document_title: When Calls the Heart

question_text: who plays julie in when calls the heart

question_tokens: who plays julie in when calls the heart

text: When Calls the Heart

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher (Erin Krakow), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta. There, life is simple—but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton (Daniel Lissing). He believes Thatcher’s wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate’s daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed.

text: Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son—along with 45 other miners—have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen—a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)
March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)

2
7
April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)
June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)

New Year's Wish
December 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)

3
8
February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)

Christmas
December 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)

4
10
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)

The Christmas Wishing Tree
December 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)

5
10
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton
Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5)
Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton
Jack Wagner as Bill Avery
Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen
Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter
Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd
Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery
Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley
Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey
Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan
Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan
Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery
Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery
Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam
Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings
Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery
Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock
Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery
Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn
Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher
Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter
Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton
Ava Grace Cooper as Opal
Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton
Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton
Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher
Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington
Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan
Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson
Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher
Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar
Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings
Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher
Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar
Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves
Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4)
Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4)
Josie Bissett as AJ Foster

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie. Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher, and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, "Prelude to a Kiss," (also titled as "Final Adieu"), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth, "You're the one, you're the only one" and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss.
Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In "Rules of Engagement" (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In "Prelude to a Kiss" (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, "You're the one, you're the only one." She replied that she was "not going anywhere", Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, "With All My Heart." They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's "Trials of the Heart," and their rocky relationship continues until "Coming Together, Coming Apart." Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In "Hearts In Question," Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, "Prayers From The Heart," Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding.
Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends. When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage, Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's. In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan. Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth.
Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's "Rules of Engagement," in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's "Heart's Desire."
Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town.
Rosemary "Rosie" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as "the competition," but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In "Heart Of A Hero," seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is "the best part of his life." The couple shares in their first kiss. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In "Heartbreak," Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another "role" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In "Hearts In Question," Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale "Prayers From The Heart," with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor.
Leland "Lee" Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley. He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her. When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities. Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her. With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in "Heart and Home." When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laidback outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's "Heart Of A Hero," Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode "Heartbreak," Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, "Prayers From The Heart." Jack serves the role of Lee's best man.
Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship.
Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in "Secrets and Lies." Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in "Cease and Desist." She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In "These Games," she also helps Jack catch a thief.
Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In "Heart and Home," Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken. While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley.
Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will "say that she loves her more than life itself." Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Lee feels it's time to "play hard to get" with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town.
Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman. Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's "Trials of the Heart;" with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In "Heart's Desire," Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts.
Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[10] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[11]

text: The series was renewed for a second season,[12] which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016,[13] with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season.[14]

text: In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017.[15][16]

text: Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017.[17][18]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015.[19] The network has since aired all five seasons.[20][21] The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017.


document_title: List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)

question_text: what is the second largest economy in europe

root

text: List of nominal GDP for European countries in billion USD[edit]

text: This is a sortable list of all European countries by their gross domestic product in US dollars at market or official government exchange rates (nominal GDP). The data for 2018 are estimates.

tag: p

text:
2018 Rank
Country
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018[2]

1st
 Germany
3,761.142
3,545.946
3,753.687
3,885.440
3,365.293
3,479,232
3,684.816
4,029.140

2nd
 United Kingdom
2,611.108
2,655.458
2,721.489
2,945.394
2,858.482
2,660,687
2,624.529
2,808.899

3rd
 France
2,865.304
2,682.900
2,809.390
2,843.673
2,420.163
2,466,472
2,583.560
2,794.696

4th
 Italy
2,278.376
2,073.972
2,130.997
2,141.937
1,815.759
1,860,152
1,937.894
2,086.911

5th
 Russia
2,031.768
2,170.145
2,230.624
2,030.973
1,326.016
1,283,286
1,527.469
1,576.488

6th
 Spain
1,489.381
1,340.689
1,369.690
1,383.537
1,199.715
1,237,766
1,313.951
1,437.047

7th
 Netherlands
894.576
829.406
866.951
881.033
750.696
777,548
825.745
909.887

8th
  Switzerland
696.528
665.898
685.871
712.050
664.603
668,748
678.575
709.118

9th
 Sweden
563.110
543.881
579.526
570.137
492.618
514,460
538.575
554.659

10th
 Poland
524.104
496.687
526.031
546.644
474.893
471,216
524.886
549.478

11th
 Belgium
528.721
499.129
524.970
534.672
454.687
468,148
494.733
536.055

12th
 Austria
429.493
407.801
428.456
437.123
374.124
390,961
416.845
459.401

13th
 Norway
498.157
509.705
522.349
500.244
389.482
371,075
396.457
441.439

14th
 Ireland
237.990
222.089
232.150
246.438
238.031
304,499
333.994
366.448

15th
 Denmark
341.498
322.277
335.878
340.806
294.951
306,900
324.484
354.683

16th
 Finland
273.925
256.849
268.281
271.165
229.671
238,776
253.244
276.553

17th
 Czech Republic
227.307
206.751
208.796
205.658
181.858
195,305
213.189
244.540

18th
 Romania
186.113
172.041
191.598
199.950
177.315
187,807
211.315
239.440

19th
 Portugal
245.120
216.488
224.983
230.012
199.077
205,269
218.064
237.962

20th
 Greece
289.068
249.663
242.306
238.023
195.320
192,770
200.690
218.057

21st
 Hungary
139.447
126.825
133.424
137.104
120.636
129,144
132.034
156.393

22nd
 Ukraine
163.307
175.707
179.572
130.660
90.524
93,263
109.321
126.390

23rd
 Slovakia
97.621
92.799
97.743
99.971
86.629
89,806
95.938
106.940

24th
 Luxembourg
59.010
56.323
60.150
62.395
57.423
58,655
62.393
68.993

25th
 Bulgaria
55.799
52.613
54.517
55.837
48.957
53,236
56.943
63.651

26th
 Croatia
62.172
56.484
57.849
57.159
48.850
51,350
54.516
59.971

27th
 Belarus
59.735
63.615
71.710
76.139
54.609
47,703
54.436
56.934

28th
 Slovenia
51.299
46.288
48.005
49.506
42.768
44,727
48.868
54.969

29th
 Lithuania
43.478
42.828
46.426
48.232
41.267
42,791
47.263
52.468

30th
 Serbia
46.488
40.749
45.520
43.866
36.513
38,300
41.471
47.654

31st
 Latvia
28.488
28.343
30.838
31.970
27.048
27,584
30.319
34.286

32nd
 Estonia
22.824
22.673
24.888
25.953
22.704
23,348
25.973
29.527

33rd
 Iceland
14.666
14.183
15.330
16.693
16.718
20,304
23.909
26.674

34th
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
18.318
16.906
17.852
17.977
15.794
16,917
18.058
19.984

35th
 Albania
12.891
12.345
12.916
13.262
11.543
11,865
13.181
15.121

36th
 Malta
9.604
9.289
10.056
10.582
9.801
11,278
12.543
14.873

37th
 Macedonia
10.659
9.751
10.774
11.342
9.922
10,759
11.366
12.374

38th
 Moldova
7.018
7.283
7.985
7.944
6.414
6,773
8.085
11.436

39th
 Montenegro
4.500
4.048
4.419
4.462
4.039
4,376
4.764
5.389

40th
 San Marino
2.056
1.802
1.802
1.786
1.566
1,565
1.636
1.769

tag: table


document_title: Super Bowl LIII

question_text: where is the 2019 super bowl being played

text: Super Bowl LIII

text:
Super Bowl LIII

Mercedes-Benz Stadium near completion in August 2017

Date
February 3, 2019

Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia

TV in the United States

Network
CBS

Radio in the United States

Network
Westwood One

← LII
Super Bowl
LIV →

text: Super Bowl LIII, the 53rd Super Bowl and the 49th modern-era National Football League (NFL) championship game, will decide the league champion for the 2018 NFL season. The game will be played on Sunday, February 3, 2019, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. This will be the third Super Bowl in Atlanta, having previously hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000. The game is set to be televised nationally by CBS.

text: Host-selection process[edit]

text: Atlanta will be the host of Super Bowl LIII in 2019. On May 19, 2015, the league announced the four finalists that will compete to host Super Bowl LIII in 2019, LIV in 2020, and LV in 2021. NFL owners voted on these cities on May 24, 2016, with the first round of voting determining the host for Super Bowl LIII, the second round deciding a different site for Super Bowl LIV, and the third round deciding the site for Super Bowl LV. The four finalists for Super Bowl LIII, all in the Southeastern United States, were:[1][2]

text:
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia: This will be the first Super Bowl played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium after it was scheduled to open in 2017. The city has previously hosted two Super Bowls, with the last being Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.
Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida: South Florida has previously hosted 10 Super Bowls, with the last being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010.
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana: New Orleans has previously hosted 10 Super Bowls, with the last being Super Bowl XLVII in 2013.
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida: Tampa has hosted 4 Super Bowls, with the last being Super Bowl XLIII in 2009.

tag: ul

text: After three votes, Atlanta was awarded Super Bowl LIII at the NFL owners' meeting on May 24, 2016. The losing candidates, except for New Orleans which removed itself from the voting for all games except Super Bowl LIII due to event conflicts in 2020 and 2021, were then pitted against Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California for Super Bowl LIV and Super Bowl LV hosting rights. Miami eventually won the rights to host Super Bowl LIV, and Los Angeles won the rights to host Super Bowl LV.[3][4] However, on May 23, 2017, NFL owners opted to award Super Bowl LV to Tampa and give Super Bowl LVI to Los Angeles after it was announced that Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park would open in 2020 due to construction delays.


document_title: Michigan's Adventure

question_text: how high is the ripcord at michigan adventure

text: Michigan's Adventure

text: History[edit]

text: The park was founded as Deer Park in 1956 by L.R. Beardsley, Dr. E.S. Gillam, Hardin Dey and Martin Kasichke. The park originally featured a petting zoo with deer, llamas, monkeys, chickens and ducks, as well as a children's area called Storybook Lane. The first ride was built in 1958, an Alan Herschell 16-gauge train called the Deer Park Special.

text: In 1968, Roger Jourden purchased the park from then-owner Benny Bensinger for $115,000 and began selling off the deer and purchasing attractions, eventually renaming it Deer Park Funland in 1972. That same year, he added the first three flat rides: Tilt-a-Whirl, Merry-Go-Round and Ferris Wheel. Every few years he would add a few more attractions, with the Scrambler opening in 1975. 1976, the park's 20th anniversary, introduced the Spider, a car ride named Mutley's Putt Putts, and two rides for children.

text: The park's first roller coaster opened in 1979, a standard model Corkscrew from Arrow Development. The park continued their relationship with Arrow when in 1983 they introduced Logger's Run, an Arrow Hydroflume. The Chance-manufactured Sea Dragon opened in 1987, along with a new C.P. Huntington Train circling the park. 1987 also marked the final year for the Spider, which was sold to Michael Jackson for his Neverland Ranch complex.

text: Transition to Michigan's Adventure[edit]

text: The 1988 season marked a huge transition for Deer Park Funland, most notably the introduction of a new General Manager, Roger's daughter Camille Jourden-Mark, as well as a new name, Michigan's Adventure. The largest change on the midway that year was the introduction of the Wolverine Wildcat wooden roller coaster, the first coaster manufactured by the Dinn & Summers partnership. The park also introduced a Chance Thunderbolt, two live shows and a new entrance.

text: In 1989, the Giant Gondola Wheel replaced the Ferris Wheel, and the Falling Star and Trabant made their debut past Logger's Run. The park introduced WildWater Adventure in 1990 in order to compete with a popular waterpark in Norton Shores called Pleasure Island (Pleasure Island closed in 1996). WildWater Adventure originally featured eight water slides, a wave pool, a children's play area and a lazy river.

text: Over the next few years, the park introduced several popular flat rides, such as the replacement of the Merry-Go-Round by the Grand Carousel in 1991 and the Flying Trapeze in 1992. Mammoth River made its debut in the waterpark in 1993, and the park's third coaster, the junior wooden coaster Zach's Zoomer, opened in 1994, replacing the C.P. Huntington Train (though a new one would open up near Wolverine Wildcat and presently shuttles people to the north side of the park). Adventure Falls, a classic shoot-the-chutes water ride, opened in 1995 at the back of the park past Wild Water Adventure. 1996 saw the introduction of Chaos and a new Tilt-a-Whirl, both located behind Logger's Run.

text: The waterpark was expanded with a "Phase Two" in 1997, including two more wave pools, two children's play areas, a second large raft slide, and three more tube slides. The new additions doubled both the size and capacity of the waterpark. Also that year the park's miniature golf course, Rocky Point Mini Golf, opened on the lake.

text: The most notable change in 1997 was the start of construction on a third wooden roller coaster, Shivering Timbers. When the ride opened in 1998, it was quickly considered one of the world's best wooden roller coasters. Early into the 1998 season, however, the Late-May 1998 Tornado Outbreak and Derecho damaged the Mutley's Putt Putts ride as well as a small children's ride named Drummer Boy, uprooting a lot of the trees in the park.

text: The park began a five-year expansion program in 1999 with the introduction of a new entrance on the site formerly occupied by Mutley's Putt Putts, a new ticketing system, and three new rides. The first to open on July 10, 1999 was the Big Dipper, the park's fifth roller coaster. Shortly after that in August the park's sixth coaster, Mad Mouse as well as an S&S Frog Hopper opened on the site where the previous entrance once stood. The Scrambler attraction was also moved near Frog Hopper to make room for future additions. The first annual TimbersFest was also held in June 1999.

text: In 1999, Michigan's Adventure was planning to build a 210 ft steel roller coaster according to a height variance. This coaster was projected to cost around $7,000,000. There were other permits filled at that time, including a convenience store/gas station and a new parking lot. In addition to those current proposed projects, the park was also working on plans for a campground and a 300-room hotel. However, these proposals never went through.

text: For the year 2000, the park planned on adding two new attractions. Speed Splashers, a children's boat ride, opened near the Big Dipper, with the second attraction being an electric car ride named Be-Bop Blvd. However, Be-Bop Blvd. did not open in 2000, due to a number of construction-related delays.

text: Transition to Cedar Fair[edit]

text: In 2001, Cedar Fair L.P. purchased Michigan's Adventure for $28,000,000. Larry MacKenzie replaced Camille Jourden-Mark as General Manager to help the park through the transition, but he would soon leave for Valleyfair at the end of the year, bringing Jourden-Mark back as General Manager. The season's only new attraction would be the short-lived Royal Hannerford Circus.

text: In 2002, the park introduced $5,000,000 worth of new rides, attractions and improvements. Eight new attractions were installed including the park's tallest ride, RipCord, as well as introducing the Peanuts characters and the state's largest Snoopy Boutique. 2004 introduced Swan Boats, moved from Cedar Point where they were removed for the pond turnaround on Maverick, and in 2005 the park introduced a new water slide named ProSlide Tornado, Funnel of Fear. In 2006, for the park's 50th anniversary, a new white water rafting ride called Grand Rapids opened in a previously un-developed area past Adventure Falls. The renovation also included a new 50's themed restaurant called Coasters, which is located at many Cedar Fair parks, as well as a new train station named Grand Rapids Junction.

text: In 2008, Michigan's Adventure opened the state's first suspended looping coaster, Thunderhawk, which was moved from sister park Geauga Lake after it closed. Thunderhawk was the first new roller coaster in Michigan's Adventure since 1999. In 2010, Bumper Boats were added just north of Logger's Run, after previously operating at Valleyfair. In 2011, Michigan's Adventure introduced an attraction in the water park, Beach Party, featuring the world's first giant geyser, blasting water 90 feet (27 m) into the air as well as 150 different interactive water-related features. For the 2012 season, the park is focusing on new offerings, including some new food choices, VIP Tours, and the Fast Lane system. Just prior to the 2012 season, the Falling Star ride was removed from the park due to declining ridership and so future growth could be made.[1] After 2008, it became an open secret that after Thunderhawk was added, Michigan's Adventure not only set attendance records, but also has brought in one of the highest profit margins in the Cedar Fair chain. This explains Michigan's Adventure's lack of new rides since 2009.

text: On December 13, 2012, Michigan's Adventure announced that they would be making an announcement for a new attraction at the park for 2013 on December 17, 2012. Along with that announcement came a Haiku that read "the four elements, only one will master, summer, please come soon."[2] On December 17, 2012, Michigan's Adventure announced their intent to build a flying scooter ride at the park named Lakeside Gliders, which opened in May 2013. In addition, the park opened up the Lakeside Beer Garden immediately adjacent to the Lakeside Gliders ride on the lake for 2013. This marks the final park in the Cedar Fair chain to be able to serve alcohol.[3]

text: Current rides and attractions[edit]

text:
Intensity rating[4] (out of 5)

  1 (mild)   2   3   4   5 (extreme)

text: Roller coasters[edit]

text:
Ride
Picture
Opened
Manufacturer
Description

3
Big Dipper

1999
Chance Rides
A family oriented steel sit-down roller coaster. It is a Chance Big Dipper model. The ride stands about 16 feet tall. Riders must be 36 inches to ride. Riders under 42 inches must be accompanied by a responsible person.

5
Corkscrew

1979
Arrow Dynamics
A steel sit-down roller coaster. It tops out at a height of 70 feet, reaches a top speed of 45 mph and has two corkscrew inversions. The Corkscrew was added by Roger Jourden to help turn his small deer park petting zoo into a full-fledged amusement park, and it was the first roller coaster built at the park. Riders must be 48 inches or taller to ride. It is one of the oldest original Arrow coasters still in existence. Arrow Dynamics has built several Corkscrew coasters and some, such as the Corkscrew at Cedar Point, or the Corkscrew.[5]

4
Mad Mouse

1999
Arrow Dynamics
A steel sit-down roller coaster. The coaster consists of sharp turns and sudden drops, characteristic of any wild mouse style roller coaster. The ride stands 68 feet tall. Riders must be 44 inches to ride. Riders under 48 inches must be accompanied by a responsible person.

5
Shivering Timbers

1998
Custom Coasters International
A wooden roller coaster developed by Custom Coasters International with trains by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. It towers 125 feet (38 m) in the air (a 122-foot (37 m) drop), reaches a top speed around 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and the first drop is at a 55.5° angle. Riders must be 48 inches tall.

5
Thunderhawk

2008
Vekoma
A steel inverted roller coaster. It was the first Suspended Looping Coaster in the state. This ride is 105 feet tall, has a drop of 86 feet, and sends riders upside down 5 times at a speed of 50 miles per hour. Riders must be between 52 inches & 78 inches to ride Thunderhawk. The coaster previously operated at Geauga Lake prior to it closing. During the 2007–2008 off-season, it was relocated to Michigan's Adventure, reassembled and repainted.

5
Wolverine Wildcat

1988
Dinn Corporation
A wooden roller coaster. The ride opens up with a pass through a dark tunnel and a turn before climbing the lift hill. It is 85 feet high and reaches a top speed close to 55 mph. Wolverine Wildcat was the original wooden coaster built at the park. When Wolverine Wildcat opened, the name of the park was changed to "Michigan's Adventure". The layout was inspired by the Phoenix at Knoebels Amusement Resort. Riders must be 48 inches tall to ride.

4
Zach's Zoomer

1994
Custom Coasters International
A family oriented wooden roller coaster. It was named after the owner's grandson, Zach Mark. Zach's Zoomer is an ACE Coaster Classic. The trains for Zach's Zoomer were designed by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters Inc. Riders must be 42 inches tall to ride. Riders under 42 inches must be accompanied by a responsible person.

text: Thrill rides[edit]

text:
Ride
Opened
Ride Type
Height Requirement
Notes

4
Bumper Boats
2010
Bumper boats
54" or 44" with adult
Attraction charges $3 for 3 min of Bumper Boats

4
Dodgem
2002
Bumper cars
Over 48"

3
Flying Trapeze
1992
Swing ride
Over 48"

5
RipCord
2002
Skycoaster
Over 48"
Upcharge attraction. Takes 1-3 riders 183 feet (56 m) in the air before plunging them in a pendulum motion.

text: Family rides[edit]

text:
Ride
Opened
Description
Height Requirement

2
Be-Bop Blvd
2002
A classic electric car ride in which the cars are guided by a rail. This ride is themed to the 1950s.
42" or with adult

1
Carousel
1991
A classic Carousel
46" or with adult

1
Drummer Boy
1995
Riders sit in a rotating drum facing each other. Riders control the spin of the drum.
No hand-held infants

2
Frog Hopper
1999
Riders bounce up and down on a small tower.
Over 36"

2
Giant Gondola Wheel
1989
A Ferris wheel
Over 48" or with adult

3
Lakeside Gliders
2013
Riders control their height and spin on the ride.
48" or 36" with adult

3
Scrambler
1975
A classic Scrambler ride
Over 48" or 36" with adult

3
Sea Dragon
1987
A swinging Pirate ship ride
Over 48" or with adult

1
Speed Splashers
2000
Little boats rotate around a circular pond.
No hand-held infants

2
Swan Boats
2004
A swan boat style paddleboat ride
42" or with adult

3
Thunderbolt
1988
A classic Matterhorn ride
46" or 42" with adult

3
Tilt-A-Whirl
1996
A Tilt-A-Whirl ride
46" or with adult

1
Timbertown Railway
2002
A train ride around the park
46" or with adult

3
Trabant
1989
A Trabant ride
48" or 42" with adult

1
Winky The Whale
1995
Riders sit in whales that splash around a pond in circular motion.
No hand-held infants

text: Children's rides[edit]

text:
Ride
Opened
Description
Height
Requirement

2
Airplanes
1983
Little ones can take a spin on a biplane. A Barnstorming/Red Baron type ride.
Between 36" and 54"

2
Elephants
1983
A flying elephant type ride
Between 36" and 54"

2
Jr Go-Karts
2002
A kiddie version of the parks bigger Go-Karts.
Between 42" and 54"

1
Kiddie Cars
1976
A younger kiddie car ride
Under 54"

2
Mini-Enterprise
1983
A kiddie spinning ride
Between 36" and 54"

1
Motorcycles
1976
A children's ride where children ride motorcycles around a circle
Under 54"

text: Water rides[edit]

text:
Ride
Opened
Ride Type
Height Requirement

4
Adventure Falls
1995
Shoot the Chute
Over 46"

4
Grand Rapids
2006
River rapids ride
46" or 42" with adult

4
HydroBlaster
2002
Enclosed water slide
Over 48"

4
Logger's Run
1983
Log flume
46" or 36" with adult

text: Other attractions[edit]

text: Rocky Point Mini Golf - Upcharge attraction. A mini golf course along the lake. This course is designed for families, but also features many difficult water hazards and sand pits.

text: WildWater Adventure water park[edit]

text: WildWater Adventure, opened in 1990, is Michigan's Adventure's water park. After the addition of the WildWater Adventure, the slogan for the park became "2 parks for the price of 1" since the regular gate admission allows full day usage of both the amusement and the water park, rather than a separate fee for both.

text: Fast Lane queuing[edit]

text: Fast Lane is Michigan's Adventure's virtual queue system. For $35–$50, visitors get a wrist band that enables them to get to the front of the line without queuing on 15 of the most popular attractions.

text: Festivals[edit]

text:
The park formerly hosted Timberfest, a festival targeted at roller coaster enthusiasts, featuring early admission and extended ride time. Timbersfest ran from 1999-2009.
The park also hosts Rock the Coast, a Christian music mini-festival, in May. It is organized by Alive on the Lakeshore, the organization which created the Unity Christian Music Festival.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
In 2007 Michigan's Adventure won the tourist attraction of the year award in the state of Michigan.
Shivering Timbers has been rated in the top 10 wooden roller coasters by Amusement Today since its debut in their annual Golden Ticket Awards.
Shivering Timbers and Thunderhawk have earned places in the top 50 coasters in the world on Coasterforce.

text: Logo and slogan[edit]

text: The original Michigan's Adventure logo featured a cartoon lion. When Cedar Fair acquired the park in 2001, they replaced the lion with Snoopy from Peanuts, who appears on the logos of other Cedar Fair parks. The logo was changed twice in 2007; once to reflect Michigan's Adventure's part in the Cedar Fair chain, and again to re-add Snoopy. After Cedar Fair's acquisition of the Paramount Parks, all of their parks were given new logos featuring the same font and style which has been popularized by Cedar Point (with the trademark flag-dotted-"i").

text:
1956-1972 - "Fun, Fun, FunLand!"
1991-2009 - "2 Parks For The Price Of 1!"
2010–2011 - "The Fun And Only!"
2012 - "Thrills Connect"

text: Incidents[edit]

text:
The park's Gondola Wheel once malfunctioned prior to Cedar Fair ownership, and an aerial truck from the Norton Shores Fire Department had to rescue people from the top compartments of the ride.[citation needed]
On July 27, 2001, the rotating, wheel-shaped portion of the Chaos ride collapsed with 33 passengers aboard, stranding them for several hours. 31 were taken to local area hospitals, and most were released by the following afternoon.[6] An investigation found that bolts were loose and subsequently bent and broke during the ride's operation.[7]


document_title: The Bold and the Beautiful cast members

question_text: who plays charlie on the bold and the beautiful

text: The Bold and the Beautiful cast members

text: Current cast members

text: Main cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref

Ashleigh Brewer
Ivy Forrester
2014–
[4]

Darin Brooks
Wyatt Spencer
2013–
[5]

Kimberlin Brown
Sheila Carter
1992–98, 2002–03, 2017–
[6][7]

Scott Clifton
Liam Spencer
2010–
[8]

Patrika Darbo
Shirley Spectra
2017–
[9][10]

Don Diamont
Bill Spencer, Jr.
2009–
[11]

Reign Edwards
Nicole Avant
2015–
[12]

Courtney Grosbeck
Coco Spectra
2017–
[13]

Courtney Hope
Sally Spectra
2017–
[9][10]

Thorsten Kaye
Ridge Forrester
2013–
[14][15]

Katherine Kelly Lang
Brooke Logan
1987–
[2]

John McCook
Eric Forrester
1987–
[3]

Alley Mills
Pamela Douglas
2006–
[16]

Karla Mosley
Maya Avant
2013–
[17]

Rena Sofer
Quinn Fuller
2013–
[18]

Aaron D. Spears
Justin Barber
2009–
[19][20]

Heather Tom
Katie Logan
2007–
[21]

Anthony Turpel
R.J. Forrester
2016–
[22]

Jacqueline MacInnes Wood
Steffy Forrester
2008–13, 2015–
[23][24][25]

Jacob Young
Rick Forrester
1997–99, 2011–
[26]

text: Recurring cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref

Zane Alexander Achor
Will Spencer
2013–

Obba Babatundé
Julius Avant
2015–
[27]

Ian Buchanan
Dr. James Warwick
1993–99, 2004, 2007–11, 2017–
[28][29]

Mick Cain
C.J. Garrison
1997–2004, 2007, 2010, 2017–

Crystal Chappell
Danielle Spencer
2012–
[30]

Dick Christie
Charlie Webber
2013–

Othello Clark
Othello
2011–
[31]

Andrew Collins
Jarrett Maxwell
2004–
[32]

Zack Conroy
Oliver Jones
2010–
[33]

Jennifer Gareis
Donna Logan
2006–
[34]

Linsey Godfrey
Caroline Spencer
2012–
[35]

Theodora Greece
Alison Montgomery
2011–

Jacqueline Hahn
Dr. Caspary
2005–

Jon Hensley
Dr. Meade
2012–
[36]

Danube Hermosillo
Darlita
2017–
[9][10]

Anna Maria Horsford
Vivienne Avant
2015–
[27]

Sean Kanan
Deacon Sharpe
2000–05, 2012, 2014–
[37]

Kristolyn Lloyd
Dayzee Leigh Forrester
2010–
[38][39]

Dan Martin
Lieutenant Baker
1997–
[32]

Francisco San Martin
Mateo
2017–
[40]

Chris McKenna
Dr. Hayden
2016–
[41][42]

Zach Rance
Zach
2014–
[43]

Lawrence Saint-Victor
Carter Walton
2013–
[44]

Rodney Saulsberry
Anthony Wallace
2010–
[32]

Scott Turner Schofield
Nick
2015–
[45]

Tigerlily and Ginger Siler
Rosie Forrester
2011–

Taja V. Simpson
Adele
2012–
[46]

Sandra Vergara
Theresa Corazon
2013–

Stephanie Wang
Madison Lee
2007–

Fred Willard
John Forrester
2014–
[47]

Alex Wyse
Saul Feinberg
2017–
[9][10]

Andres Zuno
Rafael
2013–

text: Cast changes

text: Debuting

text:
Actor
Character
Date
Ref.

Ingo Rademacher
Thorne Forrester
November 27, 2017
[48][49]

text: Former cast members


document_title: 5 Seconds of Summer

question_text: when does 5 seconds of summer album come out

text: 5 Seconds of Summer

text: History

text: 2011–2012: Origin and debut

text: 5 Seconds of Summer began in 2011 when Luke Hemmings, Michael Clifford, and Calum Hood, who all attended Norwest Christian College, started posting videos of themselves performing covers of popular songs together on Hemmings' YouTube channel. Hemmings' first video, a cover of Mike Posner's "Please Don't Go", was posted on the 3rd February in 2011. Their cover of Chris Brown's "Next to You" received over 600,000 hits.[1] In December 2011, they were joined by drummer Ashton Irwin,[2] and the four-man lineup was completed.[3]

text: The band attracted interest from major music labels and publishers and signed a publishing deal with Sony ATV Music Publishing.[4] Despite having had no promotion apart from on Facebook and Twitter,[4] their first music release, an EP entitled Unplugged, reached number 3 on the iTunes chart in Australia[4] and the Top 20 in both New Zealand and Sweden. Their international following increased significantly once again when One Direction member Louis Tomlinson posted the link to their YouTube video of their song "Gotta Get Out", stating that he'd been a fan of 5 Seconds of Summer "for a while". 5 Seconds of Summer were once again the subject of interest for One Direction following the release of their first single, "Out of My Limit", on 19 November 2012, this time with Niall Horan tweeting the link to the video clip.

text: 5 Seconds of Summer spent the second half of 2012 writing and developing their sound with Christian Lo Russo and Joel Chapman of Australian band Amy Meredith, with whom they wrote two of the songs that feature on their second EP Somewhere New: "Beside You" and "Unpredictable".[5] The EP was also co-produced by Joel Chapman. 5 Seconds of Summer released their first single "Out of My Limit" on 19 November 2012, with the video clip for the song receiving over 100,000 views within the first 24 hours.[6] In December 2012, the boys embarked on a songwriting trip to London, where they wrote with various artists including McFly,[7] Roy Stride of Scouting for Girls, Nick Hodgson of Kaiser Chiefs,[8] Jamie Scott,[9] Jake Gosling, Steve Robson and James Bourne of Busted.[10]

text: 2013–2014: 5 Seconds of Summer and LiveSOS

text: On 14 February 2013, it was announced that 5 Seconds of Summer would support One Direction on their worldwide Take Me Home Tour.[11] The tour kicked off at the O2 Arena in London on 23 February 2013, and 5 Seconds of Summer joined One Direction for shows in the UK, US, Australia and New Zealand, including seven shows at Allphones Arena in 5 Seconds of Summer's home town of Sydney.[12] Whilst on a break from the Take Me Home Tour, 5 Seconds of Summer returned home to Australia where they played a National headlining tour, with all dates selling out within minutes. It was around this time when the band began to gain popularity and become more well-known.[13] On 21 November 2013, the band announced that they had signed to Capitol Records.[14]

text: On 5 February 2014, 5 Seconds of Summer listed their debut major label single "She Looks So Perfect" for pre-order on the iTunes Store.

text: The connection between 5SOS and One Direction extends to both artists being managed by London-based Modest Management. This has led to 5SOS being called a boy band in the media.[15] Members of the band have said the group is not a boy band.[16] Unlike many boy bands, they write their own songs, play their own instruments, and they are not primarily a dance group.[17] Nevertheless, the band has attracted a fanatic following of girls much like other boy bands.[18] Ashton Irwin has compared the band's female following to Fall Out Boy which also has a sizable female fanbase. John Feldmann, frontman of Goldfinger and producer on 5 Seconds of Summer, attributes 5 Seconds of Summer's fanbase to "a fundamental change in the pop punk demo[graphic]", mentioning its gradual shift away from the majority-male audiences of early 1990s pop punk acts such as Blink-182 and Green Day.[19]

text: On 5 March, it was announced that 5 Seconds of Summer would join One Direction again, supporting them on their 2014 Where We Are Tour in the US, Canada, UK and Europe.[20] On 9 April 2014, their third EP She Looks So Perfect debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200.[21]

text: In late March 2014, "She Looks So Perfect" was released in UK. Despite only one day on top in the British iTunes store and ending its week in the lower end of the top 10, 5 Seconds of Summer became only the fourth Australian band to have a UK number-one single, and the first to do so in 14 years.[22]

text: On 9 May, they released their second single, "Don't Stop". It debuted at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, 3,000 behind Ella Henderson's "Ghost".[23] Billboard said 'In the vein of Green Day's "She" and Blink-182's "All The Small Things," "Don't Stop" is 5SOS' bid for a deceptively charming pop-punk anthem, with lyrics that are stickily sweet in their awkward flirtatiousness. The bridge could be more polished, but that hook is a highlight of the whole album'.[24] It peaked at 1 in 4 countries and was in the top 10 for 8 countries overall.

text: On 13 May, the band announced that their debut self-titled album would be released on 27 June 2014 in Europe and Australia, with other releases coming later. The album won a Kerrang! award; Luke Hemmings said it was a real honour to win one, as all the band's idols are in Kerrang!.[25] The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Chart and peaked at No. 1 in 13 countries as well as the Top 10 in 26 countries. On 15 June 2015, the band released their fourth EP Don't Stop, which was not available to purchase in the USA, Canada and Mexico.[26]

text: On 15 July, the band released their third single, "Amnesia", which was the only song not written by the band members themselves, but by Benji and Joel Madden of Good Charlotte, an American pop punk band. Billboard said of the track, "With a surprisingly affecting vocal performance and the most searing lyrics on the album, new single "Amnesia" establishes itself as 5 Seconds of Summer's successful Serious Pose. Taking older listeners back to the relative heartache of dissolving high school romance, "Amnesia" demonstrates the versatility of 5SOS, and one wonders why it's buried at the end of the group's debut album."[24] On 5 September 2014, they released their fifth EP Amnesia, but not available in America and Mexico.[27]

text: On 12 October, the band released their fourth single, "Good Girls", and the music video logged over two million views within 48 hours, making it their highest debut to date.[28] On 16 November 2014, they released their sixth EP Good Girls and become number one on UK iTunes Chart.[29] The band released a cover song "What I Like About You" by American rock band The Romantics as the first single from their live album LIVESOS.[30]

text: The band released their first live album, LiveSOS, on 15 December 2014.[31]

text: 2015–present: Sounds Good Feels Good and Youngblood

text: In May 2015, the band embarked on their first headlining tour, Rock Out With Your Socks Out Tour, of Europe, Australia, New Zealand and North America.[32][33][34] On 17 July 2015, 5 Seconds of Summer released the first single, "She's Kinda Hot", from their second studio album.

text: On 12 August 2015, the band announced that their second studio album was titled Sounds Good Feels Good. It was released worldwide on 23 October 2015. On 28 August 2015, the band released their seventh EP, She's Kinda Hot, in the UK and Ireland only.[35] On 9 October 2015 the band released "Hey Everybody!" as the second single from their second album.

text: On 9 October 2015, the band announced their Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour.

text: The band released a music video for "Jet Black Heart" on 17 December 2015, featuring members of their fan group.

text: On 3 June 2016, the band announced their single "Girls Talk Boys". The song was included on the Ghostbusters (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). It was released on 15 July 2016.[36]

text: In 2016, the band embarked on their Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour, which included sold out stadiums and arenas. On January 13, 2017, the band featured on the song "Take What You Want" by Japanese rock band One Ok Rock, from their eighth studio album, Ambitions.[37]

text: On 22 February 2018, the band released the single "Want You Back" and announced a 2018 tour.[38][39]

text: On 9 April 2018, the band announced that their third studio album, Youngblood, will be released on 22 June 2018.[40] The second single from the album, the title track, became the group's second Australian number-one single in May 2018.[41]

text: Hi or Hey Records

text: On 27 January 2014, 5SOS announced that they would be setting up their own label, Hi or Hey Records.[42]

text: On the Hi or Hey Records website, the band explained that not only would they be releasing all of their music through Hi or Hey Records in conjunction with Capitol Records, but they would also be signing a roster of their own bands and releasing them via the label.[43]

text: On 24 March 2015, the label signed pop rock band Hey Violet.[44]

text: Musical style and influences

text: 5 Seconds of Summer's musical style has been described as pop rock,[45][46][47][48] pop punk,[49][45][50][51] power pop,[52][53] and pop.[54][55] Rolling Stone magazine called them "emo-gone-pop".[56] Matt Collar of AllMusic found reminiscent of "'90s punk-pop" and "2000s boy band pop" into their sound.[57] John Feldmann of Goldfinger stated "this is the best pop-punk band I've ever heard".[58] They cite McFly, Blink-182, All Time Low, Mayday Parade, Green Day, My Chemical Romance,[59][60] Boys Like Girls and Busted as their influences.[61][62]

text: Band members

text:
Luke Hemmings – vocals, rhythm and lead guitar, piano
Calum Hood – vocals, bass guitar, keyboards
Michael Clifford – lead and rhythm guitar, vocals, keyboards
Ashton Irwin – drums, keyboards, vocals

text: Discography

text:
5 Seconds of Summer (2014)
Sounds Good Feels Good (2015)
Youngblood (2018)

text: Tours

text: Headlining

text:
Mini Australian Tour (2012)
Twenty Twelve Tour[63] (June 2012)
First New Zealand Show[64] (3 November 2012)
Pants Down Tour (2013) (Australia)
UK Tour[65] (February & March 2014)
5 Countries 5 Days European Tour[66] (March & April 2014) (Sweden, Germany, France, Italy & Spain)
Stars, Stripes and Maple Syrup Tour (April 2014) (North America)
There's No Place Like Home Tour (May 2014) (Australia)[67]
Rock Out with Your Socks Out Tour (May – September 2015) (UK, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada)[32][33][34]
Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour (2016) (Asia, UK, Ireland, Europe, USA, Canada, Mexico, Australia)[68]
5SOS III Tour (2018)
Meet You There Tour (2018)

text: Opening act

text:
Hot Chelle Rae – Whatever World Tour[69] (October 2012)
One Direction – Take Me Home Tour[70] (2013)
One Direction – Where We Are Tour (2014)
One Direction – On the Road Again Tour[71] (2015) 4 shows in Japan only


document_title: Eye for an eye

question_text: where did the term an eye for an eye come from

text: Eye for an eye

text: Definition and methods[edit]

text: The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye-for-an-eye codes of justice (see rather mirror punishment) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulate penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity. Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state.[4]  The most common expression of lex talionis is "an eye for an eye", but other interpretations have been given as well. Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common: prescribed 'fitting' counter punishment for a felony. In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi, the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death.[5]

text: The simplest example is the "eye for an eye" principle.  In that case, the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime. Conversely, the twelve tables of Rome merely prescribed particular penalties for particular crimes. The Anglo-Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution: a particular person's life had a fixed value, derived from his social position; any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild, regardless of intent. Under the British Common Law, successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss (in monetary terms). In the modern tort law system, this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well.  The meaning of the principle Eye for an Eye is that a person who has been injured by another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation, or that an authority does so on behalf of the injured person. The exact Latin (lex talionis) to English translation of this phrase is "The law of retaliation." The root principle of this law is to provide equitable retribution.

text: Antecedents[edit]

text: Various ideas regarding the origins of lex talionis exist, but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well-established system for retribution of wrongs, feuds and vendettas, threatened the social fabric. Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory, lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems—the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment. This body was the state in one of its earliest forms.

text: The principle is found in Babylonian Law.[6][7] If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law, if a person was hurt, then the injured person (or their relative) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury. The retribution might be worse than the crime, perhaps even death. Babylonian law put a limit on such actions, restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime, as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society.  As with blasphemy or lèse-majesté (crimes against a god or a monarch), crimes against one's social betters were punished more severely.

text: Roman law moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance.  In cases of assault, fixed penalties were set for various injuries, although talio was still permitted if one person broke another's limb.[8]

text: In religion[edit]

text: The principle was first referenced in the Code of Hammurabi, which predates the Hebrew bible.  In the Hebrew Law, the "eye for eye" was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss. Thus, it might be better read 'only one eye for one eye'.[3]  The idiomatic biblical phrase "an eye for an eye" in Exodus and Leviticus (עין תחת עין, ayin tachat ayin) literally means 'an eye under/(in place of) an eye' while a slightly different phrase (עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן, literally  "eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth") is used in another passage (Deuteronomy) in the context of possible reciprocal court sentences for failed false witnesses.[9][10][11] The passage in Leviticus states, "And a man who injures his countryman – as he has done, so it shall be done to him [namely,] fracture under/for fracture, eye under/for eye, tooth under/for tooth. Just as another person has received injury from him, so it will be given to him." (Lev. 24:19–21)[9]. For an example of תחת being used in its regular sense of under, see Lev. 22:27 "A bull, sheep or goat, when it is born shall remain under its mother, and from the eighth day..."

text: Judaism[edit]

text: Isaac Kalimi explains that the "lex talionis was humanized by the Rabbis who interpreted "an eye for an eye" to mean reasonable pecuniary compensation. As in the case of the Babylonian 'lex talionis', ethical Judaism and humane Jewish jurisprudence replaces the peshat (literal meaning) of the written Torah.[12] Pasachoff and Littman point to the reinterpretation of the lex talionis as an example of the ability of Pharisaic Judaism to "adapt to changing social and intellectual ideas."[13]

text: Talmud[edit]

text: The Talmud[14] interprets the verses referring to "an eye for an eye" and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in tort cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind, using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders. Since the Torah requires that penalties be universally applicable, the phrase cannot be interpreted in this manner.

text: The Oral Law explains, based upon the biblical verses, that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five-part monetary form of compensation, consisting of payment for "Damages, Pain, Medical Expenses, Incapacitation, and Mental Anguish" — which underlies many modern legal codes. Some rabbinic literature explains, moreover, that the expression, "An eye for an eye, etc." suggests that the perpetrator deserves to lose his own eye, but that biblical law treats him leniently. − Paraphrased from the Union of Orthodox Congregations.[15]

text: However, the Torah also discusses a form of direct reciprocal justice, where the phrase ayin tachat ayin makes another appearance.[16] Here, the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person. The Torah requires the court to "do to him as he had conspired to do to his brother".[17] Assuming the fulfillment of certain technical criteria (such as the sentencing of the accused whose punishment was not yet executed), wherever it is possible to punish the conspirators with exactly the same punishment through which they had planned to harm their fellow, the court carries out this direct reciprocal justice (including when the punishment constitutes the death penalty). Otherwise, the offenders receive lashes.[18][19]

text: Since there is no form of punishment in the Torah that calls for the maiming of an offender (punitary amputation) there is no case where a conspiratorial false witness could possibly be punished by the court injuring to his eye, tooth, hand, or foot.  There is one case where the Torah states "…and you shall cut off her hand…"[20]  The sages of the Talmud understood the literal meaning of this verse as referring to a case where the woman is attacking a man in potentially lethal manner.  This verse teaches that, although one must intervene to save the victim, one may not kill a lethal attacker if it is possible to neutralize that attacker through non-lethal injury.[21][22][23] Regardless, there is no verse that even appears to mandate injury to the eye, tooth, or foot.

text: Numbers 35:9–30 discusses the only form of remotely reciprocal justice not carried out directly by the court, where, under very limited circumstances, someone found guilty of negligent manslaughter may be killed by a relative of the deceased who takes on the role of "redeemer of blood". In such cases, the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge. While the guilty party is there, the "redeemer of blood" may not kill him.  If, however, the guilty party illegally forgoes his exile, the "redeemer of blood", as an accessory of the court, may kill the guilty party. Nevertheless, the provision of the "redeemer of blood" does not serve as true reciprocal justice, because the redeemer only acts to penalize a negligent killer who forgoes his exile. Furthermore, intentional killing does not parallel negligent killing and thus cannot serve directly as a reciprocal punishment for manslaughter, but as a penalty for escaping punishment.[24]  According to traditional Jewish Law, application of these laws requires the presence and maintenance of the biblically designated cities of refuge, as well as a conviction in an eligible court of 23 judges as delineated by the Torah and Talmud.  The latter condition is also applicable for any capital punishment. These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years.

text: Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism[edit]

text: The Talmud discusses the concept of justice as measure-for-measure retribution (middah k'neged middah) in the context of divinely implemented justice. Regarding reciprocal justice by court, however, the Torah states that punishments serve to remove dangerous elements from society ("…and you shall eliminate the evil from your midst"[17]) and to deter potential criminals from violating the law ("And the rest shall hear and be daunted, and they shall no longer commit anything like this evil deed in your midst"[25]). Additionally, reciprocal justice in tort cases serves to compensate the victim (see above).

text: The ideal of vengeance for the sake of assuaging the distress of the victim plays no role in the Torah's conception of court justice, as victims are cautioned against even hating or bearing a grudge against those who have harmed them. The Torah makes no distinction between whether the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice, and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites.[26]

text: Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice[edit]

text: In Exodus 21, as in the Code of Hammurabi, the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals; the statement of reciprocal justice "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe"[27] is followed by an example of a different law: if a slave-owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave, the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence. On the other hand, the slave would probably be put to death for the injury of the eye of the slave-owner.[28]

text: However the reciprocal justice applies across social boundaries: the "eye for eye" principle is directly followed by the proclamation "You are to have one law for the alien and the citizen."[29]  This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice, in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure. In this context, the reciprocal justice in an ideal functioning setting, according to Michael Coogan,[who?] "to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them."[28]

text: Christianity[edit]

text: In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus urges his followers to turn the other cheek:

text: You have heard that it was said, "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.

text: Some interpret this as an admonition not to seek legal steps for any compensation that corresponds in kind and degree to the injury.[2] Others interpret it as Jesus simply teaching his followers not to take personal vengeance, rather than commenting on any legal practice.[30][better source needed]

text: Christian interpretation of the Biblical passage has been heavily influenced by the Church father Augustine of Hippo. He already discussed in his Contra Faustum, Book XIX, the points of 'fulfilment or destruction' of the Jewish law.[31] George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ("an eye for an eye") as one of the "most controversial in the Bible". According to Robinson, some have pointed to this passage as evidence of the vengeful nature of justice in the Hebrew Bible.[32] Similarly, Abraham Bloch speculates that the "lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness."[33]  Harry S. Lewis points to Lamech, Gideon and Samson as Biblical heroes who were renowned for "their prowess in executing blood revenge upon their public and private enemies." Lewis asserts that this "right of 'wild' justice was gradually limited."[34]  Stephen Wylen asserts that the lex talionis is "proof of the unique value of each individual" and that it teaches "equality of all human beings for law."[35]

text: Islam[edit]

text: The Qur'an mentions the "eye for an eye" concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel.[36] The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ (Arabic: قصاص) as mentioned in Qur'an, 2:178 : "O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution (Qisas) for those murdered – the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.  But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy.  But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment." Muslim countries that use Islamic Sharia law, such as Iran or Saudi Arabia, apply the "eye for an eye" rule literally.[37][38]

text: In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for a wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong. (Qurʾān, 5:45 )

text: Notable criticism[edit]

text: Martin Luther King, Jr. later used this phrase in the context of racial violence: "The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind."[39]


document_title: Paris Is Burning (film)

question_text: what is a house in paris is burning

question_tokens: what is a house in paris is burning

text: Paris Is Burning (film)

text: Content[edit]

text: The film explores the elaborately-structured ball competitions in which contestants, adhering to a very specific category or theme, must "walk" (much like a fashion model's runway) and subsequently be judged on criteria including the "realness" of their drag, the beauty of their clothing and their dancing ability.

text: Most of the film alternates between footage of balls and interviews with prominent members of the scene, including Pepper LaBeija, Dorian Corey, Angie Xtravaganza, and Willi Ninja. Many of the contestants vying for trophies are representatives of "Houses" (in the fashion-brand sense, such as "House of Chanel") that serve as intentional families, social groups, and performance teams. Houses and ball contestants who consistently won in their walks eventually earned a "legendary" status.

text: Jennie Livingston, who moved to New York after graduating from Yale to work in film, and who spent six years[4] making Paris Is Burning, concentrated on interviews with key figures in the ball world, many of whom contribute monologues that shed light on the ball culture as well as on their own personalities. In the film, titles such as "house," "mother," and "reading" emphasize how the subculture the film depicts has taken words from the straight and white worlds, and imbued them with alternate meanings, just as the "houses" serve as surrogate families for young ball-walkers whose sexual orientations have sometimes made acceptance and love within their own families hard to come by.

text: The film depicts people with different gender identities or communities and their different forms of expression.[5] It also explores how its subjects dealt with the adversity of racism, homophobia, AIDS and poverty. For example, some, like Venus Xtravaganza became sex workers, some shoplift clothing, and some were thrown out of their homes by homophobic parents. One participant was saving money for sex reassignment surgery. According to Livingston, the documentary is a multi-leveled exploration of a subculture in African American and Latino cultures that proves to be a microcosm of society, which was an underappreciated and arguably underground world that many Americans were unfamiliar with.[6] Through candid one-on-one interviews the film offers insight into the lives and struggles of its subjects and the strength, pride, and humor they maintain to survive in a "rich, white world."

text: Drag is presented as a complex performance of gender, class, and race, in which one can express one's identity, desires and aspirations along many dimensions. The African-American and Latino community depicted in the film includes a diverse range of identities and gender presentations, from gay men to butch queens to transgender men and women.

text: The film also documents the origins of "voguing", a dance style in which competing ball-walkers freeze and "pose" in glamorous positions (as if being photographed for the cover of Vogue). Artist Malcolm McLaren (with Mark Moore of S'Express and William Orbit) would, two years before Paris Is Burning was completed, bring the phenomenon to the mainstream with his song "Deep in Vogue", which sampled the movie[7] and directly referenced many of the stars of Paris Is Burning including Pepper LaBeija and featured dancers from the film, including Willi Ninja.[8] The single went to number 1 in the US Billboard Dance Chart.[9] One year after this, Madonna released her number one song "Vogue", bringing further attention to the dancing style.

text: However Livingston maintains that the film is not just about "a cute dance." "This is a film that is important for anyone to see, whether they're gay or not. It's about how we're all influenced by the media; how we strive to meet the demands of the media by trying to look like Vogue models or by owning a big car. And it's about survival. It's about people who have a lot of prejudices against them and who have learned to survive with wit, dignity and energy. It's a little story about how we all survive."[6]

text: Music producers C&C Music Factory sampled some of Paris is Burning in one of the tracks from their Gonna Make You Sweat album, entitled "Bonus" or "Shade". Famous drag queen RuPaul has also sampled a few of the quotes from the documentary in her film Starrbooty, as well as on her TV show RuPaul's Drag Race.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The film received funding from the National Endowment for the Arts during the period when the organization was under fire for funding controversial artists including Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano. Aware that publicity surrounding her project could result in revoked funding, Livingston avoided releasing many details about the project outside of her small circle of producers and collaborators.

text: Several of the most heavily featured performers wished to sue in 1991 for a share of the film's profits. Paris DuPree sought the largest settlement: $40 million for unauthorized use of her ball. The producers stated that they had always planned on compensating the principal participants. All dropped their claims after their attorneys confirmed that they had signed releases. The producers then distributed approximately $55,000 among thirteen of the participants.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Upon release, the documentary received rave reviews from critics and won several awards including a Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, a Berlin International Film Festival Teddy Bear, an audience award from the Toronto International Film Festival, a GLAAD Media Award, a Women in Film Crystal Award, a Best Documentary award from the Los Angeles, New York, and National Film Critics' Circles, and it also was named as one of 1991's best films by the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, National Public Radio, Time magazine, and others.

text: Paris Is Burning failed to earn an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature that year, adding to a growing perception that certain subjects and treatments were excluded from consideration for Oscars, and leading, in part, to a change in how documentaries are nominated for the Academy Awards.[10]

text: More than two decades later, Paris Is Burning remains an organizing tool for gay and trans youth; a way for scholars and students to examine issues of race, class, and gender; a way for younger ball participants to meet their ancestors; and a portrait of several remarkable Americans, most of whom have died since the film's production.[11]

text: Some people have criticized Paris Is Burning. In Is Paris Burning?, bell hooks, a feminist writer who is not LGBT-identified, questioned Livingston's depiction of the drag balls, arguing that it reduces them to mere spectacle:

text: Much of the film's focus on pageantry takes the ritual of the black drag ball and makes it spectacle. Ritual is that ceremonial act that carries with it meaning and significance beyond what appears, while spectacle functions primarily as entertaining dramatic display... Hence it is easy for white observers to depict black rituals as spectacle.[12]

text: hooks also questioned the political efficacy of the drag balls themselves, citing her own experimentations with drag, and suggesting that the balls themselves lack political, artistic, and social significance. Judith Butler based some of her book, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex", on this film.[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
1990 – IDA Award, International Documentary Association
1990 – LAFCA Award Best Documentary, Los Angeles Film Critics Association
1990 – Audience Award Best Documentary, San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
1991 – Grand Jury Prize Documentary, Sundance Film Festival
1991 – Teddy Award for Best Documentary Film, Berlin International Film Festival
1991 – Boston Society of Film Critics Awards (BSFC) Best Documentary
1991 – Open Palm Award, now called Breakthrough Director Award Gotham Awards
1991 – NYFCC Award Best Documentary, New York Film Critics Circle Awards
1991 – Golden Space Needle Award Best Documentary, Seattle International Film Festival
1992 – Outstanding Film (Documentary), GLAAD Media Awards
1992 – NSFC Award Best Documentary, National Society of Film Critics
2015 – Cinema Eye Honours Legacy Award
2016 - Added to the National Film Registry [14]