salem heartthrob, but was so discombobulated by a toss to the fridge that he couldn't fight back. Alllll riiiggghhhttt", and "he had a child and husband to live for – to fight for – yet the writers seemed like he couldn't die fast enough."[119] Several commentators criticized the lack of repercussions in the story. Laurisa, a columnist at soapcentral.com, wrote "the people of Salem were no more invested in solving this crime than they were before Will's death."[119] Michael Logan wrote "Will’s death was pretty much forgotten by the people of Salem within days, even by his own mother,"[28] and Soap Opera Digest said "the end game" was "nil", and "people were giddily partying to honor Salem's birthday party mere weeks after his graphic murder!"[27]

text: Mark J Freeman[122] of Afterbuzz TV talked in strongly critical terms about pandering to viewers who dislike seeing gay characters on TV: "instead of just saying 'a majority of middle america doesn't like the gay storyline: let's kill them' ... how about being the change?" Freeman framed it in an historical context, saying, "there are things in American history, that a majority of people ... thought was right, and it didn't make it right, ... and it doesn't mean that change should not have happened."[29]

text:
"Does anyone in the TV industry know or care that Days of Our Lives exterminated their iconic gay legacy character and pretty much abolished all things gay on the show, just in time to celebrate 50 years on the air?"

Question addressed by Matt Roush in TV Insider's Ask Matt column[123]

text: Fans expressed outrage via social media[25][124] and letters to Soap Opera Digest.[125] Social media fan reactions were published in Hollywood Life,[25] and 2paragraphs.com,[124] with one fan saying: "Will Horton was a beacon in the face of bullying and persecution. Today, you expect LGBTQ youth to watch his life strangled away".[25] Soap Opera Digest printed a letter saying: "In my 30-plus years as a Days viewer, I have never been more disgusted by a storyline than the violent strangulation death of a gay legacy character ... As the mother of a young son who was struggling with his sexuality, we were able to watch Will come out, fall in love, and get married ... Now I regret ever encouraging him to watch."[125]

text: In another published tweet a fan thanked Alison Sweeney (who plays Will's mother, Sami Brady) for "voicing our disgust" to the killing of Will.[25] Sweeney told Soap Opera Digest: "I was angry. I felt betrayed and hurt", and "this particular story point is something that I just don't agree with and I didn't from the moment they told me. And I don't understand why they did it." Sweeney said: "it breaks my heart that there is no Will anymore."[126]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Darian Weiss, Christopher Gerse, and Dylan Patton, were all nominated for Young Artist Awards for their portrayal of Will.[127][128][129] Gerse was nominated twice – in 2004 and 2005.[127][128] In 2010, Patton received a nomination for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series,[19] and the next year (2011), Chandler Massey was nominated.[20] Massey went on to win the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series – never before won for a gay character[21] – three years in a row, in 2012,[6] 2013,[5] and 2014.[7]

text: Days of Our Lives won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Daily Drama in 2012,[130] 2013,[3] 2014,[131] and 2015,[132] in recognition of the characters and stories of Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis and related characters.


document_title: Mariachi

question_text: what is a group of street musicians in mexico

root

text: Mariachi

text: Name[edit]

text: The origin of the word is disputed, but prominent theories attribute it to indigenous roots. One states that it comes from the name of the wood used to make the dance platform.[2][3] Another states that Mariachi comes from the indigenous name of a tree called pilla or cirimo; yet another states that it came from an image locally called María H (pronounced Mari-Ache).[3][4] In many Mexican cultures they are also called Marietti.[citation needed] Mariachi can refer to the music, the group, or just one musician. The term "Mariachi band" is also a redundant term to address a Mariachi because the word in itself 'Mariachi' in spanish implies a group of Musicians playing Mariachi music.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: The word "mariachi" was thought to have derived from the French word "marriage", dating from the French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s, related to the music's appearance at weddings. This was a common explanation on record jackets and travel brochures. This theory was disproven with the appearance of documents that showed that the word existed before this invasion.[5]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, indigenous music was played with rattles, drums, flutes, and conch-shell horns as part of religious celebrations. The Spanish introduced violins, guitars, harps, brass instruments, and woodwinds, which mostly replaced the native instruments. The Europeans introduced their instruments to use during Mass, but they were quickly adapted to secular events.[2][4] Indigenous and mestizo peoples learned to play and make these instruments, often giving them modified shapes and tunings. In addition to instruments, the Spanish introduced the concept of musical groups—which, in the colonial period, generally consisted of two violins, a harp, and various guitars. This grouping gave rise to a number of folk musical styles in Mexico.[2]

text: One of these folk musical styles was the son. This music featured string instruments. Son music divided into various regional varieties—the variety popular in the Jalisco area was called son jalisciense, whose best known song, also referred to as "the mariachi national anthem,"[6] is “La Negra.”[7] Modern mariachi music developed from this son style, with “mariachi” as an alternative name for son jalisciense. Early mariachi players did not look like those of today; they played only string instruments such as guitars and harps and dressed in typical peasant clothing: white pants and shirts with huarache sandals.[4][7]

text: Those who could play the son jalisciense/mariachi music could find work at haciendas at a higher rate than those who could not.[4]

text: The distinction of mariachi from the older son jalisciense occurred slowly sometime during the 19th century. The music originated in the center-west of Mexico. Most claims for its origin lie in the state of Jalisco but neighboring states of Colima, Nayarit, and Michoacán have also claimed it. However, by the late 19th century, the music was firmly centered in Jalisco.[8] Most legends put the origin of the modern mariachi in the town of Cocula, Jalisco.[2]

text: The distinction from son to modern mariachi comes from the modification of the music. By the end of the nineteenth century, the European art music tradition was firmly transplanted to Mexico, with opera, salon music, waltzes, and more written and performed both by Europeans and Mexicans in the country. One variety was the salon orchestras called orquestas típicas that performed in more rural settings, notably in charro outfits. This use of the charro outfit was repeated with urban mariachi in the 1920s.

text: The Charro outfit was also used in the national Orquestra Típica Mexicana (Mexican Typical Orchestra), organized in 1884 by Carlo Curti, and touring the United States and Mexico as part of a presentation of nationalism for the Mexican president Porfirio Diaz.[9][10] Curti's Orquestra Típica Mexicana has been called the "predecessor of the Mariachi."[11]

text: After the Mexican Revolution, many haciendas had to let workers go, including mariachis. Groups began to wander and play for a fee, which obliged them to incorporate other music into their repertoires, including waltzes and polkas. It also required them to play in public venues. From the late 19th century to the 1930s, Mariachi groups were semi-professional.[4]

text: In the early 20th century, U.S., record companies began actively recording rural music in other parts of the world. One of these as a recording called Cuarteto Coculense by Columbia, Edison and Victor in 1908 and 1909, recognized as the “first” mariachi recordings. The music also gained attention in Mexico City when a wealthy hacienda family brought an early Mariachi from Cocula to play for President Porfirio Díaz in 1905.[12]

text: Modern development[edit]

text: The common perception of the music and look of mariachi developed in the 20th century, as the music was transformed from a regional rural folk music to an urban phenomenon that came to represent Mexico.[8] The music was first introduced to Mexico City in 1905.[12] During this time, many farm workers moved to the city, including those from Jalisco, which settled around Plaza Garibaldi.[13] These mariachi musicians developed new practices, such as performances in plazas and restaurants. However, it also continued its more traditional venues such as serenades, and performances at major family events.

text: During this time, the Mexican government was heavily involved in cultural promotion as a way to create a unified Mexican identity after the end of the Mexican Revolution. One of these efforts was the promotion of mariachi as an international symbol of Mexican identity, first with radio and sound recordings and later with films.[14]

text: Mexico built a nationwide radio broadcasting network in the 1920s such as XEB and XEW, which began broadcasting mariachi music as a media production, rather than as a music for social events.[15] This music was already being modified in part due to the advent of sound recording. For example, most son jaliscense songs were longer than the standard three-and-a-half minutes of the then-standard 78 rpm record, forcing the shortening of tunes. Around the same time, the popularity of jazz and Cuban music introduced the trumpet into mariachi, pushing the violins into second place and in some cases, replacing the harp.[4]

text: The most prized of the mariachis remained those from the state of Jalisco, particularly the areas of Cocula and Tecalitlán. They represented Mexico to the people during the Independence Day celebrations in Mexico City in 1933 as well as during Lázaro Cárdenas' election campaign in 1936.[4]

text: The charro tradition was strong in Jalisco, especially in a region called Los Altos. After the Revolution, the charreada became a national sport in Mexico and rings were constructed specifically for them, followed by professional charro associations. With the breakup of the large haciendas, charros were no longer economically necessary but were used as a cultural ideal, especially by the film industry in the mid-20th century. The first charro movies date from the 1920s, but the first to sing mariachi was Tito Guízar in Allá en el Rancho Grande in 1936. The character was played by Jorge Negrete in films such as ¡Ay, Jalisco... no te rajes! and ¡Así se quiere en Jalisco! The main characters used his ability to sing mariachi as a way to show strength, virility, and aesthetic beauty.[15] Its use in film also made the music popular and a symbol of ethnic pride for Mexican Americans in the United States.

text: Its use in film also promoted a negative perception of mariachi music. The films associated the charros and mariachi music with machismo, womanizing and drinking, especially of tequila.[4] The reason that the movies did this was that mariachi music was associated with bars and the lower classes in a number of segments of Mexican society in the early 20th century. This would change in the latter half of the 20th century, but the music remains strongly associated with tequila.[4]

text: Mariachi music and musician became more professional with more formal training starting in the late 1940s and early 1950s, principally due to the success of a major Mariachi by the name of Mariachi Vargas. Their appearance in many films, backing many singing stars and their hiring of a formal musician prompted other mariachis to do the same. The group also expanded adding trumpets, violins and even a classical guitar to become a kind of orchestra, keeping the traditional son/mariachi base while integrating new musical ideas and styles.[2] One other innovation, in contrast to the machismo of the style were the first female mariachi performers, Lola Beltrán and Lucha Villa. One night Mariachi Vargas put Beltrán on stage when she was a teenager. Her versions of “Cucurrucucu Paloma” and “Tres Dias” are now considered classics.[7]

text: Many of the traditional sounds of Cocula were lost as mariachi groups incorporated other musical styles that were popular on the radio.[7] New influences have come into the tradition from the Mexican American community in the United States.[16] In both countries, however, the learning of traditional pieces and repertory is still stressed to form a base.[15]

text: The International Mariachi Festival in Guadalajara is an annual ten-day event that attracts more than 500 mariachis, who perform in concert halls and city streets. Past players include Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, Mariachi los Camperos (led by Nati Cano) and Mariachi América.[17]

text: In Mexico City, the center of mariachi music remains Garibaldi Plaza. The plaza fills with mariachi musicians to solicit gigs from individual songs for passers-by to being hired for events such as weddings and baptisms. They even stand on Eje Central in front of the plaza to flag down passing cars. In 2010, the government renovated the plaza to make it more tourist-friendly, adding new paving, gardens, police, security cameras, painted facades, and a museum dedicated to mariachi and tequila. Although mariachis can be hired in Mexico City over the phone or on the internet, many people still prefer to come to the plaza, hear the musicians and haggle over the price. About 2,500 mariachis hold union cards to work in the plaza, but as many as 4,000 may circulate through on a busy weekend.[13]

text: Groups[edit]

text: The size of a Mariachi group varies depending on the availability of musicians.[3] The usual mariachi group today consists of as many as eight violins, two trumpets and at least one guitar. Traditional mariachi guitars include the vihuela, a high-pitched, round-backed guitar that provides rhythm, and a bass guitar called a guitarrón, which also provides rhythm. Sometimes a Mexican folk harp provides bass and ornaments the melody. All are Mexican variations of European instruments.[2][3] There is generally no lead singer as in other kinds of group with all players singing choruses and taking turns singing the lead. Often the lead singer is assigned to a certain song due to voice qualities. Mariachi vocalization shows influences from a number of styles such as bolero (a romantic style), huapango (using falsetto), son jalisciense (an aggressive style) and more. Voices must be strong to be heard over amplified instruments.[3] Vocal style emphasizes operatic qualities and instrumental performance demonstrates a level of virtuosity that reflects advanced musical training. Historically, mariachi groups have been made up of men but there is growing acceptance of female mariachis.[3]

text: As mariachi groups are expected to play requests, they may need to know hundreds of different songs.[18] Most songs are about machismo, love, betrayal, death, politics, revolutionary heroes and even animals and country life from the genre origins as rural son music. One particularly famous song is “La Cucaracha” (The Cockroach).[4][18]

text: Most mariachi groups are associated with family and religious celebrations along with serenades. One of the most common pieces played by Mariachis is “Las Mañanitas” for birthdays and celebrations of patron saints.[2]

text: In Mexico, mariachi music can also be found as part of Catholic Mass. The Misa panamericana is a mariachi folk mass sung in Spanish with new arrangements of classic hymns such as "Kyrie Eleison". This innovation began in 1966 by Canadian priest Jean Marc Leclerc and it moved from a small church to the Cuernavaca Cathedral.[2]

text: Mariachi Vargas[edit]

text: Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán is recognized as the oldest and most famous mariachi ensemble, founded by Gaspar Vargas in the late 1890s.[2] They moved from Jalisco to Mexico City and performed for the inauguration of President Lázaro Cárdenas.[2] Mariachi Vargas became famous accompanying singers such as Luis Miguel, Lola Beltrán, and Pedro Infante.[19] Mariachi Vargas’s first recording was in 1937, the same year they appear in “Asi es mi Tierra”. They appeared in over 200 films in the 20th century.[20] Silvestre Vargas took over Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán from his father in 1958 and soon after hired a trained musician, Rubín Fuentes, as musical director. Fuentes along with Vargas were instrumental in the standardization of much of mariachi music, arranging traditional songs and writing new ones that would be performed by many of the legendary performers of the mid-20th century, such as Pedro Infante, Miguel Aceves Mejía, Lola Beltrán and José Alfredo Jiménez.[2] Mariachi Vargas still remains, tracing its history in terms of generations, starting in the 1890s, with these generations maintaining the group’s authenticity as a Mariachi while the music has evolved. The last Vargas associated with the group died in 1985. That the group still considers itself the original group comes from the notion of passing on the music by generations of musicians, how the original son jaliscense was learned.[21]

text: United States and further afield[edit]

text: The promotion of mariachi as representative of Mexico has led to the formation of mariachi groups in many countries such as Argentina, Aruba, Egypt, Chile, Cuba, Spain, Croatia, Guatemala, Uruguay, Sweden, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, with groups from these and more countries participating in Guadalajara’s International Mariachi and Charreria Conference.[1][17][22]

text: The music has a strong following in the US, with top groups spending a lot of time on tour.[18]Mariachi Los Camperos received a Grammy nomination for best Mexican-American album.[18] Academic programs allow for instruction by famous mariachi groups and the opportunity to win awards.

text: The first mariachi groups in the United States were from California. Nati Cano was born in Jalisco in 1939 and moved to Los Angeles in 1959. He played in many Mariachi groups backing singers but felt mariachi could stand alone. In 1969 he opened a restaurant called La Fonda in Los Angeles, which featured his group, Los Camperos, as part of a dinner show. The success of this enterprise, and of Los Camperos in general have inspired many mariachi groups in the United States.[16] In the late 1980s, pop star Linda Ronstadt recorded "Canciones de Mi Padre" and "Más Canciones" with Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán and others, which helped promote its popularity among Mexican Americans and to non-Mexican Americans.[15]

text: Some U.S. public schools offer mariachi as part of classes.[23] The first student Mariachi group was begun in 1961 at the University of California, Los Angeles. This prompted the creation of other student organizations in other parts of California and then in Texas, where the first mariachi festival was held in 1979. Since then, a strong synergy between academic programs and mariachi festivals has developed, which feature students and give mariachi classes and workshops.[24]

text: Once school programs were limited to border areas such as San Antonio and Tucson but they have spread across the southwest and into other parts of the country, especially since the 1990s. There are at least 500 schools offering classes along with local and state competitions.[23] In some US schools, mariachi ensembles have replaced school bands. Professional groups such as Mariachi Cobre, which regularly performs at Disney World, also spend time teaching in public schools.

text: In areas with large Mexican-American populations, mariachis are being hired for events outside this ethnic group as well.[16] Outside of schools, the most important venue for the music in the United States is mariachi festivals with the longest running festivals in Tucson and Fresno.[27] The Tucson International Mariachi Conference began in 1982. It originally was held in the downtown but in 2012 moved to the Casino Del Sol. It showcases over 500 elementary, middle, and high schools and college mariachi players.[28] The Las Vegas International Mariachi Festival, established in 1991, is televised on Telemundo and PBS and has headlined artists such as Pedro Fernández, Ana Gabriel, and American born mariachi singer Pepe Aguilar and more.[29]

text:
The educational movement is controversial with some trained in the traditional manner, who are skeptical about these programs and their potential to change the tradition. The changes, especially standardization of publishing, are slowing impacting mariachi in Mexico. One difficulty of arranging mariachi pieces is that the son jaliscense is based on alternates between 3
4 and 6
8 time. Much of the published mariachi music is meant for people already familiar with the music to serve as guides, not to novices. On the other hand, many schools have problems recruiting mariachi instructors as many of these do not have required teaching credentials. For this reason, schools often hire trained musicians from outside the mariachi tradition. Many traditional mariachis are concerned that standardization will lead to fossilization and restrict improvisation.[30]

text: Other innovations in the United States have been the incorporation of styles of artists such as Elvis Presley, Freddy Fender and Glenn Miller, as well as the heavy-metal Mariachi band Metalachi.[31] Another is the encouragement of female mariachis including all-female Mariachi groups such as Mariachi Mujer 2000 and Mariachi Divas de Cindy Shea. Mariachi Mujer has performed with Mexican artists such as Vikki Carr, Pablo Montero, Gerardito Fernandez and Nydia Rojas. Mariachi Divas have won 2 Grammy Awards, have toured extensively in the United States and are the official Mariachi of Disneyland Resort in Anaheim.[18] New York's first international all-female mariachi[32] is 2015 Latin Grammy[33] nominated Mariachi Flor de Toloache, who are featured in Dan Auerbach's The Arcs. There is an all-female Mariachi in London, UK, Mariachi Las Adelitas UK, who plays traditional Mexican Mariachi music as well as some English-language covers in Mariachi style.[34] Another well-recognized mariachi from the United States is the Roma High School Mariachi Nuevo Santander, they have landed first place on the Mariachi Vargas Extravanganza competition since 2013. They have participated in competitions around the TX and the U.S. including UIL Mariachi State competitions and the world-known America's Got Talent.

text: Dance[edit]

text: The most common dance technique in mariachi is zapateado, a kind of footwork from Spain. Pounding of feet into a raised platform often provides the percussive.

text: Musical forms[edit]

text:
Meter in 2
4 [chun-ta]

tag: ul

text:
Canción ranchera (a dos tiempos)
Corrido (a dos tiempos)
"Polka"
Pasodoble
Marcha

text:
Meter in 3
4 [chun-ta-ta]

text:
Canción ranchera (tres tiempos)
Corrido (tres tiempos)
Valses mexicanos
Son Jaliscience
Huapango

text:
Meter in 4
4

text:
Bolero ranchero
Serenata
Danzón
Chotís
Cumbia

text:
Meter in 6
8

text:
Son Jaliscience
Jarabe
Huapango

text:
Meter 2
4 with 6
8

text: Joropo

text: Mixed meter

text:
"Muerte de un gallero" (corrido-son)
"El Charro Mexicano" (ranchera-son)

text: Classical music overtures

text: Notable mariachis and artists[edit]

text: Mariachis[edit]

text:
Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
Mariachi Nuevo Tecalitlan
Los Trocitos Tibios
Mariachi Zapopan
Mariachi Cobre
Mariachi los Camperos
Mariachi Sol de Mexico
Mariachi Mujer 2000
Mariachi Reyna de Los Angeles
Mariachi Divas de Cindy Shea
Mariachi Ausente de Los Angeles
Mariachi Aguilas de J. Carlos Ozuna
Mariachi Las Alteñas

text: Artists[edit]

text:
Antonio Aguilar
Luis Aguilar
Pepe Aguilar
Ana Bárbara
Nati Cano
Rocío Dúrcal
Shaila Dúrcal
Alejandro Fernández
Jorge Alejandro Fernández
Pedro Fernández
Vicente Fernández
Ana Gabriel
Juan Gabriel
Tito Guízar
José Hernàndez
Pedro Infante
José Alfredo Jiménez
Miguel Aceves Mejía
Luis Miguel
Jorge Negrete
Jorge Luis Galez
Manuel López Ochoa
Jenni Rivera
Javier Solis
Chayito Valdez
Amalia Mendoza
María de Lourdes
Lucha Villa
Lucha Reyes
Voces Divinas de Mexico


document_title: Membrane models

question_text: who is the scientist that propounded the bi-lipid molecular layer of cell membrane

text: Membrane models

text: Gorter and Grendel's membrane theory (1925)[edit]

text: Evert Gorter and François Grendel (Dutch physiologists) approached the discovery of our present model of the plasma membrane structure as a lipid bi-layer. They simply hypothesized that if the plasma membrane is a bi-layer, then the surface area of the mono-layer of lipids measured would be double the surface area of the plasma membrane. To examine their hypothesis, they performed an experiment in which they extracted lipids from a known number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) of different mammalian sources, such as humans, goats, sheep, etc. and then spreading the lipids as a mono-layer in a Langmuir-Blodgett trough. They measured the total surface area of the plasma membrane of red blood cells, and using Langmuir's method, they measured the area of the mono-layer of lipids. In comparing the two, they calculated an estimated ratio of 2:1 Mono-layer of lipids:Plasma membrane. This supported their hypothesis, which led to the conclusion that cell membranes are composed of two apposing molecular layers.[1] The two scientists proposed a structure for this bi-layer, with the polar hydrophilic heads facing outwards towards the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards away from the aqueous surroundings on both sides of the membrane. Although they arrived at the right conclusions, some of the experimental data were incorrect such as the miscalculation of the area and pressure of the lipid mono-layer and the incompleteness of lipid extraction. They also failed to describe membrane function, and had false assumptions such as that of plasma membranes consisting of mostly lipids. However, on the whole, this envisioning of the lipid bi-layer structure became the basic underlying assumption for each successive refinement in modern understanding of membrane function.[2]

text: The Davson and Danielli model with backup from Robertson (1940–1960)[edit]

text: Following the proposal of Gorter and Grendel, doubts inevitably arose over the veracity of having just a simple lipid bi-layer as a membrane. For instance, their model could not provide answers to questions on surface tension, permeability, and the electric resistance of membranes. Therefore, physiologist Hugh Davson and biologist James Danielli suggested that membranes indeed do have proteins. According to them, the existence of these "membrane proteins" explained that which couldn't be answered by the Gorter-Grendel model.

text: In 1935, Davson and Danielli proposed that biological membranes are made up of lipid bi-layers that are coated on both sides with thin sheets of protein and they simplified their model into the "pauci-molecular" theory.[3] This theory declared that all biological membranes have a "lipoid" center surrounded by mono-layers of lipid that are covered by protein mono-layers. In short, their model was illustrated as a "sandwich" of protein-lipid-protein. The Davson-Danielli model threw new light on the understanding of cell membranes, by stressing the important role played by proteins in biological membranes.

text: By the 1950s, cell biologists verified the existence of plasma membranes through the use of electron microscopy (which accounted for higher resolutions). J. David Robertson used this method to propose the unit membrane model.[4] Basically, he suggested that all cellular membranes share a similar underlying structure, the unit membrane. Using heavy metal staining, Robertson's proposal also seemed to agree instantaneously with the Davson-Danielli model. According to the trilaminar pattern of the cellular membrane viewed by Robertson, he suggested that the membranes consist of a lipid bi-layer covered on both surfaces with thin sheets of proteins. This suggestion was a great boost to the proposal of Davson and Danielli.[5] However, even with Robertson's substantiation, the Davson-Danielli model had serious complications, a major one being that the proteins studied were mainly globular and couldn't therefore fit into the model's claim of thin protein sheets. These difficulties with the model stimulated new research in membrane organization and paved the way for the fluid mosaic model, which was proposed in 1972.

text: Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model (1972)[edit]

text: In 1972, S. Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson developed new ideas for membrane structure. Their proposal was the fluid mosaic model, which is the dominant model now. It has two key features—a mosaic of proteins embedded in the membrane, and the membrane being a fluid bi-layer of lipids. The lipid bi-layer suggestion agrees with previous models but views proteins as globular entities embedded in the layer instead of thin sheets on the surface.

text: According to the model, membrane proteins are in three classes based on how they are linked to the lipid bi-layer:

text:
Integral proteins: Immersed in the bi-layer and held in place by the affinity of hydrophobic parts of the protein for the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids on interior of the layer.
Peripheral proteins: More hydrophilic, and thus are non-covalently linked to the polar heads of phospholipids and other hydrophilic parts of other membrane proteins on the surface of the membrane.
Lipid anchored proteins: Essentially hydrophilic, so, are also located on the surface of the membrane, and are covalently attached to lipid molecules embedded in the layer.

tag: ol

text: As for the fluid nature of the membrane, the lipid components are capable of moving parallel to the membrane surface and are in constant motion. Many proteins are also capable of that motion within the membrane. However, some are restricted in their mobility due to them being anchored to structural elements such as the cytoskeleton on either side of the membrane.

text: In general, this model explains most of the criticisms of the Davson–Danielli model. It eliminated the need to accommodate membrane proteins in thin surface layers, proposed that the variability in the protein/lipid ratios of different membranes simply means that different membranes vary in the amount of protein they contain, and showed how the exposure of lipid-head groups at the membrane surface is compatible with their sensitivity to phospholipase digestion. Also, the fluidity of the lipid bi-layers and the intermingling of their components within the membrane make it easy to visualize the mobility of both lipids and proteins.

text: Henderson and Unwin's membrane theory[edit]

text: Henderson and Unwin have studied the purple membrane by electron microscopy, using a method for determining the projected structures of unstained crystalline specimens. By applying the method to tilted specimens, and using the principles put forward by DeRosier and Klug for the combination of such two-dimensional views, they obtained a 3-dimensional map of the membrane at 7 Å resolution. The map reveals the location of the protein and lipid components, the arrangement of the polypeptide chains within each protein molecule, and the relationship of the protein molecules in the lattice.[6]

text: High-resolution micrographs of crystalline arrays of membrane proteins, taken at a low dose of electrons to minimize radiation damage, have been exploited to determine the three-dimensional structure by a Fourier transform. Recent studies on negatively stained rat hepatocyte gap junctions subjected to 3-dimensional Fourier reconstructions (of low-dose electron micrographs) indicate that the six protein sub-units are arranged in a cylinder slightly tilted tangentially, enclosing a channel 2 nm wide at the extracellular region. The dimensions of the channel within the membrane were narrower but could not be resolved (Unwin and Zampighi, 1980). A small radical movement of the sub-units at the cytoplasmic ends could reduce the sub-unit inclination tangential to six-fold axis and close the channel.[7]

text: Further details of the molecular organization should emerge as more methods of preparation become available, so that high-resolution 3-dimensional images comparable to the purple membranes are obtained. By using ingenious procedures for the analysis of periodic arrays of biological macromolecules, in which data from low-dose electron images and diffraction patterns were combined, Henderson and Unwin (1975) reconstructed a three-dimensional image of purple membranes at 0.7 nm resolution. Glucose embedding was employed to alleviate dehydration damage and low doses (< 0.5 e/A*) to reduce the irradiation damage. The electron micrographs of unstained membranes were recorded such that the only source of contrast was a weak phase contrast induced by defocusing.

text: In their experiment, Unwin and Henderson found that protein extends to both sides of the lipid bi-layer and is composed of seven α-helices packed about 1–1.2 nm apart, 3.5–4.0 nm in length, running perpendicular to the plane of membrane. The molecules are organized around a 3-fold axis with a 2 nm-wide space at the center that is filled with lipids. This elegant work represents the most significant step forward thus far, as it has for the first time provided us with the structure of an integral membrane protein in situ. The availability of the amino acid sequence, together with information about the electron scattering density from the work of Henderson and Unwin, has stimulated model-building efforts (Engleman et al., 1980) to fit the bacteriorhodopsin sequence information into a series of α-helical segments.


document_title: Tollund Man

question_text: what was the cause of the tollund man's death

question_tokens: what was the cause of the tollund man 's death

text: Tollund Man

text: Discovery[edit]

text: On 6 May 1950, peat cutters in the Bjældskovdal peat bog, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Silkeborg, Denmark.[3] discovered a corpse in the peat layer which appeared so fresh that they at first believed they had discovered a recent murder victim.

text: The Tollund Man lay 50 metres (160 ft) away from firm ground, buried under 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of peat, his body arranged in a fetal position. He wore a pointed skin cap of sheepskin and wool, fastened under his chin by a hide thong, and a smooth hide belt around his waist. Additionally, a noose made of plaited animal hide was drawn tight around his neck and trailed down his back.[2] Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap. There was short stubble (1 mm length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he had not shaved on the day of his death.[5]

text: Scholars believe the man was a human sacrifice rather than executed criminal because of the arranged position of his body, and the fact that his eyes and mouth were closed.[6]

text: Scientific examination and conclusions[edit]

text: C14 radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died in approximately 375–210 BC.[7] The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold climate of the Nordic countries.  The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body, is caused by a bryophyte named Sphagnum.  Sphagnum fights against degradation due to resistant phenolic compounds contained in their cell walls.[8] Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.

text: Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated his age as approximately 40 years and height at 1.61 metres (5 ft 3 in), a relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.

text: On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation.[9] The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings.[10] Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (these vertebrae are often damaged as a result of hanging), radiography showed that the tongue was distended—an indication of death by hanging.[11]

text: The stomach and intestines were examined and tests carried out on their contents.[12] Scientists identified the man's last meal as porridge or gruel made from grains and seeds, both cultivated and wild. Approximately 40 kinds of seeds were identified, but the porridge was primarily composed of four types: barley, flax, false flax (Camelina sativa) and knotgrass.[12] From the stage of digestion it was concluded that the man had eaten 12 to 24 hours prior to his death. Porridges were common for people of this time.[12] Because neither meat nor fresh fruit was found in the last meal, it is suggested that the meal was eaten in winter or early spring when these items were not available.[12]

text: Both feet and the right thumb, being well conserved by the peat, were also preserved in formalin for later examination. In 1976, the Danish police made a fingerprint analysis, making Tollund Man's thumbprint one of the oldest prints on record.[13]

text: Display[edit]

text: The body is displayed at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark, although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950s for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved. Subsequently, the body desiccated and the tissue disappeared. In 1987, the Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body using the skeletal remains as a base. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a replica of the body.[14]

text: Other bodies[edit]

text: In Denmark, more than 500 bog bodies and skeletal remains dating to the Iron Age have been recovered.[15] Specimens from Jutland include the relatively well-preserved Borremose bodies, Huldremose Woman, Grauballe Man on display at Moesgaard Museum near Aarhus, and the similarly conserved Haraldskær Woman. Approximately 30 of these bog bodies are housed and/or displayed in Danish museums for continued research.[15]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Nobel Prize-winning Irish poet Seamus Heaney wrote a series of poems inspired by P.V. Glob's study of the mummified Iron Age bodies found in Jutland's peat bogs, finding contemporary political relevance in the relics of the ritualistic killings.[16] Heaney's poem The Tollund Man, published in his Wintering Out collection, compares the ritual sacrifice to those who died in the sectarian violence of "the Troubles."[16] Heaney wrote an excerpt from the poem in the Tollund Man exhibit's guest book in 1973.[17]

text: British author Margaret Drabble, in her 1989 novel, A Natural Curiosity, uses her characters' obsession with the Tollund Man to provide a satirical criticism of Margaret Thatcher's modern England.[18][19]

text: Tollund Man is featured in separate songs: "Tollund Man" (1995) by the American folk band The Mountain Goats and "Curse of the Tollund Man" (2004) by the English rock band The Darkness.

text: Tollund Man was mentioned in the episode "Mummy in the Maze" of the American television series Bones[20] and was also mentioned in the 2016 movie Sacrifice in which a bog body was found in the Shetland Islands.

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Coles, Bryony; John Coles (1989). People of the Wetlands: Bogs, Bodies and Lake-Dwellers. London: Thames and Hudson.
Fischer, Christian (2007). Tollundmanden: gaven til guderne: mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie. Silkeborg: Silkeborg Museum. ISBN 978-87-7739-966-4. (Danish)


document_title: Kristian Schmid

question_text: who plays mick jennings on home and away

text: Kristian Schmid

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Kristian Schmid

Born
Kristian Schmid
(1974-11-28) 28 November 1974 (age 43)
Geelong, Australia

Occupation
Actor

Years active
1987–present

Spouse(s)
Deborah Clay (2003-present)

Children
1

text: Kristian Schmid (born 28 November 1974) is an Australian actor best known for his roles as Todd Landers in Neighbours, and Leading Seaman Robert Dixon in Sea Patrol.

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Schmid was born in Geelong, Australia to Hungarian parents, and is best known for playing Todd Landers in the Australian soap opera Neighbours. He played Leading Seaman Robert Dixon on the prime-time Nine Network drama, Sea Patrol, starring in all five seasons of the show.

text: He also had a recurring role on Packed to the Rafters as Alex, who has cerebral palsy.

text: After Neighbours, he appeared as Adam Newman in the 1990s remake of The Tomorrow People. While on a four-year work permit in the UK he made appearances on several UK television shows as well as the plays The Lion in Winter and Laura.

text: He has performed in two versions of the play Two Weeks with the Queen by Morris Gleitzman. The first time was for the BBC in London and the second was for the Windmill Theatre Company in 2006.

text: He has performed in three versions of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and numerous pantomimes in the UK with Richard Cheshire.

text: In 2002, Schmid played Brad in the film Scooby-Doo and Danny in the Australian film Blurred, about Schoolies week.[1]

text: He played a newspaper journalist in the Foxtel comedy Stupid Stupid Man and has appeared on several Australian television dramas including Blue Heelers and All Saints.

text: Schmid appears on the Channel Nine Show 20 to 1, hosted by Bert Newton.

text: From May 2016, Schmid began playing Mick Jennings on Home and Away.[2]


document_title: F Is for Family

question_text: who plays kevin in f is for family

question_tokens: who plays kevin in f is for family

text: F Is for Family

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bill Burr as Francis X. "Frank" Murphy – Frank is a disillusioned, short-tempered, Irish-American, Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in a Great Lakes region town in during the mid-1970s. He is prone to angry, profane rants. As a parent, Frank often responds to his children with threatening language and emotional abuse. The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father. Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines, and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident. Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home. Frank's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger. Luger, an overweight middle-aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero. When facing dire situations, Luger utters the phrase "Sometimes, a man's got to do...what a man does", much to Frank's excitement.
Laura Dern as Sue Murphy[2] – Frank's wife who is a housewife, and also sells Plast-a-Ware (a play on words of Tupperware.)
Justin Long as Kevin Murphy[1][2] – Kevin is Frank's teenage son, who is a bit of a juvenile delinquent. Despite his rebellious personality, Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself (although he rarely, if ever, follows through on the latter).
Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy [2][6] – Maureen is Frank's young daughter who he often refers to as "Princess". However, even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess, Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members. However, Maureen is smart enough to hide it.
Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy, Frank's younger son.[7][8] Bill tends to be shy and is skinny. He gets bullied frequently. He is 11 years old in the first season.[9]
Sam Rockwell as Vic – Frank's wealthy, womanizing neighbor, who brags a lot. Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle, cheerful attitude, and successful career.

text: Co-starring[edit]

text:
Mo Collins as Jimmy, Vivian, Ben, Brandy, Ginny[10]
Trevor Devall as Red, Bolo, Mr. Goomer, others[11][12]
Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords, Colt Luger, others[13][14]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie, others
David Koechner as Robert "Bob Pogo" Pogrohvich, Frank's obese, chainsmoking boss.[15][16]
Kevin Farley as Babe, Carl, others[17]
Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton, the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work.
Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi, others[18]
John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton
Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne[19]
T.J. Miller as Randy
Michael K. Williams as Smoky

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
6
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)

2
10
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

1
1
"The Bleedin' in Sweden"
Benjamin Marsaud
Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price
Teleplay by : Michael Price
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
101

Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match, but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set, Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead. After he purchases one, Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project. Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund, embarrassing Sue. Bill eventually confesses, but after being gloated over by one of the store's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize, Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store, and Frank gets refunded. At the end of the episode, the neighbors watch the match at Frank's house, while Vic watches it at his house "alone".

2
2
"Saturday Bloody Saturday"
Laurent Nicolas
David Richardson
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
102

After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes, Frank takes him to his job at the airport, where he's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident, to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family. Frank is torn between his underpaid, hard-working co-workers who are contemplating a strike, and his employer, who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good. Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill-popping, underachieving airport staff, he realizes the difficulties of his father's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman, who accuses the airport of stealing her medication, and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table. Meanwhile, after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day, Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps, while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife.

3
3
"The Trough"
Benjamin Marsaud
Michael Price
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
103

Despite Kevin's promises to get back on track to improve his grades, Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind, and as a punishment, takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways, which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to. While there, they meet Rodger Dunbarton, CEO at Mohican Airways, who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers. On the drive home, their car breaks down, and they are rescued by Rosie, one of Frank's colleagues, but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father's conversation with Dunbarton, Frank faces a hostile situation at work. Meanwhile, Sue goes to the mall with Maureen, where she is accosted by a talkative friend, and Maureen learns of her mother's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst. Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high, reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young.

4
4
"'F' is for Halloween"
Laurent Nicolas
Tom Gianas
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
104

On Halloween, Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion, leading to tensions between them; Bill is reluctant to trick-or-treat due to his fear of being bullied.

5
5
"Bill Murphy's Day Off"
Benjamin Marsaud
Emily Towers
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
105

Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline. In addition, Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin.

6
6
"O Holy Moly Night"
Laurent Nicolas
David Richardson
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
106

When Christmas comes near, Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing. Kevin starts his part-time job. Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

7
1
"Heavy Sledding"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Michael Price
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Three weeks after he got fired, Frank is still unemployed. On a snow day, Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump.

8
2
"A Girl Named Sue"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
David Richardson
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank's old boss, Bob Pogo, calls him to offer him a job, only for things to turn out bad for Frank. Meanwhile, Sue ponders a change in her life.

9
3
"The Liar's Club"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Bill Burr
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

After bailing out of the unemployment office, Frank turns to Rosie's friend, Smokey, for a job, but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school. Meanwhile, Sue gets a new job as a secretary, but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company.

10
4
"Night Shift"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Emily Towers
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey, consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family. All the while, Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast-a-Ware product.

11
5
"Breaking Bill"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Joe Heslinga
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night, his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin. Meanwhile, Bill, having received money from his job as a paperboy, tries to buy a hockey-stick for hockey tryouts, but a run-in with the local bully, Jimmy, pushes him over the edge. Also, when Sue pitches her idea, she still receives a lack of respect.

12
6
"This is Not Good"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Henry Gammill
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

When Frank's new job includes a stop at the airport, he ends up in a predicament with Bob. Kevin tries to get a date with a 'haircut' girl, but due to erection problems, he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic's new girlfriend. Also, Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law, much to the concern of his friend Phillip.

13
7
"Fight Night"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they're called into a meeting with Maureen's school teacher.

14
8
"F is for Fixing It"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Valeri Vaughn
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic's new girlfriend; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School, a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill's part in sending him away, causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways.

15
9
"Pray Away"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Marc Wilmore
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue go to a couple's retreat to get help from a religious psychiatrist when their marriage begins to hit a snag, which only leads to a moment of truth between them. Meanwhile, Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy, while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend's affair with Kevin.

16
10
"Landing the Plane"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Michael Price
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast-a-Wares takes credit for Sue's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of "Scoop," the mentally unstable new manager (Roger Dunbarton's nephew), which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix, Gaumont International Television, and Wild West Television.[20] The show is a "family comedy" based on the standup of Bill Burr.[21] Moreover, the show takes place in the 1970s, "a time when you could smack your kid, smoke inside, and bring a gun to the airport".[21] Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch, with Laura Dern as his wife, Justin Long as his eldest son, Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen, and Haley Reinhart as his young son.[7][8][21] The first season consists of six episodes, shown in a serial manner, written by Bill Burr and Michael Price.[22] Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award-winning work on The Simpsons.[22] The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud (director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball).

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has received generally positive reviews.[23] On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds a rating of 87% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While the humor relies on vulgarity, the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart."[24] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 75 out of 100, based on 14 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2017
69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Mo Collins as Ginny, Jimmy Fitzsimmons, Lex, Ben, and Cutie Pie (Episode: Pray Away)
Nominated