document_title: The Challenge (TV series)

question_text: who won the last season of the challenge

text: The Challenge (TV series)

text: Structure[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Challenge casts are season specific as the cast varies from season to season. The casts are made up of contestants originating from one of The Challenge's related TV programs and contestants originating from one of the few Challenge seasons that have allowed previously unknown contestants. These shows and seasons are: Real World, Road Rules, Are You the One?, The Challenge (from  Fresh Meat, Fresh Meat II, Spring Break Challenge and Battle of the Bloodlines. Most recently alumni from Big Brother (U.S.), Ex on the Beach, and Geordie Shore have joined the show.

text: A season's typical multitude of cast members are usually divided up into separate teams according to a certain criteria, which varies from season to season. The criteria that teams have been arranged by over the show's history have ranged all across the board, from gender of the contestants and original show of contestants to bad guy/good guy status of contestants and ex-romantic partners of contestants. Each of the opposing teams compete in numerous missions in order to win prizes and advance in the overall game. Following each mission, a team or a cast member is voted into an elimination round to take on the least successful team from the previous mission. In elimination rounds, they must compete against one another to determine which one is eliminated from the season. Each season has its own, very distinct elimination round, distinguished from those of other seasons in title, design, and general atmosphere. Determining which two teams or two cast members are sent into the episode's elimination round frequently leads to drama and contestants playing the game dirty; this is due to the show's contestants being in charge of who is thrown into elimination rounds.[3]  Like that of The Real World, sporadically throughout the course of each episode, various contestants are seen privately expressing themselves through reality TV confessionals about the events taking place on the show.

text: Some seasons, however, have used entirely different formats from the typical: The Island is one Challenge in particular that adopted many features atypical to Real World/Road Rules Challenge, instead taking concepts like that of another reality television game show Survivor; as another example, the first season (Road Rules: All Stars) ironically only included contestants from The Real World and consisted of a much smaller cast before the show was completely reconstructed by its second season. Except for season one, a monetary prize has always been the award for winning the final mission.

text: Theme and format by season title[edit]

text: Each distinct season title has indicated the general gameplay format used:

text:
Original Real World/Road Rules Challenge (including RW/RR Challenge 2000 and RW/RR Extreme Challenge): Real World vs. Road Rules groupings, six players per team, no eliminations, missions in number of previous challenges (though the original Gauntlet and Inferno were Real World vs. Road Rules).
Battle of the Seasons (2002) and Battle of the Seasons (2012): On the first Battle of the Seasons, players were separated into teams of Real World and Road Rules, each cast member is paired off with a castmate from their original season. Each mission gave points based on finish. After each mission, the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the "Inner Circle" and voted off whichever pair they wanted. The individual winning pair of each challenge would earn an "additional prize." After five pairs from each team were voted off, the final three Real World teams and final three Road Rules teams would compete against each other in a series of challenges before the final race. The 2012 Battle of the Seasons had a completely different format from the original. Each team consists of two men and two women from select seasons. After each challenge, there is a winning team and a losing team. The losing team is automatically sent to "The Arena," and faces possible elimination. The winning team become the Power Team, and selects one team to battle against the last-place team in the Arena. The teams entering the Arena must select one player of each gender from their own team to compete in the elimination. If the teams entering the Arena cannot decide which players will compete in the elimination, the Power Team chooses for them. The winning pair in the elimination rounds return to their season and stay in the game, while the losing pair is eliminated, reducing their season to two players.
Battle of the Sexes and Battle of the Sexes 2: As the title implies, players are divided by gender. Each mission gave points based on finish, either with a partner or individually. After each mission, the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the "Inner Circle" and voted off whoever they wanted to. The winner of each challenge would earn a "lifesaver" which could be given to a member of either team; the recipient of the "lifesaver" would enjoy total immunity from being voted out, which created many interesting situations. No life-shields were used in the second installment. The final three players of each gender would compete against each other in a final race.
Inferno, Inferno II and Inferno 3: The first Inferno consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules. The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Bad Asses vs. Team Good Guys. Teams nominate two of their own players for each elimination round and vote one of the opponents' two nominations into the "Inferno" round. The players going into the "Inferno" then have the opportunity to save themselves from going in by winning a "life saver" in the challenge before the "Inferno."
Gauntlet, Gauntlet 2 and Gauntlet III: The first gauntlet consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules. The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Veterans vs. Team Rookies. In the 2nd and 3rd particular installment, "Veterans" are considered players who have participated in a minimum of two challenges, while "Rookies" had either participated in one challenge or none at all. In the first two installments, team captains are assigned on a pre-challenge mission. The losing team's captains would alternate between male and female to go into the "Gauntlet," in which they would face off against someone from their own team as voted by the remaining team members. In the third installment, no team captains are assigned, and the winning team also protects one player from the losing team from being chosen for the Gauntlet, but cannot protect the same player on two consecutive opportunities.
Fresh Meat and Fresh Meat II: These seasons introduce new people to Challenges without appearing on The Real World or Road Rules. These new players are "drafted" by "alumni" of the opposite gender (those who come from RW, RR, or previous 'FM', some of whom have not been on a Challenge before) to create pairings which are the teams for these Challenges. The winning team chooses one team for an elimination round called an "Exile," while the other team is selected by a vote.
The Duel and The Duel II: Promoted as "every man for himself" as there are no permanent teams (though some individual challenges require teams to be formed). All players compete individually, leading to just one champion of each gender.
The Island: A challenge with no missions, just elimination rounds where the competitors are put on an island with limited supplies. In each episode, the competitors select three people (not necessarily by gender) to go into an elimination round to win safety and a key to the prize money chest at the final challenge. The two non-winning players have a chance to plead their case to all the other competitors at the vote-off, where one player wins a key and the other is eliminated.
The Ruins: Two teams of "Challengers" and "Champions" based on whether players have won a previous season's final challenge. Prior to each challenge, each team nominates a group of three players of each gender within the team for elimination; after that challenge, the winning team's nominated group picks the match-ups for the "Ruins," which consist of a male Challenger against a male Champion, and a female Challenger against a female Champion.
Cutthroat: Teams are not initially set. There is a race in the beginning, and while the top three players are announced, the bottom three are named as captains of the three teams; the three teams are then drafted by the captains (while maintaining equal numbers of players of each gender). Each challenge involves all three teams; the winning team is safe from the elimination round — the "Gulag," while the losing teams go against each other in the Gulag. Voting is done within one's own team by secret ballot to choose one player of each gender to go into the Gulag.
Rivals, Rivals II and Rivals III: The first two installments feature two-player teams of the same gender consist of players who are paired against their "worst enemies," whom they have engaged in bitter feuds, fights and rivalries with in previous Real World and/or Challenge seasons. The challenge winner is safe from elimination – "The Jungle," while the last-place finisher and a non-winning team of the same gender battle it out in "The Jungle." Each challenge alternates between a male and a female Jungle elimination in the first two installments. The third installment features male/female pairs. The third installment also has 3 teams going into the elimination; the losing team, and 2 teams picked by the winning team. At the Jungle, the 2 teams picked for elimination by the winning team go back and forth picking skulls out of a box. There are 3 white skulls and 1 black skull. Whoever picks the black skull, them and their partner go into the Jungle against the last place team, and the other team is safe from the Jungle. Also, in the finale, teammates would go head to head in challenges, whoever finishes first the most in the challenges would decide if they would keep the money they earned for their respective placing, or split it with their partner. If the cast member chose to keep it for themselves, then their teammate would leave empty handed.
Battle of the Exes and Battle of the Exes II: Thirteen teams of ex couples compete in a challenge where the winner is safe from elimination and will be known as "The Power Couple," and they are responsible for choosing one team to go into the elimination round called "The Dome," along with the team that came in last-place in the challenge. A twist was added on Battle of the Exes II: Eliminated teams would compete in "Battle of the Ex-iled," which no one in the house knows about. The eliminated team will compete against the last "Ex-ile" winner and the loser would be permanently eliminated. This lasts until only four teams remain in the house, and the last team standing from Ex-ile will go back to the house for two more challenges before the final, which they are eligible for as long as they are not eliminated again.
Free Agents: Each challenge is declared as either an individual, pair, or team challenge. For pair and team challenges, names are drawn out of a bag — one of each gender, or more for multi-team or pair challenges — that will be designated as captains. For team challenges, the captains will select players that will be split evenly amongst gender. For pair challenges, the captains will either select players of the opposite gender for challenges that are designated as male/female pairs, or the same gender for challenges that are designated as same-gender pairs. The winning team/pair/players are safe from elimination, and choose one player of each gender for elimination. The remaining non-winning players then participate in "The Draw," where the one player of each gender that draws a "kill card" faces the previously voted players in the elimination round.
Battle of the Bloodlines: The season starts with 14 pairs of two, each consisting of a The Real World, The Challenge or Are You The One? alumni and their relatives. The winning pair of the mission sends in one pair to face the losing team of the mission into The Pit, depending on gender. However, after the second elimination, pairs are separated into two teams, each consisting of 12. The losing team has to send one player from the losing team into The Pit, while the winning team has to send another player from the losing team into The Pit. If a player loses in The Pit, that player is not only eliminated, but so is their bloodline. The final five teams reverted to their pairs of two. The Pit consisted of both teammates competing instead of one representative competing for both teams for one elimination, then reverted to one representative for each team for the last elimination.
Invasion of the Champions: The game started off with 18 Underdogs (players who have yet to win a challenge) who get dropped off a boat and onto a beach, where they were living in "The Shelter." They compete individually in challenges, followed by an elimination round. The male and female winners of the challenge would be safe from elimination, and earn their ticket to "The Oasis" — the season house. The last-place male and female finishers automatically went straight into elimination for the first challenge. In the second challenge, the challenge winners will choose a player of the opposite gender to go into the elimination. The rest of the house then voted in who goes against them for the first and second challenge. The males voted for the females, and vice versa. For the third challenge, and the last chance to earn a ticket to the Oasis, the winners will be safe from elimination, and the two remaining players of each gender will compete. In the elimination, each gender will compete. The winners of the elimination round would return to the game, and earn a ticket to The Oasis. The losers of the elimination round go home. Players could not go into The Oasis until every ticket has been earned. Players who earned their ticket to the Oasis will be exempt from elimination and will not compete in challenges until the Champions enter the game. Beginning with the fourth challenge, ss the season twist, eight Champions of past seasons of the show will enter the game, and the Underdogs will form a team against them. Each challenge will be designated for an Underdog or a Champion elimination — entitled "The Fortress." The winning team will earn $10,000 in their team bank account. The best performing guy and girl of the team designated for the Fortress will then choose one guy and one girl to go into the elimination. The rest of the house will then vote in the players who will go against them. The winners return to the game, and the losers go home.
XXX: Dirty 30: Similar to Free Agents, each challenge is either an individual, teams, or pairs challenge. The winning individual, pair, or teams would than nominate 1 player from each gender to go into the Presidio. The remaining non-winning players then participate in "The Double Cross Draw" where the one player of each gender that draws "The Double Cross" (XX) chooses a player from their own gender, who also participated in the draw, to join the previously nominated player into the Presidio to face elimination. In a twist, the eliminated players are sent into the Redemption House to compete for a spot back into the game.
Vendettas: Each challenger in this season has at least one "vendetta" with someone in the game. Similar to both Free Agents and Dirty 30, each challenge is either an individual, teams or pairs challenge. Each competitor has their own individual bank accounts. The top three winners from each challenge, no matter the gender, form the "Troika". The loser of the challenge automatically goes into elimination. Depending on whether it's a male or female elimination, the Troika nominates three players to go into "The Ring". Later, the three nominees sit with the Troika in "The Inquisition," to give their case as to why they should stay in the game and why one (or both) of the other nominees should go in. In The Ring, the Troika votes for one of the three players from The Inquisition to go against the last place finisher in the challenge. The winner of The Ring stays in the game as also receives a grenade. The winner chooses between three grenades, each grenade earning them a special power to change the game. For example, at the end of the first elimination, Nelson took the Money Grab grenade, which allowed him to take $5,000 from another competitor.

text: TV show's conception[edit]

text: During the filming of The Real World: Boston and Road Rules: Islands, the two casts met while the Real World cast was vacationing in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Producers set up a face-off where both teams would compete for a cash prize. The intensely competitive challenge brought in high ratings and this set ideas in motion to produce yet another spin-off series. After another face-off called AquaGames, hosted by Kit Hoover and Mark Long, between The Real World: Seattle and Road Rules: Down Under in 1997, the Challenge series was born in 1998 with Road Rules: All Stars, and featured cast members from five different seasons of The Real World.

text: After All Stars, producers decided to include former castmembers of Road Rules in the series as well. In the next season, two six-member teams were sent around the world in a competition to see which show could best the other in head-to-head competition. The series followed the format for three years and brought in hugely successful ratings.

text: Following the hugely successful boom of reality television in the new millennium, producers decided to add new elements to the series. In 2001, production began on Battle of the Seasons. This season, the first to depart from the previous six-member structure, brought in a large group of former cast members to compete in one location. Beginning with the first Battle of the Seasons, MTV added a fantasy challenge game to their website. Players "draft" cast members, a la fantasy baseball and cast members are given points for performing certain tasks, such as cursing or "hooking up."

text: After switching to the "vote off" format, the series would alternate between "Battle" seasons, including two seasons of Battle of the Sexes and themed Challenges which included the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons. Both the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons contained "showdown" matches between members of the two opposing teams. The cast member who lost the showdown would be sent home. The Gauntlet seasons featured an intra-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members within their own groups into the showdown, while the Inferno seasons featured an inter-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members from the other group into the showdown.

text: In 2005, Bunim-Murray Productions decided to invite new people to the Challenges who were never a part of either Real World or Road Rules and called them 'Fresh Meat.' This decision was forced, in part, because of the status of Road Rules at the time. While Road Rules had stopped production until further notice after its thirteenth season, Real World had just finished wrapping its sixteenth season in Austin, Texas. Road Rules had a fourteenth, and final, season in 2007. One additional 'Fresh Meat' season has followed with cast also being integrated in The Challenge from the 2010 Spring Break Challenge miniseries, Are You the One?, and the Battle of the Bloodlines season of cast relatives.[4]

text: External episodes[edit]

text: While internal episodes are the usual and feature an original mission, voting process, elimination round, and surrounding social lives between the season's contestants, external episodes feature the season's contestants reviewing themselves in internal episodes and adding feedback. This is typically combined with video clips from the internal episodes in question. The Challenge has three types of these external episodes, an aftershow that takes place sporadically in the form of a series throughout the entire season, a post-show reunion of notable cast members from that season, and a bonus footage special.

text: The Challenge lingo[edit]

text: Veterans and rookies[edit]

text:
Two commonly used terms on the show are "veterans" (or vets) and "rookies." Veterans are particularly thought of as players that have won at least one Challenge season, but the term has also been applied to players who have appeared on several seasons of the show, or have appeared in the final stages of a challenge. Rookies are thought of as players that have done none of the above. The most vulnerable rookies are those who have just recently completed their season on The Real World, Road Rules or Are You the One? and are participating in the game for their very first time; often they are the first to be singled out and targeted by everyone else due to their lack of bonds with existing cast. However, at least one rookie has reached the final challenge on almost every season. Exceptions include The Island, Fresh Meat II and Battle of the Exes
.

text: Alliance[edit]

text: Another commonly used term on the show is "alliance." The term is used to refer to challengers working together. These contestants have colluded together so as to increase their overall chances of winning the season game. But for safety in numbers offered by the collusion, the show's contestants would run the risk of victimization to the game's politics and popularity factors. Politics plays a role due to the show's formats in which options of who is thrown into elimination rounds and other determining factors are left up to challengers themselves. Alliances are typically formed through pacts and negotiations made among certain contestants early on in the game. Alliance operations can range from saving alliance members, throwing missions for the purposes of advancing the alliance, picking and choosing based upon alliance involvement as opposed to levels of performance, etc.

text: In early seasons of the show, alliances were heavily frowned upon by most of the contestants. As such, alliances used to be carried out with much more secrecy, craft, and deviousness. In fact, many of the earliest alliances on the show were formed to sabotage members of one's own team who were perceived as weak. Once exposed, alliances typically came as offensive and shocking to those not involved. Since the later seasons, however, alliances have become a norm among the show's contestants, so much so that most contestants are expected to join an alliance upon beginning out a season. Despite its use among most, there are still a minority of contestants who elect to play the game straightforwardly, feeling as though alliance tactics are a sign of weakness and a lack of competitive spirit. Those who reject alliances, however, are seen as not playing the game strategically. Although the widespread and overt practice of alliance construction has expelled its original devious reputation, its effectiveness and capacity to surprise attack has waned.

text: Specials[edit]

text: Spring Break Challenge[edit]

text: In March 2010, prior to the airing of the 19th season, MTV aired a special spring break spin-off of The Challenge in Acapulco, Mexico.[5] Challenge alum coached teams of college-aged friends in various challenges of old and new, while Fresh Meat alumnus Evan Starkman and The Real World: Key West alumna Paula Meronek served as broadcasters, with T. J. Lavin as the host. Camila Nakagawa, a contestant of the winning team, went on to appear on future challenges, with her debut Challenge being Cutthroat. To date, Camila is the only player to appear on the challenges.

text: The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros (season 1)[edit]

text: In a six-episode event entitled The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros, ten Challenge greats competed against ten pros. The series premiered on May 16, 2017, and was hosted by NFL wide receiver Victor Cruz.[6][7]

text: The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars (season 2)[edit]

text: The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars is a special eight-week mini-series in which ten Challenge greats compete against ten celebrities. The series premiered on November 21, 2017, with Mike “The Miz” Mizanin as the host.[8]

text: The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars (season 3)[edit]

text: Cast was spotted filming in Los Angeles on February 2, 2018. Mike “The Miz” Mizanin returns as the host.[9] The third season will premiere on April 17, 2018.[10]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Order
Title
Host
Format
Original Release
Location of the residence
Winners

1

All Stars

David "Puck" Rainey

1 team of 5

June 1, 1998 -June 29, 1998

Road trip: Montreal→Lake Placid→Wellington→Auckland→Los Angeles

Cynthia Roberts, Eric Nies, Jon Brennan, Rachel Campos & Sean Duffy

2

Real World vs. Road Rules

David Edwards

2 teams of 6

November 9, 1999 -December 14, 1999

Road trip: San Francisco→Los Angeles→Las Vegas→Los Angeles

     Road Rules(Anne Wharton, Kalle Dedolph, Kefla Hare, Mark Long, Noah Rickun & Roni Martin)

3

Challenge 2000

Gladys Sanabria

2 teams of 6

January 17, 2000 -April 3, 2000

Road trip: Las Vegas→Nashville→Miami

     Road Rules(Carlos Jackson, Dan Setzler, Holly Shand, Piggy Thomas, Veronica Portillo & Yes Duffy)

4

Extreme Challenge

none

2 teams of 6

January 9, 2001 -May 22, 2001

Road trip: Portland, ME→Montreal→Boston→London→Hamburg→Prague→London→New York→Los Angeles

     Real World(Dan Renzi, Jamie Murray, Julie Stoffer, Kameelah Phillips, Rebecca Lord & Syrus Yarbrough)

5

Battle of the Seasons

Eric Nies & Mark Long

2 teams of8 pairs of 2

January 28, 2002 -May 27, 2002

Cabo San Lucas, Mexico

     Real World(Mike Mizanin & Coral Smith, Sean Duffy & Elka Walker, Danny Roberts & Kelley Limp)

6

Battle of the Sexes

Jonny Moseley

2 teams of 18

December 30, 2002 -May 12, 2003

Montego Bay, Jamaica

     Guys(Mark Long, Colin Mortensen, Jamie Murray)

7

The Gauntlet

2 teams of 14

September 29, 2003 -January 26, 2004

Telluride, Colorado

     Road Rules(Adam Larson, Cara Zavaleta, Darrell Taylor, Dave Giuntolli, Rachel Robinson, Roni Martin, Sarah Greyson, Theo Vonkurnatowski & Veronica Portillo)

8

The Inferno

Dave Mirra

2 teams of 10

February 2, 2004 -May 31, 2004

Acapulco, Mexico

     Road Rules(Abram Boise, Christena Pyle, Darrell Taylor, Holly Shand, Katie Doyle, Kendal Sheppard, Timmy Beggy & Veronica Portillo)

9

Battle of the Sexes 2

Jonny Moseley

2 teams of 18

October 4, 2004 -January 31, 2005

Santa Fe, New Mexico

     Guys(Dan Setzler, Eric Nies & Theo Vonkurnatowski)

10

The Inferno II

Dave Mirra

2 teams of 10

March 7, 2005 -June 20, 2005

Manzanillo, Mexico

     Good Guys(Darrell Taylor, Jamie Chung, Landon Lueck & Mike Mizanin)

11

The Gauntlet 2

T.J. Lavin

2 teams of 16

December 5, 2005 -March 27, 2006

Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago

     Rookies(Alton Williams, Ibis Nieves, Jamie Murray, Jodi Weatherton, Kina Dean, Landon Lueck, MJ Garrett, Randy Barry & Susie Meister)

12

Fresh Meat

12 pairs of 2(m/f)

May 29, 2006 -September 11, 2006

Myocum, Australia

     Darrell Taylor & Aviv Melmed

13

The Duel

Individual

October 12, 2006 -January 18, 2007

Armação dos Búzios, Brazil

     Wes Bergmann

     Jodi Weatherton

14

The Inferno 3

2 teams of 10

April 10, 2007 -July 3, 2007

Somerset West, South Africa

     Bad Asses(Abram Boise, Derrick Kosinski, Evelyn Smith, Janelle Casanave, Kenny Santucci & Tonya Cooley)

15

The Gauntlet III

2 teams of 16

January 23, 2008 -March 26, 2008

Riviera Nayarit, Mexico

     Rookies(Frank Roessler, Jillian Zoboroski, Johanna Botta, Nehemiah Clark, Rachel Moyal & Tori (Hall) Fiorenza)

16

The Island

Individual→2 teams of 4

September 10, 2008 -October 29, 2008

Colón Island, Panama

     Red Boat(Derrick Kosinski, Evelyn Smith, Johnny Devenanzio & Kenny Santucci)

17

The Duel II

Individual

April 8, 2009 -June 17, 2009

Queenstown, New Zealand

     Evan Starkman

     Rachel Robinson

18

The Ruins

2 teams of 14

September 30, 2009 -December 23, 2009

Phuket, Thailand

     Champions(Derrick Kosinski, Evan Starkman, Johnny Devenanzio, Kenny Santucci & Susie Meister)

19

Fresh Meat II

13 pairs of 2(m/f)

April 7, 2010 -June 9, 2010

Whistler, British Columbia, Canada

     Landon Lueck & Carley Johnson

20

Cutthroat

3 teams of 10

October 6, 2010 -December 22, 2010

Prague, Czech Republic

     Red Team(Brad Fiorenza, Dunbar Merrill, Tori (Hall) Fiorenza & Tyler Duckworth)

21

Rivals

14 pairs of 2(same gender)

June 22, 2011 -September 7, 2011

Dominical, Costa Rica→Buenos Aires & Bariloche, Argentina

     Johnny Devenanzio & Tyler Duckworth

     Evelyn Smith & Paula Meronek

22

Battle of the Exes

13 pairs of 2(12 m/f; 1 f/f)

January 25, 2012 -April 4, 2012

Sosúa, Dominican Republic→Reykjavík, Iceland

     Johnny Devenanzio & Camila Nakagawa

23

Battle of the Seasons

8 teams of 4

September 19, 2012 -December 19, 2012

Bodrum, Turkey→Swakopmund, Namibia

     Team San Diego(Ashley Kelsey, Frank Sweeney, Sam McGinn & Zach Nichols)

24

Rivals II

16 pairs of 2(same gender)

July 10, 2013 -September 25, 2013

Phuket, Thailand

     Chris "CT" Tamburello & Wes Bergmann

     Emily Schromm & Paula Meronek

25

Free Agents

IndividualPairsTeams

April 10, 2014 -June 26, 2014

Punta del Este, Uruguay→Pucón, Chile

 03  Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio

 24  Laurel Stucky

26

Battle of the Exes II

13 pairs of 2(m/f)

January 6, 2015 -March 24, 2015

Pedasí, Panama→Ørsta, Norway

     Jordan Wiseley & Sarah (Rice) Patterson

27

Battle of the Bloodlines

14 pairs of 2→2 teams of 12→5 pairs of 2

December 2, 2015 -February 17, 2016

Bodrum, Turkey→Berlin, Germany

     Cara Maria Sorbello & Jamie Banks

28

Rivals III

13 pairs of 2(m/f)

May 4, 2016 -August 3, 2016

Huatulco, Mexico→ Mendoza, Argentina

     Johnny "Bananas" Devananzio & Sarah (Rice) Patterson

29

Invasion of the Champions[11]

Individual→2 teams→Individual

February 7, 2017[11]-May 16, 2017

 Krabi, Thailand[11]

     Chris "CT" Tamburello

     Ashley Mitchell

30

XXX: Dirty 30

IndividualPairsTeams

July 18, 2017-November 28, 2017

Cartagena, Colombia→ Salta, Argentina

     Jordan Wiseley

     Camila Nakagawa

31

Vendettas

IndividualTeams

January 2, 2018-April 17, 2018

Gibraltar, BOT, Marbella, Spain, Prague, Czech Republic

     Cara Maria Sorbello

32[12]

Final Reckoning

TBD

Summer 2018[12]

TBD

TBD

text: 5 Timers Club[edit]

text:
[show]As of Vendettas

#
Cast member
Original season
Challenge seasons
Challenge seasons won
# of challenge wins
Total Money Made

16

Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio

RW: Key West

The Duel, The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Island, The Ruins, Cutthroat, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II, Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

The Island, The Ruins, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Free Agents, Rivals III

6

$685,543

13

Chris "CT" Tamburello

RW: Paris

The Inferno, The Inferno II, The Duel, The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30

Rivals II, Invasion of the Champions

2

$265,000

12

Aneesa Ferreira

RW: Chicago

Battle of the Sexes, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Gauntlet 2, The Duel, The Inferno 3, The Duel II, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II,  Free Agents, Battle of the Bloodlines, XXX: Dirty 30

0

$23,571

11

Cara Maria Sorbello

Fresh Meat II

Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Battle of the Seasons (2012),  Rivals II, Free Agents,  Battle of the Bloodlines, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

Battle of the Bloodlines, Vendettas

2

$604,051

10

Camila Nakagawa

Spring Break Challenge

Cutthroat, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions,  XXX: Dirty 30

Battle of the Exes, XXX: Dirty 30

2

$561,250

10

Derrick Kosinski

RR: X-Treme

Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, The Gauntlet 2, Fresh Meat, The Duel, The Inferno 3, The Island, The Ruins, Cutthroat, XXX: Dirty 30

The Inferno 3, The Island, The Ruins

3

$211,293

10

Paula Meronek

RW: Key West

The Duel, The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Island, The Duel II, Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II

Rivals, Rivals II

2

$126,000

10

Veronica Portillo

RR: Semester at Sea

Challenge 2000, Battle of the Seasons (2002), Battle of the Sexes, The Gauntlet, The Inferno, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, The Ruins, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

Challenge 2000, The Gauntlet, The Inferno

3

$79,309

10

Wes Bergmann

RW: Austin

Fresh Meat, The Duel, The Ruins, Fresh Meat II, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Battle of the Exes II, Rivals III

The Duel, Rivals II

2

$248,000

9

Abram Boise

RR: South Pacific

The Gauntlet, The Inferno, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, The Inferno 3, The Island, Cutthroat, Battle of the Exes, Battle of the Bloodlines

The Inferno, The Inferno 3

2

$102,500

9

Brad Fiorenza

RW: San Diego

Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, The Gauntlet 2, The Duel, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, The Ruins, Cutthroat, Vendettas

Cutthroat

1

$75,000

9

Katie Doyle

RR: The Quest

The Gauntlet, The Inferno, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Gauntlet 2, Fresh Meat, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, The Ruins, Cutthroat

The Inferno

1

$41,071

9

Leroy Garrett

RW: Las Vegas (2011)

Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II, Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

0

$36,500

9

Robin Hibbard

RW: San Diego

Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, The Gauntlet 2, The Duel, The Gauntlet III, The Island, The Duel II, Rivals, Battle of the Exes

0

$8,571

9

Sarah (Rice) Patterson

RW: Brooklyn

The Ruins, Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Battle of the Exes II, Rivals III

Battle of the Exes II, Rivals III

2

$173,739

8

Darrell Taylor

RR: Campus Crawl

The Gauntlet, The Inferno, The Inferno II, Fresh Meat, The Ruins, Fresh Meat II, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30

The Gauntlet, The Inferno, The Inferno II, Fresh Meat

4

$240,555

8

Diem Brown

Fresh Meat

Fresh Meat, The Duel, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, The Ruins, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II, Battle of the Exes II

0

$55,000

8

Kenny Santucci

Fresh Meat

Fresh Meat, The Duel, The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Island, The Ruins, Fresh Meat II, Rivals

The Inferno 3, The Island, The Ruins

3

$236,293

8

Tonya Cooley

RW: Chicago

Battle of the Sexes, The Gauntlet, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, Fresh Meat, The Inferno 3, The Island, The Ruins

The Inferno 3

1

$50,000

7

Beth Stolarczyk

RW: Los Angeles

RW/RR Challenge, Battle of the Seasons (2002), Battle of the Sexes, The Inferno II, The Gauntlet 2, The Duel, The Gauntlet III

0

$2,206

7

Evelyn Smith

Fresh Meat

Fresh Meat, The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Island, The Ruins, Fresh Meat II, Rivals

The Inferno 3, The Island, Rivals

3

$167,000

7

Rachel Robinson

RR: Campus Crawl

Battle of the Sexes, The Gauntlet, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, The Island, The Duel 2, Battle of the Exes

The Gauntlet, The Duel II

2

$135,555

6

Adam King

RW: Paris

Battle of the Sexes 2, The Gauntlet 2, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, The Ruins, Rivals

0

$1,000

6

Coral Smith

RW: Back to New York

Battle of the Seasons (2002), The Gauntlet, The Inferno, Battle of the Sexes 2, Fresh Meat, The Gauntlet III

Battle of the Seasons (2002)

1

$72,000

6

Danny Jamieson

RW: Austin

Fresh Meat, The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Ruins, Fresh Meat II, Battle of the Seasons (2012)

0

$0

6

Dunbar Flinn

RW: Sydney

The Island, The Duel II, The Ruins, Cutthroat, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II

Cutthroat

1

$40,000

6

Eric Banks

Fresh Meat

Fresh Meat, The Duel, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, Cutthroat, Battle of the Seasons (2012)

0

$0

6

Evan Starkman

Fresh Meat

Fresh Meat, The Duel, The Gauntlet III, The Duel II, The Ruins, Rivals

The Duel II, The Ruins

2

$151,293

6

Jemmye Carroll

RW: New Orleans (2010)

Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

0

$7,500

6

Jenn Grijalva

RW: Denver

The Inferno 3, The Island, The Duel II, Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals

0

$20,000

6

Mark Long

RR: First Adventure

RW/RR Challenge, Battle of the Sexes, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Gauntlet 2, The Duel II, Battle of the Exes

RW/RR Challenge, Battle of the Sexes

2

$80,184

6

Nany González

RW: Las Vegas (2011)

Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II, Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III

0

$35,000

6

Shane Landrum

RR: Campus Crawl

Battle of the Sexes, The Inferno, Battle of the Sexes 2, Fresh Meat, Invasion of the Champions, Vendettas

0

$0

6

Theresa González

Fresh Meat II

Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals, Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II

0

$35,500

6

Tyrie Ballard

RW: Denver

The Inferno 3, The Gauntlet III, The Island, Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Rivals II

0

$0

6

Zach Nichols

RW: San Diego (2011)

Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II, Invasion of the Champions, Vendettas

Battle of the Seasons (2012)

1

$150,376

5

Brandon Nelson

Fresh Meat II

Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals, Battle of the Seasons (2012), Free Agents

0

$0

5

Cory Wharton

RW: Ex-Plosion

Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

0

$63,750

5

Jasmine Reynaud

RW: Cancun

Rivals, Battle of the Exes, Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Free Agents

0

$500

5

Jenna Compono

RW: Ex-Plosion

Battle of the Exes II, Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30

0

$37,500

5

Jonna Mannion

RW: Cancun

Rivals, Battle of the Seasons (2012), Rivals II, Free Agents, Battle of the Exes II

0

$0

5

Julie Stoffer

RW: New Orleans

Extreme Challenge, Battle of the Sexes, The Inferno, The Inferno II, The Gauntlet 2

Extreme Challenge

1

$27,904

5

Laurel Stucky

Fresh Meat II

Fresh Meat II, Cutthroat, Rivals, Free Agents, Invasion of the Champions

Free Agents

1

$201,000

5

Mike Mizanin

RW: Back to New York

Battle of the Seasons (2002), The Gauntlet, The Inferno, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II

Battle of the Seasons (2002), The Inferno II

2

$104,500

5

Ryan Kehoe

Fresh Meat

Fresh Meat, The Gauntlet III, The Island, The Duel II, Fresh Meat II

0

$0

5

Syrus Yarbrough

RW: Boston

Extreme Challenge, Battle of the Sexes, The Inferno, The Gauntlet 2, The Ruins

Extreme Challenge

1

$28,333

5

Tina Barta

RR: South Pacific

The Gauntlet, Battle of the Sexes 2, The Inferno II, Fresh Meat, The Duel

0

$25,000

5

Tony Raines

RW: Skeletons

Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

0

$0

Note: Challenge names in bold indicate those that the cast member competed in the final challenge.

text: Cast members[edit]

text: Players with the most final challenge prize money[edit]

text:
Place
Cast member
Original season
Challenge wins/# of Challenges
Total money won

1

Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
RW: Key West

6/16

$685,043

2

Cara Maria Sorbello
Fresh Meat II

2/11

$603,625

3

Jordan Wiseley
RW: Portland

2/4

$583,000

4

Camila Nakagawa
Spring Break Challenge

2/10

$561,250

5

Chris "CT" Tamburello
RW: Paris

2/13

$264,750

6

Wes Bergmann
RW: Austin

2/10

$248,000

7

Darrell Taylor
RR: Campus Crawl

4/8

$240,555

8

Kenny Santucci
Fresh Meat

3/8

$236,293

9

Derrick Kosinski
RR: X-Treme

3/10

$211,293

10

Laurel Stucky
Fresh Meat II

1/5

$201,000

11

Landon Lueck
RW: Philadelphia

3/4

$184,166

12

Jodi Weatherton
RR: X-Treme

2/3

$176,666

13

Sarah (Rice) Patterson
RW: Brooklyn

2/9

$173,739

14

Evelyn Smith
Fresh Meat

3/7

$167,000

15

Evan Starkman
Fresh Meat

2/6

$151,293

16

Zach Nichols
RW: San Diego (2011)

1/6

$150,376

17

Rachel Robinson
RR: Campus Crawl

2/7

$135,555

18

Mike Mizanin
RW: Back to New York

2/5

$129,500

19

Paula Meronek
RW: Key West

2/10

$126,000

20

Aviv Melmed
Fresh Meat

1/1

$125,000

21

Jamie Banks
Battle of the Bloodlines

1/2

$125,000

22

Ashley Mitchell
RW: Ex-Plosion

1/3

$121,250

23

Emily Schromm
RW: DC

1/3

$104,000

24

Abram Boise
RR: South Pacific

2/9

$102,500

25

Susie Meister
RR: Down Under

2/4

$100,173

26

Carley Johnson
Fresh Meat II

1/1

$100,000

text:
[show]Every cast member who has competed on The Challenge.

Cast Member

Original Season

Seasons (W=Winner; F=Finalist; C=Cameo)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Abram Boise
RR: South Pacific

W

F

W

F

Ace Amerson
RW: Paris

F

Adam King
RW: Paris

F

Adam Kuhn
AYTO? 1

Adam Larson
RR: The Quest

W

Adam Royer
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

Alex Smith
RW: Denver

Alicia Wright
AYTO? 5

Alton Williams
RW: Las Vegas (2002)

F

W

F

Amanda Garcia
AYTO? 3

Amaya Brecher
RW: Hawaii

Anastasia Miller
RW: Portland

Aneesa Ferreira
RW: Chicago

F

F

C

Angel Turlington
RR: Viewers' Revenge

Angela Trimbur
RR: X-Treme

Anika Rashaun
RW Seattle: Bad Blood

Anne Wharton
RR: Northern Trail

W

Anthony Bartolotte
AYTO? 2

Anthony Cuomo
Battle of the Bloodlines

Antoine de Bouverie
RR: Europe

Arissa Hill
RW: Las Vegas (2002)

F

Ashley Kelsey
RW: San Diego (2011)

W

Ashley Mitchell
RW: Ex-Plosion

W

C

Ashli Robson
RW: Sydney

Averey Tressler
RW: Portland

Aviv Melmed
Fresh Meat

W

Ayanna Mackins
RR: Semester at Sea

Ayiiia Elizarraras
RW: Cancun

Becky Blasband
RW: New York

Belou Den Tex
RR: Europe

Beth Stolarcyk
RW: Los Angeles
C

Blair Herter
RR: The Quest

Brad Fiorenza
RW: San Diego (2004)

F

F

F

W

Brandon Nelson
Fresh Meat II

Brandon Swift
RW: St. Thomas

Brandon Tindel
AYTO? 2

Briana LaCuesta
AYTO? 2

Brianna Julig
Battle of the Bloodlines

F

Brianna Taylor
RW: Hollywood

Britni Thornton
AYTO? 3

Brittany Baldassari
AYTO? 1

Brittini Sherrod
RW: Hollywood

F

Brooke LaBarbera
RW: Denver

Bruno Bettencourt
RW: Skeletons

Cameran Eubanks
RW: San Diego (2004)

Camila Nakagawa
Spring Break Challenge

W

F

F
W

Candice Fowler
Battle of the Bloodlines

Cara Zavaleta
RR: South Pacific

W

F

Cara Maria Sorbello
Fresh Meat II

F
F

F

W

F
W

Carley Johnson
Fresh Meat II

W

Carlos Jackson
RR: USA 1

W

Casey Cooper
Fresh Meat

F

Chadwick Pelletier
RR: Down Under

Chanda Sneed
Fresh Meat

Chet Cannon
RW: Brooklyn

F

Cheyenne Floyd
AYTO? 3

F

Chris Graebe
RR: South Pacific

Chris Melling
RR: Europe

Chris "CT" Tamburello
RW: Paris

F

F

F

C

F

W

C

W
F

Christian Breivik
RR: USA 2

Chris "Ammo" Ammon Hall
RW: Go Big or Go Home

CJ Koegel
RW: Cancun

Christina LeBlanc
AYTO? 2

Christina Pazsitzky
RR: Down Under

Christena Pyle
RR: South Pacific

W

Cohutta Grindstaff
RW: Sydney

Colie Edison
RW: Denver

Colin Mortensen
RW: Hawaii

W

Coral Smith
RW: Back to New York

W

F
F
F

Cory Wharton
RW: Ex-Plosion

F

F

Cynthia Roberts
RW: Miami
W

Dan Renzi
RW: Miami

W

Dan Setzler
RR: Northern Trail

W

F

W

Dan Walsh
RR: Viewers' Revenge

Danny Dias
RR: X-Treme

Danny Jamieson
RW: Austin

Danny Roberts
RW: New Orleans (2000)

W

Dario Medrano
AYTO? 2

Darrell Taylor
RR: Campus Crawl

W
W

W

W

C

Dave Giuntoli
RR: South Pacific

W

David "Puck" Rainey
RW: San Francisco

David Broom
RW: New Orleans (2000)

David Burns
RW: Seattle

F

David Edwards
RW: Los Angeles

David Malinosky
RW: Hollywood

Davis Mallory
RW: Denver

Derek Chavez
RW: Cancun

Derek McCray
RR: Viewers' Revenge

Derrick Henry
AYTO? 5

Derrick Kosinski
RR: X-Treme

F

W

W

W

F
C

Devin Walker-Molaghan
AYTO? 3

F

Devyn Simone
RW: Brooklyn

F

F

Diem Brown
Fresh Meat

F

F

Dunbar Flinn
RW: Sydney

W

Dustin Zito
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

F

Edward "Eddie" Williams
AYTO? 5

Elka Walker
RW: Boston

W

Ellen Cho
RR: The Quest

F

Emilee Fitzpatrick
RW: Cancun

Emily Baily
RR: USA 2

F

Emily Reese
Battle of the Bloodlines

Emily Schromm
RW: DC

F

F

W

Eric Banks
Fresh Meat

F

Eric Jones
RR: Campus Crawl

Eric Nies
RW: New York
W

W

Evan Starkman
Fresh Meat

F

W
W

Evelyn Smith
Fresh Meat

W
F
W

W

Flora Alekseyeun
RW: Miami

Frank Roessler
RW: Las Vegas (2002)

W

Frank Sweeney
RW: San Diego (2011)

W
F

C

Genesis Moss
RW: Boston

Gladys Sanabria
RR: Latin America

Hailey Chivers
RW: Ex-Plosion

Heather Cooke
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

F

Heather Gardner
RW: New York

Heather Marter
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

Holly Brentson
RR: Maximum Velocity Tour

F

Holly Shand
RR: Latin America

W

W

Hunter Barfield
AYTO? 3

Ibis Nieves
RR: X-Treme

W

Irulan Wilson
RW: Las Vegas (2002)

Isaac Stout
RW: Sydney

Jacquese Smith
RW: San Diego (2004)

Jake Bronstein
RR: Islands

James Orlando
RR: Maximum Velocity Tour

Jamie Banks
Battle of the Bloodlines

W

Jamie Chung
RW: San Diego (2004)

W

Jamie Murray
RW: New Orleans (2000)

W

W

W

Janelle Casanave
RW: Key West

W

Janet Choi
RW: Seattle

Jasmine Reynaud
RW: Cancun

Jason Cornwell
RW: Boston

Jay Mitchell
RW: Ex-Plosion

F

JD Ordoñez
RW: Brooklyn

F

Jeff Barr
Fresh Meat II

Jemmye Carroll
RW: New Orleans (2010)

F

Jenn Grijalva
RW: Denver

F

F
F

F

Jenna Compono
RW: Ex-Plosion

F
F
F

Jeremy Blossom
RR: South Pacific

Jesse Stark
Fresh Meat

Jessica McCain
RW: Portland

Jill Tuttle
Battle of the Bloodlines

Jillian Zoboroski
RR: X-Treme

W

F

Jisela Delgado
RR: The Quest

Jo Rhodes
RW: San Francisco

Jodi Weatherton
RR: X-Treme

W

W

Johanna Botta
RW: Austin

W

John "JJ" Jacobs
AYTO? 1

Johnnie McBride
Fresh Meat

Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
RW: Key West

F

W

W

W
W

F
W

W

Johnny Reilly
RW: Portland

F

Jon Brennan
RW: Los Angeles
W

Jonna Mannion
RW: Cancun

Jordan Wiseley
RW: Portland

F

W

W
C

Josh Florence
RR: Latin America

Joss Mooney
Ex on the Beach UK

Julie Stoffer
RW: New Orleans (2000)

W

F

Kailah Casillas
RW: Go Big or Go Home

F

Kalle Dedolph
RR: Islands

W

Kam Williams
AYTO? 5

F

Kameelah Phillips
RW: Boston

W

Karamo Brown
RW: Philadelphia

Kat Ogden
RW: London

W

Katelynn Cusanelli
RW: Brooklyn

Katie Doyle
RR: The Quest

W

F

Kayleigh Morris
Ex on the Beach UK

Kefla Hare
RR: Down Under

W
C

Kelley Limp
RW: New Orleans (2000)

W

KellyAnne Judd
RW: Sydney

F

Kendal Sheppard
RR: Campus Crawl

W

Kenny Santucci
Fresh Meat

F

W
F

W

W
F

F

Kimberly Alexander
RW: Hollywood

Kina Dean
RR: X-Treme

W

Kyle Christie
Geordie Shore

F

Lacey Buehler
RW: Austin

Landon Lueck
RW: Philadelphia

W
W

W

Larissa Nakagawa
Battle of the Bloodlines

Laterian Wallace
RR: Maximum Velocity Tour

LaToya Jackson
RW: St. Thomas

Laura Waller
RW: St. Thomas

Laurel Stucky
Fresh Meat II

F
F
F

W

C

Leah Gillingwater
RW: Paris

Leroy Garrett
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

F

F

F

Lindsay Brien
RW: Seattle

Linette Gallo
Fresh Meat

Lori Trespicio
RW: Back to New York

F

Luke Wolfe
Fresh Meat II

F

McKenzie Coburn
RW: New Orleans (2010)

Mallory Snyder
RW: Paris

Mandi Moyer
Fresh Meat II

F

Marie Roda
RW: St. Thomas

Mark Long
RR: USA 1

W

W

F

F

Marlon Williams
RW: Portland

F

Matt Smith
RW: New Orleans (2000)

Melinda Stolp
RW: Austin

Melissa Howard
RW: New Orleans (2000)

Melissa Reeves
Ex on the Beach UK

Michael Ross
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

F

Michelle Parma
RR: Europe

Mike Boise
Battle of the Bloodlines

Mike Johnson
RW: London

Mike Lambert
RW: Miami

Mike Mizanin
RW: Back to New York

W

F
F

W

Mitch Reid
Battle of the Bloodlines

F

MJ Garrett
RW: Philadelphia

W

Montana McGlynn
RW: Boston

Naomi Defensor
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

Nany González
RW: Las Vegas (2011)

F

Natalie Negrotti
Big Brother 18

Nate Stodghill
RW: San Diego (2011)

Nathan Blackburn
RW: Seattle

F

Nathan "Nate" Siebenmark
AYTO? 2

Nehemiah Clark
RW: Austin

W

Neil Forrester
RW: London

Nelson Thomas
AYTO? 3

F

Nia Moore
RW: Portland

Nick Brown
RW: Hollywood

Nick Haggart
RR: X-Treme

Nicole Ramos
Battle of the Bloodlines

Nicole Zanatta
RW: Skeletons

F

F

Noah Rickun
RR: Northern Trail

W

Noor Jehangir
Fresh Meat II

F

Norman Korpi
RW: New York

F

Paula Meronek
RW: Key West

F
F
F

W

W

Pete Connolly
Fresh Meat II

F

Piggy Thomas
RR: Down Under

W

Preston Charles
RW: New Orleans (2010)

Priscilla Mendez
RW: San Diego (2011)

Rachel Braband
RW: Back to New York

Rachel Campos
RW: San Francisco
W

Rachel Moyal
RW: Austin

W

Rachel Robinson
RR: Campus Crawl

W

F

W

Randy Barry
RW: San Diego (2004)

W

Raphy Medrano
Battle of the Bloodlines

Rebecca Lord
RW: Seattle

W

Rianna Polin
Battle of the Bloodlines

Robb Schreiber
RW: St. Thomas

Robin Hibbard
RW: San Diego (2004)

F

F

F

Rogan O'Connor
Ex on the Beach UK

Roni Martin
RR: Northern Trail

W

W

Ruthie Alcaide
RW: Hawaii

F

Ryan Kehoe
Fresh Meat

F

Ryan Knight
RW: New Orleans (2010)

Sam McGinn
RW: San Diego (2011)

W

Sandy Kang
Fresh Meat II

Sarah Greyson
RR: Campus Crawl

W

Sarah (Rice) Patterson
RW: Brooklyn

F

F

F

W

W

Sean Duffy
RW: Boston
W

W

Shane Landrum
RR: Campus Crawl

Shane Raines
Battle of the Bloodlines

Sharon Gitau
RW: London

Shauvon Torres
RW: Sydney

Shavonda Bilingslea
RW: Philadelphia

Shawn Sealy
RR: Semester at Sea

C

Simone Kelly
AYTO? 1

Sophia Pasquis
RR: The Quest

F

Stephen Buell
Battle of the Bloodlines

Stephen Williams
RW: Seattle

Steve Meinke
RR: The Quest

Steven Hill
RW: Las Vegas (2002)

Susie Meister
RR: Down Under

W

F

W

Svetlana Shusterman
RW: Key West

F

Sydney Walker
Fresh Meat II

Sylvia Elsrode
RW: Skeletons

Syrus Yarbrough
RW: Boston

C

W

F

Tara McDaniel
RR: Northern Trail

F

Teck Holmes
RW: Hawaii

Theo Bradley
RW Seattle: Bad Blood

Theo Gantt
RW: Chicago

Theo von Kurnatowski
RR: Maximum Velocity Tour

F

W

W

Theresa González
Fresh Meat II

F

Thomas Buell
RW: Ex-Plosion

Timmy Beggy
RR: USA 2

F

W

F

Tina Barta
RR: South Pacific

F

F

C

Tony Raines
RW: Skeletons

F

Tonya Cooley
RW: Chicago

F

W

Tori Deal
AYTO? 4

F
C

Tori (Hall) Fiorenza
RR: Viewers' Revenge

W

W

Trey Weatherholtz
RW: St. Thomas

Trishelle Cannatella
RW: Las Vegas (2002)

F

Ty Ruff
RW: DC

F

Tyler Duckworth
RW: Key West

W
W

Tyrie Ballard
RW: Denver

Veronica Portillo
RR: Semester at Sea

W

W

W

F

Victor Arroyo
Big Brother 18

Vince Gliatta
Battle of the Bloodlines

F

Vinny Foti
Fresh Meat II

Wes Bergmann
RW: Austin

F
W

F

W

Yes Duffy
RR: Semester at Sea

W

Zach Mann
RW: Key West

Zach Nichols
RW: San Diego (2011)

W

F

C

F

text: Challenge records[edit]

text:
[show]Feat
Male Cast Members
Record
Female Cast Members
Record

Most Season Appearances
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
16
Aneesa Ferreira
12

Most Seasons Won
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
6
Evelyn SmithVeronica Portillo
3

Most Consecutive Seasons Won
Darrell Taylor
4
Jodi WeathertonRoni MartinSarah RiceVeronica Portillo
2

Most Consecutive Seasons
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
8
Cara Maria SorbelloSarah Rice
7

Most Seasons Between Challenges
Shane Landrum
16
Trishelle Cannatella
14

Longest Span of Seasons
Shane Landrum
26
Veronica Portillo
29

Multiple Wins in the Same Format
Abram Boise
Inferno/Inferno III
Paula Meronek
Rivals/Rivals II

Darrell Taylor
Inferno/Inferno II

Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
Rivals/Rivals III

Most Seasons Before Winning
Chris "CT" Tamburello
9
Cara Maria SorbelloPaula MeronekSarah Rice
8

Most Appearances in a Final
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
8
Cara Maria Sorbello
6

Most Consecutive Appearances in a Final
Kenny Santucci
6
Coral SmithLaurel StuckySusie Meister
4

Most Appearances in a Final Without Winning One
Leroy Garrett
3
Jenn Grijalva
4

Most Challenges Without Appearing in a Final
Danny JamiesonShane LandrumTyrie Ballard
6
Jasmine ReynaudJonna Mannion
5

Most Challenges Without Winning a Final
Leroy Garrett
9
Aneesa Ferreira
12

Most Seasons Without Ever Being Sent Home
Jamie Murray  Dan Setzler
3
Susie Meister
4

Most Elimination Wins in a Single Season
Wes Bergmann
5
Casey CooperSarah Greyson
5

Most Consecutive Eliminations in a Single Season
Wes Bergmann
4
Casey Cooper
4

Most Elimination Rounds in a Single Season
Derrick KosinskiWes Bergmann
5
Casey CooperSarah Greyson
5

Most Elimination Wins
Wes Bergmann
13
Cara Maria Sorbello
12

Most Elimination Rounds
Wes Bergmann
19
Cara Maria SorbelloAneesa Ferreira
17

Most Consecutive Elimination Wins
Wes Bergmann
8
Laurel Stucky
9

Most Elimination Losses
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
9
Aneesa Ferreira
8

Most Challenges Without Winning an Elimination Round
Danny JamiesonTyrie Ballard
6
Melinda Stolp
4

Most Finals Without Participating in an Elimination Round
Chris "CT" Tamburello
5
Rachel Robinson
3

Most Seasons Sent Home Without Formally Losing an Elimination Round
Chris "CT" Tamburello
3
Camila Nakagawa
3

Most Money Won From a Single Season
Jordan Wiseley
$450,000
Camila Nakagawa
$450,000

Most Money Won
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio
$680,793
Cara Maria Sorbello
$604,051

text: Locations[edit]

text:
The Challenge has been shot in many different countries around the world, as well as some taking place in North America.
During seasons 1, 4, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30 and 31, the cast traveled between several different countries.

text:
Rank

Location

Seasons visited

 1

 United States

6 (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9)

 2

 Mexico

5 (5, 8, 10, 15, 28)

 3

 Canada

3 (1, 4, 19)

 Thailand

3 (18, 24, 29)

 Argentina

3 (21, 28, 30)

 Czech Republic

3 (4, 20, 31)

 6

 New Zealand

2 (1, 17)

 Panama

2 (16, 26)

 Turkey

2 (23, 27)

 Germany

2 (4, 27)

 11

 United Kingdom

1 (4)

 Jamaica

1 (6)

 Trinidad and Tobago

1 (11)

 Australia

1 (12)

 Brazil

1 (13)

 South Africa

1 (14)

 Costa Rica

1 (21)

 Dominican Republic

1 (22)

 Iceland

1 (22)

 Namibia

1 (23)

 Uruguay

1 (25)

 Chile

1 (25)

 Norway

1 (26)

 Colombia

1 (30)

 Spain

1 (31)

 Gibraltar

1 (31)


document_title: Nunavut Land Claims Agreement

question_text: who won the right to nunavut in 1999

question_tokens: who won the right to nunavut in 1999

root

text: Nunavut Land Claims Agreement

text: NLCA provides the Inuit of Nunavut with certain features[edit]

text:
Equal representation of Inuit with the government on a new set of wildlife management, resource management and environmental boards;[3]
In addition to the creation of management and advisory groups, and various financial considerations, the NCLA gave the Inuit of Nunavut title to approximately 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi) of land, of which, 35,257 km2 (13,613 sq mi) include mineral rights;[3]
The right to harvest wildlife on lands and waters throughout the Nunavut settlement area;[3]
A share of federal government royalties from oil, gas and mineral development on Crown lands;[3]
The right to negotiate with industry for economic and social benefits from the development of non-renewable resources on Inuit Owned Lands;[3]
The creation of three federally funded national parks;[3]
Capital transfer payments of $1.9 billion over 15 years and a $13 million Training Trust Fund for the establishment of the Government of Nunavut;[4]

tag: ul

text: A history of the Nunavut Land Claim process[edit]

text: In 1973 the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) began research on Inuit land use and occupancy in the Arctic. Three years later in 1976 the ITC put forward the idea of creating a Nunavut Territory and the federal Electoral Boundaries Commission that recommended dividing the Northwest Territories into two electoral districts: the Western Arctic (now the Northwest Territories) and Nunatsiaq (now Nunavut). The Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut (TFN) negotiated the land claims agreement with the federal government in 1982. Voting in the Northwest Territories determined the creation of Nunavut with a passing vote of 56%. The TFN and representatives from the federal and territorial governments signed the land claims agreement-in-principle in 1990. In 1992 the TFN and federal negotiators agreed on the substantive portions of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. On May 25, 1993, Paul Quassa, then president of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut and Brian Mulroney, then Prime Minister of Canada signed the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. On July 9, 1993 the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and Nunavut Act were adopted by the Parliament of Canada and received Royal Assent. In 1998, amendments to the Nunavut Act were adopted by parliament and received Royal Assent. In 1999 on April 1, Nunavut with an independent government became a reality.[5]

tag: p

text: Amendments to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement[edit]

text: Since the NLCA was signed in 1993, there have been implemented amendments. The major amendments in 1995 and 1996 were alterations to different official event dates. Articles 5.4.2, 5.6.25, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, and 35.5.7 of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement were changed. On March 1, 2002, schedule 29-3 (negotiation loans payment) of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was replaced.[6]


document_title: Hand

question_text: bones of the palm of the hand are called

text: Hand

text: Structure[edit]

text: Many mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws, claws, and talons, but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands. The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism. The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates. Hands must also have opposable thumbs, as described later in the text.

text: The hand is located at the distal end of each arm. Apes and monkeys are sometimes described as having four hands, because the toes are long and the hallux is opposable and looks more like a thumb, thus enabling the feet to be used as hands.

text: The word "hand" is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three digits of the bird hand and the dinosaur hand.[2]

text: Areas[edit]

text: Areas of the human hand include:

text:
The palm (Volar), which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand, located superficially to the metacarpus. The skin in this area contains dermal papillae to increase friction, such as are also present on the fingers and used for fingerprints.
The opisthenar area (dorsal) is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand.
The heel of the hand is the area anteriorly to the bases of the metacarpal bones, located in the proximal part of the palm. It is the area that sustains most pressure when using the palm of the hand for support, such as in handstand.

text: There are five digits attached to the hand, notably with a nail fixed to the end in place of the normal claw. The four fingers can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects. Each finger, starting with the one closest to the thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others:

text:
index finger, pointer finger, forefinger, or 2nd digit
middle finger or long finger or 3rd digit
ring finger or 4th digit
little finger, pinky finger, small finger, baby finger, or 5th digit

text: The thumb (connected to the first metacarpal bone and trapezium) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs. Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers, a muscle action known as opposition.

text: Bones[edit]

text: The skeleton of the human hand consists of 27 bones:[9] the eight short carpal bones of the wrist are organized into a proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform) which articulates with the bones of the forearm, and a distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate), which articulates with the bases of the five metacarpal bones of the hand. The heads of the metacarpals will each in turn articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanx of the fingers and thumb. These articulations with the fingers are the metacarpophalangeal joints known as the knuckles. The fourteen phalanges make up the fingers and thumb, and are numbered I-V (thumb to little finger) when the hand is viewed from an anatomical position (palm up). The four fingers each consist of three phalanx bones: proximal, middle, and distal. The thumb only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx.[10] Together with the phalanges of the fingers and thumb these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly-articulated chains.

text: Because supination and pronation (rotation about the axis of the forearm) are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist, the ulna and radius are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand.

text: There are numerous sesamoid bones in the hand, small ossified nodes embedded in tendons; the exact number varies between people:[7] whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints, sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (72.9%) and at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the little finger (82.5%) and the index finger (48%). In rare cases, sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger.

text: The articulations are:

text:
interphalangeal articulations of hand (the hinge joints between the bones of the digits)
metacarpophalangeal joints (where the digits meet the palm)
intercarpal articulations (where the palm meets the wrist)
wrist (may also be viewed as belonging to the forearm).

text: Arches[edit]

text: The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches: longitudinal arches (the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones), transverse arches (formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones), and oblique arches (between the thumb and four fingers):

text: Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand, that of the thumb is the most mobile (and the least longitudinal). While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility, the remaining rays are firmly rigid. The phalangeal joints of the index finger, however, offer some independence to its finger, due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons.[11]

text: The carpal bones form two transversal rows, each forming an arch concave on the palmar side. Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row, it is by necessity flexible. In contrast, the capitate, the "keystone" of the distal arch, moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid. The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones, and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension.[11] The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands, but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch. The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the transverse carpal ligament and the intercarpal ligaments (also oriented transversally). These ligaments also form the carpal tunnel and contribute to the deep and superficial palmar arches. Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch.[12]

text: Compared to the carpal arches, the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals (thumb and little finger). As these two metacarpals approach each other, the palmar gutter deepens. The central-most metacarpal (middle finger) is the most rigid. It and its two neighbors are tied to the carpus by the interlocking shapes of the metacarpal bones. The thumb metacarpal only articulates with the trapezium and is therefore completely independent, while the fifth metacarpal (little finger) is semi-independent with the fourth metacarpal (ring finger) which forms a transitional element to the fifth metacarpal.[11]

text: Together with the thumb, the four fingers form four oblique arches, of which the arch of the index finger functionally is the most important, especially for precision grip, while the arch of the little finger contribute an important locking mechanism for power grip. The thumb is undoubtedly the "master digit" of the hand, giving value to all the other fingers. Together with the index and middle finger, it forms the dynamic tridactyl configuration responsible for most grips not requiring force. The ring and little fingers are more static, a reserve ready to interact with the palm when great force is needed.[11]

text: Muscles[edit]

text: The muscles acting on the hand can be subdivided into two groups: the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm.

text: Intrinsic[edit]

text: The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar (thumb) and hypothenar (little finger) muscles; the interosseous muscles (four dorsally and three volarly) originating between the metacarpal bones; and the lumbrical muscles arising from the deep flexor (and are special because they have no bony origin) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism.[13]

text: Extrinsic[edit]

text: The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (opponens and abductor brevis muscle), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible.

text: The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor, used, for instance, pointing. The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments.

text:
Compartment 1 (Most radial)
Compartment 2
Compartment 3
Compartment 4
Compartment 5
Compartment 6 (Most ulnar)

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digitorum communis

tag: table

text: The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna. The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna.

text: Innervation[edit]

text: The hand is innervated by the radial, median, and ulnar nerves.

text: The radial nerve innervates the finger extensors and the thumb abductor, thus the muscles that extends at the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles); and that abducts and extends the thumb. The median nerve innervates the flexors of the wrist and digits, the abductors and opponens of the thumb, the first and second lumbrical. The ulnar nerve innervates the remaining intrinsic muscles of the hand.[14]

text: All muscles of the hand are innervated by the brachial plexus (C5–T1) and can be classified by innervation:[15]

text:
Nerve
Muscles

radial
Extensors: carpi radialis longus and brevis, digitorum, digiti minimi, carpi ulnaris, pollicis longus and brevis, and indicis.
Other: abductor pollicis longus.

median
Flexors: carpi radialis, pollicis longus, digitorum profundus (half), superficialis, and pollicis brevis (superficial head).
Other: palmaris longus. abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and first and second lumbricals.

ulnar
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (half), palmaris brevis, flexor digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, adductor pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis (deep head), palmar and dorsal interossei, and third and fourth lumbricals.

text: The radial nerve innervates the skin the back of the hand from the thumb to the ring finger and the dorsal aspects of the index, middle, and half ring fingers as far as the proximal interphalangeal joints. The median nerve innervates the palmar side of the thumb, index, middle, and half ring fingers. Dorsal branches innervates the distal phalanges of the index, middle, and half ring fingers. The ulnar nerve innervates the ulnar third of the hand, both at the palm and the back of the hand, and the little and half ring fingers.[14]

text: There is a considerable variation to this general pattern, except for the little finger and volar surface of the index finger. For example, in some individuals, the ulnar nerve supplies the entire ring finger and the ulnar side of the middle finger, whilst, in others, the median nerve supplies the entire ring finger.[14]

text: Skin[edit]

text: The glabrous (hairless) skin on the front of the hand, the palm, is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones. Compared to the rest of the body's skin, the hands' palms (as well as the soles of the feet) are usually lighter — and even much lighter in dark-skinned individuals, compared to the other side of the hand. Indeed, genes specifically expressed in the dermis of palmoplantar skin inhibit melanin production and thus the ability to tan, and promote the thickening of the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum layers of the epidermis. All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges (fingerprints) acting as friction pads. In contrast, the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin, soft, and pliable, so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched. On the dorsal side, the skin can be moved across the hand up to 3 cm (1.2 in); an important input the cutaneous mechanoreceptors.[16]

text: The web of the hand is a "fold of skin which connects the digits"[17]. These webs, located between each set of digits, are known as skin folds (interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis). They are defined as "one of the folds of skin, or rudimentary web, between the fingers and toes".[18]

text: Variation[edit]

text: The ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger in adults is affected by the level of exposure to male sex hormones of the embryo in utero. This digit ratio is below 1 for both sexes but it is lower in males than in females on average.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: A number of genetic disorders affect the hand. Polydactyly is the presence of more than the usual number of fingers. One of the disorders that can cause this is Catel-Manzke syndrome. The fingers may be fused in a disorder known as syndactyly. Or there may be an absence of one or more central fingers—a condition known as ectrodactyly. Additionally, some people are born without one or both hands (amelia).

text: There are several cutaneous conditions that can affect the hand including the nails.

text: The autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis can affect the hand, particularly the joints of the fingers.

text: Some conditions can be treated by hand surgery. These include carpal tunnel syndrome, a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of the median nerve, and Dupuytren's contracture, a condition in which fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be straightened. A similar condition[clarification needed] to this is where some of the fingers cannot be flexed due to injury to the ulnar nerve.

text: A common fracture of the hand is a scaphoid fracture—a fracture of the scaphoid bone, one of the carpal bones. This is the commonest carpal bone fracture and can be slow to heal due to a limited blood flow to the bone. There are various types of fracture to the base of the thumb; these are known as Rolando fractures, Bennet's fracture, and Gamekeeper's thumb. Another common fracture, known as Boxer's fracture, is to the neck of a metacarpal.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The prehensile hands and feet of primates evolved from the mobile hands of semi-arboreal tree shrews that lived about 60 million years ago. This development has been accompanied by important changes in the brain and the relocation of the eyes to the front of the face, together allowing the muscle control and stereoscopic vision necessary for controlled grasping. This grasping, also known as power grip, is supplemented by the precision grip between the thumb and the distal finger pads made possible by the opposable thumbs. Hominidae (great apes including humans) acquired an erect bipedal posture about 3.6 million years ago, which freed the hands from the task of locomotion and paved the way for the precision and range of motion in human hands.[19] Functional analyses of the features unique to the hand of modern humans have shown that they are consistent with the stresses and requirements associated with the effective use of paleolithic stone tools.[20][21] It is possible that the refinement of the bipedal posture in the earliest hominids evolved to facilitate the use of the trunk as leverage in accelerating the hand.[22]

text: While the human hand has unique anatomical features, including a longer thumb and fingers that can be controlled individually to a higher degree, the hands of other primates are anatomically similar and the dexterity of the human hand can not be explained solely on anatomical factors. The neural machinery underlying hand movements is a major contributing factor; primates have evolved direct connections between neurons in cortical motor areas and spinal motoneurons, giving the cerebral cortex monosynaptic control over the motoneurons of the hand muscles; placing the hands "closer" to the brain.[23] The recent evolution of the human hand is thus a direct result of the development of the central nervous system, and the hand, therefore, is a direct tool of our consciousness — the main source of differentiated tactile sensations — and a precise working organ enabling gestures — the expressions of our personalities.[24]

text: There are nevertheless several primitive features left in the human hand, including pentadactyly (having five fingers), the hairless skin of the palm and fingers, and the os centrale found in human embryos, prosimians, and apes. Furthermore, the precursors of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are present in the earliest fishes, reflecting that the hand evolved from the pectoral fin and thus is much older than the arm in evolutionary terms.[19]

text: The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates.[25] Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes,[26] and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.[27] Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor (CHLCA) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo floresiensis. This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.[28] The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus, an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey). In humans, the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb.[27]

text: There is a hypothesis suggesting the form of the modern human hand is especially conducive to the formation of a compact fist, presumably for fighting purposes. The fist is compact and thus effective as a weapon. It also provides protection for the fingers.[29] However, this is not widely accepted to be one of the primary selective pressures acting on hand morphology throughout human evolution, with tool use and production being thought to be far more influential.[21][30][31][32]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Illustration of Hand and Wrist Bones.

Bones of the left hand. Volar surface.

Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface.

Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand.

Cuban doctor checks the hand of a patient. Sara, Guinea-Bissau, liberated zones, 1974

Hard hands of a young girl in Algeria.


document_title: National Basketball Association All-Star Game

question_text: when was the last time the east won an all star game

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of holding an All-Star Game was conceived during a meeting between NBA President Maurice Podoloff, NBA publicity director Haskell Cohen and Boston Celtics owner Walter A. Brown. At that time, the basketball world had just been stunned by the college basketball point-shaving scandal.

text: In order to regain public attention to the league, Cohen suggested the league to host an exhibition game featuring the league's best players, similar to Major League Baseball's All-Star Game.[3] Although most people, including Podoloff, were pessimistic about the idea, Brown remained confident that it would be a success, and he even offered to host the game and to cover all the expenses or potential losses incurred from the game.[4] In the first All-Star Game, the Eastern All-Stars team defeated the Western All-Stars team 111–94.

text: Boston Celtics' Ed Macauley was named as the first NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player, and the All-Star Game became a success, drawing an attendance of 10,094, much higher than that season's average attendance of 3,500.[5] In 2010, the NBA All Star Game attendance record was set when 108,713 fans jammed Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This shattered the existing attendance record previously held at Ford Field on Dec. 13, 2003 when 78,129 attendees watched Michigan State play Duke.[6]

text: Features of the All-Star Game[edit]

text: The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards, selected by a combination of fan, player, and media voting. In 2017, the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50% of the total and player and media voting account for 25% each.[7] The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All-Star starters over more deserving players.[8], [9] Prior to 2013, fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players.[10] The NBA in 2003 began offering All-Star ballots in three languages—English, Spanish and Chinese—for fan voting of the starters.[11]

text: NBA coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences, none of which can be players on their own team. Each coach selects two guards, three frontcourt players and two wild cards, with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category. If a multi-position player is to be selected, coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that is "most advantageous for the All-Star team", regardless of where the player is listed on the All-Star ballot or the position he is listed in box scores.[12] If a player is unavailable for the game due to injury, the NBA commissioner selects a replacement for the roster. If the replacement is for a fan-selected starter, the all-star coach chooses the replacement in the starting lineup, and is not limited to the commissioner's addition to the roster.[13] It is also possible for more than one All-Star to be selected from one team, but there has never been more than 4 All-Stars represent a team in the game. Most recently was the 2017 Golden State Warriors who had 4 players represent that team (Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, Draymond Green, and Klay Thompson.) This has only occurred 8 times dating back to 1962 Boston Celtics and the 1962 Los Angeles Lakers.[14]

text: The Game is played under normal NBA rules, but there are notable differences from an average game. Since the starting All-Stars are selected by fan vote, players sometimes start the game at atypical positions. For instance, in 2007 Kobe Bryant and Tracy McGrady had the two highest fan vote totals among Western Conference guards. As both players normally play shooting guard, Bryant, who is 6'6" (198 cm), started the game as a point guard, despite him also manning the shooting guard position on his team.

text: The player introductions are usually accompanied by a significant amount of fanfare, including lighting effects, dance music, and pyrotechnics. Special uniforms are designed for the game each year, usually red for the Western Conference and blue for the Eastern Conference, but the 1997–2002 games allowed players the opportunity to wear their respective team uniforms, and until 2009 and from 2015 to the present, the host conference wore light uniforms. Originally players from the same team who share a number have the option to either keep or change numbers (e.g. Patrick Ewing trading his familiar #33 for #3 because of Larry Bird wearing the same number), but since 1997 players from the same team can keep their customary uniform numbers even if they share them. A major recording artist typically sings "O Canada" and "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to tipoff. One of the more memorable performances was given by Marvin Gaye during the 1983 game; Gaye was accompanied by Gordon Banks, who played a tape from an all night session that used numerous elements of soul music and funk, and Banks still has that historic tape of the music to which Gaye sang his soulful version.

text: Gameplay usually involves players attempting spectacular slam dunks and alley oops. Defensive effort is usually limited and the final score of the game is generally much higher than an average NBA game. The coaches also try to give most of the reserve players some time on the court instead of using a limited rotation as they would in a normal game, but giving the starters more minutes because that's who the fans want to see most. The fourth quarter of the game is often played in a more competitive fashion, if the game is close.

text: Halftime is also longer than a typical NBA game due to musical performances by popular artists. Recent guests have included Michael Jackson, Snoop Dogg, Ariana Grande, Elton John, Beyoncé, Mariah Carey, OutKast, Alicia Keys, Shakira, Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, Kendrick Lamar, Christina Aguilera, and John Legend.

text: All-Star Game records[edit]

text: All-Star Game results[edit]

text: This is a list of each All-Star Game, the venue at which it was played, and the Game MVP. Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue, city, or player has occurred as of that instance (e.g. "Michael Jordan (2)" in 1996 indicates that was his second All-Star MVP award). As of the 2017 All-Star Game (the 2016–17 NBA season)[update], the Eastern Conference leads with a record of 37 wins and 29 losses. The Western Conference has won the last 3 games.

text:
Eastern Conference (37 wins)
Western Conference (29 wins)

text: Note: Stadium names are named based on the name at the day of the All-Star Game.

text:
Year
Result
Host arena
Host city
Game MVP

1951
East 111, West 94
Boston Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Ed Macauley, Boston Celtics

1952
East 108, West 91
Boston Garden (2)
Boston, Massachusetts (2)
Paul Arizin, Philadelphia Warriors

1953
West 79, East 75
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
Fort Wayne, Indiana
George Mikan, Minneapolis Lakers

1954
East 98, West 93 (OT)
Madison Square Garden (1925)**
New York City, New York
Bob Cousy, Boston Celtics

1955
East 100, West 91
Madison Square Garden (1925)** (2)
New York City, New York (2)
Bill Sharman, Boston Celtics

1956
West 108, East 94
Rochester War Memorial Coliseum
Rochester, New York
Bob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks

1957
East 109, West 97
Boston Garden (3)
Boston, Massachusetts (3)
Bob Cousy (2), Boston Celtics

1958
East 130, West 118
St. Louis Arena
St. Louis, Missouri
Bob Pettit (2), St. Louis Hawks

1959
West 124, East 108
Olympia Stadium
Detroit, Michigan
Elgin Baylor, Minneapolis Lakers
Bob Pettit (3), St. Louis Hawks

1960
East 125, West 115
Convention Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors

1961
West 153, East 131
Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum
Syracuse, New York
Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati Royals

1962
West 150, East 130
St. Louis Arena (2)
St. Louis, Missouri (2)
Bob Pettit (4), St. Louis Hawks

1963
East 115, West 108
LA Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
Bill Russell, Boston Celtics

1964
East 111, West 107
Boston Garden (4)
Boston, Massachusetts (4)
Oscar Robertson (2), Cincinnati Royals

1965
East 124, West 123
St. Louis Arena (3)
St. Louis, Missouri (3)
Jerry Lucas, Cincinnati Royals

1966
East 137, West 94
Cincinnati Gardens
Cincinnati, Ohio
Adrian Smith, Cincinnati Royals

1967
West 135, East 120
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
Rick Barry, San Francisco Warriors

1968
East 144, West 124
Madison Square Garden (1925)** (3)
New York City, New York (3)
Hal Greer, Philadelphia 76ers

1969
East 123, West 112
Baltimore Civic Center
Baltimore, Maryland
Oscar Robertson (3), Cincinnati Royals

1970
East 142, West 135
The Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2)
Willis Reed, New York Knicks

1971
West 108, East 107
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
Lenny Wilkens, Seattle SuperSonics

1972
West 112, East 110
The Forum
Inglewood, California
Jerry West, Los Angeles Lakers

1973
East 104, West 84
Chicago Stadium
Chicago, Illinois
Dave Cowens, Boston Celtics

1974
West 134, East 123
Seattle Center Coliseum
Seattle, Washington
Bob Lanier, Detroit Pistons

1975
East 108, West 102
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Phoenix, Arizona
Walt Frazier, New York Knicks

1976
East 123, West 109
The Spectrum (2)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (3)
Dave Bing, Washington Bullets

1977
West 125, East 124
Milwaukee Arena
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Julius Erving, Philadelphia 76ers

1978
East 133, West 125
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
Randy Smith, Buffalo Braves

1979
West 134, East 129
Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac, Michigan†
David Thompson, Denver Nuggets

1980
East 144, West 136 (OT)
Capital Centre
Landover, Maryland
George Gervin, San Antonio Spurs

1981
East 123, West 120
Coliseum at Richfield
Richfield, Ohio
Nate Archibald, Boston Celtics

1982
East 120, West 118
Brendan Byrne Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Larry Bird, Boston Celtics

1983
East 132, West 123
The Forum (2)
Inglewood, California (2)
Julius Erving (2), Philadelphia 76ers

1984
East 154, West 145 (OT)
McNichols Sports Arena
Denver, Colorado
Isiah Thomas, Detroit Pistons

1985
West 140, East 129
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana†
Ralph Sampson, Houston Rockets

1986
East 139, West 132
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
Isiah Thomas (2), Detroit Pistons

1987
West 154, East 149 (OT)
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington† (2)
Tom Chambers, Seattle SuperSonics

1988
East 138, West 133
Chicago Stadium (2)
Chicago, Illinois (2)
Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls

1989
West 143, East 134
Astrodome
Houston, Texas†
Karl Malone, Utah Jazz

1990
East 130, West 113
Miami Arena
Miami, Florida
Magic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers

1991
East 116, West 114
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
Charles Barkley, Philadelphia 76ers

1992
West 153, East 113
Orlando Arena
Orlando, Florida
Magic Johnson (2), Los Angeles Lakers

1993
West 135, East 132 (OT)
Delta Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
Karl Malone (2), Utah Jazz
John Stockton, Utah Jazz

1994
East 127, West 118
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Scottie Pippen, Chicago Bulls

1995
West 139, East 112
America West Arena§
Phoenix, Arizona (2)
Mitch Richmond, Sacramento Kings

1996
East 129, West 118
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
Michael Jordan (2), Chicago Bulls

1997
East 132, West 120
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Glen Rice, Charlotte Hornets

1998
East 135, West 114
Madison Square Garden***
New York City, New York (4)
Michael Jordan (3), Chicago Bulls

1999
Canceled due to the league's lockout.
The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[15]

2000
West 137, East 126
The Arena in Oakland
Oakland, California
Tim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs
Shaquille O'Neal, Los Angeles Lakers

2001
East 111, West 110
MCI Center
Washington, D.C.
Allen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers

2002
West 135, East 120
First Union Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (4)
Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers

2003
West 155, East 145 (2 OT)
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia (2)
Kevin Garnett, Minnesota Timberwolves

2004
West 136, East 132
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California (2)
Shaquille O'Neal (2), Los Angeles Lakers

2005
East 125, West 115
Pepsi Center
Denver, Colorado (2)
Allen Iverson (2), Philadelphia 76ers

2006
East 122, West 120
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas (2)
LeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers

2007
West 153, East 132
Thomas & Mack Center
Las Vegas, Nevada*
Kobe Bryant (2), Los Angeles Lakers

2008
East 134, West 128
New Orleans Arena§
New Orleans, Louisiana
LeBron James (2), Cleveland Cavaliers

2009
West 146, East 119
US Airways Center (2)
Phoenix, Arizona (3)
Kobe Bryant (3), Los Angeles Lakers
Shaquille O'Neal (3), Phoenix Suns

2010
East 141, West 139
Cowboys Stadium
Arlington, Texas#†
Dwyane Wade, Miami Heat

2011
West 148, East 143
Staples Center (2)
Los Angeles, California (3)
Kobe Bryant (4), Los Angeles Lakers

2012
West 152, East 149
Amway Center
Orlando, Florida (2)
Kevin Durant, Oklahoma City Thunder

2013
West 143, East 138
Toyota Center (2)
Houston, Texas (3)
Chris Paul, Los Angeles Clippers

2014
East 163, West 155
Smoothie King Center (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana (2)
Kyrie Irving, Cleveland Cavaliers

2015
West 163, East 158
Madison Square Garden (2)*** / Barclays Center
New York City, New York (5)
Russell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder

2016
West 196, East 173
Air Canada Centre
Toronto, Ontario
Russell Westbrook (2), Oklahoma City Thunder

2017
West 192, East 182
Smoothie King Center (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana (3)
Anthony Davis, New Orleans Pelicans

2018
East vs. West
Staples Center (3)
Los Angeles, California (4)

2019[16]
East vs. West
Spectrum Center
Charlotte, North Carolina (2)

text:
* denotes a city without an NBA team in play during that calendar year.
** denotes game played at the "third" Madison Square Garden on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, which the first three NBA All-Star Games played in Madison Square Garden (1954, '55 and '68) were.
*** denotes game played at the "fourth" (or current as of 2017) Madison Square Garden that runs from 31st to 33rd Streets from 8th to west of 7th Avenues above the western half of Penn Station in Manhattan that opened in February 1968, approximately one month after the 1968 game was played in the "old" MSG.
† denotes an NBA All-Star game that is held at an NFL or MLB stadium.
§ denotes a stadium or arena whose venue name has since changed AND the venue has hosted a subsequent NBA All-Star game under the alternate name.
Portland, Sacramento, Memphis, and Oklahoma City are the only current NBA cities that have not yet hosted an NBA All-Star Game.[a]
New arenas that have not hosted the All-Star Game in markets that have hosted it previously are BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee, United Center in Chicago, TD Garden in Boston, American Airlines Arena in Miami, Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, American Airlines Center in Dallas, Spectrum Center in Charlotte, AT&T Center in San Antonio, and Little Caesars Arena (opening for 2017–18) in Detroit.

# Arlington, Texas does not have an NBA team within its city limits, but it is a part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex that has an NBA team (the Dallas Mavericks).

text: Other All-Star events[edit]

text: The All-Star Game is the featured event of All-Star Weekend, and it is held on a Sunday night. All-Star Weekend also includes a number of popular exhibition games and competitions featuring NBA players and alumni as well as players from the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and NBA Development League (D-League).