document_title: Survivor: Game Changers

question_text: who got voted off of survivor on may 10th

text: Survivor: Game Changers

text: Casting[edit]

text: According to host Jeff Probst, this season featured former contestants from the show that were considered "game changers"—those whose strategies and risky moves either affected, or would have significantly affected, how their season played out. Probst stated that in preceding seasons, "we’ve had so many new players that were good players, and the game has continued to escalate in terms of the level of gameplay that it suddenly became apparent that we actually have a lot of great game players." Producers also sought out applicable contestants from earlier seasons in order to ensure balanced representation of players from throughout the program's history.[1]

text: Probst also pointed out that Game Changers was being cast even while the 33rd season, Survivor: Millennials vs. Gen X, was still filming. Because of this, two of the 20 slots for Game Changers were reserved for Season 33 players, in case producers wanted to ask any of them back. If no one from that season were deemed suitable, producers had two earlier players in mind for the final two spots.[4] Worlds Apart co-runner-up Carolyn Rivera was one of the players considered for this season's cast, but she was cut by producers at the last moment.[6] Her spot was given to Michaela Bradshaw from Millennials vs. Gen X.[4] San Juan del Sur winner Natalie Anderson was originally cast on the season as well, but she ultimately had to back out shortly before filming began due to medical reasons.[7] Her spot on the cast was filled on short notice by Worlds Apart contestant Sierra Dawn Thomas.[8]

text: With their appearance in this season, Cirie Fields and Ozzy Lusth join Rob Mariano and Rupert Boneham as the only players to have appeared in four seasons of Survivor.[1]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
List of Survivor: Game Changers contestants

Contestant
Original tribe
First
switched tribe
Second
switched tribe
Merged tribe
Finish

Eastin, CieraCiera Eastin
27, Salem, Oregon
Blood vs. Water & Cambodia
Mana

20 !1st voted out
Day 3

Vlachos, TonyTony Vlachos
42, Jersey City, New Jersey
Cagayan
Mana
19 !2nd voted out
Day 6

Reynolds, CalebCaleb Reynolds
28, Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Kaôh Rōng
Mana
Mana
18 !3rd voted out
Day 9

Freberg, MalcolmMalcolm Freberg
29, Hermosa Beach, California
Philippines & Caramoan
Mana
Nuku
17 !4th voted out
Day 11

Thomas, Jr., James "J.T."James "J.T." Thomas, Jr.
31, Mobile, Alabama
Tocantins & Heroes vs. Villains
Nuku
Nuku
16 !5th voted out
Day 13

Diaz-Twine, SandraSandra Diaz-Twine
41, Fayetteville, North Carolina
Pearl Islands & Heroes vs. Villains
Mana
Nuku
Nuku
15 !6th voted out
Day 16

Varner, JeffJeff Varner
50, High Point, North Carolina
The Australian Outback & Cambodia
Mana
Nuku
Nuku
14 !7th voted out
Day 18

Ford, HaliHali Ford
26, San Francisco, California
Worlds Apart
Mana
Mana
Mana
Maku Maku
13 !8th voted out
1st jury member
Day 21

Lusth, Oscar "Ozzy"Oscar "Ozzy" Lusth
34, Venice, California
Cook Islands, Micronesia & South Pacific
Nuku
Tavua
Nuku
12 !9th voted out
2nd jury member
Day 24

Wanner, DebbieDebbie Wanner
51, Reading, Pennsylvania
Kaôh Rōng
Nuku
Mana
Nuku[a]
11 !10th voted out
3rd jury member
Day 26

Smith, ZekeZeke Smith
28, Brooklyn, New York
Millennials vs. Gen X
Nuku
Tavua
Nuku
10 !11th voted out
4th jury member
Day 29

Thomas, Sierra DawnSierra Dawn Thomas
29, Roy, Utah
Worlds Apart
Nuku
Mana
Mana
9 !12th voted out
5th jury member
Day 32

Boehlke, AndreaAndrea Boehlke
27, New York City, New York
Redemption Island & Caramoan
Nuku
Tavua
Nuku
8 !13th voted out
6th jury member
Day 33

Bradshaw, MichaelaMichaela Bradshaw
25, Fort Worth, Texas
Millennials vs. Gen X
Mana
Nuku
Mana
7 !14th voted out
7th jury member
Day 35

Fields, CirieCirie Fields
45, Norwalk, Connecticut
Panama, Micronesia & Heroes vs. Villains
Nuku
Tavua
Mana
6 !Eliminated[b]
8th jury member
Day 36

Bracco , AubryAubry Bracco
30, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kaôh Rōng
Mana
Nuku
Mana
5 !15th voted out
9th jury member
Day 37

Trang, TaiTai Trang
52, San Francisco, California
Kaôh Rōng
Nuku
Mana
Nuku
4 !16th voted out
10th jury member
Day 38

Robertson, Troy "Troyzan"Troy "Troyzan" Robertson
54, Miami, Florida
One World
Mana
Tavua
Mana
2nd runner-up

Culpepper, BradBrad Culpepper
47, Tampa, Florida
Blood vs. Water
Nuku
Mana
Mana
Runner-up

Lacina, SarahSarah Lacina
32, Marion, Iowa
Cagayan
Nuku
Tavua
Nuku
Sole Survivor

text:
Jump up ^ Debbie was initially exiled after not drawing a buff during the second tribe swap. She joined the tribe that lost the next Immunity Challenge, Nuku, directly after their Tribal Council.
Jump up ^ After all other remaining castaways became immune — Brad by winning the immunity challenge; Aubry, Tai and Troyzan by playing hidden immunity idols; and Sarah by playing the legacy advantage — Cirie was eliminated by default.

tag: ol

text: Season summary[edit]

text: The 20 returning players were initially divided into two tribes: Mana and Nuku. Nuku fared way better in challenges; throughout two tribe switches, original tribal lines held strong and the Nuku members were able to eliminate most of the Mana tribe.

text: When the tribes merged, two main factions emerged: an alliance led by Sierra and Brad and one led by Andrea and Cirie, with Sarah navigating between the two groups to eliminate members from each. Though she settled with Cirie and Andrea’s group to decimate the other alliance, she later betrayed them to align with Brad and his last remaining ally, Troyzan; the three then used a series of immunities and advantages to secure the majority and reach the end of the game together.

text: At the Final Tribal Council, Troyzan was overlooked by the jury for being Brad's follower throughout the game, and went on to receive no votes to win. Sarah was commended for her strategic control and social flexibility but criticized for manipulating personal relations for strategic gain, while Brad was lauded for his challenge prowess but condemned for his condescending attitude. Ultimately, the jury awarded Sarah with the title of Sole Survivor with seven votes to Brad’s three.

text:
Challenge winners and eliminations by episodes

Episode title
Original air date
Challenge winner(s)
Eliminated
Finish

Reward
Immunity

"The Stakes Have Been Raised"
March 8, 2017
Nuku

Ciera
1st voted out
Day 3

Nuku

Nuku
Tony
2nd voted out
Day 6

"Survivor Jackpot"
March 15, 2017
Nuku
Caleb
3rd voted out
Day 9

Tavua

"The Tables Have Turned"
March 22, 2017
Nuku
Tavua[a]
Malcolm
4th voted out
Day 11

Mana

"Dirty Deed"
March 29, 2017
Tavua
Mana
J.T.
5th voted out
Day 13

Nuku
Tavua

"Vote Early, Vote Often"
April 5, 2017
None[b]
Debbie[c]
Sandra
6th voted out
Day 16

Mana

"What Happened on Exile, Stays on Exile"
April 12, 2017
Nuku
Mana
Jeff
7th voted out
Day 18

"There's a New Sheriff in Town"
April 19, 2017
None[d]
Andrea
Hali
8th voted out
1st jury member
Day 21

Andrea,
Debbie,
Ozzy,
Tai,
Troyzan,
Zeke
Tai
Ozzy
9th voted out
2nd jury member
Day 24

"A Line Drawn in Concrete"
April 26, 2017
Andrea,
Aubry,
Brad,
Debbie,
Sierra
Troyzan
Debbie
10th voted out
3rd jury member
Day 26

"Reinventing How This Game is Played"
May 3, 2017
Andrea,
Aubry,
Brad,
Sarah,
Zeke
Andrea
Zeke
11th voted out
4th jury member
Day 29

"It is Not a High Without a Low"
May 10, 2017
Andrea,
Aubry,
Brad
[Cirie,
Sarah]
Brad
Sierra
12th voted out
5th jury member
Day 32

"Parting is Such Sweet Sorrow"
May 17, 2017
None
Aubry
Andrea
13th voted out
6th jury member
Day 33

Brad
Michaela
14th voted out
7th jury member
Day 35

"No Good Deed Goes Unpunished"
May 24, 2017
Brad
[Sarah, Troyzan][e]
Cirie
Eliminated[f]
8th jury member
Day 36

None
Brad
Aubry
15th voted out
9th jury member
Day 37

Brad
Tai
16th voted out
10th jury member
Day 38

"Reunion"

Jury vote[9]

Troyzan
2nd runner-up

Brad
Runner-up

Sarah
Sole Survivor

text:
Jump up ^ Only one tribe won the immunity challenge, sending the other two tribes to Tribal Council together to eliminate a single player.
Jump up ^ There was no reward challenge due to the tribe switch.
Jump up ^ Debbie was exiled after drawing a package containing no buff during the second tribe switch. She joined the tribe that lost the next Immunity Challenge, Nuku, directly after their Tribal Council.
Jump up ^ There was no reward challenge due to the merge.
Jump up ^ The winner of the challenge also received reward.
Jump up ^ After all other remaining castaways became immune — Brad by winning the immunity challenge; Aubry, Tai and Troyzan by playing hidden immunity idols; and Sarah by playing the legacy advantage — Cirie was eliminated by default.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
CBS recap
Rating/share
(18-49)
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
Weekly
rank

500[2]
1
"The Stakes Have Been Raised"
Recap
1.7/6[10]
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
7.64[10]
15[11]

As the game began, the 20 contestants were divided into two tribes, Mana and Nuku.

Reward Challenge: The tribes were given a few minutes to grab supplies from a boat to bring back to their camps. The castaways were also given the chance to swim out to a nearby buoy and release a large toolkit; the first player to release the toolkit claimed it for their tribe.

Ozzy won the kit for Nuku. During the scramble, Sierra found an envelope. At the Nuku camp, she learned that she had found a "legacy advantage," which would give her immunity when either thirteen or six castaways remained; if she were voted out before then, she would privately will it to someone else following her elimination. Cirie worried that Ozzy, who she had betrayed on Survivor: Micronesia, would target her out of revenge, which he did. At Mana, Tony immediately declared that he was going to look for a hidden immunity idol, which caused his tribe to distrust him. Ciera discussed getting rid of Tony or Caleb, his closest ally, but only earned the ire of her tribemates for strategizing too much.

Reward/Immunity Challenge: Seven tribemates rowed a raft through the water, where one of the rowers retrieved a key from a tower. After the rowers completed an obstacle course to return to shore, they dug to retrieve two bags of puzzle pieces. Another tribemate then used keys to unlock the third bag of pieces. The final two tribemates used the pieces to solve a ship's wheel puzzle; the first tribe to use their finished puzzle to raise a flag won immunity and flint. Challenge from Blood vs. Water.

Nuku won the challenge. At camp, Mana targeted Ciera for her strategizing but told her the target was Michaela. Michaela was angry after finding out she was the decoy target, which caused some of her tribemates to reconsider their plans, but at Tribal Council, the tribe stayed united and voted Ciera out.
After Tribal Council, Tony and Sandra — the tribe's only winners — discussed how no one else would let a former winner win this season, and agreed to align, forming an alliance with Aubry, Caleb and Malcolm. However, Tony later overheard Sandra talking with Troyzan, and believed she was targeting him. At Nuku, Cirie tried to recruit allies against Ozzy.

Reward/Immunity Challenge: Six tribemates swam out toward a cage to retrieve a 400-pound snake filled with puzzle pieces. Once the snake was brought back to shore, another tribemate used the pieces to solve a combination lock and unlock eight rings; the three non-swimming castaways then tossed rings onto a series of eight paddles. The first tribe to have rings on all paddles won immunity and a fishing kit. Challenge from Caramoan and Cagayan.

Nuku won the challenge. Back at camp, Tony and Sandra campaigned against the other — Tony argued that Sandra needed to go for her poor challenge performances and status as the only two-time winner, while Sandra argued that Tony's inability to remain calm made others paranoid. Ultimately, the tribe sided with Sandra and Tony was voted out.

501
2
"Survivor Jackpot"
Recap
1.7/7[12]
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
7.87[12]
11[13]

The day after Tony's elimination, the castaways were redistributed into three tribes: Brad, Caleb, Debbie, Hali, Sierra and Tai formed the Mana tribe; Aubry, Jeff, J.T., Malcolm, Michaela, and Sandra formed the Nuku tribe; and Andrea, Cirie, Ozzy, Sarah, Troyzan and Zeke formed the Tavua tribe, having to build a new shelter from scratch.
All three new tribes were divided by original tribal lines, putting Hali and Caleb in the minority on Mana, J.T. on the outs of Nuku and Troyzan on the outs of Tavua. On Mana, Caleb reunited with Kaôh Rōng ally Tai, who tried to bring Caleb into his majority alliance. On Nuku, J.T. stranded his new tribemates out on the ocean while on a snorkeling trip in order to look for a hidden immunity idol, but failed to find it. At Tavua, Troyzan discovered a clue to his tribe's hidden immunity idol, which was planted at the next immunity challenge.

Reward/Immunity Challenge: Three tribemates are tied together and must navigate through a rope obstacle course where they will fill a bucket with water and climb over a teeter-totter in order to fill it up enough to lower a gate. Another set of tribemates will untie puzzle pieces to solve a puzzle. The first two tribes to finish win immunity but the first tribe has a choice of comfort or spices for their food, with the item not chosen going to the second place tribe. Challenge from San Juan del Sur.

Nuku and Tavua won the challenge, and Troyzan retrieved the hidden immunity idol while his tribe celebrated. At Mana, Tai tried to convince his alliance to target Hali over Caleb, but Brad warned Tai that keeping Caleb in the game would only strengthen the perception of Caleb and Tai as a strong pair, making them larger targets come the merge. At Tribal Council, Tai decided to stay loyal to his alliance, and joined his tribemates in sending Caleb out of the game.

502
3
"The Tables Have Turned"
Recap
1.7/7[14]
March 22, 2017 (2017-03-22)
8.10[14]
10[15]

After eliminating Caleb, the Mana tribe's majority alliance confirmed their plans to vote out Hali next.

Reward Challenge: Only two members from each tribe competed in this challenge. One tribe member must navigate over three balance beams while carrying a ball on the end on a stick that gets longer with each completed beam. The second tribe member uses the ball after untying knots on a table to retrieve a key, which unlocks a chest of sandbags to be used to knock down a series of bamboo targets. The first tribe to finish wins coffee, iced tea and chocolate cookies while the second place tribe wins a thermos of iced coffee. Challenge from Blood vs. Water.

J.T. and Malcolm won the challenge for Nuku, Brad and Tai placed second for Mana, while Ozzy and Troyzan lost for Tavua. At the Tavua camp, Ozzy continued to provide food for his tribe, while Troyzan was further outcast for losing the challenge. On Nuku, J.T. bonded with Malcolm, and tried convincing him to target Sandra next.

Immunity Challenge: One tribe member is chosen to be a "caller" while the others are blindfolded. The caller will direct the tribemates to a rope, which they will pull to topple over a bucket full of color coated water and containing a bag of balls. After all three bags are found, they must navigate the three balls through a table maze controlled by pulleys. The first tribe to do this won immunity, sending the other two tribes to a joint Tribal Council to eliminate a single castaway. Challenge from One World.

Tavua won the challenge, sending Mana and Nuku to a Joint Tribal Council, where they would go to vote out someone together. At Nuku, Sandra wanted to vote out Sierra for being Mana's strongest female competitor, while J.T. tried to target Tai for his perceived sneakiness. The Mana tribe debated between voting out either Sandra or Malcolm. The Mana tribe had one fewer member than Nuku, but Tai found his tribe's hidden immunity idol shortly before Tribal Council, promising his tribemates he would use it that night to counter their numerical disadvantage.
At Tribal Council, both tribes attempted to realign with original tribemates Hali and J.T., who attempted to convince their former tribemates to target Brad and Sandra, respectively. J.T. quietly told Brad that Nuku's target was Sierra, in hopes that it would allow the Mana tribe to save her with their hidden immunity idol and eliminate Sandra. However, though Brad convinced Tai to play his idol on Sierra, negating the six votes against her, the Mana tribe targeted Malcolm instead, eliminating him from the game. As the tribes left Tribal Council, Michaela blamed J.T. for Malcolm's elimination.

503
4
"Dirty Deed"
Recap
1.8/7[16]
March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)
8.26[16]
15[17]

After Malcolm's elimination, J.T. tried to defend his actions at Tribal Council; however, his tribemates continued to distrust him. This prompted J.T. to search for the hidden immunity idol, which he found.

Reward Challenge: One tribe member would retrieve a bow and a disc respectively using a lasso, while another member would dig up two balls to be balanced on both the bow and disc. Two tribe members would then balance the balls across two balance beams of various difficulty to reach a table, with the final member solving a slide puzzle. The first tribe to finish wins milk and a plate of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.

Tavua placed first while Nuku placed second, as Debbie's struggles on the balance beam caused Mana to lose the challenge. At Tavua, Sarah aligned with outsider Troyzan. At Mana, Debbie was furious over her poor performance in the challenge, and lashed out at Brad, labeling him the tribe's dictator. Tai later found a clue to the tribe's new hidden immunity idol. At Nuku, J.T. and Michaela squabbled over the latter's consumption of the sugar they had previously won. In order to keep the two fighting, Sandra ate the rest of the sugar, causing J.T. to accuse Michaela of the act.

Immunity Challenge: The tribes raced over a wall, rolled a wooden cube to a post from which they unspooled a ring of keys. They then used the keys to unlock a chest filled with 100 sandbags; after transporting the bags across a balance beam, they used a slingshot to launch the bags at five targets. The first two tribes to knock down all five of their targets won immunity. Challenge from South Pacific and Millennials vs. Gen X.

Mana placed first and Tavua placed second. At the Nuku camp, J.T. and Michaela targeted each other; Aubry sided with J.T., but Sandra teamed up with Michaela out of revenge for Malcolm's elimination. Both sides lobbied for Jeff's vote, but he ultimately chose to vote against J.T., who chose not to bring his hidden immunity idol to Tribal Council and was eliminated from the game. After J.T.'s elimination, Sandra confessed to eating the sugar.

504
5
"Vote Early, Vote Often"
Recap
1.7/7[18]
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
8.40[18]
14[19]

At Mana, Tai deciphered his idol clue and discovered the hidden immunity idol underneath the water well. Later that day, the castaways were redistributed into two tribes by random draw: Aubry, Brad, Cirie, Hali, Michaela, Sierra, and Troyzan formed the new Mana tribe; Andrea, Jeff, Ozzy, Sandra, Sarah, Tai, and Zeke formed the new Nuku tribe; and Debbie was exiled for drawing the empty parcel, to later join the tribe that lost the next immunity challenge following their Tribal Council.
On Mana, lone men Brad and Troyzan bonded, and Brad pledged to bring Troyzan into his alliance with Sierra. On Nuku, Jeff and Sandra were outsiders for being the only original Mana members. Though Zeke had bonded with Jeff, Zeke led the original Nuku alliance into claiming that they were against Tai in order to avoid Jeff and Sandra from scrambling, allowing them to take the latter out. Living at a new camp, Tai instinctively decided to check for a hidden immunity idol underneath the well, which he then found. Debbie was exiled to a yacht, where she enjoyed a feast and was joined by Survivor: Caramoan winner John Cochran, who gave her game advice. At the conclusion of his visit, he gave Debbie a choice between three advantages: a kit to construct a fake hidden immunity idol, an extra vote at any Tribal Council of her choice, and an advantage for her tribe at her next immunity challenge. She chose the extra vote.

Immunity Challenge: Castaways navigated obstacles in the water, and then retrieved heavy puzzle pieces along the way. After transporting the pieces back to their mat, three tribe members used them to solve the puzzle. The first tribe to complete the puzzle won immunity.

Mana won the challenge. Back at camp, Jeff was confident that Tai was going home, but Sandra was skeptical, and campaigned against Tai for his original season bond with Aubry and Debbie. Though her tribemates agreed with her points, they still planned to eliminate her that night. However, Tai accidentally told Jeff that Sandra was the target, which made the others anxious. At Tribal Council, Sandra took advantage of Tai's paranoia, leading to Tai openly telling his tribemates to target Ozzy for being a physical threat, causing a huge argument between Tai and Zeke over Tai's unpredictability. Jeff and Sandra retaliated by telling their tribemates to vote out Tai for being untrustworthy. However, when the votes were read, the original Nuku tribe stayed loyal and sent Sandra out of the game, voting her out for the first time after 94 days of cumulative play over three seasons. Debbie then joined the Nuku tribe.

505
6
"What Happened on Exile, Stays on Exile"
Recap
1.7/7[20]
April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12)
8.31[20]
8[21]

At Nuku, Debbie joined her new tribe while Jeff planned on trying to convince everyone to get rid of Ozzy for being a physical threat come the merge.

Reward Challenge: The tribes unspooled ribbons around a maypole to release a key to unlock planks. They then used the planks to assemble a ladder, and climbed up it to retrieve a bag of balls and navigate through an obstacle course. One tribe member then used a foot-operated catapult to launch the balls into a series of nets. The first tribe to get a ball in all five nets won pizza and soft drinks. Challenge from Worlds Apart.

Nuku won the challenge. Following their loss, the Mana tribe members tearfully discussed the emotional toll of the game — Brad discussed his newfound empathy towards the experiences of his wife Monica, who played the game in One World and Blood vs. Water, which later prompted Aubry and Cirie to approach Brad about aligning, putting Hali and Michaela on the outs of the tribe. At Nuku, Jeff began making his moves against Ozzy, recruiting both Sarah and Zeke. Zeke apologized for leaving Jeff out of the Sandra vote and promised to be honest with him moving forward, with plans of reaching the Final Tribal Council together.

Immunity Challenge: Three tribe members were pulled across the water in a boat. One tribe member then dove down and retrieved buoys with letters on them from a net. After untying all of the buoys, three tribemates deciphered the buoys to spell out a single word; the first tribe to solve the puzzle won immunity.

Mana won the challenge after deciphering the word "METAMORPHOSIS". At Nuku, Jeff tried to convince Zeke again to get rid of Ozzy but Zeke was conflicted due to his strategy of keeping larger targets in the game as shields. Zeke's hesitance caused Jeff to believe that Zeke and Ozzy had a secret alliance, which he exposed to the other tribe members, causing them to question their loyalties. At Tribal Council, a desperate Jeff outed Zeke as a transgender man, and tried to insinuate that Zeke's hiding this aspect of his life showed an ability to be deceitful. However, everyone else—including host Jeff Probst—quickly and emphatically rebuked Jeff Varner for this tactic. After a long discussion, Varner apologized, and expressed shame and remorse for what he had done. Seeing that Varner's actions would clearly lead to his elimination, Probst took an open roll call from all of the players, then had Varner eliminated without a formal vote.

506
7
"There's a New Sheriff in Town"
Recap
1.7/7[22]
April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)
7.92[22]
11[23]

The day after Jeff Varner's elimination, host Jeff Probst announced that the tribes were merging; however, before the celebratory feast, the players were told that one player from Mana and Nuku had to sit out or else the tribe members would receive only crackers and iced tea. Brad volunteered for Mana and Tai volunteered for Nuku, and the tribes were merged. While their tribemates feasted, Brad and Tai reconnected and affirmed their alliance, with Brad targeting Hali and Michaela, outsiders from the third Mana tribe. Debbie later apologized to Brad for her earlier outburst against him, and they realigned.
Though the rest of the tribe agreed to target Hali and Michaela, two smaller factions emerged within the majority: Brad and Sierra's alliance with Debbie, Tai and Troyzan, who wanted to eliminate Michaela; and Cirie's alliance with Andrea and Zeke, who wanted to eliminate Hali. Cirie began mentoring Michaela in order to reduce the latter's target, and the two discussed becoming the first pair of African-American women to reach the final Tribal Council.

Immunity Challenge: Castaways stood on a wooden frame, balancing a block between their head and the top of the frame without the assistance of their hands. The last contestant with their block remaining won immunity. Challenge from Cagayan and Worlds Apart.

Andrea won the challenge. Back at camp, Sierra believed that Hali had a hidden immunity idol, and conspired to split the votes between her and Michaela. However, Cirie and Zeke worked to change the target from Michaela to Hali in order to save Michaela. Ultimately, Cirie's plan won out and Hali was eliminated, becoming the first member of the jury.
The next morning, Cirie and Michaela solidified their alliance, and Cirie tried to rally Aubry, Andrea, Michaela, Ozzy, Sarah, and Zeke together against Brad and Sierra. However, Zeke felt like he had become a subordinate to Andrea and Cirie, and considered betraying them.

Reward Challenge: Divided into two teams of six, two teammates swam out and retrieved a net with fish-shaped puzzle pieces. Two more teammates untied the pieces and put them on hooks attached to a beam, then brought the beam to the last two teammates, who used the pieces to solve a puzzle. The first tribe to solve their puzzle won a spa day and a hamburger lunch. Challenge from Kaôh Rōng.

Andrea, Debbie, Ozzy, Tai, Troyzan and Zeke won the challenge. While at the spa, Zeke began lobbying against Andrea and Cirie, but Debbie was skeptical.

Immunity Challenge: Each castaway held onto a tall pole as long as possible without falling off. The last castaway remaining on their pole won immunity. Challenge from Vanuatu, Cook Islands, Tocantins, Heroes vs. Villains, South Pacific, Blood vs. Water, and Worlds Apart.

Tai outlasted Ozzy to win immunity. Back at camp, Zeke told Sierra that she was being targeted by Cirie's alliance. Sierra told Cirie that Zeke told her about their plans, which prompted Cirie to target Zeke. However, Debbie decided to target Ozzy instead for his strength in challenges, and she rallied Brad, Sierra, Sarah, Tai, and Troyzan together. Sarah found herself caught between Debbie's and Cirie's factions; at Tribal Council, Sarah sided with Debbie, who used her extra vote to ensure Ozzy's elimination.

507
8
"A Line Drawn in Concrete"
Recap
1.8/7[24]
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
8.49[24]
9[25]

After Ozzy's elimination, Debbie planned to stay strong with her alliance with Brad, Sarah, Sierra, Tai, and Troyzan. Andrea confronted Zeke about his betrayal, but Sarah later talked to Zeke about working together.

Reward Challenge: Divided into two teams of six, one castaway at a time raced through a series of obstacles in the water. After all five teammates were at the end platform, one teammate at a time used a grappling hook to retrieve rings in the water. The first team to retrieve all five of their rings won a trip to the Yasawa Islands to enjoy a picnic. Challenge from Worlds Apart.

Michaela was not chosen to compete. Andrea, Aubry, Brad, Debbie, and Sierra won the challenge after Cirie struggled on the balance beam; after the challenge, everyone encouraged Cirie to complete the balance beam, which she did. As the losing castaways were leaving the challenge, Sarah spotted an advantage by the sit-out bench that Michaela had failed to notice, and retrieved it without being spotted. Back at camp, she learned that the advantage gave her the ability to steal another player's vote at any Tribal Council until the final five, prohibiting them from voting while allowing her to vote twice. On the reward, Andrea campaigned against Zeke while at camp, Cirie encouraged Sarah to flip on the majority alliance.

Immunity Challenge: The castaways held a rope attached to an unbalanced table to keep the table level, while maneuvering between two platforms retrieving and stacking blocks with letters on them; if their stack dropped, they had to restart. The first castaway to stack all eight blocks in correct order, spelling "IMMUNITY", won the challenge. Challenge from Kaôh Rōng.

Troyzan won immunity. Back at camp, the majority alliance decided to target Andrea for being a strategic threat. However, Sarah felt excluded from the decision, and conspired with Zeke to overthrow the majority, though she later reconsidered after Sierra proposed a final three deal with Sarah and Debbie. Debbie instructed Aubry to vote against Michaela, and told Aubry that Sarah didn't trust her in order to gain Aubry's trust. However, Aubry told the others, including Sarah, about Debbie's comments, which made Sarah consider voting Debbie out for her volatility. At Tribal Council, Sarah decided to flip on the majority alliance, joining the others in sending Debbie to the jury.

508
9
"Reinventing How This Game is Played"
Recap
1.8/8[26]
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
8.26[26]
12[27]

After Debbie's elimination, Sarah admitted to flipping on Brad and Sierra's alliance, while the new majority alliance made Sierra their next target.

Reward Challenge: The players were divided into two teams of five; three teammates, one at a time, raced through a series of obstacles to a chair, where five other tribemates used a pulley system to lift them across a vertical structure to retrieve ten puzzle pieces. Once all thirty pieces were retrieved, three teammates used them to solve a word puzzle. The first tribe to do so won an overnight trip to a luxury resort. Challenge from Millennials vs. Gen X.

Andrea, Aubry, Brad, Sarah and Zeke won the challenge. On the reward, Brad and Zeke bonded, which made the others suspicious, especially an already-wary Andrea. Back at camp, Andrea and Cirie discussed betraying Zeke, though Sarah disagreed; to secure Cirie's trust, Sarah told Cirie about her vote-stealing advantage. Zeke later made a long-term alliance with Brad and Troyzan.

Immunity Challenge: The castaways placed blocks in a line while avoiding ropes that would topple the tiles that were already placed. Once all of the blocks were properly stacked, the castaway would start a domino effect that would drop the last tile on a platform at the other end. The first castaway to do so won immunity. Challenge from Gabon, Redemption Island, Blood vs. Water, and Kaôh Rōng.

Andrea won immunity; safe from Tribal Council, Andrea plotted to eliminate Zeke that night, though Michaela and Sarah were skeptical of giving the other alliance a chance to regain the majority. At Tribal Council, the minority alliance voted against each other to avoid elimination, but the majority alliance betrayed Zeke, sending him to the jury in a vote of 5-3-2.

509
10
"It is Not a High Without a Low"
Recap
1.7/7[28]
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
8.30[28]
11[29]

Returning from Tribal Council, Tai — having been voted against by his allies Brad, Sierra and Troyzan — was recruited into the majority alliance by Cirie; the alliance decided to break up the pair of Brad and Sierra at the next Tribal Council. The following morning, Sierra told Sarah about her legacy advantage in an attempt to gain her trust. Before the reward challenge, the castaways were joined by their loved ones: Sarah's husband, Wyatt; Andrea's mother, Linda; Aubry's sister, Kerry; Sierra's father, Dan; Michaela's mother, Candy; Troyzan's brother, Todd; Tai's boyfriend, Mark; Brad's wife, One World and Blood vs. Water castaway, Monica; and Cirie's son, Jared.

Reward Challenge: Divided into teams of three who are tethered together, each team would race through several obstacles to a table and remove a bundle of ropes to get a key to open a set of bean bags to knock off a series of targets. The first team to knock off all the targets would win. The winners would go with the loved ones to a barbecue.

The team of Andrea, Aubry, and Brad won the challenge and chose Cirie and her son and Sarah and her husband to accompany them on the barbecue. Back at camp, Michaela expressed disappointment at not being able to enjoy the reward with her alliance and spent the time connecting with Tai. The two later formed a pact with Sierra and Troyzan to align with Brad and target Andrea.

Immunity Challenge: The castaways must balance on a small perch while holding a buoy with two handles. The last person left standing would win immunity.

Brad won immunity. The majority alliance decided to target Sierra, while the minority planned to vote against Andrea; both sides tried to convince Michaela and Tai to vote with them. In order to convince Michaela and Tai to vote against Sierra, Sarah told them about Sierra's legacy advantage. At Tribal Council, Tai and Michaela voted with the majority alliance to send Sierra to the jury. While Sierra was leaving, Sarah feigned surprise in order to convince Sierra that she hadn't voted against her; Sarah's ruse worked, and Sierra privately willed her the legacy advantage.

510
11
"Parting is Such Sweet Sorrow"
Recap
1.7/7[30]
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
8.27[30]
8[31]

After Tribal Council, Andrea and Cirie were suspicious of Sarah's reaction after Sierra's elimination. The next morning, Sarah found the legacy advantage that Sierra had left her.

Immunity challenge: The castaways used one hand to hold on to a rope to steady a balancing board. With the other hand, they built a house of cards with wooden tiles on the other end of the board. The first castaway to build a structure tall enough to reach the finish mark won immunity. Challenge from South Pacific and Caramoan.

Aubry won the challenge in six minutes. Back at camp, she tried to rally her allies against Brad, but Andrea tried convincing Aubry to go against Sarah instead. Cirie, wanting to keep Sarah in the game as a bigger target than herself, talked to Sarah about betraying Andrea that night. At Tribal Council, Andrea and Aubry voted against Brad, but Cirie, Michaela and Sarah voted with the minority alliance of Brad, Tai and Troyzan to send Andrea to the jury.
An emotional Aubry, left out of the plan to eliminate Andrea, was consoled by Tai, but Cirie noted that Tai's ability to emotionally connect with others could be threatening.

Immunity challenge: The castaways stood on a pole in the water and lowered a bucket to get water to fill a bamboo chute, which raised a key. After retrieving the key, the castaways swam back to shore and unlocked puzzle pieces. The first castaway to solve the puzzle won immunity. Challenge from Cagayan.

Brad won the challenge. Back at camp, Tai told Aubry he wanted to target Sarah, but Aubry relayed Tai's plan to Cirie, who later told Sarah. Sarah, skeptical about Tai's betrayal, gave Cirie her vote stealer as a sign of trust, which Cirie promised to return to Sarah after that night's Tribal Council. However, Cirie considered using it to save Sarah and eliminate Tai. At Tribal Council, Cirie tried to use the vote stealer to steal Sarah's vote with the intention of voting against Tai twice, but Sarah revealed that the advantage was non-transferable; following some final strategic discussions, Sarah decided to steal Tai's vote instead, and teamed up with Brad and Troyzan to eliminate Cirie's closest ally, Michaela.

511
12
"No Good Deed Goes Unpunished"
Recap
1.9/8[32]
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
8.48[32]
6[33]

After the chaotic Tribal Council, Tai felt as if he had lost all his allies; in an attempt to regroup, he told Brad about his two hidden immunity idols. Brad still felt betrayed after Tai eliminated Brad's closest ally, Sierra, and tried to strongarm Tai into giving him one of his hidden immunity idols, with the intention of eliminating Tai with five players remaining.

Reward/immunity challenge: The castaways navigated a giant maze to retrieve three bags of puzzle pieces; they then used the pieces to solve a puzzle. The first castaway to do so won immunity and a feast. Challenge from Cagayan.

Brad won the challenge and chose to share his reward with Troyzan and Sarah. During their feast, they conspired to split the votes between Aubry and Tai in case of Tai's hidden immunity idols. Tai, put off by Brad's attitude, told Aubry about his idols and promised to play one on her that night to ensure her loyalty; the two teamed up with Cirie to counter the alliance on the reward. At Tribal Council, Aubry, Cirie and Tai voted against Sarah while Brad, Sarah and Troyzan split their votes against Aubry and Tai. Tai played his idols on himself and Aubry, while Sarah played her immunity-granting legacy advantage, which prompted Troyzan to play his hidden immunity idol. As Cirie was the only player left without immunity, she was automatically eliminated despite receiving no votes against her.

Immunity challenge: Each castaway used paddles to maneuver a ball across a series of obstacles on a table course. The first castaway that transferred three balls to the other side of the table won immunity. Challenge from San Juan del Sur.

Brad won the challenge. Brad and Troyzan decided to target Aubry for being more threatening than Tai at the final Tribal Council, while Aubry targeted Troyzan as Brad's closest ally. At Tribal Council, Sarah and Tai decided to vote against Aubry, sending her to the jury.

Final immunity challenge: The castaways raced through a giant tower to retrieve a series of keys that unlocked puzzle pieces. The first castaway to solve the puzzle won immunity. Challenge from Worlds Apart.

Brad won the challenge to earn his fifth and final individual immunity. Out of revenge against Tai's betrayal, Brad and Troyzan planned to vote against him, while Tai tried to convince Sarah to force a tie against Troyzan, believing that either of them could beat him in the resulting fire-making tiebreaker challenge. At Tribal Council, Sarah sided with Brad and Troyzan, and Tai became the tenth and final member of the jury.
The next night, the finalists and jurors convened for the final Tribal Council. Unlike previous seasons, in which jurors addressed the finalists individually with a prepared statement or question, host Jeff Probst led a moderated discussion divided into the game's three major components: "Outwit", "Outplay" and "Outlast". During the discussion, Sarah was commended for her strategic and social manipulation but condemned for manipulating social connections for strategic gain; Brad was applauded for his leadership throughout the game but criticized for arrogance and being in the minority alliance throughout most of the game; and Troyzan was regarded as Brad's follower throughout the game, and paid little attention from the jury.

512
13
"Reunion"
N/A
1.3/5[32]
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
5.84[32]
15[33]

At the live reunion show, it was revealed Sarah won the title of Sole Survivor and $1,000,000 with votes from seven jurors — Hali, Zeke, Andrea, Michaela, Cirie, Aubry and Tai — while Brad placed second with Ozzy, Debbie and Sierra's votes, with Troyzan in third with no votes.

text: Voting history[edit]

text:
Original tribes
First swap
Second swap
Merged tribe

Episode #
1
2
3[a]
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Day #
3
6
9
11
13
16
18
21
24
26
29
32
33
35
36
37
38

Eliminated
Ciera
Tony
Caleb
Malcolm
J.T.
Sandra
Jeff
Hali
Ozzy
Debbie
Zeke
Sierra
Andrea
Michaela
None
Cirie
Aubry
Tai

Votes
9–1
7–2
5–1
5–0[b]
3–2
5–2
6–0[c]
7–4–2
7–4–1–1[d]
6–5
5–3–2
6–3
6–2
4–2–1
0–0–0[e]
None[e]
4–1
3–1

Voter
Vote

Sarah

Sandra
Jeff
Michaela
Ozzy
Debbie
Zeke
Sierra
Andrea
Michaela
Michaela
Tai
Immune
Aubry
Tai

Brad

Caleb
Malcolm

Hali
Ozzy
Andrea
Tai
Andrea
Andrea
Michaela
Aubry
Immune
Aubry
Tai

Troyzan
Ciera
Tony

Hali
Ozzy
Andrea
Tai
Andrea
Andrea
Michaela
Tai
Immune
Aubry
Tai

Tai

Caleb
Malcolm

Sandra
Jeff
Hali
Ozzy
Andrea
Sierra
Sierra
Andrea
None[f]
Sarah
Immune
Aubry
Troyzan

Aubry
Ciera
Tony

Sierra
Michaela

Hali
Zeke
Debbie
Zeke
Sierra
Brad
Tai
Sarah
Immune
Troyzan

Cirie

Michaela
Sierra
Debbie
Zeke
Sierra
Andrea
Aubry
Sarah
Eliminated

Michaela
Ciera
Tony

Sierra
J.T.

Zeke
Zeke
Debbie
Zeke
Sierra
Andrea
Tai

Andrea

Sandra
Jeff
Michaela
Zeke
Debbie
Zeke
Sierra
Brad

Sierra

Caleb
Malcolm

Hali
Ozzy
Andrea
Tai
Andrea

Zeke

Sandra
Jeff
Michaela
Aubry
Debbie
Sierra

Debbie

Caleb
Malcolm

Exiled[g]
Jeff
Hali
Ozzy
Ozzy
Andrea

Ozzy

Sandra
Jeff
Hali
Zeke

Hali
Ciera
Tony
Caleb
Malcolm

Zeke

Jeff
Ciera
Tony

Sierra
J.T.
Tai
None[c]

Sandra
Ciera
Aubry

Sierra
J.T.
Tai

J.T.

Sierra
Michaela

Malcolm
Ciera
Tony

Sierra

Caleb
Ciera
Tony
Hali

Tony
Ciera
Aubry

Ciera
Michaela

text:
Jury vote[34]

Episode #
12

Day #
39

Finalist
Troyzan
Brad
Sarah

Votes
7–3–0

Juror
Vote

Tai

Sarah

Aubry

Sarah

Cirie

Sarah

Michaela

Sarah

Andrea

Sarah

Sierra

Brad

Zeke

Sarah

Debbie

Brad

Ozzy

Brad

Hali

Sarah

text:
Jump up ^ On Day 11, a joint Tribal Council was held where two tribes voted together to eliminate one castaway.
Jump up ^ Tai played a hidden immunity idol on Sierra, therefore six votes against her were not counted.
^ Jump up to: a b Following an open and oral poll of his tribemates, in which they confirmed they would all vote for him, Jeff was eliminated without a formal vote.
Jump up ^ Debbie played her extra vote, therefore thirteen votes were cast in total.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarah played the legacy advantage, and Tai played hidden immunity idols on himself and Aubry, therefore three votes against Sarah, two votes against Tai and one vote against Aubry did not count, and there were no counted ballots. As Brad had won the immunity challenge and Troyzan had played an idol on himself, Cirie was the only player non-immune, and was eliminated by default.
Jump up ^ Sarah used her vote stealer on Tai, therefore Tai was ineligible to vote whereas Sarah cast two ballots.
Jump up ^ Debbie was exiled after drawing a package containing no buff during the second tribe switch. She joined the tribe that lost the next Immunity Challenge, Nuku, after their Tribal Council.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The March 8 premiere episode "The Stakes Have Been Raised" faced the smallest viewer audience in the show's history, watched by only 7.643 million viewers and receiving just a 1.7/8 rating/share in the critical 18–49 demographic. While ratings were substantially down from the Survivor: Kaoh Rong and Survivor: Millenials vs. Gen X premieres in February and September the year prior, the series still ranked first in its timeslot, but tied with ABC's The Goldbergs for the 18-49 demo. The series also managed to edge out ABC's Modern Family for total viewership, ranking first but placing second within the demo for the night[35].

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: Live Ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/share
(18–49) [36]
Viewers
(in millions)[37]

500
1
"The Stakes Have Been Raised"
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
Wednesdays
8:00 p.m.
1.7/8
7.643

501
2
"Survivor Jackpot"
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
1.73/9
7.866

502
3
"The Tables Have Turned"
March 22, 2017 (2017-03-22)
1.73/7
8.101

503
4
"Dirty Deed"
March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)
1.76/8
8.260

504
5
"Vote Early, Vote Often"
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
1.73/8
8.398

505
6
"What Happened on Exile, Stays on Exile"
April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12)
1.74/7
8.314

506
7
"There's a New Sheriff in Town"
April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)
1.71/7
7.918

507
8
"A Line Drawn in Concrete"
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
1.75/7
8.493

508
9
"Reinventing How This Game is Played"
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
1.8/7
8.258

509
10
"It is Not a High Without a Low"
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
1.74/6
8.3

510
11
"Parting is Such Sweet Sorrow"
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
1.73/7
8.273

511
12
"No Good Deed Goes Unpunished"
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
1.85/7
8.478

512
13
"Reunion"
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
1.27/8
5.843

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Daniel Fienerg of The Hollywood Reporter gave the season and the finale a mixed review, criticizing the season's confusing direction, saying the season "was pretty good for me for a long time and then it started becoming increasingly confusing, both in terms of in-game momentum and the editing, which relied excessively on misdirection that actually left viewers unable to understand several big votes. Then 90 percent of Wednesday's season finale was infuriating for me, with one frustrating vote after another seemingly leading to a result that I was prepared to be irritated by." He did, however, applaud the winner, saying "The correct person was victorious. And a Survivor season ending up with the "right" winner, or a winner whose path to victory I could see and endorse goes a long way toward me making my peace with a season."[38]

text: Editor of Entertainment Weekly, Dalton Ross, was critical of the season, believing that the final four were "not nearly as engaging or exciting a group as one that would have included any number of people who got voted out early" but still believed that "the right person won." He also noted "there were simply too many immunities and advantages in the game" which became imminent in the tribal council where contestant Cirie Fields was eliminated. "It was almost too much and demonstrates how Game Changers was more about crazy events than solid character arcs."[39]


document_title: Qin dynasty

question_text: who were the emperors of the qin dynasty

root

text: Qin dynasty

text: History[edit]

text: Origins and early development[edit]

text: In the 9th century BC, Feizi, a supposed descendant of the ancient political advisor Gao Yao, was granted rule over Qin City. The modern city of Tianshui stands where this city once was. During the rule of King Xiao of Zhou, the eighth king of the Zhou dynasty, this area became known as the state of Qin. In 897 BC, under the regency of Gonghe, the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising and breeding horses.[3] One of Feizi's descendants, Duke Zhuang, became favoured by King Ping of Zhou, the thirteenth king in that line. As a reward, Zhuang's son, Duke Xiang, was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition, during which he formally established the Qin.[4]

tag: p

text: The state of Qin first began a military expedition into central China in 672 BC, though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen. By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism.[5]

text: Growth of power[edit]

text: Lord Shang Yang, a Qin statesman of the Warring States period, advocated a philosophy of Legalism, introducing a number of militarily advantageous reforms from 361 BC until his death in 338 BC. Yang also helped construct the Qin capital, commencing in the mid-fourth century BC Xianyang. The resulting city greatly resembled the capitals of other Warring States.[6]

text: Notably, Qin Legalism encouraged practical and ruthless warfare.[7] During the Spring and Autumn period,[8] the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle.[9] For example, when Duke Xiang of Song[note 1] was at war with the state of Chu during the Warring States period, he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force, commanded by Zhu, while they were crossing a river. After allowing them to cross and marshal their forces, he was decisively defeated in the ensuing battle. When his advisors later admonished him for such excessive courtesy to the enemy, he retorted, "The sage does not crush the feeble, nor give the order for attack until the enemy have formed their ranks."[10]

text: The Qin disregarded this military tradition, taking advantage of their enemy's weaknesses. A nobleman in the state of Wei accused the Qin state of being "avaricious, perverse, eager for profit, and without sincerity. It knows nothing about etiquette, proper relationships, and virtuous conduct, and if there be an opportunity for material gain, it will disregard its relatives as if they were animals."[11] It was this Legalist thought combined with strong leadership from long-lived rulers, openness to employ talented men from other states, and little internal opposition that gave the Qin such a strong political base.[12]

text: Another advantage of the Qin was that they had a large, efficient army[note 2] and capable generals. They utilised the newest developments in weaponry and transportation as well, which many of their enemies lacked. These latter developments allowed greater mobility over several different terrain types which were most common in many regions of China. Thus, in both ideology and practice, the Qin were militarily superior.[7]

text: Finally, the Qin empire had a geographical advantage due to its fertility and strategic position, protected by mountains that made the state a natural stronghold.[note 3] Its expanded agricultural output helped sustain Qin's large army with food and natural resources;[12] the Wei River canal built in 246 BC was particularly significant in this respect.[13]

text: Conquest of the Warring States[edit]

text: During the Warring States period preceding the Qin dynasty, the major states vying for dominance were Yan, Zhao, Qi, Chu, Han, Wei and Qin. The rulers of these states styled themselves as kings, rather than using the titles of lower nobility they had previously held. However, none elevated himself to believe that he had the "Mandate of Heaven", as the Zhou kings had claimed, nor that he had the right to offer sacrifices—they left this to the Zhou rulers.[14]

text: Before their conquest in the fourth and third centuries BC, the Qin suffered several setbacks. Shang Yang was executed in 338 BC by King Huiwen due to a personal grudge harboured from his youth. There was also internal strife over the Qin succession in 307 BC, which decentralised Qin authority somewhat. Qin was defeated by an alliance of the other states in 295 BC, and shortly after suffered another defeat by the state of Zhao, because the majority of their army was then defending against the Qi. The aggressive statesman Fan Sui (范雎), however, soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved, and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in Jin and Qi, which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states.[15]

text: The Qin were swift in their assault on the other states. They first attacked the Han, directly east, and took their capital city of Xinzheng in 230 BC. They then struck northward; the state of Zhao surrendered in 228 BC, and the northernmost state of Yan followed, falling in 226 BC. Next, Qin armies launched assaults to the east, and later the south as well; they took the Wei city of Daliang (now called Kaifeng) in 225 BC and forced the Chu to surrender by 223 BC. Lastly, they deposed the Zhou dynasty's remnants in Luoyang and conquered the Qi, taking the city of Linzi in 221 BC.[16]

text: When the conquests were complete in 221 BC, King Zheng – who had first assumed the throne of the Qin state at age 9[17] – became the effective ruler of China.[18] The subjugation of the six states was done by King Zheng who had used efficient persuasion and exemplary stratagem. He solidified his position as sole ruler with the abdication of his prime minister, Lü Buwei. The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family.[18] He then combined the titles of the earlier Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors into his new name: Shi Huangdi (始皇帝) or "First Emperor".[19][note 4] The newly declared emperor ordered all weapons not in the possession of the Qin to be confiscated and melted down. The resulting metal was sufficient to build twelve large ornamental statues at the Qin's newly declared capital, Xianyang.[20]

text: Southward expansion[edit]

text: In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction (100,000 men) of his large army, and sent the majority (500,000 men) of his army south to conquer the territory of the southern tribes. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, they had gained possession of much of Sichuan to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and it was defeated by the southern tribes' guerrilla warfare tactics with over 100,000 men lost. However, in the defeat Qin was successful in building a canal to the south, which they used heavily for supplying and reinforcing their troops during their second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding Guangzhou,[note 5] and took the provinces of Fuzhou and Guilin. They struck as far south as Hanoi. After these victories in the south, Qin Shi Huang moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to colonize the newly conquered area. In terms of extending the boundaries of his empire, the First Emperor was extremely successful in the south.[20]

text: Campaigns against the Xiongnu[edit]

text: However, while the empire at times was extended to the north, the Qin could rarely hold on to the land for long. The tribes of these locations, collectively called the Hu by the Qin, were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the dynasty.[21] Prohibited from trading with Qin dynasty peasants, the Xiongnu tribe living in the Ordos region in northwest China often raided them instead, prompting the Qin to retaliate. After a military campaign led by General Meng Tian, the region was conquered in 215 BC and agriculture was established; the peasants, however, were discontented and later revolted. The succeeding Han dynasty also expanded into the Ordos due to overpopulation, but depleted their resources in the process. Owen Lattimore said of both dynasties' attempts to conquer the Ordos, "conquest and expansion were illusory. There was no kind of success that did not create its own reaction."[22] Indeed, this was true of the dynasty's borders in multiple directions; modern Xinjiang, Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and regions to the southeast were foreign to the Qin, and even areas over which they had military control were culturally distinct.[23]

text: Fall from power[edit]

text: Three assassination attempts were made on Qin Shi Huang's life,[24] leading him to become paranoid and obsessed with immortality. He died in 210 BC, while on a trip to the far eastern reaches of his empire in an attempt to procure an elixir of immortality from Taoist magicians, who claimed the elixir was stuck on an island guarded by a sea monster. The chief eunuch, Zhao Gao, and the prime minister, Li Si, hid the news of his death upon their return until they were able to alter his will to place on the throne the dead emperor's most pliable son, Huhai, who took the name of Qin Er Shi.[17] They believed that they would be able to manipulate him to their own ends, and thus effectively control the empire. Qin Er Shi was, indeed, inept and pliable. He executed many ministers and imperial princes, continued massive building projects (one of his most extravagant projects was lacquering the city walls), enlarged the army, increased taxes, and arrested messengers who brought him bad news. As a result, men from all over China revolted, attacking officials, raising armies, and declaring themselves kings of seized territories.[25]

text: During this time, Li Si and Zhao Gao fell out, and Li Si was executed. Zhao Gao decided to force Qin Er Shi to commit suicide due to Qin Er Shi's incompetence. Upon this, Ziying, a nephew of Qin Er Shi, ascended the throne, and immediately executed Zhao Gao.[25] Ziying, seeing that increasing unrest was growing among the people[note 6] and that many local officials had declared themselves kings, attempted to cling to his throne by declaring himself one king among all the others.[13] He was undermined by his ineptitude, however, and popular revolt broke out in 209 BC. When Chu rebels under the lieutenant Liu Bang attacked, a state in such turmoil could not hold for long. Ziying was defeated near the Wei River in 207 BC and surrendered shortly after; he was executed by the Chu leader Xiang Yu. The Qin capital was destroyed the next year, and this is considered by historians to be the end of the Qin empire.[26][note 7] Liu Bang then betrayed and defeated Xiang Yu, declaring himself Emperor Gaozu[note 8] of the new Han dynasty on 28 February 202 BC.[27] Despite the short duration of the Qin dynasty, it was very influential on the structure of future dynasties.

text: Culture and society[edit]

text: Domestic life[edit]

text: The aristocracy of the Qin were largely similar in their culture and daily life. Regional variations in culture were considered a symbol of the lower classes. This stemmed from the Zhou and was seized upon by the Qin, as such variations were seen as contrary to the unification that the government strove to achieve.[28]

text: Commoners and rural villagers, who made up over 90% of the population,[29] very rarely left the villages or farmsteads where they were born. Common forms of employment differed by region, though farming was almost universally common. Professions were hereditary; a father's employment was passed to his eldest son after he died.[30] The Lüshi Chunqiu[note 9] gave examples of how, when commoners are obsessed with material wealth, instead of the idealism of a man who "makes things serve him", they were "reduced to the service of things".[31]

text: Peasants were rarely figured in literature during the Qin dynasty and afterwards; scholars and others of more elite status preferred the excitement of cities and the lure of politics. One notable exception to this was Shen Nong, the so-called "Divine Father", who taught that households should grow their own food. "If in one's prime he does not plow, someone in the world will grow hungry. If in one's prime she does not weave, someone in the world will be cold." The Qin encouraged this; a ritual was performed once every few years that consisted of important government officials taking turns with the plow on a special field, to create a simulation of government interest and activity within agriculture.[30]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Warring States-era architecture had several definitive aspects. City walls, used for defense, were made longer, and indeed several secondary walls were also sometimes built to separate the different districts. Versatility in federal structures was emphasized, to create a sense of authority and absolute power. Architectural elements such as high towers, pillar gates, terraces, and high buildings amply conveyed this.[32]

text: Philosophy and literature[edit]

text: The written language of the Qin was logographic, as that of the Zhou had been.[33] As one of his most influential achievements in life, prime minister Li Si standardized the writing system to be of uniform size and shape across the whole country. This would have a unification effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of years. He is also credited with creating the "lesser-seal" (Chinese: 小篆, Pinyin: xiǎozhuàn) style of calligraphy, which serves as a basis for modern Chinese and is still used in cards, posters, and advertising.[34]

text: During the Warring States period, the Hundred Schools of Thought comprised many different philosophies proposed by Chinese scholars. In 221 BC, however, the First Emperor conquered all of the states and governed with a single philosophy, Legalism. At least one school of thought, Mohism, was eradicated, though the reason is not known. Despite the Qin's state ideology and Mohism being similar in certain regards, it is possible that Mohists were sought and killed by the state's armies due to paramilitary activities.[35]

text: Confucius's school of thought, called Confucianism, was also influential during the Warring States period, as well as throughout much of the later Zhou dynasty and early imperial periods.[note 10] This school of thought had a so-called Confucian canon of literature, known as the "six classics": the Odes, Documents, Ritual, Music, Spring and Autumn Annals, and Changes, which embodied Chinese literature at the time.[36]

text: During the Qin dynasty, Confucianism—along with all other non-Legalist philosophies—was suppressed by the First Emperor; early Han dynasty emperors did the same. Legalism denounced the feudal system and encouraged severe punishments, particularly when the emperor was disobeyed. Individuals' rights were devalued when they conflicted with the government's or the ruler's wishes, and merchants and scholars were considered unproductive, fit for elimination.[37]

text: One of the more drastic allegations, however the infamous burning of books and burying of scholars incident, does not appear to be true, as it was not mentioned until many years later.[38] The Han dynasty historian, Sima Qian wrote that First Emperor, in an attempt to consolidate power, in 213 BC ordered the burning of all books advocating viewpoints that challenged Legalism or the state, and also stipulated that all scholars who refused to submit their books to be burned would be executed by premature burial.[20] Only texts considered productive were to be preserved, mostly those that discussed pragmatic subjects, such as agriculture, divination, and medicine.[39] However, Sinologists now argue that the "burying of scholars" is not literally true, as the term probably meant simply "put to death".[40]

text: Government and military[edit]

text: The Qin government was highly bureaucratic, and was administered by a hierarchy of officials, all serving the First Emperor. The Qin put into practice the teachings of Han Feizi, allowing the First Emperor to control all of his territories, including those recently conquered. All aspects of life were standardized, from measurements and language to more practical details, such as the length of chariot axles.[19]

text: The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family. Zheng and his advisers also introduced new laws and practices that ended feudalism in China, replacing it with a centralized, bureaucratic government. The form of government created by the first emperor and his advisors was used by later dynasties to structure their own government.[18] Under this system, both the military and government thrived, as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society. Later Chinese dynasties emulated the Qin government for its efficiency, despite its being condemned by Confucian philosophy.[19][41] There were incidences of abuse, however, with one example having been recorded in the "Records of Officialdom". A commander named Hu ordered his men to attack peasants in an attempt to increase the number of "bandits" he had killed; his superiors, likely eager to inflate their records as well, allowed this.[42]

text: Qin Shi Huang also improved the strong military, despite the fact that it had already undergone extensive reforms.[43] The military used the most advanced weaponry of the time. The invention of the sword during the Warring States period was a great advance. It was first used mostly in bronze form, but by the third century BC, the Qin were using stronger iron swords. The demand for this metal resulted in improved bellows. The crossbow had been introduced in the fifth century BC and was more powerful and accurate than the composite bows used earlier. It could also be rendered ineffective by removing two pins, which prevented enemies from capturing a working crossbow.[9]

text: The Qin also used improved methods of transportation and tactics. The state of Zhao had first replaced chariots with cavalry in 307 BC, but the change was swiftly adopted by the other states because cavalry had greater mobility over the terrain of China.[44]

text: The First Emperor developed plans to fortify his northern border, to protect against nomadic invasions. The result was the initial construction of what later became the Great Wall of China, which was built by joining and strengthening the walls made by the feudal lords, which would be expanded and rebuilt multiple times by later dynasties, also in response to threats from the north. Another project built during Qin Shi Huang's rule was the Terracotta Army, intended to protect the emperor after his death.[43] The Terracotta Army was inconspicuous due to its underground location, and was not discovered until 1974.[45]

text: Religion[edit]

text:
Floating on high in every direction,
Music fills the hall and court.
The incense sticks are a forest of feathers,
The cloudy scene an obscure darkness.
Metal stalks with elegant blossoms,
A host of flags and kingfisher banners.
The music of the "Seven Origins" and "Blossoming Origins"
Are intoned as harmonious sounds.
Thus one can almost hear
The spirits coming to feast and frolic.
The spirits are seen off to the zhu zhu of the musics,
Which purifies and refines human feelings.
Suddenly the spirits ride off on the darkness,
And the brilliant event finishes.
Purified thoughts grow hidden and still,
And the warp and weft of the world fall dark.

Han shu, p. 1046

tag: div

text: The dominant religious belief in China during the reign of the Qin, and, in fact, during much of early imperial China, was focused on the shen (roughly translating to "spirits" or "gods"), yin ("shadows"), and the realm they were said to live in. The Chinese offered animal sacrifices in an attempt to contact this other world, which they believed to be parallel to the earthly one. The dead were said to simply have moved from one world to the other. The rituals mentioned, as well as others, served two purposes: to ensure that the dead journeyed and stayed in the other realm, and to receive blessings from the spirit realm.[note 11][46][47]

text: Religious practices were usually held in local shrines and sacred areas, which contained sacrificial altars. During a sacrifice or other ritual, the senses of all participants and witnesses would be dulled and blurred with smoke, incense, and music. The lead sacrificer would fast and meditate before a sacrifice to further blur his senses and increase the likelihood of perceiving otherworldly phenomena. Other participants were similarly prepared, though not as rigorously.

text: Such blurring of the senses was also a factor in the practice of spirit intermediaries, or mediumship. Practitioners of the art would fall into trances or dance to perform supernatural tasks. These people would often rise to power as a result of their art—Luan Da, a Han dynasty medium, was granted rule over 2,000 households. Noted Han historian Sima Qian was scornful of such practices, dismissing them as foolish trickery.[48]

text: Divination—to predict and/or influence the future—was yet another form of religious practice. An ancient practice that was common during the Qin dynasty was cracking bones or turtle shells to gain knowledge of the future. The forms of divination which sprang up during early imperial China were diverse, though observing natural phenomena was a common method. Comets, eclipses, and droughts were considered omens of things to come.[49]

text: Etymology of China[edit]

text: The name 'Qin' (pronounced as 'Chin') is believed to be the etymological ancestor of the modern-day European name of the country, China. The word probably made its way into the Indo-Aryan languages first as 'Cina' or 'Sina' and then into Greek and Latin as 'Sinai' or 'Thinai'. It was then transliterated into English and French as 'China' and 'Chine'. This etymology is dismissed by some scholars, who suggest that 'Sina' in Sanskrit evolved much earlier before the Qin dynasty. 'Jin' (pronounced as 'Zhin'), a state controlled by the Zhou dynasty in seventh century BC, is another possible origin.[50] Others argued for the state of Jing (荆, another name for Chu), as well other polities in the early period as the source of the name.[51]

text: Sovereigns of Qin dynasty[edit]

text: Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin annihilated the Zhou dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Some Chinese historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin) as the official succession from the Zhou dynasty.

text: Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign to proclaim himself "Emperor", after unifying China in 221 BC. That year is therefore generally taken by Western historians to be the start of the "Qin dynasty" which lasted for fifteen years until 207 when it was cut short by civil wars.[52]

text:
Posthumous names / title
Chinese family names and given names
Period of Reigns

Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name

Zhaoxiang (昭襄 Zhāoxiāng)
Ying Ze (嬴則 yíng zé) or Ying Ji (嬴稷 yíng jì)
306 – 250 BC

Xiaowen (孝文 Xiàowén)
Ying Zhu (嬴柱 yíng zhù)
250 BC

Zhuangxiang (莊襄 Zhuāngxiāng)
Ying Zichu (嬴子楚 yíng zǐ chǔ)
249 – 247 BC

Qin dynasty (221 – 207 BC)

Shi Huangdi (始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì)
Ying Zheng (嬴政 yíng zhèng)
246 – 210 BC

Er Shi Huangdi (二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì)
Ying Huhai (嬴胡亥 yíng hú hài)
210 – 207 BC

Ziying was often referred using personal name or
Ziying, King of Qin (秦王子嬰 qín wáng zi yīng)

Did not exist
Ying Ziying (嬴子嬰 yíng zi yīng)
207 BC

tag: table

text: Imperial family tree[edit]

text:
[show]Qin Dynasty

See: family tree of
the Kings of Qin

Zheng 政 259–210 BC
King of Qin 秦王 247–221 BC
Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇
221–210 BC

1

18 or 25 (disputed)

Fusu 扶蘇
d. 210 BC

Huhai 胡亥 229–207 BC
Qin Er Shi 秦二世
210–207 BC

Ziying 子嬰 d. 206 BC
Qin San Shi 秦三世
207 BC


document_title: Sonic Underground

question_text: who plays the voice of sonic the hedgehog

text: Sonic Underground

text: Plot[edit]

text: The show takes place in a separate canon and continuity than any other Sonic the Hedgehog media. Queen Aleena, the former ruler of Mobius, was overthrown by Dr. Robotnik and his lackeys Sleet and Dingo. Robotnik seized control of the planet and forced Queen Aleena into hiding. To preserve the dynasty, Queen Aleena separated her three children: Sonic, Manic, and Sonia after the Oracle of Delphius told her of a prophecy, proclaiming that one day, Queen Aleena would reunite with her children to form the "Council of Four," and overthrow Robotnik. Meanwhile, Dr. Robotnik did his best to set up an autocratic government, and legally turned anyone who stood against him into robots devoid of freewill, and forced the nobles into paying large amounts of money to him as tribute.

text: When Sonic, Manic, and Sonia grew up, the Oracle of Delphius revealed the prophecy to them. After that, Sonic, Manic, and Sonia decided to go on a quest, searching throughout Mobius for Queen Aleena. Dr. Robotnik, with the assistance of the Swat-Bots and his bounty hunters Sleet and Dingo, tries constantly to capture the royal hedgehogs and prevent the prophecy from being fulfilled.

text: The Oracle of Delphius has assigned the three siblings powerful "medallions" that can change into musical instruments, and can also be used as weapons. Sonic's medallion is an electric guitar, Sonia's medallion is a keyboard that functions as a smoke machine, and Manic's medallion is a drumset that can be used as an "earth controller" with cymbals that can deflect laserfire. All of the medallions can be used as laser guns. The three use the amulets not only to fight Robotnik's forces but to also as instruments for their underground rock band, "Sonic Underground."

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Sonic (the) Hedgehog: The lead singer of many songs performed by the Sonic Underground. His medallion turns into a guitar, which can fire laser blasts. As fast as the speed of sound, Sonic can easily outrun danger. He is a big fan of chili dogs. He also has hydrophobia, being terrified of water as he cannot swim. Sonic wears anti-gravity sneakers that allow him to hover over the ground while running. His voice was provided by Jaleel White. His singing voice was provided by Sam Vincent.
Sonia (the) Hedgehog: The only female hedgehog member of the Sonic Underground and the sister of Sonic and Manic. Unlike her brothers, she was raised by an aristocratic foster family, giving her an upper class mentality. She hates getting dirty, is skilled at gymnastics and karate, and possesses superhuman strength, a photographic memory, and the ability to spin in a cyclonic manner similar to the Tasmanian Devil and Espio the Chameleon. Her medallion turns into a keyboard, which can fire laser blasts from one end, or create a pink mist when the keys are played. Sonia has a pink motorcycle which can travel as fast as Sonic's running and Manic's hover board (it was destroyed in the 36th episode). She also is the one that does research on Robotnik's plans and provides the technological innovation for the Sonic Underground. Of the siblings, Sonia is the only one to be seen involved in any romance, displaying feelings for her childhood friend Bartleby, despite his snobbishness, as well as other men encountered in her travels. Among these is Knuckles, whom she develops an attraction to during the series' Flying Fortress saga. She was also voiced by Jaleel White (who voices Sonic), and her singing voice was provided by Louise Vallance.
Manic (the) Hedgehog: He is a calculating and sarcastic hedgehog that was raised by thieves, and is a master of their trade. When Manic met his siblings, they disapproved of his thieving tendencies, but his skills as a lock-pick were greatly appreciated. Manic possesses neither Sonic's speed nor Sonia's spin-attack, thus making him the only member of the Sonic Underground who relies on entirely on his medallion for superpowers of his own. Despite his lack of superpowers, his thieving skills proves himself extremely useful to the group from time to time. Manic is the drummer of the Sonic Underground. His medallion turns into drums, which can cause earthquakes; the Oracle of Delphius claims that his drums are the most powerful instruments of the three. He also has a hover board that is as fast as Sonic's running and Sonia's motorcycle. His medallion's string is blue. Like Sonic and Sonia, he was voiced by Jaleel White (who voices Sonic), and his singing voice was done by Tyley Ross.
Dr. Robotnik: He is the evil dictator of Mobius, renamed Robotropolis under his rule, having conquered it with his army of Swatbots. He captures and roboticizes anyone who opposes him, transforming them into robotic servants. Though he is depicted as a bumbling villain, one of his goals is to find Sanctuary - where Freedom Fighters hide their children - and exterminate all the children in it. Robotnik's primary minions are Sleet and Dingo, two bounty hunters that will do anything to capture Sonic and his siblings. His voice was provided by Garry Chalk.
Sleet: One of Robotnik's canine bounty hunters. This cunning wolf leads the bumbling Dingo about on missions to capture the hedgehogs. He has a morphing device that can transform Dingo into anything he wishes. He is constantly being crushed by Dingo and is usually the one who suffers the most from their combined failures. He was voiced by Maurice LaMarche.
Dingo: One of Robotnik's canine bounty hunters. Dingo is a huge, muscle-bound blonde canid with an Australian accent, and is also very ignorant. He is partially roboticised in his hands and his left leg from the knee down, which is never explained. He has a relentless crush on Sonia, but remains fiercely loyal to his partner, Sleet. He was voiced by Peter Wilds.

tag: ul

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Queen Aleena Hedgehog: The mother of the Sonic Underground group and former ruler of Mobius before Robotnik's takeover. She had to give them up in order for the prophecy to become true. She spends the series on the run from her own children, until the time is right to reveal herself. Her character has many allies, including the Oracle of Delphius and Knuckles. She also does a bit of narrating in the start of every episode. She is voiced by Gail Webster.[3]
Knuckles the Echidna: The guardian of one of the Chaos Emeralds and the Floating Island, and an acquaintance of Queen Aleena's. He is very protective of his island home, and has set many traps about the island. He has a pet dinosaur called Chomps, and like his game incarnation is shown to be somewhat gullible. His great-grandfather Athair warns him that he must stay on the island in order to play his part in the freedom of Mobius. He turned against the Hedgehogs twice-first being tricked into thinking they were thieves and later thinking that it was the only way to save their planet-but came around and worked with them against the threat of Robotnik and his henchmen. During the Flying Fortress arc, he showed signs of a growing affection for Sonia, including a particular guilt over the prospect of betraying her. He was voiced by Brian Drummond.
Oracle of Delphius: An odd, wart-covered, reptilian anteater in a cloak. The Oracle prophesied that when Robotnik invaded Mobius, Aleena and her children would form the Council of Four to overthrow Robotnik and free Mobius. The Oracle lives in a cave somewhere in a cold region of Mobius, and is quite good at making chili dogs. He is named after the Oracle at Delphi. He is voiced by Maurice LaMarche.[4]
Sir Bartleby Montclair: A posh, cowardly mink who is one of Robotropolis' richest aristocrats. Bartleby is Sonia's fiancé. He dislikes Dr. Robotnik and is often forced to fund Robotnik's schemes - although in secret he still supports Aleena. He speaks with an upper-class English accent. He is voiced by Philip Maurice Hayes.[5]
Cyrus: Cyrus is a lion and a technician for the Freedom Fighters. He is an old friend of Sonic. In his first appearance he was working as a spy for Robotnik, but quit upon discovering that the Freedom Fighters' Sanctuary was a hideout for their children. Cyrus's father was roboticized. His voice was provided by Ian James Corlett.
Trevor: Trevor is a mouse who is a friend of the royal siblings and Cyrus. He dresses like a hippie. He is an ace pilot and helps build and fix mechanical equipment. He is voiced by Matt Hill.

text: Episode list[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: It is often claimed that SEGA contacted DiC Entertainment to make a new Sonic cartoon, which would help gain interest in buying their new console, the Dreamcast. Sonic Underground started production in early 1997, around the same time the development of both the Dreamcast and Sonic Adventure had started.[6]

text: When the show was in development, two episodes per week were produced, and the writers felt that they were not given enough time to "tie everything together" in the plot, being limited to a three-part "Origins" saga for coherency. DIC used cattle calls to generate episode plots. Periodically, about twenty unaffiliated writers were brought into the studios to learn about the established characters and brainstorm possible plots for episodes, after which about one or two would be selected.[7]

text: While it was once believed that 65 episodes were made of which only 40 aired, Ben Hurst, a main writer from Sonic the Hedgehog (dubbed SatAM by fans), who was also involved in Sonic Underground's production, stated in a chat at the Sonic Amateur Games Expo 2008[8] that only 40 were produced.[9]

text: Airing[edit]

text: Sonic Underground first premiered in France on 6 January 1999 and aired on TF1 on the TF! Jeunesse block on Wednesdays and Sundays.[10][11] The show later premiered in English in the UK on 2 May 1999 and aired on ITV1 on Sunday mornings.[12] ITV1 aired the first 18 episodes in the original UK run before cancelling the show.[13]

text: In the United States, Sonic Underground premiered on 30 August 1999 (one day after the show was cancelled in the UK) and aired on the Bohbot Kids Network syndication block on weekday mornings at 6:00 AM Central Time.[14][15] It ran for one season from 30 August 1999 to 22 October 1999. On the Sci-Fi Channel (formally part of the Bohbot Kids Network), the episodes that were supposed to air on Fridays were skipped because Double Dragon and later King Arthur and the Knights of Justice were airing instead, therefore only airing 32 of the 40 Sonic Underground episodes.[16][17][18]

text: Sonic Underground was later rerun. In the United Kingdom in 2005, Sonic Underground aired on Pop, which has also aired Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on its sister station Kix!.[19] Between 2005 and 2006, it aired on ITV2 on the Action Stations! block. On 19 January 2006, CBS announced a multi-year deal with DIC to broadcast some of their shows on the "CBS's Secret Saturday Morning Slumber Party" segment, including Sonic Underground.[20] In 2009, reruns of Sonic Underground aired on Firestone Communications' Sorpresa, a Hispanic children's station (Channel 850 on Time Warner Cable) in the United States, were broadcast audio-dubbed Latin Spanish episodes. In 2011, the show was broadcast by KidsCo.[21] Re-runs of the series aired on Disney XD starting 11 June 2012.[22] This makes it the second time a Sonic the Hedgehog cartoon airs on a Disney-themed channel with the first being Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Toon Disney.

text: In South Africa, Fox Crime had originally planned to air Sonic Underground on 21 August 2015 as Case File Toon service of DStv, TopTV, SpaceTV, My.T and ZAP, but has been put on hold.[23]

text: Releases[edit]

text: The complete Sonic Underground series, comprising all 40 episodes on 10 DVDs, was released by Anchor Bay in the UK, compatible only with region 2 players.[24] The entire series was re-released by Delta, who released a 4 disc DVD set with a 5th DVD containing bonus features for region 0 players.[25] In return the entire series was re-released by GO Entertain, in the UK, compatible only with region 2 players.

text: Shout! Factory and Vivendi Entertainment have released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 (NTSC) in two volume sets. Volume 1, simply entitled Sonic Underground, was released on 18 December 2007.[26] It contains the first 20 episodes of the show on three discs; a bonus fourth disc is an audio CD containing eight songs from the series, including the opening theme. Sonic Underground: Volume 2 was released on 17 June 2008, featuring the remaining 20 episodes. In May 2013 NCircle Entertainment released Volume 1 along with many of the older SEGA and Nintendo cartoons that were already released by Shout Factory. Most of the newer NCircle's releases are copies of the Shout Factory versions.

text: As of August 2015[update], Sonic Underground is available on Netflix and the iTunes Store.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Sonic Underground received mixed reviews: it was criticized for its complex plot and large amount of differences from the games, although some critics have defined the music as catchy.[28][29][30] David Cornelius of DVD Talk said "While many Sonic fans did not take too well to all the changes, preferring the original "Sonic" cartoon to this stranger, sometimes darker, sometimes sillier incarnation, the series did win a small but loyal cult following. I fall more on the side of disappointment - for all the cleverness that went into crafting an all-new backstory, the episodes themselves are uninspired - but acknowledge the simple fact that it scores well with its target audience."[31] GamesRadar called the show as one of "the absolute worst Sonic moments", criticizing the extra characters and the complex plot.[28] Comedian Chris Hardwick commented on the show's theme song, composed by Mike Piccirillo, claiming that "that guy sounds like he's trying to win his exwife back."[32] Susan Arendt of Wired said "The songs are actually kind of catchy in a Saturday morning cartoon kind of way, but the band thing still seems a bit out of place, especially when the instruments turn into weapons."[29] Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media said "Sonic Underground has some good things to offer kids, but only if they're ready for the complexities of its story" criticizing its complex plot but complimenting its low violence and ability to entertain children.[33] Mick Joest of Cinemablend called Sonic Underground one of the "5 Best Cartoon Bands Of All Time."[30]

text: Other media[edit]

text: The Sonic the Hedgehog comic from Archie Comics featured a story in one of its special issues in which the Sonic Underground continuity was featured. According to the comics' plot, the reality in which Sonic Underground takes place is one of many parallel universes that share elements with Sonic's own. In the story, Sonic Prime-hailing from the main universe in the comic series-joins forces with his counterpart and siblings to stop Dr. Robotnik, who has managed to assemble a monstrous battle machine known as the Giant Borg. Robotnik obtained the pieces for this machine due to being mistaken for one of his own counterparts by Evil Sonic, an evil counterpart of Sonic's who later came to be known as Scourge the Hedgehog.

text: The Sonic Universe spin-off comic was originally scheduled to feature an epilogue to the unfinished Sonic Underground for its 50th issue. However, for unknown reasons this was replaced with a story focusing on one of Sonic's long-running enemies, Metal Sonic. The Underground Epilogue has apparently been put on hold indefinitely, possibly due to its lack of relevance to current Sonic games and the comic series as a whole.[34]


document_title: Events Industry Council

question_text: the accepted practices exchange (apex) is an initiative of the

question_tokens: the accepted practices exchange ( apex ) is an initiative of the

text: Events Industry Council

text: Mission[edit]

text: The mission of the Events Industry Council is to provide a forum for member organizations to exchange information on global trends and topics, promulgate excellence in best practices and guidelines, collaborate on industry issues and advocate the value of the meetings, conventions, exhibitions and events industry.

text: History[edit]

text: The Convention Liaison Council was founded in New York City in 1949 by four organizations – American Society of Association Executives (ASAE); American Hotel and Motel Association (AH&MA); Hospitality Sales & Marketing Association International (HSMAI); and International Association of Convention and Visitor Bureaus (IACVB). In 2000, the organization changed its name to the Convention Industry Council. In the years since its inception, CIC has grown to include more than 30 member organizations. The Events Industry Council is currently headquartered in Alexandria, VA. In 2017, the organization underwent a further name change to the Events Industry Council.[1]

text: Notable programs[edit]

text: The Convention Industry Council's most notable programs include:

text:
Certified Meeting Professional (CMP) program recognizes individuals who have achieved the industry's highest standard of professionalism. To earn the CMP designation, the meeting professional must demonstrate their experience and education in this field and pass a rigorous exam.
The Certified Meeting Professional Healthcare Subspecialty (CMP-HC) certification program is a new designation specifically developed for those working in the healthcare meeting industry. A subspecialty of the CMP program, it is designed to identify those who have mastered the knowledge needed to be a successful healthcare meeting professional. Only those who hold a current CMP certification are eligible to take this exam.
The Accepted Practices Exchange (APEX) is an initiative of the Convention Industry Council that promotes development and implementation of industry-wide accepted practices for the meetings, conventions and exhibitions industry. Over 5,600 industry professionals have been involved in the development of APEX. Its mission is to bring together all stakeholders in developing and implementing accepted practices to create and enhance efficiencies throughout the industry.
The Meetings Industry Advocacy Hub is an online vehicle to engage, educate and activate meeting industry professionals. Created in partnership with Voices in Advocacy (VIA), this first of its kind Hub will engage professionals to show support of the global meetings industry by registering online as a meetings industry advocate.
Since 1985, the Events Industry Council has honored the industry’s outstanding leaders and innovators through its Hall of Leaders initiative. Events Industry Council member organizations and the industry community submit nominations to a blue-ribbon committee appointed by the Events Industry Council, which then selects the award recipients. A video tribute to each inductee is placed permanently on display at the Hall of Leaders Recognition Pavilion housed within the Washington Convention Center. Additionally, a bronze plaque bearing the recipient’s name is displayed at McCormick Place in Chicago. A gala ceremony marks the induction.

text: Member organizations[edit]

text:
AMC Institute – Formerly IAAMC
American Hotel & Lodging Association (AH&LA)
American Society of Association Executives & The Center for Association Leadership (ASAE & The Center)
Association of Collegiate Conference and Events Directors-International (ACCED-I)
Association of Destination Management Executives International (ADME International)
Convention Sales Professionals International (CSPI)
Corporate Event Marketing Association (CEMA)
Destinations International
Event Service Professionals Association (ESPA)
Exhibition Services & Contractors Association (ESCA)
Federacion De Entidades Organizadoras De Congresos Y Afines De America Latina (COCAL)
Financial & Insurance Conference Professionals (FICP)
Healthcare Convention and Exhibitors Association (HCEA)
Hospitality Sales and Marketing Association International (HSMAI)
International Association of Venue Managers (IAVM)
International Association of Conference Centers (IACC)
Incentive Research Foundation
International Association of Exhibitions & Events (IAEE)
International Association of Professional Congress Organisers (IAPCO)
International Association of Speakers Bureaus (IASB)
International Association of Venue Managers (IAVM)
International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA)
International Live Events Association (ILEA)
Meeting Professionals International (MPI)
National Association of Catering Executives (NACE)
National Coalition of Black Meeting Planners (NCBMP)
National Speakers Association (NSA)
Professional Convention Management Association (PCMA)
Religious Conference Management Association (RCMA)
Society of Government Meeting Professionals (SGMP)
Society for Incentive Travel Excellence (SITE)
Society of Independent Show Organizers (SISO)
Southern African Association of the Conference Industry (SAACI)
US Travel Association (U.S. Travel)


document_title: 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition

question_text: who won the competition to design the australian flag

text: 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition

text: The 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition was an Australian government initiative announced by Prime Minister Edmund Barton to find a flag for the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia.[1] In terms of its essential elements the winning entry is the official flag of Australia.

text: After Federation on 1 January 1901 and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag, the new Commonwealth Government held an official competition for a new federal flag in April. The competition attracted 32,823 entries,[2] including those originally sent to the one held earlier by the Review of Reviews.[2] One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony.[3] The two contests were merged after the Review of Reviews agreed to being integrated into the government initiative. The £75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company.[2] Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches, a red ensign for the merchant service and public use, and a blue ensign for naval and official use. The designs were judged on seven criteria: loyalty to the Empire, Federation, history, heraldry, distinctiveness, utility and cost of manufacture.[4] The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the Southern Cross, but native animals were also popular, including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing cricket.[3] The entries were put on display at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion.[3] Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design, and their designers shared the £200 (2015: $29,142.12) prize money. They were Ivor Evans, a fourteen-year-old schoolboy from Melbourne; Leslie John Hawkins, a teenager apprenticed to an optician from Sydney; Egbert John Nuttall, an architect from Melbourne; Annie Dorrington, an artist from Perth; and William Stevens, a ship's officer from Auckland, New Zealand. The five winners received £40 each.[3] The differences from the present flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star, while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points, with more if the real star was brighter. This led to five stars of nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively.[3]

text: A simplified version of the competition-winning design was submitted to the British Parliament in December 1901. Prime Minister Edmund Barton announced in the Commonwealth Gazette that Edward VII had officially recognised the design as the Flag of Australia on 11 February 1903.[5] This version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed apart from the smallest, and is the same as the existing flag except the six-pointed Commonwealth Star.[6]

text: Misconceptions[edit]

text: On February 11, 1903, there were five judges for the competition and not seven. This seems to have arisen from the Review of Reviews listing the seven names of the competition's "judges and officials" (20 September 1901, p. 241). The Review of Reviews gives the names of the five judges on p. 128 of its 20 August 1901 edition, and confirms their number on p. 241 of its 20 September 1901 edition. Mr J.S. Blackham, chief of staff of the Melbourne Herald, was the competition official "who superintended the classification and arrangement of the flags" for "when they were shown in Melbourne's Exhibition Building" (see The Review of Reviews, 20 August 1901, p. 127; 20 September 1901, pp. 241, 243, 244). Mr G. Stewart was another competition official (see The Review of Reviews, 20 September 1901, pp. 243); Frank Cayley has described Stewart as "an expert in heraldry".[7][8][9][10]

text: Several secondary sources have claimed that it was a condition that each entry had to have a Union Jack. In fact, neither the Government's competition rules, nor the Review of Reviews' competition rules, specifically asked for a Union Jack as a condition of entry (although any entry without one would be expected to have little chance of success).[citation needed]

text: However, it has been repeatedly stated that the competition rules stipulated that the design should "be based on the British ensigns ... signalling to the beholder that it is an Imperial union ensign of the British Empire". There was no such competition rule. This error stems from Gwen Swinburne's 1969 book, Unfurled: Australia's Flag, in which she incorrectly attributes the above quote as a condition for the 1901 flag competition. She had apparently used a passage from Barlow Cumberland's 1909 book, History of the Union Jack and the Flag of the Empire, as the basis of her quote.[11][12][13][14][15][16]