document_title: Mayflower

question_text: where did the pilgrims originally plan to land in north america

text: Mayflower

text: Mayflower structure and layout

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was a typical English merchant ship of the early 17th century, square-rigged and beak-bowed with high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing Westerlies, especially in the Fall and Winter of 1620. This was the direct cause of the voyage from England to America taking more than two months. The Mayflower's return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same strong winds following.[4][5]

text: By 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual working life of an English merchant ship in that era, some 15 years. No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was many years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet (30 m) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet (7.6 m) at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet (3.6 m) below the waterline. Although William Bradford was not a mariner, he estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. What is known on the basis of surviving records from that time is that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold. The casks were great barrels that each held hundreds of gallons of claret wine.[5]

text: This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types. And with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations.[6]

text: General layout

text: The general layout of the ship was as follows:

text:
Three masts: mizzen (aft), main (midship), and fore, and also a spritsail in the bow area.[7]
Three primary levels: main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold.

text: Main deck

text: Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones, measuring about ten by seven feet (3 m × 2.1 m). Forward of that was the steerage room, which housed a whipstaff (tiller extension) for sailing control; not a wheel, as in later ships. Also here was the ship's compass and probably also berths for the ship's officers. Forward of the steerage room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the main deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ship's cook prepared meals for the crew; it may also have been where the ship's sailors slept.[6]

text: The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ship's highest level above the stern on the aft castle. The poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers' use either for sleeping or cargo. On normal merchant ships, this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master's mates.[8][9]

text: Gun deck

text: The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage, in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) with a five-foot (1.5 m) overhead (ceiling). But it was also a dangerous place in conflict, as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy. The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck, to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship. The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers, small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship. Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass, equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage, which was used to raise and lower the ship's main anchor. There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck. To get up to the main deck, passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder.[8][9]

text: There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower, and ship's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard. Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot, affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea.[9][10]

text: Gun deck armament

text: The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass, weighed about 1,200 pounds (545 kg), and could shoot a 3.5 pound (1.6 kg) cannonball almost a mile (1,600 m). The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds (360 kg), and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds (90 kg) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball (85–140 g). She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck: seven cannons for long range purposes, and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls. Later at New Plymouth, Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders, and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board.[5]

text: Cargo hold

text: Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies. Other items included most of their clothing and bedding. The hold also stored the passengers' personal weapons and military equipment – armor, muskets, gunpowder, and shot, as well as swords and bandoliers. It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need, as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World. It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board, including Isaac Allerton, William Mullins, and possibly others; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold.[10]

text: Early history

text: It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built, but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex, England. She was designated as "of Harwich" in the Port Books of 1609–11, although later known as "of London". Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570.[11]

text: Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims' voyage, sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London. In addition, he had also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area. She had traveled to Mediterranean ports, being then owned by Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, Thomas Short, and Christopher Jones, the ship's master. In 1620, Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship, and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage, due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers, and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself.[4][12][13]

text: There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I (1603–1625), and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found.[14] One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims. This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588, during the time of the Spanish Armada, a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships. However, there are no records of Vassall's Mayflower after 1594.[15] The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port, her tonnage (est. 180–200 tons), and the master's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships.[14]

text: Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor on her return, due to bad weather, and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings. Litigation resulted, and this was still proceeding in 1612.

text: Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being "of Harwich", and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich (in the county of Essex). Records of Jones's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November. Records of 1616 again state that Jones's ship was on the Thames, carrying a cargo of wine, which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing land.

text: After 1616, there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620, although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England. Or some of the records of the period may have been lost.

text: Voyage

text: Speedwell and Mayflower

text: About 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in London at its homeport in the Rotherhithe district on the Thames about the middle of July in 1620. She then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower waited there for seven days for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell, coming with Leiden church members from Delfshaven in Holland.

text: The two ships set sail about August 5, but the unseaworthy Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after, and the ships were put into Dartmouth for repairs. The two ships made a new start after the repairs, and they were more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Speedwell was sold soon after the Mayflower continued on her voyage to America. According to Bradford, she was refitted and "made many voyages... to the great profit of her owners." Bradford later assumed that Speedwell master Reynolds's "cunning and deceit" (in causing what may have been man-made leaks in the ship) had been motivated by a fear of starving to death in America.[16]

text: In addition to the 102 passengers, the officers and crew consisted of about 25–30 persons, bringing the total persons on board the Mayflower to approximately 130.[17]

text: Mayflower sets sail

text: In early September, western gales begin to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called "a prosperous wind".[18]

text: The last port in England for the Mayflower was traditionally thought to be Plymouth; however, there is continued controversy that the ship had to stop at Newlyn in Cornwall on the Land's End peninsula before sailing west. It was believed that the water picked up at Plymouth had caused fever and cholera in the city, so Newlyn provided fresh water to the ship. Newlyn has a plaque to this effect on the side of a building on its quay, erected in remembrance of Plymouth historian Bill Best Harris, whose research is believed to have uncovered this little-known detail about the voyage.[19][20]

text: Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle came later. The Mayflower also carried two boats: a long boat and a "shallop", a 21-foot boat powered by oars or sails. She also carried 12 artillery pieces (eight minions and four sakers), as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces, as well as the natives.[21]

text: The passage was a miserable one, with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured. The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays, shortages of food, and other shortages, and were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam. This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew, which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes. It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further, making the ship seaworthy enough.[21][22]

text: The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route, such as a compass for navigation, as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour (knots). Time was measured with the ancient method of an hour glass.

text: There were two deaths, but this was only a precursor of what happened after their arrival on Cape Cod.

text: Arrival in America

text: On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks.[23][24][25][26]

text: On Monday, November 27, an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt. Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site. As master of the Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There were 34 persons in the open shallop: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter, the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home. They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered, ill-clad in below-freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen. Bradford wrote, "Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here" on that expedition.[27]

text: The settlers explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty native village, now known as Corn Hill in Truro. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while others were burial sites. Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves,[28] sparking friction with the locals.[29] Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went.[30] He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620.

text: However, Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation steadfastly denies such revisionist theories. Bradford records that they took "some" of the corn to show the others back at the boat, leaving the rest. They later took what they needed from another store of grain, paying the locals back in six months, and it was gladly received.

text: Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as, about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.[31]

text: First winter

text: During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described[by whom?] as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. When it ended, only 53 passengers remained—just over half; half of the crew died, as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21, 1621.

text: The settlers decided to mount "our great ordnances" on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621, due to the fear of attack by the natives. Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the "great guns"—about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) in length and weighed almost half a ton. The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards (1.5 km). This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well-defended fortress.[32]

text: Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor "till he saw his men began to recover."[33] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 5, 1621, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors.

text: The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621,[34] less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America."[35]

text: Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5, 1622, at about age 52. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe, not far from Jones' grave at St. Mary's church. By 1624, she was no longer useful as a ship; her subsequent fate is unknown, but she was probably broken up about that time.[36]

text: Passengers

text: Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on board were pregnant; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.

text: According to the Mayflower passenger list, just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia. Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[37] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be orphans, foundlings, or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council.[38][39] In 1959, it was conclusively shown[40] that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate. Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World, but Richard lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[41]

text: The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 (23 m × 6 m) at most. The cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped, and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft (7.6 m × 4.5 m) at its largest. Below decks, any person over five feet (150 cm) tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.[42]

text: Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men's Morris.[21] Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.[42]

text: Upon arrival late in the year, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food caused many more deaths, and provisions were short due to the delay in departure. Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several passengers experienced scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of the essential nutrient vitamin C. There was no way to store fruits or vegetables without their becoming rotten, so many passengers did not receive enough nutrients in their diets. Passengers with scurvy experienced symptoms such as rotten teeth which would fall out, bleeding gums, and stinking breath.[43]

text: Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals which was known to be safer than water, which often came from polluted sources causing diseases. All food and drink was stored in barrels known as "hogsheads".[43]

text: William Mullins took 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots. These clothes included oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets, neckcloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasherie. At his death, his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing, and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous.[21][44][45]

text: No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff, and John Goodman brought along his spaniel.[21]

text: Mayflower officers, crew, and others

text: According to author Charles Banks, the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain, four mates, four quartermasters, surgeon, carpenter, cooper, cooks, boatswains, gunners, and about 36 men before the mast, making a total of about 50. The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620–1621, and about half of them died during that time. The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower, which sailed for London on April 5, 1621.[46][47]

text: Crew members per various sources

text: Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers, making a total of 50. Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown. Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30. Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men, but the exact number is unknown.[2][48][49][50]

text: Officers and crew

text:
Captain: Christopher Jones. About age 50, of Harwich, a seaport in Essex, England, which was also the port of his ship Mayflower. He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business, often carrying wine to England, but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic. By June 1620, he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London, Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman.[51][52]
Masters Mate: John Clark (Clarke), Pilot. By age 45 in 1620, Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era. His piloting career began in England about 1609. In early 1611, he was pilot of a 300-ton ship on his first New World voyage, with a three-ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. Two other ships were in that convoy, and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown, going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis. While in Jamestown, Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores. During that time, he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish; he was taken to Havana and held for two years, then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years. In 1616, he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England. In 1618, he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon. Shortly after his return to England, he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620.[49][53][54][55]
Masters Mate: Robert Coppin, Pilot. Coppin had prior New World experience; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England.[49][53][56] He was an early investor in the Virginia Company, being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609. He was possibly from Harwich in Essex, the hometown of Captain Jones.
Masters Mate: Andrew Williamson
Masters Mate: John Parker[53]
Surgeon: Doctor Giles Heale. The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford, but his identity was well established. He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter. He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field, London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber-Surgeons in the previous year. On February 21, 1621, he was a witness to the death-bed will of William Mullins. He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621, where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653.[57][58][59]
Cooper: John Alden. Alden was a 21-year-old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones. He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters. He was responsible for maintaining the ship's barrels, known as hogsheads, which were critical to the passengers' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea; tending them was a job which required a crew member's attention. Bradford noted that Alden was "left to his own liking to go or stay" in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England. He decided to remain.[60][61]
Quartermaster: (names unknown), 4 men. These men were in charge of maintaining the ship's cargo hold, as well as the crew's hours for standing watch. Some of the "before the mast" crewmen may also have been in this section. These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons. The names of the quartermasters are unknown, but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter.[53][55]
Cook: (name unknown). He was responsible for preparing the crew's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room, which was typically located in the ship's forecastle (front end). The unnamed cook died the first winter.[62]
Master Gunner: (name unknown). He was in charge of the ship's guns, ammunition, and powder. Some of those "before the mast" were likely in his charge. He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6, 1620, and was "sick unto death and so remained all that day, and the next night". He died later that winter.[63]
Boatswain: (name unknown). He was the person in charge of the ship's rigging and sails, the anchors, and the ship's longboat. The majority of the crew members "before the mast" were most likely under his supervision, working the sails and rigging. The operation of the ship's shallop was also probably under his control, a light open boat with oars or sails (see seaman Thomas English). William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain: "the boatswain... was a proud young man, who would often curse and scoff at the passengers, but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him." But despite such assistance, the unnamed boatswain died the first winter.[62]
Carpenter: (name unknown). He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well-caulked and the masts were in good order. He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman. He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks. His name is unknown, but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship.[53][64]
Swabber: (various crewmen). This was the lowliest position on the ship, responsible for cleaning (swabbing) the decks. The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship's beakhead (extreme front end), which was also the crew's toilet.[65]

text: Known Mayflower seamen

text:
John Allerton: A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year, then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on ship's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621.[66][67]
____ Ely: A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year, which he did. He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621. Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely (or Ellis), both of whom are documented in Leiden, Holland.[68]
Thomas English: A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop (see Boatswain) and to be part of the company. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on the ship's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621. He appeared in Leiden records as "Thomas England".[69][70]
William Trevore (Trevor): A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year. One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience. He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading. He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621. In 1623, Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World. He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650.[71][72][73]

text: Unidentified passenger

text: "Master" Leaver: Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called "Master" Leaver. He was named in Mourt's Relation, London 1622, under a date of January 12, 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing-roof thatch. It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown. The title of "Master" indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company. He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower. No more is known of him; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter.[74]

text: Later history

text: Three of Mayflower's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones' death in 1622; one of these applicants was Jones' widow Mrs. Josian (Joan) Jones. This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master. The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe, home and burial place of Captain Jones, where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London. The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship's gear on board at that time, as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms. The ship may have been laid up since Jones' death and allowed to get out of repair, as that is what the appraisal indicates.[14][75] The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and fourpence.[76]

text: What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue. Charles Edward Banks, an English historian of the Pilgrim ship, claims that the ship was finally broken up, with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire. Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn, located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship, believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower, bought from a shipbreaker's yard in Rotherhithe. The well-preserved structure was a tourist attraction, receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America, but it is now privately owned and not open to the public.[14]

text: Second Mayflower

text: Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Fleet), 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[77]

text: Place in history

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States.[78]

text: The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.

text: The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020. The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich, England.[79]


document_title: Raj Ghat and associated memorials

question_text: vir bhumi is the burial site of which leader

root

text: Raj Ghat and associated memorials

text: Raj Ghat is a memorial dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi. Originally it was the name of a historic ghat of Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad) on the banks of Yamuna river. Close to it, and east of Daryaganj was Raj Ghat Gate of the walled city, opening at Raj Ghat on Yamuna River.[1][2] Later the memorial area was also called Raj ghat. It is a black marble platform that marks the spot of Mahatma Gandhi's cremation, Antyesti (Antim Sanskar) on 31 January 1948, a day after his assassination. It is left open to the sky while an eternal flame burns perpetually at one end. It is located on the banks of the river Yamuna in Delhi in India on Ring Road officially known as Mahatma Gandhi Road. A stone footpath flanked by lawns leads to the walled enclosure that houses the memorial. All guests must remove their footwear before entering the Raj Ghat walls.

tag: p

text: Other memorials in the Raj Ghat area[edit]

text: Raj Ghat loosely translates to King's Bank (where King alludes to the importance of the place and Bank as in -on the bank of river Yamuna). Several other samādhis or cremation spots of other famous leaders can be found in the vicinity of Raj Ghat on the banks of the Yamuna. The landscaping and planting of these memorials was performed by Alick Percy-Lancaster, the last Englishman to hold the post of Superintendent of Horticultural Operations, Government of India.

text: Jawaharlal Nehru's samadhi is to the north of the Raj Ghat and is known as the Shantivan or Shanti Vana meaning the "forest of peace". Adjacent to Nehru's memorial is Ekta sthal, the site where K. R. Narayanan, tenth President of India, was cremated with full state honours in 2005.

text: The Raj Ghat area has a park adorned with trees planted by visiting dignitaries and heads of state.

text:
List of memorials in the Raj Ghat area

Name
Title
Year of death
Memorial name
Meaning
Area
(acres)[3]
Feature

Mahatma Gandhi

1948
Raj Ghat
Royal Steps
44.35
Blue marble platform

Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India
1964
Shantivan
Garden of Peace
52.6
A large plinth covered with a lawn

Lal Bahadur Shastri
Prime Minister of India
1966
Vijay Ghat
Victory Platform
40
The victory alluded to in the name of the memorial is India's performance under his leadership in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

Indira Gandhi
Prime Minister of India
1984
Shakti Sthal
Place of Power
45
A huge greyish-red monolithic stone

Jagjivan Ram
Deputy Prime Minister of India
1986
Samta Sthal
Place of Equality
12.5
—

Choudhary Charan Singh
Prime Minister of India
1987
Kisan Ghat
Farmer’s Platform
19
—

Rajiv Gandhi
Prime Minister of India
1991
Veer Bhumi
Land of Brave
15
A large lotus in full bloom carved out of stone surrounded by 46 small lotuses to signify the years he lived; rocks from all the states of India are spread around.[4]

Giani Zail Singh
President of India
1994
Ekta Sthal
Place of Unity
22.56
—

Shankar Dayal Sharma[5]
President of India
1999
Karma Bhumi
Land of Duty

Located near Vijay Ghat.

Devi Lal
Deputy Prime Minister of India
2001
Sangharsh Sthal
Place of Struggle

Located near Kisan Ghat.

P. V. Narasimha Rao
Prime Minister of India
2004
P.V. Ghat

Chandra Shekhar
Prime Minister of India
2007
Jannayak Sthal[6]
Place of People's leader

—

I. K. Gujral
Prime Minister of India
2012
Smiriti Sthal
Place of Remembrance

—

tag: table

text:
Pictures of memorials near Raj Ghat

Shakti Sthal, Memorial to Indira Gandhi at her cremation spot

Sanjay Gandhi Memorial, Delhi

Memorial of Rajiv Gandhi near Raj Ghat in New Delhi


document_title: Ford Fusion (Americas)

question_text: when did the ford fusion body style change

question_tokens: when did the ford fusion body style change

text: Ford Fusion (Americas)

text: First generation (2006–2012)[edit]

text:
First generation

Overview

Production
August 2005—February 2, 2009 (initial run)

Model years
2006–2009 (initial run)

Designer
Chris Walter (2002)[6][7]

Body and chassis

Platform
Ford CD3 platform

Related

Lincoln MKZ
Mazda6
Mercury Milan

Powertrain

Engine
2.3 L Duratec 23 I4
3.0 L Duratec 30 V6

Transmission
5-speed Mazda G5M manual (I4)
5-speed Mazda FNR5 automatic (I4)
6-speed Aisin TF-80 automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
107.4 in (2,728 mm)

Length
190.2 in (4,831 mm)

Width
72.2 in (1,834 mm)[8]

Height
57.2 in (1,453 mm)

Curb weight
3,280 lbs.[8]

text: Built on the Ford CD3 platform, the Fusion was the first production car to feature the "new face of Ford" three-bar grille, which (along with two matching bars below the bumper/fascia forming a five-bar design) was first seen on a retro V10-powered rear-wheel-drive concept car called the Ford 427, unveiled in 2003 at the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in Detroit.

text: At its launch, the Fusion was available in S, SE, and SEL trims. The base engine was the 160 hp (119 kW) Mazda-designed 2.3 L Duratec 23 I4, paired with either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. SE and SEL models were available with a 221 hp (165 kW) 3.0 L Duratec 30 V6 and a 6-speed automatic.[8] The Fusion shares some interior parts with the otherwise unrelated Mk III Ford Mondeo, such as part of the console and the seats. Both automatic and manual transmissions are available (the latter only with the I4 engine).

text: Ford's early advertising campaign for the Fusion in the United States was entitled "Life in Drive", while in Canada it was "Create a Reaction".[9] In January 2007, the company launched a new campaign for the Fusion titled "Fusion Challenge" (later renamed "Ford Challenge"). The American Ford Fusion emerged the winner over the Toyota Camry and Honda Accord based on the attributes of styling, reliability from Consumer Reports, handling, and “fun to drive” in head-to-head comparison tests with the Japanese sedans performed by subscribers of Car and Driver and Road and Track magazines in the Washington D.C. and Los Angeles regions.

text: In July 2007, Motor Trend reported that Ford's Special Vehicle Team tuner group planned to release a Fusion GT in late 2009 or early 2010. Its 3.5-liter Eco-Boost V-6 would make about 340 horsepower.[10] No such vehicle ever came to fruition.

text: Model year changes[edit]

text: For 2007, all-wheel-drive became available on V6 models. Sirius Satellite Radio became available as an option on the SE and SEL models. The front passenger fold-flat seat was introduced and became standard on the Fusion SEL and SE models. Also, the Fusion gained front-seat side airbags and a side air curtain as standard features, as well as an anti-theft perimeter alarm. (All were previously available as cost options.) Also added was an auxiliary audio input jack for audio transmission from a portable audio player along with some equipment modifications. A DVD-based navigation system also became available.

text: For the 2008 model year, ABS became a standard feature, as did a tire pressure monitoring system. New optional features include rear parking assist, Ford's "SYNC" multimedia and communication system, and ambient interior lighting. The DVD navigation was replaced with a new generation system featuring voice commands, and for the first time navigation is available also with manual transmission. Finally, 2 packages were added to the options list: Sport Appearance Package and Moon and Tune package. The latter makes the Audiophile 8-speaker audio system available on the SE trim line. Several colors were removed and some others added.

text: For 2009, electronic stability control was added as an option. A new appearance package with blue trim became available, and revisions were made to the exterior color palette as well.

text: Trim levels[edit]

text: For 2006-2009:

text:
The S was the base model, including the 2.3L Duratec I4 engine, automatic transmission, manual transmission, AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD player and four speakers plus an auxiliary audio input jack (2007-2009), sixteen-inch steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, cloth seating surfaces, and keyless entry.
The SE was the step-up model, adding sixteen inch alloy wheels, AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player, power front driver's seat, and a security system.
The SEL was the top-of-the-line model, seventeen inch aluminum wheels, adding power dual front seats and later offering a standard Ford SYNC system.

tag: ul

text: In Mexico the Fusion was offered in two trim levels through 2005-06: SE and SEL, with automatic transmission only. For the 2007 model year, the S trim was introduced and a manual transmission was newly available for the S and SE trim levels. These two trims had standard 16-inch alloy wheels, while the SEL trim had 17-inch alloy wheels standard. The 2008 model year added Ford's Ford SYNC to the SEL trim. The manual transmission was discontinued after 2008 in Mexico due to poor sales. The 2009 model year was a very short one in Mexico because the 2010 Fusion arrived in dealerships by late February 2009.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Engine
Displacement
Power
Torque

2.3 L Duratec 23
138 CID
160 hp (119 kW)
156 lb⋅ft (212 N⋅m)

3.0 L Duratec 30 V6
182 CID
221 hp (165 kW)
205 lb⋅ft (278 N⋅m)

text: Crash testing[edit]

text: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:

text:
Frontal Driver (2006, 07, 08 early release):[11][12][13]
Frontal Driver (2008 later release, 2009):[14][15]
Frontal Passenger (2006, 07, 08 early release):[11][12][13]
Frontal Passenger (2008 later release, 2009):[14][15]
Side Driver (no side airbag, 2006 only):[11]
Side Driver (side airbag):
Side Rear Passenger (no side airbag, 2006 only):[11]
Side Rear Passenger (side airbag):
Rollover FWD:
Rollover AWD:

text: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety:

text:
Frontal Offset (2006, 07 early release):[16] Acceptable
Frontal Offset (2007 later release, 08–09):[17] Good
Side Impact (no side airbag, 2006 only):[18] Poor
Side Impact (side airbag 2006, 07 early release):[19] Acceptable
Side Impact (2007 later release, 08–present):[20] Good
Roof Strength (2005–10 mfg before May 2010):[21] Acceptable
Roof Strength (2010 mfg after April 2010–2012): Good

text: Although the frontal offset test for 2007 (later release) to 2009 is rated good overall by IIHS, injury measures from head/neck and right leg/foot is rated acceptable.[16]

text: 2010 refresh[edit]

text:
2010–2012

Overview

Production
February 5, 2009—2012[22]

Model years
2010–2012

Designer
Chris Walter (2007) Dillon Blanski (2010)

Body and chassis

Platform
Ford CD3 platform

Related

Lincoln MKZ
Mazda6
Mercury Milan

Powertrain

Engine
2.5 L Duratec 25 I4
3.0 L Duratec 30 V6
3.5 L Duratec 35 V6

Transmission
6-speed Mazda G6M manual (I4)
6-speed Ford 6F35 automatic (I4 & 3.0L V6)
6-speed Aisin TF-80 automatic (3.5L V6)
Continuous variable transmission (hybrid)

Dimensions

Wheelbase
107.4 in (2,728 mm)

Length
190.6 in (4,841 mm)

Width
72.2 in (1,834 mm)

Height
56.9 in (1,445 mm)

text: For the 2010 model year, Ford significantly updated the Fusion,[23] along with the Mercury Milan and Lincoln MKZ,[24] with new front and rear end fascia designs[25][26] and interior and powertrain revisions. Powertrain options are similar to those that debuted on the 2009 Ford Escape, including the new 2.5 L I4 and 3.0 L PIP Duratec series V6 engine coupled to Ford's new 6F35 six-speed transmission.[27] The 3.0 L Duratec provided 240 hp (179 kW) with E85 fuel capability, while the I4 provided 175 hp (130 kW). The 3.5 L Duratec 35 producing 263 hp (196 kW) was standard in the Fusion Sport. The I4 and 3.0 L V6 engines included adaptive knock control and aggressive deceleration fuel cutoff features to improve fuel economy.[28] Interior changes included a new optional 8" screen navigation control system, a new center console design, and Ford's new trademark "Ice Blue" illumination for the controls and gauges that is shared with the current Ford Focus and Ford F-150.

text: Trim levels[edit]

text:
The S was once again the base model, including the 2.5L Duratec I4 engine, manual transmission, AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player, auxiliary input jack and four speakers, sixteen-inch alloy wheels, cloth seating surfaces, and keyless entry.
The SE was the mid-range model, adding seventeen-inch steel wheels, six speakers, and power front driver's seat, as well as a security system. SIRIUS Satellite Radio also came standard on this model.
The SEL was the upper-end model, with seventeen inch aluminum wheels, standard Ford SYNC system and 290 watt Sony 12 speaker surround sound, standard leather seating surfaces (optional cloth for fleet), dual zone automatic temperature control, driver door keypad, and dual power front seats.
The Sport was a stand-alone model, offering standard eighteen-inch alloy wheels, darkened front grille (2011-2012), rear spoiler, lower body side skirts, leather seating surfaces, a 3.5L Duratec V6 engine, and sport tuned suspension.
The Hybrid model added onto the SEL model, with a 2.5L Duratec I4 engine assisted by an Atkinson hybrid electric motor, an electroluminescent Optitron-style gauge cluster, dual power front seats, and an Eco Driving mode to tell the driver how economically they are driving.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Engine
Displacement
Power
Torque
Gas Mileage
0-60 Times

2.5 L Duratec 25 I4
152 CID
175 hp (130 kW)
172 lb⋅ft (233 N⋅m)[29]
23 mpg city/33 mpg highway/26 mpg combined (automatic); 22/30/25 (selectshift, SE/SEL trims); 22/32/25 (manual, S trim); 22/29/24 (manual, SE trim)[30]
8.0 sec

3.0 L Duratec 30 V6
182 CID
240 hp (179 kW)
223 lb⋅ft (302 N⋅m)
20/28/23 FWD; 18/26/20 AWD, gasoline/E85 flex fuel
7.4 sec

3.5 L Duratec 35 V6
213 CID
263 hp (196 kW)
249 lb⋅ft (338 N⋅m)
(Fusion Sport); 18/27/21 FWD; 17/24/19 AWD
6.5 sec

2.5 L Duratec 25 I4
152 CID
156 hp (116 kW); 191 hp (142 kW) combined
136 lb⋅ft (184 N⋅m)[31]
(Hybrid) 41/36/39
7.8 sec

text: Safety ratings[edit]

text: The Ford Fusion line-up was included in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2010 "Top Safety Picks" rating for the mid-size category.[32][33] Due to the fact that Ford modified and strengthened the roof structure of the Flex, Fusion, and MKT vehicles, these 2010 ratings apply only to Lincoln MKZs, Mercury Milan and Fusions built after April 2010.[32]

text: Safety concerns[edit]

text: In June 2010, it is reported that National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was investigating into floormat-related unintended acceleration in 2010 Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan. According to NHTSA's estimate, as many as 249,301 cars could be affected.[34]

text: On May 28, 2010, the NHTSA issued a statement that the stacking of all-weather floor mats from any manufacturer on top of the factory floor mat could cause accelerator entrapment. In their press release they stated the following: "NHTSA is urging drivers of 2010 Fusions to make sure they do not stack the rubber “All Weather” floor mat on top of the secured carpeted floor mat. Further, drivers are reminded to ensure that any driver-side floor mats (whether they are the carpeted floor mat or all weather floor mat) are properly installed and restrained by the retention hooks on the floorboard. Depending on vehicle and floor mat design, it is possible for unsecured floor mats to interfere with accelerator or brake pedals in a wide range of vehicles. Therefore, NHTSA reminds all drivers of all makes and models to check the driver-side floor mats for secure installation and to follow all manufacturer instructions for installing the mats."[35]

text: On October 2, 2014, the NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation opened an investigation into the Electronic Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) subsystem used in Ford Fusions, Lincoln MKZs, and Mercury Milans with model years between 2010 and 2012. The investigation was opened in response to over 500 complaints where motorists reported the sudden loss of power steering while driving. An estimated 938,000 vehicles are included in the investigation. The investigation is ongoing.[36] On May 27, 2015, Ford issued a recall for 2011-2012 Ford Fusions, Mercury Milans, and Lincoln MKZ's made in Mexico, along with 2011-2013 Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, Lincoln MKS and Lincoln MKT's built in Chicago or Oakville. The repair involves a software update and/or steering replacement due to a malfunctioning sensor.[37]

text: Hybrid electric version[edit]

text: The 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Fusion sedan launched to the U.S. market in March 2009, with an initial sale price of US$27,270.[38] EPA ratings for the Ford Fusion Hybrid are 41 mpg city and 36 mpg highway. In city driving a full tank delivers 700 miles.[39] In April 2009 editors of Kelley Blue Book named the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid to its 2009 list of "Top 10 Green Cars".[40]

text: The Fusion Hybrid qualified for a hybrid tax credit of US$3,400 prior to March 31, 2009. The credit dropped to US$1,700 if purchased by September 30, 2009, and to US$850 if purchased by March 31, 2010. This credit phased out on April 1, 2010.[41]

text: This model gets better EPA-estimated fuel economy than the Toyota Camry Hybrid, the Nissan Altima Hybrid, and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid, viewed as its competitors in the mid-size sedan segment.

text: Consumer Reports in its December 6, 2012 publication found that the Ford Fusion Hybrid and Ford C-Max Hybrid's tested fuel economy was 20% (8 MPG) short of Ford's EPA mileage claims. After many reports from owners and media of the Ford Fusion Hybrid getting less than the stated 47 MPG city/47 MPG highway/47 MPG combined, a class action lawsuit was brought against Ford on December 26, 2012.[42][43] Consumer Reports reviewed several other vehicle makes and models and found the Fusion Hybrid from Ford were the worst under-performers compared to EPA fuel efficiency ratings in real world usage compared to 16 others including hybrids.[44]

text: Second generation (2013–present)[edit]

text:
Second generation

Overview

Also called
Ford Mondeo (fourth generation) (International 2014–present)

Production
2012–present

Model years
2013–present

Assembly
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico (Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly)
Flat Rock, Michigan, U.S. (Flat Rock Assembly Plant Until 2016)

Designer
Chris Hamilton, Kemal Curic (2010), Dillon Blanski (2010, 2013)[45][46][47][48]

Body and chassis

Platform
Ford CD4 platform

Related
Ford Fusion Energi
Lincoln MKZ
Ford C-Max Hybrid
Lincoln Continental
Ford Taurus (seventh generation)

Powertrain

Engine
1.5 L EcoBoost I4
1.6 L EcoBoost I4
2.0 L EcoBoost I4
2.0 L Duratec I4 (Hybrid only)
2.5 L Duratec I4
2.7 L Ecoboost V6 (Sport only)

Transmission
6-speed Ford B6 manual (1.6 EcoBoost only)
6-speed Ford 6F automatic (all engines)
CVT: Ford HF35 (hybrid and PHEV)

Dimensions

Wheelbase
112.2 in (2,850 mm)

Length
191.7 in (4,869 mm)

Width
72.9 in (1,852 mm)

Height
58.1 in (1,476 mm)

Curb weight
3,323–3,427 lb (1,507–1,554 kg)

text: The second generation Fusion was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show as a 2013 model. The redesigned Fusion is built on the Ford CD4 platform and is an example of Ford's global car strategy "One-Ford", with design led by Ford of Europe, started with the Focus and then the extension of Fiesta production, which both came into North America in 2012.[citation needed] The new model marks the re-convergence of Ford's mid-size platform for both Europe and the Americas - the CDW27 program which spawned the Countour/Mystique and the original European Mondeo had been the company's previous attempt at a mid-size car for the world, which was met with mixed success.

text: As a One-Ford project, Ford of Europe Head of Advanced design team Chris Hamilton was commissioned as lead designer based in Detroit, under the guise Exterior Chief Designer for Ford/Lincoln, with design support led from Ford of Europe studios in Germany and the United Kingdom.[49] Test and development of localized versions was undertaken in both North America and Europe, resulting in different engine choices, automatic gearboxes, suspension settings and tires.

text: Like the previous generation Fusion, the final assembly takes place at Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Due to strong sales of the redesigned 2013 year model, additional capacity was added in Flat Rock Assembly Plant, Michigan. The hybrid version and the Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid will continue to be assembled in Mexico.[50] The Mexican assembly plant won the prized MIT, Worlds Best Automobile Plant award.[51] In Europe and other international markets, the engine range is similar, but the 2.5 will only be available in North America. In international markets, a three-cylinder 1.0L 123 bhp EcoBoost, claimed to produce just 125g/km of CO2 emissions; and the Ford Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid is expected to be released between 2014 and 2015.[49]

text: The second generation Fusion was built with a 122 mm (4.8 in) longer wheelbase than the outgoing model's CD3 platform, is 28 mm (1.1 in) bigger overall, 18 mm (0.7 in) wider, and 31 mm (1.2 in) taller. In contrast to the front double wishbone suspension of the first generation Fusion, at front are MacPherson struts, and at rear is a multi-link rear suspension. Despite larger exterior dimensions, some aspects of the interior have shrunk, including the trunk, which fell slightly from 467 to 453 L (16.5 to 16.0 cu ft).

text: The 2013 Fusion is available in S, SE, and Titanium trim levels. Ford assembled five different powertrains for the second generation, including two hybrid variants. All available engines are four-cylinder offerings, dropping the previous model's 3.0L V6 as the top tier engine choice, as part of Ford's push to phase out the aging Duratec 30, as well as the Sport package's 3.5L V6 as a performance option. In the 2017 update, the Sport model returned, powered by a 2.7L turbocharged V6.

text: The second generation Fusion introduced several driver assistance technologies based on sensors, cameras and radar. Safety features include Lane Keeping System; adjust vehicle speed to changing traffic conditions through adaptive cruise control with Forward Collision Warning; active park assist paired with a backup camera; and Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) with cross-traffic alert, which consists of sensors in both rear quarter-panels that are able to detect traffic in a driver’s blind spot, providing both audible and visual warnings if traffic unseen by the driver is detected. BLIS technology enables rear cross-traffic alert, aiding drivers backing out of parking space where visibility is obstructed.[52][53] Other safety features include Ford Sync, second-row Inflatable Safety Belts, Auto Start-Stop, electric power-assisted steering, and Intelligent All-Wheel Drive.

text: For the 2014 model year the chief improvement was a new 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine option.[54]

text: Models[edit]

text:
S The base model, offering a 2.5L Duratec I4 engine, automatic transmission, an AM/FM color screen stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player, and USB, Bluetooth connection, auxiliary input jacks and SIRIUS Satellite Radio, the Ford SYNC System, four speakers, reverse camera with motion activated guidelines, cloth seating surfaces, sixteen-inch steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, chrome door handles, and keyless entry with a switchblade-style key.
SE Adds six speakers, seventeen-inch alloy wheels, and a power front driver's seat.
Titanium (replacing the SEL) Adds synthetic leather seating surfaces, heated front seats, dual power front seats, the MyFord Touch System with an A/M-F/M HD Radio radio, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, SD card slot, USB, A/V, and auxiliary input jacks, push-button start, keyless access, a Sony 390-watt premium surround sound system, and eighteen-inch alloy wheels.
Hybrid Is offered in the same three trims but for 2017, it is offered in four trims S, SE, Titanium, and Platinum.
Sport Available starting from the 2017 model year, the inline-4 is replaced by the 2.7 Ecoboost 325-hp V6 engine, adds a black mesh grille, 19-inch wheels, a decklid spoiler, quad exhaust pipes, and standard All Wheel Drive.
Platinum Added to the Ford Fusion family for the 2017 model year and has lots of standard features like Power Moonroof, Universal Garage Opener, Fancy Sport Chrome Mesh Grille, Nappa Leather Seating Surfaces, and Heated and Cooled Front Seats.
Energi A Plug-in Hybrid Version of the Fusion offered in two trims SE and Titanium until 2017. The Ford Fusion Platinum Energi was added to the Fusion Energi family for 2017.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Year
Engine
Displacement
Power
Torque
Fuel Economy (City/Highway/Combined)

2013–present
Duratec 25 I4
2.5 L (152 CID)
175 hp (130 kW) @ 6000 RPM
175 lb⋅ft (237 N⋅m) @4500 RPM
22/34/26 (6F 6-Speed Automatic)

2014–present
1.5 Ecoboost Turbocharged I4
1.5 L (92 CID)
181 hp (135 kW) @ 6000 RPM
185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m) @ 4320 RPM
23/36/28 (6F35 6-Speed Automatic)

25/37/29 (6F35 6-Speed Automatic) w/start-stop

2013-2014
1.6 Ecoboost Turbocharged I4
1.6 L (97 CID)
179 hp (133 kW) @ 5700 RPM
184 lb⋅ft (249 N⋅m) @ 2500 RPM
25/37/29 (6-speed Ford B6 manual)

2013
23/36/28 (6F35 6-Speed Automatic)

24/37/28 (6F35 6-Speed Automatic) w/start-stop

2013–present
2.0 Ecoboost Turbocharged I4
2.0 L (122 CID)
240 hp (179 kW) @ 5500 RPM
270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m) @ 3000 RPM
22/33/26 (FWD) (6F 6-Speed Automatic)

22/31/25 (AWD) (6F 6-Speed Automatic)

2013-present
Duratec 20 I4
2.0 L (122 CID)
141 hp (105 kW) @ 6000 RPM
129 lb⋅ft (175 N⋅m) @ 4000 RPM
44/41/42 Hybrid CVT, Ford HF35

188 hp (140 kW) peak system horsepower
177 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) peak system torque

2017–present
2.7 Ecoboost Turbocharged V6
2.7 L (164 CID)
325 hp (242 kW) @ 5500 RPM
380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) @ 3000 RPM
17/26/20 (6F55 6-Speed Automatic)

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The new 2013 line-up also includes a next-generation hybrid version, and a plug-in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi. The Ford Fusion became the first production sedan to offer these three options.[55] Sales of the gasoline-powered and hybrid version began in the US in October 2012.[56] Sales in Europe and Asia, as Ford Mondeo, are expected to begin in 2013.[57] Deliveries of the Fusion Energi began the U.S. in February 2013.[58][59] Sales of the Mondeo line-up, including the hybrid model, began in Germany in August 2014.[60]

text: For the second generation Fusion Hybrid the nickel-metal hydride batteries used in the hybrid first generation were replaced with lithium-ion batteries.[57] The 2013 model year is more fuel efficient than its predecessor, with a US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rating of 47 mpg‑US (5.0 L/100 km; 56 mpg‑imp) with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. This rating is also the same Ford achieved for the 2013 Ford C-Max Hybrid, as both hybrids share the same engine and drivetrain. These ratings allowed the 2013 Fusion Hybrid to outperform the 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE by 4 mpg‑US (0,5 L/100 km; 4.8 mpg‑imp) city and 8 mpg‑US (1 L/100 km; 9.6 mpg‑imp) highway, and to become the most efficient midsize hybrid sedan in the U.S. as of September 2012.[61] The Duratec 2.5, and EcoBoost 1.5, 1.6 and 2.0 are sourced from Chihuahua, Mexico; Craiova, Romania; Bridgend, Wales; and Valencia, Spain respectively. The 6F and HF35 automatic transmissions are sourced from Ford's Van Dyke Transmission Plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan, while the B6 manual is produced at the GETRAG FORD Transmissions GmbH facility in Halewood, United Kingdom.

text: 2017 facelift[edit]

text: Ford updated the Fusion for the 2017 model year. The facelifted version was first unveiled at the 2016 North American International Auto Show on January 11, 2016.

text: All Fusions received new packages, new front and rear end styling, a new rotary-controlled automatic transmission, and two new trim levels of the gasoline-powered Fusion: the high-performance Sport, which marks the first time that a V6 engine has been installed into a second-generation Fusion, and the Platinum, which adds more luxury features onto the previously top-of-the-line Titanium trim level (the Platinum is also available for both the Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Energi models). Also new for 2017 on most Fusion models is Ford's new SYNC 3 infotainment system with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility, which replaces the MyFord Touch infotainment system that was offered on the 2016 Fusion.

text: Pricing starts at $22,120 for a base gas-powered Fusion S model with the 2.5 L Duratec I4 engine, and tops out at $39,120 for a top-of-the-line Fusion Energi Platinum model with a 2.0 L I4 engine and an Atkinson Cycle electric motor with EV Mode.

text: 2019 facelift[edit]

text: Ford has facelifted its Fusion for the 2019 model year. The second facelift of the second-generation Fusion comes after Ford announced that it would delay a full redesign of the Fusion.

text: Debuting at the 2018 New York International Auto Show, the new 2019 Ford Fusion features revised front and rear end and interior styling, as well as standard Co-Pilot360 (a suite of driver assist technologies first debuting on the new 2019 Ford Edge midsize SUV) on all trim levels.

text: Traditional gasoline-powered versions remain available for the Ford Fusion, as do gasoline/electric hybrid and plug-in gasoline/electric ("Energi") versions.

text: Also new for 2019, the SEL trim level rejoins the Ford Fusion lineup, after being absent from the lineup since 2012. [62]

text: Trim Levels include S, SE, Hybrid SE, SEL, Hybrid SEL, Titanium, Hybrid Titanium, Energi Titanium, and V6 Sport. Hybrid S, Energi SE, Platinum, Hybrid Platinum, and Energi Titanium trim levels have all been discontinued for 2019.

text: No photos of the interior of the 2019 Ford Fusion were immediately available at launch.

text: The new 2019 Ford Fusion will go on sale in the Fall of 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle.

text: Safety and recall[edit]

text: In 2012, Ford recalled about 90,000 2013 Ford Escape and Fusion in the U.S. and Canada with 1.6-liter engines that may overheat and cause fires after 13 reports of fire were reported to Ford.[63]

text: In 2017, Ford recalled 2013-2014 Ford Fusion with 1.6 ecoboost engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by a “lack of coolant circulation”. The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$300 million by Ford.[64]

text: In 2018, Ford recalled 2013-15 Ford Fusion with 1.6-liter Sigma GTDI engines and B6 manual transmissions, due to potential risk of the steering wheel becoming loose. [65]

text: Auto racing[edit]

text: NASCAR[edit]

text: The Fusion also became the new body style for Ford automobiles in NASCAR beginning in 2006, replacing the Taurus.[66] This marked the first time since the Torino in 1968 that Ford introduced a new model that went racing in NASCAR at the same time as its launch.[67]

text: For the introduction of the Generation 6 body design in 2013, the vehicles were updated to match the second generation Fusion. The Generation 6 body styles were also meant to closer resemble the production versions of their respective vehicles.[68][69]

text: Land speed record success[edit]

text: Ford announced its attempt to use a fuel cell version of the Fusion, Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999, to set a land speed record on August 10–17 during Bonneville Speed Week in 2007.[70] The Fusion 999 project was born in early 2006 when Ford fuel cell engineering manager Mujeeb Ijaz approached Roush Racing about a project to demonstrate the performance potential of a fuel cell-powered vehicle.

text: Roush's team, led by Rick Darling, worked with a team of Ford engineers and technicians led by Matt Zuehlk to come up with a vehicle design that could meet the goal of exceeding 200 mph (320 km/h) on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fueled only by hydrogen.[71] On August 15, 2007, the vehicle set the fastest fuel cell ground vehicle speed record of 207.297 mph (333.612 km/h).

text: The car was driven by retired Ford engineer Rick Byrnes, a long time Bonneville racer.[72]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
In July 2006, Strategic Vision gave the Fusion its Total Quality Award as the best-quality midsize sedan on the American market.[73]
In March 2006, the International Carwash Association named the Fusion America's "Most Washable Car."[74]
In November 2009, the 2010 Ford Fusion line-up was selected as the 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year, beating a field of nearly two dozen contenders.[75]
In December 2009, Car and Driver magazine listed the 2010 Fusion Hybrid as one of the "10 Best Cars". The piece stated that the Fusion Hybrid was the most advanced of all the cars they tested.[76]
In January 2010, the Fusion Hybrid won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award at the Detroit Auto Show,[77] and was named "Best of 2010" by Cars.com.[78]
In November 2012, the 2013 Ford Fusion (second generation) line-up, including the gasoline and EcoBoost engine options, and the Fusion hybrid and plug-in variants, won the 2013 Green Car of the Year awarded by the Green Car Journal at the Los Angeles Auto Show.[79]
In 2017, the Ford Fusion was awarded the MotorWeek Drivers' Choice Award for Best Family Sedan.[80]

text: Reviews[edit]

text:
In a December 2005 test, Car and Driver ranked the Fusion just below the first-place Honda Accord, edging out the Toyota Camry and Hyundai Sonata by only a few points. "The Verdict: Not your father's Taurus"[81]
Consumer Reports has also given positive reviews to the Fusion, as it had to the previous Taurus. It rated the Fusion Hybrid the top domestic sedan for 2010.[82] In 2009, the magazine's automotive editor, Rik Paul, said, "The Ford cars outscored Honda's Accord and Toyota's Camry, the two top-selling cars in America, 'which many people view as the paradigms of reliability'," referring to the Fusion and Mercury Milan.[83]
Ford Fusion ranked highest among midsize cars in the JD Power APEAL study for 2006.[84]
In the January 2009 issue, Motor Trend rated the Fusion Hybrid ahead of the Toyota Camry Hybrid.[85] and in the February 2009 issue rated the Fusion Hybrid ahead of the Toyota Camry Hybrid, the Nissan Altima Hybrid, and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid.[86]
In a 2012 comparison test by Motor Trend, the Ford Fusion came in third place out of six cars behind the first place Volkswagen Passat and second place Honda Accord.[87]

text: Consumer response[edit]

text: According to Ford, consumer response to the 2006 Fusion had exceeded their expectations,[88] with 30,000 sold during the first quarter of 2006. By October 2009, the Fusion became one of the top ten best-selling cars in the U.S. for the first time, as well as the best-selling car by a domestic automaker.[89]

text: An article reflecting on the retirement of the Taurus however noted that whatever its faults, Ford did sell a large volume of them, and at the time production ended, the Taurus was still outselling the smaller Fusion and larger Ford Five Hundred combined, thanks to Taurus' large fleet sales. For the 2007 model year, approximately 77% of Fusion sales were retail (as opposed to fleet).[90] This sales mix has contributed, in part, to the Fusion's relatively high residual value compared to the Taurus.[91]

text: Ford also sells the Fusion in Mexico and Brazil. In Brazil, it became the highest-selling car in its class in 2008.[92]

text: Yearly U.S. sales[edit]

text:
Calendar
Year
Total
Sales
YOY
change
Hybrid
Sales
Hybrid
Share
Energi
Sales
Energi
Share

2005[93]
16,983
n/a

2006[93]
142,502
+739%

2007[93]
149,552
+5.0%

2008[93]
147,569
−1.3%

2009[93][94]
180,671
+22.4%
15,554
8.6%

2010[93][95]
219,219
+21.3%
20,816
9.5%

2011[93][96]
248,067
+13.2%
11,286
4.5%

2012[97][98]
241,263
-2.7%
14,100
5.8%

2013[93][99]
295,280
+22.4%
37,270
12.6%
6,089
2.1%

2014[100][101]
306,860
+3.9%
35,405
11.5%
11,550
3.8%

2015[102][103]
300,170
-2.2%
24,681
8.2%
9,750
3.2%

2016[104][105]
265,840
-11.4%
33,648
12.7%
15,938
6.0%

2017[106][107]
209,623
-21.1%
57,474
27.4%
9,632
4.6%

Cumulative sales
2005–2017
2,723,599
n/a
250,234
9.2%
52,959
1.9%

Notes: YOY: year-over-year, n/a: not applicable


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid

question_text: who stars in the movie diary of a wimpy kid

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid

text: Plot

text: As Greg Heffley is getting ready for his first day of middle school, he is teased by his teenage brother Rodrick, because his mom bought him his supplies for school. He has a little brother, a toddler named Manny, who is "spoiled rotten" because he gets everything he wants and also gets away with everything he does wrong. His father, named Frank Heffley, does not encourage Greg's way of life - playing video games all day - rather than going outside and playing sports.

text: During the first day of school, Greg is immediately rejected and is forced to sit with another outcast named Fregley, from whom Greg tries to keep "a safe distance". He is initially unsure whether best friend Rowley Jefferson will be able to fit in, as he considers Rowley to be immature. However, Greg strongly believes that he can become popular. He and Rowley decide to take part in wrestling at school, although Greg quits after losing a match against Fregley.

text: On Halloween, Greg and Rowley go trick-or-treating, but are challenged by teens who spray Greg and Rowley with a water-filled fire extinguisher. Greg tries to threaten them by saying-"We're calling the cops", but the teenagers start to chase them. The two friends escape and go to Greg's grandmother's house until the teens leave.

text: After getting few presents for Christmas, Greg decides to play a game with Rowley in which Rowley must ride a bike while Greg tries to knock him off. On one of Greg's tries, the ball gets under the front wheel, which causes Rowley to fall off and break his arm. When Rowley goes to school with a plaster cast, the girls take care of him (carrying his books, feeding him food) which makes Greg jealous. After Rowley's arm heals, he and Greg decide to enroll in the safety patrol program in which they walk younger kids to their homes.

text: One day, as Greg is walking the kids by himself he chases the young children after scaring them with a stick with worms on it. A neighbour contacts the school and tells them about Greg's unusual behavior. The principal suspects Rowley, as Greg was wearing Rowley's jacket. Rowley is suspended from the safety patrol. Greg later decides to confess the truth, but Rowley has already informed on him, resulting in their friendship breaking off.

text: Greg tries to befriend Fregley to make Rowley jealous, although he is uncomfortable around Fregley. Resorting to auditioning for the school play (based on The Wizard of Oz) Greg lands the role as a tree, while Patty Farrel is cast as Dorothy, the protagonist of the novel. During the show's opening performance, Rodrick brings a camera to film the play. Greg becomes too nervous to sing, confusing the other "trees" who also fail to sing. Patty gets frustrated and angers Greg, who throws props at Patty, and then everyone gets in the fight, ending the play in chaos.

text: Feeling desolate from being blatantly rejected by everyone, Greg is surprised and a little happy to see Rowley approaching him at recess, until, he discovers that he's only there to demand back a CD he'd left with Greg. They get into an awkward fist-fight. While they are fighting, the teens who chased them at halloween are drawn to the chaos crowding around Greg and Rowley tumbling around in the dirt. When the leader of the teen gang scares away the rest of the students, they force Greg and Rowley to eat the legendary "cheese", a moldy piece of cheese that has been left on the grounds of the school for years. Rowley is the first to eat the cheese - except when it comes to Greg's turn, he claims that he's lactose intolerant and that eating cheese will kill him. The principal turns up and the teens disappear. The other students see the cheese in front of Rowley and believe he has eaten from it. Greg takes the blame and claims he ate the cheese. Greg and Rowley mend their friendship.

text: Background

text: In 2005, FunBrain and Jeff Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid. The website made daily entries until June 2005.[citation needed] The book became an instant hit and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2007.[1] Many online readers requested a printed version. At the 2006 New York Comic-Con Kinney proposed Diary to Charles Kochman, Editorial Director of the ComicArts division of Abrams Books, who purchased the rights to the book. According to Kochman, the two initially conceived it as a book for adults, believing it would appeal to audiences similar to that of the TV series The Wonder Years. Kochman brought it before the Abrams publishing board, which convinced Kinney and Kochman that it would be better aimed toward children.[3][4] In 2007, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, an abridged version of the original online book, was published.[citation needed]

text: Characters

text: The main character, Greg, has trouble with family, friends, and his local middle school. He is very concerned about how popular he is at school, and he daydreams a lot about being rich and famous when he grows up. He tries to fit in in his school, but usually he does not succeed. Facing many challenges, Greg attempts to handle them very creatively, but unfortunately his antics often backfire on him.

text: Greg's best friend has a larger than average frame. He is always willing to do what Greg tells him, including dangerous stunts. Rowley goes on vacations all the time, which annoys Greg. Rowley is a loyal friend, but he sometimes behaves in an immature or childish manner. He also dresses in an unusual way.

text: Greg's "spoiled" little brother, a three-year-old toddler. He never gets in trouble no matter what, even when he really deserves it. Manny is just getting toilet trained.

text: Rodrick is Greg's teenage brother and he never misses a chance to be cruel to Greg. He is known for sleeping excessively in the morning and for his rebellious attitude. Rodrick is part of a garage band called "The Löded Diper". Rodrick will do anything to embarrass Greg and will even cause problems for Manny to make everyone's life miserable.

text: Sequels

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid is the first book in an ongoing book franchise. The second, Rodrick Rules was released February 1, 2008 and was listed on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 117 weeks.[5] The Last Straw, the third book in the series, released on January 13, 2009 was on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 65 weeks, peaking at number one.[6] Dog Days was released October 12, 2009 with 217 pages. The book was ranked at number one on the New York Times Best Sellers List for all 25 weeks of inclusion, making Dog Days the #1 Best Selling Book of 2009.[7] The Ugly Truth was released November 9, 2010 with 217 pages.[8] The sixth, Cabin Fever was released November 15, 2011.[9] The seventh, The Third Wheel was released on November 13, 2012. The eighth, Hard Luck was released on November 5, 2013 in the United States and on November 6 in the United Kingdom. The ninth, The Long Haul was released on November 4, 2014 in the US and November 5, 2014 in the UK. The tenth, Old School, was released globally on November 3, 2015.[10] The eleventh, Double Down, was published on November 1, 2016.

text: Awards

text: The book won the Blue Peter Book Award 2012, revealed live on British kids channel CBBC on March 1, 2012.[11]

text: Adaptations

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American comedy directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney's book.[12][13][14] The film was released on March 19, 2010.[15] It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010.[16] The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley (Dad), Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley (Mom), Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's brother.