document_title: Linden, Guyana

question_text: where is the water wheel located in guyana

text: Linden, Guyana

text: The Bauxite Company[edit]

text: Commercial bauxite mining started in Linden a hundred years ago. In 1916 the Demerara Bauxite Company Limited, known as DEMBA, a subsidiary of the Aluminum Company of Canada Limited, was established with the objective of mining, processing and selling bauxite.[2] The site chosen for this preliminary venture was on the Demerara River, 105 kilometres (65 mi) south of the capital city Georgetown. At that time there was no settlement in the area, except for the wards of Wismar, Guyana Wismar and Christianburg. Mackenzie, the centre of the company's operations, takes its name from an American geologist of Scottish descent, George Bain Mackenzie, who first visited and explored the area for bauxite in 1913. He returned in 1914, bought lands for mining, and built several 45-ton wooden barges for use at the riverside near Three Friends Mine, which was the first mine to be worked.

text: Initially, bauxite was mined with shovels and pick axes and mule carts removing overburden. The bauxite was shipped in a crude form by loading it onto barges, which were towed down the river to ships moored midstream off the Georgetown harbor.

text: Over the years DEMBA established not only the machinery for crushing, sorting, washing, drying, storing and loading the ore that was mined, but also housing facilities for their permanent local and foreign work force. In addition, a complex of ancillary services, including a machine shop, carpentry shop, and an electrical shop a power generation and distribution system, potable water supply and a hospital was developed. The end product of this industrial, social and physical infrastructure was a compact township named Mackenzie, which depended on sources external to the bauxite community for its supply of food and spare parts. In keeping with its policy of controlling the important sectors of the country's economy, the Government of Guyana nationalized the assets of DEMBA on 15 July 1971, and replaced it with the Guyana Bauxite Company Limited (GUYBAU). The Bauxite Industry Development Company (BIDCO) was established in 1976, in Georgetown, as the holding Company of the bauxite industry.

text: A similar act of nationalization, on 1 January 1975, saw the sister company in Berbice — Reynolds Metal Company — becoming the Berbice Mining Enterprise Limited (BERMINE). With the Government of Guyana as a major shareholder, the move of nationalizing both bauxite entities set the stage for a close-knit unit. It was also more economical to coordinate the functions of GUYBAU and BERMINE under one holding. It further allowed for an arrangement in which financial, material and human resources could be optimally allocated within the bauxite mining and processing activities. As a result, the two entities were merged in October 1977, under the name of Guyana Mining Enterprise Limited (GUYMINE). The entities were subdivided into Berbice Operations and Linden Operations.

text: The Linden Mining Enterprise came into being in June 1992 when the Government signed an order under the Public Corporation Act to dissolve GUYMINE and convert the Berbice Operations and Linden operations into separate entities. Berbice Operations was reverted to the original name of Berbice Mining Enterprise Limited (BERMINE), and the Linden Operations was renamed Linden Mining Enterprise (LINMINE). LINMINE was placed under the management of an Australian firm, Mining and Processing Engineers - known as MINPROC – for three years (1992–95).

text: The three villages that made up Linden were previously known as Wismar-MacKenzie-Christianburg, but was renamed/unified in 1970 as a township under the name Linden by then President Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, also known as Forbes Burnham, after himself.[3]

text: Linden Museum[edit]

text: The "Linden Museum of Socio-Cultural Heritage" is located in the centre of Linden. The museum displays artifacts and pictures of the culture and heritage of the Linden community.[4]

text: Christiansburg Water Wheel[edit]

text: In 1895 Scottish engineer John Dagleish Patterson installed this very large iron wheel as prime mover for his sawmilling equipment. Patterson’s hydro-powered sawmill is the only one of its kind. The sawmill was dismantled but the water wheel remains as an example of how the timber industry was mechanized to exploit the rich natural resources of the area in Linden.

text: Gluck Island[edit]

text: Gluck Island is an uninhabited island off Rockstone in the Essequibo River. It is situated at a distance of some 70 km from the Essequibo mouth. It is an eco-tourist destination site as it has several species of birds, animals and flora. The Victoria Regia Water Lily can be seen there blossoming with its more than one meter diameter giant leaves floating on lakes in a lush green environment. It is the nearest spot from Georgetown where you can observe this natural phenomenon in its original habitat. Scientists from Australia and Europe come to this part of world to study that plant.[5]

text: Big caimans can be spotted in the night while the best time to see giant otters is early in the morning.

text: About 200 species of birds, including macaws and various species of parrots and herons have been identified after two short expert missions.

text: Linden unrest[edit]

text: In 1964, Wismar was the site of the Wismar Massacre, where rioting targeted at the Indian minority also led to the widespread destruction of property. The disturbances started on 20 May, escalating to murder on 25 May before the arrival of British troops on 26 May. During this period more than two hundred properties were destroyed by fire and more than fifty people reported physical assaults, including at least seven rapes. The riots also claimed five lives, R. Khan and P. Mirgin, Indian residents of Wismar were killed on 25 May, along with G. English, an alleged looter. B. Wharton died in a fire on 27 May, while I. Bridgewater was killed on the 28 May.[6] The Wismar Massacre decreased the Indian population in Wismar; before the riots it was estimated at 3000. This fell to about 300 by the following July, as more than 3000 Indians were evacuated after the riots. The Wismar Massacre was triggered by the general climate of political and ethnic strife within Guyana in 1964. The murder of an African couple in Buxton on 21 May was the most recent violent event, in an extended period of unrest and is considered the trigger for the Wismar Massacre.[6]

text: On 6 July 1964 an explosion blew apart the Sun Chapman launch as it sailed up the Demerara river from Georgetown to Mackenzie. Forty-three people of mostly African descent died either due to the explosion or drowned when the launch sank.[7] Most of the thirty-three survivors,[7] including the entire crew, were those fortunate to be on the deck or bow [8] when the boat exploded. The Sun Chapman exploded shortly after leaving Horadia[7] about sixteen miles from Mackenzie. By 8 July, thirty-two bodies were recovered from the river and taken to the Mackenzie Hospital morgue to be buried.[9] Some badly decomposed bodies were also buried at Horadia.[7]

text: With forty-three fatalities, the sinking of the Sun Chapman is the single largest loss of Guyanese life. Most victims were Lindeners traveling home from Georgetown along the Demerara River. The river was commonly used for this journey before the Linden-Soesdyke highway was constructed in 1966. The explosion was caused by a bomb, but the persons responsible and the type of explosives used remains unknown, this has led to numerous theories about the bombing.


document_title: List of The Incredibles characters

question_text: who is the voice of the villain in the incredibles

root

text: List of The Incredibles characters

text: The Parr Family

text: Bob Parr (Mr. Incredible)

text: Robert "Bob" Parr (a.k.a. Mr. Incredible) (voiced by Craig T. Nelson in the films, Richard McGonagle in Rise of the Underminer, and Jeff Bergman in Lego The Incredibles) possesses tremendous strength and durability. He also has enhanced senses. He is married to Helen Parr, the superheroine known as Elastigirl, and they have three children together: Violet, Dash, and Jack-Jack.

tag: p

text: Sometime after his marriage, Mr. Incredible was sued by Oliver Sansweet for thwarting his suicide and the passengers of the train he stopped from running off the tracks which was part of the events that led to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program. Bob found forced retirement difficult, and often had to cheat his way out of the house on Wednesdays so that he could continue his superheroics. He was shocked to discover that his "Number 1 fan", Buddy Pine, had reformed himself as the villain Syndrome after Mr. Incredible had squelched Pine's wish to be his ward in an attempt to protect him. It was not until Syndrome threatened the family's lives that Bob realized that his family was his "greatest adventure".

text: His red superhero suit, designed by Edna Mode, appears to have the same level of durability as Mr. Incredible himself. In his prime, Mr. Incredible drove a gadget-laden car, the Incredibile, reminiscent of ones driven by James Bond or Batman. The silhouette of a newer version of the Incredibile for the entire family is seen in the end credits of the first, and the new car makes a full appearance in the comic series and at the end of the second film.

text: His face was physically modeled after director Brad Bird.[1]

text: Mr. Incredible was ranked number 5 in IGN's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters.[2] Readers of Empire magazine also voted Mr. Incredible number 8 in that magazine's list of The Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Helen Parr (Elastigirl)

text: Helen Parr (a.k.a. Elastigirl or Mrs. Incredible)[4][5][6][7][8] (voiced by Holly Hunter) is Mr. Incredible's wife. Helen can stretch any part of her body up to 300 feet and can be 1 mm thin. She can also reshape her body in a variety of ways.  In the movie she becomes a parachute and a rubber boat, and has used her arms for swings and a slingshot. In her early years she seemed to be a feminist and had no desire to "settle down". Since her marriage to Bob, Helen has become a dedicated spouse and mother, although she is frustrated with her husband's continuing dreams of glory. Helen is also an experienced jet pilot, from having a close friend who flew her around the world when she was a Super. Her sharp wit and superb espionage skills, as well as her experience as a superhero, make her an excellent tactician and leader. Her red superheroine suit, designed by Edna Mode, can stretch as far as she can and still retain its shape. It is virtually indestructible yet it breathes like Egyptian cotton. The filmmakers drew inspiration from actresses Mary Tyler Moore, Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn for Helen's role and appearance in the sequel.[9]

text: Gina Bennett, interviewed by Maureen Dowd as part of a group of current and former CIA professionals, said "the Band of Sisters had a favorite crime fighter .... Just think of us as a work force of Elastigirls.”[10]

text: Violet Parr

text: Violet Parr (voiced by Sarah Vowell) is a 14-year-old junior high school teenager stuck at the crossroads between girl and woman. Violet desperately wants to be like everyone else, to blend in with normal people, and not to stand out. Her superpowers allow her to turn instantly invisible, and to generate spherical force fields to protect herself and also to levitate extremely heavy objects; the interiors of the force fields have an anti-gravitational effect, allowing Violet to levitate inside, but she can be stunned temporarily if the field is struck by a sufficiently large force.

text: During the first film, she and Dash combine their powers to create the IncrediBall (named in the video game), a tactic in which Violet generates a force field around herself, and Dash uses his speed power to use the ball like a cannonball or battering ram. Her struggle with her shyness and lack of confidence constitutes a major side story in the movie; she is spurred on by Helen's encouragement that she has more power than she realizes and that she just has to believe it. In the end, Violet sheds her shyness and ends up at the confident side when her crush Tony Rydinger asks her for a date.

text: Unlike her normal clothes, her red superheroine suit, designed by Edna Mode, also turns invisible when Violet does.

text: Dash Parr

text: Dashiell "Dash" Robert Parr (voiced by Spencer Fox in the first film, Huck Milner in the second film) is a speedster. While he is only as strong as the average 10-year-old boy, the film's official website lists "enhanced durability" amongst Dash's powers, which is implied in the film by the amount of incidental high-speed collisions and crashes Dash endures without apparent injury. Dash also discovers throughout the course of the movie that his speed allows him to be able to run over water without submerging.

text: Dash would like to go out for sports, but his mother Helen will not allow it because she thinks that he would show off his superspeed and blow the family's civilian cover. To vent his frustration, Dash uses his power to play pranks on his teacher, Bernie Kropp, which also threatens their cover.

text: Dash's reckless and impulsive nature and one-track mind have put him at odds with Violet's gloomier and more sarcastic nature more often than their parents would like, but when Dash is in battle, he cares deeply about his family; he was willing to attack a fully grown man who was about to kill his sister.

text: His red superhero suit, designed by Edna Mode, is resistant to air friction, wear and heat when Dash is running at super speed.

text: Jack-Jack Parr

text: John Jackson "Jack-Jack" Parr (voiced by Eli Fucile and Maeve Andrews in the first film, Fucile and Nicholas Bird [as a monster] in the second film) is the Parrs' infant son, the youngest of the Parr children. Initially believed to be the only family member without any powers, he manifests a multitude of superhuman abilities at the end of the first film, most of which are types of shapeshifting. More powers are seen in the short film Jack-Jack Attack on the Incredibles DVD, making his powers the most versatile of the family, and according to a collectible poster included with some Incredibles toys, still more powers are undisclosed.

text: Although Edna Mode did not know what powers Jack-Jack might develop, she covered various possibilities by making him a fireproof and bulletproof blanket sleeper-like jumpsuit. Creator Brad Bird explains on the DVD that Jack-Jack's varied abilities are a metaphor for how young children have infinite possibilities ahead of them in life. He begins to manifest a broader range of powers during Incredibles 2, inspiring Edna to upgrade his suit with sensors that allow his family to track him or rein in his powers via remote control.

text: In issue #0 of the comic series, it is mentioned that Jack-Jack's full name is John Jackson Parr.[volume & issue needed]

text: Jack-Jack was ranked number 15 in Empire magazine's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Allies

text: Frozone

text: Lucius Best (a.k.a. Frozone) (voiced by Samuel L. Jackson in the films, Isaac C. Singleton Jr. in Rise of the Underminer, and John Eric Bentley in Lego The Incredibles) is a long-time friend of the Parr family. Frozone is Bob Parr's best friend, and was the best man at Bob and Helen's wedding. Similar to the Marvel Comics superhero Iceman, Frozone has the power to freeze water, or even ambient moisture in the air. He is limited by the amount of water available, either in liquid form, or in the air. It is also indicated that he can use the moisture of his own body, and that dehydration weakens his abilities as a result. During the first film, it is suggested that he has adapted to civilian life much more easily than his long-time friend, Bob Parr, though he still possesses a hidden cache containing his costume and all of his old gadgets in working condition.

text: Lucius married an unseen woman whom he refers to as Honey (voiced by Kimberly Adair Clark), who is aware of his superhero past, but is unsupportive of his public minded ideals. Lucius is best friends with Bob, and a close friend of Helen and the kids, who are the only supers he socializes with following the banning of superheroes. Whenever Lucius and Bob go out on Wednesdays to engage in superheroics, they have to cover from their respective wives by claiming to be going bowling, but they stop going out when Bob is caught by Helen. Lucius's super suit is designed to keep him warm in the cold, but he must wear a special set of refraction goggles not only to protect his identity, but also to protect his eyes from the glare of the sunlight that bounces off his ice crystals. The soles of Frozone's snow boots can change into ice skates, alpine ice skis, and a concave disc he uses as a snowboard. These forms of transport, combined with chutes of ice, result in particularly speedy travel.

text: Frozone was ranked number 16 in Empire magazine's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Frozone returns in Incredibles 2. He fights alongside the Incredibles against the Underminer, before being forced to permanently retire to his secret identity, alongside all supers, including the Incredibles, as a result of the battle. He is approached by Winston Deavor, and he brings  Helen and Bob with him to meet Deavor together. He is later overwhelmed by other mind controlled Supers as he successfully attempts to protect the Parr children from them, and, as a result, is put under Evelyn’s mind control via goggles. However, he is soon freed by Helen and her children.

text: Edna Mode

text: Edna Marie "E" Mode (voiced by Brad Bird) is an eccentric fashion designer who designs the costumes for many members of the superhero community. To that end, not only does she take the aesthetics of the clothes into account, but also their practical uses such as protective qualities and accommodation to the powers of the wearer. She was a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. Rick Dicker, who felt that Edna was "difficult" to work with, was the one who first referred Elastigirl to Edna.[11] Edna was conceived as an amalgam between James Bond's gadget supplier, Q, and Oscar-winning costume designer Edith Head. Pixar artist Teddy Newton, who co-designed the character, stated that the film's animators looked for inspiration in the 1995 fashion documentary Unzipped, which spotlighted a number of designers, including Isaac Mizrahi and Polly Mellen.[12] Edna Mode also appeared with Pierce Brosnan to present the Academy Award for Costume Design at the 77th Academy Awards. Edna refuses to design super suits with capes in light of the number of supers having unfortunate accidents because their capes got caught in airliner turbines, elevators, missiles, etc. The film's creators originally could not find an appropriate actress to voice Edna. Finally, when asking actress Lily Tomlin to voice Edna, Brad Bird provided an example of what she should sound like. Tomlin told Bird that he successfully captured her voice so well that he should provide it in the film himself, which Bird did.[13]

text: Edna Mode was ranked number 8 in IGN's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters,[2] and number 6 in Empire magazine's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Edna returns in Incredibles 2. She agrees to babysit super toddler Jack-Jack when an overwhelmed Bob becomes exhausted with taking care of him. She also outfits the baby with his first super suit.

text: Rick Dicker

text: Rick Dicker (voiced by Pixar animator Bud Luckey in the first film, Jonathan Banks in the second film) is a government agent who was once part of the NSA (National Supers Agency) and now oversees the Superhero Relocation Program. He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. Rick is often frustrated by Bob clinging on to the "Glory Days", which usually ends up in Rick having to erase memories and repair damages caused by Bob's actions. By the first film's conclusion, Dicker congratulates Bob and his family after they stop the Omnidroid and expose Syndrome's plot.

text: Rick Dicker also appears in the short film Jack-Jack Attack where he interrogates Jack-Jack's babysitter Kari about the events that unfolded while she was babysitting Jack-Jack and then erases Kari's memories at the end. In the DVD commentary, Brad Bird jokes that he had an idea to start Luckey's short film Boundin' with Rick Dicker coming into his office late at night, pulling out a bottle of "booze" and a banjo to start in on Boundin.

text: Rick returns in Incredibles 2. He informs the Parr family that his department's "Super Relocation" program is being shut down, forcing supers across the world to permanently adhere to their secret identities. He then goes on to tell the family that they are on their own now and that he cannot help them any longer, because he is going into forced retirement. It is later revealed that as a result of Tony accidentally witnessing Violet in her super-suit without her mask during the battle with the Underminer, Rick was forced to wipe Tony’s mind of the day including that of Violet.

text: Snug

text: Snug is an old friend of Helen Parr, presumably from her super days as Elastigirl. He never appears in the films, but his voice can be heard on the phone when Helen calls him to acquire a jet to access Syndrome's island (in The Incredibles). In the movie, Snug can be seen in a photograph which Helen holds, showing the two of them in holiday clothing. In the deleted scenes, Snug was intended to travel with them on the plane to the island and would be killed in the following crash with the missiles. This scene was cut out, however.

text: Winston Deavor

text: Winston Deavor (voiced by Bob Odenkirk) is an ardent superhero fan who leads a telecommunications company with his sister Evelyn. In Incredibles 2, he wants to re-legalize supers, whose activities have been outlawed by the government, through a marketing campaign. Winston selects Helen Parr to carry out a publicity stunt as Elastigirl in order to regain the general public's support of supers, and houses the Parr family in a luxurious mansion. His sister, however, places him under her control via hypnotic signals transmitted by television screens, as part of her scheme to permanently undermine the legal status of supers. She intends to do this by sabotaging a summit of supers and similarly-hypnotized political delegates taking place on the Deavors' cruise ship by crashing the ship into the city. When Winston is freed from her control, he aids in foiling Evelyn's plan to collide his cruise ship into the city by reboarding the runaway ship and freeing the delegates to then ensure their safety, while the supers attempt to retake control of the ship. He later presumably explains the truth of his sister's scheme to the delegates and to the authorities to exonerate the superheroes.

text: Civilians

text: Oliver Sansweet

text: Oliver Sansweet is the president of a bank in Municiberg. While en route to his wedding, Mr. Incredible saw him jump off a building and saved him whereby Oliver got injured in the process. Following the incident, Sansweet sued Mr. Incredible in Superior Court for preventing his suicide. He claimed that he didn't want to be saved nor did he ask to be saved and the injuries caused by Mr. Incredible’s intervention brings him daily pain. Oliver's lawsuit against Mr. Incredible, alongside a series of other Super related lawsuits, led to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program.

text: Gilbert Huph

text: Gilbert Huph (voiced by Wallace Shawn) is Bob Parr's diminutive, strict supervisor at his insurance company Insuricare. His main priority at Insuricare is its profits despite concerns from the company's staff or its customers. He is a stickler for bureaucracy, but prefers that customers should be unaware of any "loopholes" that would help secure an insurance claim.

text: One day when Huph refuses to let Bob stop a mugging out in the street by threatening to fire him if he took action, Bob loses his cool, grabs Huph by the neck, and throws him through several office walls, leaving him hospitalized and in traction. This incident results in Bob revealing his super strength and being dismissed from Insuricare during Bob's talk with Rick Dicker at the hospital.

text: A deleted scene on the film's official website shows that his memories of the incident have been erased by Rick.

text: Bernie Kropp

text: Bernard "Bernie" Kropp (voiced by Lou Romano) is a teacher at Dash Parr’s school, whom Dash pulls pranks on. After sitting on a tack placed on his seat at his desk, Kropp sends Dash to the principal’s office where they conference with Helen Parr. Kropp reveals that he had secretly videotaped the incident with Dash, which he claims "proves" Dash placed the tack on his desk chair. However, the principal is unconvinced and Dash is allowed to leave with Helen with no school repercussions, infuriating Kropp.

text: Tony Rydinger

text: Anthony "Tony" Rydinger (voiced by Michael Bird) is a junior high school teenager, attending the same school as Violet Parr. Violet harbors a secret crush on him. In the end of The Incredibles, with boosted confidence, Violet manages to attract Tony’s attention and he asks her out on a date, which she accepts.

text: Tony returns in Incredibles 2. It is revealed that Tony accidentally witnessed Violet in her supersuit unmasked during their battle with the Underminer, which resulted in Rick Dicker being forced to wipe Tony’s memory of the day, including that of Violet and his planned date with her. Following Evelyn Deavor's defeat, Violet is forced to start from scratch with Tony, asking him out to the movies again. However, she is forced to leave him at the cinema (with the promise of returning quickly) when a new threat calls for the Incredibles to take action.

text: Kari McKeen

text: Kari McKeen (voiced by Bret Parker) is a friend of the Parrs, whom Violet calls upon to babysit Jack-Jack while the rest of the family are flying to save Mr. Incredible (in The Incredibles). She has taken numerous babysitting classes and feels more than adequately prepared to care for Jack-Jack in any capacity, and assures Helen Parr to that effect. She has one scene in the film, and she is heard later on Mrs. Parr's voice mail, complaining that some "very weird things" are happening; she does apparently learn all of Jack-Jack's powers as she has a defense for all of them after one day. Her eventful night with the baby (see above) is documented in the Jack-Jack Attack short included on the DVD release, ending with Rick Dicker erasing her memory of the incident.

text: The Ambassador

text: The Ambassador (voiced by Isabella Rossellini) is a dignified foreign official committed to the support and legalization of superheroes. She is rescued by Elastigirl in Incredibles 2, when Evelyn attempts to kill her.

text: Antagonists

text: Syndrome

text: In The Incredibles, Buddy Pine (a.k.a. Syndrome) (voiced by Jason Lee) first appears as a 10-year-old child who professes to be Mr. Incredible's "number 1 fan". However, Mr. Incredible, having his patience long exhausted by this obsessed child pestering him, bluntly tells the child to leave him alone. In an attempt to earn his hero's respect, Buddy Pine tries to aid him in fighting crime as "IncrediBoy", with gadgets of his own invention. Mr. Incredible declines Buddy's offer, and during a subsequent conflict between Mr. Incredible and the supervillain Bomb Voyage, Buddy intervenes and ends up with a bomb attached to his cape. Mr. Incredible's attempt to remove it leads to the destruction of a section of train tracks, which requires him to save the approaching L-Train. Mr. Incredible then hands Buddy over to the police to have them take him home and tell his mother what he's been doing. Buddy feels rejected and completely misconstrues his hero's reasons, blindly disregarding all the trouble he caused because of his reckless obsession, and rationalizing that it is simply because Mr. Incredible considers him inferior because he does not have innate powers.

text: Fifteen years later, Buddy has recreated himself as an evil genius called Syndrome who plans to exact revenge on his former idol, whom he now regards as his nemesis. He starts by having his assistant Mirage lure a series of Supers to his lair on Nomanisan Island under the cover of a job offer so that his Omnidroids can be improved by killing each one. After his plans to fraudulently become a superhero and replace the Supers that he had killed off are foiled by the Omnidroid turning against him, and then by both the Incredibles and Frozone destroying the robot themselves, Syndrome has his assets frozen by the authorities and a warrant issued for his arrest. However, he abducts Jack-Jack with the intention of raising him as a sidekick, but fails due to the sudden emergence of Jack-Jack's powers. Syndrome vows to eventually abduct Jack-Jack, but Mr. Incredible tosses his car at the villain, causing his cape to get caught in his jet's intake and suck him in to his demise.

text: Syndrome has no superhuman powers, but he is incredibly intelligent, having invented numerous weapons and high-tech vehicles that use such principles as robotics, anti-gravity, and zero-point energy, which he sold to black market buyers to make himself rich. He owns his own island, complete with a mansion, a sophisticated monorail system, missiles, and a staff of guards equipped with exotic vehicles of Syndrome's design.

text: Like Mr. Incredible, his character was also physically modeled after Brad Bird.[1]

text: Syndrome was chosen as the 64th Greatest Villain Ever by Wizard Magazine.[14]

text: Omnidroid

text: The Omnidroids are a series of intelligent and destructive robots developed by Syndrome to fight and kill Supers. Syndrome made many different versions of this battle robot. All were designed to fight and kill Supers, and each subsequent model improved upon the previous one by correcting flaws and weaknesses found during fights. The Omnidroid's only weakness is itself: in the film, Mr. Incredible climbs into the Omnidroid's internal structure, causing the robot to pierce its own armor in a vain attempt to pry Mr. incredible out of itself.

text: The Omnidroid series of robots were designed by Syndrome to use AI and destructive features such as claws and laser guns to target and destroy its enemies. It is self-learning and can correct its own mistakes, and also collects information on superheroes it encounters.

text: Omnidroids were used to kill various superheroes - each time a superhero eventually defeated an Omnidroid, data from the nearly destroyed version was then used to create an improved model, specifically designed to have functions to defeat the superhero who had previously destroyed it. Through the instructions of Mirage, the superheroes do not fully destroy the Omnidroid as "it is government property".

text: The final Omnidroid created by Syndrome was controlled via a remote, which he uses to appear as a superhero by "destroying" it after launching it himself into Metroville. However, the Omnidroid learns that Syndrome is controlling it and turns on him. The Omnidroid is eventually destroyed by the combined efforts of the Parr family and Frozone when a separated claw is used to rip out its power core.

text: The Incredibles credits includes the sentence, "The term OMNIDROID used by permission of Lucasfilm Ltd". George Lucas apparently holds a trademark on the term "droid" (it's the word used to refer to the robots in the Star Wars franchise) and as "Omnidroid" has the term "droid" in it, permission was requested (and granted) from Lucasfilm to use the term in the film.[citation needed]

text: Mirage

text: In The Incredibles, Mirage (voiced by Elizabeth Peña) was Syndrome's seductive right-hand woman and accomplice in the murder of many Supers. Though she has no superhuman abilities, she has extensive computer and espionage skills. In her video-tablet message to Mr. Incredible, Mirage mentions that, according to the government, neither of them officially exists.

text: Initially, Mirage is at ease with Syndrome's casual regard to murder, but has a change of heart after Syndrome takes a gamble on her life, daring an imprisoned Mr. Incredible to go through with his threat to kill her. Incredible abandons his bluff, after which Mirage secretly frees him, and helps his family escape the island.

text: Bomb Voyage

text: Bomb Voyage (voiced by Dominique Louis) is a mime-themed, explosive using, French supervillain and a recurring enemy of Mr. Incredible. The character's name is intended to be a pun for the French phrase "Bon Voyage". He is first seen in The Incredibles confronting Mr. Incredible when stealing money from a bank vault. Buddy Pine, Mr. Incredible's big-time fan, interrupted their impending showdown and tried to appeal to Mr. Incredible that he would be a worthy sidekick. As Buddy flew off to get the police, Voyage plants a bomb on Buddy's cape (unknown to Buddy), forcing Mr. Incredible to release him to save Buddy. The resulting explosion destroys a section of railroad tracks during the incident, resulting in an attempt by Mr. Incredible to save the occupants of an approaching train.

text: Brad Bird originally pitched the idea of Bomb Voyage's name. His original idea was that he would be named Bomb Pérignon in reference to the similarly named champagne Dom Pérignon, but the Moët et Chandon company rejected that.[15]

text: Voyage makes a cameo in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille as a street mime.

text: The Underminer

text: The Underminer (voiced by John Ratzenberger) is a mole-like supervillain who appears at the end of The Incredibles riding on a gigantic drill-tipped vehicle, where he announces his "war on peace and happiness", leading into the last shot of the Parr family putting their masks on for battle.

text: He returns in Incredibles 2, where he robs the Metroville Bank before his rampaging drill machine is disabled by the Incredibles and Frozone. However, he manages to escape.

text: Evelyn Deavor

text: In Incredibles 2, Evelyn Deavor (voiced by Catherine Keener) is the sister of Winston Deavor and a technological genius who has never encountered a problem she couldn't solve. She utilizes a smokescreen in the form of the masked Screenslaver in order to carry out herself hidden from her plans to hypnotize and control people undiscovered. When the Screenslaver himself is unmasked by Elastigirl, he turns out to be just a confused pizza delivery guy (voiced by Bill Wise) with no knowledge of what he has done. When Elastigirl finds out that Evelyn was behind the Screenslaver, Evelyn traps her and reveals her  plan to brainwash and control the world leaders so that the Supers can't be legalized. After trapping Mr. Incredible and Frozone, her plans are thwarted when Dash, Violet, and Jack-Jack manage to free them and Elastigirl and expose Evelyn's plans to the world leaders. Evelyn attempts to flee while setting the ship everyone is on to go runaway and collide with the city to attempt to kill them. However, the superheroes manage to stop the ship with a minimum of harm while Evelyn is apprehended by Elastigirl and arrested by the authorities.

text: List of known superheroes

text: Most of the following information comes from one of four main sources, two of which are scenes from the film The Incredibles. The first is the scene, 45 minutes into the film, in which Edna Mode explains to Mr. Incredible why she refuses to design super suits with capes during which a montage of a number of late supers' deaths is shown. The second is the scene, one hour into the film, in which Mr. Incredible hacks into Syndrome's computer files. The third source is the "NSA Files" feature in the "Top Secret" section of Disc 2 of The Incredibles two-disc DVD edition. A minor amount of information, such as information on Fironic, comes from other scenes in the film, as noted.

text:
Apogee - Her superpowers involved gravity control and levitation, which were powered by sunlight. She was a former member of The Thrilling Three, along with Gazerbeam and Phylange. Apogee believed that The Thrilling Three was really The Thrilling 1 + 2 in Gazerbeam's mind. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.5. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Blazestone - Her superpowers involved the control of fire and the production of pyrotechnic discharges; She was a member of Beta Force and was once partners with Frozone before their partnership soured even when Frozone and Downburst competed for her affection. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 5.5. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Blitzerman - His superpowers were unknown as the only mention of his powers were the words "High-powered...", seen in a close-up of his profile in Syndrome's Operation Kronos files. He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid, as early as version X4 but before X9.
Downburst - In the film, his superpowers are given by Syndrome's Operation Kronos files as gaseous downburst, but in the "NSA Files" feature on Disc 2 of the DVD, his powers are indicated to be atomic manipulation, meaning he could disrupt the atomic force among atoms. A member of Beta Force, he had an unrequited crush on Blazestone, but harbored a dislike of Frozone due to them competing for Blazestone's affection. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 6.5. He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Dynaguy - He had the ability to project a disintegration ray from his forehead and could fly courtesy of ion propulsion gauntlets. He was present as a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. Dynaguy was one of the first supers sued (for public endangerment) following the Mr. Incredible lawsuits. He was killed when his cape got snagged during a takeoff. Following his death, Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of The Thrilling Three.
Everseer - His superpowers included telepathy, clairvoyance, and "magnoscopic vision", with which he could see microscopically and telescopically. At one time, he was the leader of the Phantasmics and later fired Gazerbeam over a rivalry between the two. Everseer had a British accent in the audio file in the "NSA Files" feature on Disc 2 of the DVD. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 3.2. Because of his ability to see things like germs, he suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder. He shared a therapist practice with Psycwave. He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Fironic - Near the end of the film, a woman mistook Syndrome—who had just saved her and others from being crushed by a tanker truck which the Omnidroid v.10 had hurled at them—for this superhero. He only appears in a flashback scene in Incredibles 2, where it is shown that he and Gazerbeam were friends with Winston and Evelyn Deavor's father before his death.
Gamma Jack - His superpower was the ability to create controlled bursts of radiation. He believed supers to be a "superior race." The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.9. Gamma Jack did manage to destroy one prototype Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos, but was killed by its successor. The exact versions are unknown, but they were at least as early as version X5, but before X9.
Simon J. Paladino (a.k.a. Gazerbeam) - He is a super mentioned and briefly seen in The Incredibles. His powers allow him to generate energy blasts from his eyes. According to his biography on the DVD, Gazerbeam was originally a member of the superhero team The Phantasmics, but rivalry with team leader Everseer led to Gazerbeam's dismissal. Following the death of Dynaguy, Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of the Thrilling Three, along with previously established members Phylange and Apogee. In-group tensions and arguments eventually led the threesome to disband. When the public began suing superheroes for damages done, Gazerbeam true identity of Simon J. Paladino was a pro-bono lawyer who entered politics to become a long-time advocate for superhero rights. Gazerbeam appears alive only once in the film—as a guest during Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding—and is mostly seen in photos or mentioned by others. He was featured in a Super postage stamp collection alongside Frozone, Elastigirl and Mr. Incredible; this is seen among Mr. Incredible's selection of memorabilia. His disappearance (in his civilian identity) was reported in an article in the Metroville Tribune newspaper, which is how Bob first learned of his disappearance. His address is shown to be Traction Avenue, in the financial district of Metroville (the street where Operation Kronos is put into effect). In the film, Frozone compares Mr. Incredible's difficulties in adjusting to civilian life with those of the recently disappeared Gazerbeam, who experienced similar problems. As events would reveal, Gazerbeam was killed on Nomanisan Island while attempting to disable an Omnidroid - the same machine that took the lives of both other members of the Thrilling Three. The exact version was not revealed, but it was at least as late as version X4, but before X8, the first version later faced by Mr. Incredible. He apparently discovered the reason for his mission—i.e., Operation Kronos—and used his powers to burn the word "KRONOS" into a cavern wall on the island before his death. Mr. Incredible locates Gazerbeam's skeletal remains by chance while attempting to evade Syndrome and his Omnidroid; Mr. Incredible then uses the remains to convince Syndrome that he had been killed by one of Syndrome's mini-bombs. Mr. Incredible proceeds to sneak back into Syndrome's base and access the Operation Kronos computer, using Gazerbeam's final message as the password.
Hyper Shock - His superpower was the ability to generate seismic waves with his fists, with which he could create earthquake-like disruptions measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale. He also used dual seismic amplification hammers to amplify this effect, though the maximum range of this amplification is unknown. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.5. Hyper Shock managed to destroy the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos, but was then killed by its successor, the Omnidroid v. X4.
Macroburst - According to the government file on the DVD, Macroburst is an androgynous superhero, to the point that their gender is actually not known by the government. Their superpower was the ability to project a high velocity winds. Macroburst was a sidekick to Everseer, and later a member of the Phantasmics. The Operation Kronos database assigned them a threat rating of 5.9. Macroburst was the first Super to score a victory over an Omnidroid, defeating the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. Unfortunately, they were then killed by the successor to the v. X1, the Omnidroid v. X2. Macroburst is one of five Supers without an audio file; Rick Dicker claims that it was damaged during a mission, and that although it was recovered, NSA Division Delta determined it to be incomplete.
Meta-Man - His superpowers included flight, enhanced strength, x-ray vision, a sonic scream, teleportation, magnetic manipulation, partial invisibility and the ability to communicate with aquatic animals. He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. One of his enemies was Baron von Ruthless (whom Dicker assumes to be responsible for the absence of Meta-Man's audio file—it was presumably confiscated during a surprise attack by von Ruthless; Frozone also mentions von Ruthless). He was killed when his cape got caught in steel framework while lifting an express elevator back into place.
Phylange - An opera singer in his civilian life, his superpower was the ability to project sonic fields with his voice, similar to Marvel's Banshee. He was a former member of The Thrilling Three, along with Gazerbeam and Apogee. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 4.7. He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Plasmabolt - Her superpowers involved shooting waves of plasma. She could also project electromagnetic energy, which was gathered from the antenna mounted on the head of her super suit, and channelled to her hands. Her body also exhibited an electromagnetic aura. She was a member of the Phantasmics. She was not seen in the movie, but in the "NSA Files" file on Disc 2 of the DVD as one of five Supers without an audio file; Dicker says that hers was inadvertedly erased by her electromagnetic aura and that a re-recording has been scheduled.
Psycwave - Her superpowers included mental force wave generation, temporary mental paralysis, and the ability to possess the bodies of others. A member of the Phantasmics, she shared a therapist practice with Everseer. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 1.6, the lowest rating of the Supers displayed. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Splashdown - Flight and water-based superpowers. He was capable of underwater high-speed travel and communication with undersea life. He was sucked into the vortex of a waterspout by his cape and went missing. He is one of five Supers without an audio file. Dicker says that his is irretrievable due to water damage.
Stormicide - The Operation Kronos file seen in the movie listed her powers as electrical discharges and gale-force bursts, but the NSA Files on the DVD, Disc 2, which was clearer, and corroborated by an audio file of an interview with Stormicide, indicated that her power was the absorbance and expulsion of a variety gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.7. She was killed by an Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. The exact version is unknown, but it was at least as early as version X5, but before X9.
Stratogale - Gifted with the superpowers of flight, superstrength and the ability to communicate with birds, Stratogale had just pulled a commercial jet airliner out of a steep dive on April 23, 1957, after a serious emergency occurred to its #2 jet turbine. When she flew up in front of the left wing while waving at the passengers, her cape was sucked into the damaged engine, pulling her in and killing her. She was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding and is the last of five Supers without an audio file, with Dicker saying that hers has been deemed incomprehensible, suspecting either faulty recording equipment or a high level of ambient wind noise.
Thunderhead - Gifted with storm-controlling powers, courteous, and "good with kids", Thunderhead unfortunately had a reputation for low intelligence, according to Mr. Incredible, which is corroborated in his NSA file.[11] This would prove his undoing on November 15, 1958, when his cape caught on the fin of an outbound missile, tearing Thunderhead right out of his boots and gauntlets after he saved a woman and defeated the criminal responsible. He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding.
Tradewind - His superpower involved control of the elements. He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid, as early as version X4 but before X9, during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Universal Man - His superpower involved the ability to manipulate the atomic density of materials, and can alter the density of his own body to be as low as that of gas, to that of a black hole. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 2.9. Universal Man had the unlucky distinction of being the first "Super" killed by an Omnidroid, the Omnidroid v. X1, during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. In the "NSA Files" feature on Disc 2 of the DVD, an audio file of an interview with him reveals him to have had an Austrian accent, and was apparently conducted in a weightlifting gym, given the background sounds, indicating that Universal Man was a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who won the Mr. Universe multiple times.
Vectress - Her superpower was the ability to generate sub-sonic bursts. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.

tag: ul

text: Aspiring superheroes

text: The following are characters that aspire to be superheroes and appear in Incredibles 2:

text:
Concretia "Connie" Mason (a.k.a. Brick) - A brick-themed aspiring Super with super-strength and invulnerability.
He-Lectrix (voiced by Phil LaMarr) - An aspiring Super who has the power of controling and projecting electrical currents.
Krushauer (voiced by Phil LaMarr) - An aspiring Super who has the power of telekinesis.
Gus Burns (a.k.a. Reflux) (voiced by Paul Eiding) - An elderly Super who has the power of heaving hot lava.
Screech - An owl-like aspiring Super who has the ability of flight and a supersonic screech.
Karen (a.k.a. Voyd) (voiced by Sophia Bush) - A young Elastigirl fan who has the power of creating voids where objects can appear and disappear.


document_title: Ace of spades

question_text: why did soldiers put cards in their helmets

text: Ace of spades

text: Design[edit]

text: The ornate design of the ace of spades, common in packs today, stems from the 17th century, when James I and later Queen Anne imposed laws requiring the ace of spades to bear an insignia of the printing house. Stamp duty, an idea imported to England by Charles I, was extended to playing cards in 1711 by Queen Anne and lasted until 1960.[4][5]

text: Over the years a number of methods were used to show that duty had been paid. From 1712 onwards, one of the cards in the pack, usually the ace of spades, was marked with a hand stamp. In 1765 hand stamping was replaced by the printing of official ace of spades by the Stamp Office, incorporating the royal coat of arms. In 1828 the Duty Ace of Spades (known as "Old Frizzle") was printed to indicate a reduced duty of a shilling had been paid.[6]

text: The system was changed again in 1862 when official threepenny duty wrappers were introduced and although the makers were free to use whatever design they wanted, most chose to keep the ornate ace of spades that is popular today.[6] The ace of spades is thus used to show the card manufacturer's information.

text: The exact design of the ace card was so important, it eventually became the subject of design patents and trademarking. For example, on December 5, 1882, George G. White was granted US design patent US0D0013473[7] for his design. His ace design was adorned with male and female figures leaning onto the spade from either side.

text: War[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The ace of spades has been employed, on numerous occasions, in the theater of war. In the Second World War, the soldiers of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the American 101st Airborne Division were marked with the spades symbol painted on the sides of their helmets. In this capacity, it was used to represent good luck, due to its fortunate connotations in card playing. All four card suits were used for ease of identification of regiments within the airborne division following the confusion of a large scale combat airborne operation. Battalions within the regiments were denoted with tic marks or dots, marked from top clockwise: headquarters at the twelve o'clock position, 1st Battalion at the three o'clock, etc.

text: Some twenty years later, a folk legend about the ace of spades being used by American Soldiers during the Vietnam War was popularized. Supposedly, US troops believed that Vietnamese traditions held the symbolism of the spade to mean death and ill-fortune and in a bid to frighten and demoralize Viet Cong soldiers, it was common practice to mockingly leave an ace of spades on the bodies of killed Vietnamese and even to litter the forested grounds and fields with the card.[citation needed] This custom was said to be so effective that the United States Playing Card Company was asked by Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 35th Infantry Regiment to supply crates of that single card in bulk. The crates were often marked with "Bicycle Secret Weapon".[8][unreliable source?] The ace of spades, while not a symbol of superstitious fear to the Viet Cong forces, did help the morale of American soldiers. It was not unheard of for US Soldiers and Marines to stick this card in their helmet band as a sort of anti-peace sign.[citation needed]

text: More recently, in 2003 a deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards was issued to US Soldiers during Operation Iraqi Freedom, each card had the picture of a wanted Iraqi official on it. Saddam Hussein got the nickname "Ace of Spades" as that card bore his image.

text: Idioms[edit]

text: Various idioms involving the ace of spades include "black as the ace of spades" (which can refer either to color or to race), or alternatively a lack of cleanliness in a person[9] and the French expression fagoté comme l'as de pique—that is, "(badly) dressed like the ace of spades."[10]


document_title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

question_text: where was the dad's army film filmed

question_tokens: where was the dad 's army film filmed

text: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: It is summer, 1944 and the invasion of Normandy is approaching. Nazi forces in France, seeking intelligence on the invasion location, send their best spy to a town on England's channel coastline, Walmington-on-Sea. In the town, Captain Mainwaring's Home Guard is suffering from a lack of luck and appreciation. This is until an elegant journalist, Rose Winters, arrives to report on the platoon's motives and activities, allegedly for The Lady magazine. The platoon are charmed by her presence, especially Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson, causing feuds with the townsfolk, especially the platoon's wives. Adding to tensions it emerges Sergeant Wilson and Rose Winters shared a past dalliance at Oxford University.

text: Meanwhile, MI5 detect a radio signal transmitted from Walmington-on-Sea towards Berlin, believed to be from the Nazi spy. MI5's Major Cunningham and Captain Meeks locate Captain Mainwaring and inform him of the enemy presence, stating "it could be anyone". This news gives the Home Guard a chance to locate the spy and make a real difference in the war. They meet Ms. Winters who poses as a journalist while they are practicing a routine of catch the Nazi after Wilson is chosen to play the Nazi.

text: While accompanying the platoon on a patrol, designated Top Secret by the British Army, Winters discovers the Dover base is intended to deceive German air reconnaissance, part of the (real) Operation Bodyguard. Winters now knows the invasion will target Normandy. As the platoon searches for the spy, Rose claims it is Sergeant Wilson. Captain Mainwaring believes Rose and arrests Wilson. However, Private Godfrey's sisters investigate Rose and find evidence questioning her journalist credentials and that Rose has a home address in Berlin. The platoon and their wives rally to stop Winters and exchange fire with a German U-boat and a Wehrmacht landing party who are helping Winters escape.

text: The U-boat flees without Winters boarding. Mainwaring arrests Winters and hands her over to MI5. The troop then parade through Walmington, having fought off the Nazis, and are congratulated by Colonel Theakes. Mainwaring and Wilson reconcile. Theakes underlines the platoon success by telling them they have played a prominent part in the war effort.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Toby Jones as Captain Mainwaring
Bill Nighy as Sergeant Wilson
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Rose Winters
Tom Courtenay as Lance Corporal Jones
Blake Harrison as Private Pike
Michael Gambon as Private Godfrey
Bill Paterson as Private Frazer
Daniel Mays as Private Walker
Sarah Lancashire as Mrs Pike
Mark Gatiss as Colonel Theakes
Mark Tandy as Major Cunningham, MI5
Andrew Havill as Captain Meeks, MI5
Emily Atack as Daphne
Alison Steadman as Mrs Fox
Holli Dempsey as Vera Shilton
Annette Crosbie as Cissy Godfrey
Ian Lavender as Brigadier Pritchard
Frank Williams as The Reverend Timothy Farthing (Credited only as 'The Vicar')
Felicity Montagu as Mrs Mainwaring
Martin Savage as Warden Hodges
Oliver Tobias as Admiral Canaris
Julia Foster as Dolly Godfrey
Jacqueline Tong as Mrs Todd

text: Ian Lavender makes a cameo as Brigadier Pritchard, providing a link with the original series,[3] Frank Williams reprises his role as the Vicar.[4] The regular series character of the Verger Maurice Yeatman was not recreated for the film.[citation needed] Mrs. Mainwaring, who was a completely unseen character for the whole of the original series, now has a prominently visible role in the film, where she is portrayed as a Chief Volunteer of the local Auxiliary Territorial Service, and is even more pompous, domineering and vociferous than her husband.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming began in Yorkshire in October 2014.[6][7] Principal photography took place at North Landing, Flamborough Head and Bridlington. The East Riding Theatre in Beverley was used for Church Hall/Parade room and Captain Mainwaring's office. Sections of the film were also captured in Leeds and Pickering.[8] Jones' van from the original television series, on loan from the Dad's Army Museum, was used in the film.

text:
Location filming for the film, at North Landing, Flamborough Head, Yorkshire. The scene involved German soldiers shooting with rifles and machine gun from behind their landing craft, at some of Captain Mainwaring's platoon. These are taking shelter behind "concrete" anti-tank emplacements.

Michael Gambon as Private Godfrey, on the set of Dad's Army in October 2014. Filming took place on the beach at North Landing, Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, and at nearby Bridlington.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Dad's Army has received generally negative reviews from critics, though Toby Jones' performance was praised. The film currently has a 31% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9.[9] On Metacritic, it has a score of 38 out of 100, based on 7 critics, which indicates "generally unfavourable reviews".[10]

text: Sean O'Grady, of The Independent, gave the film a five star review, remarking that rather than threatening the series' legacy, it "surpasses the original", calling it a "well-crafted reproduction" containing all the elements that made the original so clever, durable and loveable.[11]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was slightly less convinced, giving it two stars, stating that "it’s hard to escape the sinking feeling that this is a waste of talent—that this is a good-natured, well-meaning but pointless kind of Brit-comedy ancestor worship; paying elaborate homage to a TV show that got it right the first time."[12]

text: Empire rated it two stars describing the plot as "moderately entertaining bunkum" and that "as a whole it's an inessential oddity—amiable enough but also over-reverential and unlikely to leave a lasting impression".[13]


document_title: Weather front

question_text: what type of front has cold air moving into warm air

text: Weather front

text: Bergeron classification of air masses[edit]

text: The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters.  The first letter describes its moisture properties, with c used for continental air masses (dry) and m for maritime air masses (moist).  The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region:  T for tropical, P for polar, A for arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air (dry air formed by significant upward motion in the atmosphere). The third letter designates the stability of the atmosphere. If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w.[3] Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along troughs of lower pressure.[4]

text: Surface weather analysis[edit]

text: A surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map which provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.[5]  Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea-level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts.  Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information.  For example, an H may represent high pressure, implying fair weather.  An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones.  Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map.  In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.[5]

text: Front Types[edit]

text: There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone.  The term "anafront" describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes.  A "katafront" is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall.[6]

text: Cold front[edit]

text: A cold front is located at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis shows up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough. Cold fronts often bring heavy thunderstorms, rain, and hail.  Cold fronts can produce sharper changes in weather and move up to twice as quickly as warm fronts, since cold air is denser than warm air and rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangle-shaped pips pointing in the direction of travel, and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.[2] Cold fronts come in association with a low-pressure area. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is often used to depict how air is lifted along a frontal boundary. The cold air wedging underneath warmer air creates the strongest winds just above the ground surface, a phenomenon often associated with property-damaging wind gusts.  This lift would then form a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms if enough moisture were present. However, this concept isn't an accurate description of the physical processes;[7] upward motion is not produced because of warm air "ramping up" cold, dense air, rather, frontogenetical circulation is behind the upward forcing.

text: Warm front[edit]

text: Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to remove from the Earth's surface.[2]

text: This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale.  Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches.  Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage.  Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage.  If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.[2]

text: Occluded front[edit]

text: An occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,[8] and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas.[2] The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point.[9]  It lies within a sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cool air ahead of the warm front and plows under both air masses.  In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air ahead of the warm front and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air.[2]

text: A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with the trowal, the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression.[10]

text: Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.[2]  The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines.

text: Stationary front[edit]

text: A stationary front is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, usually moving in waves.[11] There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary with more widely spaced isotherm packing.

text: A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there.  Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into a cold or warm front if conditions aloft change.  Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing in opposite directions, indicating no significant movement.

text: When stationary fronts become smaller in scale, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines.[12] A shearline is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes.[2] Stationary fronts may bring snow or rain for a long period of time.

text: Dry line[edit]

text: A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the dry line, which is the boundary between air masses with significant moisture differences.  When the westerlies increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered pressure will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to the formation of a lee trough.  Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front.  At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when a triple point is formed with a cold front.[13]  A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in moisture.  When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal thunderstorms.[14]

text: The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between desert areas and warm seas.  The southern plains west of the Mississippi River in the United States are a particularly favored location.  The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night.  A dry line is depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion.[15]

text: Squall line[edit]

text: Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[16]  Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.[17]

text: These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a haboob may result.[18] Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or SQUALL LINE, while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of OUTFLOW BOUNDARY.

text: Precipitation produced[edit]

text: Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. Convective precipitation (showers, thundershowers, and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air.  If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream, "roll clouds" and tornadoes may occur.[19]

text: In the warm season, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. Orographic precipitation is precipitation created through the lifting action of air moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas.[20]  Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in the air mass which is being lifted.[1]

text: Movement[edit]

text: Fronts are generally guided by winds aloft, but do not move as quickly.  Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and a warm front moves from northwest to southeast. Movement is largely caused by the pressure gradient force (horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure) and the Coriolis effect, which is caused by Earth's spinning about its axis. Frontal zones can be slowed down by geographic features like mountains and large bodies of warm water.[2]


document_title: Field of Dreams

question_text: who did james earl jones play in field of dreams

text: Field of Dreams

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ray Kinsella is a novice Iowa farmer who lives with his wife, Annie, and daughter, Karin. In the opening narration, he explains how he had a troubled relationship with his father, John Kinsella, who had been a devoted baseball fan. While walking through his cornfield one evening, he hears a voice whispering, "If you build it, he will come." He continues hearing this before finally seeing a vision of a baseball diamond in his field. Annie is skeptical, but she allows him to plow the corn under in order to build a baseball field. As he builds, he tells Karin the story of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal. Months pass and nothing happens; his family faces financial ruin until, one night, Karin spots a uniformed man on the field. Ray recognizes him as Shoeless Joe Jackson, a deceased baseball player idolized by John. Thrilled to be able to play baseball again, he asks to bring others to the field to play. He later returns with the seven other players banned as a result of the 1919 scandal.

text: Ray's brother-in-law, Mark, can't see the players and warns him that he will go bankrupt unless he replants his corn. While in the field, Ray hears the voice again, this time urging him to "ease his pain."

text: Ray attends a PTA meeting at which the possible banning of books by radical author Terence Mann is discussed. He decides the voice was referring to Mann. He comes across a magazine interview dealing with Mann's childhood dream of playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers. After Ray and Annie both dream about him and Mann attending a baseball game together at Fenway Park, he convinces her that he should seek out Mann. He heads to Boston and persuades a reluctant, embittered Mann to attend a game with him at Fenway Park. While there, he hears the voice again, this time urging him to "go the distance." At the same time, the scoreboard "shows" statistics for a player named Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, who played one game for the New York Giants in 1922, but never had a turn at bat. After the game, Mann eventually admits that he, too, saw it.

text: Ray and Mann then travel to Chisholm, Minnesota where they learn that Graham had become a doctor and had died sixteen years earlier. During a late night walk, Ray finds himself back in 1972 and encounters the then-living Graham, who states that he had moved on from his baseball career. He also says that the greater disappointment would have been not having a medical career. He declines Ray's invitation to fulfill his dream; however, during the drive back home, Ray picks up a young hitchhiker who introduces himself as Archie Graham. While Archie sleeps, Ray reveals to Mann that John had wanted him to live out his dream of being a baseball star. He stopped playing catch with him after reading one of Mann's books at 14. At 17, he had denounced Shoeless Joe as a criminal to John and that was the reason for the rift between them. Ray expresses regret that he didn't get a chance to make things right before John died. When they arrive back at Ray's farm, they find that enough players have arrived to field two teams. A game is played and Archie finally gets his turn at bat.

text: The next morning, Mark returns and demands that Ray sell the farm. Karin says that they will not need to because people will pay to watch the ballgames. Mann agrees, saying that "people will come" in order to relive their childhood innocence. Ray, after much thought, refuses and a frustrated Mark scuffles with him, during which Karin is accidentally knocked off the bleachers. The young Graham runs from the field to help, becoming old Graham, complete with Gladstone bag, the instant he steps off of it, and saves Karin from choking (she had been eating a hot dog when she fell). Ray realizes that Graham sacrificed his young self in order to save her. After reassuring Ray that his true calling was medicine and being commended by the other players, Graham leaves, disappearing into the corn. Suddenly, Mark is able to see the players and urges Ray not to sell the farm.

text: After the game, Shoeless Joe invites Mann to enter the corn; he accepts and disappears into it. Ray is angry at not being invited, but Shoeless Joe rebukes him: if he really wants a reward for having sacrificed so much, then he had better stay on the field. Shoeless Joe then glances towards a player at home plate, saying "If you build it, he will come." The player then removes his mask, and Ray recognizes him to be John as a young man. Shocked, Ray realizes that "ease his pain" referred to John, and believes that Shoeless Joe was the voice all along; however, Joe implies that the voice was Ray himself. Joe then disappears into the corn.

text: Ray introduces John to Annie and Karin. As he heads towards the corn, Ray asks him if he wants to play a game of catch. They begin to play and Annie happily watches. Meanwhile, hundreds of cars can be seen approaching the baseball field, fulfilling Karin and Mann's prophecy that people will come to watch baseball.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as Ray Kinsella
Amy Madigan as Annie Kinsella
James Earl Jones as Terence Mann
Timothy Busfield as Mark
Kelly Coffield Park as Dee
Frank Whaley as Archie Graham
Gaby Hoffmann as Karin Kinsella
Dwier Brown as John Kinsella
Fern Persons as Annie's mother
Ray Liotta as Shoeless Joe Jackson
Burt Lancaster as Archibald "Moonlight" Graham
Art LaFleur as Chick Gandil
Michael Milhoan as Buck Weaver
Steve Eastin as Eddie Cicotte
Charles Hoyes as Swede Risberg
Ben Affleck as Baseball Fan At Fenway Park
Matt Damon as Baseball Fan At Fenway Park

text: Production[edit]

text: Phil Alden Robinson read Shoeless Joe in 1981 and liked it so much that he brought it to producers Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon. Lawrence Gordon worked for 20th Century Fox, part of the time as its president, and repeatedly mentioned that the book should be adapted into a film. The studio, however, always turned down the suggestion because they felt the project was too esoteric and noncommercial. Meanwhile, Robinson went ahead with his script, frequently consulting W. P. Kinsella, the book's author, for advice on the adaptation. Lawrence Gordon left Fox in 1986 and started pitching the adaptation to other studios. Universal Studios accepted the project in 1987 and hired USC coach Rod Dedeaux as baseball advisor. Dedeaux brought along World Series champion and USC alumnus Don Buford to coach the actors.[6]

text: The film was shot using the novel's title; eventually, an executive decision was made to rename it Field of Dreams. Robinson did not like the idea saying he loved Shoeless Joe, and that the new title was better suited for one about dreams deferred. Later, Kinsella told Robinson that his originally chosen title for the book had been The Dream Field and that the title Shoeless Joe had been imposed by the publisher.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Robinson and the producers did not originally consider Kevin Costner for the part of Ray because they did not think that he would want to follow Bull Durham with another baseball film. He, however, did end up reading the script and became interested in the project, stating that he felt it would be "this generation's It's a Wonderful Life". Since Robinson's directing debut In the Mood had been a commercial failure, Costner also said that he would help him with the production. Amy Madigan, a fan of the book, joined the cast as Ray's wife, Annie. In the book, the writer Ray seeks out is real-life author J.D. Salinger. When Salinger threatened the production with a lawsuit if his name was used, Robinson decided to rewrite the character as reclusive Terence Mann. He wrote with James Earl Jones in mind because he thought it would be fun to see Ray trying to kidnap such a big man. Robinson had originally envisioned Shoeless Joe Jackson as being played by an actor in his 40s, someone who would be older than Costner and who could thereby act as a father surrogate. Ray Liotta did not fit that criterion, but Robinson thought he would be a better fit for the part because he had the "sense of danger" and ambiguity which Robinson wanted in the character. Burt Lancaster had originally turned down the part of Moonlight Graham, but changed his mind after a friend, who was also a baseball fan, told him that he had to work on the film.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on May 25, 1988. The shooting schedule was built around Costner's availability because he would be leaving in August to film Revenge. Except for some weather delays and other time constraints, production rolled six days a week. The interior scenes were the first ones shot because the cornfield planted by the filmmakers was taking too long to grow. Irrigation had to be used to quickly grow the corn to Costner's height. Primary shot locations were in Dubuque County, Iowa; a farm near Dyersville was used for the Kinsella home; an empty warehouse in Dubuque was used to build various interior sets. Galena, Illinois served as Moonlight Graham's Chisholm, Minnesota.[6] One week was spent on location shots in Boston, most notably Fenway Park.[8]

text: Robinson, despite having a sufficient budget as well as the cast and crew he wanted, constantly felt tense and depressed during filming. He felt that he was under too much pressure to create an outstanding film, and that he was not doing justice to the original novel. Lawrence Gordon convinced him that the end product would be effective.[6]

text: During a lunch with the Iowa Chamber of Commerce, Robinson broached his idea of a final scene in which headlights could be seen for miles along the horizon. The Chamber folks replied that it could be done and the shooting of the final scene became a community event. The film crew was hidden on the farm to make sure the aerial shots did not reveal them. Dyersville was then blacked out and local extras drove their vehicles to the field. In order to give the illusion of movement, the drivers were instructed to continuously switch between their low and high beams.

text: Field[edit]

text: Scenes of the Kinsella farm were taken on the property of Don Lansing; some of the baseball field scenes were shot on the neighboring farm of Al Ameskamp. Because the shooting schedule was too short for grass to naturally grow, the experts on sod laying responsible for Dodger Stadium and the Rose Bowl were hired to create the baseball field. Part of the process involved painting the turf green. [6]

text: After shooting, Ameskamp again grew corn on his property; Lansing maintained his as a tourist destination.[6] He did not charge for admission or parking, deriving revenue solely from the souvenir shop. By the film's twentieth anniversary, approximately 65,000 people visited annually.[9] In July, 2010, the farm containing the "Field" was listed as for sale.[10] It was sold on October 31, 2011, to Go The Distance Baseball, LLC, for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around $5.4 million.[11]

text: Music[edit]

text: At first, James Horner was unsure if he could work on the film due to scheduling restrictions. Then he watched a rough cut and was so moved that he accepted the job of scoring it. Robinson had created a temp track which was disliked by Universal executives. When the announcement of Horner as composer was made, they felt more positive because they expected a big orchestral score, similar to Horner's work for An American Tail. Horner, in contrast, liked the temporary score, finding it "quiet and kind of ghostly." He decided to follow the idea of the temp track, creating an atmospheric soundtrack which would "focus on the emotions".[6] In addition to Horner's score, portions of several pop songs are heard during the film. They are listed in the following order in the closing credits:

text:
"Crazy", written by Willie Nelson and performed by Beverly D'Angelo
"Daydream", written by John Sebastian and performed by The Lovin' Spoonful
"Jessica", written by Dickey Betts and performed by The Allman Brothers Band
"China Grove", written by Tom Johnston and performed by The Doobie Brothers
"Lotus Blossom", written by Billy Strayhorn and performed by Duke Ellington

text: Historical connections[edit]

text: The character played by Burt Lancaster and Frank Whaley, Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, is based on an actual baseball player with the same name. His character is largely true to life except for a few factual liberties taken for artistic reasons. For instance, the real Graham's lone major league game occurred in June 1905,[12] rather than on the final day of the 1922 season. The real Graham also died in 1965, as opposed to 1972 as the film depicts. In the film, Terence Mann interviews a number of people about Graham. The DVD special points out that the facts they gave him were taken from articles written about the real one.

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)

text: Universal scheduled the film to open in the U.S. on April 21, 1989.It debuted in just a few theaters and was gradually released to more screens so that it would have a spot among the summer blockbusters. It ended up playing until December.[6]

text: As of June 2017, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 86%, based on 57 reviews with an average score of 7.9 out of 10. The consensus states: "Field of Dreams is sentimental, but in the best way; it's a mix of fairy tale, baseball, and family togetherness."[13]

text: Honors[edit]

text: In June 2008, after having polled over 1,500 people in the creative community, AFI revealed its "Ten Top Ten" — the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres. The film was acknowledged as the sixth best one in the fantasy genre.[14][15]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—nominated[16]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"If you build it, he will come."—#39

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—nominated[17]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers—#28
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—nominated[18]
AFI's 10 Top 10—#6 Fantasy Film