document_title: Red imported fire ants in the United States

question_text: when did fire ants come to the us

question_tokens: when did fire ants come to the us

text: Introduction[edit]

text: In the 1930s, colonies were accidentally introduced into the United States through the seaport of Mobile, Alabama. Despite earlier views that cargo ships from Brazil docking at Mobile unloaded goods infested with the ants,[1] recent DNA research confirmed that the likely source population for all invasive S. invicta in the United States occurred at or near Formosa, Argentina, and virtually every analysis ruled out all sampled Brazilian populations as a potential source.[2] Biologist E.O. Wilson says that he reported the first colony, in the Mobile area, when he was 13.[3] The ants then spread from Alabama to almost every state of the American South, from Texas to Maryland and a few other Mid-Atlantic states. Since the 1990s infestations have been reported in New Mexico and parts of Arizona in the Southwest. They have also been reported in California in the West, but probably arrived via ship or truck rather than by spreading.[4] In a similar way, the ants were accidentally introduced into Australia in 2001.[5]

text: Spread[edit]

text: In the United States, RIFAs have gradually spread north and west despite intense efforts to stop or eliminate them. As of 2011[update] in the United States they were found in most of the southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The U.S. Department of Agriculture also lists the entire island of Puerto Rico as infested.[6]

text: RIFAs were still on the move in the US in the early 21st century, often traveling from one area to another in turf, root balls of nursery plants, and other agricultural products. They could be controlled, but not eradicated. A number of products are available, which can be used on a mound-by-mound basis to destroy ant colonies when they appear. With all such efforts, it is important to reach and kill the queens, which may be as far as six feet (2 m) underground; otherwise, some queens may simply move a short distance away and quickly re-establish the colony. However, during the past few years, even this technique resulted in failure to control colony growth. Scientists then discovered that an adaptation in RIFAs had resulted in many populations having multiple queens in mounds over a large area.[4]

text: In areas where Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ants) founded colonies, larger colonies of Tetramorium caespitum (pavement ants) have destroyed them, leading entomologists to conclude that this conflict between the two species would decelerate the northward spread of Solenopsis invicta.[7][8]

text: Economic impact[edit]

text: The RIFA's introduction to the United States was in the late 1930s. Traveling in soil used as ballast on cargo ships,[9] they came in through the seaport of Mobile, Alabama. They build mounds, usually no larger than 46 cm (18 in) in diameter and 46 cm (18 in) in height, although in Alabama some mounds have been reported to be over 60 cm (2.0 ft) high and larger, especially in fields where cattle graze. They build on soil close to homes and other buildings, and sometimes forage indoors for food and moisture. They are a nuisance, and can threaten sleeping or bedridden individuals and pets. Occasionally, they feed on vegetable plants in home gardens. The worst damage usually occurs during hot, dry weather, when they invade flower beds while seeking warmth and moisture. If disturbed, fire ants bite and sting the intruder.

text: They are apparently attracted to electrical equipment, and crawl into air conditioning units and the electrical wiring of stop lights, shorting them out. This is the leading cause of traffic light shorts in Texas, where the ants cause more than US$140 million in damage each year[citation needed]. Several ant species, including fire ants, have been shown to contain ferromagnetic nanoparticles that may contribute information about the geomagnetic field for orientation during foraging or migration.[10] However, it has not been found that electric or magnetic fields attract the ants.[11] Rather, when wandering ants cause electrical shorts, they attempt to sting the wire and produce powerful semiochemicals, including defensive and recruitment pheromones.[12] The chemical signals draw additional ants to the short. The only effective protection is to bar ants from the equipment physically or with insecticides.

text: The FDA estimates more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Further, the ants cause approximately US$750 million in damage to agricultural assets, including veterinary bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss.[13]


document_title: Territorial evolution of the United States

question_text: when did the united states first claim new mexico

root

text: Table of changes[edit]

text: 1776–1784 (American Revolutionary War)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

July 4, 1776
Thirteen colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain in North America collectively declared their independence as the United States of America, though several colonies had already individually declared independence:[8]

The Colony of Connecticut, becoming the State of Connecticut
The Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, upon Delaware, commonly known as the Lower Counties of Delaware, which was Delaware Colony before their declaration of independence on June 15, 1776[9]
The Province of Georgia, becoming the State of Georgia
The Province of Maryland, becoming the State of Maryland
The Province of Massachusetts Bay, becoming the State of Massachusetts Bay
The State of New Hampshire, which was the Province of New Hampshire before their declaration of independence on June 15, 1776[10]
The Province of New Jersey, becoming the State of New Jersey
The Province of New York, becoming the State of New York
The Province of North Carolina, becoming the State of North Carolina; some believe the colony declared independence on May 20, 1775, but this is disputed
The Province of Pennsylvania, becoming the State of Pennsylvania
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, commonly known as Rhode Island, which was the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations before declaring independence on May 4, 1776[11]
The Province of South Carolina, becoming the State of South Carolina
The Colony of Virginia, becoming the Commonwealth of Virginia

The capital was not specifically established; at the time, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.[12][13]
Many states had vaguely defined and surveyed borders; these are not noted as contested in the maps unless there was an active dispute. The borders of North Carolina were particularly poorly surveyed, its border with South Carolina having been done in several pieces, none of which truly matched the spirit of the charter,[14][15] and its border with Virginia was only surveyed roughly halfway inland from the sea.
Several northeastern states had overlapping claims: Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York all claimed land west of their borders, overlapping with each other and with a sizable claim by Virginia. Of the three, only Connecticut seriously pursued its claims, while Virginia is considered to have had the most legitimate claim to the vast northwest, dividing it into counties and maintaining some limited control.
The entirety of the new United States was claimed by Great Britain. Of particular note are Machias Seal Island and North Rock, two small islands off the northeast coast which remain disputed up to the present.

Disputes:

September 20, 1776
The Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, upon Delaware enacted a constitution, renaming itself the Delaware State.[16]

September 28, 1776
The State of Pennsylvania enacted a constitution, renaming itself the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.[17]
no change to map

December 20, 1776
To avoid British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia, the Continental Congress began meeting in Baltimore.[12][13]

January 15, 1777
The northeastern region of New York, known as the New Hampshire Grants, declared independence as New Connecticut.[18][19][20]
Disputes:

March 4, 1777
The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia after the threat to it by British forces was ended.[12][13]

June 4, 1777
New Connecticut was renamed Vermont.[19]
Disputes:

September 27, 1777
The Continental Congress fled Philadelphia after the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine, and briefly met in Lancaster, Pennsylvania[12][13]

September 30, 1777
The Continental Congress continued to move away from Philadelphia, settling in York, Pennsylvania.[12][13]

July 2, 1779
The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia following British withdrawal.[12][13]

August 31, 1779
Virginia surrendered its claim to southwest Pennsylvania when the two states agreed to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward to five degrees west of the Delaware River, with the border turning north from there.[21][22]

March 1780
North Carolina and Virginia surveyed their border further inland. Virginia's survey reached to the Tennessee River, but North Carolina's only went as far as the Cumberland Gap, and as the two surveys were roughly two miles apart, this created a thin area claimed by both states. Since the dispute only technically went as far west as the Cumberland Gap, beyond that point North Carolina's line is faded to show that it was more an assumption, and beyond the Tennessee River both lines are faded. While the border was intended to follow parallel 36°30′ north, early surveying errors caused it to veer north of that, reaching a distance of seventeen miles off by the time it reached the Tennessee River.[23]

October 25, 1780
The State of Massachusetts Bay enacted a constitution, renaming itself the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

March 1, 1781
The Articles of Confederation entered into force.[24]
no change to map

April 4, 1781
Vermont claimed what was called the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont due to a concern that their state was focusing too much on its coastal region. Vermont never gained full control over the area.[20][25][26][27] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the maximal interpretation.
Disputes:

June 16, 1781
Vermont claimed what was called the "West Union," consisting of some towns in New York, mainly to counterbalance Vermont's attempt at eastward expansion. Vermont never gained full control over the area.[20][26][28][29] (The specific date this occurred is unclear; sources suggest June 16, June 26, and July 18).
Disputes:

February 22, 1782
Vermont abandoned its attempts to annex the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York.[20][27][29][30]
Disputes:

October 29, 1782
The federal government accepted the cession from New York of its western claims, which the state ceded on February 17, 1780. At its maximum interpretation, New York claimed an area bordered by Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan; to the Illinois, Mississippi, and Tennessee Rivers; and north along the Appalachian Mountains, ending at the border with Pennsylvania. It is unclear from where this claim came; many sources state that New York had surrendered it, but very few elaborate on how it was obtained. One source states that it was a cession by the Six Nations, who had conquered much of the region.[31] However, New York never seriously enforced these claims. The cession included the western tip of New York, the Erie Triangle, formed by moving the western border of New York to a line 20 miles east of Presque Isle on Lake Erie.[32][33]

December 30, 1782
The Congress of the Confederation declared that the land that Connecticut claimed in northern Pennsylvania was part of Pennsylvania, thus attempting to end the Pennamite–Yankee War.[34] The claim was an extension of Connecticut's northernmost and southernmost borders westward, skipping New Jersey and New York, though as Connecticut's northern border was a few miles north of Pennsylvania's northern border, a small sliver of New York was also claimed. While conflict would continue for some time, this was the end of the formal claim by Connecticut.

June 30, 1783
The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, and the Pennsylvania government reaction to it, caused the Congress of the Confederation to leave Philadelphia for Princeton.[12]

November 26, 1783
The Congress of the Confederation reconvened in Annapolis.[12]

March 1, 1784
Virginia ceded its claims northwest of the Ohio River to the federal government.[35][36] Connecticut continued to claim its western lands that had overlapped Virginia's cession.

May 12, 1784
Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States, ending its claim to the country,[37] though borders with Great Britain were poorly defined in several areas in the north of the country. The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War, though military action had largely ended after the Franco-American victory at Yorktown on October 19, 1781.
The Peace of Paris also involved treaties with France and Spain, with Great Britain ceding the Floridas to Spain. During their ownership of West Florida, the British had moved its border north, and the cession to Spain appeared to apply to the full extent of the British colony. However, the British-American treaty granted the extension of West Florida to the United States, where it enlarged Georgia south to the 31st parallel north, indicating that only the original definition of West Florida was to be ceded to Spain. The local Spanish governors also made a move to occupy forts along the Mississippi River, with claims to everything south of the Tennessee River; it is unknown how official or strong these claims were, and they are not mapped as they are in conflict with the other Spanish claim involving the border of West Florida.[38]

Disputes:

tag: table

text: 1784–1803 (Organization of territory)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

August 23, 1784
A region in central North Carolina, unhappy with the state's governance over the area, declared independence from the state as the State of Frankland.[39] The government of Frankland held some control over the area, and petitioned for statehood, receiving support from seven of the nine states required, but would only last a few years.[40]
Unofficial change:

November 1, 1784
The Congress of the Confederation moved for a short time to Trenton.[12]

January 11, 1785
The Congress of the Confederation moved to New York, and would settle there for five years.[12]

April 19, 1785
The federal government accepted the cession from Massachusetts of its extreme western claim, which consisted of a strip of land west of Lake Huron and the Detroit River, bounded on the north by a line extending west from roughly halfway north through New Hampshire, and on the south by a line extending from the southern border of Massachusetts' western half. The claim was never seriously enforced.[41]
Change on paper only:

June 1785
The State of Frankland was renamed the State of Franklin, to encourage Benjamin Franklin to endorse the state, though he declined.[40]
Unofficial change:

September 13, 1786
Connecticut surrendered its western claim to the federal government except for its Western Reserve, though it is unclear how much control they held over the ceded region;[42][43] like the claim to Pennsylvania, this was a western extension of Connecticut's northernmost and southernmost points.
Change on paper only:

December 16, 1786
Massachusetts surrendered its claim to western New York, though it is unclear if Massachusetts ever held control over the region, as the claim was to the "soil, not the sovereignty".[41] This land, which was the area west of a north-south line 82 miles west of where the Delaware River entered New York, was later known as the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. It is likely that Massachusetts also claimed the Erie Triangle, but since this treaty was directly with New York, and New York had already ceded it to the federal government, it is not marked as being ceded by Massachusetts on the map.
Change on paper only:

July 13, 1787
The Territory Northwest of the Ohio River, ceded earlier by Virginia, was organized and commonly became known as the Northwest Territory.[44]

August 9, 1787
South Carolina ceded its western claim to the federal government,[45] though it was a result of inaccurate geography and South Carolina never actually held claim to this land. The claim was of a strip of land between the border of North Carolina and the source of the Savannah River but, unknown at the time, the river originated in North Carolina. The eastern part of this cession would be given to Georgia in 1802, despite Georgia technically already having claim to the land.
Change on paper only:

December 7, 1787
Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution.[46]
no change to map

December 12, 1787
Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the Constitution.[47]
no change to map

December 18, 1787
New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Constitution.[48]
no change to map

January 2, 1788
Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the Constitution.[49]
no change to map

January 6, 1788
Connecticut became the fifth state to ratify the Constitution.[50]
no change to map

February 6, 1788
Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the Constitution.[51]
no change to map

April 28, 1788
Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the Constitution.[52]
no change to map

May 23, 1788
South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the Constitution.[53]
no change to map

June 21, 1788
New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution;[54] at this point, the Constitution became the active governing document of the country.
no change to map

June 25, 1788
Virginia became the tenth state to ratify the Constitution.[55]
no change to map

July 26, 1788
New York became the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution.[56]
no change to map

February 1789
John Sevier, governor of the State of Franklin, pledged allegiance to North Carolina, effectively ending the claimed independence of Franklin.[40][57]
Unofficial change:

August 7, 1789
The Northwest Territory was reorganized under the Constitution.[58]
no change to map

November 21, 1789
North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution.[59]
no change to map

April 2, 1790
North Carolina ceded its western half to the federal government.[60][61]

May 26, 1790
The land recently ceded by North Carolina was organized as the Territory South of the River Ohio, commonly known as the Southwest Territory.[61][62]

May 29, 1790
Rhode Island became the thirteenth state to ratify the Constitution.[63]
no change to map

December 6, 1790
Per the Residence Act, the Congress of the United States relocated to Philadelphia for ten years until a federal district was built and ready.[12][13][64]

March 4, 1791
Vermont, which had been considered part of New York despite acting independently since 1777, was admitted as the fourteenth state.[20][65]

Disputes:

March 30, 1791
The District of Columbia, a federal district planned to house the federal government by 1800, was formed from land ceded by Maryland and Virginia,[66][67] consisting of a 100 square mile diamond straddling the Potomac River. However, it was not yet given that name, being simply referred to as the federal district. In September 1791, the commissioners in charge of planning the city would term it the "Territory of Columbia", and various laws refer to a District of Columbia, but sometimes informally. The area does not appear to have been formally named "District of Columbia" until at least the organic act of 1871.[68] Since the name "Columbia" was used from very early on, and at least informally by the government, the map will use "District of Columbia" starting from this date.

March 3, 1792
Pennsylvania purchased the Erie Triangle from the federal government.[69]

June 1, 1792
The western half of Virginia, which the state had agreed in 1789 to cede to the federal government,[70] was admitted as the fifteenth state, Kentucky.[71][72]

June 12, 1792
The Delaware State enacted a new constitution, renaming itself the State of Delaware.[73]
no change to map

February 29, 1796
Great Britain agreed to abandon several forts in the northwest that it still occupied, including Detroit.[74]
no change to map

April 25, 1796
The northern half of West Florida was ceded by Spain, resolving the dispute over the region.[75][76]
Disputes:

June 1, 1796
The Southwest Territory was admitted as the sixteenth state, Tennessee.[61][77]

April 7, 1798
Due to the Yazoo Land Fraud, an act authorized President John Adams to appoint commissioners to negotiate with Georgia about ceding its western land. The act created Mississippi Territory from the southwestern quarter of Georgia in the region recently ceded by West Florida, while maintaining that Georgia still held rights over the territory.[78][79]

June 9, 1800
Connecticut ceded its Western Reserve to the federal government, which assigned it to the Northwest Territory.[80] The act doing so was passed in Congress on April 28, 1800, and Connecticut approved it on this date.[81]

July 4, 1800
Indiana Territory was organized from the Northwest Territory, west of a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery, and a line north from there.[82][83]

November 17, 1800
The Congress of the United States moved to Washington in the District of Columbia, now built and ready to be the capital.[12] This was two weeks before the December 1 date established in the Residence Act; President John Adams urged Congress to move early in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected, though this failed.[84]

January 1, 1801
The Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland, renaming itself the United Kingdom.[85]

February 27, 1801
The District of Columbia was organized.[67][86]
no change to map

April 26, 1802
Georgia ceded its western half, known as the Yazoo Lands, to the federal government; this region was west of the Chattahoochie River up to its great bend (near West Point), then a line from there towards and past Nickajack. At the same time, the federal government ceded to Georgia the eastern portion of the land previously ceded by South Carolina, though in reality Georgia technically already held title to the land, as the description of the earlier cession was based on an erroneous understanding of geography.[87]

March 1, 1803
The southern half of the Northwest Territory, along with a thin sliver of Indiana Territory, was admitted as the seventeenth state, Ohio. The remainder of the Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory.[88][89] The western border was a line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River to a point east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan. The federal description then said it should go east from there, whereas the Ohio Constitution stated it should intersect with the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay, essentially the western tip of Lake Erie. The confusion caused by these varying descriptions of the state's borders, combined with inaccurate knowledge of geography, as no one at the time knew just how far south Lake Michigan extended, would lead to the conflict over the Toledo Strip.

November 3, 1803
The border between Tennessee and Virginia was resurveyed and established, ending the dispute over that part of the border. The border between Kentucky and Tennessee, despite following the original survey, remained vaguely defined.[23][90]

text: 1803–1818 (Purchase of Louisiana)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

December 20, 1803
The United States purchased Louisiana from France. This is the date of the formal turnover in New Orleans; the purchase was completed on April 30, 1803.[91] The transfer would be recognized in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana on March 10, 1804, known as Three Flags Day.
The extent of what constituted Louisiana was disputed with Spain: the United States claimed the purchase included the part of West Florida west of the Perdido River, and the southwestern border with New Spain was disputed, as the United States claimed the Sabine River as the border, but Spain maintained it was the Calcasieu River and others.

Disputes:

1804
The "Southwick Jog" was transferred from Connecticut to Massachusetts, to put to rest long-standing disagreements over the border between the two states.[41]

March 27, 1804
The land between Tennessee and Mississippi Territory previously ceded by Georgia was assigned to Mississippi Territory.[79][92]

October 1, 1804
Orleans Territory was organized from the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel north, with the remainder being designated the District of Louisiana and placed under the jurisdiction of Indiana Territory.[93][94]

June 30, 1805
Michigan Territory was organized from Indiana Territory, defined as north of a line east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan, and east of a line north from the lake's northern tip.[95][96] The southeastern portion of the border technically conflicted with the definition of Ohio, which claimed the Toledo Strip north of that line; however, the exact position of Lake Michigan was not yet known.

July 4, 1805
The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory.[94][97]

March 1, 1809
Illinois Territory was organized from Indiana Territory, west of the Wabash River and a line north from Post Vincennes.[98][99]

September 26, 1810
The Republic of West Florida declared independence from Spain. It maintained some control over its territory.[100]
Disputes:

December 10, 1810
Armed forces led by William C. C. Claiborne took possession of the portion of West Florida west of the Pearl River, following a proclamation on October 27, 1810, by President James Madison to do so. The United States had considered the region part of the Louisiana Purchase, including the area which had revolted against Spanish Florida and formed the Republic of West Florida. Madison's proclamation stated that it was to be "taken as part" of Orleans Territory.[1][91][101] The land west of Mobile Bay to the Pearl River was occupied and annexed de facto by the military in 1811.[102]:2a(map)
Disputes:

April 30, 1812
Most of Orleans Territory was admitted as the eighteenth state, Louisiana. It was defined as the portion of the territory east of a line north from where the Sabine River crosses the 32nd parallel north, and west of the Mississippi and Iberville Rivers.[94][103] The remainder presumably became unorganized territory, as it had no definition for a while.

May 14, 1812
The claimed portion of West Florida east of the Pearl River was assigned to Mississippi Territory, though the area around Mobile Bay remained under the control of Spanish Florida.[79][104] The United States militarily occupied Mobile and the surrounding area up to the Perdido River in April 1813.

June 4, 1812
Since its name was now shared with the state of Louisiana, Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory.[105][106]

August 4, 1812
The remaining claimed portion of West Florida was added to Louisiana, following the assent of that state to an act passed by Congress on April 14, 1812.[107][108]

August 16, 1812
During the War of 1812, the garrison at Fort Detroit surrendered, leading the United Kingdom to occupy Detroit, the capital and population center of Michigan Territory.[109]
Disputes:

September 29, 1813
Fort Detroit was recaptured by American forces following the Battle of Lake Erie, regaining control over Michigan Territory.[109][110]
Disputes:

August 24, 1814
British forces capture and burn Washington, but are forced to withdraw the next day. The functions of the capital were only momentarily suspended, though President James Madison took refuge in Brookville, Maryland.[111]
no change to map

December 11, 1816
The southern part of Indiana Territory, along with small parts of Illinois Territory and Michigan Territory, were admitted as the nineteenth state, Indiana. The state was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River, but while the territory's line turned north at Post Vincennes, the state's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth. The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan, until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio's western border. Thus, a very small portion of Indiana Territory was transferred to Illinois Territory around the Wabash, Indiana took its northern slice from Michigan Territory, and the remainder of Indiana Territory across Lake Michigan became unorganized territory.[83][112]

March 3, 1817
Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory.[113][114] Its western border was, from the north: the Tennessee River to Bear Creek (around today's Pickwick Lake); a line from there to the northwestern corner of Washington County, Mississippi Territory; and a line south from there.

December 10, 1817
Mississippi Territory was admitted as the twentieth state, Mississippi.[79][115]

February 6, 1818
Alabama Territory created Tuskaloosa County with a description that inadvertently overlapped with Mississippi. It described the border of the county as running "a due west course to, the Tombeckbe river; thence up the same to the Cotton Gin Port".[116] Unknown at the time, the origin of the Tombigbee River and Cotton Gin Port were in Mississippi.
Change on paper only:

June 30, 1818
Per the terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812, the United Kingdom returned Moose Island to Massachusetts, and the United States returned Campobello Island, Deer Island, and Grand Manan Island to the United Kingdom, all of which were captured from the other side during the war.[117]
no change to map

December 3, 1818
The half of Illinois Territory south of the parallel 42°30′ north was admitted as the twenty-first state, Illinois. The remainder of the territory, along with the unorganized territory that was recently part of Indiana Territory, was assigned to Michigan Territory.[99][118]

text: 1819–1845 (Northwest expansion)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

January 30, 1819
The Treaty of 1818 went into effect, setting the 49th parallel north as the border with the United Kingdom west of the Lake of the Woods, and also establishing the Oregon Country as a shared region with the United Kingdom.[2][119][120] Oregon Country had no defined northern limit, but it can be assumed that it did not encroach much upon Russian-held lands; this map uses the later-established line at the parallel 54°40′ north for simplicity.

Northwestern North America:

July 4, 1819
Arkansaw Territory was organized from Missouri Territory south of the parallel 36°30′ north.[121][122]

December 14, 1819
Alabama Territory was admitted as the twenty-second state, Alabama.[114][123] The statehood act provided for a survey of the southern part of the border with Mississippi for correction if it was discovered to encroach upon Mississippi's defined borders; it was later discovered to do so.

March 15, 1820
As part of the Missouri Compromise, the District of Maine, the northern and separate part of Massachusetts, was admitted as the twenty-third state, Maine.[124][125]

April 21, 1820
This is the earliest known date of the name "Arkansas Territory" being officially used instead of "Arkansaw Territory".[126]

May 12, 1820
The border between Kentucky and Tennessee was established. To make up for the fact that the border between the Cumberland Gap and the Tennessee River veered north as much as 17 miles from 36°30′ north, a new survey was conducted starting at that point on the Mississippi River and moving east to the Tennessee River, hence granting Kentucky an addition in its southwest.[23]

July 19, 1820
The overlap of the longitudinal southern border between Alabama and Mississippi was resolved, as per the act admitting Alabama as a state, because the provisional border encroached on Mississippi.[127][128] As the result of a survey, the southern border terminus was moved about 3.8 miles to the east, which changed the border up to the then-northwest corner of Alabama's Washington County. The date when this happened is unclear; the sources available give either an unpublished report dated May 29, 1820, or the completion of the demarcation of the new line on July 19, 1820.
Change on paper only:

December 19, 1820
Alabama redefined some county borders, ending its erroneous overlap of Mississippi created on February 6, 1818.[129]
Change on paper only:

February 22, 1821
The Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain took effect.[1] The many changes included:

The border with the holdings of Spain was concretely defined; previously, it had been the watershed of the Mississippi River and, for Oregon Country, the Columbia River, whereas now it followed specific rivers and parallels. The new border was defined as, starting in the south: The Sabine River to the 32nd parallel north, then north to the Red River of the South, following that to the 100th meridian west, then north to the Arkansas River to its source, then north from there to the 42nd parallel north and west to the ocean.
The new border placed the "Neutral Ground" in Louisiana.
Florida was ceded to the United States, although the formal transfer would not happen until July.
Arkansas Territory had created Miller County south of the Red River, and this area was now on the Spanish side of the border. However, as this was a change made solely by the territory, and not by the federal government, in this map it is considered a domestic dispute.
With Spanish West Florida being ceded, the dispute between it and Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi was resolved.

Disputes:

July 10, 1821
East Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain.[130]

July 17, 1821
West Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain.[130]

August 10, 1821
The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted as the twenty-fourth state, Missouri, the rest becoming unorganized territory.[106][131] It was defined as the area south of a line west from the Des Moines Rapids, and east of a line south from the mouth of the Kansas River.

March 30, 1822
The former East Florida and West Florida were organized as Florida Territory.[132][133]

May 26, 1824
The western half of Arkansas Territory, bordered by a line south from a point 40 miles west of Missouri's western border, was returned to unorganized territory.[122][134]

January 12, 1825
A treaty with the Russian Empire established the parallel 54°40′ north as the northern border of Oregon Country for American purposes; a separate treaty created the same border between Russia and the United Kingdom.[135] As this was likely the de facto border anyway, the region is already mapped with this line.
no change to map

May 6, 1828
A treaty with the Cherokee moved the western border of Arkansas Territory, returning part of it to unorganized territory.[122][136] The new border was defined as starting from where the land of the Eastern Choctaw met the Red River of the South, then north from there to the mouth of the Arkansas River, and from there to the southwestern corner of Missouri.

July 1, 1829
The border between Maine and New Hampshire was surveyed. The report was submitted by the surveyors on November 13, 1828, was approved by Maine on February 28, 1829, and approved by New Hampshire on this date.[125]
survey caused no appreciable changes

July 9, 1832
The northernmost region of New Hampshire, which was disputed with the United Kingdom, declared independence as the Republic of Indian Stream.[137] While tiny, it does appear to have maintained some control over its territory.
Disputes:

June 28, 1834
Michigan Territory gained a large parcel of land from unorganized territory on its west, extending to the Missouri River.[96][138]

August 5, 1835
The Republic of Indian Stream recognized the jurisdiction of New Hampshire, thus ending its claimed independence. The date given is of a communication sent to British authorities;[139] other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2, 1836.[137]
Disputes:

June 15, 1836
Arkansas Territory was admitted as the twenty-fifth state, Arkansas.[122][140]

July 3, 1836
Wisconsin Territory was organized from the western bulk of Michigan Territory.[141][142] The two large peninsulas between the Great Lakes remained in Michigan Territory; the upper peninsula was included in exchange for the territory abandoning its claim to the Toledo Strip. The territory initially rejected this plan, but would accept it on December 14.

December 14, 1836
Michigan Territory agreed to abandon its claim to the Toledo Strip, ending its dispute with Ohio.[143]

January 26, 1837
Michigan Territory was admitted as the twenty-sixth state, Michigan.[96][144]

March 28, 1837
The Platte Purchase transferred some land from unorganized territory to northwest Missouri, extending its northern border west to the Missouri River.[106][145]

July 3, 1838
Iowa Territory was organized from Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River.[146][147]

February 11, 1839
Missouri claimed an area north of its border in Iowa Territory, initiating the long dispute known as the Honey War.[148]

May 21, 1840
Proper surveying was conducted along the border between Arkansas and Texas, and the area claimed by Arkansas for Miller County was held not to belong to Arkansas.[149]

November 10, 1842
The Webster–Ashburton Treaty defined the border with the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains.[150][151] One source also mentions it very slightly altering the maritime boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin Territory.[152] The treaty resolved the disputes over the northern borders of Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin Territory.
The border between New York and Vermont on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other, was clarified by the treaty. In 1816, construction began on an unnamed fort nicknamed "Fort Blunder" on a peninsula in Lake Champlain that, while south of the surveyed border, was discovered to be north of the 45th parallel north, which was the border set by the Treaty of Paris and thus in British territory. Consequently, construction on the fort was abandoned. The Webster–Ashburton Treaty specified that section of the border was to follow the surveyed line, rather than the exact parallel, thus moving the fort's area into the United States, and a new fort, Fort Montgomery, would be built on the spot in 1844.[153] As the earlier line was surveyed, even though it did not match the definition, it was deemed to be the legitimate border.

Disputes:

July 5, 1843
Local settlers created a provisional government for Oregon Country. While not official, it did maintain some jurisdiction over the area.[154]
Unofficial change:

Northwestern North America:

March 3, 1845
Florida Territory was admitted as the twenty-seventh state, Florida.[133][155]

text: 1845–1860 (Southwest expansion)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

December 29, 1845
The Republic of Texas was annexed and admitted as the twenty-eighth state, Texas.[156][157] Texas brought with it a substantial territorial dispute with Mexico. While many sources state that Mexico recognized the independence of the eastern portion of Texas, the treaties were rejected by the Mexican government. Texas formally handed over sovereignty to the United States in a ceremony on February 19, 1846.[158] The annexation led to the beginning of the Mexican–American War a few months later.[158]

Disputes:

June 15, 1846
The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border (so it did not include Vancouver Island) with land held by the United Kingdom. The sharing of Oregon Country ended, and the United States portion became unorganized territory.[159]
The treaty was vague on which strait should be the border between Vancouver Island and the continent, thus causing a dispute over ownership of the San Juan Islands.[160] It specified "through the middle of the said channel and of Fuca Straits, to the Pacific Ocean".

Northwestern North America:

Disputes:

September 22, 1846
Following the capture on August 18, 1846, of Santa Fe, the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México,[161] a code of laws known as the Kearny Code was created for the area.[162][163] The region overlapped with Texas' claim, though Texas had little to no control over the area outside of its eastern quarter.
Unofficial change:

December 28, 1846
The southern portion of Iowa Territory, south of parallel 43°30′ north and east of the Big Sioux River, was admitted as the twenty-ninth state, Iowa. The remainder became unorganized territory.[147][164]

March 13, 1847
The District of Columbia retroceded Alexandria County back to Virginia.[67] Congress passed the act on July 9, 1846,[165] residents of Alexandria County were proclaimed by the president to have agreed to it on September 7, 1846,[166] and Virginia took possession of the land on this date.[167]

May 29, 1848
The southern bulk of Wisconsin Territory, mainly east of the St. Croix River, was admitted as the thirtieth state, Wisconsin. The remainder became unorganized territory.[142][168] However, the citizens of the remainder decided to continue on with a civil government, and even elected a delegate to the United States House of Representatives who would be seated on January 15, 1849, essentially making this region a de facto continuation of Wisconsin Territory.[169]

July 4, 1848
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican–American War and ceded a large parcel of land from Mexico, consisting of its territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and its claim to Texas.[170] Due to a disagreement over the southern border of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a border dispute began.[171]

Disputes:

August 14, 1848
Oregon Territory was organized from the unorganized territory that was formerly part of Oregon Country.[172][173]

February 13, 1849
The boundary dispute between Iowa and Missouri known as the Honey War was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States. The resulting border was the Sullivan Line that existed before the dispute, roughly splitting the two claims.[174]

March 3, 1849
Minnesota Territory was organized from unorganized territory east of the Missouri River and the region that had been operating as de facto Wisconsin Territory.[175][176]

March 12, 1849
A local government formed the State of Deseret and claimed a vast portion of the southwest, including most of the Mexican Cession. Though it petitioned to be admitted to the United States, the proposal was rejected and, in 1850, Utah Territory was formed instead.[177] The claimed area overlapped slightly with Texas' claimed area, as well as part of Oregon Territory.
Unofficial change:

September 9, 1850
The western portion of the Mexican Cession, west of the 120th meridian west, a diagonal line from where that intersects the 39th parallel north to where the Colorado River intersects the 35th parallel north, and the Colorado River, was admitted as the thirty-first state, California.[3][178] The portion of the remainder north of the 37th parallel north and west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains was organized as Utah Territory.[179][180] Part of Utah Territory overlapped with the portion of Texas that would be purchased on December 13, 1850, but the law authorizing the purchase was passed on this day, so the borders of Utah Territory assumed the purchase will go through.

December 9, 1850
The United Kingdom ceded less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie near Buffalo, New York for a lighthouse. It was surrounded by British waters, thus creating a form of enclave.[181]

December 13, 1850
The federal government purchased the western claims of Texas. New Mexico Territory was organized from the part of this land east of the Rio Grande, along with the remaining unorganized territory from the Mexican Cession.[182][183] New Mexico Territory included all of the area that had been governed under the Kearny Code.

April 5, 1851
The State of Deseret dissolved itself, its functions and territory largely having been superseded by Utah Territory.[184]
Unofficial change:

March 2, 1853
Washington Territory was organized from the half of Oregon Territory north of the 46th parallel north and the Columbia River.[185][186]

May 30, 1854
Kansas Territory was organized from unorganized territory north of the 37th parallel north, and Nebraska Territory was organized north of 40th parallel north.[187][188][189] Much of the remaining unorganized territory, east of the 100th meridian west, became known as Indian Territory, designated as a place to resettle Indian tribes.
A small strip between the Texas Panhandle and Kansas Territory was unclaimed, due to falling south of Kansas Territory's border but north of the 36°30′ latitude established in the Missouri Compromise as the northern limit of slavery, and thus Texas could not have it. This became known as the Public Land Strip, or sometimes "No Man's Land".[190]

June 30, 1854
The United States purchased a large parcel from Mexico known as the Gadsden Purchase, as it offered a much better route for a southern transcontinental railroad.[191] This resolved the border dispute, since the disputed land was included in the purchase.[171] The purchase was defined as: starting from where the Rio Grande crosses parallel 31° 47' north; then west 100 miles; then south to parallel 31° 20' north; then west to the 111th meridian west; then a line from there to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River; and the Colorado River.

Disputes:

August 4, 1854
The recently obtained Gadsden Purchase was assigned to New Mexico Territory.[183][192]

January 11, 1855
Due to its remote location, Boston Corner was transferred from Massachusetts to New York.[193][194][195]

March 6, 1855
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Florida in a boundary dispute with Georgia, setting the state boundary line along McNeil's line.[196]
no change to map

October 28, 1856
Baker Island and Jarvis Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Pacific Ocean:

May 11, 1858
The half of Minnesota Territory east of the Red River of the North, the Bois de Sioux River, and a line south from the southern tip of Big Stone Lake, was admitted as the thirty-second state, Minnesota. The remainder became unorganized territory.[176][197]

August 31, 1858
Navassa Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Caribbean Sea:

December 3, 1858
Howland Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Pacific Ocean:

February 14, 1859
The half of Oregon Territory west of the Snake River and a line south from the mouth of the Owyhee River was admitted as the thirty-third state, Oregon. The remainder was transferred to Washington Territory.[173][198]

July 6, 1859
A team of surveyors created the "Middleton Offset," a small notch in the border between Kentucky and Tennessee. It is unknown exactly why this was done.[199][200]

September 6, 1859
Johnston Atoll was claimed under the Guano Islands Act,[4] though it had been claimed by Hawaii in 1858.[201]
Pacific Ocean:

November 7, 1859
A local government was set up encompassing parts of the territories of Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington, with the name of Jefferson Territory, bounded by the 37th and 43rd parallels north, and 102nd and 110th meridians west. While never recognized by the federal government, it generally held control over the area until Colorado Territory was established, which adopted most of its laws.[202]
Unofficial change:

December 27, 1859
Enderbury Island, McKean Island, Phoenix Island, and Starbuck Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Pacific Ocean:

December 29, 1859
Christmas Island and Malden Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Pacific Ocean:

February 8, 1860
Texas created Greer County, claiming part of Indian Territory based on a different understanding from the federal government of which river was the border between the two.[203]
Atafu, Birnie Island, Butaritari, Caroline Island, Fanning Island, Flint Island, Gardner Island, Canton Island, Kingman Reef, Manihiki, Marakei, Nukunono, Palmyra Atoll, Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Swains Island, Sydney Island, Vostok Island, and Washington Island were all claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4] Many additional islands were listed as bonded on this date, but based on the coordinates they were either phantoms or duplicates. In addition, Sarah Ann Island was claimed, which may have existed and would be sighted as late as 1917, but has since disappeared.[204]

Pacific Ocean:

text: 1860–1865 (American Civil War)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

December 20, 1860
In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln, South Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from the Congress of the United States.[205]

Disputes:

January 9, 1861
Mississippi proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205]

Disputes:

January 10, 1861
Florida proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205]

Disputes:

January 11, 1861
Alabama proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205]

Disputes:

January 19, 1861
Georgia proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205]

Disputes:

January 26, 1861
Louisiana proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205] However, the 1st and 2nd congressional districts, around New Orleans, maintained representation in Congress.

Disputes:

January 29, 1861
The bulk of Kansas Territory, east of the 25th meridian west from Washington, was admitted as the thirty-fourth state, Kansas. The remainder became unorganized territory.[188][206]

February 8, 1861
The Confederate States of America was formed by representatives of the seceded states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.[207]
Disputes:

February 28, 1861
Colorado Territory was organized from portions of Nebraska Territory, New Mexico Territory, and Utah Territory, along with unorganized territory.[208][209] It was bounded by the 32nd and 37th parallels north, and the 25th and 32nd meridians west from Washington.

March 2, 1861
Texas proclaimed its secession from the Union and was admitted to the Confederate States,[205][210] withdrawing from Congress.
Dakota Territory was organized from Nebraska Territory and unorganized territory north of the Missouri, Keya Paha, and Niobrara Rivers, and 43rd parallel north. Nebraska Territory's western border was extended to the 104th meridian west, gaining small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory.[189][211][212] Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington.[213][214]

Disputes:

March 28, 1861
Representatives in the southern half of New Mexico Territory proclaimed an independent Arizona Territory south of the 34th parallel north.[215]
Disputes:

April 12, 1861
The Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina begins the American Civil War.
Disputes:

April 17, 1861
Following the Battle of Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln's call for troops to respond, Virginia proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205] However, the 1st (along the Eastern Shore), 7th (near Washington, D.C.), and 10th, 11th, and 12th (in the northwest of the state) congressional districts maintained representation in Congress.

Disputes:

May 6, 1861
Arkansas proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205]

Disputes:

May 7, 1861
Virginia was admitted to the Confederate States.[216]
Disputes:

May 16, 1861
Kentucky declared itself neutral in the American Civil War.
no change to map

May 20, 1861
Arkansas was admitted to the Confederate States.[217]
North Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205]

Disputes:

May 21, 1861
North Carolina was admitted to the Confederate States. The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect,[218] which sources say took place on this date;[219] the only primary source found so far is a statement from Jefferson Davis on July 20 stating that the proclamation had been made.[220]
Disputes:

June 6, 1861
Robert Williamson Steele, governor of Jefferson Territory, declared the territory disbanded and handed over the government to the first governor of Colorado Territory.[202]
Unofficial change:

June 8, 1861
Tennessee proclaimed its secession from the Union, withdrawing from Congress.[205] However, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th congressional districts in the central part of the state maintained representation in Congress.

Disputes:

June 25, 1861
The federal government recognized the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling as the legitimate government of Virginia.[221]

July 2, 1861
Tennessee was admitted to the Confederate States.[222]
Disputes:

August 1, 1861
Following Confederate victory in the First Battle of Mesilla, Arizona Territory was proclaimed as part of the Confederate States.[223]
Disputes:

September 13, 1861
Following the Confederate occupation of Columbus, Kentucky, on September 3, 1861, the state abandoned neutrality and aligned with the Union government.[224]
no change to map

October 31, 1861
A splinter government in Neosho, Missouri, declared the secession of the state from the United States.[205]
Disputes:

November 20, 1861
A convention in Russellville, Kentucky, declared the formation of a splinter government in Bowling Green and the secession of Kentucky from the United States.[205]
Disputes:

November 28, 1861
The splinter Neosho government of Missouri was admitted to the Confederate States. The Confederate States never held much power over the state, but it was given full representation in the legislature.[225]
Disputes:

December 10, 1861
The splinter Bowling Green government of Kentucky was admitted to the Confederate States. The Confederate States never held much power over the state, but it was given full representation in the legislature.[226]
Disputes:

December 21, 1861
The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Osage, and the Seneca and Shawnee.[227][228]
Disputes:

December 23, 1861
The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Cherokee, granting them a delegate to the Congress of the Confederate States, and with the Seminole, granting them a delegate to be shared with the Creek.[227][228]
Disputes:

December 31, 1861
The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Choctaw and Chickasaw, granting them a delegate in the Congress of the Confederate States; with the Comanche; with the Creek, granting them a delegate to be shared with the Seminole; and the Quapaw.[227][228]
Disputes:

March 1, 1862
A decree by the Supreme Court of the United States took effect, modifying the border between Massachusetts and Rhode Island.[41][229]

April 15, 1862
Palmyra Atoll was annexed by Hawaii, and the American claim falls dormant.[230]
Pacific Ocean:

July 14, 1862
The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada Territory, moving their border east to the 38th meridian west from Washington.[214][231]

December 30, 1862
The Swan Islands were claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Caribbean Sea:

February 24, 1863
Arizona Territory was organized from the half of New Mexico Territory west of the 32nd meridian west from Washington.[127][232]

March 3, 1863
Idaho Territory was organized from the portions of Dakota Territory and Nebraska Territory west of the 104th meridian west, and the portion of Washington Territory east of the Snake River and a line north from the mouth of the Clearwater River.[233][234]

March 4, 1863
Due to disruption in voting and low turnout, no one was allowed to take the seats in the United States House of Representatives held by the Unionist areas of Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia, effectively expelling the states.[235]

June 20, 1863
The northwestern counties of Virginia, represented by the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling, were split from the rest of Virginia and admitted to the Union as the thirty-fifth state, West Virginia.[236][237] The Restored Government of Virginia was relocated to Alexandria.

August 5, 1863
Berkeley County was transferred by the federal government from Virginia to West Virginia;[238]

November 2, 1863
Jefferson County was transferred from Virginia to West Virginia.[239]

May 26, 1864
Montana Territory was organized from the northeast third of Idaho Territory, with the border being, from the east: West along the 45th parallel north to the 34th meridian west from Washington; south to the parallel 44°30′ north; west to the crest of the Rocky Mountains; following that north to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains; to the 39th meridian west from Washington; and north from there. The remaining portion of Idaho Territory east of the Rocky Mountains and the 33rd meridian west from Washington was transferred to Dakota Territory.[240][241]

October 15, 1864
Malden Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

October 31, 1864
Nevada Territory was admitted as the thirty-sixth state, Nevada.[214][243]

May 5, 1865
The Confederate States cabinet met in Washington, Georgia, and dissolved.[244] Military surrenders were scattered throughout 1865, but the most important is regarded as that of the Army of Northern Virginia following the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9.
Disputes:

text: 1866–1897 (Reconstruction and western statehood)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

May 5, 1866
The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada, moving its border east to the 37th meridian west from Washington.[245]

July 24, 1866
Tennessee was readmitted to Congress.[246]

December 26, 1866
Starbuck Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

January 18, 1867
The northwestern corner of Arizona Territory, west of the Colorado River and the 37th meridian west from Washington, was transferred to Nevada. The law transferring the land was approved May 5, 1866, but unlike the Utah Territory transfer of that day, this transfer was contingent on the state accepting it.[245][247]

March 1, 1867
Nebraska Territory was admitted as the thirty-seventh state, Nebraska.[189][248]

July 1, 1867
Canada was formed from several British colonies, including New Brunswick, thus inheriting the dispute over Machias Seal Island and North Rock.
Disputes:

August 28, 1867
Midway Atoll was claimed.[249] The largest island of Midway, Sand Island, had been claimed under the Guano Islands Act in 1858, but nothing more is known about this.[250]
Pacific Ocean:

October 18, 1867
Alaska was purchased from the Russian Empire and designated the Department of Alaska.[251] Due to a lack of quality surveying, the southeastern border with British holdings was unclear and disputed.[252]
Northwestern North America:

June 22, 1868
Arkansas was readmitted to Congress.[253]

June 25, 1868
Florida was readmitted to Congress.[254]

July 4, 1868
North Carolina was readmitted to Congress.[255]

July 9, 1868
Louisiana and South Carolina were readmitted to Congress.[256]
Caroline Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]

Pacific Ocean:

July 13, 1868
Alabama was readmitted to Congress.[257]

July 25, 1868
Georgia was readmitted to Congress.[258]
Wyoming Territory was organized from portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah Territories, bounded by 41st and 45th parallels north, and the 27th and 34th meridians west from Washington.[259][260] The territory would remain under the jurisdiction of the Dakota Territory until its own government was organized on May 19, 1869.[261] The act organizing Wyoming Territory became law on this date, but it is unclear if the territory could be considered "organized" until May 19, 1869, as the act specifies it was not to take effect until a government is organized; however, all sources use this date as the creation, and most use it for the organization, of the territory. A tiny portion of the Dakota Territory was erroneously left behind on the western side of Wyoming Territory.[262]

August 12, 1868
The list of bonded guano island claims mentions "Islands in Caribbean Sea not named" bonded on this date, but it is unknown what this is referring to.[4]
no change to map

December 11, 1868
Serrana Bank was claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4] Colombia has claimed it throughout its history.
Caribbean Sea:

March 3, 1869
Georgia was again expelled from Congress following failures of Reconstruction in the state.[263]

November 22, 1869
Bajo Nuevo Bank, Pedro Cays, Quita Sueño Bank, and Roncador Bank were claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4][249] Except for Pedro Cays, Colombia has claimed them throughout its history.
Caribbean Sea:

January 26, 1870
Virginia was readmitted to Congress.[264]

February 23, 1870
Mississippi was readmitted to Congress.[265]

March 30, 1870
Texas was readmitted to Congress.[266]

July 15, 1870
Georgia was again readmitted to Congress.[267]
The North-Western Territory was transferred by the United Kingdom to Canada, thus transferring its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute.[268]

Northwestern North America:

February 9, 1871
A small parcel was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska following a sudden change in course of the Missouri River.[189][269]

July 20, 1871
British Columbia joined Canada, transferring the dispute over the San Juan Islands as well as its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute.[270]
Disputes:

Northwestern North America:

April 9, 1872
Congress approved the newly surveyed Orr and Whitner Line as part of the border between Georgia and Florida.[271][272]
survey caused no appreciable changes

October 21, 1872
The dispute with Canada over the San Juan Islands was resolved in the favor of the United States claim.[160]
Disputes:

1873
Vostok Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[273]
Pacific Ocean:

February 17, 1873
The small portion of Dakota Territory that was left behind when Wyoming Territory was created was transferred to Montana Territory.[262][274]

August 1, 1876
Colorado Territory was admitted as the thirty-eighth state, Colorado.[209][275]

August 13, 1877
The United Kingdom created the British Western Pacific Territories, including Atafu and Nukunono.[276]
Pacific Ocean:

March 3, 1879
The border across the Chesapeake Bay between Maryland and Virginia was decided via arbitration. The new border cuts across Smith Island, likely meaning that the southern portion of the island was transferred to Virginia, but due to the general lack of concrete borders in the area for so long due to surveying errors, it is unknown if any land actually changed hands.[277]
too vague to map

September 8, 1879
Arenas Key, claimed by Mexico, and Serranilla Bank, claimed by Colombia, were claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act;[4] according to the Office of Insular Affairs, Serranilla Bank was claimed again on September 13, 1880.[249]
Caribbean Sea:

April 7, 1880
A very small area of Vermont near Fair Haven was transferred to New York due to a change in the course in the Poultney River.[20][278] The specific area was very small and poorly documented, so it is not mapped.
too small to map

September 13, 1880
Western Triangle Island, claimed by Mexico, was claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act.[4] The list of bonded claims also mentions a "De Anes" island claimed on this date, with coordinates matching Isla de Aves; however, the same list points out that the claim to "Aves Island" was found to be invalid.
Caribbean Sea:

1881
Flint Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[279]
Pacific Ocean:

May 23, 1882
The area between the 43rd parallel north and the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska.[212][280] The act was passed in Congress on March 28 and accepted by the Nebraska legislature on this date.[281]

June 1, 1882
The Morant Cays and Pedro Cays were annexed by the United Kingdom to Jamaica; it appears they were no longer claimed by the United States after this.[282]
Caribbean Sea:

May 17, 1884
The Department of Alaska was organized into the District of Alaska.[283]
Northwestern North America:

June 21, 1884
The Alacrans Islands, claimed by Mexico, were claimed under the Guano Islands Act.[4]
Caribbean Sea:

March 15, 1888
Fanning Island was annexed by the United Kingdom; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this.[284]
Pacific Ocean:

March 17, 1888
Christmas Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

October 26, 1888
The Cook Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom, thus initiating a claim on the atolls of Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Rakahanga.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

May 29, 1889
Washington Island was annexed by the United Kingdom; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this.[284]
Pacific Ocean:

June 3, 1889
Jarvis Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

June 26, 1889
Sydney Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

June 29, 1889
Phoenix Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

July 10, 1889
Birnie Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

November 2, 1889
Dakota Territory was split in half along an east-west line a few miles south of the 46th parallel north and admitted as the thirty-ninth state, North Dakota, and the fortieth state, South Dakota.[212][285]

November 8, 1889
Montana Territory was admitted as the forty-first state, Montana.[240][285]

November 11, 1889
Washington Territory was admitted as the forty-second state, Washington.[186][285]

May 2, 1890
Oklahoma Territory was organized from the Public Land Strip and the western half of Indian Territory, except for the Cherokee Outlet, which would be added later upon cession from the Cherokee.[286][287]

July 3, 1890
Idaho Territory was admitted as the forty-third state, Idaho.[234][288]

July 10, 1890
Wyoming Territory was admitted as the forty-fourth state, Wyoming.[260][289]

March 8, 1892
The Gilbert Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom, thus initiating a claim on Butaritari and Marakei.[242] No record of a United States claim exists after this point, so it is assumed this is when the claim fell dormant.
Pacific Ocean:

May 28, 1892
Gardner Island was claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

September 16, 1893
Per a treaty with the Cherokee, the federal government purchased the Cherokee Outlet in the Indian Territory and opened it to settlement, transferring it to Oklahoma Territory as provided in the Oklahoma Organic Act.[287][290]

November 17, 1894
The Alacrans Islands, Arenas Key, and Western Triangle Island were stricken from the list of claimed guano islands.[4]
Caribbean Sea:

January 4, 1896
Utah Territory was admitted as the forty-fifth state, Utah.[180][291]

March 16, 1896
The dispute between the federal government, on behalf of Oklahoma Territory, and Texas over Greer County was resolved in favor of the federal claim.[203]

July 24, 1897
Due to an earlier shift in the course of the Missouri River, an island was transferred from Nebraska to South Dakota.[292]

text: 1898–1945 (Pacific and Caribbean expansion)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

August 12, 1898
The Republic of Hawaii was annexed.[293] The ceremony to transfer sovereignty occurred on this date; the act was signed on July 7, 1898.[294] Johnston Atoll was not included with Hawaii, nor was Sikaiana Atoll, which had been ceded to Hawaii in 1856 by its residents and approved by King Kamehameha IV. However, the annexation was based on the islands named in a report of the Hawaiian Commission, which omitted Sikaiana.[295][296]
Pacific Ocean:

January 17, 1899
Wake Island was claimed.[297]
Pacific Ocean:

April 11, 1899
Guam, Porto Rico, and, after a payment of $20 million, the Philippines were ceded by Spain following the Spanish–American War.[298] The Philippines were claimed by the First Philippine Republic. The ceded region for the Philippines included the island of Palmas, which was administered by the Netherlands. This overlap would not be noticed until January 21, 1906.[299] While the United States occupied Cuba for a time, it was not ceded nor claimed.
Pacific Ocean:

Caribbean Sea:

February 16, 1900
The United States took ownership of the Samoan Islands east of the 171st meridian west, per the terms of the Tripartite Convention.[300]
Pacific Ocean:

February 19, 1900
The newly acquired Samoan islands were established as Naval Station, Tutuila. It included all of the islands granted by the Tripartite Convention, though formal cession of the islands by local authorities would take place later in 1900 and 1904.[300]
Pacific Ocean:

April 12, 1900
Porto Rico was organized into a civil territory.[301]
no change to map

April 17, 1900
The island of Tutuila was formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station, Tutuila (present-day American Samoa).[300][302] As the United States had already claimed the island on February 19, 1900, no change is mapped. The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20, 1929.
no change to map

June 14, 1900
The former Republic of Hawaii was organized into Hawaii Territory.[303]
Pacific Ocean:

March 3, 1901
The transfer for a thin sliver of Bristol, Tennessee, to Bristol, Virginia, was approved by Congress after having been approved by both states.[304][305] The location of the border along Main Street (now State Street) between the two cities was either the northern sidewalk of the street, or down the middle of the street; Tennessee's cession of the northern half of the street laid the issue to rest.
too small to map

March 22, 1901
The border between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was resurveyed. The survey was approved by Massachusetts on May 12, 1899, and approved by New Hampshire on this date.[306]
survey caused no appreciable changes

March 23, 1901
The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured, and the republic was dissolved.
The islands of Cagayan de Sulu and Sibutu, and their associated islands, were purchased from Spain and assigned to the Philippines. The borders specified in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 had excluded these islands; the new treaty simply ceded "any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago".[307][308]

Pacific Ocean:

February 23, 1903
Land along southern Guantánamo Bay was leased in perpetuity from Cuba for use as a naval base.[309]
no change to map

October 20, 1903
The Alaska boundary dispute with Canada was resolved, generally in favor of the United States claim.[252]
Northwestern North America:

May 4, 1904
The United States took ownership of the Panama Canal Zone. At this stage, only the most basic borders were defined; it was a zone surrounding the canal on each side for five miles, but excluded the cities of Colón and Panama City, which remained exclaves of Panama, as well as the water for their harbors.[310] The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty granting it to the United States was ratified on February 26, 1904.[311] A formal border agreement, which also gave the Canal Zone some land and a lighthouse in northwest Colón, would be ratified on June 15, 1904.[312][313]
Caribbean Sea:

July 16, 1904
The Manuʻa islands were formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station, Tutuila.[300] As the United States had already claimed the islands on February 19, 1900, no change is mapped. The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20, 1929.
no change to map

December 12, 1904
The "Taft Agreement" was made with Panama on December 3, with one of its sections refining the maritime boundary of the harbor of Panama City and the Panama Canal Zone.[314][315] It became effective December 12.
no change to map

February 10, 1905
The border between Arkansas and Indian Territory was slightly adjusted near Fort Smith, Arkansas, transferring a small amount of land on the east side of the Poteau River to Arkansas.[316][317]

November 16, 1907
Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory were combined and admitted as the forty-sixth state, Oklahoma.[287][318]

April 11, 1908
A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada redefined the maritime borders between the United States and Canada.[319] Among other changes, this "de-enclaved" Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie by making the water around it contiguous with the water on the American side of the border.[181][320]
no change to map

January 1, 1909
The new Constitution of Michigan included some area of Wisconsin within its definition of Michigan.[321]

August 20, 1910
A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada addressed a slight uncertainty in the maritime border in Passamaquoddy Bay between Maine and Canada.[322][323] The border was adjusted to run east of Pope's Folly Island, which previously lay on the border line, and had been the subject of some debate for many years.[324][325]

July 17, 1911
Naval Station, Tutuila, was renamed American Samoa;[326] the station continued to operate separate from territorial governance until 1951.
Pacific Ocean:

January 6, 1912
New Mexico Territory was admitted as the forty-seventh state, New Mexico.[183][327]

February 14, 1912
Arizona Territory was admitted as the forty-eighth state, Arizona.[127][328]

August 24, 1912
The District of Alaska was reorganized as the Alaska Territory.[329]
Northwestern North America:

January 31, 1913
New Mexico filed suit in the Supreme Court against Texas over the "Country Club Dispute," questioning whether the present course or the 1850 course of the Rio Grande should be their border.[330]

August 5, 1914
The Corn Islands were leased from Nicaragua for a period of 99 years; however, this was not a full transfer of sovereignty, and the islands were never administered as an insular area.[331]
no change to map

May 1, 1915
The borders of the Panama Canal Zone were explicitly defined. Whereas the original definition was a simple corridor surrounding the canal, this treaty specified the actual border. Among the changes this caused were: a slice of Canal Zone was ceded to Panama so Panama City would be connected with the rest of the country; the middle island of the Las Tres Hermanas Islands, which marked the border of Panama City's harbor, was wholly made part of Canal Zone; Gatun Lake and other surrounding waters were formally annexed to the territory; and an area of northwest Colón was ceded to Canal Zone.[332][333][334]
Caribbean Sea:

May 27, 1915
Under Article II of the 1903 Treaty, the United States expropriated from Panama several areas around the mouth of the Rio Chagres, annexing them to the Panama Canal Zone.[335]
too small to map

December 8, 1915
The United States expropriated from Panama a triangle of land, which included the historic Fort San Lorenzo, between the Rio Chagres, Caribbean Sea and the Panama Canal Zone, to which it was annexed.[335]
too small to map

January 17, 1916
Navassa Island was formally claimed for lighthouse purposes.[336]
no change to map

March 31, 1917
The Danish Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark[337] and renamed the United States Virgin Islands.[338]
Caribbean Sea:

July 12, 1918
The United States expropriated from Panama 2.6 hectares of land at Punta Paitilla in Panama City and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone.[339] That area was enlarged to about 50 hectares within several months.[335][340][341][342]
too small to map

August 21, 1918
The United States expropriated from Panama land between the Rio Chagres and the Quebrada Majagual and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone.[335][342]
Caribbean Sea:

September 13, 1918
Minnesota and Wisconsin exchanged islands in the Mississippi River: Island Seventytwo was transferred from Wisconsin to the Minnesota town of Winona, and Barron's Island was transferred from Minnesota to the Wisconsin town of La Crosse.[142][343]

September 18, 1919
The island of Largo Remo was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty.[344]
Caribbean Sea:

June 16, 1920
Fifteen hectares on the island of Taboga Island were annexed to the Panama Canal Zone.[345]
too small to map

June 30, 1921
The "Wedge" dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania was resolved in Delaware's favor. The disputed land had generally been administered by Delaware, even electing a member of the Delaware legislature in the mid-19th century,[346] but federal maps had included the land as part of Pennsylvania at least as late as 1900.[347] The states had agreed on a resolution, and it was affirmed by an act of Congress on this date.[348][349] Some sources, contemporary and modern, note that, in the original process of resurveying the border in 1892, a very thin, horn-shaped region along the arc was transferred from Delaware to Pennsylvania;[346][349][350] however, no federal maps found reflect this, and it is unclear if this transfer actually occurred.

May 10, 1922
Kingman Reef was formally annexed.[351]
no change to map

October 8, 1923
Michigan expanded its claim to Wisconsin territory, though Wisconsin never lost control over the area.[321]

November 15, 1923
The Swan Islands were claimed by Honduras.[352]
Caribbean Sea:

February 1, 1924
The future area for Madden Lake was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty.[313][353][354]
Caribbean Sea:

March 4, 1925
Swains Island was added to American Samoa.[355]
Pacific Ocean:

July 17, 1925
The border with Canada was adjusted in several places.[356][357] The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered; previously, the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument, while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument. Through this, the United States netted a gain of between 30 and 35 acres of land. Due to the extremely small shift, the lack of specific documentation of where the changes occurred, and the lack of any human impact, this change is not mapped. There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods; due to inaccurate surveying, the previous border intersected itself several times in the lake, creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water. The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. Finally, the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted, netting Canada roughly 9 acres of water.
too small to map

March 1, 1926
The Supreme Court of the United States resolved the conflict between Michigan and Wisconsin in the favor of Wisconsin.[321]

July 29, 1926
Johnston Atoll was established as a federal bird refuge and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Agriculture.[358] The atoll had originally been claimed by both the United States and Hawaii in 1858, but little activity apart from guano mining had taken place, and it had been largely abandoned for decades.[201]
no change to map

November 22, 1926
The Supreme Court of the United States defined the border between Michigan and Wisconsin, transferring all islands south of the Quinnesec Falls on the Menominee River to Wisconsin, and all islands north of the falls to Michigan; it is unknown specifically which islands were transferred in this fashion. However, an error in the border description introduced a small overlap between the two states over several islands in Lake Michigan north of the Door Peninsula.[359]

July 18, 1927
The United States expropriated from Panama another 33 hectares of land on the islands of Taboga and Taboguilla and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone.[335]
too small to map

October 26, 1927
Two bancos along the Colorado River were ceded from Mexico to Arizona.[360][361]
too small to map

December 5, 1927
The "Country Club Dispute" between New Mexico and Texas was resolved in Texas's favor.[362]

April 4, 1928
The Island of Palmas Case was decided in the favor of the Netherlands, ceding Palmas to the Dutch East Indies.[299]
Pacific Ocean:

September 24, 1928
The United States expropriated from Panama three hectares of land at El Cerro de Doscientos Pies ("200-Foot Hill") near Las Minas Bay and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone.[335][342]
too small to map

July 22, 1930
The United States expropriated from Panama 25 hectares on Jicarita Island and 60 hectares at Punta Morro de Puercos and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone.[335]
too small to map

April 15, 1931
The United States expropriated from Panama additional areas around the soon-to-be-built Madden Dam and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone.[335][342]
Caribbean Sea:

May 3, 1932
The United States adjusted the border at Punta Paitilla in the Canal Zone, returning a small amount of land to Panama. This was the site for a planned new American embassy, which had to be built on foreign soil.[363]
too small to map

May 17, 1932
Porto Rico was renamed Puerto Rico.[364]
Caribbean Sea:

December 13, 1932
The Mangsee Islands and seven of the Turtle Islands were ceded by the United Kingdom from North Borneo to the Philippines. The islands were supposed to be included in the 1900 transfer of islands from Spain to the United States. Per the terms of the treaty, the United Kingdom continued to administer the islands until requested, and after its independence, the Philippine government made such a request and took control.[365]
Pacific Ocean:

November 13, 1933
A treaty created the Rio Grande Rectification Project, which, from 1935 to 1938, straightened and stabilized the path of the Rio Grande through the El Paso–Juárez Valley. By the end of the project, 174 parcels had been transferred between Mexico and Texas, each side receiving an equal area of land.[366][367]
too small to map

December 29, 1934
Kingman Reef was placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Navy.[351]
no change to map

March 16, 1936
The de jure overlap between Michigan and Wisconsin was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States.[368]

May 13, 1936
Baker Island, Howland Island, and Jarvis Island were formally annexed and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior,[369] ending the United Kingdom's claim to Jarvis Island.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

June 22, 1936
The U.S. Virgin Islands were organized into a civil territory.[370]
no change to map

August 6, 1936
Canton Island, Enderbury Island, and McKean Island were claimed by the United Kingdom.[242]
Pacific Ocean:

April 6, 1939
The condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands was established with the United Kingdom.[371]
Pacific Ocean:

July 27, 1939
Panama gained a sovereign corridor that was carved out of the Panama Canal Zone connecting Colón with the rest of Panama, along with a three-dimensional "tube" of sovereignty for a future crossing over an American highway. A corridor consisting of the road from the Canal Zone boundary to Madden Dam was annexed to the Canal Zone.[372]
Caribbean Sea:

August 16, 1939
This is the earliest date so far discovered for when the United States began claiming Fakaofo, Funafuti, Hull Island, Niulakita, Nukufetau, and Nukulaelae.[373]
Pacific Ocean:

December 10, 1941
Governor George McMillin surrendered Guam to the Japanese military.[374]
Pacific Ocean:

December 23, 1941
The garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the Japanese military.[375]
Pacific Ocean:

March 26, 1942
The government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines evacuated from the territory in the face of Japanese advance. A government-in-exile would be established in Washington, D.C. on May 17, 1942. The United States Army Forces in the Far East would surrender on April 9, 1942, following the Battle of Bataan, and the final military holdouts would surrender on May 6, 1942, following the Battle of Corregidor.[376]
Pacific Ocean:

October 14, 1943
The Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state of Japan.[376]
Pacific Ocean:

August 10, 1944
Guam was captured from Japan.[374]
Pacific Ocean:

August 17, 1945
The Second Philippine Republic, in exile in Tokyo since April 3, 1945, was dissolved. The process of re-establishing the Commonwealth government on Philippine soil had started on October 23, 1944.[376]
Pacific Ocean:

September 4, 1945
The Japanese garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the United States.[375]
Pacific Ocean:

text: 1946–Present (Decolonization)[edit]

text:
Date
Event
Change Map

July 4, 1946
The Commonwealth of the Philippines became independent as the Republic of the Philippines.[377]
Pacific Ocean:

July 18, 1947
The United Nations entrusted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States.[7]
Pacific Ocean:

January 1, 1949
The Tokelau Islands were incorporated into New Zealand, which inherited the claims on Atafu, Fakaofo, and Nukunono.[378]
Pacific Ocean:

August 1, 1950
Guam was organized into a civil territory.[379][380]
no change to map

August 3, 1950
Kansas and Missouri exchanged small portions of land along the Missouri River, due to shifts in the river following a flood in 1944.[381]

April 11, 1955
Panama's corridor connecting Colón with the rest of Panama was realigned within the Panama Canal Zone. Several three-dimensional "tubes" of sovereignty were also created, allowing Panamanian bridges to pass over rivers and a highway at several locations within the Canal Zone.[382][383]
too small to map

August 23, 1955
Several border locations of the Panama Canal Zone were redefined. Punta Paitilla, the land held on Taboga Island, and the remaining American holdings in Colón and Panama City were ceded to Panama.[313][384]
Caribbean Sea:

January 3, 1959
The Alaska Territory was admitted as the forty-ninth state, Alaska.[385]
Northwestern North America:

August 21, 1959
Most of Hawaii Territory was admitted as the fiftieth state, Hawaii. Palmyra Atoll was excluded from statehood and remained a territory.[230][386]
Pacific Ocean:

August 25, 1961
About 20 acres of land was transferred from Minnesota to North Dakota near Fargo, North Dakota;[176][387] since the area was very small and poorly documented, it is not mapped.
too small to map

January 14, 1964
The Chamizal, a tract of land between El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, was divided between the United States and Mexico.[388]

August 4, 1965
The Cook Islands became self-governing from New Zealand. It claimed the atolls of Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Rakahanga.[389]
Pacific Ocean:

April 25, 1971
The lease of the Corn Islands from Nicaragua was terminated.[331]
no change to map

September 1, 1972
The United States recognized the sovereignty of Honduras over the Swan Islands.[331][390]
Caribbean Sea:

March 1, 1977
The United States claimed maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, within the Dixon Entrance, and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada.[391]
no change to map

May 26, 1977
Several parcels were exchanged between Texas and Mexico along the Rio Grande in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo, Texas,[392] including the Horcón Tract, on which the town of Río Rico was located,[393] and Beaver Island near Roma, Texas. In addition, Mexico ceded 823 acres (3.33 km2) to the U.S., while the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres (8.81 km2) to Mexico, primarily to straighten sections of the Rio Grande for flood control.[394]

October 1, 1978
Tuvalu became independent from the United Kingdom. It claimed the atolls of Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita.[395]
Pacific Ocean:

July 12, 1979
The Republic of Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom. It claimed Birnie Island, Canton Island, Caroline Island, Christmas Island, Enderbury Island, Flint Island, Gardner Island, Hull Island, Malden Island, McKean Island, Phoenix Island, Starbuck Island, Sydney Island, and Vostok Island. This dissolved the condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands.[396]
Pacific Ocean:

October 1, 1979
The Panama Canal Zone was ceded to Panama. The United States and Panama continued to share operational control of the canal until December 31, 1999, when it would be fully turned over to Panama.[397] The United States retained control over several hundred specified areas to be turned over in piecemeal fashion over the years.
Caribbean Sea:

November 24, 1980
The maritime border between the United States and Venezuela was defined.[398]
no change to map

September 17, 1981
The United States recognized the sovereignty of Colombia over Roncador Bank and Serrana Bank, and the claim on Quita Sueño Bank was abandoned by the United States, as it was no longer above the seas at high tide, and thus the government considered it unclaimable.[331][399]
Caribbean Sea:

September 3, 1983
The United States recognized the sovereignty of the New Zealand territory of Tokelau over Atafu, Fakaofo, and Nukunono.[331][400]
Pacific Ocean:

September 8, 1983
The United States recognized the sovereignty of the Cook Islands over Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Rakahanga.[331][401]
Pacific Ocean:

September 23, 1983
The United States recognized the sovereignty of Kiribati over Birnie Island, Canton Island, Caroline Island, Christmas Island, Enderbury Island, Flint Island, Gardner Island, Hull Island, Malden Island, McKean Island, Phoenix Island, Starbuck Island, Sydney Island, and Vostok Island.[331][402]
The United States recognized the sovereignty of Tuvalu over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita.[331][403]

Pacific Ocean:

October 12, 1984
The International Court of Justice made its judgment on where the maritime border should be in the Gulf of Maine between the United States and Canada.[404] No land changed hands. The scope of the case did not include the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island, but the judgment enabled defining the extent of the disputed water area around that island (an area of 210 square nautical miles).[391]
no change to map

October 21, 1986
The Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands became independent as the Republic of the Marshall Islands.[405] The Marshall Islanders had claimed Wake Island as part of their territory since at least 1973, and continued that after independence.[406]
Pacific Ocean:

November 3, 1986
Most of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was dissolved by the United Nations. The districts of Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Yap became independent as the Federated States of Micronesia. The Mariana Islands District, having already been taking moves towards integration with the United States, became a territory of the United States, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.[405]
Pacific Ocean:

June 1, 1990
The maritime border between the United States and the Soviet Union was provisionally defined. The two countries agreed on this date to abide by the terms of the treaty pending its ratification and entry into force,[407] but while it was ratified by the United States Senate on September 16, 1991,[408] it is unknown if either the Soviet Union or its successor state, Russia, ratified it.
no change to map

October 1, 1994
The remaining district of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Palau District, became independent as the Republic of Palau, dissolving the TTPI.[409]
Pacific Ocean:

June 1, 1995
The maritime border between the United States and territories of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea was defined.[410][411]
no change to map

January 16, 1997
Navassa Island was transferred to the United States Department of the Interior.[412][413]
no change to map

November 13, 1997
The maritime border between the United States and Mexico was defined.[414]
no change to map

December 31, 1999
All former Panama Canal Zone parcels not turned over since 1979, as well as all joint canal operations areas, were transferred to Panama.
too small to map

January 17, 2001
The maritime border between the United States and Mexico on the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles was defined.[415]
no change to map

November 24, 2009
Six islands along the Rio Grande were ceded from Texas to Mexico, and three islands and two bancos were ceded from Mexico to Texas. The transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.[361][416]
too small to map

September 23, 2014
The maritime border between the United States and Niue was defined.[417] The treaty was signed on May 13, 1997, but it was not ratified by the United States until at least 2002, and the United Nations shows it as entering into force on this date.[418]
no change to map

January 1, 2017
The border between North Carolina and South Carolina was clarified following years of surveys and negotiation, moving 19 homes across state lines.[419][420]
too small to map

text: Bancos along the Rio Grande[edit]

text: The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.[421] The sudden changes often created bancos, land left behind when curves in the river are cut off by rapid erosion of the channel or are intentionally cut to re-align it. When these bancos are created, the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.[422] In all cases of these adjustments under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging in size from 1 acre to 646 acres) and uninhabited.[423][424]

tag: p