document_title: Jack Reacher (film)

question_text: who played helen in the movie jack reacher

text: Jack Reacher (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a man drives a van into a parking garage across the Allegheny River from PNC Park and, after dropping a quarter into the meter, readies a sniper rifle. He takes aim and kills five people on the river's North Shore Trail from long range before fleeing in the van.

text: The police soon arrive at the scene of the murder, headed by Detective Emerson (David Oyelowo), and discover a shell casing as well as the quarter used to pay for parking. A fingerprint taken from the coin points to James Barr (Joseph Sikora), a former U.S. Army sniper. When the police raid his house, they find the van, equipment for reloading rifle cartridges, the rifle in question, and Barr asleep in his bed.

text: During an interrogation by Emerson and the District Attorney, Alex Rodin (Richard Jenkins), Barr is offered a choice between life in prison in exchange for a full confession or guaranteed death row, as Rodin has never lost a conviction. Thinking Barr is going to confess when he takes the notepad, they are bewildered when he instead writes "Get Jack Reacher". Jack Reacher (Tom Cruise) is a drifter and former U.S. Army Military Police Corps officer. He arrives in Pittsburgh after seeing a news report about Barr and the shooting. Emerson and Rodin deny Reacher's request to view the evidence but agree to let him see the suspect. Barr, as it turns out, was brutally attacked by fellow inmates while in police custody and is now in a coma. Reacher meets Barr's defense attorney, counselor Helen Rodin (Rosamund Pike), the District Attorney's daughter, who has been saddled with the apparently hopeless task of saving Barr from the death penalty.

text: Helen says she can arrange for Reacher to see the evidence if he will become her lead investigator. Reacher retorts that he is not interested in clearing Barr. He reveals that Barr had gone on a killing spree during his tour in Iraq but was not prosecuted because, unbeknownst to Barr, his victims were under investigation for numerous rapes and the U.S. Army wanted them forgotten. Reacher vowed that if Barr tried anything like this again, he would take him down.

text: Reacher agrees to investigate if Helen visits the victims' families to learn about the people murdered that day. Reacher goes to the crime scene and finds inconsistencies about this location, thinking that a trained shooter would have done the killings from the cover of the van on the nearby Fort Duquesne Bridge. After Helen reports her findings about the victims to Reacher, he suggests that the owner of a local construction company was the intended victim, while the other victims served as a cover-up.

text: After an apparently spurious bar fight, Reacher realizes that someone is attempting to strong-arm him into dropping his investigation. Reacher is later framed for the murder of the young woman (Alexia Fast) who was paid to instigate the bar-room brawl, but this only motivates him further. Reacher eventually follows up a lead at a shooting range in the neighboring state of Ohio, owned by former U.S. Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant Martin Cash (Robert Duvall), who will talk only if Reacher will demonstrate his U.S. Army sniping skills.

text: The real perpetrators are gang members masquerading as legitimate businessmen. The gang's elderly leader (Werner Herzog) spent much of his life in a Soviet Gulag and is known only as the Zec (prisoner). The gang kidnaps Helen with the aid of Detective Emerson and holds her hostage at a quarry. After he steals Helen's Mercedes-Benz, Reacher outwits the mob guards, killing them with Cash's help, before confronting the Zec about the conspiracy. Zec points out that Reacher has killed most of the witnesses against him and doubts that he would be convicted. Reacher shoots the Zec in the head on the spot.

text: Reacher and Cash flee the scene with confidence that Helen will clear Reacher's name. When Barr awakens from his coma, he tells Helen that he has no recent memory but believes that he must be guilty of the shootings. Barr's mental reconstruction of how he would have committed the shootings confirms that Reacher's theory was correct from the beginning. Still unaware of all these developments, Barr is willing to confess and accept his punishment, fearing that Reacher will mete out justice if the law does not.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as Jack Reacher
Rosamund Pike as Helen Rodin
Richard Jenkins as Alex Rodin
Werner Herzog as Zec Chelovek
David Oyelowo as Emerson
Jai Courtney as Charlie
Joseph Sikora as James Barr
Robert Duvall as Martin Cash
Susan Angelo as Oline Archer
Vladimir Sizov as Vlad
Michael Raymond-James as Linsky
Alexia Fast as Sandy
Josh Helman as Jeb Oliver
James Martin Kelly as Rob Farrior
Nicole Forester as Nancy Holt

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Attempts to adapt author Lee Child's Jack Reacher novel series into a film have been made ever since the character debuted in 1997's Killing Floor. After being optioned with no success to PolyGram and later New Line Cinema, Paramount Pictures and Cruise/Wagner Productions acquired the film rights in 2005.[5][6] Screenwriter Josh Olson was then hired to adapt Child's then-most recent novel in the Reacher series, One Shot (2005).[7] In July 2010, Christopher McQuarrie, who previously collaborated with Cruise/Wagner Productions on the 2008 film Valkyrie, signed on to rework Olson's script and ultimately direct the film.[8][9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In June 2011, Tom Cruise was in talks for playing the role of Jack Reacher.[10] The following month, Cruise closed a deal with the studios and signed on for the part.[11] Some fans of the novel series became vocal over the casting of Cruise due to the actor's height not matching the description of Reacher in the novels.[12][13] Explaining the casting decision, author Lee Child said that it would be impossible to find a suitable actor to play the giant Reacher and to recreate the feel of the book onscreen, and that Cruise had the talent to make an effective Reacher.[14] Child also said, "Reacher's size in the books is a metaphor for an unstoppable force, which Cruise portrays in his own way."[11] Of Cruise's relatively small stature, Child said, "With another actor you might get 100% of the height but only 90% of Reacher. With Tom, you'll get 100% of Reacher with 90% of the height."[15]

text: Following the casting of Cruise, Rosamund Pike was cast as the female lead.[16] Other actresses who were in the running for the role included Hayley Atwell and Alexa Davalos.[17] By September 2011, the main cast was locked in with the hiring of David Oyelowo, Richard Jenkins, Jai Courtney, and Robert Duvall.[18][19] Werner Herzog, primarily known for his directorial work, rounded out the cast in October 2011 when he signed on to play the film's chief villain.[20]

text: In April 2017, Dwayne Johnson revealed that he was in the running to play Jack Reacher before Cruise was hired.[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the film began in October 2011.[22] Cruise performed all of his own driving stunts during the film's signature car chase sequence.[23] "Action to me is something very fun to shoot. The challenge in most car chases is you're trying to hide the fact that it's not the actor driving," McQuarrie said. "The challenge here was the exact opposite. We were trying to find a way to show that it was always Tom driving. He's literally driving in every stunt sequence."[24]

text: In February 2012, Kevin Messick, one of the film's producers, sued Don Granger and Gary Levinsohn, two other producers, for breach of contract over a Joint Venture Agreement, claiming he had "helped to develop the film, renew Paramount's options for the rights to the book, and participated in the search for a screenwriter" but starting in July 2010, had been left out of meetings with the screenwriter and the studio and not given certain drafts of the screenplay while it was under development.[22] Messick is suing for "unspecified damages, his producer's fees and the right to participate in any upcoming sequels."[22]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's musical score was composed by Joe Kraemer, who previously scored director McQuarrie's The Way of the Gun (2000). Kraemer was announced as the composer for the film in July 2012, having already started work on it.[25] After spending eight weeks working with McQuarrie on materials to present to producers, Kraemer's hiring was approved and he directly began working on the film's opening eight minutes.[26] "I have a number of tricks that I use to spark the creative process," said Kraemer on his scoring process after having seen the film. "Sometimes I'll use my mathematical understanding of music to devise a theme (such as the open fifths of Reacher's theme), sometimes I'll have an orchestral color in mind (i.e. the music for THE ZEC). The actual composing process probably resembles Max Steiner more than anyone else I know of. I start at the first frame of the movie and work my through to the end, chronologically, in order."[27]

text: The film is noted for its balance between music and silence, with music primarily absent or reserved during a majority of the film's action sequences.[28][29] Discussing his approach to this balance, Kraemer described, "Music can make such an impact when it enters a scene, and obviously the only way to do that is to have silence beforehand. I also generally like to have long tails on my cues so that they sort of fade away rather than ending abruptly. In this way, I try to weave music in and out very carefully so that the audience is as unaware as possible of the entrances and exits. I often cite Patton as a prime example of great spotting – a three and half hour biopic with, what, twenty-eight minutes of score? That's unheard of today. But it worked!"[26]

text: The score was performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony and recorded at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City, California.[30] A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 18, 2012 by La-La Land Records.[31]

text: No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Main Title"Joe Kraemer3:502."Who Is Jack Reacher?"Joe Kraemer3:123."The Investigation"Joe Kraemer3:204."Barr and Helen"Joe Kraemer4:385."Farrier and the Zec"Joe Kraemer4:376."The Riverwalk"Joe Kraemer4:047."Helen's Story"Joe Kraemer3:128."Evidence"Joe Kraemer8:319."Helen in Jeopardy"Joe Kraemer4:5810."The Quarry Sequence"Joe Kraemer3:5711."Showdown"Joe Kraemer4:3612."Finale & End Credits"Joe Kraemer7:30

text: showCD bonus trackNo.TitleArtist(s)Length13."Prisoner Human Being"Joe Kraemer4:37Total length:01:01:02

text: showiTunes bonus trackNo.TitleArtist(s)Length13."Suite from Jack Reacher"Joe Kraemer6:48Total length:01:03:13

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The trailer for Jack Reacher was officially released on Cruise's birthday, July 3, 2012.[32]

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: Jack Reacher, then titled One Shot, was originally slated to be released in February 2013.[33] In March 2012, the release date was brought forward by Paramount Pictures to December 21, 2012, hoping to capitalize on the box office success of Cruise's Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, which was released at a similar point in 2011.[33] The film's new release date pushed the release of World War Z back six months.[33]

text: The film was released in North American markets on December 21, 2012, with a premiere initially planned for Pittsburgh's SouthSide Works megaplex on December 15, 2012, which was to be attended by the film's stars, and Child.[34]

text: On December 15, 2012, Paramount Pictures announced it was indefinitely postponing the film's premiere screening in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, out of respect for the families of the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting that had occurred the day before. The opening scene shows a sniper shooting at people including a woman holding a small child, and one point aiming the cross-hairs directly at her.[35] Writer-director McQuarrie endorsed the decision, saying he and Cruise "insisted upon it. Nobody should be celebrating anything 24 hours after a tragic event like that. We thought long and hard about it. This was not a snap judgment, because we wanted to give back to the city of Pittsburgh [by having the premiere there], because they were so great to us."[36]

text: The film held its United Kingdom premiere on December 10, 2012 at London's Odeon Leicester Square.[37] It was released on December 26, 2012 in the U.K.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Jack Reacher was released onto Blu-ray and DVD formats in the United Kingdom on April 22 and in North American territories on May 7, 2013 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. The Blu-ray release contains two commentary tracks and three behind-the-scenes featurettes.[38][39]  Jack Reacher will receive a 4K UHD Blu-Ray release on June 26, 2018.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jack Reacher grossed $80.1 million in North America and $138.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $218.3 million, against a budget of $60 million.[2]

text: In North America, the film opened in 3,352 cinemas.[41] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade filmgoers gave the film was an "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[42] Jack Reacher went on to gross $5.1 million on its opening day in the U.S. and Canada,[41] and $15.6 million in its opening weekend.[43] The film held well in its second weekend, dropping only 10.2% to a total of $14.1 million and ranking at No. 5.[44]

text: Upon its opening five-day international start, making $5.5 million in the UK and $4.4 million in France, the film grossed a total of $18.1 million from 32 international markets.[45] Throughout the following weeks, the film expanded to additional international markets and grossed a foreign total of $136,497,530.[46]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Jack Reacher received average to positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 62%, based on 173 reviews, with a rating average of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Jack Reacher is an above-average crime thriller with a smoothly charismatic performance from Tom Cruise."[47] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 50 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[48]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: While Jack Reacher was intended to be a tent-pole for a film series, it was initially reported that a sequel would be unlikely due to its lackluster run at the North American box office.[49] However, in February 2013, the possibility of a sequel became more likely after the film surpassed a gross of $200 million worldwide.[50] On December 9, 2013, it was announced that Paramount Pictures and Skydance Productions were moving forward with the development of a sequel reportedly based upon the 2013 Jack Reacher novel, Never Go Back.[51]

text: Principal photography on the sequel, Jack Reacher: Never Go Back, began on October 20, 2015 in New Orleans.  The sequel was directed by Edward Zwick, produced by Tom Cruise, Don Granger and Christopher McQuarrie and was written by Zwick, Richard Wenk and Marshall Herskovitz. It stars Tom Cruise, Cobie Smulders, Patrick Heusinger, Aldis Hodge, Danika Yarosh and Holt McCallany. The plot follows Reacher going on-the-run with an army major who has been framed for espionage, and it reveals a dark conspiracy. Jack Reacher: Never Go Back was released on October 21, 2016 in IMAX and conventional formats.[52] It grossed $161 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics.


document_title: Chariot racing

question_text: where did the roman chariot races take place

root

text: Chariot racing

text: Ancient Greek Era[edit]

text: Early chariot racing[edit]

text: It is unknown exactly when chariot racing began, but It may have been as old as chariots themselves. It is known from artistic evidence on pottery that the sport existed in the Mycenaean world,[a] but the first literary reference to a chariot race is one described by Homer, at the funeral games of Patroclus.[1] The participants in this race were Diomedes, Eumelus, Antilochus, Menelaus, and Meriones. The race, which was one lap around the stump of a tree, was won by Diomedes, who received a slave woman and a cauldron as his prize. A chariot race also was said to be the event that founded the Olympic Games; according to one legend, mentioned by Pindar, King Oenomaus challenged suitors for his daughter Hippodamia to a race, but was defeated by Pelops, who founded the Games in honour of his victory.[2][3]

tag: p

text: Olympic Games[edit]

text: In the ancient Olympic Games, as well as the other Panhellenic Games, there were both four-horse (tethrippon, Greek: τέθριππον) and two-horse (synoris, Greek: συνωρὶς) chariot races, which were essentially the same aside from the number of horses. [b] The chariot racing event was first added to the Olympics in 680 BC with the games expanding from a one-day to a two-day event to accommodate the new event (but was not, in reality, the founding event).[4][5] The chariot race was not so prestigious as the foot race of 195 meters (stadion, Greek: στάδιον), but it was more important than other equestrian events such as racing on horseback, which were dropped from the Olympic Games very early on.[6]

text: The races themselves were held in the hippodrome, which held both chariot races and riding races. The single horse race was known as the "keles" (keles, Greek: κέλης).[c] The hippodrome was situated at the south-east corner of the sanctuary of Olympia, on the large flat area south of the stadium and ran almost parallel to the latter. Until recently, its exact location was unknown, since it is buried by several meters of sedimentary material from the Alfeios River. In 2008, however, Annie Muller and staff of the German Archeological Institute used radar to locate a large, rectangular structure similar to Pausanias's description. Pausanias, who visited Olympia in the second century AD, describes the monument as a large, elongated, flat space, approximately 780 meters long and 320 meters wide (four stadia long and one stadefour plethra wide). The elongated racecourse was divided longitudinally into two tracks by a stone or wooden barrier, the embolon. All the horses or chariots ran on one track toward the east, then turned around the embolon and headed back west. Distances varied according to the event. The racecourse was surrounded by natural (to the north) and artificial (to the south and east) banks for the spectators; a special place was reserved for the judges on the west side of the north bank.[7][8]

text: The race was begun by a procession into the hippodrome, while a herald announced the names of the drivers and owners. The tethrippon consisted of twelve laps around the hippodrome,[9] with sharp turns around the posts at either end. Various mechanical devices were used, including the starting gates (hyspleges, Greek: ὕσπληγγες; singular: hysplex, Greek: ὕσπληγξ) which were lowered to start the race.[10] According to Pausanias, these were invented by the architect Cleoitas, and staggered so that the chariots on the outside began the race earlier than those on the inside. The race did not begin properly until the final gate was opened, at which point each chariot would be more or less lined up alongside each other, although the ones that had started on the outside would have been traveling faster than the ones in the middle. Other mechanical devices known as the "eagle" and the "dolphin" were raised to signify that the race had begun, and were lowered as the race went on to signify the number of laps remaining. These were probably bronze carvings of those animals, set up on posts at the starting line.[11]

text: In most cases, the owner and the driver of the chariot were different persons. In 416 BC, the Athenian general Alcibiades had seven chariots in the race, and came in first, second, and fourth; obviously, he could not have been racing all seven chariots himself.[12] Philip II of Macedon also won an Olympic chariot race in an attempt to prove he was not a barbarian, although if he had driven the chariot himself he would likely have been considered even lower than a barbarian. The poet Pindar did praise the courage of Herodotes of Thebes, however, for driving his own chariot.[13] This rule also meant that women could win the race through ownership, despite the fact that women were not allowed to participate in or even watch the Games.[4] This happened rarely, but a notable example is the Spartan Cynisca, daughter of Archidamus II, who won the chariot race twice.[14] Chariot racing was a way for Greeks to demonstrate their prosperity at the games. The case of Alcibiades indicates also that chariot racing was an alternative route to public exposure and fame for the wealthy.[15]

text: The charioteer was usually either a family member of the owner of the chariot or, in most cases, a slave or a hired professional.[5] Driving a racing chariot required unusual strength, skill, and courage. Yet, we know the names of very few charioteers,[16] and victory songs and statues regularly contrive to leave them out of account.[17] Unlike the other Olympic events, charioteers did not perform in the nude, probably for safety reasons because of the dust kicked up by the horses and chariots, and the likelihood of bloody crashes. Racers wore a sleeved garment called a xystis. It fell to the ankles and was fastened high at the waist with a plain belt. Two straps that crossed high at the upper back prevented the xystis from "ballooning" during the race.[18]

text: The chariots themselves were modified war chariots, essentially wooden carts with two wheels and an open back,[19] although chariots were by this time no longer used in battle. The charioteer's feet were held in place, but the cart rested on the axle, so the ride was bumpy. The most exciting part of the chariot race, at least for the spectators, was the turns at the ends of the hippodrome. These turns were very dangerous and often deadly. If a chariot had not already been knocked over by an opponent before the turn, it might be overturned or crushed (along with the horses and driver) by the other chariots as they went around the post. Deliberately running into an opponent to cause him to crash was technically illegal, but nothing could be done about it (at Patroclus' funeral games, Antilochus in fact causes Menelaus to crash in this way,[20]) and crashes were likely to happen by accident anyway.

text: Other festivals[edit]

text: As a result of the rise of the Greek cities of the classic period, other great festivals emerged in Asia Minor, Magna Graecia, and the mainland providing the opportunity for athletes to gain fame and riches. Apart from the Olympics, the best respected were the Isthmian Games in Corinth, the Nemean Games, the Pythian Games in Delphi, and the Panathenaic Games in Athens, where the winner of the four-horse chariot race was given 140 amphorae of olive oil (much sought after and precious in ancient times). Prizes at other competitions included corn in Eleusis, bronze shields in Argos, and silver vessels in Marathon.[d] Another form of chariot racing at the Panathenaic Games was known as the apobatai, in which the contestant wore armor and periodically leapt off a moving chariot and ran alongside it before leaping back on again.[21] In these races, there was a second charioteer (a "rein-holder") while the apobates jumped out; in the catalogues with the winners both the names of the apobates and of the rein-holder are mentioned.[22] Images of this contest show warriors, armed with helmets and shields, perched on the back of their racing chariots.[23] Some scholars believe that the event preserved traditions of Homeric warfare.[24]

text: Roman era[edit]

text: The Romans probably borrowed chariot racing from the Etruscans as well as the racing tracks, who themselves borrowed it from the Greeks, but the Romans were also influenced directly by the Greeks.[25][26][e] According to Roman legend, chariot racing was used by Romulus just after he founded Rome in 753 BC as a way of distracting the Sabine men. Romulus sent out invitations to the neighbouring towns to celebrate the festival of the Consualia, which included both horse races and chariot races. Whilst the Sabines were enjoying the spectacle, Romulus and his men seized and carried off the Sabine women, who became wives of the Romans.[27][28] Chariot races were a part of several Roman religious festivals, and on these occasions were preceded by a parade (pompa circensis) that featured the charioteers, music, costumed dancers, and images of the gods. While the entertainment value of chariot races tended to overshadow any sacred purpose, in late antiquity the Church Fathers still saw them as a traditional "pagan" practice, and advised Christians not to participate.[29]

text: In ancient Rome, chariot races commonly took place in a circus.[30] The main centre of chariot racing was the Circus Maximus in the valley between Palatine Hill and Aventine Hill,[f] which could seat 250,000 people.[27] It was the earliest circus in the city of Rome.[30] The Circus supposedly dated to the city's earliest times,[g] but Julius Caesar rebuilt it around 50 BC to a length and width of about 650 metres (2,130 ft) and 125 metres (410 ft), respectively.[31] One end of the track was more open than the other, as this was where the chariots lined up to begin the race. The Romans used a series of gates known as carceres, equivalent to the Greek hysplex. These were staggered like the hysplex, but in a slightly different manner since the center of Roman racing tracks also included medians (the spinae).[32] The carceres took up the angled end of the track,[33] where -- before a race -- the chariots were loaded behind spring-loaded gates. Typically, when the chariots were ready the emperor (or whoever was hosting the races, if outside of Rome) dropped a cloth known as a mappa, signalling the beginning of the race.[34] The gates would spring open at the same time, allowing a fair start for all participants.

text: Once the race had begun, the chariots could move in front of each other in an attempt to cause their opponents to crash into the spinae (singular spina). On the top of the spinae stood small tables or frames supported on pillars, and also small pieces of marble in the shape of eggs or dolphins.[33][35] The spina eventually became very elaborate, with statues and obelisks and other forms of art, but the addition of these multiple adornments had one unfortunate result: they obstructed the view of spectators on lower seats.[36] At either end of the spina was a meta, or turning point, consisting of large gilded columns.[37] [35] Spectacular crashes in which the chariot was destroyed and the charioteer and horses incapacitated were called naufragia, a Latin word that also means "shipwreck".[38]

text: The race itself was much like its Greek counterpart, although there were usually 24 races every day that, during the fourth century, took place on 66 days each year.[39] However, a race consisted of only 7 laps (and later 5 laps, so that there could be even more races per day), instead of the 12 laps of the Greek race.[33] The Roman style was also more money-oriented; racers were professionals and there was widespread betting among spectators.[40][41][42] There were four-horse chariots (quadrigae) and two-horse chariots (bigae), but the four-horse races were more important.[33] In rare cases, if a driver wanted to show off his skill, he could use up to 10 horses, although this was extremely impractical.

text: The technique and clothing of Roman charioteers differed significantly from those used by the Greeks. Roman drivers wrapped the reins round their waist, while the Greeks held the reins in their hands.[h] Because of this, the Romans could not let go of the reins in a crash, so they would be dragged around the circus until they were killed or they freed themselves. In order to cut the reins and keep from being dragged in case of accident, they carried a falx, a curved knife. They also wore helmets and other protective gear.[43][35] In any given race, there might be a number of teams put up by each faction, who would cooperate to maximize their chances of victory by ganging up on opponents, forcing them out of the preferred inside track or making them lose concentration and expose themselves to accident and injury.[43][35] Spectators could also play a part as there is evidence they threw lead "curse" amulets studded with nails at teams opposing their favourite.[44]

text: Another important difference was that the charioteers themselves, the aurigae, were considered to be the winners, although they were usually also slaves (as in the Greek world). They received a wreath of laurel leaves, and probably some money; if they won enough races they could buy their freedom.[17] Drivers could become celebrities throughout the Empire simply by surviving, as the life expectancy of a charioteer was not very high. One such celebrity driver was Scorpus, who won over 2000 races[3] before being killed in a collision at the meta when he was about 27 years old. The most famous of all was Gaius Appuleius Diocles who won 1,462 out of 4,257 races. When Diocles retired at the age of 42 after a 24-year career his winnings reportedly totalled 35,863,120 sesterces ($US 15 billion), making him the highest paid sports star in history.[45] The horses, too, could become celebrities, but their life expectancy was also low. The Romans kept detailed statistics of the names, breeds, and pedigrees of famous horses.

text: Seats in the Circus were free for the poor, who by the time of the Empire had little else to do, as they were no longer involved in political or military affairs as they had been in the Republic. The wealthy could pay for shaded seats where they had a better view, and they probably also spent much of their times betting on the races. The circus was the only place where the emperor showed himself before a populace assembled in vast numbers, and where the latter could manifest their affection or anger. The imperial box, called the pulvinar in the Circus Maximus, was directly connected to the imperial palace.[46]

text: The driver's clothing was color-coded in accordance with his faction, which would help distant spectators to keep track of the race's progress.[47] According to Tertullian, there were originally just two factions, White and Red, sacred to winter and summer respectively.[48] As fully developed, there were four factions, the Red, White, Green, and Blue.[49] Each team could have up to three chariots each in a race. Members of the same team often collaborated with each other against the other teams, for example to force them to crash into the spina (a legal and encouraged tactic).[33] Drivers could switch teams, much like athletes can be traded to different teams today.

text: A rivalry between the Reds and Whites had developed by 77 BC, when during a funeral for a Red driver a supporter of the Reds threw himself on the driver's funeral pyre. No writer of that time, however, referred to these factions as official organizations, as they were to be described in later years.[33] Writing near the beginning of the third century, a commentator wrote that the Reds were dedicated to Mars, the Whites to the Zephyrs, the Greens to Mother Earth or spring, and the Blues to the sky and sea or autumn.[48] During his reign of 81-96 AD, the emperor Domitian created two new factions, the Purples and Golds, but these disappeared soon after he died.[33] The Blues and the Greens gradually became the most prestigious factions, supported by emperors and the populace alike. Records indicate that on numerous occasions, Blue against Green clashes would break out during the races. The surviving literature rarely mentions the Reds and Whites, although their continued activity is documented in inscriptions and in curse tablets.[50]

text: Byzantine era[edit]

text: Like many other aspects of the Roman world, chariot racing continued in the Byzantine Empire, although the Byzantines did not keep as many records and statistics as the Romans did. In place of the detailed inscriptions of Roman racing statistics, several short epigrams in verse were composed celebrating some of the more famous Byzantine Charioteers.[51] The six charioteers about whom these laudatory verses were written were Anastasius, Julianus of Tyre, Faustinus, his son, Constantinus, Uranius, and Porphyrius.[52] Although Anastasius's single epigram reveals almost nothing about him, Porphyrius is much better known, having thirty-four known poems dedicated to him.[53]

text: Constantine I (r. 306–337) preferred chariot racing to gladiatorial combat, which he considered a vestige of paganism.[54] However, the end of gladiatorial games in the Empire may have been more the result of the difficulty and expense that came with procuring gladiators to fight in the games, than the influence of Christianity in Byzantium.[55] The Olympic Games were eventually ended by Emperor Theodosius I (r. 379–395) in 393, perhaps in a move to suppress paganism and promote Christianity, but chariot racing remained popular. The fact that chariot racing became linked to the imperial majesty meant that the Church did not prevent it, although gradually prominent Christian writers, such as Tertullian, began attacking the sport.[56] Despite the influence of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire, venationes, bloody wild-beast hunts, continued as a form of popular entertainment during the early days of the Empire as part of the extra entertainment that went along with chariot racing. Eventually, Emperor Leo (r. 457–474) banned public entertainments on Sundays in 469, showing that the hunts did not have imperial support, and the venationes were banned completely by Emperor Anastasius (r. 491–518) in 498. Anastasius was praised for this action by some sources, but their concern seems to be more for the danger the hunts could put humans in rather than for objections to the brutality or moral objections.[55] There continued to be burnings and mutilations of humans who committed crimes or were enemies of the state in the hippodrome throughout the Byzantine Empire, as well as victory celebrations and imperial coronations.[57]

text: The chariot races were important in the Byzantine Empire, as in the Roman Empire, as a way to reinforce social class and political power, including the might of the Byzantine emperor, and were often put on for political or religious reasons.[58] In addition, chariot races were sometimes held in celebration of an emperor's birthday.[59] An explicit parallel was drawn between the victorious charioteers and the victorious emperor. The factions addressed their victors by chanting "Rejoice ... your Lords have conquered" while the charioteer took a victory lap, further indicating the parallel between the charioteer's victory and the emperor's victory.[60] Indeed, reliefs of Porphyrius, the famous Byzantine charioteer, show him in a victor's pose being acclaimed by partisans, which is clearly modeled on the images on the base of Emperor Theodosius's obelisk.[61] The races could also be used to symbolically make religious statements, such as when a charioteer, whose mother was named Mary, fell off his chariot and got back on and the crowd described it as "The son of Mary has fallen and risen again and is victorious."[62]

text: The Hippodrome of Constantinople (really a Roman circus, not the open space that the original Greek hippodromes were) was connected to the emperor's palace and the Church of Hagia Sophia, allowing spectators to view the emperor as they had in Rome.[i] Citizens used their proximity to the emperor in the circuses and theatres to express public opinion, like their dissatisfaction with the Emperor's errant policy.[63] It has been argued that the people became so powerful that the emperors had no choice but to grant them more legal rights. However, contrary to this traditional view, it appears, based on more recent historical research, that the Byzantine emperors treated the protests and petitions of their citizens in the circuses with greater contempt and were more dismissive of them than their Roman predecessors. Justinian I (r. 527–565), for instance, seems to have been dismissive of the Greens' petitions and to have never negotiated with them at all.[64]

text: There is not much evidence that the chariot races were subject to bribes or other forms of cheating in the Roman Empire. In the Byzantine Empire, there seems to have been more cheating; Justinian I's reformed legal code prohibits drivers from placing curses on their opponents, but otherwise there does not seem to have been any mechanical tampering or bribery. Wearing the colours of one's team became an important aspect of Byzantine dress.

text: Chariot racing in the Byzantine Empire also included the Roman racing clubs, which continued to play a prominent role in these public exhibitions. By this time, the Blues (Vénetoi) and the Greens (Prásinoi) had come to overshadow the other two factions of the Whites (Leukoí) and Reds (Roúsioi), while still maintaining the paired alliances, although these were now fixed as Blue and White vs. Green and Red.[j] These circus factions were no longer the private businesses they were during the Roman Empire. Instead, the races began to be given regular, public funding, putting them under imperial control.[65] Running the chariot races at public expense was probably a cost-cutting and labor-reducing measure, making it easier to channel the proper funds into the racing organizations.[66] The Emperor himself belonged to one of the four factions, and supported the interests of either the Blues or the Greens.[67][68]

text: Adopting the color of their favorite charioteers was a way fans showed their loyalty to that particular racer or faction.[69] Many of the young men in the fan clubs, or factions, adopted extravagant clothing and hairstyles, such as billowing sleeves, "Hunnic" hair-styles, and "Persian" facial hair.[70][71] There is evidence that these young men were the faction members most prone to violence and extreme factional rivalry.[72] Some scholars have tried to argue that the factional rivalry and violence was a result of opposing religious or political views, but more likely the young men simply identified strongly with their faction for group solidarity. The factional violence was probably engaged in similarly to the violence of modern football or soccer fans.[73] The games themselves were the usual focus of the factional violence, even when it was taken to the streets.[74] Although fans who went to the hippodrome cheered on their favorite charioteers, their loyalty appears to be to the color for which the charioteer drove more than for the individual driver. Charioteers could change faction allegiance and race for different colors during their careers, but the fans did not change their allegiance to their color.[75]

text: The Blues and the Greens were now more than simply sports teams. They gained influence in military, political,[k] and theological matters, although the hypothesis that the Greens tended towards Monophysitism and the Blues represented Orthodoxy is disputed. It is now widely believed that neither of the factions had any consistent religious bias or allegiance, in spite of the fact that they operated in an environment fraught with religious controversy.[76][77] According to some scholars, the Blue-Green rivalry contributed to the conditions that underlay the rise of Islam, while factional enmities were exploited by the Sassanid Empire in its conflicts with the Byzantines during the century preceding Islam's advent.[l]

text: The Blue-Green rivalry often erupted into gang warfare, and street violence had been on the rise in the reign of Justin I (r. 518–527), who took measures to restore order, when the gangs murdered a citizen in the Hagia Sophia.[76] Riots culminated in the Nika riots of 532 AD during the reign of Justinian, which began when the two main factions united and attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the emperor.[78]

text: Chariot racing seems to have declined in the course of the seventh century, with the losses the Empire suffered at the hands of the Arabs and the decline of the population and economy.[79] The Blues and Greens, deprived of any political power, were relegated to a purely ceremonial role. After the Nika riots, the factions grew less violent as their importance in imperial ceremony increased.[80] In particular, the iconoclast emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775) courted the factions for their support in his campaigns against the monks. They aided the emperor in executing his prisoners and by putting on shows in which monks and nuns held hands while the crowd hissed at them. Constantine V seems to have given the factions a political role in addition to their traditionally ceremonial role.[81] The two factions continued their activity until the imperial court was moved to Blachernae during the 12th century.[82]

text: The Hippodrome in Constantinople remained in use for races, games, and public ceremonies up to the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In the 12th century, Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) even staged Western-style jousting matches in the Hippodrome. During the sack of 1204, the Crusaders looted the city and, among other things, removed the copper quadriga that stood above the carceres; it is now displayed at St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice.[83] Thereafter, the Hippodrome was neglected, although still occasionally used for spectacles. A print of the Hippodrome from the fifteenth century shows a derelict site, a few walls still standing, and the spina, the central reservation, robbed of its splendor. Today, only the obelisks and the Serpent Column stand where for centuries the spectators gathered.[3] In the West, the games had ended much sooner; by the end of the fourth century public entertainments in Italy had come to an end in all but a few towns.[84] The last recorded chariot race in Rome itself took place in the Circus Maximus in 549 AD.[85]


document_title: Guayaquil

question_text: what is the name of the artistic neighborhood of guayaquil

text: Guayaquil

text: History[edit]

text: Guayaquil is recognized by the government as having been founded on July 25, 1538[1] with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil (Most Noble and Most Loyal City of St. James of Guayaquil) by Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana. Even before it was founded by the Spanish, it already existed as a native village.[citation needed]

text: In 1687, Guayaquil was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George d'Hout (English) and Picard and Groniet (Frenchmen). Of the more than 260 pirates, 35 died and 46 were wounded; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded. The pirates took local women as concubines.[citation needed]

text: In 1709, the English captains Woodes Rogers, Etienne Courtney, and William Dampier, along with a crew of 110, looted Guayaquil and demanded ransom; however, they suddenly departed without collecting the ransom after an epidemic of yellow fever broke out.

text: On October 9, 1820, almost without bloodshed, a group of civilians, supported by soldiers from the "Granaderos de Reserva", a battalion quartered in Guayaquil, overwhelmed the resistance of the Royalist guards and arrested the Spanish authorities. Guayaquil declared independence from Spain, becoming Provincia Libre de Guayaquil, and José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil (Civilian Chief) of Guayaquil. This would prove to be a key victory for the Ecuadorian War of Independence.

text: On July 26, 1822, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a famous conference in Guayaquil to plan for the independence of Spanish South America.

text: In 1829, the city was invaded by the Peruvian Army, which occupied it for seven months.

text: In 1860, the city was the site of the Battle of Guayaquil, the last of a series of military conflicts between the forces of the Provisional Government, led by Gabriel García Moreno and General Juan José Flores, and the forces of the Supreme Chief of Guayas, General Guillermo Franco, whose government was recognized as possessing sovereignty over the Ecuadorian territory by Peruvian president Ramón Castilla.

text: Large portions of the city were destroyed by a major fire in 1896.[citation needed]

text: On July 8, 1898, the Guayaquil City Hall "Muy Ilustre Municipalidad de Guayaquil" officially recognized the anthem written by José Joaquín de Olmedo in 1821, with the music composed by Ana Villamil Ycaza in 1895, as the "Himno al 9 de Octubre" Canción al Nueve de Octubre, most widely known now as the "Himno a Guayaquil" (Guayaquil Anthem).

text: Economy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2012)

tag: table

text: Guayaquileños' main sources of income are: formal and informal trade, business, agriculture and aquaculture. Most commerce consists of small and medium businesses, adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment.[2]

text: The Port of Guayaquil is Ecuador's most important commercial port; most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil. As the largest city in the country, most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas.

text: Ongoing projects seek urban regeneration as a principal objective of the growth of the city's commercial districts, as the increase of capital produces income. These projects in the city driven by the recent mayors have achieved this goal after investing large sums of money. The current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first-class international tourism and multinational businesses.[3]

text: Government[edit]

text: Guayaquil's current mayor is Jaime Nebot. He began a campaign of construction projects for the city in the early 2000s to attract tourism, that included the "urban regeneration" plan which reconstructed the city's main tourist streets' sidewalks and upgraded the city's chaotic transit system with multiple infrastructure projects (speedways, overhead passages, tunnels, etc.).[citation needed]

text: In August 2006, the city's first rapid transit bus system, Metrovia, opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the main projects was called Malecón 2000 [maleˈkon doz ˈmil], the renovation of the waterfront promenade (malecón) along the Guayas River. Another project was the creation of the Nuevo Parque Histórico, a park in a housing development area that is called Entre Ríos because it lies between the Daule and Babahoyo Rivers (which merge to form the Guayas River), in a mangrove wetland area. The park cost the city about 7 million dollars.

text: In 2013, the national government led by Rafael Correa built two pedestrian bridges connecting downtown Guayaquil, Santay Island, and the town of Durán, to allow people to make ecotourism trips on a same-day return basis. The two bridges were a big addition to the Guayas River scenery.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Guayaquil is the nation's largest city and the capital of Guayas Province. It is on the Guayas River about 60 kilometres (40 mi) north of the Gulf of Guayaquil, near the Equator.

text: Guayaquil is constantly facing tsunami and major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location near the Gulf of Guayaquil and the south of North-Andean subduction zone.[4] The city can be easily damaged by earthquake as its weak and compressible soil stratigraphy is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks and deposits in a brackish environment. Also, the city itself is strongly affected by the subduction of the active Ecuadorian margin, an intraplate region where active faults locate; and the Guayaquil-Babahoyo strike-slip fault system, formed as the North Andean Block drifts northward.[5] The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also is one of the major locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time. It has complex tectonic features such as the Posorja and the Jambeli –two major east-west trending detachment systems; the Puna-Santa Clara northeast-southwest trending fault system; and the Domito north-south trending fault system; that have developed since the Pleistocene times. Tsunami threats are only predicted for coastal farming zones, not the main populated areas.[6][7]

text: Guayaquil city sectors[edit]

text:
Guayaquil City Territorial OrganizationNumber of the sector in reference with the City Map

#

Sectors

#

Sectors

#

Sectors

1

9 de Octubre Este

25

Febres Cordero

49

Prosperina

2

9 de Octubre Oeste

26

Floresta

50

Puerto Azul Norte

3

Abel Gilbert

27

La Florida

51

Puerto Azul Sur

4

Acuarela

28

García Moreno

52

Puerto Lisa

5

Los Álamos

29

Garzota

53

Quinto Guayas Este

6

Alborada Este

30

Guangala

54

Quinto Guayas Oeste

7

Alborada Oeste

31

Guasmo Este

55

Río Guayas

8

Los Almendros

32

Guasmo Oeste

56

Roca

9

Las Américas

33

Huancavilca

57

Rocafuerte

10

Atarazana

34

Isla Trinitaria

58

La Saiba

11

Ayacucho

35

Kennedy

59

Samanes

12

Bastión Popular

36

Letamendi

60

San Eduardo

13

Batallón del Suburbio

37

Luz del Guayas

61

Los Sauces

14

Bellavista

38

Mapasingue

62

Simón Bolívar

15

Bolívar

39

Miraflores

63

Sopeña

16

Los Ceibos

40

Monte Bello

64

Sucre

17

Centenario

41

Olmedo

65

Tarqui

18

Cerro del Carmen

42

Las Orquídeas Este

66

Unión

19

Cóndor

43

Las Orquídeas Oeste

67

Urdenor

20

Cuba

44

Paraíso

68

Urdaneta

21

Del Astillero

45

Pascuales

69

Urdesa

22

Estero Salado

46

Pedro Carbo

70

Los Vergeles

23

Los Esteros

47

Las Peñas

71

Ximena

24

La FAE

48

La Pradera

72

Mirador Norte

text: Here you can find the list of Neighborhoods and Parishes of Guayaquil

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical Populations Guayaquil CityCompared with Guayas Province, Canton of Guayaquil, and Guayaquil City[8]

Census

Guayas Province

Canton of Guayaquil

Guayaquil City

1950

582,144

331,942

258,966

1962

979,223

567,895

510,804

1974

1,512,333

907,013

823,219

1982

2,038,454

1,328,005

1,199,344

1990

2,515,146

1,570,396

1,508,444

2001

4,509,034

2,148,779

1,985,379

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos

text:
Percentage Population Growth of Guayaquil CityCompared with Guayas Province, Canton of Guayaquil, and Guayaquil City.[8]

Census

Guayas Province

Canton of Guayaquil

Guayaquil City

1950–1962

4.34%

4.49%

5.67%

1962–1974

3.77%

4.06%

4.14%

1974–1982

3.52%

4.50%

4.44%

1982–1990

2.63%

2.10%

2.87%

1990–2001

2.49%

2.38%

2.50%

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos

text: Climate[edit]

text: Guayaquil features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Between January and April, the climate is hot and humid with heavy rainfall, especially during El Niño years when it increases dramatically and flooding usually occurs. The rest of the year (from May through December), however, rainfall is minimal due to the cooling influence of the Humboldt Current, with usually cloudy mornings and afternoons, and evening breezes. Guayaquil, along with most of the coastal region, was impacted by the April 16, 2016 earthquake of 7.8 magnitude. A bridge that was above a major artery, Avenida de las Americas, collapsed in the early evening of April 16, killing two people.

text:
hideClimate data for Guayaquil

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

37.2 (99)

35.4 (95.7)

37.3 (99.1)

35.8 (96.4)

35.2 (95.4)

35.0 (95)

34.1 (93.4)

34.7 (94.5)

34.4 (93.9)

35.1 (95.2)

35.4 (95.7)

36.7 (98.1)

37.3 (99.1)

Average high °C (°F)

31.2 (88.2)

31.2 (88.2)

32.2 (90)

32.0 (89.6)

31.2 (88.2)

29.8 (85.6)

29.1 (84.4)

29.7 (85.5)

30.5 (86.9)

30.2 (86.4)

31.1 (88)

31.8 (89.2)

30.8 (87.4)

Daily mean °C (°F)

27.1 (80.8)

27.3 (81.1)

28.0 (82.4)

27.8 (82)

26.9 (80.4)

25.7 (78.3)

25.0 (77)

25.2 (77.4)

25.5 (77.9)

25.6 (78.1)

26.2 (79.2)

27.1 (80.8)

26.5 (79.7)

Average low °C (°F)

23.0 (73.4)

23.4 (74.1)

23.7 (74.7)

23.5 (74.3)

22.6 (72.7)

21.5 (70.7)

20.8 (69.4)

20.7 (69.3)

20.5 (68.9)

20.9 (69.6)

21.3 (70.3)

22.4 (72.3)

22.0 (71.6)

Record low °C (°F)

20.0 (68)

15.8 (60.4)

19.9 (67.8)

19.4 (66.9)

18.5 (65.3)

17.6 (63.7)

17.0 (62.6)

17.2 (63)

17.2 (63)

17.8 (64)

17.0 (62.6)

18.0 (64.4)

15.8 (60.4)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

200.7 (7.902)

332.0 (13.071)

315.7 (12.429)

207.7 (8.177)

62.6 (2.465)

34.0 (1.339)

15.6 (0.614)

1.2 (0.047)

1.5 (0.059)

5.6 (0.22)

29.1 (1.146)

68.0 (2.677)

1,263.2 (49.732)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)

12

14

15

10

4

1

0

0

0

1

0

2

59

Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[9]

Source #2: NOAA[10]

text: Food[edit]

text: Typical Guayaquil cuisine includes mostly seafood dishes such as encebollado and ceviche. The most traditional dish of Guayaquil is Arroz con Menestra y Carne Asada (rice with lentils and grilled beef).[11] Churrasco is also a staple food of Guayaquil.

text: During breakfast, Patacones and Bolon de Verde (fried plantain with cheese mashed and given a rounded shape) play a big role. Pan de yuca is a typical snack in Guayaquil. Local cuisine is heavily influenced by the diversity of Guayaquil's ethnic groups which includes Italian, Spanish and West African origins.[citation needed]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Artists[edit]

text: Ecuador is known for its artists and its place in art history. Many of them were born in Guayaquil, such as:

text:
Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco (1908, Guayaquil – d. 1993, Quito)
Araceli Gilbert (b. 1913, Guayaquil – d. 1993, Quito)
Demetrio Aguilera Malta (b. 1909, Guayaquil – d. 1981, Mexico)
Enrique Gil Gilbert (1912, Guayaquil – d. 1973, Guayaquil)
Enrique Tábara (b. 1930, Guayaquil)
Eugenia Viteri (b. 1928, Guayaquil)
Félix Arauz (b. 1935, Guayaquil)
Joaquín Gallegos Lara (b. 1909, Guayaquil – d. 1947, Guayaquil)
Jorge Velarde (b. 1960, Guayaquil)
José de la Cuadra (1903, Guayaquil – d. 1941, Guayaquil)
José Martínez Queirolo (b. 1931, Guayaquil – d. 2008, Guayaquil)
Juan Villafuerte (b. 1945, Guayaquil – d. 1977, Barcelona, Spain)
Julio Jaramillo (b. 1935, Guayaquil – d. 1978, Guayaquil)*
Luis Burgos Flor (b. 1939, Guayaquil)
Luis Miranda (b. 1932, Guayaquil)
Luis Molinari (b. 1929, Guayaquil)
Numa Pompilio Llona (b. 1832, Guayaquil – d. 1907, Guayaquil)
Theo Constanté (b. 1934, Guayaquil)
Víctor Manuel Rendón  (b. 1859, Guayaquil – d. 1940, Guayaquil)
Xavier Blum Pinto (b. 1957, Guayaquil)

tag: ul

text: Others[edit]

text: Other notable people from Guayaquil include:

text:
Fernanda Cornejo, Miss Ecuador International 2011, Miss International 2011
Olga Álava, Miss Ecuador Earth 2011, Miss Earth 2011
Sir Frederick Ashton, British choreographer and dancer
Novelist Demetrio Aguilera Malta
Animator Mike Judge
Poets Karina Galvez[12] and Adalberto Ortiz
Writer/historian Jenny Estrada
color commentator for the WWE Spanish team and former professional wrestler Hugo Savinovich
Scholar Benjamín Urrutia
Former world's oldest person María Capovilla
Archeologist Presley Norton Yoder
Violinist Alex Jimbo Viteri
Violinist Jorge Saade
Writer Pedro Jorge Vera
Actor Albert Paulsen
Operatic soprano Beatriz Parra Durango
rapper Gerardo Mejía, made famous during the early 1990s for his song "Rico Suave"
Tennis player Pancho Segura who in 1950 and 1952 was the world's Co-No. 1 player
Tennis player Andrés Gómez, who won the ATP Championship of Roland Garros in Paris, France in 1990
Swimmer Jorge Delgado, fourth in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, multiple times South American champion (19), Gold Medal 1975 Panamerican champion.
Striker Felipe Caicedo, who is currently playing for RCD Espanyol.
Striker Joao Plata, who is currently playing for Real Salt Lake.
Prima ballerina and choreographer Noralma Vera Arrata
Writer and feminist Rosa Borja de Ycaza
Writer and educator Rita Lecumberri

text: Education[edit]

text:
Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil (Municipal Library of Guayaquil) serves as the public library of Guayaquil.[13]
The city has several universities, including the University of Guayaquil (founded in 1867), the Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL), and the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo.

text: Religion[edit]

text: The oldest and largest religion in Guayaquil is the Roman Catholic Church. However, in the late 20th century and early 21st century, the fastest growing religion has been the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which has an operating Temple in Guayaquil, a future temple in Quito, plus many stakes, wards and branches. There are also a number of Evangelical and Pentecostal churches.

text: Sports[edit]

text: There are two major association football clubs; the Barcelona Sporting Club and the Club Sport Emelec. Each club has its own stadium; the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha is the home of the "Barcelonistas" while the Estadio George Capwell is the home of the "Emelecistas". These two teams have a long history of rivalry in Guayaquil and when these two teams play against each other the game is called "El Clásico del Astillero".

text: The city is the birthplace of Francisco Segura Cano; and Andrés Gómez and Nicolás Lapentti, Ecuador's two most famous tennis players, now both retired. The "Abierto de Tenis Ciudad de Guayaquil" is a tennis tournament organised in Guayaquil by Gómez and Luis Morejon, and held annually in November.

text: Another major event in the city is the Guayaquil Marathon, which has been held every year on the first weekend of October since 2005. These race is certified by the (AIMS) Association of International Marathons and Distance Races.

text: The Parque Samanes is a sports park with courts for soccer, tennis, volleball, and basketball, two lakes, a soccer stadium and an amphi theatre for open air concerts and events. It is connected to a forest reserve with trails for cycling and walking, as well as installations for Climbing and zip-lining.

text: Universities[edit]

text: Some of Guayaquil's main universities are:

text:
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo
University of Guayaquil
Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil
Universidad Laica Vicente Rocafuerte
Universidad Casa Grande
Universidad Tecnológica Ecotec
Universidad Santa María
Blue Hill College
Universidad Del Pacífico – Ecuador
Institute of Graphics Arts and Digital Science
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana

text: Notable places[edit]

text: The Malecón 2000 is a restoration project of the historic Simón Bolívar Pier. It will be a symbolic centre of the city, a mix of green areas and shopping. The tall ship Guayas has its home base here.

text: The Palacio Municipal is located in front of the Malecón and holds the political offices of city and provincial officials. Built in a neoclassical style, it is considered one of the most important architectural works in the country.

text: El Barrio las Peñas is a neighbourhood in the northeast corner of the city centre; is the artistic centre of the city. Many of the area's 400-year-old houses have been converted into art galleries and several notable artists have studios in the area.

text: The Mercado Artesanal is the largest artisan market in the city. The market is housed in a 240-shop building that takes up an entire block.

text: Parque Centenario is located on Av. 9 de Octubre, between Lorenzo de Garaycoa and Pedro Moncayo. This is the largest park in the town centre, occupying four city blocks. A large Statue of Liberty dominates the central area of the park.

text: Parque Seminario (also known as Parque de Las Iguanas or Iguana Park) is home to many iguanas (Iguana iguana),[14] some of which approach 5 feet (1.5 m) in length. Tourists and locals alike often feed the iguanas mango slices from park vendors. An equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar is located in the centre of the park.

text: Urdesa is a traditional neighborhood, for stores and restaurants in Guayaquil .

text: There are a number of forest reserves in and around the city, among them Cerro Blanco Forest, nearby Parque Lago with a big lake where cayaking is practised, Cerro Colorado with the botanical garden, the forest reserve of Samanes, Cerro Paraíso with a viewpoint, the small park Palo Santo in the city, and at the outskirts Papagayo, Prosperina, and Bosqueira.[15] Close to the city there are Isla Santay and the Parque Histórico in Samborondón with a zoo.

text: Guayaquil Municipal Museum

text: Montañita (also known as "Little Amsterdam") is a small surfer town located in Santa Elena Península. Known for its nightlife, Montañita attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world (mainly Western Europe) with its incessant partying, affordable food and drinks, and its key location by the beach.

text: Tourist attractions[edit]

text: Being Guayaquil the largest city of Ecuador, It has a large variety of both formal and entertainment activities.

text: Transport[edit]

text: Guayaquil is located along national Highway 40 and is near Highway 25.

text: Among Guayaquil's major trading points are the seaport, the largest in Ecuador and one of the biggest handlers of shipping on the shores of the Pacific; and José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport.

text: José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport, though using the same runways, had its passenger terminal completely rebuilt in 2006 and was renamed. The old passenger terminal is now a convention centre.[16]

text: Guayaquil is served by a bus rapid transit system, Metrovia, which opened in 2006. The system has three lines and is supplemented by 35 feeder routes, carrying a total of 400,000 daily passengers.[17]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Buenos Aires Argentina
Genoa, Italy[citation needed]
Houston, United States (1987)[citation needed]
Santiago, Chile[citation needed]


document_title: Inquilab Zindabad

question_text: who gave the 'inquilab zindabad' slogan

question_tokens: who gave the ' inquilab zindabad ' slogan

text: Inquilab Zindabad

text: Inquilab Zindabad (Urdu: اِنقلاب زِنده باد; Hindi: इंक़लाब ज़िन्दाबाद)  is a Hindi-Urdu phrase[1][2][3] which translates to "Long live the revolution!"

text:
This slogan was coined by the Urdu poet and Indian freedom fighter Maulana Hasrat Mohani in 1921. [4][5][6]
It was popularized by Bhagat Singh (1907 - 1931) during the late 1920s through his speeches and writings.[7] It was also the official slogan of the
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.[8][7]
In April 1929, this slogan was raised by Bhagat Singh and his accomplice B. K. Dutt who had shouted this after bombing the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi.[9]
Later, for the first time in an open court, this slogan was raised in June 1929 as part of their joint statement at the High Court in Delhi.[10][7]
Since then, it became one of the rallying cries of the Indian independence movement. In Indian political novels chronicling the independence movement, a pro-independence sentiment is often characterized by characters shouting this slogan.[11]

text: The slogan is now used more frequently by socialists and communists, especially by those in the CPI (M), CPI and leftist political parties.