document_title: NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament

question_text: who won women's college basketball championship last year

question_tokens: who won women 's college basketball championship last year

text: Tournament format[edit]

text: A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April. Of these teams, 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments. Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament. The remaining teams are granted "at-large" bids, which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee. Dr. Marilyn McNeil, vice president/director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman. On March 1, 2011, Bowling Green State University's director of intercollegiate athletics, Greg Christopher, was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Committee during the 2011–12 academic year.[3]

text: The tournament is split into four regional tournaments, and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16, with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible[citation needed]. The top-seeded team in each region plays the #16 team, the #2 team plays the #15, etc.

text: Number of teams, and seeding[edit]

text: The first NCAA women's basketball tournament was held in 1982. The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982, but most of the top teams, including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech, decided to participate in the NCAA tournament.

text: The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982–1985 (in 1983, 36), 40 teams from 1986–1988, and 48 teams from 1989–1993. Since 1994, 64 teams compete in each tournament.

text: Prior to 1996, seeding was conducted on a regional basis. The top teams (eight in the 32-, 40-, and 48-team formats, and 16 in the 64-team format) were ranked and seeded on a national basis. The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region. Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket, or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result. In 1993, all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded. The regional seeding resumed in 1994. In 1996, seeds were assigned on a national basis using an "S-Curve" format[clarification needed] similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men's tournament.

text: The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process:[4]

text:
Number of teams selected

Year
Automatic
At-Large
Total
Location of first round(s)
Seeding Basis

1982
12
20
32
Higher seed
Regional

1983
14
22
36
Higher seed†

1984
17
15
32

1985
18
14
Higher seed

1986
17
23
40
Higher seed†

1987
18
22

1988

1989
19
29
48

1990
21
27

1991

1992
22
26

1993
23
25

1994
32
32
64

1995

1996
31
33
Higher seed
National

1997
30
34
Higher seed†

1998
Higher seed

1999

2000
Higher seed†

2001
31
33

2002
Higher seed

2003
16 Sites‡

2004

2005
8 Sites‡

2006

2007

2008

2009
16 Sites‡

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014
32
32

2015
Higher seed†

2016

2017

2018

2019

text:
† Some exceptions. Due to venue availability, in some cases, the lower seed hosted, or the game was played at a neutral site.
‡ From 2003–2014, sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second-round games. Teams were allowed to play at home, if hosting.
Between 2005 and 2008, eight sites were used for first-round games.

text: Selection process[edit]

text: A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament, and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket. Because of the automatic bids, only 32 teams (the at-large bids) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament.

text: Women's NCAA Division I basketball champions[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Opponent
Venue
Other Semifinalists

1982
Louisiana Tech
76–62
Cheyney State
Norfolk Scope (Norfolk, Virginia)
Tennessee & Maryland

1983
USC
69–67
Louisiana Tech
Old Dominion & Georgia

1984
USC
72–61
Tennessee
Pauley Pavilion (Los Angeles, California)
Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech

1985
Old Dominion
70–65
Georgia
Frank Erwin Center (Austin, Texas)
Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana

1986
Texas
97–81
USC
Rupp Arena (Lexington, Kentucky)
Western Kentucky & Tennessee

1987
Tennessee
67–44
Louisiana Tech
Frank Erwin Center (Austin, Texas)
Texas & Long Beach State

1988
Louisiana Tech
56–54
Auburn
Tacoma Dome (Tacoma, Washington)
Long Beach State & Tennessee

1989
Tennessee
76–70
Auburn
Louisiana Tech & Maryland

1990
Stanford
88–81
Auburn
Thompson–Boling Arena (Knoxville, Tennessee)
Virginia & Louisiana Tech

1991
Tennessee
70–67 (OT)
Virginia
Lakefront Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Connecticut & Stanford

1992
Stanford
78–62
Western Kentucky
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena (Los Angeles, California)
Southwest Missouri State & Virginia

1993
Texas Tech
84–82
Ohio State
Omni Coliseum (Atlanta, Georgia)
Iowa & Vanderbilt

1994
North Carolina
60–59
Louisiana Tech
Richmond Coliseum (Richmond, Virginia)
Purdue & Alabama

1995
Connecticut
70–64
Tennessee
Target Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Stanford & Georgia

1996
Tennessee
83–65
Georgia
Charlotte Coliseum (Charlotte, North Carolina)
Connecticut & Stanford

1997
Tennessee
68–59
Old Dominion
Riverfront Coliseum (Cincinnati, Ohio)
Notre Dame & Stanford

1998
Tennessee
93–75
Louisiana Tech
Kemper Arena (Kansas City, Missouri)
Arkansas & North Carolina State

1999
Purdue
62–45
Duke
San Jose Arena (San Jose, California)
Louisiana Tech & Georgia

2000
Connecticut
71–52
Tennessee
First Union Center (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Rutgers & Penn State

2001
Notre Dame
68–66
Purdue
Savvis Center (St. Louis, Missouri)
Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State

2002
Connecticut
82–70
Oklahoma
Alamodome (San Antonio, Texas)
Tennessee & Duke

2003
Connecticut
73–68
Tennessee
Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Texas & Duke

2004
Connecticut
70–61
Tennessee
New Orleans Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Minnesota & LSU

2005
Baylor
84–62
Michigan State
RCA Dome (Indianapolis, Indiana)
LSU & Tennessee

2006
Maryland
78–75 (OT)
Duke
TD Garden (Boston, Massachusetts)
North Carolina & LSU

2007
Tennessee
59–46
Rutgers
Quicken Loans Arena (Cleveland, Ohio)

2008
Tennessee
64–48
Stanford
St. Pete Times Forum (Tampa, Florida)
LSU & Connecticut

2009
Connecticut
76–54
Louisville
Scottrade Center (St. Louis, Missouri)
Stanford & Oklahoma

2010
Connecticut
53–47
Stanford
Alamodome (San Antonio, Texas)
Baylor & Oklahoma

2011
Texas A&M
76–70
Notre Dame
Conseco Fieldhouse (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Connecticut & Stanford

2012
Baylor
80–61
Notre Dame
Pepsi Center (Denver, Colorado)
Stanford & Connecticut

2013
Connecticut
93–60
Louisville
New Orleans Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Notre Dame & California

2014
Connecticut
79–58
Notre Dame
Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
Stanford & Maryland

2015
Connecticut
63–53
Notre Dame
Amalie Arena (Tampa, Florida)
South Carolina & Maryland

2016
Connecticut
82–51
Syracuse
Bankers Life Fieldhouse (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Oregon State & Washington

2017
South Carolina
67–55
Mississippi State
American Airlines Center (Dallas, Texas)
Connecticut & Stanford

2018
Notre Dame
61–58
Mississippi State
Nationwide Arena (Columbus, Ohio)
Connecticut & Louisville

2019

Amalie Arena (Tampa, Florida)

2020

Smoothie King Center (New Orleans, Louisiana)

text: Team titles[edit]

text:
Team
Titles
Year Won

Connecticut
11
1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

Tennessee
8
1987, 1989, 1991,1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008

Baylor
2
2005, 2012

Louisiana Tech
2
1982, 1988

Notre Dame
2
2001, 2018

Stanford
2
1990, 1992

USC
2
1983, 1984

Maryland
1
2006

North Carolina
1
1994

Old Dominion
1
1985

Purdue
1
1999

South Carolina
1
2017

Texas
1
1986

Texas A&M
1
2011

Texas Tech
1
1993

text: NCAA Final Fours by school[edit]

text:
School
Final Four Years
Number of Appearances
Championships

Connecticut
1991, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
19
11

Tennessee
1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008
18
8

Stanford
1990, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017
13
2

Louisiana Tech
1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1998, 1999
10
2

Notre Dame
1997, 2001, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018
8
2

Georgia
1983, 1985, 1995, 1996, 1999
5
0

LSU
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
5
0

Maryland
1982, 1989, 2006, 2014, 2015
5
1

Duke
1999, 2002, 2003, 2006
4
0

Auburn
1988, 1989, 1990
3
0

Baylor
2005, 2010, 2012
3
2

Louisville
2009, 2013, 2018
3
0

North Carolina
1994, 2006, 2007
3
1

Oklahoma
2002, 2009, 2010
3
0

Old Dominion
1983, 1985, 1997
3
1

Purdue
1994, 1999, 2001
3
1

Texas
1986, 1987, 2003
3
1

USC
1983, 1984, 1986
3
2

Virginia
1990, 1991, 1992
3
0

Western Kentucky
1985, 1986, 1992
3
0

Cheyney St.
1982, 1984
2
0

Long Beach St.
1987, 1988
2
0

Mississippi St.
2017, 2018
2
0

Missouri St.
1992, 2001
2
0

Rutgers
2000, 2007
2
0

South Carolina
2015, 2017
2
1

Alabama
1994
1
0

Arkansas
1998
1
0

California
2013
1
0

Iowa
1993
1
0

Louisiana-Monroe
1985
1
0

Michigan St.
2005
1
0

Minnesota
2004
1
0

North Carolina St.
1998
1
0

Ohio St.
1993
1
0

Oregon St.
2016
1
0

Penn St.
2000
1
0

Syracuse
2016
1
0

Texas A&M
2011
1
1

Texas Tech
1993
1
1

Vanderbilt
1993
1
0

Washington
2016
1
0

text: Multiple NCAA championship coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
School
Championships

Geno Auriemma
Connecticut
11

Pat Summitt
Tennessee
8

Muffet McGraw
Notre Dame
2

Kim Mulkey
Baylor

Linda Sharp
USC

Tara VanDerveer
Stanford

text: NCAA Championship by Conference[edit]

text: Note: Conferences are listed by all champions' affiliations at that time; these do not necessarily match current affiliations.

text:
Conference
Year
Championships

Big East[a 1]
1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013
9

Southeastern
1987, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2017

American Athletic
2014, 2015, 2016
3

Atlantic Coast
1994, 2006, 2018

Big 12
2005, 2011, 2012

Pac-12[a 2]
1990, 1992
2

Southwest
1986, 1993

Western Collegiate
1983, 1984

American South
1988
1

Big Ten
1999

Independent
1982

Sun Belt
1985

text:
Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013. During that time, Connecticut won eight championships, and Notre Dame won one. Following the three-way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools, the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference. Three schools (among them Notre Dame) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013, with a fourth doing the same in 2014; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name. However, the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors, including women's basketball. The American no longer claims any of the original Big East's competition history, even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not (football and women's rowing).
Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific-10 Conference, or Pac-10, when both of its titles were won.

tag: ol

text: NCAA Final Four locations[edit]

text:
1982 – Norfolk, Virginia
1983 – Norfolk, Virginia
1984 – Los Angeles, California
1985 – Austin, Texas
1986 – Lexington, Kentucky
1987 – Austin, Texas
1988 – Tacoma, Washington
1989 – Tacoma, Washington
1990 – Knoxville, Tennessee
1991 – New Orleans, Louisiana
1992 – Los Angeles, California
1993 – Atlanta, Georgia
1994 – Richmond, Virginia
1995 – Minneapolis, Minnesota
1996 – Charlotte, North Carolina
1997 – Cincinnati, Ohio
1998 – Kansas City, Missouri
1999 – San Jose, California
2000 – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2001 – St. Louis, Missouri
2002 – San Antonio, Texas
2003 – Atlanta, Georgia
2004 – New Orleans, Louisiana
2005 – Indianapolis, Indiana
2006 – Boston, Massachusetts
2007 – Cleveland, Ohio
2008 – Tampa Bay, Florida
2009 – St. Louis, Missouri
2010 – San Antonio, Texas
2011 – Indianapolis, Indiana
2012 – Denver, Colorado
2013 – New Orleans, Louisiana
2014 – Nashville, Tennessee
2015 – Tampa Bay, Florida
2016 – Indianapolis, Indiana
2017 – Dallas, Texas
2018 – Columbus, Ohio
2019 – Tampa Bay, Florida
2020 – New Orleans, Louisiana

tag: ul

text: Tournament trends[edit]

text: Top-ranked teams[edit]

text: Since the women's tournament began in 1982, 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked #1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament:

text:
1982: Louisiana Tech
1983: USC
1986: Texas
1989: Tennessee
1995: Connecticut
1998: Tennessee
1999: Purdue
2000: Connecticut
2002: Connecticut
2003: Connecticut
2009: Connecticut
2010: Connecticut
2012: Baylor
2014: Connecticut
2015: Connecticut
2016: Connecticut

text: Champions excluded the next year[edit]

text: Only once has the reigning champion (the previous year's winner) not made it to the tournament the next year.

text: 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15–13 in 1986.

text: #1 seeds[edit]

text: Since 1982, at least one #1 seed has made the Final Four every year.

text: Under coach Geno Auriemma, Connecticut has been seeded #1 a record 22 times. Tennessee is second with 21 #1 seeds.

text: All four #1 seeds have made it to the Final Four 4 times (champion in bold):

text:
1989 Auburn, Louisiana Tech, Maryland, Tennessee
2012 Baylor, Connecticut, Notre Dame, Stanford
2015 Connecticut, Maryland, Notre Dame, South Carolina
2018 Connecticut, Mississippi State, Notre Dame, Louisville

text: The championship game has matched two #1 seeds 13 times:

text:
1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech
1986 Texas beat USC
1989 Tennessee beat Auburn
1991 Tennessee beat Virginia
1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee
2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee
2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma
2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee
2010 Connecticut beat Stanford
2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame
2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame
2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame
2018 Notre Dame beat Mississippi State

text: Three teams have beaten three #1 seeds during the course of a tournament (the largest number of such teams that can be faced) (all three teams won the national championship as beating a 3rd #1 seed in a single tournament can only happen in the finals):

text:
1987 Tennessee (beat Auburn, Long Beach State, Louisiana Tech)
1988 Louisiana Tech (beat Auburn, Tennessee, Texas)
2005 Baylor (beat LSU, Michigan State, North Carolina)

text: Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams, all four #1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions. Notably, the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school:

text:
1986 East #1 seed Virginia lost to #8 seed James Madison
1991 East #1 seed Penn State lost to #8 seed James Madison
1992 Midwest #1 seed Iowa lost to #8 seed Southwest Missouri State

text: High seeds[edit]

text: 1999 was the first time in tournament history (since the expansion to 64 teams) that all top seeds (1, 2, 3, and 4 seeds) made it to the Sweet Sixteen.

text: Low seeds[edit]

text: Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams:

text:
Second Round: #16 seed[5]

Harvard in 1998 (the only #16 seed to beat a #1 seed in either the women's or men's tournament until 2018, and still the only one to do so in the women's tournament)

Regional Semifinals (Sweet Sixteen): #13 seed[5]

Texas A&M in 1994
Liberty in 2005
Marist in 2007

Regional Finals (Elite Eight): #11 seed

Gonzaga in 2011

National Semifinals (Final Four): #9 seed[5]

Arkansas in 1998

National Finals (Championship Game): #5 seed

Louisville in 2013

National Champion: #3 seed[5]

North Carolina in 1994
Tennessee in 1997

text: Best Performances by #14 & #15 Seeds[edit]

text: Unlike in the men's tournament, no #14 seed has beaten a #3 and no #15 seed has beaten a #2 seed, but they have come close.

text:
2 points: #14 Seed

Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 (2 points, 72–70)
Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 (2 points, 58–56)
Creighton lost to St. John's in 2012 (2 points, 69–67)

Overtime games: #15 Seed

UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 (5 points, 87–82). UTSA is the only #15 seed to take a game into overtime.

1 point: #15 Seed

Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 (1 point, 56–55)

text: First-round games[edit]

text: Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, each seed-pairing has played 100 first-round games with these results:

text:
The #1 seed is 99–1 against the #16 seed (.990).
The #2 & #3 seeds are 100–0 against the #15 & #14 seeds, respectively (1.000).
The #4 seed is 94–6 against the #13 seed (.940).
The #5 seed is 78–22 against the #12 seed (.780).
The #6 seed is 69–31 against the #11 seed (.690).
The #7 seed is 65–35 against the #10 seed (.650).
The #9 seed is 53–47 against the #8 seed (.530).

text: Second-round games[edit]

text: Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, the following results have occurred for each pairing:

text: In the 1/16/8/9 bracket:

text:
vs. #8
vs. #9

#1
45–1 (.978)
46–2 (.958)

#16
–
0–1 (.000)

text:
note: The 3 losses by the #1 seed vs #8/9 were: Duke (vs Michigan St, 2009), Ohio St (vs Boston College, 2006), Texas Tech (vs Notre Dame, 1998).
note: The #9 vs. #16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998.

text: In the 2/15/7/10 bracket:

text:
vs. #7
vs. #10

#2
49–13 (.790)
31–3 (.912)

#15
–
–

text: In the 3/14/6/11 bracket:

text:
vs. #6
vs. #11

#3
45–22 (.672)
17–12 (.586)

#14
–
–

text: In the 4/13/5/12 bracket:

text:
vs. #5
vs. #12

#4
42–27 (.609)
18–3 (.857)

#13
3–3 (.500)
–

text: Teams entering the tournament unbeaten[edit]

text: Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten, 9 went on to win the National Championship.[6]

text:
In 1986, Texas entered the tournament 30–0, beat USC for the national title, and ended the season 34–0.
In 1990, Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29–0, but lost in the Final Four to Auburn.
In 1992, Vermont entered the tournament 29–0, but lost in the first round to George Washington.
In 1993, Vermont entered the tournament 28–0, but lost in the first round to Rutgers.
In 1995, Connecticut entered the tournament 29–0, beat Tennessee for the national title, and ended the season 35–0.
In 1997, Connecticut entered the tournament 30–0, but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee.
In 1998, Tennessee (33–0) and Liberty (28–0) both entered the tournament unbeaten; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee, which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39–0.
In 2002, 2009, and 2010, Connecticut entered the tournament 33–0, won the national title in each, and ended those seasons 39–0. They respectively beat Oklahoma, Louisville, and Stanford in those championship games.
In 2012, Baylor entered the tournament 34–0, beat Notre Dame for the national title, and ended the season 40–0. The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history, for either women or men, to win 40 games in a season. Notably, Louisiana Tech went 40–5 during the 1979–80 season. This was during the AIAW era for women's basketball.
In 2014, Connecticut (34–0) and Notre Dame (32–0) both entered the tournament unbeaten; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79–58 for the national title, ended the season 40–0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten.
In 2015, Princeton entered the tournament 30–0, but lost in the second round to Maryland.
In 2016, Connecticut entered the tournament 32–0, beat Syracuse for the national title, ending the season 38–0.
In 2017, Connecticut entered the tournament 32–0, but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State, ending their 111-game winning streak to finish 36–1.
In 2018, Connecticut entered the tournament 32–0, but lost in the Final Four to Notre Dame, ending their 36-game winning streak to finish 36–1.

text: Home state[edit]

text: Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court. Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities, and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states.

text: The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987, which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center.

text: Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk, Virginia, but also lost its semifinal. The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs' regular home court. ODU has always used on-campus arenas, first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center. The following year, USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion, the home court of its Los Angeles arch-rival UCLA.

text: Of the other teams to play in their home states, Stanford (1992) won the national title; Notre Dame (2011) lost in the championship game; and Western Kentucky (1986), Penn State (2000), Missouri State (2001), LSU (2004), and Baylor (2010) lost in the semifinals.

text: Championship margins[edit]

text:
Overtime games in a championship game:[7]

Tennessee 70, Virginia 67/OT (1991)
Maryland 78, Duke 75/OT (2006)

Smallest margin of victory in a championship game: 1 point[8]

North Carolina 60, Louisiana Tech 59 (1994)

Biggest margin of victory in a championship game: 33 points[8]

Connecticut 93, Louisville 60 (2013)

Margin of 10 points: Louisiana Tech (1982), Tennessee (1987 & 1989), Purdue (1999), Connecticut (2000, 2002, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016), and Baylor (2012) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship. The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points.
Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion. Notably, Louisiana Tech's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play.

2016 Connecticut (+239)
2010 Connecticut (+214)
2013 Connecticut (+208)
2015 Connecticut (+197)
2000 Connecticut (+187)
2002 Connecticut (+161)
1982 Louisiana Tech (+158)
2014 Connecticut (+156)

text: Same-conference championship games[edit]

text: 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference (winner in bold):

text:
1989 SEC, Tennessee and Auburn
1996 SEC, Tennessee and Georgia
2006 ACC, Maryland and Duke
2009 Big East, Connecticut and Louisville
2013 Big East, Connecticut and Louisville
2017 SEC, South Carolina and Mississippi State

text: Result by school and by year[edit]

text: 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year, since 1982 (the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA). The results for all years are shown in this table below.[9]

text: The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament:

text:
<blank> Not in tournament
O Opening Round (only in 1983)
1 First round
2 Second Round
S Sweet 16
E Elite 8
F Final 4
R National Runner-up
C National Champion

text:
Year ->
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Team

Akron

1 !1

Alabama

3 !S

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

Alabama St.

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Albany (NY)

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

Alcorn St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

American

1 !1

1 !1

Appalachian St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Arizona

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

Arizona St.
3 !S
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2
4 !E

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

Arkansas

1 !1

1 !1
4 !E
3 !S

2 !2

5 !F

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

2 !2

Army

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Auburn
1 !1
3 !S

3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
6 !R
6 !R
6 !R
4 !E

3 !S
2 !2

4 !E
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

Austin Peay

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Ball St.

2 !2

Baylor

1 !1
2 !2

3 !S
7 !C
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
5 !F
4 !E
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S

Belmont

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Boise St.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1
1

Boston College

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

Boston U.

1 !1

Bowling Green

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

Brown

1 !1

Bucknell

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Buffalo

1 !1

3 !S

Butler

1 !1

BYU

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

Cal Poly

1 !1

Cal St. Fullerton

1 !1

2 !2

Cal St. Northridge

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

California

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
5 !F
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

Campbell

1 !1

Canisius

1 !1

Central Arkansas

1 !1
1 !1

Central Mich.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

3 !S

Charlotte

1 !1

1 !1

Chattanooga

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Cheyney
6 !R
3 !S
5 !F

Cincinnati

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

Clemson
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

Cleveland St.

1 !1

1 !1

Colgate

1 !1

Colorado

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

Colorado St.

2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

Connecticut

1 !1
2 !2
5 !F
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
7 !C
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
7 !C
5 !F
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
5 !F
7 !C
7 !C
5 !F
5 !F
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
6 !F
5 !F

Coppin St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Cornell

1 !1

Creighton

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

Dartmouth

0 !O

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Dayton

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E

1 !1
1 !1

Delaware

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S

Delaware St.

1 !1

Denver

1 !1

DePaul

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

Detroit

1 !1

Drake
4 !E

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Drexel

1 !1

Duke

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
5 !F
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
3 !S

Duquesne

2 !2

East Carolina
1 !1

1 !1

East Tenn. St.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Eastern Ill.

1 !1

Eastern Ky.

1 !1

1 !1

Eastern Mich.

1 !1

1 !1

Eastern Wash.

1 !1

Elon

1 !1
1 !1

Evansville

1 !1

1 !1

Fairfield

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

FGCU

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

FIU

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

Fla. Atlantic

1 !1

Florida

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

Florida A&M

1 !1

1 !1

Florida St.

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2

Fordham

1 !1

1 !1

Fresno St.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Furman

1 !1

1 !1

Ga. Southern

1 !1
1 !1

Gardner-Webb

1 !1

George Washington

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Georgetown

3 !S

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2

Georgia
1 !1
5 !F
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E

2 !2

5 !F
6 !R
4 !E
1 !1
5 !F
4 !E
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
4 !E
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

Georgia St.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Georgia Tech

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

Gonzaga

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

Grambling

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Green Bay

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Hampton

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Hartford

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

Harvard

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Hawaii

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Holy Cross

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Houston

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

Howard
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Idaho

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Idaho St.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Illinois
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2

3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

Illinois St.

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

Indiana

3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

Iona

1 !1

Iowa

2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
5 !F
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

Iowa St.

1 !1
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Jackson St.
1 !1
0 !O

1 !1

1 !1

Jacksonville

1 !1

James Madison

3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

Kansas

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

3 !S
3 !S

Kansas St.
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

Kent St.
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Kentucky
4 !E
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

4 !E
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2

La.-Monroe

1 !1
3 !S
5 !F

La Salle

0 !O

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

La.-Lafayette

1 !1

Lamar

4 !E

1 !1

Lehigh

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Liberty

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Lipscomb

1 !1

Little Rock

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

LIU Brooklyn

1 !1

Long Beach St.
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
5 !F
5 !F
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

Louisiana Tech
7 !C
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
6 !R
7 !C
5 !F
5 !F
1 !1
1 !1
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Louisville

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
6 !R

3 !S
2 !2
6 !R
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
5 !F

Loyola Marymount

1 !1

Loyola (MD)

1 !1
1 !1

LSU

3 !S

4 !E
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2

3 !S

3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Maine

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Manhattan

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Marist

1 !1

1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

Marquette

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

Marshall

1 !1

Maryland
5 !F
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2

4 !E
5 !F
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
7 !C
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
5 !F
5 !F
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2

Massachusetts

1 !1

1 !1

McNeese St.

1 !1
1 !1

Memphis
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Mercer

1 !1

Miami (FL)

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

Miami (OH)

1 !1

Michigan

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

Michigan St.

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
6 !R
3 !S
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

Middle Tenn.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Milwaukee

1 !1

1 !1

Minnesota

2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

2 !2

Ole Miss
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
4 !E

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

4 !E

Mississippi St.

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
6 !R

Missouri
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

Missouri State

2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
5 !F

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Monmouth

1 !1

Montana

0 !O
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Montana State

1 !1

1 !1

Mount St. Mary’s

1 !1
1 !1

Murray St.

1 !1

N.C. A&T

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Navy

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Nebraska

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

3 !S

1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

New Mexico

1 !1

1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

New Mexico St.

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

New Orleans

2 !2

Nicholls St.

1 !1

Norfolk St.

1 !1

North Carolina

1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
7 !C
3 !S

3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S

3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
5 !F
5 !F
4 !E
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S

North Carolina St.
3 !S
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

3 !S
3 !S
3 !S

3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
5 !F
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S

North Dakota

1 !1

North Texas

1 !1

Northeastern

1 !1

Northern Ariz.

1 !1

Northern Colorado

1 !1

Northern Ill.

2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Northern Iowa

1 !1

Northwestern
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

Northwestern St.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Notre Dame

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
7 !C
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
6 !R
5 !F
6 !R
6 !R
3 !S
4 !E
7 !C

Oakland

1 !1

1 !1

Ohio

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Ohio St.
1 !1

1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

6 !R

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

Oklahoma

3 !S

2 !2

3 !S
3 !S
6 !R
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
5 !F
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

Oklahoma St.

2 !2
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2

Old Dominion
3 !S
5 !F
4 !E
7 !C

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
4 !E
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

Oral Roberts

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Oregon
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

4 !E
4 !E

Oregon St.

3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
4 !E

Penn

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Penn St.
3 !S
4 !E
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
5 !F
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

Pepperdine

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Pittsburgh

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S

2 !2

Portland

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Portland St.

1 !1

Prairie View

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Princeton

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

Providence

1 !1

1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

Purdue

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

5 !F
4 !E
1 !1
2 !2
4 !E
7 !C
2 !2
6 !R
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
4 !E

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

Quinnipiac

1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2

Radford

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Rhode Island

1 !1

Rice

2 !2

1 !1

Richmond

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Robert Morris

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Rutgers

4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

3 !S
4 !E
5 !F
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
6 !R
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

Sacred Heart

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Samford

1 !1
1 !1

San Diego

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

San Diego St.

3 !S
3 !S

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

San Francisco

1 !1
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

Santa Clara

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Savannah St.

1 !1

Seton Hall

3 !S
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

Siena

1 !1

SMU

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

South Ala.

1 !1

South Carolina
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1

4 !E
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
7 !C
4 !E

South Carolina St.

1 !1

South Dakota

1 !1

South Dakota St.

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

South Fla.

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

Southeast Mo. St.

1 !1
1 !1

Southern California
4 !E
7 !C
7 !C
3 !S
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

Southern Ill.

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2

Southern Miss

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

3 !S
1 !1
2 !2

Southern U.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

St. Bonaventure

3 !S

2 !2

St. Francis Brooklyn

1 !1

Saint Francis (PA)

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

St. John’s

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

Saint Joseph’s

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

Saint Mary's

1 !1

2 !2

Saint Peter’s
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Seattle

1 !1

Stanford
1 !1

3 !S
4 !E
7 !C
5 !F
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
6 !R
5 !F
6 !R
5 !F
5 !F
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
4 !E
6 !F
3 !S

Stephen F. Austin
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Stetson

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Syracuse

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
6 !R
2 !2
1 !1

TCU

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Temple

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

Tennessee
5 !F
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
5 !F
7 !C
5 !F
7 !C
4 !E
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
6 !R
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
5 !F
6 !R
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
7 !C
7 !C
1 !1
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
2 !2

Tennessee St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Tennessee Tech
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Texas

4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
7 !C
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S

Texas A&M

3 !S

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
7 !C
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S

Texas Southern

1 !1

Texas St.

1 !1

1 !1

Texas Tech

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

Texas-Arlington

1 !1

1 !1

Toledo

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Troy

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Tulane

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Tulsa

2 !2

1 !1

UAB

1 !1

3 !S

UC Davis

1 !1

UC Irvine

1 !1

UC Riverside

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

UC Santa Barb.

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

UCF

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

UCLA

1 !1

3 !S

1 !1

3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

3 !S
3 !S
4 !E

UMBC

1 !1

UNC Asheville

1 !1

1 !1
1

UNC Greensboro

1 !1

UNI

1 !1
1 !1

UNLV

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

UT Martin

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Utah

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
4 !E

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

UTEP

2 !2

1 !1

UTSA

1 !1
1 !1

Valparaiso

1 !1
1 !1

Vanderbilt

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
5 !F
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

VCU

1 !1

Vermont

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

Villanova

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

Virginia

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
5 !F
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

Virginia Tech

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2

Wake Forest

2 !2

Washington

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

4 !E

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
5 !F
3 !S

Washington St.

1 !1

Weber St.

1 !1
1 !1

West Virginia

2 !2

3 !S

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

Western Caro.

1 !1

1 !1

Western Ill.

1 !1

1 !1

Western Ky.

5 !F
5 !F
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Western Mich.

1 !1

1 !1

Wichita State

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Winthrop

1 !1

Wisconsin

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Wright St.

1 !1

Wyoming

1 !1

Xavier

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
4 !E

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
4 !E
2 !2

Youngstown St.

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1


document_title: AP Poll

question_text: when does the college ap poll come out

question_tokens: when does the college ap poll come out

root

text: AP Poll

text: College football[edit]

text: The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934.[3] In 1935, AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota, Princeton, and Southern Methodist. Minnesota fans protested, and a number of Gould's colleagues led by Charles "Cy" Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list, and the next year the poll was born.[4] It has run continuously from 1936.[5]

text: Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989.

text: The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950.[6][7]

text: At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll.[8] Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the lone exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll (Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll).

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.

text: No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]

text: As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936.[9] The number one team has a record of 28–20–2 against the number two team.[9]

text:
No. 1 vs. No. 2 games

Light blue indicates bowl game

Season
No. 1
Result
No. 2
Site
Event

1943
Notre Dame
35–12
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1943 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1943
Notre Dame
14–13
Iowa Pre-Flight
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN

1944
Army
23–7
Navy
Baltimore Stadium • Baltimore, MD
1944 Army–Navy Game

1945
Army
48–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1945 Army–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1945
Army
32-13
Navy
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium • Philadelphia, PA
1945 Army–Navy Game

1946
Army
0–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game

1962
USC
42–37
Wisconsin
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1963 Rose Bowl

1963
Oklahoma
7–28
Texas
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1963 Red River Shootout game

1963
Texas
28–6
Navy
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1964 Cotton Bowl Classic

1966
Notre Dame
10–10
Michigan State
Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, MI
1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game

1968
Purdue
37–22
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1968 Shillelagh Trophy game

1968
Ohio State
27–16
USC
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1969 Rose Bowl

1969
Texas
15–14
Arkansas
Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, AR
1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game

1971
Nebraska
35–31
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, OK
1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game

1971
Nebraska
38–6
Alabama
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1972 Orange Bowl

1978
Penn State
7–14
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1979 Sugar Bowl

1981
USC
28–24
Oklahoma
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles

1982
Georgia
23–27
Penn State
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1983 Sugar Bowl

1985
Iowa
12–10
Michigan
Kinnick Stadium • Iowa City, IA

1986
Oklahoma
16–28
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL

1986
Miami
10–14
Penn State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1987 Fiesta Bowl

1987
Nebraska
7–17
Oklahoma
Memorial Stadium • Lincoln, NE
1987 Nebraska–Oklahoma football rivalry game

1987
Oklahoma
14–20
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1988 Orange Bowl

1988
Notre Dame
27–10
USC
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles
1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game

1989
Notre Dame
24–19
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1989 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1991
Florida State
16–17
Miami
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game

1992
Miami
13–34
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1993 Sugar Bowl

1993
Florida State
24–31
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game

1993
Florida State
18–16
Nebraska
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1994 Orange Bowl

1995
Nebraska
62–24
Florida
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1996 Fiesta Bowl

1996
Florida
21–24
Florida State
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1996 Florida–Florida State football rivalry game

1998
Tennessee
23–16
Florida State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1999 Fiesta Bowl

1999
Florida State
46–29
Virginia Tech
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2000 Sugar Bowl

2002
Miami
24–31 2OT
Ohio State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
2003 Fiesta Bowl

2004
USC
55–19
Oklahoma
Pro Player Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2005 Orange Bowl

2005
USC
38–41
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2006 Rose Bowl

2006
Ohio State
24–7
Texas
Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium • Austin, TX

2006
Ohio State
42–39
Michigan
Ohio Stadium • Columbus, OH
2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game

2006
Ohio State
14–41
Florida
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2007 BCS National Championship Game

2007
Ohio State
24–38
LSU
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2008 BCS National Championship Game

2008
Alabama
20–31
Florida
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2008 SEC Championship Game

2008
Florida
24–14
Oklahoma
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2009 BCS National Championship Game

2009
Florida
13–32
Alabama
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2009 SEC Championship Game

2009
Alabama
37–21
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2010 BCS National Championship Game

2010
Auburn
22–19
Oregon
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2011 BCS National Championship Game

2011
LSU
9–6 OT
Alabama
Bryant–Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL
2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game

2011
LSU
0–21
Alabama
Mercedes-Benz Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2012 BCS National Championship Game

2012
Notre Dame
14–42
Alabama
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2013 BCS National Championship Game

2013
Florida State
34–31
Auburn
Rose Bowl · Pasadena, CA
2014 BCS National Championship Game

2015
Clemson
40–45
Alabama
University of Phoenix Stadium · Glendale, AZ
2016 College Football Playoff National Championship

tag: table

text: AP Poll inclusion in the BCS[edit]

text: In 1997, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a "real" national championship game. For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings, along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer-based polls. Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS, the AP demanded in December, 2004, that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings,[10] and so the 2004–2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose.

text: In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California (USC) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1. As a result, USC did not play in the BCS' designated national championship game. After defeating another highly ranked team, Michigan, in its final game, the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game, Louisiana State University (LSU), as the No. 1 team. The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve, and has been widely considered an embarrassment.[11]

text: In 2004, a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah, who both finished the regular season 12–0, were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12–0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game. USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games, leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season. Also, in that same year, Texas made up late ground on California (Cal) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high-payout, at-large spot in the Rose Bowl. Previous to that poll, Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll. Going into their final game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings.[12] Both teams won their game that week, but the Texas coach, Mack Brown, had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking. When the human polls were released, Texas remained behind Cal, but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll (which determines placement) placed Texas above Cal, angering both Cal and its conference, the Pac-10.[13] The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP, No. 4 coaches, and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP, No. 5 coaches, and No. 4 computer polls.[13] The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public, while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential. Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll, the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll. While officials from both Cal and the Pac-10 called for the coaches' votes to be made public, the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters. Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl. Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl.

text: Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and, at the behest of its members, the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings. The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings, it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll.[14]

text: Final AP football polls[edit]

text: Other media football polls[edit]

text: The AP Poll is not the only college football poll. The other major poll is the Coaches Poll, which has been sponsored by several organizations: the United Press (1950–1957), the United Press International (1958–1990), USA Today (1991–present), CNN (1991–1996), and ESPN (1997–2005). Having two major polls has led to numerous "split" national titles, where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team. This has occurred on eleven different occasions (1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003).

text: College basketball[edit]

text: In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness. The poll is usually released every Monday and voters' ballots are made public.[15]

text: Men's basketball[edit]

text: The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men's basketball teams during the 1948–1949 season. It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950–1951 season. As of January 2018, UCLA and Duke are tied for the most appearances atop the rankings at 134 times.[16]

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: The women's basketball poll began during the 1976–1977 season, and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer. At first, it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt, who asked to join the group, not to improve her rankings, but because of the lack of media coverage, Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule.[17] The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers.[18] In 1994, Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4. After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, headed into a showdown, scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day, the only women's basketball game scheduled on that day. Because of the unusual circumstances, the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day, to ensure it would be after the game. Connecticut won the game, and moved into first place in the AP poll, published on Tuesday for the only time. (Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season.)[19] Over the history of the poll, over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls.[20]

text: NFL football[edit]

text: Beginning in 2012, the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking, the AP Pro32 rankings.[21]


document_title: Boston Tea Party

question_text: how many chests of tea were dumped in the boston harbor

text: Boston Tea Party

text: Background

text: The Boston Tea Party arose from two issues confronting the British Empire in 1765: the financial problems of the British East India Company; and an ongoing dispute about the extent of Parliament's authority, if any, over the British American colonies without seating any elected representation. The North Ministry's attempt to resolve these issues produced a showdown that would eventually result in revolution.[3]

text: Tea trade to 1767

text: As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China.[4] In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.[5] When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.[6] The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England. British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.[7]

text: Until 1767, the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.[8] Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain. These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into the Dutch Republic was not taxed by the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.[9] The biggest market for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain[10]—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities.[11]

text: In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.[12] To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.[13] Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

text: Townshend duty crisis

text: Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue. Some colonists, known in the colonies as Whigs, objected to the new tax program, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution. Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives. In Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament. Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body. According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies. Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act, Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".

text: When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, Whig colonists again responded with protests and boycotts. Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea.[14] Smuggling continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston. Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston, however, especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement.[15]

text: Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert "the right of taxing the Americans".[16] This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.[17] From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.[18] Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.[19]

text: Tea Act of 1773

text: The Indemnity Act of 1767, which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies, expired in 1772. Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund, effectively leaving a 10% duty on tea imported into Britain.[21] The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767, and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies.  With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea, sales plummeted. The company continued to import tea into Great Britain, however, amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy.[22] For these and other reasons, by late 1772 the East India Company, one of Britain's most important commercial institutions, was in a serious financial crisis.[23] The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the verge of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company.

text: Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis. The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed, but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliament's position that it had the right to tax the colonies.[24] More importantly, the tax collected from the Townshend duty was used to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.[25] This was in fact the purpose of the Townshend tax: previously these officials had been paid by the colonial assemblies, but Parliament now paid their salaries to keep them dependent on the British government rather than allowing them to be accountable to the colonists.[26]

text: Another possible solution for reducing the growing mound of tea in the East India Company warehouses was to sell it cheaply in Europe. This possibility was investigated, but it was determined that the tea would simply be smuggled back into Great Britain, where it would undersell the taxed product.[27] The best market for the East India Company's surplus tea, so it seemed, was the American colonies, if a way could be found to make it cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea.[28]

text: The North ministry's solution was the Tea Act, which received the assent of King George on May 10, 1773.[29] This act restored the East India Company's full refund on the duty for importing tea into Britain, and also permitted the company, for the first time, to export tea to the colonies on its own account. This would allow the company to reduce costs by eliminating the middlemen who bought the tea at wholesale auctions in London.[30] Instead of selling to middlemen, the company now appointed colonial merchants to receive the tea on consignment; the consignees would in turn sell the tea for a commission. In July 1773, tea consignees were selected in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston.[31]  The Tea Act in 1773 authorized the shipment of 5,000 chests of tea (250 tons) to the American colonies. There would be a tax of £1,750 to be paid by the importers when the cargo landed. The act granted the EIC a monopoly on the sale of tea that was cheaper than smuggled tea; its hidden purpose was to force the colonists to pay a tax of 3 pennies on every pound of tea.[32]

text: The Tea Act thus retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax, arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell, for example, warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained.[33] But North did not want to give up the revenue from the Townshend tax, primarily because it was used to pay the salaries of colonial officials; maintaining the right of taxing the Americans was a secondary concern.[34] According to historian Benjamin Labaree, "A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire."[35]

text: Even with the Townshend duty in effect, the Tea Act would allow the East India Company to sell tea more cheaply than before, undercutting the prices offered by smugglers, but also undercutting colonial tea importers, who paid the tax and received no refund. In 1772, legally imported Bohea, the most common variety of tea, sold for about 3 shillings (3s) per pound.[36] After the Tea Act, colonial consignees would be able to sell it for 2 shillings per pound (2s), just under the smugglers' price of 2 shillings and 1 penny (2s 1d).[37] Realizing that the payment of the Townshend duty was politically sensitive, the company hoped to conceal the tax by making arrangements to have it paid either in London once the tea was landed in the colonies, or have the consignees quietly pay the duties after the tea was sold. This effort to hide the tax from the colonists was unsuccessful.[38]

text: Resisting the Tea Act

text: In September and October 1773, seven ships carrying East India Company tea were sent to the colonies: four were bound for Boston, and one each for New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.[39] In the ships were more than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds of tea.[40] Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route, and opposition began to mount.[41] Whigs, sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or compel the consignees to resign, in the same way that stamp distributors had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis.[42]

text: The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes. The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773. Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues. The familiar "no taxation without representation" argument, along with the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies, remained prominent.[43] Samuel Adams considered the British tea monopoly to be "equal to a tax" and to raise the same representation issue whether or not a tax was applied to it.[44] Some regarded the purpose of the tax program—to make leading officials independent of colonial influence—as a dangerous infringement of colonial rights.[45] This was especially true in Massachusetts, the only colony where the Townshend program had been fully implemented.[46]

text: Colonial merchants, some of them smugglers, played a significant role in the protests. Because the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper, it threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business.[47] Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees by the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin by the Tea Act.[48] Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade, and it was feared that this government-created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods.[49]

text: South of Boston, protesters successfully compelled the tea consignees to resign. In Charleston, the consignees had been forced to resign by early December, and the unclaimed tea was seized by customs officials.[50] There were mass protest meetings in Philadelphia. Benjamin Rush urged his fellow countrymen to oppose the landing of the tea, because the cargo contained "the seeds of slavery".[51] By early December, the Philadelphia consignees had resigned and the tea ship returned to England with its cargo following a confrontation with the ship's captain.[52] The tea ship bound for New York City was delayed by bad weather; by the time it arrived, the consignees had resigned, and the ship returned to England with the tea.[53]

text: Standoff in Boston

text: In every colony except Massachusetts, protesters were able to force the tea consignees to resign or to return the tea to England.[54] In Boston, however, Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground. He convinced the tea consignees, two of whom were his sons, not to back down.[55]

text: When the tea ship Dartmouth,[a] arrived in the Boston Harbor in late November, Whig leader Samuel Adams called for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil Hall on November 29, 1773. Thousands of people arrived, so many that the meeting was moved to the larger Old South Meeting House.[56] British law required Dartmouth to unload and pay the duties within twenty days or customs officials could confiscate the cargo (i.e. unload it onto American soil).[57] The mass meeting passed a resolution, introduced by Adams and based on a similar set of resolutions promulgated earlier in Philadelphia, urging the captain of Dartmouth to send the ship back without paying the import duty. Meanwhile, the meeting assigned twenty-five men to watch the ship and prevent the tea – including a number of chests from Davison, Newman and Co. of London – from being unloaded.[58]

text: Governor Hutchinson refused to grant permission for Dartmouth to leave without paying the duty. Two more tea ships, Eleanor and Beaver, arrived in Boston Harbor (there was another tea ship headed for Boston, William, but it encountered a storm and put aground at Cape Cod – where the tea cargo was successfully landed – before it could reach its destination[59][60]). On December 16 – the last day of Dartmouth's deadline – roughly 5,000[61] to 7,000[62] people out of a population of roughly 16,000[61] had gathered around the Old South Meeting House.  After receiving a report that Governor Hutchinson had again refused to let the ships leave, Adams announced that "This meeting can do nothing further to save the country." According to a popular story, Adams's statement was a prearranged signal for the "tea party" to begin. However, this claim did not appear in print until nearly a century after the event, in a biography of Adams written by his great-grandson, who apparently misinterpreted the evidence.[63] According to eyewitness accounts, people did not leave the meeting until ten or fifteen minutes after Adams's alleged "signal", and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over.[64]

text: Destruction of the Tea

text: While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House to prepare to take action. In some cases, this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes.[65] While disguising their individual faces was imperative, because of the illegality of their protest, dressing as Mohawk warriors was a specific and symbolic choice. It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with America, over their official status as subjects of Great Britain.[66]

text: That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men, some dressed in the Mohawk warrior disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water.[67] The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study[68] places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street).[better source needed]

text: Reaction

text: Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed, but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it.[69] He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights.[70]

text: By "constitution" he referred to the idea that all governments have a constitution, written or not, and that the constitution of Great Britain could be interpreted as banning the levying of taxes without representation. For example, the Bill of Rights of 1689 established that long-term taxes could not be levied without Parliament, and other precedents said that Parliament must actually represent the people it ruled over, in order to "count".

text: Governor Thomas Hutchinson had been urging London to take a hard line with the Sons of Liberty.  If he had done what the other royal governors had done and let the ship owners and captains resolve the issue with the colonists, Dartmouth, Eleanor and Beaver would have left without unloading any tea.

text: In Britain, even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies. The Prime Minister Lord North said, "Whatever may be the consequence, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over".[71] The British government felt this action could not remain unpunished, and responded by closing the port of Boston and putting in place other laws known as the "Intolerable Acts."  Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be paid for, all ninety thousand pounds (which, at two shillings per pound, came to £9,000, or £1.05 million [2014, approx. $1.7 million US]).[72] Robert Murray, a New York merchant, went to Lord North with three other merchants and offered to pay for the losses, but the offer was turned down.[73]

text: The incident resulted in a similar effect in America when news of the Boston Tea Party reached London in January and Parliament responded with a series of acts known collectively in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts. These were intended to punish Boston for the destruction of private property, restore British authority in Massachusetts, and otherwise reform colonial government in America.  Although the first two, the Boston Port Act and the Massachusetts Government Act, applied only to Massachusetts, colonists outside that colony feared that their governments could now also be changed by legislative fiat in England. The Intolerable Acts were viewed as a violation of constitutional rights, natural rights, and colonial charters, and united many colonists throughout America,[74] exemplified by the calling of the First Continental Congress in September 1774.

text: A number of colonists were inspired by the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts, such as the burning of Peggy Stewart. The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War.[citation needed] In his December 17, 1773 entry in his diary, John Adams wrote:

text: Last Night 3 Cargoes of Bohea Tea were emptied into the Sea. This Morning a Man of War sails.

text: This is the most magnificent Movement of all. There is a Dignity, a Majesty, a Sublimity, in this last Effort of the Patriots, that I greatly admire. The People should never rise, without doing something to be remembered—something notable And striking. This Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, intrepid and inflexible, and it must have so important Consequences, and so lasting, that I cant but consider it as an Epocha in History.[75]

text: There was a repeat performance on March 7, 1774, but it was much less destructive.[76]

text: In February 1775, Britain passed the Conciliatory Resolution, which ended taxation for any colony that satisfactorily provided for the imperial defense and the upkeep of imperial officers. The tax on tea was repealed with the Taxation of Colonies Act 1778, part of another Parliamentary attempt at conciliation that failed.

text: Legacy

text:
External video
 Booknotes interview with Alfred Young on The Shoemaker and the Tea Party, November 21, 1999, C-SPAN[77]

text: John Adams and many other Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic following the Boston Tea Party.  Tea drinking declined during and after the Revolution, resulting in a shift to coffee as the preferred hot drink.[78]

text: According to historian Alfred Young, the term "Boston Tea Party" did not appear in print until 1834.[79] Before that time, the event was usually referred to as the "destruction of the tea". According to Young, American writers were for many years apparently reluctant to celebrate the destruction of property, and so the event was usually ignored in histories of the American Revolution. This began to change in the 1830s, however, especially with the publication of biographies of George Robert Twelves Hewes, one of the few still-living participants of the "tea party", as it then became known.[80]

text: The issue was never the tax but how the tax was passed without American input; United States Congress taxed tea from 1789 to 1872.[81]

text: The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests. When Mohandas K. Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration cards in South Africa in 1908, a British newspaper compared the event to the Boston Tea Party.[82] When Gandhi met with the British viceroy in 1930 after the Indian salt protest campaign, Gandhi took some duty-free salt from his shawl and said, with a smile, that the salt was "to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party."[83]

text: American activists from a variety of political viewpoints have invoked the Tea Party as a symbol of protest. In 1973, on the 200th anniversary of the Tea Party, a mass meeting at Faneuil Hall called for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon and protested oil companies in the ongoing oil crisis. Afterwards, protesters boarded a replica ship in Boston Harbor, hanged Nixon in effigy, and dumped several empty oil drums into the harbor.[84] In 1998, two conservative US Congressmen put the federal tax code into a chest marked "tea" and dumped it into the harbor.[85]

text: In 2006, a libertarian political party called the "Boston Tea Party" was founded. In 2007, the Ron Paul "Tea Party" money bomb, held on the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, broke the one-day fund-raising record by raising $6.04 million in 24 hours.[86] Subsequently, these fund-raising "Tea parties" grew into the Tea Party movement, which dominated politics for the next two years, culminating in a voter victory for the Republicans in 2010 who were widely elected to seats in the United States House of Representatives.

text: Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum

text: The Boston Tea Party Museum is located on the Congress Street Bridge in Boston. It features reenactments, a documentary, and a number of interactive exhibits.  The museum features two replica ships of the period, Eleanor and Beaver. Additionally, the museum possesses one of two known tea chests from the original event, part of its permanent collection.[87]

text: Participants

text: Phineas Stearns[88]


document_title: Kelly's Heroes

question_text: who sang burning bridges in kelly's heroes

question_tokens: who sang burning bridges in kelly 's heroes

text: Kelly's Heroes

text: Plot[edit]

text: During a thunderstorm in early September 1944, units of the 35th Infantry Division are nearing the French town of Nancy. One of the division's mechanized reconnaissance platoons is ordered to hold their position when the Germans counterattack. The outnumbered platoon also receives friendly fire from their own mortars.

text: Private Kelly, a former lieutenant scapegoated for a failed infantry assault, captures Colonel Dankhopf of Wehrmacht Intelligence. Interrogating his prisoner, Kelly notices the officer's briefcase has several gold bars disguised under lead plating. Curious, he gets the colonel drunk and learns that there is a cache of 14,000 gold bars, worth $16,000,000, stored in a bank vault 30 miles behind enemy lines in the town of Clermont. When their position is overrun and the Americans pull back, a Tiger I kills Dankhopf.

text: Kelly decides to go after the gold. He visits the opportunistic Supply Sergeant "Crapgame" to obtain the supplies and guns that will be needed for the operation. A spaced-out tank platoon commander known as "Oddball" and his three M4 Sherman tanks from the 6th Armored Division invite themselves into the plan. With their commanding officer, Captain Maitland, busy pursuing opportunities to enrich himself and thus severely neglecting the welfare of his troopers, the men of Kelly's platoon are all eager to join Kelly. After much argument, Kelly finally persuades cynical Master Sergeant "Big Joe" to go along.

text: Kelly decides that his infantrymen and Oddball's tanks will proceed separately and meet near Clermont. Oddball's tanks fight their way through the German lines, managing to destroy a German railway depot, but their route is blocked when the bridge they need to cross is blown up by Allied fighter-bombers. This forces Oddball to bring a bridging unit in on the caper. An American fighter plane mistakes Kelly's group for the enemy, destroying their vehicles and forcing them to continue on foot. They stray into a minefield, and Private Grace is killed. Kelly's troops engage an enemy patrol; Private Mitchell and Corporal Job, still stuck in the minefield, are killed.

text: The two units rendezvous two nights later. They battle their way across the river to Clermont, losing two of the three tanks and leaving the bridging unit behind. When intercepted radio messages from the private raid are brought to the attention of the gung-ho Major General Colt, he misinterprets them as the efforts of aggressive patrols pushing forward on their own initiative and immediately rushes to the front to exploit the "breakthrough".

text: Kelly's men find that Clermont is defended by three Tiger tanks of the 1st SS Panzer Division with infantry support. The Americans are able to eliminate the German infantry and two of the Tigers, but the final tank parks itself right in front of the bank and Oddball's Sherman breaks down, leaving them stalemated. At Crapgame’s suggestion, Kelly offers the German tank commander and his crew an equal share of the loot.

text: After the Tiger blows the bank doors open, the Germans and Americans divide the spoils and go their separate ways, just barely managing to avoid meeting the still-oblivious General Colt, who is blocked from entering Clermont by the French residents who have been deceived by Big Joe into thinking that General Charles de Gaulle is coming. Not long after the freelancers have gone, Captain Maitland enters the bank, to find a Kilroy and the words "Up Yours, Baby" painted by one of Kelly's crew on the wall.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clint Eastwood as Private Kelly
Telly Savalas as Master Sergeant "Big Joe"
Don Rickles as Staff Sergeant "Crapgame"
Carroll O'Connor as Major General Colt
Donald Sutherland as Sergeant "Oddball"
Gavin MacLeod as Moriarty
Shepherd Sanders as "the Turk"
Stuart Margolin as Private "Little Joe"
Jeff Morris as PFC "Cowboy"
Hal Buckley as Captain Maitland
Richard Davalos as Private Gutowski
Perry Lopez as Private "Pachuco" Petuko
Tom Troupe as Corporal Job
Harry Dean Stanton as Private Willard
Len Lesser as Tech Sergeant Bellamy
David Hurst as Oberst Dankhopf
George Savalas as First Sergeant Mulligan
Karl-Otto Alberty as Tiger tank commander
Ross Elliott as Colonel Booker

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was announced by MGM in November 1968 under the title of The Warriors.[5]

text: George Kennedy turned down a role despite an offered fee of $300,000 because he did not like the part.[6]

text: The film was going to have a female role, but prior to filming, it was cut from the script. Ingrid Pitt, who was cast in the role (and had been in the movie Where Eagles Dare with Eastwood the previous year), revealed that she was "virtually climbing on board the plane bound for Yugoslavia when word came through that my part had been cut".[7]

text: Filming commenced in July 1969 and was completed in December.[2] It was shot on location in the Istrian village of Vižinada in Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia) and London.[8] Yugoslavia was chosen mostly because earnings from previous showings of movies there could not be taken out of the country, but could be used to fund the production.[citation needed] Another reason Yugoslavia was selected was that in 1969, Yugoslavia was one of the few nations whose army was still equipped with operating World War II mechanized equipment, both German and American. This simplified logistics tremendously.[9]

text: The film was made and released during a time of great turbulence for MGM.[10]

text: There is a nod to the ending of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, right down to a very similar musical score, and the overdubbing of the sound of non-existent jangling spurs.[8]

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: Approximately 20 minutes were cut from the film by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer before theatrical release. Eastwood said later in interviews that he was very disappointed about the re-cut by MGM because he felt that many of the deleted scenes not only gave depth to the characters, but also made the movie much better.[11][12] Some of the deleted scenes were shown on promotional stills and described in interviews with cast and crew for Cinema Retro's special edition article about Kelly's Heroes:[13]

text:
Oddball and his crew pack up to go across the lines to meet up with Kelly and others while local village girls are running around half naked.
The platoon encounters a group of German soldiers and naked girls swimming in a pool.
While they wait for Oddball in the barn at night, Kelly and Big Joe talk about their disillusionment with the war and why Kelly was made as a scapegoat for the attack that resulted in his demotion. Another scene was deleted from this part where the platoon decides they do not want to continue with the mission, and Gutowski threatens Kelly at gunpoint, but Big Joe and Crapgame side with Kelly.
General Colt is in bed with some women when he gets a call that Kelly and others have broken through the enemy lines.
During the attack on the town, production designer Jon Barry had a cameo as a British airman hiding from the Germans.
One promotional still shows Kelly finding a wounded German soldier among the ruined houses during the final town attack.
Kelly, Oddball and Big Joe discuss tactics while standing on an abandoned Tiger tank before the scene where they negotiate with the German tank commander.
When Kelly and platoon drive off at the end, a bunch of soldiers yell at them that they are headed in the wrong direction.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mostly positive reviews. It was voted at number 34 in Channel 4's 100 Greatest War Films of All Time.[14] The film earned $5.2 million in US theatrical rentals,[15] making it the 25th highest-grossing film of 1970.[16][unreliable source?] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 80% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10.[17]

text: Musical score and soundtrack[edit]

text:
Kelly's Heroes

Soundtrack album by Lalo Schifrin

Released
1970

Recorded
April 21 and June, 1970
TTG Studios Hollywood, California

Genre
Film score

Label
MGM
ISE-23ST

Producer
Mike Curb and Jesse Kaye

Lalo Schifrin chronology

Che!
(1969)Che!1969
Kelly's Heroes
(1970)
Rock Requiem
(1971)Rock Requiem1971

text: The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Lalo Schifrin and the soundtrack album was released on the MGM label in 1970.[18]

text: The soundtrack was released on LP, as well a subsequent CD featuring the LP tracks, by Chapter III Records. This album was mostly re-recordings. An expanded edition of the soundtrack was released by Film Score Monthly in 2005.[19] The main musical theme of the movie (at both beginning and end) is "Burning Bridges," sung by the Mike Curb Congregation with music by Schifrin. There is also a casual rendition of the music in the background near the middle of the film. The Mike Curb Congregation's recording of "Burning Bridges" reached number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on March 6, 1971, but did much better on the charts in Australia, where it spent two weeks at No. 1 in May that year. In Canada, the song reached number 23 in March 1971. [20]

text: The soundtrack to the film also contains the song, "All for the Love of Sunshine," which became the first No. 1 country hit for Hank Williams, Jr.. The inclusion of the song in the film is an anachronism, because the song was not released until 1970, twenty-five years after the end of the war.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All compositions by Lalo Schifrin except as indicated

text:
"Kelly's Heroes" – 2:52
"All for the Love of Sunshine" (Schifrin, Mike Curb, Harley Hatcher) – 3:49
"Burning Bridges (instrumental)" – 2:10
"Tiger Tank" – 1:58
"Clairmont Waltz" – 2:15
"Battle Hymn of the Republic" (Traditional) – 2:58
"Burning Bridges" (Schifrin, Curb) – 2:44
"Quick Draw Kelly" – 3:12
"All For The Love Of Sunshine (instrumental)" – 2:50
"I've Been Working on the Railroad" (Traditional) – 3:43
"Commando Opus" – 2:37

text: Musicians[edit]

text:
Lalo Schifrin – arranger, conductor
Maurice Harris – trumpet
Lloyd Ulyate, Dick Nash, Dick Noel, George Roberts – trombone
Vincent DeRosa, David Duke, Bill Hinshaw – French horn
Ronnie Lang, Bud Shank – woodwinds
John Ellis – oboe
Tommy Morgan – harmonica
Ralph Grierson – piano
Carl Fortina – accordion
Tommy Tedesco, Howard Roberts, Bob Bain, Alton Hendrickson – guitar
Ray Brown – bass
Emil Richards, Larry Bunker, Joe Porcaro – percussion
Israel Baker – concert master
David Frisina, Anatol Kaminsky, Sam Freed, Marvin Limonick, Alexander Murray, Herman Clebanoff, Thelma Beach, Irma Neumann, James Getzoff, Dorothy Wade, Joseph Stepansky – violin
Dan Neufeld, Myra Kestenbaum, Robert Ostrowsky, Joseph Di Fiore – viola
Gloria Strassner, Edgar Lustgarten, Armand Kaproff, Justin Di Tullio – cello
Robert Helfer – orchestra manager
David Axelrod, H.B. Barnum, Dick Hazard – arranger
Lloyd Basham – orchestra manager
Unnamed orchestra conducted by Don Peake (tracks 2 & 10)
Hank Williams, Jr (track 2), The Mike Curb Congregation (track 7) – vocals

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 2012 anime series Girls und Panzer, the film is referenced several times, including by supporting character Yukari Akiyama once calling herself "Sergeant Oddball"[21] and as reference material for urban tank-to-tank combat by the protagonist Rabbit Team. The latter reference is made during a slumber party when the girls are watching Kelly's Heroes on DVD, depicted by an animated version of the sequence in which Kelly and Oddball take out the second Tiger tank in the streets of Clermont.[22]

text: DVD[edit]

text: Kelly's Heroes was released to DVD by Warner Home Video on August 1, 2000, in a Region 1 widescreen DVD (one of several solo DVD's marketed as the Clint Eastwood Collection) and also to Blu-ray on June 1, 2010 as part of a double feature with Where Eagles Dare.