document_title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)

question_text: who played jan on days of our lives

question_tokens: who played jan on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)

text: Stephanie Johnson[edit]

text:
Stephanie JohnsonDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by

Amanda and Jessica Gunnarson (1990–92)
Shayna Rose (2006–07)
Shelley Hennig (2007–11, 2017)
Duration

1990–92
2006–11
2017
First appearance
February 19, 1990Last appearance
February 16, 2017Created by
Richard J. Allen and Anne SchoettleIntroduced by

Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1990)
Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman (2006)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2017)
Classification
Former; recurringProfileOther names
Stephanie Kay JohnsonOccupation
AccountantRacecar DriverResidence
Seattle, Washington
showFamilyFamily
BradyJohnsonParents

Steve Johnson
Kayla Brady
Brothers
Joey JohnsonHalf-brothers
Tripp DaltonGrandparents

Duke Johnson
Jo Johnson
Shawn Brady
Caroline Brady
Aunts and uncles

Jack Deveraux
Adrienne Johnson
Roman Brady
Bo Brady
Kimberly Brady
Frankie Brady (adoptive)
Max Brady (adoptive)
First cousins

Carrie Brady
Sami Brady
Eric Brady
Rex Brady
Cassie Brady
Andrew Donovan IV
Theresa Donovan
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Joey Kiriakis (adoptive)
Victor Kiriakis II (adoptive)
Sonny Kiriakis
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Chelsea Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady

text: Stephanie Johnson was created by head writer Richard J. Allen, and was originated by actresses Amanda and Jessica Gunnarson. Shayna Rose briefly stepped into the role in 2006–07. The role was taken over by Shelley Hennig in 2007.[1] Henning was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for her role as Stephanie, in the category of Outstanding Younger Actress in a Daytime Drama.[2] Her last airdate as Stephanie was on April 6, 2011.[3] In December 2016, it was revealed that Hennig will return for her parents' wedding in February 2017.[4]

text:
Stephanie is the daughter of supercouple, Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady.[5][6][7] She is the ex-fiancée of Philip Kiriakis, and Nathan Horton. Stephanie is born in 1990 while Kayla is serving jail time.[5]
She and Kayla depart the series in 1992, with a teenage Stephanie, played by Shayna Rose, returning without her mother in 2006. Shayna Rose departed the series in 2007. A new looking Stephanie, played by Shelley Hennig arrives in Salem in 2007 with parents Steve Johnson, and Kayla Brady. Hennig has portrayed the role from 2007 to 2011, even being nominated in 2010 for a Daytime Emmy in Outstanding Younger Actress.[8][9] Despite only airing into April 2011, Hennig managed to receive another Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Younger Actress in 2012.

text: Joey Kiriakis[edit]

text:
Joey KiriakisDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by

Candace Mead (1990)
Benjamin Iorio (1990–91)
Duration
1990–91First appearance
September 17, 1990Last appearance
January 23, 1991Created by
Richard J. Allen and Anne SchoettleIntroduced by
Ken Corday and Al RabinClassification
Former; recurringProfileOther names
Joseph Kiriakis
showFamilyFamily
Kiriakis (adoptive)Johnson (adoptive)Parents
J.J. BagwoodStanley KrakowskiJustin KiriakisAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis (adoptive)Brothers
Victor Kiriakis IISonny Kiriakis (adoptive)Half-brothers
Alexander Kiriakis II (adoptive)Grandparents
Alexander Kiriakis (adoptive)Christina Kiriakis (adoptive)Duke Johnson (adoptive)Jo Johnson (adoptive)Uncles
Steve Johnson (adoptive)Jack Deveraux (adoptive)Hank TobinFirst cousins
Abigail Deveraux (adoptive)Stephanie Johnson (adoptive)JJ Deveraux (adoptive)Joey Johnson (adoptive)Tripp DaltonOther relatives
Victor Kiriakis (adoptive)

text: Joey Kiriakis was introduced in September 1990 and was portrayed by child actors Candace Mead and Benjamin Iorio until the character left the series in 1991. Joey is the biological twin son of Kiriakis family nanny, J.J. Bagwood (Patti Johns) and Stanley Krakowski (Dick Christie), who along with his brother was later adopted by Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis (Judi Evans) and her husband Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth).

text: J.J. was the babysitter to Alexander Kiriakis (Jonathan Thornton), Justin's son with Anjelica Deveraux (Judith Chapman). After Anjelica and Alexander supposedly died in a plane crash, J.J. left town, but returned a few months later, pregnant, and about ready to give birth. She knew she couldn't give the baby a good home, so she asked Justin and Adrienne to give her baby a home. Delighted and unable to conceive, Justin and Adrienne agreed, and were thrilled when they learned the child was really twins. Just when it seem like Justin and Adrienne's family was complete, J.J.'s married lover, Stanley, showed up, and refused to sign papers giving up rights to his children. J.J. would soon second thoughts, but after Justin and Adrienne let her spend a month living with them and the twins, she was able to convince Stanley that their twins would have a wonderful life with the Kiriakises. J.J. and Stanley would later leave town after letting the twins be adopted by Justin and Adrienne. Shortly after, Joey left with the rest of his family to Texas, where their brother Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith) was born.

text: Although never shown on-screen, Joey returned to Salem in 2007 with his parents and brothers. He attended Salem High School, with his siblings. His time in town was short lived, however, and by January 2008 when the entire family moved again - this time to Dubai.

text: Victor Kiriakis II[edit]

text:
Victor Kiriakis IIDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by

Loren Mead (1990)
Jacob Iorio (1990–91)
Duration
1990–91First appearance
September 17, 1990Last appearance
January 23, 1991Created by
Richard J. Allen and Anne SchoettleIntroduced by
Ken Corday and Al RabinClassification
Former; recurring
showFamilyFamily
Kiriakis (adoptive)Johnson (adoptive)Parents
J.J. BagwoodStanley KrakowskiJustin KiriakisAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis (adoptive)Brothers
Joey KiriakisSonny Kiriakis (adoptive)Half-brothers
Alexander Kiriakis II (adoptive)Grandparents
Alexander Kiriakis (adoptive)Christina Kiriakis (adoptive)Duke Johnson (adoptive)Jo Johnson (adoptive)Uncles
Steve Johnson (adoptive)Jack Deveraux (adoptive)Hank TobinFirst cousins
Abigail Deveraux (adoptive)Stephanie Johnson (adoptive)JJ Deveraux (adoptive)Joey Johnson (adoptive)Tripp DaltonOther relatives
Victor Kiriakis (adoptive)

text: Victor Kiriakis II was introduced in September 1990 and portrayed by child actors Loren Mead and Jacob Iorio. Victor is the biological twin son of Kiriakis family nanny, J.J. Bagwood (Patti Johns) and Stanley Krakowski (Dick Christie), he with his twin brother were adopted by Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis (Judi Evans) and her husband Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth).

text: Adrienne and Justin had a difficult time getting pregnant, so J.J. who was the babysitter to Alexander Kiriakis (Jonathan Thornton), Justin's son with Anjelica Deveraux (Judith Chapman), decided to let Justin and Adrienne adopt her unborn twins. When J.J.'s lover, Stanley arrived to Salem he refused to sign papers giving up rights of his children to Justin and Adrienne. Ultimately, J.J. also had second thoughts, but after Justin and Adrienne let her spend a month living with them and the boys, she convinced Stanley that they twins would have a wonderful life. Shortly thereafter, Victor left with the rest of his family to Texas, where their brother Jackson (Freddie Smith) was born.

text: Although never shown on-screen, Victor returned to Salem in 2007 with his parents and brothers. He attended Salem High School, with his siblings. His time in town was short lived, however, and by January 2008 when the entire family moved again - this time to Dubai.

text: Lisanne Gardner[edit]

text:
Lisanne GardnerDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by
Lynn HerringFirst appearance
April 2, 1992Last appearance
October 30, 1992Created by
Richard J. Allen & Beth MilsteinProfileOccupation
Corporate lawyer

text: Lisanne Gardner was portrayed by Lynn Herring.

text: Lisanne came to Salem in 1992, where she began working for Lawrence Alamain as Alamain Industries corporate lawyer. She and Lawrence began a relationship, but Lawrence still had feelings for Carly Manning. Lisanne learned that Vivian and Carly were keeping a secret involving a past pregnancy, so told Lawrence, and it eventually emerged that Carly had been pregnant with Lawrence's child, who it was believed had died. However, when Vivian Alamain brought her adopted son, Nicky, to the United States later that year, a different story was to emerge. After some investigation into Nicky's background, Lisanne discovered that he was, in fact Lawrence and Carly's son, who Vivian had actually stolen. Lisanne began to blackmail Vivian with this information, but her plans were to lead to her demise. Nikki returned home one day to find his aunt and Lisanne engaged in a heated argument. He saw Vivian falling to the floor and, believing that Lisanne was hurting his aunt, he tried to separate the two. But in the process of this, Lisanne fell and struck her head on a stone cat. The fall proved fatal for Lisanne, but Vivian told Nicky that she was just unconscious. Vivian and Lawrence's servant, Ivan Marais, then concealed Lisanne's body in the basement, before later making it look as though she had been killed in a car crash. But Lisanne's death led Lawrence to realise that Nicky was his son, something which caused Vivian to suffer a heart attack. While recovering in hospital, she revealed the truth to Lawrence - i.e., that she had told Carly that Nicky had died, then raised him as her own, even buying her servant's son's birth certificate to cover up the truth. Lawrence subsequently told Carly, who confronted Vivian, threatening to take Nicky away from her. Vivian then tried to leave Salem with Nicky, but was stopped from doing so. Kidnapping charges were brought against Vivian, but later dropped; while she desperately tried to hide the truth from Nicky. However, he was ultimately to learn his real identity. Meanwhile, suspecting that Lisanne's death may have been the result of foul play, Bo Brady began investigating the Alamains. Vivian told Lawrence to dispose of the stone cat and the rug on which Lisanne had fallen, as both had traces of her blood. Lawrence buried the items in the woods, but was seen by a prostitute, who reported it to the police. Soon afterwards, Bo caught Lawrence trying to dig up the stone cat and arrested him. Lawrence was charged with Lisanne's murder, and sent for trial, but it was to emerge that Nicky had killed her. The charges against Lawrence were dropped, but Nicky never found out that he'd been responsible for the death.

text: Jamie Caldwell[edit]

text: Jamie Caldwell, played by Miriam Parrish, first appeared on a recurring status on April 16, 1993 until November 15, 1993 before being upgraded to contract status from November 29, 1993 until August 29, 1996. Jamie is Sami Brady's best friend and the godmother of Will Horton. Jamie worked with Sami at Salem University Hospital as a candy striper and was the first one to find out about her bulimia. She alerted Roman to this fact, while Sami originally believed Marlena told Roman. Jamie also frowned on many of Sami's many schemes to break up Austin and Carrie, including drugging Austin into sleeping with her. Friends later discovered that Jamie has been raped by her father and Jamie moved out of her house and into the Brady Pub. Jamie's character vanished soon after she revealed to Kate that Sami drugged Austin. The actress' contract was not renewed in late 1996 with Jamie simply disappearing without mention. Throughout her time in Salem, Jamie had a crush on Lucas Roberts.

text: Peter Blake[edit]

text:
Peter BlakeDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by
Jason BrooksDuration
1993–98First appearance
September 1, 1993Last appearance
February 23, 1998Created by
James E. ReillyIntroduced by
Ken Corday and Tom LanganClassification
Former; regularProfileOther names
Peter DiMeraOccupation
Attorney
showFamilyFamily
DiMeraMother
Rachel BlakeAdoptive father
Stefano DiMeraSisters
Kristen DiMeraHalf-brothers
André DiMera (adoptive)Benjy Hawk (adoptive)EJ DiMera (adoptive)Chad DiMera (adoptive)Stefan DiMera (adoptive)Tony DiMera (legal/adoptive)Half-sisters
Renée DuMonde (adoptive)Megan Hathaway (adoptive)Lexie Carver (adoptive)Wife
Jennifer Horton (1995–96)Grandfathers
Santo DiMera (adoptive)Uncles
Ryan Brady (adoptive)Nephews
Theo Carver (adoptive)Steven Hawk (adoptive)Johnny DiMera (adoptive)Thomas DiMera (adoptive)Nieces
Sydney DiMera (adoptive)Grace Brady (adoptive)

text: Peter Blake is a fictional character from the American NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Jason Brooks. Brooks joined the cast of Days of Our Lives in 1993, airing on September 1, 1993 until November 23, 1993 on a recurring status until upgrading to contract status from December 1, 1993 till December 24, 1996, when the character was presumed dead after being shot by Jack Deveraux. Brooks returned to the role nearly a year later on November 21, 1997 until his departure on February 23, 1998. Peter and his sister Kristen were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young age following the deaths of their parents; however, their mother Rachel was later revealed to be alive.[10][11] Peter is known for his relationship and marriage to Jennifer Horton and contracting the jungle madness illness.

text: Franco Kelly[edit]

text: Franco Kelly, played by Victor Alfieri from June 1996 to October 1998, first came to Salem to model for Titan. It was soon revealed that Kate Roberts hired him to break up Bo and Hope Brady so that her daughter Billie Reed could reunite with her former lover Bo. After Franco was exposed he tried to con Sami Brady into marriage so that he could hide from his mob past and obtain a real green card. Kate planned revenge on Sami by exposing Franco's true motives at their wedding. Before the wedding could take place, Sami discovered the truth and announced that she was going to "kill that bastard". Franco meanwhile, attempted to beat and kill Kate for threatening him but was stopped when Lucas Horton shot Franco, killing him.

text: Kate wanted to protect Lucas and staged the scene to look like Sami killed Franco. Sami was put on trial and sentenced to death by lethal injection. In early June 1999, Sami nearly died but was saved when Lucas and Franco's old mob boss, Roberto, both confessed to the murder at the last minute. Although Lucas was the real shooter, the police believed a dying Roberto's confession. The truth of Franco's real murderer was never revealed except to Sami and Brandon Walker.

text: Eliana[edit]

text: Eliana, played by Ann Werner,[12]  was the long-time housekeeper of Stefano Dimera at the DiMera mansion. Ann Werner left the show to pursue a writing career, and the character of Eliana was said to have retired.

text: Father Timothy Jansen[edit]

text: Played by three different actors from 1996–2008, Father Jansen has been a consistent figure for the church going citizens of Salem at weddings, funerals and death-beds. He has been played by Michael O'Neil (1996), Jim Beaver (96-97, 2000, 2002–03), and James Lancaster (2003–2005, 2008).

text: Bart Beiderbecke[edit]

text: Bart Beiderbecke is a longtime DiMera family associate portrayed by Steve Blackwood. Introduced in 1997, he was originally the right-hand man of Dr. Wilhelm Rolf. Following his death, Bart became Tony's loyal assistant. He appears to be the only member of the DiMera organization who feels any remorse for the pain that is inflicted upon the citizens of Salem as a result of the DiMeras' influence. However, he is smart enough to keep his mouth closed around Tony and Stefano when it comes to this. After Tony's failed attempt at escaping from prison, Bart was seen occasionally for a little longer before vanishing from the canvas completely. When Bart returned two years later, he was assigned the task of killing Sami Brady, a task which he attempted to complete by drugging her and tying her up inside her car, which was filling with carbon monoxide. He failed, however, when EJ DiMera rescued her.

text: On August 3, 2007, Bart died when he was stabbed by André DiMera during a sword fight between Andre and Tony DiMera. Stefano mourned Bart's death and is now concerned that Bart may not have made sure that the key to ending the vendetta was kept out of Tony's possession.

text: Steven "Jonesy" Jones[edit]

text: Jonesy, played by Robert Mandan from 1997–1998, was Vivian's bizarre husband and caretaker of the DiMera townhouse in Salem. Vivian was first interested in Jonesy because she thought he owned the expensive townhouse and all of its treasures. Vivian accomplished this by hosting a mock séance in which the real Flora Dora told Jonesy to move on with Vivian. Jonesy was not a well man and Vivian and he married in England, with Susan Banks and Edmund Crumb standing up for them. Jonesy died of a heart attack after consummating the marriage. Vivian inherited all of Jonesy's treasures which forced Stefano, the original owner of the townhouse, to marry Vivian in order to reclaim his possessions.

text: Wilhelm Rolf[edit]

text:
Wilhelm RolfDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by
William UtayDuration

1997–2003
2007–2008
2017–
First appearance
September 19, 1997 (1997-09-19)Classification
Present; recurringProfileOccupation
Physician
showFamilyNieces
Marlo UngerschternerOther relatives
J.T. Reiber

text: Wilhelm Rolf has been portrayed by William Utay from September 19, 1997, to June 12, 2003, and June 4, 2007, to September 24, 2008, and again briefly from October 20 to November 21, 2017. Introduced in September 1997, Dr. Wilhelm Rolf was the DiMera family's jack-of-all-trades and was responsible for: saving Roman's life from jungle fever, brainwashing Hope in order to turn her into Princess Gina, orchestrating the infamous baby switch using his niece Margo's daughter, creating the Gemini Twins (Rex and Cassie Brady), and erasing Patch's and John's memories. He was 'killed' in June 2003 when a crate landed on him and his corpse was subsequently used to fake Larry Welch's death. Utay reprised his role in 2017 from October 20 to October 31.[13][14]

text: Rolf returned from the dead, explaining that his death "didn't take." He assumed his old position as a lackey for the DiMeras when he was instructed to kill Sami by poisoning her food at the hospital. After Marlena put Stefano in a coma, Rolf became John's butler. Unbeknownst to John, Rolf began helping Marlena try to repair the disc that contains his memories. Rolf obeyed both John and Marlena in order to avoid jail time for many of his past evil deeds. His character frequently provided comic relief by dressing up in silly costumes or cracking one-liners, often in collaboration with Stefano's other henchman Bart Beiderbecke.

text: In 2017, Clyde Weston (James Read) reveals that Rolf told him that Sami's late son Will Horton (Chandler Massey) is alive, therefore exonerating Clyde's deranged son Ben (Robert Scott Wilson) of the crime. On Oct. 24, 2017, after claiming to have revived the corpse of Will Horton while posing as a medical examiner in Salem, Rolf ingested a cyanide capsule and committed suicide as Sami Brady and Hope Brady looked on.

text: On October 31, 2017 Rolf once again returned from the dead in a dream sequence, revived by Ben to bring his victims back to life. The pair later strangle Kayla Brady to death. Rolf dug up the graves of Serena Mason and Paige Larson, the two killing Chad, Abby and Lani respectively. Confronted by a surprised Hope and Rafe, Rolf turns her into Princess Gina via satellite and has Gina murder Rafe via lipstick laced with poison. Hope snaps out of it demanding to know what Rolf made her do. This is ultimately revealed as a nightmare of Abby's

text: Rolf returns on October 22, 2018 in Kristen's Nashville warehouse.

text: Dr. Debra Thomas[edit]

text: Debra, played by Paige Rowland, is an ex-girlfriend of Mike Horton's with whom he reunited with in Rome, in 1997. Debra and Mike did not reunite romantically but this did not stop Carrie from getting jealous. Sami became aware of Carrie' feelings towards Debra and Mike and used this turn of events to push Mike and Carrie closer together so she could be with Austin.

text: Edmund Crumb[edit]

text: Edmund Phineas Crumb, played by Adam Caine from January 8, 1998, to May 8, 1998. Edmund is the husband of Susan Banks and the stepfather of EJ DiMera.

text: Edmund was a soft-hearted and somewhat dimwitted pilot who fell in love with Susan Banks after Susan came to stay at his mother Violet's pub in England. Edmund came to Salem to find Susan, who was a suspect in Kristen's murder, and proposed to her. It wasn't Susan, however, but actually Kristen posing as Susan without anyone else knowing. Edmund and Kristen married while the real Susan was held prisoner in an island harem. Susan escaped and found Edmund and Kristen shortly after Edmund confessed to "Susan" that he accidentally killed Kristen. When Edmund saw both Kristen and Susan he was confused as to whom he had accidentally murdered. It turns out it was Susan's other sister, Penelope Kent. Susan forgave Edmund and they locked Kristen up in the harem and raised baby Elvis together in England.

text: Lili Faversham[edit]

text: Ms. Faversham, played by Millicent Martin from 1998–2001, was an eccentric older woman from Lugano, Switzerland. Ms Faversham had lost a great deal of art treasures due to theft and was close friends with Princess Gina Von Amberg. Ms. Faversham recognized Hope as one of her European high society friends, Princess Gina von Amberg and believed that the resemblance meant that Hope was Gina. At one point, Ms. Faversham insisted that Hope accompany her on the Empress Express. Stefano was one of the honored guests of the gathering, and is using the name Rudolfo Meradi. The train derailed with them all aboard but there were no serious injuries. Ms. Faversham learned the truth about the real Princess Gina but befriended Hope and Greta anyway. She moved briefly to Salem where she recognized Vivian Alamain. Lili was the one to finally recognize that the real Princess Gina was posing as Hope in Salem because of a scar that only Gina could have had. She returned to Switzerland and has not been seen since.

text: Jan Spears[edit]

text:
Jan SpearsDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by
Natalie Ramsey (1999)Heather Lauren Olson (1999–2004)Heather Lindell (2004–05)Duration
1999–2005First appearance
April 1999Last appearance
May 19, 2005Created by
Sally Sussman Morina

text: Jan Spears, played by three actresses: Natalie Ramsey (1999), Heather Lauren Olson (1999 to 2002; November 2003 to April 6, 2004) and Heather Lindell (April 6, 2004 to  May 19, 2005), was introduced as the mean girl at Salem High. Jan was one of the first girls to taunt Chloe Lane and call her "Ghoul Girl" and was responsible for putting pictures of a naked Chloe up on the internet. Jan's boyfriend, Jason Masters, was a real jerk and she finally had enough of him while on an Island. Also while on the Island, Nicole's father, Paul Mendez, rapes Jan, giving her gonorrhea and leaving her pregnant. Jan is humiliated but Shawn felt bad and promised to marry her and raise the baby as their own, devastating Belle. Jan lost the baby and left town. When Jan returned years later, her parents were dead and she was still obsessed with Shawn. Nicole also convinced a deeply disturbed Jan to help her kill Victor Kiriakis which she did (later it was revealed that Victor survived). Jan kidnapped Shawn and held him prisoner in a cage. When Shawn escaped he crashed his motorcycle and lost his memory. He woke up thinking that he wanted to be with Jan and she manipulated him until he regained his memory. Jan's grip on Shawn was loosening so she blackmailed Mimi to help her keep Shawn. Mimi and Jan argued and Jan fell, hitting her head on a rock. Jan remains in a coma. Jan was last mentioned by Nicole while on a dinner date with Phillip Kiriakis, April 2008.

text: Conner Lockhart[edit]

text: Conner David Lockhart is the youngest child of David and Bonnie Lockhart. The character was played by Austin Wolff as a child during the summer of 1999, and Noah Segan took over the role on a temporary basis on January 8, 2007. Recasting Segan in the role aged the character to his late teens. Conner left town with Mimi to live in Arizona.


document_title: Nitpicking

question_text: where did the term nit picking come from

root

text: Nitpicking

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Nitpicking is the act of removing nits (the eggs of lice, generally head lice) from the host's hair. As the nits are cemented to individual hairs, they cannot be removed with most lice combs and, before modern chemical methods were invented, the only options were to shave all the host's hair or to pick them free one by one.

tag: p

text: This is a slow and laborious process, as the root of each individual hair must be examined for infestation. It was largely abandoned as modern chemical methods became available; however, as lice populations can and do develop resistance, manual nitpicking is still often necessary.

text: Metaphor[edit]

text: As nitpicking inherently requires fastidious, meticulous attention to detail, the term has become appropriated to describe the practice of meticulously searching for minor, even trivial errors in detail (often referred to as "nits" as well). Thus "nitpicking" may be a pejorative term for troubleshooting, proofreading or similar, whose excess could be a psychopathologic form of criticising, see hypercriticism.


document_title: The Brady Bunch Movie

question_text: who plays jan in the brady bunch movie

question_tokens: who plays jan in the brady bunch movie

text: The Brady Bunch Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Larry Dittmeyer, an unscrupulous real estate developer, explains to his supervisor that almost all the families in his neighborhood have agreed to sell their property as part of a plan to turn the area into a shopping mall, except for the Brady family.

text: At the Bradys' house, Mike and Carol are having breakfast prepared by their housekeeper, Alice, while the six children prepare for school. Jan is jealous of her elder, popular sister Marcia. Cindy is tattling about everything she's hearing. Greg is dreaming of becoming a singer (but sings folk songs more appropriate to the seventies). Peter is nervous that his voice is breaking. Bobby is excited about his new role as hall monitor at school.

text: Cindy gives Mike and Carol a tax delinquency notice (which was earlier mistakenly delivered to the Dittmeyers) stating that they face foreclosure on their house if they do not pay $20,000 in back taxes. The two initially ignore the crisis, but when Mike's architectural design (which is exactly the same as their house) is turned down by two potential clients, he tells Carol that they may have to sell the house.

text: Cindy overhears this and tells her siblings and they look for work to raise money to save the house, but their earnings are nowhere near enough to reach the required sum. Mike manages to sell a Japanese company on one of his dated designs, thereby securing the money, only for Larry to sabotage it by claiming that Mike's last building collapsed.

text: On the night before the Bradys have to move out, Marcia suggests that they enter a "Search for the Stars" contest, the prize of which is exactly $20,000. Jan, having originally suggested this and been rejected, runs away from home. Cindy sees her leave and tattles, and the whole family goes on a search for her. They use their car's citizens' band radio, and their transmission is heard by Schultzy (Ann B. Davis), a long-haul trucker who picks up Jan and convinces her to return home.

text: The next day, the children join the "Search for the Stars" contest with a dated performance that receives poor audience response compared to the more modern performances of other bands. However, the judges — Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz, and Peter Tork of The Monkees — vote for them, and they win the contest as a result. The tax bill is paid and their neighbors withdraw their homes from the market, foiling Larry's plan and securing the neighborhood.

text: Later, Carol's mother (Florence Henderson) arrives and finally convinces Jan to stop being jealous of Marcia, only for Cindy to start feeling jealous of Jan.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gary Cole as Mike Brady
Shelley Long as Carol Brady
Henriette Mantel as Alice Nelson
Christopher Daniel Barnes as Greg Brady
Christine Taylor as Marcia Brady
Jennifer Elise Cox as Jan Brady
Paul Sutera as Peter Brady
Jesse Lee as Bobby Brady
Olivia Hack as Cindy Brady
David Graf as Sam Franklin
Michael McKean as Larry Dittmeyer
Jean Smart as Dina Dittmeyer
Jack Noseworthy as Eric Dittmeyer
Moriah Snyder as Missy Dittmeyer
R. D. Robb as Charlie Anderson
Shane Conrad as Doug Simpson
Marissa Ribisi as Holly
Alanna Ubach as Noreen
Megan Ward as Donna Leonard
Elisa Pensler-Gabrielli as Miss Linley
RuPaul as Mrs. Cummings
Darion Basco as Eddie
David Leisure as Jason (The modeling firm owner)
Davy Jones as himself
Micky Dolenz as himself
Peter Tork as himself
"Mudd Pagoda" David Darling, vocals; Marc Danzeisen, drums; Roger Joseph Manning, Jr., keyboards; Eric Dover, guitar; and Sheldon Strickland, bass guitar as members of the high school band

tag: ul

text:
Florence Henderson (the original Carol) as the family's grandmother, Carol's mother
Ann B. Davis (the original Alice) as Schultzy, a trucker ("Schultzy" is a reference to her most famous role prior to The Brady Bunch on The Bob Cummings Show)
Barry Williams (the original Greg) as a record producer who rejects the film's Greg's attempts to sell his song
Maureen McCormick (the original Marcia) as a reporter (scenes deleted)
Christopher Knight (the original Peter) as a coach who stops Eric and Leon from bullying the film's Peter in a cafeteria scene
Mike Lookinland (the original Bobby) as a cop (scenes deleted)
Susan Olsen (the original Cindy) as a lemonade Lady (scenes deleted)

text: Robert Reed (the original Mike) died in 1992. Eve Plumb (the original Jan) declined to appear in the film.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot almost entirely in Los Angeles, California, with the Brady house being located in Sherman Oaks. The school scenes were shot at Taft High School in Woodland Hills. Some scenes were filmed at Bowcraft amusement park in Scotch Plains, New Jersey.

text: The producers had sought to film the original house that had been used for exterior shots during the original Brady Bunch series, but the owner of the Studio City, California home refused to restore the property to its 1969 appearance. The filmmakers instead erected a facade around a house in nearby Encino and filmed scenes in the front yard.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Brady Bunch Movie was released in theaters on February 17, 1995. The film opened at #1 at the box office with $14.8 million and grossed $46.6 million in the U.S. and Canada.[1]

text: Television[edit]

text: The Brady Bunch Movie premiered on NBC November 29, 1997 with additional footage not shown in theaters or on home video releases.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Brady Bunch Movie was released on DVD June 10, 2003 and April 25, 2017.[3] The film has also been released digitally on Google Play.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 64% approval rating based on 41 review and an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though lightweight and silly, The Brady Bunch Movie still charms as homage to the 70s sitcom."[5]

text: Leonard Klady of Variety wrote, "For five years back in the early 1970s, U.S. TV homes were in the thrall of The Brady Bunch. Two decades after their small-screen demise, the clean-cut crew is back in mythic form as The Brady Bunch Movie. Part homage, part spoof, the deft balancing act is a clever adaptation—albeit culled from less than pedigreed source material."[6] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "The film establishes a bland, reassuring, comforting Brady reality – a certain muted tone that works just fine but needs, I think, a bleaker contrast from outside to fully exploit the humor. The Brady Bunch Movie is rated PG-13, which is a compromise: The Bradys themselves live in a PG universe, and the movie would have been funnier if when they ventured outside it was obviously Wayne's World."[7] Common Sense Media said that "for those who grew up watching the TV show, The Brady Bunch Movie is deeply satisfying and the best part is its nostalgia. Sure, it's fun to see the Bradys treated as freaks. But the heart of the film is a campy, affectionate interpretation of the TV show."[8]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A Very Brady Sequel[edit]

text: A Very Brady Sequel, directed by Arlene Sanford, was released theatrically on August 23, 1996. It sees the family routine thrown into disarray when a man claiming to be Carol's long-lost first husband arrives on their doorstep. The family must then follow Carol to Hawaii in order to set things straight. All of the main cast members reprised their roles.

text: The Brady Bunch in the White House[edit]

text: The second sequel, The Brady Bunch in the White House, sees a convoluted series of mishaps end with Mike and Carol Brady elected as President and Vice President of the United States. Despite innocent efforts to improve the country, the Brady family is beset on all sides by controversy and imagined scandals which threaten to tear them apart. Although the original actors for Mike and Carol return, the children and Alice are all recast for this film, which was released as a filmed-for-television movie.


document_title: That Thing You Do!

question_text: who played drums on that thing you do

question_tokens: who played drums on that thing you do

text: That Thing You Do!

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1964, in Erie, Pennsylvania, aspiring jazz drummer Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott) is asked by Jimmy Mattingly (Johnathon Schaech) and Lenny Haise (Steve Zahn) to sit in with their band at an annual talent show, after their regular drummer breaks his arm trying to jump over a parking meter. The band, which also includes bassist T.B. Player (Ethan Embry), adopts the name "The Oneders" (pronounced "wonders", but often mispronounced "oh-NEE-ders"). At the talent show, Guy launches into a faster tempo than intended for Jimmy's ballad, "That Thing You Do", and the band wins the competition. The Oneders' performance at the talent show earns them a paying gig at a local restaurant, where they begin to sell recordings of "That Thing You Do" and are noticed by talent promoter Phil Horace (Chris Ellis), whom they hire as their manager.

text: Horace achieves radio airplay for the song and books the band at a rock & roll showcase concert in Pittsburgh, after which they are offered a contract by Play-Tone Records A&R representative Mr. White (Hanks). White changes the band's name to "The Wonders" as they join a Midwestern Play-Tone tour, taking along Jimmy's girlfriend, Faye (Liv Tyler), as their official "costume mistress". During the tour, "That Thing You Do" garners national radio airplay and becomes a bona-fide hit. As the band's popularity soars, Jimmy grows frustrated that the group is not focused on creating more music, while the remainder of the band enjoys their time in the spotlight. All the while, Guy and Faye grow closer as friends. When the song enters the top ten on the Billboard charts, the band is taken off the tour and sent to Los Angeles.

text: Faye falls ill on the trip and is nursed by Guy. Jimmy is seemingly uninterested in her well-being, being preoccupied with trying to convince White to let the band record more of his original songs. After a publicity tour, the band is set to appear on The Hollywood Television Showcase, a nationally televised live variety show. They begin to show signs of discord. Jimmy continues to vent frustration at White over the band's direction. T.B. (who was leaving to join the United States Marine Corps in a few weeks) goes to Disneyland with a group of Marines and never returns; he is replaced in the broadcast by a session bassist. During the performance, as the band is being visually introduced to the viewing audience, the caption "Careful girls, he's engaged!" appears under Jimmy's name. Jimmy becomes upset with Faye in the dressing room afterward, and says that he has no intention of marrying her. Heartbroken and weary with his arrogant personality and lack of devotion, Faye terminates their relationship.

text: The next day at a scheduled recording session, Lenny is missing and Jimmy's grievances with White reach a boiling point and he quits the band. Guy is sorry to see the end of the band. White confronts him, and declares the band a one-hit wonder, but commends Guy for his smarts and integrity. After an impromptu jam session with his idol, jazz pianist Del Paxton (Bill Cobbs), Guy returns to the band's hotel, where he meets Faye and shares a long kiss with her. In an epilogue, it is revealed that Jimmy went back to Play-Tone and forms another band and has a successful career as an artist and producer, Lenny becomes a casino manager, and T.B. earns a Purple Heart for injuries suffered at Khe Sanh. Guy and Faye start a family in Washington, where Guy teaches jazz composition at a music conservatory that he and Faye open.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Everett Scott as Guy Patterson
Johnathon Schaech as Jimmy Mattingly
Tom Hanks as Mr. White
Steve Zahn as Lenny Haise
Ethan Embry as T. B. Player
Liv Tyler as Faye Dolan
Charlize Theron as Tina Powers
Bill Cobbs as Del Paxton
Giovanni Ribisi as Chad
Obba Babatundé as Lamarr
Alex Rocco as Sol Siler
Chris Isaak as Uncle Bob
Larry Antonino as Scott "Wolfman" Pell
Holmes Osborne as Mr. Patterson

text:
Robert Torti as Freddy Fredrickson
Kennya Ramsey, Julie Harkness, and Darlene Dillinger as The Chantrellines
Chaille Percival as Diane Dane

text:
Director Jonathan Demme one of the producers of That Thing You Do!, has a cameo as the director of Weekend At Party Pier.
Comedian Barry Sobel, has a cameo as "Goofball" in Weekend at Party Pier.
Tracy Reiner, has a cameo as Anita, the co-star of Weekend at Party Pier.
Musician Chris Isaak appears as Uncle Bob who produces the band's first recording.
Actress Rita Wilson, Hanks' wife, has a small part as Marguerite, the waitress at The Blue Spot jazz club, whose interest in Guy becomes compromised when Guy realizes his jazz idol Del Paxton is in the club.
Tom Hanks' son, Colin, appears as a page at the City of Broadcasting. He can be seen escorting Faye (Liv Tyler) from her car to her seat in the studio audience. His role is slightly expanded in the extended edition DVD.
Elizabeth Hanks, Hanks' daughter with his first wife, appears as "Bored Girl in Dress Shop".
Peter Scolari plays Troy Chesterfield, host of The Hollywood Television Showcase.
Football player/commentator Howie Long appears as Mr. White's driver/partner Lloyd in the extended cut; his part was entirely cut from the theatrical release.
Bryan Cranston appears as astronaut Gus Grissom during The Hollywood Television Showcase scenes.
Clint Howard, the brother of Ron Howard, appears as a KJZZ Disk Jockey.
Kevin Pollak appears as Victor 'Boss Vic Koss' Kosslovich
Gedde Watanabe appears as a Playtone photographer.
Chris Ellis as Phil Horace, the band's first manager.
Marc McClure as the Hollywood Showcase Director.

text: Production and music[edit]

text: The movie features original music by Tom Hanks, Adam Schlesinger, Rick Elias, Scott Rogness, Mike Piccirillo, Gary Goetzman and Howard Shore. In the movie, The Wonders rise to brief stardom on the strength of "That Thing You Do", a song written as a wistful ballad but which becomes an uptempo rocker during the band's first performance at a talent show. Written and composed for the film by Adam Schlesinger, bassist for Fountains of Wayne and Ivy and released on the film's soundtrack, the song became a genuine hit for The Wonders in 1996 (the song peaked at #41 on the Billboard Hot 100, #22 on the Adult Contemporary charts, #18 on the Adult Top 40, and #24 on the Top 40 Mainstream charts). The track was nominated for a 1996 Golden Globe Award as well as a 1996 Academy Award for Best Original Song. Mike Viola of The Candy Butchers provided the lead vocals for the Wonders.

text: In the film, the title song is referenced with "All My Only Dreams" as the B-side. The actual 45 RPM single, released to record stores in North America, features "Dance With Me Tonight" as its B-side. The song has since been recorded by The Knack and Bubblegum Lemonade. The Wonders are also seen playing the song "Little Wild One." This was written by the band Gigolo Aunts as a "faux-Beatles"-style tune at the request of their record label to be submitted for consideration for inclusion in the film.[2]

text: For the purpose of being able to convincingly perform The Wonders' songs on-camera, Scott, Schaech, Zahn and Embry took several weeks of individual lessons, followed by daily practice as a group. Of the four, only Zahn and Embry had any prior experience of playing their assigned instruments. They eventually honed their performance to the point where extras on the set thought they were actually playing the songs, when in reality they were miming along to recordings by professional musicians.[3]

text: The song that plays during the film's opening credits, "Lovin' You Lots and Lots," is credited to the fictitious Norm Wooster Singers and was actually written by Hanks. This song is a parody of Ray Conniff, Mitch Miller, and other practitioners of the "beautiful music" or proto-Muzak formats that were a staple of adult radio during the early '60s such as on KPOL (AM)1540 in Los Angeles.[4][5] Hanks also composed Guy's jazzy signature drum solo, "I Am Spartacus."

text: The ballad "My World Is Over" by Diane Dane seems inspired by the compositions of Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and the vocal performance is strongly reminiscent of Jackie DeShannon.

text: The Wonders' bassist (played by Ethan Embry) is unnamed in the film; his name, T.B. Player (literally, "The Bass Player"), is revealed only in the end credits. This is a joke based on the perception that bass players are often unknown and unappreciated. Embry would later provide his own take on the character's real name: "I just said my name was Tobias, because he’s such a Tobias. You just take the vowels out [and it’s T.B.] His nickname was Toby, but his mom calls him Tobias. And his last name actually was Player, because he was a player, dude! That carousel ride with the Chantrellines? Total player."[3]

text: Some music was written for the film by Lee Hartney from The Smith Street Band but didn't make the final cut.

text: The tour and TV appearance are done in the authentic style of rock bands of the mid-1960s, including Go-Go girls, elaborate sharing of microphones, and formal clothing in various matching colors.

text: The character of fictional Pittsburgh disc jockey "Boss Vic Koss" whose actual last name was "Kosslovich" may be inspired by real-life Pittsburgh radio personality "Mad Mike Metro," who worked at WZUM in the 60s. His actual last name was "Metrovich.

text: The song "Voyage Around the Moon" by the fictional band Saturn 5 closely resembles "Pipeline" by The Chantays. The scene where The Wonders are miming the instrumental tune "Shrimp Shack" during the filming of a beach party film titled Weekend at Party Pier is an overt reference to the scene in Pajama Party wherein The Nooney Rickett 4 play the instrumental song Beach Ball.[6]

text: The movie was written at a time when Hanks' was dealing with his own issues with increasing successes in his career. During his appearance on Inside the Actors Studio, Hanks said he told the studio, "I'm a big honkin' star and you have to let me do what I want to do", to which the studio replied, "You're absolutely right."

text: The (fictional) Wonders[edit]

text: There were at least two real bands named the Wonders who made the record charts at various radio stations in the early '60s. One had a ballad titled "With These Hands" (b/w "Please Don't Cry"; Bamboo 523) that was played by KCRG in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in the fall of 1962.[7]

text: The other Wonders had a regional hit record called "Say There" (b/w "Marilyn"; Colpix 699), released by Colpix Records in August 1963.[8] Little is known about these Wonders, except that they were probably from Ohio or Pennsylvania; "Say There" hit the Top 20 at WCOL in Columbus, Ohio, and made the Top 30 at KQV in Pittsburgh.[9] (There is a scene in the film in which a disc jockey at WCOL is seen playing "That Thing You Do!")[10]

text: There are numerous references to The Beatles in the storyline:

text:
Both bands lost their original bass player and replaced their original drummer.
White is modeled on Brian Epstein and in the extended cut is shown to have a boyfriend (Epstein was gay).
Guy Patterson was modeled on the experience of Jimmie Nicol replacing Ringo Starr for one tour.[11]
The "Careful girls, he's engaged" caption under Mattingly's name is a reference to the "Sorry girls, he's married" caption under John Lennon's name when The Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show.
Faye is mistaken for a fan and is prevented by the police from following the band. A similar incident happened to Cynthia Lennon, John Lennon's wife.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album (released under the Play-Tone name in conjunction with Epic Records) was also a hit, peaking at #21 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The CD artwork is a replica of the fictional Play-Tone label used in the movie, and the liner notes are done in a mockumentary style, as if the Wonders had been a real group and the events of the film had actually happened. Hanks later used the success of That Thing You Do! as a spring-board to launch the actual Playtone Records label, through which the soundtracks of all his subsequent films, and other films like Bring It On and television programs like The Sopranos were released as albums.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Music
Artist
Length

1.
"Lovin' You Lots and Lots"
Tom Hanks
The Norm Wooster Singers
1:54

2.
"That Thing You Do!"
Adam Schlesinger
The Wonders
2:47

3.
"Little Wild One"
David Gibbs, Steve Hurley, Phil Hurley, Fred Elringham
The Wonders
2:30

4.
"Dance With Me Tonight"
Scott Rogness, Rick Elias
The Wonders
2:05

5.
"All My Only Dreams"
Rogness, Elias
The Wonders
2:54

6.
"I Need You (That Thing You Do)" (The movie credits list this song as being from 'The Heardsmen'.)
Rogness, Elias, Linda Elias
The Wonders
2:53

7.
"She Knows It"
Rogness, Elias
The Heardsmen
3:01

8.
"Mr. Downtown"
Hanks, Gary Goetzman, Mike Piccirillo
Freddy Fredrickson
2:32

9.
"Hold My Hand, Hold My Heart"
Hanks, Goetzman, Piccirillo
The Chantrellines
3:11

10.
"Voyage Around The Moon"
Hanks, Goetzman, Piccirillo
The Saturn 5
3:04

11.
"My World Is Over"
Piccirillo
Diane Dane
3:01

12.
"Drive Faster"
Rogness, Elias
The Vicksburgs
2:48

13.
"Shrimp Shack"
Piccirillo
Cap'n Geech & The Shrimp Shack Shooters
2:22

14.
"Time To Blow"
Steve Tyrell, Robert Mann
Del Paxton
4:20

15.
"That Thing You Do! (Live at the Hollywood Television Showcase)"
Schlesinger
The Wonders
2:54

Total length:
42:09

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was well received by critics and currently holds a 93% fresh rating at the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 56 reviews with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "A light, sweet, and thoroughly entertaining debut for director Tom Hanks, That Thing You Do! makes up in charm what it lacks in complexity". The film debuted at No. 3.[12] It was moderately successful at the box office, grossing $25,857,416 domestically and $8,728,000 abroad for a worldwide gross of $34,585,416.[1]

text: The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in this list:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"That Thing You Do!" – Nominated[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Initial release[edit]

text: That Thing You Do! was first released in mid-1997 on VHS. In 1998, the film became available in the DIVX format (as with all 20th Century Fox films), rather than DVD.

text: First DVD[edit]

text: After DIVX failed, the film was released onto DVD on June 5, 2001. It included the featurette "The Making of That Thing You Do!," and two music videos.

text: Extended Edition DVD[edit]

text: On May 8, 2007, Tom Hanks' Extended Edition was released on DVD. The film's theatrical cut and an extended cut with 39 additional minutes of deleted scenes are included.

text: Many of the deleted scenes are devoted to character development. A tastefully steamy look at Guy's "make-out" session with Tina at his apartment is included. The extended version also goes more in-depth with Guy's developing relationship with Faye (via mild flirting) and his deteriorating relationship with Tina, as well as Tina's budding relationship with her dentist, Dr. Collins. It also suggests that the character portrayed by Tom Hanks (Mr. White) is not only gay but in a relationship with a man played by former NFL defensive lineman Howie Long.

text: More camera time is also devoted to the romance between the bass player and one of the singers of the Chantrellines. In the theatrical cut, this romance was depicted mainly as an unrequited crush on the part of the bass player; in the extended cut it is clearly shown that his efforts were successful.

text: At the end of the Extended Edition, rather than becoming a studio drummer on the recommendation of Del Paxton, Guy becomes a disc jockey for the jazz station KJZZ and records a documentary series of interviews with legendary jazz musicians.

text: 2007 DVD repackage re-release[edit]

text: That Thing You Do! was packaged with Bachelor Party and The Man with One Red Shoe in the Tom Hanks Triple Feature DVD anthology set. The actual DVD appears to be the original 2001 disc, with the featurette and music videos.

text: Blu-ray release[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray on April 2, 2013. The Blu-ray includes the Theatrical and Extended cuts as well as all of the bonus features found on the 2-Disc DVD.


document_title: Party at the Palace

question_text: who played guitar on top of buckingham palace

text: Party at the Palace

text: Event and venue[edit]

text: The concert was held at the gardens of Buckingham Palace Garden as part of the Golden Jubilee. The event was touted as the greatest concert in Britain since Live Aid or possibly ever. Tickets to the event were determined by a lottery. 12,000 people attended the concert.[1] An estimated 1 million people watched outside the Palace in The Mall and around the Queen Victoria Memorial,[2] and 200 million on television.[3] The concert included performances of many hit songs from the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. The event was the culmination of a national day of partying. The BBC Music Live Festival also occurred on the day. At 13:00 towns across the United Kingdom had bands play The Beatles hit "All You Need Is Love" before church bells were rung around the country.

text: Entertainers[edit]

text: Amongst others, performers included:

text: Paul McCartney, Bryan Adams, Queen, Elton John, Shirley Bassey, Eric Clapton, Joe Cocker, Phil Collins, Ray Cooper, Ray Davies, Dame Edna Everage, Tony Iommi, Tom Jones, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Annie Lennox, S Club 7, Ricky Martin, Ozzy Osbourne, Rod Stewart, Tony Bennett, Blue, Emma Bunton, Atomic Kitten, Mis-Teeq, The Corrs, Cliff Richard, Will Young, Ruby Wax, Steve Winwood and Brian Wilson.

text: Also performing was the London cast of the musical We Will Rock You. Several newspapers mentioned the absence of The Rolling Stones. The Stones said the event conflicted with their upcoming world tour.

text: House band[edit]

text: The house band for the performance consisted of Phil Palmer (guitar), Pino Palladino (bass), Paul Wickens (keyboards), Phil Collins (drums), Ray Cooper (percussion), Jason Robinson (saxophone), Sam Brown, Margo Buchanan and Claudia Fontaine (backing vocals) and the Royal Academy of Music Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Kamen. Some performers brought their own musicians to the concert.

text: Hosts[edit]

text: The concert was hosted by Lenny Henry and Ben Elton. Between some acts were short comedy segments featuring Meera Syal, Nina Wadia, Ruby Wax, Kermit the Frog (voiced by Steve Whitmire), and Barry Humphries (in characters as Dame Edna Everage and Sir Les Patterson).

text: Performances[edit]

text:
Song
Artists
Notes

"God Save the Queen"
Queen (Brian May, Roger Taylor) with house orchestra,
Brian on the roof of Buckingham Palace and Roger played with the orchestra on the stage

"The Cup of Life"
Ricky Martin

"B with Me"/"Livin' La Vida Loca"
Ricky Martin and Mis-Teeq

"Don't Stop Movin"
S Club 7

"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves"
Annie Lennox

"You Can't Hurry Love"
Phil Collins
Roger Taylor took Phil Collins's place on drums for this song.

"Dancing In The Street"
Atomic Kitten

"I Heard It Through The Grapevine"
Will Young

"Get Ready"
Blue

"Baby Love"
Emma Bunton

"Stop! In The Name Of Love"
Mis-Teeq

"Sex Bomb"
Tom Jones

"The Long And Winding Road"
The Corrs

"Dancing In The Moonlight"
Toploader

Goldfinger
Shirley Bassey

"Everything I Do (I Do It For You)"
Bryan Adams

"You Can Leave Your Hat On"
Tom Jones and Blue

"Radio Ga Ga"
Queen
Phil Collins took Roger Taylor's place on drums for this song, while Roger Taylor did lead vocals.

"We Will Rock You"
Queen (Brian May, Roger Taylor) and the London cast of We Will Rock You
Brian May on lead vocals

"We Are The Champions"
Queen (Brian May, Roger Taylor), Will Young and the London cast of We Will Rock You

"Bohemian Rhapsody"
Queen and the London cast of We Will Rock You

"If I Ruled The World
Tony Bennett

"Why"
Annie Lennox

"Living Doll"
Cliff Richard

"Move It"
Cliff Richard with S Club 7 and Brian May

"Paranoid"
Ozzy Osbourne and Tony Iommi

"I Want Love"
Elton John
Pre-recorded in the Music Room inside Buckingham Palace.

"California Girls"
Brian Wilson

"The Warmth Of The Sun"
Brian Wilson and Eric Clapton

"God Only Knows"
Brian Wilson and The Corrs

"Good Vibrations"
Brian Wilson with Emma Bunton, Atomic Kitten and Cliff Richard

"Layla"
Eric Clapton

"Gimme Some Lovin'"
Steve Winwood

"With A Little Help From My Friends"
Joe Cocker, Steve Winwood and Brian May

"Lola"
Ray Davies

"Handbags & Gladrags"
Rod Stewart

Her Majesty
Paul McCartney

"Blackbird"
Paul McCartney

"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
Paul McCartney and Eric Clapton

"Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band"/"The End"
Paul McCartney

"All You Need Is Love"
Paul McCartney, Rod Stewart, Joe Cocker, Brian Wilson, Queen (Brian May, Roger Taylor), Cliff Richard, Ozzy Osbourne and Ladysmith Black Mambazo
Joined by the rest of the cast part way through the song.

"Hey Jude"
Paul McCartney and the entire cast

"I Saw Her Standing There"
Paul McCartney
Not broadcast to television, only radio.

text: Aspects of concert[edit]

text: The concert began with Brian May performing God Save the Queen on the roof of Buckingham Palace as a guitar solo with support from the orchestra onstage in the Garden far below.[4] This sequence was spectacularly filmed, including some upward photography of May in full "rock god" mode and shots of the crowd in the Garden below. It has become an iconic moment and Brian May himself has said in interview that he hoped that he would strike the last chord at the same time as the orchestra in the gardens far below. Once it was finished, said May, the arm and fist went up, and the guitar was free, for it had done its work.[5] Ozzy Osbourne recently said in the same interview that this was the greatest moment of his career and pronounced the Queen to be "a beautiful woman."

text: Phil Collins played drums for many of the artists, as well as singing his 1983 UK number one single "You Can't Hurry Love", with Queen's Roger Taylor playing drums. Taylor took late singer Freddie Mercury's place by singing lead vocals for the band's 1984 number two hit "Radio Ga Ga" (which Taylor had also written), with Collins playing drums in place of Taylor.

text: S Club 7's performance of "Don't Stop Movin'" was announced as the last time the group would be performing as a septet, as Paul Cattermole had announced his departure from the group prior to the event.

text: Royal family commemoration[edit]

text: The event ended with the Royal Family joining the stars onstage. Prince Charles thanked his mother for her fifty years on the throne, famously beginning his speech with the words, "Your Majesty.....MUMMY!" to the delight of the crowd and bemusement of the Queen.[6]

text: Following this the Queen and Prince Philip went to light the National Beacon on the Mall. After the lighting of the beacon the largest fireworks show in the history of London took place. During this time different symbols were projected onto the palace including a Union Flag.

text: Recordings[edit]

text: A DVD has been issued of the performance. Some portions have been cut, e.g. Ruby Wax's monologue, Dame Edna's introduction of Paul McCartney performing "Blackbird" and Paul McCartney's spontaneous performance of "Her Majesty".[7]

text: A live CD recording of the performance was also released in 2002.[8]


document_title: Islamic calendar

question_text: what is the first month of the islamic calender

question_tokens: what is the first month of the islamic calender

text: Islamic calendar

text: History

text: Pre-Islamic calendar

text: For Central Arabia, especially Mecca, there is a lack of epigraphical evidence but details are found in the writings of Muslim authors of the Abbasid era.  Inscriptions of the ancient South Arabian calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars. At least some of these South Arabian calendars followed the lunisolar system. Both al-Biruni and al-Mas'udi suggest that the Ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs.[4]

text: The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of Tihamah, Hejaz, and Najd distinguished between two types of months, permitted (ḥalāl) and forbidden (ḥarām) months. The forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season, Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram. Information about the forbidden months is also found in the writings of Procopius, where he describes an armistice with the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al-Mundhir which happened in the summer of 541 AD. However, Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season. The Qur'an links the four forbidden months with Nasī’, a word that literally means "postponement".[4] According to Muslim tradition, the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of Kinanah,[5] by a man known as the al-Qalammas of Kinanah and his descendants (pl. qalāmisa).[6]

text: Different interpretations of the concept of Nasī’ have been proposed.[7] Some scholars, both Muslim[8][9] and Western,[4][5] maintain that the pre-Islamic calendar used in Central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. According to this view, Nasī’ is related to the pre-Islamic practices of the Meccan Arabs, where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like Ibn Hisham, Ibn Manzur, and the corpus of Qur'anic exegesis.[10]

text: This is corroborated by an early Sabaic inscription, where a religious ritual was "postponed"  (ns'’w) due to war. According to the context of this inscription, the verb ns'’ has nothing to do with intercalation, but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non-calendaring postponement is also the Qur'anic meaning of Nasī’.[4] Thus the Encyclopaedia of Islam concludes "The Arabic system of [Nasī’] can only have been intended to move the Hajj and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed."[11]

text: Others concur that it was originally a lunar calendar, but suggest that about 200 years before the Hijra it was transformed into a lunisolar calendar containing an intercalary month added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant. This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, and later by al-Biruni,[6][12] al-Mas'udi, and some Western scholars.[13] This interpretation considers Nasī’ to be a synonym to the Arabic word for "intercalation" (kabīsa). The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews.[5][6][12] The Jewish Nasi was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar.[14] Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue.[15]

text: Prohibiting Nasī’

text: In the tenth year of the Hijra, as documented in the Qur'an (Sura At-Tawba (9):36–37), Muslims believe God revealed the "prohibition of the Nasī’".

text:
The number of the months, with God, is twelve in the Book of God, the day that He created the heavens and the earth; four of them are sacred. That is the right religion. So wrong not each other during them. And fight the unbelievers totally even as they fight you totally and know that God is with the godfearing.
Know that intercalation (nasi) is an addition to disbelief. Those who disbelieve are led to error thereby, making it lawful in one year and forbidden in another in order to adjust the number of (the months) made sacred by God and make the sacred ones permissible. The evil of their course appears pleasing to them. But God gives no guidance to those who disbelieve.

text: The prohibition of Nasī’ would presumably have been announced when the intercalated month had returned to its position just before the month of Nasi' began. If Nasī' meant intercalation, then the number and the position of the intercalary months between 1 AH and 10 AH are uncertain; Western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the Hijra, the Battle of Badr, the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Trench, should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one, two or even three lunar months. This prohibition was mentioned by Muhammad during the farewell sermon which was delivered on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah 10 AH (Julian date Friday 6 March, AD 632) on Mount Arafat during the farewell pilgrimage to Mecca.[citation needed]

text: Certainly the Nasi’ is an impious addition, which has led the infidels into error. One year they authorise the Nasi’, another year they forbid it. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable, and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive.

text: The three successive sacred (forbidden) months mentioned by Prophet Muhammad (months in which battles are forbidden) are Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram, months 11, 12, and 1 respectively. The single forbidden month is Rajab, month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar.[citation needed]

text: Months

text: Four of the twelve Hijri months are considered sacred: Rajab (7), and the three consecutive months of Dhū al-Qa‘dah (11), Dhu al-Ḥijjah (12) and Muḥarram (1).[19] As the lunar calendar lags behind the solar calendar by about ten days every Gregorian year, months of the Islamic calendar fall in different parts of the Gregorian calendar each year. The cycle repeats every 33 lunar years.[20]

text:
No.
Name
Arabic
Meaning
Note

1
Muḥarram
ٱلْمُحَرَّم
forbidden
A sacred month, so called because battle and all kinds of fighting are forbidden (ḥarām) during this month. Muḥarram includes ‘Āshūrā’, the tenth day.

2
Ṣafar
صَفَر
void
Supposedly named thus because pre-Islamic Arab houses were empty this time of year while their occupants gathered food. Another account relates that they used to loot the houses of their enemies after defeating them in battle, leaving nothing behind.

3
Rabī‘ al-awwal
رَبِيع ٱلْأَوَّل
the first spring
Also means to graze, because cattle were grazed during this month. Also a very holy month of celebration for many Muslims, as it was the month the Prophet Muhammad was born.[21]

4
Rabī‘ ath-thānī
رَبِيع ٱلْآخِر
the second spring

5
Jumādá al-ūlá
جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْأُولَىٰ
the first of parched land
Often considered the pre-Islamic summer. Jumādá may also be related to a verb meaning "to freeze" and another account relates that water would freeze during this time of year.

6
Jumādá al-ākhirah
جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِرَة
the last of parched land

7
Rajab
رَجَب
respect, honour
This is the second sacred month in which fighting is forbidden. Rajab may also be related to a verb meaning "to remove", so called because pre-Islamic Arabs would remove the heads of their spears and refrain from fighting.

8
Sha‘bān
شَعْبَان
scattered
Marked the time of year when Arab tribes dispersed to find water. Sha‘bān may also be related to a verb meaning "to be in between two things". Another account relates that it was called thus because the month lies between Rajab and Ramaḍān.

9
Ramaḍān
رَمَضَان
burning heat
Burning is related to fasting as in empty stomach one's worldly desire will burn. Supposedly so called because of high temperatures caused by the excessive heat of the sun. Ramaḍān is the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar. During this time, Muslims must fast from pre-dawn till sunset and should give charity to the poor and needy.

10
Shawwāl
شَوَّال
raised
She-camels would normally be in calf at this time of year and raise their tails.

11
Dhū al-Qa‘dah
ذُو ٱلْقَعْدَة
the one of truce/sitting
This is a holy month during which war is banned. People are allowed to defend themselves if attacked.

12
Dhū al-Ḥijjah
ذُو ٱلْحِجَّة
the one of pilgrimage
During this month Muslim pilgrims from all around the world congregate at Mecca to visit the Kaaba. The Hajj is performed on the eighth, ninth and the tenth of this month. Day of Arafah takes place on the ninth of the month. Eid al-Adha, the "Festival of the Sacrifice", begins on the tenth day and ends on sunset of the twelfth, and during which war is banned.

text: Length of months

text: Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle. Traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent (hilal) marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon, astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions. However, certain sects and groups, most notably Bohras Muslims namely Alavis, Dawoodis and Sulaymanis and Shia Ismaili Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) in which odd-numbered months have thirty days (and also the twelfth month in a leap year) and even months have 29.

text: Days of the week

text: In Arabic, the "first day" of the week corresponds with Sunday of the planetary week. The Islamic weekdays, like those in the Hebrew and Bahá'í calendars, begin at sunset. The Christian liturgical day, kept in monasteries, begins with vespers (see vesper), which is evening, in line with the other Abrahamic traditions. Christian and planetary weekdays begin at the following midnight. Muslims gather for worship at a mosque at noon on "gathering day" (Yawm al-Jum‘ah, yawm يوم meaning "day") which corresponds with Friday.

text: Thus "gathering day" is often regarded as the weekly day of rest. This is frequently made official, with many Muslim countries adopting Friday and Saturday (e.g., Egypt, Saudi Arabia) or Thursday and Friday as official weekends, during which offices are closed; other countries (e.g., Iran) choose to make Friday alone a day of rest. A few others (e.g., Turkey, Pakistan, Morocco, Nigeria) have adopted the Saturday-Sunday weekend while making Friday a working day with a long midday break to allow time off for worship.[citation needed]

text:
Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Name

(Yawm) al-Aḥad

(Yawm) al-Ithnayn

(Yawm) ath-Thulāthā’

(Yawm) al-Arba‘ā’

(Yawm) al-Khamīs

(Yawm) al-Jum‘ah

(Yawm) as-Sabt

Arabic

الأحد

الإثنين

الثلاثاء

الأربعاء

الخميس

الجمعة

السبت

Meaning

First day

Second day

Third day

Fourth day

Fifth day

Gathering day

Day of Rest

text: Year numbering

text: In pre-Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, Abraha, governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army which included several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the Year of the Elephant, during which Muhammad was born (sura al-Fil). Most equate this to the year AD 570, but a minority use AD 571.

text: The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered, but were named after events in the life of Muhammad according to Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī:[22]

text:
The year of permission.
The year of the order of fighting.
The year of the trial.
The year of congratulation on marriage.
The year of the earthquake.
The year of enquiring.
The year of gaining victory.
The year of equality.
The year of exemption.
The year of farewell.

tag: ol

text: In AD 638 (17 AH), Abu Musa Ashaari, one of the officials of the Caliph Umar in Basrah, complained about the absence of any years on the correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should include the date of Muhammad's arrival at Medina (known as Yathrib, before Muhammad's arrival). Uthman ibn Affan then suggested that the months begin with Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I.[1] Because of the Hijra, the calendar was named the Hijra calendar.

text: The first day of the first month of the Islamic calendar (1 Muharram 1 AH) was set to the first new moon after the day the Prophet moved from Quba' to Medina (originally 26 Rabi' I on the pre-Islamic calendar[23]) i.e., Friday, 16 July AD 622, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the Julian calendar.[24][25] The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own tabular Islamic calendar, which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year AD 1000.[26] Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin crescent moon would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated dark moon (astronomical new moon) on the morning of 14 July.[27]

text: Though Cook and Crone in Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World cite a coin from 17 AH, the first surviving attested use of a Hijri calendar date alongside a date in another calendar (Coptic) is on a papyrus from Egypt in 22 AH, PERF 558.

text: Astronomical considerations

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Due to the fact that the Islamic calendar relies on certain variable methods of observation which are used to determine its month-start-dates, the start-dates of its months sometimes vary slightly from the month-start-dates of the astronomical lunar calendar, which are based directly on astronomical calculations. Still, the Islamic calendar seldom varies by more than three days from the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, and roughly approximates it.  Both the Islamic calendar and the astronomical-lunar-calendar take no account of the solar year in their calculations, and thus both of these strictly lunar based calendar systems have no ability to reckon the timing of the four seasons of the year.

text: In the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, a year of 12 lunar months is 354.37 days long.  In this calendar system, lunar months begin precisely at the time of the monthly "conjunction", when the Moon is located most directly between the Earth and the Sun. The month is defined as the average duration of a revolution of the Moon around the Earth (29.53 days). By convention, months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other, adding up over two successive months to 59 full days. This leaves only a small monthly variation of 44 minutes to account for, which adds up to a total of 24 hours (i.e., the equivalent of one full day) in 2.73 years. To settle accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar every four years.[28] The technical details of the adjustment are described in Tabular Islamic calendar.

text: The Islamic calendar, however, is based on a different set of conventions being used for the determination of the month-start-dates.[29] Each month still has either 29 or 30 days, but due to the variable method of observations employed, there is usually in no discernible order in the sequencing of either 29 or 30 day month lengths. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the hilal (crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If the hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries.  Still, due to the fact that both lunar reckoning systems are ultimately based on the lunar cycle itself, both systems still do roughly correspond to one another, never being more than three days out of synch with one another.

text: This traditional practice for the determination of the start-date of the month is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30 days) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. But, the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 17 hours after the conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as various astronomical parameters.[30] Given the fact that the moon sets progressively later than the sun as one goes west, with a corresponding increase in its "age" since conjunction, Western Muslim countries may, under favorable conditions, observe the new moon one day earlier than eastern Muslim countries. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, during the 48 hour period following the conjunction. The information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month.

text: A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine the beginning of months. Thus, Malaysia, Indonesia, and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun (moonset after sunset). In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they actually do.   In some instances, what a country says it does is impossible.[31][32]

text: Due to the somewhat variable nature of the Islamic calendar, in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar is used primarily for religious purposes, while the Solar-based Gregorian calendar is still used primarily for matters of commerce and agriculture.

text: Theological considerations

text: If the Islamic calendar were prepared using astronomical calculations, Muslims throughout the Muslim world could use it to meet all their needs, the way they use the Gregorian calendar today. But, there are divergent views on whether it is licit to do so.[33]

text: A majority of theologians oppose the use of calculations (beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days) on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine the beginning of these months.[34][35][36]

text: However, some jurists see no contradiction between Muhammad's teachings and the use of calculations to determine the beginnings of lunar months.[37] They consider that Muhammad's recommendation was adapted to the culture of the times, and should not be confused with the acts of worship.[38][39][40]

text: Thus the jurists Ahmad Muhammad Shakir and Yusuf al-Qaradawi both endorsed the use of calculations to determine the beginning of all months of the Islamic calendar, in 1939 and 2004 respectively.[41][42] So did the Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA) in 2006[43][44] and the European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR) in 2007.[45][46]

text: The major Muslim associations of France also announced in 2012 that they would henceforth use a calendar based on astronomical calculations, taking into account the criteria of the possibility of crescent sighting in any place on Earth.[47] But, shortly after the official adoption of this rule by the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM) in 2013, the new leadership of the association decided, on the eve of Ramadan 2013, to follow the Saudi announcement rather than to apply the rule just adopted. This resulted in a division of the Muslim community of France, with some members following the new rule, and others following the Saudi announcement.

text: Isma'ili-Taiyebi Bohras having the institution of da'i al-mutlaq follow the tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) prepared on the basis of astronomical calculations from the days of Fatimid imams.

text: Astronomical 12-moon calendars

text: Islamic calendar of Turkey

text: Turkish Muslims use an Islamic calendar which is calculated several years in advance (currently up to 1444 AH/2022 CE) by the Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı). From 1 Muharrem 1400 AH (21 November 1979) until 29 Zilhicce 1435 (24 October 2014) the computed Turkish lunar calendar was based on the following rule: "The lunar month is assumed to begin on the evening when, within some region of the terrestrial globe, the computed centre of the lunar crescent at local sunset is more than 5° above the local horizon and (geocentrically) more than 8° from the Sun." In the current rule the (computed) lunar crescent has to be above the local horizon of Ankara at sunset.[48]

text: Saudi Arabia's Umm al-Qura calendar

text: Saudi Arabia uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar. Since AH 1419 (1998/99) several official hilal sighting committees have been set up by the government to determine the first visual sighting of the lunar crescent at the beginning of each lunar month. Nevertheless, the religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it.

text: The country also uses the Umm al-Qura calendar, based on astronomical calculations, but this is restricted to administrative purposes. The parameters used in the establishment of this calendar underwent significant changes over the past decade.[49][50]

text: Before AH 1420 (before 18 April 1999), if the moon's age at sunset in Riyadh was at least 12 hours, then the day ending at that sunset was the first day of the month. This often caused the Saudis to celebrate holy days one or even two days before other predominantly Muslim countries, including the dates for the Hajj, which can only be dated using Saudi dates because it is performed in Mecca.

text: For AH 1420–22, if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca, then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month, essentially the same rule used by Malaysia, Indonesia, and others (except for the location from which the hilal was observed).

text: Since the beginning of AH 1423 (16 March 2002), the rule has been clarified a little by requiring the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon to occur before sunset, in addition to requiring moonset to occur after sunset at Mecca. This ensures that the moon has moved past the sun by sunset, even though the sky may still be too bright immediately before moonset to actually see the crescent.

text: In 2007, the Islamic Society of North America, the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for Fatwa and Research announced that they will henceforth use a calendar based on calculations using the same parameters as the Umm al-Qura calendar to determine (well in advance) the beginning of all lunar months (and therefore the days associated with all religious observances). This was intended as a first step on the way to unify, at some future time, Muslims' calendars throughout the world.[51][52]

text: Since 1 October 2016, as a cost-cutting measure, Saudi Arabia no longer uses the Islamic calendar for paying the monthly salaries of government employees but the Gregorian calendar.[53][54]

text: Other calendars using the Islamic era

text: The Solar Hijri calendar is a solar calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan which counts its years from the Hijra or migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in AD 622.[citation needed]

text: Tabular Islamic calendar

text: The Tabular Islamic calendar is a rule-based variation of the Islamic calendar, in which months are worked out by arithmetic rules rather than by observation or astronomical calculation. It has a 30-year cycle with 11 leap years of 355 days and 19 years of 354 days. In the long term, it is accurate to one day in about 2,500 solar years or 2,570 lunar years. It also deviates up to about one or two days in the short term.

text: Kuwaiti algorithm

text: Microsoft uses the "Kuwaiti algorithm", a variant of the tabular Islamic calendar,[55] to convert Gregorian dates to the Islamic ones. Microsoft claimed that the variant is based on a statistical analysis of historical data from Kuwait, however it matches a known tabular calendar.

text: Notable dates

text: Important dates in the Islamic (Hijri) year are:

text:
1 Muharram: Islamic New Year.
10 Muharram: Day of Ashura. For Sunnis, the crossing of the Red Sea by Moses occurred on this day. For both Shias and Sunnis, the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and his followers.
12 Rabi al-Awwal: Mawlid or Birth of the Prophet for Sunnis.
17 Rabi al-Awwal: Mawlid for Shias.
27 Rajab: Isra and Mi'raj for the majority of Muslims.
15 Sha'ban: Mid-Sha'ban, or Night of Forgiveness. For Twelvers, also the birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam.
1 Ramadan: First day of fasting.
27 Ramadan: Nuzul al-Qur'an. The most probable day Muhammad received the first verses of the Quran. (17 Ramadan in Indonesia and Malaysia)
Last third of Ramadan which includes Laylat al-Qadr.
1 Shawwal: Eid ul-Fitr.
8–13 Dhu al-Hijjah: The Hajj to Mecca.
9 Dhu al-Hijjah: Day of Arafa.
10 Dhu al-Hijjah: Eid al-Adha.

text: Days considered important predominantly for Shia Muslims:

text:
13 Rajab: Birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib
21 Ramadan: Martyrdom of Ali ibn Abi Talib.
3 Sha'ban: Birthday of Husayn ibn Ali.
9 Rabi' al-Awwal: Eid-e-Shuja' (Revenge taken by Mukhtar al-Thaqafi).

text: Days considered important for Sunni Muslims (especially in India & parts of Asia):

text:
6 Rajab: Urs of Moinuddin Chishti. Generally the sixth day of every month is celebrated and observed as Chatthi.
11 Rabi' al-Akhir: Urs of Abdul-Qadir Gilani. Generally the 11th day of every month is celebrated and observed as Gyarvi.

text: Converting Hijri to Gregorian date or vice versa

text: Conversions may be made by using the Tabular Islamic calendar, or, for greatest accuracy (one day in 15,186 years), via the Jewish calendar. Theoretically, the days of the months correspond in both calendars if the displacements which are a feature of the Jewish system are ignored. The table below gives, for nineteen years, the Muslim month which corresponds to the first Jewish month.

text:
Year AD
Year AH

Muslimmonth

2011
1432
5
2012
1433
5
2013
1434
5
2014
1435
6
2015
1436
6
2016
1437
7
2017
1438
7
2018
1439
7
2019
1440
8
2020
1441
8

Year AD
Year AH

Muslimmonth

2021
1442
8
2022
1443
9
2023
1444
9
2024
1445
10
2025
1446
10
2026
1447
10
2027
1448
11
2028
1449
11
2029
1450
11

text: This table may be extended since every nineteen years the Muslim month number increases by seven. When it goes above twelve, subtract twelve and add one to the year AH. From AD412 to AD632 inclusive the month number is 1 and the calculation gives the month correct to a month or so. AD622 corresponds to BH1 and AH1. For earlier years, year BH = (623 or 622) – year AD).

text: An example calculation: What is the civil date and year AH of the first day of the first month in the year AD 20875?

text: We first find the Muslim month number corresponding to the first month of the Jewish year which begins in AD20874. Dividing 20874 by 19 gives quotient 1098 and remainder 12. Dividing 2026 by 19 gives quotient 106 and remainder 12. 2026 is chosen because it gives the same remainder on division by 19 as 20874. The two years are therefore (1098–106)=992×19 years apart. The Muslim month number corresponding to the first Jewish month is therefore 992×7=6944 higher than in 2026. To convert into years and months divide by twelve – 6944/12=578 years and 8 months. Adding, we get 1447y 10m + 20874y – 2026y + 578y 8m = 20874y 6m. Therefore, the first month of the Jewish year beginning in AD20874 corresponds to the sixth month of the Muslim year AH20874. The worked example in Conversion between Jewish and civil dates, shows that the civil date of the first day of this month (ignoring the displacements) is Friday, 14 June. The year AH20875 will therefore begin seven months later, on the first day of the eighth Jewish month, which the worked example shows to be 7 January, AD20875 (again ignoring the displacements). The date given by this method, being calculated, may differ by a day from the actual date, which is determined by observation.

text: A reading of the section which follows will show that the year AH20875 is wholly contained within the year AD20875, also that in the Gregorian calendar this correspondence will occur one year earlier. The reason for the discrepancy is that the Gregorian year (like the Julian) is slightly too long, so the Gregorian date for a given AH date will be earlier and the Muslim calendar catches up sooner.

text: Current correlations

text: An Islamic year will be entirely within a Gregorian year of the same number in the year 20874, after which year the number of the Islamic year will always be greater than the number of the concurrent civil year. The Islamic calendar year of 1429 occurred entirely within the civil calendar year of 2008. Such years occur once every 33 or 34 Islamic years (32 or 33 civil years). More are listed here:

text:
Islamic year within civil year
Islamic
Civil
Difference

1060
1650
590
1093
1682
589
1127
1715
588
1161
1748
587
1194
1780
586
1228
1813
585
1261
1845
584
1295
1878
583
1329
1911
582
1362
1943
581
1396
1976
580
1429
2008
579
1463
2041
578
1496
2073
577
1530
2106
576
1564
2139
575

text: Because a Hijri or Islamic lunar year is between 10 and 12 days shorter than a civil year, it begins 10–12 days earlier in the civil year following the civil year in which the previous Hijri year began. Once every 33 or 34 Hijri years, or once every 32 or 33 civil years, the beginning of a Hijri year (1 Muharram) coincides with one of the first ten days of January. Subsequent Hijri New Years move backward through the civil year back to the beginning of January again, passing through each civil month from December to January.

text: Uses

text: The Islamic calendar is now used primarily for religious purposes, and for official dating of public events and documents in Muslim countries. Because of its nature as a purely lunar calendar, it cannot be used for agricultural purposes and historically Islamic communities have used other calendars for this purpose: the Egyptian calendar was formerly widespread in Islamic countries, and the Iranian calendar and the 1789 Ottoman calendar (a modified Julian calendar) were also used for agriculture in their countries.[citation needed] In the Levant and Iraq the Aramaic names of the Babylonian calendar are still used for all secular matters.[citation needed] In Morocco, the Berber calendar (another Julian calendar) is still used by farmers in the countryside.[citation needed] These local solar calendars have receded in importance with the near-universal adoption of the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes.[citation needed] The Saudi Arabia uses the lunar Islamic calendar.[56] In Indonesia, the Javanese calendar, created by Sultan Agung in 1633, combines elements of the Islamic and pre-Islamic Saka calendars.[citation needed]

text: British author Nicholas Hagger writes that after seizing control of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi "declared" on 1 December 1978 "that the Muslim calendar should start with the death of the prophet Mohammed in 632 rather than the hijra (Mohammed's 'emigration' from Mecca to Medina) in 622". This put the country ten solar years behind the standard Muslim calendar.[57] However, according to the 2006 Encyclopedia of the Developing World, "More confusing still is Qaddafi's unique Libyan calendar, which counts the years from the Prophet's birth, or sometimes from his death. The months July and August, named after Julius and Augustus Caesar, are now Nasser and Hannibal respectively."[58] Reflecting on a 2001 visit to the country, American reporter Neil MacFarquhar observed, "Life in Libya was so unpredictable that people weren't even sure what year it was. The year of my visit was officially 1369. But just two years earlier Libyans had been living through 1429. No one could quite name for me the day the count changed, especially since both remained in play. ... Event organizers threw up their hands and put the Western year in parentheses somewhere in their announcements."[59]

text: Computer support

text:
Hijri support was available in later versions of traditional Visual Basic, and is also available in the .NET Framework.
Since the release of Java 8, the Islamic calendar is supported in the new Date and Time API.


document_title: Canada small business tax rate

question_text: what is the tax rate for small business in canada

text: Canada small business tax rate

text:
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (July 2016)

This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2016)

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

(Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Canada, the small business tax rate is the tax rate paid by a small business. As of 2016, the small business tax rate is 10.5%.

text: Definitions[edit]

text: A small business in Canada is defined as a Canadian-based corporation with less than 100 employees and under $500,000 in annual income.[1]

text: The general corporate tax rate is 28%.[2] Small businesses are allowed to claim a "small business deduction" under the Income Tax Act;[3] the deduction enumerated in that Act is deducted from the 28% general tax rate and means the net small business tax rate is as follows:

text: Tax rate by year[edit]

text:
Year
Tax Rate (%)

2006
12

2007
12

2008
11

2009
11

2010
11

2011
11

2012
11

2013
11

2014
11

2015
11

2016
10.5

2017
10.5

2018
10