document_title: Only Fools and Horses

question_text: where was only fools and horses flat filmed

text: Only Fools and Horses

text: Plot[edit]

text: Derek "Del Boy" Trotter (played by David Jason), a fast-talking, archetypal South London 'fly' trader, lives in a council flat in a high-rise tower block, Nelson Mandela House, in Peckham, South London, with his much younger brother, Rodney Trotter (Nicholas Lyndhurst), and their elderly Grandad (Lennard Pearce).[1] Their mother, Joan, died when Rodney was young, and their father Reg absconded soon afterwards, so Del became Rodney's surrogate father and the family patriarch. Despite the difference in age, personality, and outlook, the brothers share a constant bond throughout.[2]

text: The situation focuses primarily on their attempts to become millionaires through questionable get rich quick schemes and by buying and selling poor-quality and illegal goods. They have a three-wheeled Reliant Regal van and trade under the name of Trotters Independent Traders, mainly on the black market.[2]

text: Initially, Del Boy, Rodney and Grandad were the only regulars, along with the occasional appearances of roadsweeper Trigger (Roger Lloyd-Pack) and pretentious used car salesman Boycie (John Challis). Over time, the cast expanded, mostly in the form of regulars at the local pub The Nag's Head. These included pub landlord Mike (Kenneth MacDonald), lorry driver Denzil (Paul Barber), youthful spiv Mickey Pearce (Patrick Murray) and Boycie's flirtatious wife Marlene (Sue Holderness).[2]

text: As the series progressed, the scope of the plots expanded. Many early episodes were largely self-contained, with few plot-lines mentioned again, but the show developed a story arc and an ongoing episodic dimension. After Grandad died following the death of actor Lennard Pearce, his younger brother Uncle Albert (Buster Merryfield) emerged and moved in with Del and Rodney.[1] After years of searching, both Del and Rodney find long-term love, in the form of Raquel (Tessa Peake-Jones) and Cassandra (Gwyneth Strong) respectively; Del also has a son with Raquel, Damien (played by five actors, most recently Ben Smith). Rodney and Cassandra marry, separate and then get back together again. Cassandra miscarries, but then she and Rodney eventually have a baby. Rodney finds out who his real father was. The Trotters finally become millionaires, lose their fortune, and then regain some of it.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1980, John Sullivan, a scriptwriter under contract at the BBC, was already well known as the writer of the successful sitcom Citizen Smith. It came to an end that year and Sullivan was searching for a new project. An initial idea for a comedy set in the world of football was rejected by the BBC, as was his alternative idea, a sitcom centring on a cockney market trader in working class, modern-day London. The latter idea persisted.[4] Through Ray Butt, a BBC producer and director whom Sullivan had met and become friends with when they were working on Citizen Smith, a draft script was shown to the Corporation's Head of Comedy, John Howard Davies. Davies commissioned Sullivan to write a full series. Sullivan believed the key factor in its being accepted was the success of ITV's new drama, Minder, a series with a similar premise and also set in modern-day London.[5]

text: Sullivan had initially given the show the working title Readies. For the actual title he intended to use, as a reference to the protagonist's tax and work-evading lifestyle, Only Fools and Horses. That name was based on a genuine, though very obscure, saying, "only fools and horses work for a living", which had its origins in 19th-century American vaudeville.[6] Only Fools and Horses had also been the title of an episode of Citizen Smith, and Sullivan liked the expression and thought it was suited to the new sitcom.[7] He also thought longer titles would attract attention.[6] He was first overruled on the grounds that the audience would not understand the title, but he eventually got his way.[8]

text: Filming of the first series began in May 1981, and the first episode, "Big Brother", was transmitted on BBC1 at 8.30 pm on 8 September that year. It attracted 9.2 million viewers[9] and generally received a lukewarm response from critics.[10] The viewing figures for the whole first series, which averaged at around 7 million, were considered mediocre.[1] The costumes for the first series were designed by Phoebe De Gaye. Del's attire was inspired by her going to car boot sales. The budget was limited, and she took David Jason shopping in Oxford Street, and had him try a variety of suits. De Gaye purchased some gaily coloured Gabicci shirts, which were fashionable at the time and she thought "horrible".[11] Del's rings and bracelet were made of fake gold and came from Chapel Market. Rodney's combat jacket came from the BBC's Costume Department, and De Gaye added a Yasser Arafat scarf purchased from Shepherd's Bush Market. De Gaye used Vaseline, make-up, and food to make Grandad's costume look dirty. The idea was that he never had his hat off, never dressed properly, usually had pyjamas underneath his clothes, which would be dirty.[11]

text: A second series was commissioned for 1982. The second series fared a little better. However, both the first and second series had a repeat run in June 1983 in a more low-key time slot, but attracted a high enough viewing figure for Davies to commission a third series.[12] From there, the show began to top the television ratings. Viewing figures for the fourth series were double those of the first.[13] In early December 1984,[14] during the filming of Series 4, Lennard Pearce suffered a heart attack and was taken to hospital.[15] He died on 16 December, the day he was due to resume.[15] Sullivan got to work with the episode "Strained Relations" which featured their goodbye to Grandad.[16] According to Sullivan, recasting Grandad was considered disrespectful to Pearce by the team, so it was decided that another older family member was to be cast. Buster Merryfield was then cast as Grandad's brother Albert.[17] The scenes of "Hole in One" that featured Pearce were re-filmed with Merryfield.[18]

text: Midway through the filming of the fifth series, Jason told Sullivan that he wished to leave the show in order to further his career elsewhere. Sullivan thus wrote "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", which was intended to be the final episode and would see Del accepting a friend's offer to set up business in Australia, leaving Rodney and Albert behind. Plans were made for a spin-off entitled Hot-Rod, which would have followed Rodney's attempts to survive on his own with help from Mickey Pearce, but leaving open the prospect of Del's return. Jason then changed his mind, and the ending of the episode was changed to show Del rejecting the offer.[19]

text: Sullivan had a tendency to write scripts that were too long, meaning a lot of good material had to be cut. Shortly before filming of the sixth series began, he and Jason requested that the show's time slot be extended and it was agreed to extend its running time to 50 minutes.[20] This required a 40 per cent increase in the show's budget,[21] and coincided with the show becoming one of the BBC's most popular programmes, according to producer Gareth Gwenlan.[22] Robin Stubbs became the costume designer for the sixth series, and was responsible for getting Del's attire to match his new yuppy image. His new suits cost around £200 each and were purchased from Austin Reed in Regent Street. The rest came from stores such as Tie-Rack and Dickins and Jones. His jewellery was replaced each series because it was very cheap (the rings with "D" cost 50p each).[11]

text: The seventh series aired in early 1991.[3] Jason and Sullivan were involved with other projects, and it was confirmed that there were no plans for a new series.[23] Despite this, the show continued in Christmas specials until 1993.[23] Sullivan nonetheless wanted a final episode to tie up the show.[23] In late 1996, three more one-hour episodes were filmed,[23] to be broadcast over Christmas 1996.[3] All three were well received and, due to the ending, were assumed to be the last.[24] The show made a return in Christmas 2001 with the first of three new episodes which were shot together but ultimately broadcast over three consecutive Christmases from 2001 to 2003.[25][3] Despite rumours of further episodes,[26] in a 2008 interview, Sullivan was quoted as saying: "There will not be another series of Only Fools And Horses. I can say that. We had our day, it was wonderful but it is best to leave it now".[27] Though Sullivan died in 2011, it returned for a special Sport Relief episode in 2014.[28]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast and characters[edit]

text: Derek Edward "Del Boy" Trotter (David Jason) — Del was an archetypal South London market trader, willing to sell anything to anyone to make money. Del was devoted to his family, taking care of Rodney and Grandad on his own from the age of 16. Del was also known for his penchant for his cultural faux pas, in particular his misuse of French phrases. Del never settled down with a woman until he met Raquel, with whom he had a son, Damien.[29][30]

text:
Rodney Charlton Trotter (Nicholas Lyndhurst) — Rodney is Del's younger brother, and is more academically gifted, although only to the extent of two GCEs.[33] Orphaned when young, Rodney was raised by Del. His principal role throughout the show was as Del's lackey and sidekick. Much of the conflict between the two came from Rodney's dislike of his reliance on Del, and his unsuccessful attempts to gain greater independence through girlfriends or by setting up his own businesses; he was only partially successful after marrying Cassandra and briefly going to work for her father.[34] In contrast to Del Boy, the part of Rodney was cast early, with Lyndhurst settled on quickly. Sullivan partly based Rodney on his own experiences; he, too, had a much older sibling and, like Rodney, claims to have been a dreamer and an idealist in his youth.[35]
Grandad (Lennard Pearce) — Del and Rodney's elderly grandad was added to the cast to balance the three distinct generations, adding the voice of experience to the situation.[35] In casting the role of Grandad, Sullivan had in mind an actor similar to Wilfrid Brambell, who had played Albert Steptoe in Steptoe and Son, but chose not to use Brambell himself, thinking him too closely associated with Steptoe.[31] After seeing Pearce's audition, Sullivan settled on casting him immediately.[5] Scruffy and daft, although sometimes displaying a razor sharp wit, Grandad rarely left the flat or even moved from his armchair in front of two television sets. Despite his age he was invariably treated as a dogsbody by Del and Rodney, often being assigned mundane jobs around the flat such as cooking meals.[36] Pearce died in 1984 whilst filming the series four episode "Hole in One" (several scenes were subsequently re-shot with Buster Merryfield)[37] and Sullivan wrote a new episode, "Strained Relations", which featured Grandad's funeral.[38]
Uncle Albert (Buster Merryfield) — Shortly after the death of Lennard Pearce, it was decided that a new older family member should be brought in, which eventually led to "Uncle Albert", Grandad's long-lost younger brother. Merryfield was an inexperienced amateur actor at the time, but was selected because he appeared to fit the description of an old sailor, especially with his distinctive white "Captain Birdseye" beard.[39] Albert first appeared at Grandad's funeral, and soon moved in with Del and Rodney.[40] His wartime experiences with the Royal Navy became one of the show's running gags,[40] usually begun with the words "During the war...".[41] Merryfield died in 1999 and Albert's death was written into the next episode.[42][43]

text: Supporting cast and characters[edit]

text:
Trigger (Roger Lloyd-Pack) — Trigger, apparently so called because he looks like a horse, was the principal supporting character earlier in the show's run, although his importance lessened as the series progressed.[44] Lloyd Pack was cast by pure chance: Ray Butt, who hired him to portray Trigger after seeing him in a stage play, had only attended that play to observe potential Del Boy actor Billy Murray.[45] A daft road sweeper most frequently seen in the Nag's Head, Trigger was initially portrayed as a small-time thief, supplying Del with dubious goods.[44] In later episodes he came to adopt the 'village idiot' role, and believes that Rodney's real name is Dave.[46]
Boycie (John Challis) — A shady used car salesman and a frightful snob. Boycie, a freemason, was very self-centred and prone to boasting about his high social status.[47][48] Challis had played a similar character in an episode of Citizen Smith. Sullivan liked him, and promised to cast him in a future series, which led to Boycie.[47] Boycie later featured in a spin-off series, The Green Green Grass, starting in 2005, in which he and his wife Marlene fled from a criminal gang.[49]
Raquel Turner (Tessa Peake-Jones) — Raquel was introduced because Sullivan wanted more female characters and for Del to start meeting more mature women. Her first appearance, in "Dates", was intended to be a one-off, but she was written in again a year later and thereafter became a permanent cast member.[50] An ambitious trained singer and actress whose career never took off, she met Del through a dating agency, but they fell out over her part-time job as a stripper, before getting together again. This time she moved in with Del, helping to mellow him, and they had a son together, named Damien. As the character unfolded, it was revealed that she was previously married to Del's nemesis, DCI Roy Slater.[51][52]
Cassandra Trotter (Gwyneth Strong) — Cassandra first met Rodney in "Yuppy Love". Their relationship blossomed, and by the end of series six the two had married. But her high career ambitions caused conflict with Rodney, and their troubled marriage was one of the main storylines later in the show's run.[53]
Marlene Boyce (Sue Holderness)  — Marlene was initially just an unseen character, occasionally mentioned by her husband, Boycie. She was a cheerful woman who desired a child. Details were occasionally revealed about Marlene's prior reputation as being popular with the local men.[54] She did finally have a son, Tyler.[55]
Denzil Tulser (Paul Barber) — An easy-going Liverpudlian lorry driver,[56] Denzil was often on the receiving end of Del's scams. His inability to say no to Del's business deals frequently led to conflict with his domineering wife, Corrine (Eva Mottley), who was only sighted once, in "Who's a Pretty Boy?".[57] Sullivan had planned to bring Corrine back for more episodes, but after Mottley's death in 1985, he opted to make her an unseen character rather than use another actress.[58]
Mickey Pearce (Patrick Murray) — Mickey was a young, obnoxious spiv and friend of Rodney's, known for his exaggerated boasts about his success in business or with women. Despite their friendship, Mickey often took advantage of Rodney's gullibility by stealing his girlfriends or making off with all the money from their business partnership.[59]
Mike Fisher (Kenneth MacDonald) — The landlord of the Nag's Head, although not from the very beginning; his predecessor was never seen, with just a succession of barmaids providing service. Good natured and somewhat gullible, he was often targeted by Del as a potential customer for any goods he was selling. When Kenneth MacDonald died in 2001, a storyline involving Mike's imprisonment for attempting to embezzle the brewery was written, and cafe owner Sid took over as interim pub landlord.[60]
Damien Trotter (various) — Damien was Del and Raquel's son. It was Rodney's mocking suggestion that he be named Damien. Six actors played Damien: Patrick McManus (1991), Grant Stevens (1991), Robert Liddement (1992), Jamie Smith (1993–96), Douglas Hodge (1996, as adult), and Ben Smith (2001–03).[61]
Sid (Roy Heather) — Sid made sporadic appearances throughout the show's run, mainly as the proprietor of the run-down and unhygienic local cafe. Sid fought in the war and it is revealed in the episode "The Jolly Boys' Outing" that he was captured and imprisoned. After Nag's Head landlord Mike was imprisoned, Sid took over and kept that role for the remainder of the series.[62]

text: Minor cast and characters[edit]

text: The most frequent roles for guest actors in Only Fools and Horses were as Del or Rodney's once-seen girlfriends, barmaids at the Nag's Head, or individuals the Trotters were doing business with. Del and Rodney's deceased mother, Joan, though never seen, cropped up in Del's embellished accounts of her, or in his attempts to emotionally blackmail Rodney. Her grave – a flamboyant monument – was seen occasionally.[63] Their absent father, Reg, appeared once in "Thicker Than Water" (played by Peter Woodthorpe), before leaving under a cloud, never to be seen again.[64] Other members of the Trotter family were rarely sighted, the exceptions being the woman they believe to be Auntie Rose (Beryl Cooke) in "The Second Time Around",[65] and cousins Stan and Jean (Mike Kemp and Maureen Sweeney), who attended Grandad's funeral.[66] When Rodney met Cassandra, her father Alan Parry (Denis Lill) became a recurring character.[67] Raquel's parents, James and Audrey (Michael Jayston and Ann Lynn), appeared in "Time On Our Hands", and it was James who discovered the antique watch which made the Trotters millionaires.[68]

text: In some episodes, a guest character was essential to the plot. Del's ex-fiancee Pauline (Jill Baker) dominated Del's libido in "The Second Time Around",[69] prompting Rodney and Grandad to leave. In "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", Del's old business partner Jumbo Mills (Nick Stringer) wanted Del to return to Australia with him and restore their partnership, forcing Del to make a decision.[70] An attempt by Lennox (Vas Blackwood) to rob a local supermarket set-up the "hostage" situation in "The Longest Night".[71] Del and Rodney spent the whole of "Tea for Three" battling each other for the affections of Trigger's niece Lisa (Gerry Cowper).[72] Abdul (Tony Anholt) in "To Hull and Back" and Arnie (Philip McGough) in "Chain Gang" were responsible for setting up dubious enterprises involving the Trotters in their respective episodes.[73] Tony Angelino (Philip Pope), the singing dustman with a speech impediment, was the key to the humour and the storyline of "Stage Fright" and EastEnders actor Derek Martin guest starred in Fatal Extraction.[74]

text: Del's nemesis from his school days, corrupt policeman DCI Roy Slater (played by Jim Broadbent), made three appearances, in "May The Force Be With You", "To Hull and Back" and "Class of '62".[75] Feared local villains, the Driscoll Brothers (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan) featured once, in "Little Problems", but were mentioned in two previous episodes ("Video Nasty" and "The Frog's Legacy"),[76] and are important in the story of The Green Green Grass.[77] A grown-up Damien (Douglas Hodge) appeared in "Heroes and Villains".[78] Rodney and Mickey's friends, the smooth-talking Jevon (Steven Woodcock) and then, briefly, Chris (Tony Marshall), a ladies' hairdresser, featured sporadically during the sixth and seventh series and the intervening Christmas specials.[79] The two-part 1991 Christmas special, "Miami Twice", saw Richard Branson and Barry Gibb make cameo appearances.[80] Mike Read appeared as himself, hosting an episode of "Top Of The Pops", in "It's Only Rock and Roll" and Jonathan Ross appeared as himself in "If They Could See Us Now".[81][3]

text: While their characters were less significant, well-known actors who played cameos in the programme included Joan Sims, best known for her numerous roles in the Carry On films,[63] who guest-starred in the feature-length episode "The Frog's Legacy" as an aunt of Trigger and old friend of Del's late mother;[63] Hollywood star David Thewlis, who played a young wannabe musician in "It's Only Rock and Roll";[82] John Bardon, who played the role of Jim Branning in the soap opera "EastEnders", as the supermarket security officer in "The Longest Night".[83] Walter Sparrow, who appeared as Dirty Barry in "Danger UXD", went on to appear in several Hollywood films.[84]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Sixty-three episodes of Only Fools and Horses, all written by John Sullivan, were broadcast on BBC1 between 8 September 1981 and 25 December 2003.[85][86] The show was aired in seven series (1981–83, 1985–86, 1989 and 1990–91), and thereafter in sporadic Christmas special editions (1991–93, 1996, 2001–03).[3] All earlier episodes had a running time of 30 minutes, but this was extended after Series Six (1989), and all subsequent episodes had a running time ranging from 50 to 95 minutes.[3]

text: Several mini-episodes were produced.[87] An eight-minute episode aired on 27 December 1982 as part of a show hosted by Frank Muir, The Funny Side of Christmas, and attracted 7.2 million viewers.[87] A 5-minute spoof BBC documentary was shown on Breakfast Time on 24 December 1985, with Del being investigated by a BBC consumer expert.[87] An educational episode named "Licensed to Drill", in which Del, Rodney and Grandad discuss oil drilling, was recorded in 1984 but only shown in schools.[88] A 5-minute 1990–91 Persian Gulf War special (dated 1 December 1990) has Del, Rodney, and Albert convey a message to British troops serving in the conflict.[87] It has never been broadcast commercially, but a copy exists at the Imperial War Museum, London.[89] A Comic Relief special showing Del, Rodney and Albert making an appeal for donations was shown on 14 March 1997, with 10.6 million viewers.[90] A Sport Relief special was aired on 21 March 2014.[91]

text: Only Fools and Horses had two producers: Ray Butt from 1981 to 1987,[92] and Gareth Gwenlan thereafter.[93] Seven directors were used: Martin Shardlow directed all episodes in series one,[94] Bernard Thompson directed the 1981 Christmas special,[95] Susan Belbin series four,[96] and Mandie Fletcher series five.[97] Butt directed series three and five, as well as the 1985, 1986 and 1987 Christmas specials.[92] Tony Dow became the established director after 1988, directing all subsequent episodes, bar the first part of Miami Twice, which was directed by Gareth Gwenlan.[98] John Sullivan was executive producer on seven of the final eight episodes.[99]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses is one of the UK's most popular sitcoms. It was among the ten most-watched television shows of the year in the UK in 1986,[100] 1989,[101] 1990,[102] 1991,[103] 1992,[104] 1993,[105] 1996,[106] 2001,[107] 2002[108] and 2003.[109] The 1996 Christmas trilogy of "Heroes and Villains", "Modern Men" and "Time On Our Hands" saw the show's peak. The first two attracted 21.3 million viewers,[110][111] while the third episode – at the time believed to be the final one – got 24.3 million,[112] a record audience for a British sitcom.[113] Repeat episodes also attract millions of viewers,[114] and the BBC has received criticism for repeating the show too often.[115][116]

text: Only Fools and Horses won the BAFTA award for best comedy series in 1985,[117] 1988[118] and 1996,[119] was nominated in 1983,[120] 1986,[121] 1989,[122] 1990[123] and 1991,[124] and won the audience award in 2004. David Jason received individual BAFTAs for his portrayal of Del Boy in 1990[125] and 1996.[126] The series won a National Television Award in 1997 for most popular comedy series;[127] Jason won two individual awards, in 1997 and 2002.[127] At the British Comedy Awards, the show was named best BBC sitcom for 1990,[128] and received the People's Choice award in 1997.[129] It also won the Royal Television Society best comedy award in 1997 and two Television and Radio Industries Club Awards for comedy programme of the year, in 1984 and 1997.[130] John Sullivan received the Writers' Guild of Great Britain comedy award in 1997.[131]

text: The show regularly features in polls to find the most popular comedy series, moments and characters. It was voted Britain's Best Sitcom in a 2004 BBC poll,[132] and came 45th in the British Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes.[133] It was 3rd on a subsequent viewers' poll on the BFI website.[134] Empire magazine ranked Only Fools and Horses #42 on their list of the 50 greatest television shows of all time.[135] It was also named the funniest British sitcom of all time through a scientific formula, in a study by Gold.[136] Scenes such as Del Boy's fall through a bar flap in "Yuppy Love" and the Trotters accidentally smashing a priceless chandelier in "A Touch of Glass" have become recognisable British comedy moments, invariably topping polls of comedy viewers.[137][138][139][140] Del Boy was voted the most popular British television character of all time in a survey by Open....[141] and came fourth in a Channel 4 list of Britain's best-loved television characters.[142] A Onepoll survey found that Only Fools and Horses was the television series Britons would most like to see return.[143]

text: Theme music and titles[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses has separate theme songs for the opening and closing credits, "Only Fools and Horses" and "Hooky Street", respectively.[144] The original theme tune was produced by Ronnie Hazlehurst and recorded on 6 August 1981 at Lime Grove Studios. Alf Bigden, Paul Westwood, Don Hunt, John Dean, Judd Proctor, Eddie Mordue, and Rex Morris were hired to play the music. The tune was changed after the first series, and the new one was written by John Sullivan (he disliked the tune for the first series, and his new one explained the show's title[145]), and Hazlehurst conducted it. It was recorded at Lime Grove on 11 May 1982, with musicians John Horler, Dave Richmond, Bigden, and Proctor. Sullivan wanted the band Chas & Dave singing, but this was not possible due to their single Ain't No Pleasing You being successful in the charts.[146] Sullivan had intended for Chas & Dave to sing it because they had enjoyed success with the "Rockney" style, a mixture of rock n' roll and traditional Cockney music.[147] Sullivan was persuaded to do it himself by Ray Butt.[146] Despite the creation of a new theme tune, the original one remained in occasional use.[145] Chas & Dave did later contribute to the show, performing the closing credits song for the 1989 episode "The Jolly Boys' Outing".[148] Both songs are performed by Sullivan himself, and not – as is sometimes thought – by Nicholas Lyndhurst.[149]

text: The opening credits see images of the three principal actors peel on and off the screen sequentially. These appear over a background of still photographs of everyday life in South London. The sequence was conceived by graphic designer, Peter Clayton, as a "metaphor for the vagaries of the Trotters' lifestyle", whereby money was earned and quickly lost again. Clayton had also considered using five-pound notes having Del's face. The action was shot manually frame by frame, and took around six weeks to complete. Clayton knew that it was important to have the characters established in the titles, and prepared a storyboard depicting his ideas using drawings. He photographed various locations with a photographer, and the titles were shot using a rostrum camera and not edited. Brian Stephens, a professional animator, was hired to create the labels' movement.[150]

text: Clayton returned to the show when the titles were changed: for "Christmas Crackers," he re-cut the entire sequence, and added Christmas items. Another change was made necessary by Lennard Pearce's death and Buster Merryfield joining the cast, so the pictures of David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst were updated too. The sequence was shot on motor drive.[150]

text: The closing credits for the programme varied series by series. The first series used peeling labels featuring the names of the cast and crew, mirroring the opening sequence, but these had to be updated with every new episode, making the process very time-consuming; from the second series the credits switched to a standard rolling format. The third series featured additional symbols. For the fourth series, these designs were replaced with white lettering on a black background. The fifth series had a black and white background, but the sixth series reverted to the black one. For the seventh series, the credits scrolled against a freeze frame of the final scene.[150]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The original "Nelson Mandela House" in the titles was Harlech Tower, Park Road East, Acton, London, and since 1988, was filmed at Whitemead House, Duckmoor Road, Ashton, Bristol.[151]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: In addition to its mainstream popularity, Only Fools and Horses has also developed a cult following. The Only Fools and Horses Appreciation Society, established in 1993, has a membership of around 7,000,[152] publishes a quarterly newsletter, Hookie Street, and organises annual conventions of fans, usually attended by cast members. The Society has also organised an Only Fools and Horses museum, containing props from the series, including Del's camel-hair coat and the Trotters' Ford Capri.[153] It was named one of the top 20 cult television programmes of all-time by TV critic Jeff Evans. Evans spoke of:

text:
“
"[shows] such as Only Fools and Horses, which gets tremendous viewing figures but does inspire conventions of fans who meet in pubs called the Nag's Head and wander round dressed as their favourite characters"[154]
”

text: Only Fools and Horses – and consequently John Sullivan – is credited with the popularisation in Britain of several words and phrases used by Del Boy regularly, particularly "Plonker",[155] meaning a fool or an idiot, and two expressions of delight or approval: "Cushty"[155] and "Lovely jubbly". The latter was borrowed from an advertising slogan for a popular 1960s orange juice drink, called Jubbly, which was packaged in a pyramid shaped, waxed paper carton. Sullivan remembered it and thought it was an expression Del Boy would use; in 2003, the phrase was incorporated into the new Oxford English Dictionary.[156]

text: Owing to its exposure on Only Fools and Horses, the Reliant Regal van is now often linked with the show in the British media.[157][158][159] The one used by the Trotters has attained cult status and is currently on display at the Cars of the Stars exhibition at the National Motor Museum, alongside many other vehicles from British and American television and movies, such as the Batmobile and the DeLorean from Back to the Future.[160] Boxer Ricky Hatton, a fan of the show, purchased one of the original vans in 2004.[161] Another of the vans used in the series was sold at auction in the UK for £44,000 in February 2007.[162]

text: During the media frenzy surrounding The Independent's revelations that the new bottled water Dasani, marketed by Coca-Cola, was in fact just purified tap water from Sidcup, mocking parallels were made with the Only Fools and Horses episode, "Mother Nature's Son", in which Del sells tap water as "Peckham Spring".[163] In the closing ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics, the Trotters' yellow Reliant van appeared on stage, along with two characters dressed as Batman and Robin, a reference to the Only Fools and Horses episode "Heroes and Villains".[164]

text: A character is referred to as "a bit of a Del Boy" in the Doctor Who episode "Father's Day".[165]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Four episodes ("The Long Legs of the Law", "A Losing Streak", "No Greater Love" and "The Yellow Peril") were re-edited for audio purposes and released on audio cassette on 12 October 1998. The cassette was re-released in October 2000.[166]

text: A 4-minute show named "Royal Variety Performance" was shown on 27 November 1988 (viewed by 18.14 million people) and had Del, Rodney, and Albert appear on the Royal Variety Show.[87] It was staged on 24 November 1986, and the plot saw David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst and Buster Merryfield appear on stage in character, thinking that they are delivering boxes of alcohol to an associate of Del's, only later realising where they actually are.[167] They also mistake the Duchess of York for Del's associate.[168]

text: An idea of an Only Fools and Horses stage show was mooted by Ray Butt, following the success of other sit-com crossovers such as Dad's Army and Are You Being Served?. Sullivan wasn't keen, owing to his work on Just Good Friends as well as Only Fools and Horses, and inexperience with the theatre, so nothing came of it.[12]

text: A six-part documentary series titled "The Story of Only Fools and Horses", began on 29 August 2017 on Gold and it will be shown over six weeks. The series features rare and unseen footage from the Trotter archives and specially re-created moments from Del Boy's family and friends.[169]

text: International remakes[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses was sold to countries throughout the world. Australia, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Malta, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, South Africa, Spain and Yugoslavia are among those who purchased it.[170] In all former Yugoslav countries in which Serbo-Croatian is spoken the title was Mućke (or Мућке in Cyrillic script), which can roughly be translated as "shady deals." In Macedonia, it's Spletki (Сплетки in Cyrillic). In Slovenia, however, the show was coined Samo bedaki in konji, which is a literal Slovenian translation of the original English title. The show has enjoyed particular popularity in the former Yugoslavia, and is regarded as a cult series in Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.[171]

text: A number of overseas re-makes have also been produced. A Dutch version aired for one series in 1995, entitled Wat schuift't? (What's it worth?). The Trotters were renamed the Aarsmans and it starred Johnny Kraaykamp jnr. as Stef (Del), Sacco Van der Made as Grandad and Kasper van Kooten as Robbie (Rodney), and was shown on RTL 4.[172] A Portuguese re-make, O Fura-Vidas, a local expression for someone who lives outside the law, ran for three series from 1999 to 2001. It was a literal translation of the British version, with all episodes based on the originals. It centred on the Fintas family, who live in Sapadores, a neighbourhood in Lisbon, and starred Miguel Guilherme as Quim (Del), Canto e Castro as Grandad, and Ivo Canelas as Joca (Rodney). In this Portuguese version the Reliant's equivalent was a 1988 Suzuki Super Carry.[173] A Slovenian re-make, called Brat bratu (Brother to Brother), was broadcast from 2008 to 2009. All episodes were based on the original British storylines, and it was made in co-operation with John Sullivan. It featured brothers Brane (Brane Šturbej) and Bine (Jure Drevenšek), who moved from Maribor to Ljubljana. The series also stars Peter Ternovšek as Grandad. It was directed by Branko Đurić. The series was cancelled after thirteen episodes due to poor ratings.[174]

text: There have been several plans to produce an American version. One was to be a star vehicle for former M*A*S*H actor Harry Morgan, with Grandad rather than Del becoming the lead character.[175] The other, entitled This Time Next Year..., would have seen the Trotters renamed the Flannagans. A draft script was written for the latter,[176] but neither show materialised. In 2010 Steve Carell, star of the US version of The Office, expressed an interest in making an American version of the series, with him to star as Del Boy.[177] In January 2012 US network ABC commissioned a pilot of an Only Fools and Horses remake titled "King of Van Nuys", written by Scrubs writers Steven Cragg and Brian Bradley.[178] It was developed, rejected and then redeveloped – only to be rejected again later in the year. The pilot starred John Leguizamo as Del, Dustin Ybarra as his brother Rodney and Christopher Lloyd as Grandad.[179]

text: A parody called Only Jerks and Horses was written by David Walliams and Matt Lucas and directed by Edgar Wright in 1997.[180]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The Green Green Grass[edit]

text: A spin-off of Only Fools and Horses entitled The Green Green Grass, also written by John Sullivan and directed by Tony Dow, was first aired in the UK in September 2005.[181] Sullivan had considered writing a sitcom around the popular characters of Boycie and Marlene (John Challis and Sue Holderness) since the mid-1980s, but it was not until the series finally ended that the idea came to fruition. The Green Green Grass sees Boycie and Marlene forced to leave Peckham by one-time Only Fools and Horses villains, the Driscoll Brothers, and has included guest appearances by Denzil (Paul Barber) and Sid (Roy Heather). A second series of The Green Green Grass was broadcast in the UK in October 2006,[182] a third in November 2007[183] and a fourth in January 2009.[184]

text: Rock & Chips[edit]

text: In 2003, it was reported that Sullivan was developing a prequel to the original series, Once Upon a Time in Peckham, which would feature Del as a youngster in the 1960s, and have a prominent role for his parents.[185] In 2009, it was again reported that the BBC were considering commissioning the show, although nothing was confirmed.[186] On 5 April 2009, Sullivan told The Mail on Sunday that he was planning a prequel to Only Fools and Horses which would star Nicholas Lyndhurst as Freddie "The Frog" Robdal, a local criminal and Rodney's biological father; Robdal was the focus of the episode "The Frog's Legacy".[187]

text: On 3 July 2009, the BBC revealed that the title of the spin-off would be Sex, Drugs & Rock ‘n’ Chips, and would be a 90-minute comedy drama.[188] The title was subsequently changed to Rock & Chips.[189] Filming began in August 2009, and it was shown on BBC One at 9pm on 24 January 2010.[190] In October 2009 it was confirmed that Lyndhurst would star as Robdal.[191] The Inbetweeners and Off The Hook actor James Buckley played the role of the young Del Boy.[191]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Only Fools and Horses spawned many merchandising spin-offs. Several books have been published, such as "The Only Fools and Horses Story" by Steve Clark[192] and "The Complete A-Z of Only Fools and Horses" by Richard Webber,[193] both of which detail the history of the series. The scripts have been published in a three-volume compendium, "The Bible of Peckham".[194]

text: It has been released on VHS, DVD and audio CD in several guises. A DVD collection containing every episode was issued, along with various other special edition box-sets, such as a tin based on their Reliant Regal. Videos and DVDs of Only Fools and Horses continue to be among the BBC's biggest-selling items, having sold over 6 million VHS copies and 1 million DVDs in the UK.[195][196]

text: Two board games based on the show were released: a Monopoly-style game, the "Trotters Trading Game", in which participants attempt to emulate the Trotters and become millionaires,[197] and another game set in their local pub, entitled the "Nag's Head Board Game".[198]

text: In October 2015, He Who Dares..., a fictional autobiography, was released by Ebury Press. The book was written with the backing of John Sullivan's estate.[199][200][201]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewisohn, Mark. "Only Fools and Horses". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Darren. "Only Fools and Horses (1981-96)". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. pp. 290–316.
Jump up ^ Clark, Steve (1998). The Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 12.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. p. 52.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. pp. 52–55.
Jump up ^ "Big Brother". BBC. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 78.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 84.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 92–93.
Jump up ^ Webber, Richard; Dr John Sullivan (2003). The Complete A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. Orion. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 100.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 102.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 102–104.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 104.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 116–118.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 120,121.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 121.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 136-139.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 140–143.
Jump up ^ "Only Fools And Horses to return". BBC. 6 August 2001. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "David Jason suggests Only Fools and Horses could return". British Comedy Guide. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Lemanski, Dominik (10 February 2008). "Del Boy is Dead". Daily Star Sunday. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (4 January 2014). "Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch". The Independent. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 211,212.
Jump up ^ "Del's Lingo". BBC. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Webber (2003). "History of the sitcom". A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 96–102.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Xan (26 November 2014). "Jim Broadbent – the actor who rejected an OBE. And Only Fools and Horses". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rodney". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 215.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 212,213.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 52, 104–106.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 185.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 102–103.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 209,210.
Jump up ^ "Uncle Albert". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 136.
Jump up ^ Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. p. 254.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 207,208.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 60.
Jump up ^ "Trigger". BBC. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 39,40.
Jump up ^ "Boycie". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark (2011). The Official Inside Story. pp. 271,273.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 102.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 217,218.
Jump up ^ "Raquel". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 210.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 38.
Jump up ^ "Marlene". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Denzil". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 55,56,63,64.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. p. 98.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 155,156.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 73,74,129–131.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 210.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 176.
^ Jump up to: a b c Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 214.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 214,215.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 169.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 110,184.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 150.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 217.
Jump up ^ BBC Comedy Greats (12 March 2010), There's No Calories in Weed Killer – Only Fools and Horses – BBC, retrieved 13 May 2016
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 235,236.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 126,127.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 192,193.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 47,202,204.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 71,182,183.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 178.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 66,67.
Jump up ^ "Sue Holderness Interview". Gold. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 50,111.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 137.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 108.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 194.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 182.
Jump up ^ Clark (1998). Only Fools and Horses Story. pp. 146–158.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. p. 312.
Jump up ^ "Specials". The Nag's Head. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 95.
Jump up ^ McCann (2012). The Story of Britain's Favourite Comedy. pp. 312,313.
Jump up ^ "Sport Relief TV revealed". Sport Relief. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 45.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 85.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 175.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 195.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 32.
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 74.
Jump up ^ For the full production team, see Webber (2003), p. 161
Jump up ^ Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. p. 187.
Jump up ^ "1986". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "1989". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "1990". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "1991". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "1992". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "1993". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "1996". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "2001". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "2002". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "2003". Barb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Heroes and Villains". BBC. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Modern Men". BBC. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Time On Our Hands". BBC. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Desborough, James (31 March 2017). "Only Fools gold: When Del Boy and Rodney finally became 'million-nares' at last". Mirror Online. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Only a fool would drop repeats of best shows, BBC is told". The Times. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
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Jump up ^ "Comedy Series 1990". Bafta.org. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Comedy Series 1991". Bafta.org. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Best Light Entertainment Performance 1990". Bafta.org. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Best Comedy Performance 1996". Bafta.org. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Roll call of NTA winners". National Television Awards. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
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Jump up ^ Hayward, Anthony (24 April 2011). "John Sullivan: Writer who created the classic sitcom 'Only Fools and Horses', as well as 'Citizen Smith' and 'Just Good Friends'". The Independent. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "BBC ONE celebrates 21st birthday of Only Fools and Horses". BBC. 3 September 2002. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Webber (2003). A-Z of Only Fools and Horses. pp. 193,194.
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document_title: When Harry Met Sally...

question_text: who played helen in when harry met sally

root

text: When Harry Met Sally...

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1977, Harry Burns and Sally Albright graduate from the University of Chicago and share the drive to New York City, where Sally is beginning journalism school and Harry is starting a career. Harry is dating Sally's friend Amanda. During the drive, Harry and Sally discuss their differing ideas about relationships; Sally disagrees with Harry's assertion that men and women cannot be friends as "the sex part gets in the way". At a diner, Harry tells Sally she is attractive, and she angrily accuses him of making a pass at her. They part in New York on unfriendly terms.

tag: p

text: Five years later, Harry and Sally find themselves on the same flight. Sally is dating Harry's neighbor Joe, and Harry is engaged, which surprises Sally. Harry suggests they become friends, forcing him to qualify his previous position about the impossibility of male-female friendships. They separate, concluding that they will not be friends.

text: Harry and Sally run into each other again in a bookstore five years later. They have coffee and talk about their previous relationships; Sally and Joe broke up because she wanted a family and he did not want to marry, and Harry's wife left him for another man. They take a walk and become friends. They have late-night phone conversations, go to dinner, and spend time together, discussing their love lives.

text: During a New Year's Eve party, Harry and Sally find themselves attracted to each other. Though they remain friends, they set each other up with their respective best friends, Marie and Jess. When the four go to a restaurant, Marie and Jess become fast friends, and later become engaged. Over the phone, Sally tearfully tells Harry that her ex is getting married. He rushes to her apartment to comfort her, and they have sex; Harry leaves the next morning distressed. Their friendship cools until a heated argument at Jess and Marie's wedding dinner. Harry attempts to mend his friendship with Sally, but she feels that they cannot be friends.

text: At a New Year's Eve party that year, Sally feels alone without Harry by her side. Harry spends New Year's alone, walking around the city. As Sally decides to leave the party early, Harry appears and declares his love for her. She argues that the only reason he is there is because he is lonely, but he lists the many things he realized he loves about her. They kiss and marry three months later.

text: The plot also contains several interlaced segments throughout the film where fictitious older married couples narrate to the camera their stories of how they met.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Billy Crystal as Harry Burns
Meg Ryan as Sally Albright
Carrie Fisher as Marie Fisher
Bruno Kirby as Jess Fisher
Steven Ford as Joe
Lisa Jane Persky as Alice
Michelle Nicastro as Amanda Reese
Kevin Rooney as Ira Stone
Harley Kozak as Helen Hillson

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In 1984, director Rob Reiner, producer Andy Scheinman and writer Nora Ephron met over lunch at the Russian Tea Room in New York City to develop a project.[3] Reiner pitched an idea for a film that Ephron rejected.[4] The second meeting transformed into a long discussion about Reiner and Scheinman's lives as single men. Reiner remembers, "I was in the middle of my single life. I'd been divorced for a while. I'd been out a number of times, all these disastrous, confusing relationships one after another."[5] The next time they all met, Reiner said that he had always wanted to do a film about two people who become friends and do not have sex because they know it will ruin their relationship but have sex anyway. Ephron liked the idea, and Reiner acquired a deal at a studio.[3]

text: For materials, Ephron interviewed Reiner and Scheinman about their lives, creating the basis for Harry. Reiner was constantly depressed and pessimistic yet funny. Ephron also got bits of dialogue from these interviews. Sally was based on Ephron and some of her friends.[3] She worked on several drafts over the years while Reiner made Stand By Me and The Princess Bride.[4] Billy Crystal "experienced vicariously" Reiner's (his best friend at the time) return to single life after divorcing comedian/filmmaker Penny Marshall and in the process was unconsciously doing research for the role of Harry.[3]

text: During the screenwriting process when Ephron would not feel like writing, she would interview people who worked for the production company. Some of the interviews appeared in the film as the interludes between certain scenes featuring couples talking about how they met,[3] although the material was rewritten and reshot with actors. Ephron supplied the structure of the film with much of the dialogue based on the real-life friendship between Reiner and Crystal.[6] For example, in the scene where Sally and Harry appear on a split screen, talking on the telephone while watching their respective television sets, channel surfing, was something that Crystal and Reiner did every night.[6]

text: Originally, Ephron wanted to call the film How They Met and went through several different titles. Reiner even started a contest with the crew during principal photography: whoever came up with the title won a case of Champagne.[4] In order to get into the lonely mindset of Harry when he was divorced and single, Crystal stayed by himself in a separate room from the cast and crew while they were shooting in Manhattan.[6] The script initially ended with Harry and Sally remaining friends and not pursuing a romantic relationship because she felt that was "the true ending", as did Reiner.[4] Eventually, Ephron and Reiner realized that it would be a more appropriate ending for them to marry, though they admit that this is generally not a realistic outcome.[7]

text: When posed the film's central question, can men and women just be friends, Ryan replied, "Yes, men and women can just be friends. I have a lot of platonic (male) friends, and sex doesn't get in the way." Crystal said, "I'm a little more optimistic than Harry. But I think it is difficult. Men basically act like stray dogs in front of a supermarket. I do have platonic (women) friends, but not best, best, best friends."[8]

text: Rob Reiner initially envisioned actress Susan Dey for the role of Sally Albright. When she declined, he later considered Elizabeth Perkins. He also considered casting Elizabeth McGovern. Molly Ringwald was almost cast, but Meg Ryan convinced Reiner to give her the role. Reiner's mother Estelle and daughter Tracy both played roles in the film.

text: Katz's Delicatessen scene[edit]

text: In a scene featuring the two title characters having lunch at Katz's Delicatessen in Manhattan, the couple are arguing about a man's ability to recognize when a woman is faking an orgasm. Sally claims that men cannot tell the difference, and to prove her point, she vividly (fully clothed) fakes one as other diners watch. The scene ends with Sally casually returning to her meal as a nearby patron (played by Reiner's mother) places her order: "I'll have what she's having." When Estelle Reiner died at age 94 in 2008, The New York Times referred to her as the woman "who delivered one of the most memorably funny lines in movie history".[9] This scene was shot again and again, and Ryan demonstrated her fake orgasms for hours.[7] Katz's Deli still hangs a sign above the table that says, "Where Harry met Sally... hope you have what she had!"[10][11]

text: This classic scene was born when the film started to focus too much on Harry. Crystal remembers saying, "'We need something for Sally to talk about,' and Nora said, 'Well, faking orgasm is a great one,' and right away we said, 'Well, the subject is good,' and then Meg came on board and we talked with her about the nature of the idea and she said, 'Well, why don't I just fake one, just do one?'"[3] Ryan suggested that the scene take place in a restaurant,[12] and it was Crystal who came up with the scene's classic punchline – "I'll have what she's having."[3] In 2005, the quote was listed 33rd on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list of memorable movie lines. Reiner recalls that at a test screening, all of the women in the audience were laughing while all of the men were silent.[4]

text: In late 2013, Improv Everywhere, the New York City initiative behind the annual No Pants Day in the subways and various flash-mob stunts, convened and filmed a re-enactment. While a look-alike couple performed the scene, 30 others joined as if it was contagious. Surprised staff and customers responded in appreciation. The film and follow-up interviews are public.[13] In October of the same year, Katz Delicatessen invited Baron Von Fancy to display his ten-foot high mural quoting the famous line in its pop-up gallery next door, The Space.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The When Harry Met Sally... soundtrack album features American singer and pianist Harry Connick Jr. Bobby Colomby, the drummer for Blood, Sweat & Tears, was a friend of Reiner's and recommended Harry Connick Jr., giving the director a tape of the musician's music. Reiner was struck by Connick's voice and how he sounded like a young Frank Sinatra. The movie's soundtrack album was released by Columbia Records in July 1989. The soundtrack consists of standards performed by Harry Connick Jr. with a big band and orchestra arranged by Marc Shaiman. Connick won his first Grammy for Best Jazz Male Vocal Performance.[15]

text: Arrangements and orchestrations on "It Had to Be You", "Where or When", "I Could Write a Book", and "But Not for Me" are by Connick and Shaiman. Other songs were performed as piano/vocal solos, or with Connick's trio featuring Benjamin Jonah Wolfe on bass and Jeff "Tain" Watts on drums. Also appearing on the album are tenor saxophonist Frank Wess and guitarist Joy Berliner. The soundtrack went to #1 on the Billboard Traditional Jazz Chart and was within the top 50 on the Billboard 200.[16] Connick also toured North America in support of this album.[17] It went on to reach double-platinum status.[18]

text: The music in the film is performed by various artists, such as Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Bing Crosby, and Harry Connick Jr.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Columbia Pictures released the film using the "platform" technique which involved opening it in a few select cities letting positive word of mouth generate interest and then gradually expanding distribution over subsequent weeks. On its opening weekend, it grossed $1 million in 41 theaters.[19] Billy Crystal was worried that the film would flop at the box office because it was up against several summer blockbuster films, like Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Batman.[3] The film went into wide release on July 21, 1989, and grossed $8.8 million on its opening weekend in 775 theaters.[19] This was later expanded to 1,174 theaters and the film grossed a total of $92.8 million in North America, well above its $16 million budget.[19]

text: Critical reviews[edit]

text: Reviews for When Harry Met Sally... were positive. It has a rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 67 reviews with an average rating of 8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Rob Reiner's touching, funny film set a new standard for romantic comedies, and he was ably abetted by the sharp interplay between Billy Crystal and Meg Ryan".[20] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics.[21]

text: The film led Roger Ebert to call Reiner "one of Hollywood's very best directors of comedy", and said that it was "most conventional, in terms of structure and the way it fulfills our expectations. But what makes it special, apart from the Ephron screenplay, is the chemistry between Crystal and Ryan."[22] In a review for The New York Times, Caryn James called When Harry Met Sally... an "often funny but amazingly hollow film" that "romanticized lives of intelligent, successful, neurotic New Yorkers"; James characterized it as "the sitcom version of a Woody Allen film, full of amusing lines and scenes, all infused with an uncomfortable sense of déjà vu".[23]

text: Rita Kempley's review in The Washington Post praised Meg Ryan as the "summer's Melanie Griffith – a honey-haired blonde who finally finds a showcase for her sheer exuberance. Neither naif nor vamp, she's a woman from a pen of a woman, not some Cinderella of a Working Girl."[24] Mike Clark, of USA Today, gave the film three out of four stars, writing, "Crystal is funny enough to keep Ryan from all-out stealing the film. She, though, is smashing in an eye-opening performance, another tribute to Reiner's flair with actors."[25] David Ansen provided one of the rare negative reviews of the film for Newsweek. He criticized the casting of Crystal, "Not surprisingly he handles the comedy superbly, but he's too cool and self-protective an actor to work as a romantic leading man", and felt that as a film, "of wonderful parts, it doesn't quite add up".[26]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Association

Category

Nominee

Results

Academy Award

Best Original Screenplay

Nora Ephron

Nominated

American Comedy award

Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture

Meg Ryan

Won

Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture

Billy Crystal

Won

Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture

Carrie Fisher

Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music award

Top Box Office Films

Marc Shaiman

Won

British Academy Film award

Best Film

Rob Reiner

Nominated

Best Screenplay - Original

Nora Ephron

Won

Casting Society of America award

Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy

Jane Jenkins
Janet Hershenson

Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association award

Best Actress

Meg Ryan

Nominated

David di Donatello award

Best Foreign Director

Rob Reiner

Nominated

Best Foreign Actress

Meg Ryan

Nominated

Directors Guild award

Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures

Rob Reiner

Nominated

DVD Exclusive award

Best Audio Commentary

Nominated

Golden Globe award

Best Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical

Nominated

Best Director - Motion Picture

Rob Reiner

Nominated

Best Screenplay - Motion Picture

Nora Ephron

Nominated

Best Lead Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical

Meg Ryan

Nominated

Best Lead Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical

Billy Crystal

Nominated

Writers Guild award

Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen

Nora Ephron

Nominated

tag: table

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Over the years, When Harry Met Sally... has become "the quintessential contemporary feel-good relationship movie that somehow still rings true".[27] Ephron still received letters from people obsessed with the film and still had "people who say to me all the time, 'I was having a Harry-and-Sally relationship with him or her'."[27] The film is 23rd on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list of the top comedy films in American cinema and number 60 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies."[28] Entertainment Weekly named it as one of the Top 10 romantic movies of all time.[29] The magazine also ranked it 12th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list.[30] The periodical also ranked it 7th on their 25 Best Romantic Movies of the Past 25 Years list[31] and #3 on their Top 25 Modern Romances list.[32] The film has inspired countless romantic comedies, including A Lot Like Love,[33] Hum Tum[34] and Definitely, Maybe.[35] In addition, the film helped popularize many ideas about love that have become household concepts now, such as the "high-maintenance" girlfriend and the "transitional person".[36]

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its "Ten top Ten"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. When Harry Met Sally was acknowledged as the sixth best film in the romantic comedy genre.[37] It is also ranked #15 on Rotten Tomatoes' 25 Best Romantic Comedies.[38]

text: In early 2004, the film was adapted for the stage in a Theatre Royal Haymarket production starring Luke Perry and Alyson Hannigan.[39] Molly Ringwald and Michael Landes later replaced Hannigan and Perry for the second cast.[40]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #23[41]
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #25[42]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"It Had to Be You" – #60[43]
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Customer: "I'll have what she's having." – #33[44]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
#6 Romantic Comedy Film[45]

text: Home media[edit]

text: When Harry Met Sally... was first released on VHS in late 1989, a few months after its theatrical release. It was later re-released on VHS in 1994 as part of a Billy Crystal collection,[46] and in 1997 under the Contemporary Classics edition; the latter release included trailers that were not included in the original VHS release. It was released on DVD for the first time on January 9, 2001, and included an audio commentary by Reiner, a 35-minute "Making Of" documentary featuring interviews with Reiner, Ephron, Crystal, and Ryan, seven deleted scenes, and a music video for "It Had To Be You" by Harry Connick Jr.[47] A Collector's Edition DVD was released on January 15, 2008, including a new audio commentary with Reiner, Ephron, and Crystal, eight deleted scenes, all new featurettes (It All Started Like This, Stories Of Love, When Rob Met Billy, Billy On Harry, I Love New York, What Harry Meeting Sally Meant, So Can Men And Women Really Be Friends?), and the original theatrical trailer.[36] The film was released on Blu-ray on July 5, 2011 containing all of the special features found on the 2008 DVD release.[48]


document_title: Harley-Davidson Milwaukee-Eight engine

question_text: how many cc is a 114 cubic inch motor

question_tokens: how many cc is a 114 cubic inch motor

text: Harley-Davidson Milwaukee-Eight engine

text: 107 and 114 and 117 engines[edit]

text: All engines have eight valves in two cylinders in the traditional V-twin configuration at 45°, are combination of air-cooled, liquid and oil-cooled, and activate valves with push-rods. The 1,746 cc (107 cu in) model with a claimed 108–112 lb⋅ft (146–152 N⋅m) is standard on all models, with the 1,868 cc (114 cu in) version making a claimed 119 lb⋅ft (161 N⋅m) remaining as an option on some softails and all touring and trike models, and the 1,923 cc (117 cu in) is standard on CVO models with a claimed 124 lb⋅ft (168 N⋅m) and rear wheel power of 93.75 hp (69.91 kW) @ 4,870 rpm and 112.51 lb⋅ft (152.54 N⋅m) @ 3,400 rpm.[1][2][3]

text: Differences from the predecessor (Twin Cam)[edit]

text: As of 2016, the Milwaukee-Eight engines are only available on Touring and Trike models of the 2017 model year. The most significant change from the Twin Cam are the two extra valves per cylinder head which produce 10 percent more torque. The exhaust and intake flow capacity is increased by 50 percent over the Twin Cam models. Although weighing the same as its predecessor, both models of the Milwaukee-Eight increase in acceleration by 10% (0-60 for the 107 vs the 103) and 8% (0-60 for the 114 vs. the 110). Fuel economy is also increased, with percentages varying for engine and model.[4]

text: Improvements[edit]

text: Harley conducted interviews in seven cities and over 1,000 people were asked to outline what they would like to see in the next line of touring bikes. These interviews resulted in the new Milwaukee-Eight engine. The biggest improvements people wanted to see was in the power, heat and vibration. Harley was able to increase the power while also keeping the range and consumption similar and in some cases making it even better.To deal with the heat issue, Harley reduced the exhaust gas temperature by 37.778 °C (100 °F) allowing for a more comfortable ride. They were able to make this possible by relocating the hot catalytic converters further from the cockpit, as well as introducing a better water cooling solution. Finally, Harley looked at the vibration issues and decided to reduce the vibrations by 75%, in order to create a perfect median between the hardcore fans and new Harley owners. [5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Cycle World, like many other motorcycle magazines, was given the opportunity to test ride and review the Milwaukee-Eight engine. The reviews have been positive, and report a better ride quality, while still keeping the Harley feel. Cycle World's reviewer reported a noticeable reduction in the heat output from the engine, enabling the reviewer to ride more comfortably. The review concludes that the changes make this engine an improvement over its predecessor. [6]


document_title: John Rhys-Davies

question_text: who played da vinci in star trek voyager

text: John Rhys-Davies

text: Early life[edit]

text: John Rhys-Davies was born on 5 May 1944 in Salisbury, England, and was raised in Ammanford, Wales.[2] His mother, Mary Margaretta Phyllis Jones, was a nurse, and his father, Rhys Davies, was a mechanical engineer[3] and Colonial Officer.[4] In the early 1950s his family lived for several years in Kongwa, Dar es Salaam, Moshi and Mwanza Tanzania, while his father was serving there as a colonial Police officer. He was educated at Truro School and at the University of East Anglia where he was one of the first 87 students admitted, and where he founded the Dramatic Society. After teaching at Watton County Secondary School in Norfolk he won a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

text: Career[edit]

text: He appeared sporadically on UK television in the early 1970s including his role as the gangster Laughing Spam Fritter opposite Adam Faith in Budgie. Later he played Praetorian officer Naevius Sutorius Macro in I, Claudius. He then began to appear more frequently, and not just in the UK, with roles as a Portuguese navigator Rodrigues in the 1980 television miniseries Shogun, based on the novel by James Clavell, and in the Indiana Jones films. In 1989, Rhys-Davies also starred in another James Clavell adaption, Noble House, set in Hong Kong, in which he plays Ian Dunross' corporate enemy, Quillian Gornt. He has since appeared in numerous television shows and miniseries, including Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series The Untouchables as well as a leading role in the television series Sliders as Professor Maximillian Arturo from 1995 to 1997. He also appeared in Reilly, Ace of Spies in 1983, made several appearances on Star Trek: Voyager as a holodeck version of Leonardo da Vinci, starred as an ally of James Bond in The Living Daylights and appeared in the movie One Night with the King. Davies has played the character Porthos in two separate projects; a two-part episode of The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne and the Hallmark Channel movie La Femme Musketeer. He appears in the full motion video cut scenes of computer games including Ripper (as Vigo Haman) (1996), Dune 2000 (as Noree Moneo) (1998), and the Wing Commander series (as James Taggart, doubling as the voice of Thrakhath nar Kiranka in the third game of the series). He has also appeared in a number of Sci Fi Channel original movies.

text: In 2004, he starred in The Privileged Planet, a documentary that makes the case for intelligent design.[5] In 2013 he appeared in the family history programme Coming Home, in which he discovered information about his grandfather's life in the Carmarthenshire coal mines.[6]

text: In 2014, he joined the cast of the television show Metal Hurlant Chronicles to play Holgarth, an immortal alchemist.[7]

text: In 2015 he had a role in the single player campaign of the PC game Star Citizen alongside Mark Hamill and Gary Oldman.[8] The work consists of full body Motion capture, including facial expressions and his voice and was recorded primarily at The Imaginarium Studios in the UK.[9]

text: The Lord of the Rings trilogy[edit]

text: He is also known for his popular portrayal of the dwarf Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy. The cinematography of the films was aided in that Rhys-Davies is tall – 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m), compared to the actors playing hobbits at around 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m).[10] Therefore, although his character was supposed to be short, he was properly in proportion compared to the hobbit actors. Had he been of more similar height, shots of the entire fellowship would have required three camera passes rather than two.[11]

text: Rhys-Davies is the only one of the nine Fellowship of the Ring actors who did not receive a tattoo of the word "nine" written in the Tengwar script; his stunt double, Brett Beattie, got the tattoo instead as Rhys-Davies was disinclined to get one himself.[12] The other members of the cast—Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Orlando Bloom, Viggo Mortensen, and Elijah Wood—got the same tattoo.

text: Rhys-Davies suffered severe allergic reactions to the prosthetics used during filming, and his eyes sometimes swelled shut. When an interviewer asked him whether he would consider returning to the role for the film version of The Hobbit, he said, "I've already been asked and to be honest with you, I wouldn't. I have already completely ruled it out. There's a sentimental part of me that would love to be involved again. Really I am not sure my face can take that sort of punishment any more." He added that this time around "They've got a different set of problems... because you've got 13 dwarves, a whole band of them... You're trying to represent a whole race... You're trying to do for dwarves what 'The Lord of the Rings' did for hobbits."

text: Voice work[edit]

text: In addition to voicing the Ent Treebeard in Lord of the Rings, Rhys-Davies has also lent his distinctive deep voice to many video games and animated television series, including the role of Hades in Justice League and numerous times in Gargoyles (1994–1996), as the character Macbeth. He also lent his vocal talents to the games Freelancer (as Richard Winston Tobias) and Lords of Everquest (both in 2003) and the game Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness, which was released with his narration on a CD-ROM version in 1995. He also had a voice role on Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance as the character Jherek, and narrated a documentary called The Glory of Macedonia.

text: John Rhys-Davies' voice can be heard on the 2009 documentary Reclaiming The Blade.[13] In the narration, Rhys-Davies explores swords, historical European swordsmanship and fight choreography on film, a topic very familiar to him from his experiences in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, where his character Gimli wielded an axe in many scenes.

text: In 2004, he was the unknowing subject of an internet prank that spread false rumours in several mainstream media sources that he was scheduled to play the role of General Grievous in Star Wars Episode III.[14]

text: Rhys-Davies is the narrator of The Truth & Life Dramatized audio New Testament Bible, a 22-hour, celebrity-voiced, fully dramatised audiobook version of the New Testament which uses the Revised Standard Version-Catholic Edition translation. In 2011, he presented KJB: The Book That Changed The World, which features him reading diverse snippets from the King James Version.

text: John Rhys-Davies’ voice work also includes voice over work (or voice acting) with Breathe Bible. [15]

text: In 2016, he provided spoken words for Voices of Fire, the sixth album by a cappella power metal band van Canto.[16]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Rhys-Davies married Suzanne Wilkinson in December 1966. They had two sons, Tom and Ben. Although they separated in 1985, they remained married until her death, in 2010, from Alzheimer's. He remained close to her and took care of her until she died.[17]

text: In 2004 he began living with Lisa Manning, and they have a daughter, Maia.[17]

text: Political views[edit]

text: Rhys-Davies holds politically conservative views. As a university student in the 1960s, he had been a radical leftist, but changed his views when he went to heckle a young local member of parliament, Margaret Thatcher. Rhys-Davies says that "she shot down the first two hecklers in such brilliant fashion that I decided I ought for once to shut up and listen".[18]

text: In 2004, Rhys-Davies stated the following in a controversial interview with a Welsh news website about the Muslim population, stating:

text: There is a demographic catastrophe happening in Europe that nobody wants to talk about, that we daren't bring up because we are so cagey about not offending people racially. And rightly we should be. But there is a cultural thing as well. By 2020, 50 per cent of the children in Holland under the age of 18 will be of Muslim descent.[19]

text: His comments were endorsed by the British National Party.[20][21] Rhys-Davies commented that the BNP was so insignificant in numbers that it "could do no harm" yet stating it was "distressing to find yourself on a BNP leaflet".[19] He was also endorsed in a National Vanguard editorial.[22] In an interview with the conservative journal National Review, he clarified that he is opposed to Islamic extremism precisely because he feels that it violates the "Western values" of equality, democracy, tolerance, and the abolition of slavery.[23]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1973
Penny Gold
Rugby Player

1974
The Black Windmill
Fake Military Policeman
Uncredited

1975
The Naked Civil Servant
Barndoor

1979
A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square
Solicitor

1981
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Sallah

1982
Best Revenge
Mustapha

1982
Ivanhoe
Front de Bœuf

1982
Victor Victoria
Andre Cassell

1982
The Island of Adventure
Smith

1983
Sahara
Rasoul

1983
Sadat
Gamal Abdel Nasser

1984
Sword of the Valiant
Baron Fortinbras

1984
Kim
Babu

1985
King Solomon's Mines
Dogati

1986
Firewalker
Corky Taylor

1987
The Living Daylights
General Leonid Pushkin

1988
Waxwork
Werewolf

1989
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Sallah

1991
The Unnamable Returns

1992
The Double 0 Kid
Rudi Von Kseenbaum

1992
The Lost World
Challenger

1992
Return to the Lost World
Challenger

1993
Sunset Grill
Stockton

1993
Cyborg Cop
Kessel

1993
The Seventh Coin
Captain Galil

1993
The Unnamable II: The Statement of Randolph Carter
Professor Warren

1994
The High Crusade
Bruder Parvus

1996
The Great White Hype
Johnny Windsor

1996
Glory Daze
Luther

1996
Aladdin and the King of Thieves
Cassim
Voice

1996
Marquis de Sade
Inspector Marais

1997
Cats Don't Dance
Woolie Mammoth
Voice

1997
Bloodsport III
Jacques Duvalier

1999
Secret of the Andes
Father Claver

2000
Britannic
Captain Barrett

2001
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
Gimli

Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
Nominated—
Screen Actors Guild Award for
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

2001
Never Say Never Mind: The Swedish Bikini Team
Hakim

2002
Sabretooth
Anthony Bricklin

2002
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
Gimli / Voice of Treebeard

Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

2002
Endangered Species
Police Lt. Wyznowski

2002
Scorcher
Dr. Matthew Sallin

2003
Coronado
Presidente Hugo Luis Ramos

2003
The Jungle Book 2
Ranjan's father
Voice

2003
The Medallion
Cmdr. Hammerstock-Smythe

2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Gimli / Voice of Treebeard

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
National Board of Review Award for Best Cast
Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
Screen Actors Guild Award for
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast

2004
12 Days of Terror
Captain

2004
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
Viscount Mabrey

2004
La Femme Musketeer
Porthos

2004
The Lost Angel
Father Kevin

2004
The Privileged Planet
Narrator

2005
The Game of Their Lives
Bill Jeffrey

2005
Chupacabra: Dark Seas
Captain Randolph

2005
The King Maker
Phillippe

2006
One Night with the King
Mordecai

2006
The Legend of Sasquatch
Ranger Steve
Voice

2007
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale
Merick

2007
The Ferryman
The Greek

2007
Catching Kringle
Santa
Voice

2009
Reclaiming the Blade
Narrator

2009
31 North 62 East
John Hammond

2010
Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf
Elliot Carbon

2011
KJB: The Book That Changed the World

2011
Sophie and Sheba

2011
Ferocious Planet
Senator Jackson Crenshaw

2012
Escape
Malcolm Andrews

2013
100 Degrees Below Zero
Ralph Dillard

2013
Prisoners of the Sun
Prof. Hayden Masterton

2014
Apocalypse Pompeii
Colonel Dillard

2014
Saul: The Journey to Damascus
Caiphas

2015
Beyond the Mask[24]
Charles Kemp

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1974
Fall of Eagles
Zinoviev

1975
The Sweeney
Ron Brett
Poppy (Season 2, episode 8)

1976
I, Claudius
Macro
Episodes 8 and 9

1977
1990
Ivor Griffith
Season 1, episode 3

1980
BBC Television Shakespeare
Salervio
The Merchant of Venice

1980
Shōgun
Vasco Rodrigues
Miniseries
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding
Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie

1982
CHiPs
Nakura
Season 5, episode 27

1982
Ivanhoe
Front-de-Boeuf

1983
Reilly, Ace of Spies
Tanyatos

1984
Robin of Sherwood
King Richard
Series 1, episode 6 "The King's Fool"[25]

1984
Scarecrow and Mrs. King
Lord Bromfield
Season 2, episode 8 "Affair at Bromfield Hall"

1987
Marjorie and the Preacher Man[26]
Seymour
Television Drama

1988
Noble House
Quillan Gornt
Miniseries

1988
War and Remembrance
Sammy Mutterperl
Miniseries

1989
The Trial of the Incredible Hulk
Wilson Fisk
TV film

1991
Great Expectations
Joe Gargery

1991
The Mystery of the Black Jungle
O'Connor
Miniseries

1991
Tales from the Crypt
Duval
Season 3, episode 6

1992
Batman: The Animated Series
'Baron' Waclaw Jozek
Season 1, episode 25

1992
Archaeology[27][28]
Himself
Voyages of the Vikings

1993–1994
The Untouchables
Agent Michael Malone
15 episodes

1994
A Flintstones Christmas Carol
Charles Brickens (voice)
Television special

1995–1997
Sliders
Prof. Maximilian Arturo
40 episodes

1995
Fantastic Four
Thor
2 episodes; Season 2, episodes 6 and 8

1996
The Incredible Hulk
Thor
Season 1, episode 9

1995-1996
Gargoyles
Macbeth (voice)
13 episodes

1996
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh
Narrator
Halloween television special

1996
Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm
Asgarth

1997
You Wish
Madman Mustapha
3 episodes

1997
Star Trek: Voyager
Leonardo da Vinci
2 episodes

1999
Au Pair
Nigel Kent
Television film

2002
Justice League
Hades
Season 1, episodes 8 and 9

2002
Fillmore!
Lenny
Season 1, episode 8

2003
Helen of Troy
King Priam
Miniseries

2004
Dragon Storm
King Fastrad
Television film

2005
Revelations (Omnium Finis Imminet)
Professor Jonah Lampley
Miniseries

2008
Anaconda 3: Offspring
J.D. Murdoch
Television film

2008
Fire & Ice: The Dragon Chronicles
Sangimel
Television film

2009
Dark Days in Monkey City
Narrator
3 episodes

2009
Anacondas: Trail of Blood
J.D. Murdoch
Television film

2009
Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire
Grimshank
3 episodes

2010
Legend of the Seeker
Horace
Season 2, episode 17

2010
Three Wise Women
Archangel Green

2012
Psych
Museum Curator
Season 6, episode 10

2014
Let The Season In
Narrator
Mormon Tabernacle Choir Christmas Concert Special (filmed 2013)

2014
Once Upon a Time
Grand Pabbie
Voice / Season 4, Episodes 1, 6, 7

2015
Killing Jesus
Annas

2015
The Adventures of Puss in Boots
Goodsword
Season 1, episode 10

2016
The Shannara Chronicles
Eventine Elessedil
Regular

2016
The Lion Guard
King Sokwe (voice)
Episode: "The Lost Gorillas"

text:
Video games

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1993
Quest for Glory: Shadows of Darkness
Narrator
Voice

1994
Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger
Gen. James 'Paladin' Taggart
/ Prince Thrakhath nar Kiranka
Voice

1996
Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom
Senator James 'Paladin' Taggart
Voice

1996
Ripper
Vigo Haman
Actor

1998
Dune 2000
Noree Moneo
Actor

2003
Freelancer
Richard Winston Tobias
Voice

2015
Lego Dimensions
Gimli
Voice

2016
Star Citizen
Graves
Voice

text: Audio books[edit]

text:
Sir Malcolm and the Missing Prince
The Trials of Saint Patrick


document_title: Last Resort (song)

question_text: what is last resort by papa roach about

question_tokens: what is last resort by papa roach about

text: Last Resort (song)

text: Music, background and lyrics[edit]

text: The song "Last Resort" is about suicide. In an interview with Songfacts, Papa Roach member Tobin Esperance spoke about the song and its lyrics, saying:

text: "I think the lyrics had a lot to do with it. Because originally the song was about a friend of ours that we grew up with, and he was going through a rough time in his life. And there was that suicide element to it, just like growing up and the struggles of life and questioning whether or not you want to keep going on, and I think a lot of people connected with that. For the kids who had also gone through those kinds of feelings, those kinds of emotions, the lyrics really helped connect with that song."[6]

text: Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix described the song as a "cry for help". He also said "That song was about one of my best friends, and then 12–13 years later, that song was about me. I found myself in that place, where I was like, "I can't go on this way. I can't do it anymore.""[7] Shaddix said that "Last Resort" is about a roommate he had who tried to commit suicide. Shaddix then said: "We caught him and took him to the hospital and he went into a mental facility and then he came out the other side better. He actually found God through the process, which was kind of crazy. So he's on a whole different path of his life now, which is cool. I'm really proud of him for the changes he's made in his life."[8] "Last Resort" is influenced by hip hop music. Both The Fugees and Wu-Tang Clan influenced the song. Although the song doesn't feature piano, the song was composed with piano. Papa Roach member Tobin Esperance said: "I've written songs on piano – actually, 'Last Resort' with that whole little riff/melody thing, that's done on the piano. And then I just transferred it to the guitar."[6] Speaking about the making of and inspiration behind the song, Esperance said:

text: "Well, of course at the time we were listening to a lot of Wu Tang Clan, a lot of hip-hop, and a lot of Fugees and a lot of East Coast hip-hop, and we were sampling classical music behind simple pocket grooves. I was playing something on piano and Jacoby came in and started scatting over it. And we just did our typical mixing of a funky kind of hip-hop groove with a punk rock chorus. And that song just came together like that. Jacoby said, 'That's a cool riff, keep playing that noodle' – we called it a noodle. We did it over and over again, and Jacoby put his lyrics to it, and the song just morphed into what it is now. No one ever thought it was going to be a huge, huge hit, but I guess you never expect anything, really, when you're first starting out."[6]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: "Last Resort" achieved mainstream success, peaking at number 1 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in August 2000,[9][10] number 56 on the Radio Songs chart in September 2000,[11] and number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December 2000.[10] The popularity of "Last Resort" helped Papa Roach's album Infest get certified 3x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in July 2001.[12]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video was directed by Marcos Siega.[13] In the music video, the band performs on a floor surrounded by fans. Throughout the video, the camera zooms in on a some fans near the stage and shows them in places that appear to be their rooms. In their rooms, they appear to be possibly depressed. Though it had apparently been claimed that this is meant to show how people might not look depressed but still are, the purpose was more so to show the people being taken from where they didn't want to be to where they did — from lonely despair to the rock show where they could have fun with their friends.[14] There are many posters for radio station 98 Rock. This is the rock station out of Sacramento, California that the band credits for jump starting their career. Inside the Infest album booklet are thanks to DJs of the radio station.[15] About five hundred people, including local fans, came to the shooting of the music video for "Last Resort".[13]

text: On the MuchMusic version--which utilizes the radio edit, the word "fuck" is completely removed with no replacement. On the MTV and Vevo version, the words "cut", "bleeding", "die", "life" (from the line "if I took my life tonight"), and "suicide" were also muted. After original airings of the video on television, some networks went so far as to additionally censor words such as "suffocation", and even the title of the song itself.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
CD single

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Last Resort" (LP Version)

2.
"Legacy" (Clean Album Version)

3.
"Dead Cell" (Live)

4.
"Infest" (LP Version)

text:
UK CD single

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Last Resort"
3:20

2.
"Broken Home" (Live Radio 1 Evening Session)
3:46

3.
"Dead Cell" (Live Radio 1 Evening Session)
3:08

4.
"Last Resort" (CD-ROM)

text:
Limited Edition UK single

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Last Resort"
3:20

2.
"Last Resort" (Live Radio 1 Evening Session)
3:22

3.
"Between Angels And Insects" (Live Radio 1 Evening Session)
4:21

text:
Japanese Promo CD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Last Resort" (Clean Version)
3:19

2.
"Last Resort" (LP Version)
3:19

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2000–2001)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[16]
86

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17]
7

Canada Rock (RPM)[18]
15

Germany (Official German Charts)[19]
4

Ireland (IRMA)
13

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20]
32

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[21]
3

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22]
25

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23]
3

UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[24]
3

Billboard Hot 100[10]
57

Mainstream Rock Tracks[10]
4

Modern Rock Tracks[10]
1

Radio Songs[11]
56

text:
Preceded by
"Kryptonite" by 3 Doors Down
"Californication" by Red Hot Chili Peppers
Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number-one single
August 5, 2000
August 19, 2000
Succeeded by
"Californication" by Red Hot Chili Peppers
"Minority" by Green Day