document_title: The Five Heartbeats

question_text: who played choir boy in the five heartbeats

text: The Five Heartbeats

text: Plot[edit]

text: Donald "Duck" Matthews, Anthony "Choirboy" Stone, J.T. Matthews, Terrence "Dresser" Williams, and Eddie King Jr. perform at a Battle of the Bands contest as The Heartbeats. The group loses to Flash and the Ebony Sparks but pleases the crowd and is noticed by Jimmy Potter. Jimmy offers to manage the group, promising them $100 if they do not win the next month's Battle of the Bands contest. After the group loses, Jimmy pays them. When the owner of the club asks to hire them, they agree to let Jimmy manage them.

text: Bird and The Midnight Falcons witness the Heartbeats rehearsing for a competition and are concerned they could lose; Bird asks his girlfriend to invite her friends and boo The Heartbeats while cheering The Falcons. The announcer, a cousin of one of the Falcons, forces The Heartbeats to use the house piano player. Duck grows frustrated with the house piano player and shoves him off the piano stool. Eddie leads the group in a number that results in Bird's girlfriend fainting in Eddie's arms. The Heartbeats win the contest and the interest of Big Red, who owns Big Red Records. Big Red offers them a deal, but Jimmy and his wife Eleanor, aware of Big Red's corruption, decline. The group instead releases their first single on Jimmy's own independent label and searches for a record company they can trust, but no one else is interested aside from a label which wants to buy Duck's songs for a group they've already signed, The Five Horsemen, prompting The Heartbeats to sign with Big Red.

text: The group goes on the road, but the travel is marred by racism and poor living conditions. Dresser's girlfriend visits and reveals she is pregnant, and the group is faced with their first album cover featuring white people, despite the label having earlier approved a photo of the Heartbeats as the cover.

text: Throughout the mid to late 1960s The Five Heartbeats receive numerous awards, chart several hits, and are featured on magazine covers. Eddie abuses alcohol and cocaine, affecting his performance and prompting his girlfriend Baby Doll to break up with him. Convinced that Jimmy intends to replace him due to his deteriorating condition, he cuts a deal with Big Red to have Jimmy cut out of his contract. Jimmy threatens to go to authorities with information about bootlegged LPs, cooked books and payola that could have Big Red arrested, leading Red to have Jimmy killed. The group learns that Eddie's deceit caused the argument between Jimmy and Big Red. Big Red is convicted of Jimmy's murder, forcing the group to sign to a new record label, and a guilt-ridden Eddie to leave in disgrace.

text: The Heartbeats add Flash as their lead singer. Duck comes to suspect his fiancé, Tanya Sawyer, is having an affair with Choirboy. He follows her to a hotel, only to discover that Tanya is meeting with J.T., not Choirboy. Tanya's relationship with J.T. predates her relationship with Duck, but she says she is now in love with Duck. J.T. urges Tanya to disclose the affair, but she refuses. At an awards ceremony celebrating their success, Flash announces he is going solo. Duck reveals that he knows about Tanya and J.T. and also leaves.

text: The film then skips ahead to the early 1990s. Choirboy, true to his nickname, has returned to singing in his father's church. After converting to Christianity, Eddie became clean and sober. He is now married to Baby Doll, sings in Choirboy's choir, and manages a group. He asks Duck to write songs for them, to which he agrees. J.T. has a wife and two children, including a son named "Duck". The brothers reconcile. The only member to have maintained a singing career is Flash, who transitioned from doo-wop to pop music, and is part of the group Flash and The Five Horsemen.

text: At a family gathering, Eleanor Potter, coming to terms with her husband's death, forgives Eddie. The Five Heartbeats reunite in front of their families and friends, trying to remember their old moves.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The Five Heartbeats[edit]

text:
Robert Townsend as Donald "Duck" Matthews: Duck hails from a poor family. He is The Five Heartbeats' co-founder and brother of fellow Heartbeat's member J.T. Matthews, and originally was only the composer and musician for the group. He is a permanent vocalist after Bobby disappears. He serves as the movie's narrator, with the film beginning as he reminisces about the group's career.
Leon Robinson as J.T. Matthews: J.T. is the older brother of Duck. A womanizer; him and his brother Duck share a close and sometimes turbulent relationship.
Michael Wright as Eddie King, Jr.: Eddie comes from an area that features predominantly poor individuals, his own father believing his attempts to start a career in the music industry will be unsuccessful. Similar to David Ruffin, Eddie is the lead vocalist of the band and falls into a life of drugs that eventually leads to his expulsion from the group as well as emotional trauma. Eddie is one of the founding members of The Heartbeats and serves as the crowd pleaser whose voice leads to success in many of their performances.

Tico Wells as Anthony "Choirboy" Stone: Stone is given the nickname "Choirboy" (much to his chagrin) for his past as a choir boy in his father's church. Similar to Eddie, Stone's father does not support his decision to become a music artist fearing rock and jazz are "the devil's music." He becomes more of a womanizer as the group becomes more successful, but later goes back to being a part of his father's ministry after the group disbands.
Harry J. Lennix as Terrence "Dresser" Williams: The original choreographer of The Heartbeats, Dresser serves as the groups bass singer and one of the founding members. He is replaced by Ernest "Sarge" Johnson as the choreographer after Sarge out-dances Dresser.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Hawthorne James as Big Red Davis: Corrupt owner of the first record label The Five Heartbeats are signed to.
Chuck Patterson as Jimmy Potter: The Heartbeats' manager, Jimmy is responsible for giving the group the opportunity to perform at more publicized events and receive training from Ernest "Sarge" Johnson.
Diahann Carroll as Eleanor Potter: Jimmy Potter's wife, Eleanor along with her husband are the original supporters of The Five Heartbeats.
John Canada Terrell as Michael "Flash" Turner: Lead singer of Flash and the Ebony Sparks, the Heartbeats' only competition. When Eddie goes into a downward spiral, Flash is brought in as the new lead singer.
Roy Fegan as Victor "Bird" Thomas: Bird is the lead singer of Bird and The Midnight Falcons. Early in the film the character attempts to defeat The Five Heartbeats in a vocal contest. After Big Red orchestrates the murder of Jimmy Potter, Bird, who was previously attacked and intimidated by Big Red during a party, joins members of the Heartbeats in testifying against Red and helps to convict him of the murder.
Harold Nicholas of The Nicholas Brothers as Ernest "Sarge" Johnson: Johnson is The Five Heartbeat's choreographer. Sarge is last seen in the hospital on his birthday.
Troy Beyer as Baby Doll: Eddie's girlfriend, who leaves him after he abuses drugs and alcohol. She later marries Eddie and they are shown singing together in a choir.
Theresa Randle as Brenda: Dresser's girlfriend, who later becomes his wife. She and Dresser have a daughter named Monica.
Lamont Johnson as Bobby Cassanova: Bobby and Eddie are the original co-lead singers of the group. Bobby is only seen in the movie's opening scenes when he and Eddie are caught cheating at a high-stakes poker game. Bobby gets shot in the leg and is replaced by Eddie as the lead singer.
Carla Brothers as Tanya Sawyer: Duck's love interest. His earlier attempts to win her heart are unsuccessful but they reconnect at a party for the group and later date. Tanya and Duck were set to be wed, but Duck's suspicion about Tanya and Choir Boy had him follow her to a hotel only to find out that his brother J.T. was the one seeing her. This led Duck to estrange himself from the Heartbeats and his brother for years.
Tressa Thomas as "Duck's Little Sister": Clara Matthews, Duck's little sister, was also his muse, often helping him compose and arrange songs for the group as they did household chores. She was instrumental in arranging the vocals for "We Haven't Finished Yet".

text: Other bands[edit]

text:
Bird and The Midnight Falcons portrayed by actors Roy Fegan, Gregory Alexander, Roger Rose, Jimmy Woodard: The group The Five Heartbeats compete against in their second onscreen performance. The Midnight Falcons attempt to cheat by ordering their girlfriends to deliberately cheer against The Heartbeats. They would later sign with Big Red Records along with the Five Heartbeats.
Flash and the Ebony Sparks portrayed by John Canada Terrell, Ron Jackson, Recoe Walker and Wayne "Crescendo" Ward: The Ebony Sparks defeat The Five Heartbeats in singing competitions—many of which are rigged—prior to their mainstream popularity. Flash later becomes the lead singer for the Five Heartbeats.

text: Production[edit]

text: After writing (along with Keenen Ivory Wayans), producing, directing, and starring in his first film Hollywood Shuffle, Robert Townsend had attained near-cult status among independent filmmakers due to his dedication to that film—a project which caused him to max out all his credit cards and spend nearly $100,000 of his own money raised through savings and various acting jobs in order to produce the film. When writing Townsend's first studio film The Five Heartbeats, Townsend and Wayans kept comedy an important aspect of the film, but also explored complex characters in a more dramatic way.[12] After extensive research with rhythm and blues-singing group The Dells, who were renowned for their four-decade career, Townsend used his film to depict a similar story, following the lives of three friends who aspire to musical stardom.[13] Given the setting of the film, he was able to tie in other elements, such as race relations, as well.[13] Due to the production's budgetary constraints, Townsend used little-known actors of the time, with the exceptions of Leon Robinson, Diahann Carroll and Harold Nicholas of The Nicholas Brothers.[1]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: To promote the film prior to its release, Townsend, along with the other actors who portrayed the fictional musical quartet The Five Heartbeats (Leon Robinson, Michael Wright, Harry J. Lennix, and Tico Wells) performed in a concert with real-life Soul/R&B vocal group The Dells, one of many groups that inspired the film. The Dells sang and recorded the vocals as the actors lip synced.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Five Heartbeats
(Music from the Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
April 2, 1991

Genre
R&B, soul

Label
Capitol[9][15]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[16]

text: A soundtrack for the film was released by Virgin Records, featuring original music by various artists. Both "Nights like This" and "A Heart Is a House for Love" became top 20 hits on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart.[16] Many of the tracks are credited to fictional characters in the film as opposed to the actual vocalists.

text:
A Heart Is a House for Love - Billy Valentine/ The Dells
We Haven't Finished Yet - Patti LaBelle, Tressa Thomas, Billy Valentine
Nights like This - After 7
Bring Back the Days - U.S. Male
Baby Stop Running Around - Bird & The Midnight Falcons
In the Middle - Dee Harvey
Nothing but Love - The Dells with Billy Valentine
Are You Ready for Me - Dee Harvey
Stay in My Corner - The Dells
I Feel Like Going On - Andraé Crouch[15][16] (Eddie, Baby Doll and the L.A. Mass Choir)

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film grossed approximately $8,500,000[13][17] after being released in 862 theaters throughout North America. However, despite the film's moderate success, it was not well received by a majority of critics.[18] On Rotten Tomatoes The Five Heartbeats accumulated an average of 35%, although only 17 reviews were counted (6 of which were positive, the remaining 11 negative).[18]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times commented that:

text:
“
...at feature length, Townsend shows a real talent, and, not surprisingly, an ability to avoid most cliches, to go for the human truth in his characters...by the end we really care about these guys...There is one obligatory scene showing racial prejudice against the group, and it seems a little tacked on, as if the only purpose of the Southern trip was to justify the scene.[11]
”

text: Due to the nature of the film, music montages were often used to progress the plot; critics considered this a major flaw.[19]

text: The numerous musical performances in the film were highly acclaimed.[19] All Music complimented the Dells' lead singer Marvin Junior (who provided the singing voice for fictional character Eddie Kane Jr.) stating that he was "one of the most underrated voices in pop music."[15] Tressa Thomas' performance of "We Haven't Finished Yet," in particular, was given favorable attention by critics.[20][21] The film received an ASCAP award for Most Performed Songs in a Motion Picture for the song "Nights Like This."[22]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: A DVD was released for the film in 2002, a special edition was also released in 2006 for the film's 15th Anniversary which includes additional content.[9]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d http://www.vh1.com/movies/movie/11969/castcrew.jhtml
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/movies/movie/11969/details.jhtml
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/movies/movie/11969/plot.jhtml
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101891/
Jump up ^ http://search.ew.com/EWSearch/ew/search/search.html?search=the+five+heartbeats&x=0&y=0/
Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/dvd/5948151/review/5948152/
Jump up ^ http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/the-five-heartbeats/?pkw=PI&vendor=Paid%20Inclusion&OCID=iSEMPI
Jump up ^ http://search.ew.com/EWSearch/ew/search/search.html?search=the+five+heartbeats&x=0&y=0
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.answers.com/topic/the-five-heartbeats
Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/five_heartbeats/?name_order=asc#mo
^ Jump up to: a b http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19910329/REVIEWS/103290301/1023
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=5YWgxVkJmT4C&pg=PA220&dq=the+five+heartbeats&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0Nl-quxN9UYyRjd5Q6i_fBRfUcNw#PPA220,M1
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/five_heartbeats/#
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,313030,00.html
^ Jump up to: a b c https://www.allmusic.com/album/r84315
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,86336,00.html
Jump up ^ http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fiveheartbeats.htm
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/five_heartbeats/?name_order=asc#
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/20018/five-heartbeats-15th-anniversary-special-edition-the/
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thefiveheartbeatsrhinson_a0a9e7.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,313751,00.html
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101891/awards


document_title: Eureka (word)

question_text: who shouted eureka and jumped out of the bath

root

text: Eureka (word)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: "Eureka" comes from the Ancient Greek word εὕρηκα heúrēka, meaning "I found (it)", which is the first person singular perfect indicative active of the verb εὑρίσκω heuriskō "I find".[1] It is closely related to heuristic, which refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery.

tag: p

text: Pronunciation[edit]

text: The accent of the English word is on the second syllable, following Latin rules of accent, which require that a penult (next-to-last syllable) must be accented if it contains a long vowel. In the Greek pronunciation, the first syllable has a high pitch accent, because the Ancient Greek rules of accent do not force accent to the penult unless the ultima (last syllable) has a long vowel.  The long vowels in the first two syllables would sound like a double stress to English ears (as in the phrase Maltese cat).

text: The initial /h/ is dropped in some European languages, including Spanish, Dutch, and English, but preserved in others, such as Finnish, Danish, and German.

text: Archimedes[edit]

text: The  exclamation 'Eureka!' is attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes.  He reportedly proclaimed "Eureka! Eureka!" after he had stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose, whereupon he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. (This relation is not what is known as Archimedes' principle—that deals with the upthrust experienced by a body immersed in a fluid.[2][3])  He then realized that the volume of irregular objects could be measured with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his discovery that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse.

text: Archimedes' insight led to the solution of a problem posed by Hiero of Syracuse, on how to assess the purity of an irregular golden votive crown; he had given his goldsmith the pure gold to be used, and correctly suspected he had been cheated by the goldsmith removing gold and adding the same weight of silver. Equipment for weighing objects with a fair amount of precision already existed, and now that Archimedes could also measure volume, their ratio would give the object's density, an important indicator of purity (as gold is nearly twice as dense as silver and has significantly greater weight for the same volume of matter at standard temperatures and pressure).

text: This story first appeared in written form in Vitruvius's books of architecture, two centuries after it supposedly took place.[4] Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale, on the grounds that the votive crown was a fine item, thus an impure crown would displace water only minutely, compared to a pure one. Precise means needed to measure this minute difference was not available at the time.[5] For the problem posed to Archimedes, though, there is a simple method which requires no precision equipment: balance the crown against pure gold on a scale in the air, and then submerge both the crown and the gold in water simultaneously. If the volumes are the same, the scale remains in balance, meaning that their densities are the same and therefore the crown must be pure gold. But if the volume of the crown is greater, increased buoyancy results in imbalance. Greater volume of the crown means its density is less than that of the gold, and therefore the crown could not be pure gold.[6] Galileo Galilei himself weighed in on the controversy, suggesting a design for a hydrostatic balance that could be used to compare the dry weight of an object with the weight of the same object submerged in water.[7]

text: Names and mottos[edit]

text: California[edit]

text: The expression is also the state motto of California, referring to the momentous discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848. The California State Seal has included the word eureka since its original design by Robert S. Garnett in 1850; the official text from that time describing the seal states that this word's meaning applies "either to the principle involved in the admission of the State or the success of the miner at work". In 1957 the state legislature attempted to make "In God We Trust" the state motto as part of the same post WWII anti-Communist movement that successfully added the term "under God" to the American Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, but this attempt did not succeed and "Eureka" was made the official motto in 1963.[8]

text: The city of Eureka, California, founded in 1850, uses the California State Seal as its official seal. Eureka is a considerable distance from Sutter's Mill, but was the jumping off point of a smaller gold rush in nearby Trinity County, California in 1850. It is the largest of at least eleven remaining US cities and towns named for the exclamation, "eureka!". As a result of the extensive use of the exclamation dating from 1849, there were nearly 40 locales so named by the 1880s in a nation that had none in the 1840s.[9] Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named "Eureka"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list.

text: Australia[edit]

text: "Eureka" was also associated with a gold rush in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The Eureka Stockade was a revolt in 1854 by gold miners against unjust mining license fees and a brutal administration supervising the miners. The rebellion demonstrated the refusal of the workers to be dominated by unfair government and laws. The Eureka Stockade has often been referred to as the "birth of democracy" in Australia.[10]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: Another mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss, echoed Archimedes when in 1796 he wrote in his diary, "ΕΥΡΗΚΑ! num = Δ + Δ + Δ", referring to his discovery that any positive integer could be expressed as the sum of at most three triangular numbers.[11] This result is now known as Gauss' Eureka theorem[12] and is a special case of what later became known as the Fermat polygonal number theorem.


document_title: The Backyardigans

question_text: what kind of creature is uniqua from the backyardigans

text: The Backyardigans

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series follows a ritualistic pattern and centers around an assortment and musical pop group of neighboring playmates depicted as bipedal, anthropomorphic animals: Uniqua, Pablo, Tyrone, Austin, and Tasha. Designed to encourage imaginative play, the characters communicate with the viewers by constantly breaking the fourth-wall, albeit the series rests particular focus on the role-playing games in which the friends participate varying with each episode, and said games are visualized through dream sequences lasting for a majority of the episode and serving as the primary focus of that certain episode. Usually, the group will visualize a unique scenario, ranging from prehistoric times to adventurous fantasies, and they are often presented with multiple dilemmas along the way to accomplishing a certain goal or priority, or may be challenged with a major single obstacle to defeat or problem to solve. After season one, there is usually a villain in the episode, mainly played by one of the Backyardigans (thus another Backyardigan plays the role of the hero), but the villain of the episode always reforms in the end. The program also follows a musical format, featuring multiple musical numbers sung throughout the course of an episode regarding whatever imaginary predicament in which the characters have situated themselves or perhaps a challenge that they have met, every episode opening and concluding with a particular song. The adventures get more advanced after the first season. When the Backyardigans have achieved their mission or defeated any disadvantages, the fantasy sequence fades, restoring actuality to the setting of the episodes as the closing song is sung, the characters scurrying to their houses for a snack. The main character or characters then opens the snack host's house door, fence, or around the corner, and shouts the main catchphrase for the final time and then closes the door. The picture then is lifeless with some background bird noises often heard as iris closes, ending the episode.

text: In one episode, "The Secret of Snow", the episode does not start off in the backyard, but on a floor that has a red storybook on it. Also, Austin, though never shown, is the only Backyardigan who makes a physical appearance in the episode; the other four appear only in the storybook. This is the only time only one of the real Backyardigans appears.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Each of the five characters on the show have two voice actors: one for speaking, and the other for singing.

text: The dancing on the show is first performed by live-action dancers, and their movements are later transported to animation. Choreographer, Beth Bogush, describes the process: "What we do is we film the live footage in the studio, send that off and they do a Leica, and then they send it to the animators. The animators watch, and were pretty precise. What we film for that day is pretty close to what you see in the character."[6] In season one, the Backyardigans usually wear their normal clothes while on an adventure, usually accompanied with accessories. They rarely wear their normal clothes in an adventure after the first season.

text: Main[edit]

text:
Uniqua is a curious, self-confident, and high-spirited, pink spotted character. The series uses the name "Uniqua" for both the character and her species. She wears pink polka-dotted overalls and has a pair of swirled antennae on top of her head. Uniqua is sweet and friendly, though her strong opinions and occasional stubbornness get in the way of her relationships. While imagining herself having the roles that require brains and fortitude (such as a scientist or pirate captain) and despite her love of books (as seen in episodes such as "The Masked Retriever"). Creator Janice Burgess describes Uniqua as the child she wishes she was like as a child.[7] She is the only main character to appear in every episode. Speaking voice: Lashawn Tináh Jefferies (seasons 1–4). Singing voice: Jamia Simone Nash (seasons 1–3) and Avion Baker (season 4). Dancer: Hattie Mae Williams (seasons 1–4).
Pablo is a yellow-beaked blue penguin who wears a blue bow tie and a blue-and-yellow propeller beanie Pablo is very respectable and often acts on his own accord. He is also known for owning 6 mansions because he had too much money and donating is unacceptable. Pablo tends to be the most excitable of the group and is best friends with Tyrone. Due to his energy and impetuousness, he often goes into a "panic attack" when he faces an obstacle, running around in circles and telling everyone not to worry until someone interrupts him. The number of panic attacks decreased considerably after season 1, though in the episode The Flipper! his propensity for getting overexcited is a major plot point. Pablo does not appear one time: "Chichen-Itza Pizza". Speaking voice: Zach Tyler Eisen (seasons 1) and Jake Goldberg (seasons 2–4). Singing voice: Sean Curley (seasons 1–4). Dancer: Tasha Cooper (seasons 1–3), Jonathan Sandler (season 3), Steven Konopelski (seasons 3–4), Jacob Wimar (season 4), Paul Flanagan (season 4).
Tyrone is a good-natured, yet somewhat fearful, red-haired orange moose who wears a red-and-blue striped shirt. He is almost the complete opposite of his best friend Pablo in terms of personality, despite his laid-back and cool-headed character and being known for his sarcastic comments, one of them being "That certainly was convenient." At the end of most episodes, when he appears, "That was an excellent (type) adventure, don't you think?" (though Pablo, Austin, and Tasha recite the line when he does not appear). Despite not appearing to wear trousers (except on rare occasions), Tyrone somehow manages to put his hands in his pockets. Speaking voice: Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1), Jordan Coleman (season 2-3) and Christopher Grant, Jr. (season 4). Singing voice: Corwin C. Tuggles (seasons 1),Leon Thomas III (seasons 2-3) Damani Roberts (season 3) and Tyrel Jackson Williams (season 3-4). Dancer: Greg Sinacori (seasons 1–2, 4), Bradley Shelver (season 3), Andrew Cao (season 3).
Tasha is a strong-willed yellow hippo, Tasha wears an orange flowered dress and red Mary-Jane shoes. She is a sweet girl on the outside, but is more rational and likes to get her own way. She is the most serious of the major characters, although Tasha can be just as easygoing from time to time. She is more feminine than her friend Uniqua. In seasons 2-4, she has a more amiable personality, as well as a more muscular appearance their characters. She tends to be grumpy if not the boss. Her catchphrase is "Oh, for goodness sakes!" Speaking voice: Naelee Rae (seasons 1–2) and Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3–4). Singing voice: Kristin Danielle Klabunde (seasons 1–3) and Gabriella Malek (seasons 3–4). Dancer: Darlene Dirstine (seasons 1–3), Amanda Ulibarri (season 4), Nancy Renee Braun (season 4).
Austin is a shy but fun-loving purple kangaroo. Though generally soft-spoken in Season 1, due to recently moving in the neighborhood, Austin starts to come out of his shell as the series progresses. He is revealed to be smart and imaginative. Austin rarely appears in the spotlight, but takes the role of the lead character in several episodes. Says Bogush: "Austin's usually the one pulling up the rear. He's kind of a get-along guy."[6] Austin has been shown to occasionally display a more villainous side, such as in the episodes "High Tea" and "The Magic Skateboard". Speaking voice: Jonah Bobo (seasons 1–4). Singing voice: Thomas Sharkey (seasons 1–3) and Nicholas Barasch (season 4). Dancer: Kristen Frost (seasons 1–4).

tag: ul

text: Edit summary

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Sherman – A small, orange-spotted yellow worm. Sherman is easily scared due to his small size. He plays a role who appears 3 times in "The Heart Of The Jungle", "Polka Palace Party". and "Attack of the 50 Foot Worman". His voice is provided by Oliver Wyman.
Wormans – A fictional species of colorful, worm-like creatures who speak in squeaks and gibberish. They appear in all the seasons of the show.
Dragon – A friendly, green-colored dragon who appears 3 times (the movie "Tale of the Mighty Knights" and the episode "The Tale of the Not-So-Nice Dragon"). He hatched from a spotted egg and lives in Dragon Mountain. His voice is provided by Oliver Wyman.
Aliens – Green-colored aliens appear 4 times: "Mission To Mars", "News Flash", "Los Galacticos", and "The Big Dipper Diner".
Giant clam – A clam who appears 2 times in "The Legend Of The Volcano Sisters" and "The Great Dolphin Race." It pants and acts like a dog.
Voices – Voices included in the episodes "Secret Mission" and "It's Great To Be A Ghost!" that do not come from any shown character.
Robot Roscoe – A robot owned by Austin who appears 3 times in season 4 (the movie "Robot Rampage" and the episode "Elephant on the Run"). His voice, as well as the other robots boys, is provided by Evan Mathew Weinstein.

text: Setting[edit]

text: The characters live in houses adjoining a large backyard common to the three central houses (Uniqua's, Pablo's and Tyrone's) that is transformed by imagination into various adventure settings. Each house roughly corresponds to the color scheme of the character: Uniqua in a pink house, Pablo lives in a blue one, and Tyrone in an orange one. Tasha's house, which is to the left of the three central houses, is yellow and Austin's, to the right, is partially obscured by a fence but what is visible is purple. The fence, which surrounds the combined properties of the three main characters (Uniqua, Pablo and Tyrone), has a gate in it which leads to Austin's house. The curve of the cul-de-sac allows the play area to be roughly equal in distance from each house's back door.

text: Not everything that appears in the imaginary world has a real-world counterpart. Often trees, boulders, brickwork, or similar objects appear where nothing originally existed. By the same token, even large trees in the real garden disappear completely when the imagination part of the story commences.

text: Episodes[edit]

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was based upon a live-action pilot titled "Me and My Friends," produced at Nickelodeon Studios in September 1998.[12][13] This pilot was rejected by Nickelodeon, and the concept was reworked into an animated short in 2002.[14] This pilot was greenlit by Nickelodeon to become a full-length series. The show is intended for children aged 2 to 5.[15]

text: Dave Palmer began directing the show in the middle of season one, and directed all subsequent episodes. Evan Lurie (of The Lounge Lizards) and Douglas Wieselman composed the music for the show with lyrics by McPaul Smith. The characters were designed by children's author and illustrator Dan Yaccarino.

text: A second season had been announced on April 30, 2006 by Nelvana and Nickelodeon.[16] The third season was first released in the United States in January 2008. A fourth season was produced in 2009, and aired in 2010.

text: Production was wrapped up in late 2009.[17]

text: Live shows[edit]

text: Several The Backyardigans theatrical performances have toured Canada and the United States.

text: In Canada, three different performances have toured: "Musical Playdate" (2006), "Quest for the Extra Ordinary Aliens" (2008) and "Sea Deep in Adventure" (2009).[18] The "Musical Playdate" performance had been promoted as "V.I.P. Appearance" and "Backyardigans Mini Performance" in earlier advertisements. All three tours were presented by Paquin Entertainment Group[19] and produced by Koba Entertainment,[20] both based in Winnipeg.

text: In the United States, two theatrical performances toured: 2008's "Tale of the Mighty Knights" and 2010's "Storytime Live!" (an event featuring four other Nick Jr. shows: Moose and Zee, Dora the Explorer, Wonder Pets!, and Ni Hao, Kai-Lan).[21]

text: Video releases[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: In the United States, twenty-two DVDs featuring four episodes each (three episodes plus a bonus episode of The Fresh Beat Band on one DVD) were released from August 2005 until March 2011.

text:
Season One

It's Great to Be a Ghost! (2005)

The Snow Fort (2005)

Polka Palace Party (2006)

Cave Party (2006)

Surf's Up (2006)

text:
Season Two

Mission to Mars (2006)

The Legend of the Volcano Sisters (2007)

Movers and Shakers (2007)

Into the Deep (2007)

Super Secret Super Spy (2007)

text:
Season Three

Tale of the Mighty Knights (2008)

High Flying Adventures (2008)

Mighty Match-Up (2008)

Escape from Fairytale Village (2008)

Robin Hood the Clean (2009)

text:
Season Four

Robot Repairman (2009)

Join the Adventurer's Club (2010)

Escape From the Tower (2010)

Operation Elephant Drop (2010)

Christmas with the Backyardigans (2010)

We ARRRR Pirates! (2011)

text:
Compilations

Nick Jr. Favorites 2 (2005)

Nick Jr. Favorites 3 (2006)

Nick Jr. Favorites 4 (2006)

Nick Jr. Favorites 5 (2006)

Nick Jr. Favorites Holiday (2006)

Nick Jr. Favorites 6 (2007)

Singing Sensation! (2009)

We ARRRR Pirates! (2011)

text: VHS releases[edit]

text: Five videotapes featuring two episodes each were released in 2005 and 2006; the titles were the same as the first five American DVDs.

text:
VHS releases

It's Great to Be a Ghost! (August 30, 2005)

The Snow Fort (November 8, 2005)

Polka Palace Party (January 24, 2006)

Cave Party (March 7, 2006)

Surf's Up (May 30, 2006)

text: iTunes releases[edit]

text: All four seasons have been released on iTunes in Canada and the US; however, the US iTunes Store is missing three episodes from the first season: "Secret Mission," "It's Great To Be A Ghost!", and "The Tea Party" (also known as "High Tea").

text: CD releases[edit]

text: There were four The Backyardigans albums released in North America, and one album released in Europe. Each has approximately 20 tracks, while Born To Play has four bonus tracks only available on the iTunes Store.

text: The Adventures Begin...[edit]

text: Released September 2004, this CD promoted the series' debut. Because this was a promotional album sent via mail, it was not sold in stores. It contains four tracks from the first season, including the opening theme. The songs would later be included in the next album.

text:
The Backyardigans Theme Song
Yeti Stomp
Secret Agent
Please and Thank You
Preview

text: The Backyardigans[edit]

text:
Released on July 12, 2005, under Nick Records' label. This is the first album sold in stores. It contains nineteen tracks from the first season, including the opening theme.
The CD also contains a bonus video track titled "Go, Go Go!"

text:
The Backyardigans Theme Song
You and Me to the Rescue
Castaways
Questing, Questing
A Pirate Says Arr
Yeti Stomp!
Queens Are Never Wrong
Those Bones
Buffalo Girls and Boys
Trudge, Trudge, Trudge
Secret Agent
Laser Limbo Tango (Limbo Rock)
Row Your Boat
Into the Thick of It!
P.U.! (Stinky Swamp Song)
Flying Rock Song (II)
When I'm Booing
Please and Thank You
Rockabilly Lullaby
Go, Go, Go! (bonus music video)

text: Groove to the Music[edit]

text: This second CD was released on July 11, 2006, under Nick Records' label. It contains eighteen tracks from seasons one and two. Target sold an exclusive release including Astronauts Never Give Up, totaling nineteen tracks.

text:
Hold Tight
Gotta Get the Job Done
Shake Your Body
Rad Moves
We're Going to Mars
Drumming Song
Eureka!
The Rules
Tree to Tree
What's So Scary 'Bout That?
The Ballad of the Brave Pink Knight (Hey, Uniqua!)
I Love Being a Princess
Aha!
Skate Ahead
Get Us What We Want
Ski Patrol to the Rescue
Superheroes vs. Supervillains
Oh, My Sherman
Astronauts Never Give Up (exclusive track)

text: Born To Play[edit]

text: The third and final The Backyardigans CD, was released on January 22, 2008, under Sony BMG's label. It contains songs from seasons 1-2, as well as all the songs from Tale of the Mighty Knights. There is a total of 22 tracks. There's also a special iTunes version of this album, containing 5 bonus tracks in addition to the 22 tracks, totaling 27 tracks. This album was released in a cardboard foldout case, rather than a jewel case like the previous two releases. Borders carried the jewel case release exclusively, which included a booklet. This booklet was also included on the iTunes release as a file with purchase of a digital download.

text:
Ready for Anything
We Love a Luau
The Worman Polka
I Feel Good
Go, Go, Go
The Customer Is Always Right
Surf's Up, Ho Daddy
Almost Everything Is Boinga (feat. Alicia Keys)
Nothing Too Tough
W-I-O-Wa
I'm a Mountie
Racing Day
I Never Fail to Deliver the Mail
Lady In Pink (feat. Cyndi Lauper)
Nobody's Bigger Than a Giant
Hurry Home
A Challenge
Dragon Mountain
Goblin
I'm Not an Egg Anymore (feat. Adam Pascal)
Tweedily Dee
We're Knights

text: Bonus iTunes Tracks:

text:
23. Betcha I Can
24. Phantom Footsteps
25. Do It Myself
26. The Call of the Mermaid

text: Join in the Adventures...[edit]

text: Released in 2006, as part of a series launch tour in the United Kingdom. The album is near identical to the American-released counterpart, with Please and Thank You replaced with Questing.

text:
The Backyardigans Theme Song
Yeti Stomp
Secret Agent
Questing

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Activision released a The Backyardigans PC game, "Mission to Mars," in October 2006. In addition, there are interactive Backyardigans games available for the LeapPad and VTech's V.Smile consoles. There is also a LeapFrog ClickStart game titled "Number Pie Samurai," teaching children basic computer skills.

text: From 2005 to 2007, Kohl's had a section devoted to the series' merchandise, including a clothing line and toys exclusively in store.

text: Over one hundred storybooks (both original stories and episode-based) were released throughout the series' run.[22] Most of these were released in both Canada and the United States; however, a 2006 series of educational books were exclusively sold in Canada under the license of Treehouse TV.[23]

text: Fisher-Price produced numerous plush toys and interactive character toys (mostly Uniqua, Pablo and Tyrone). There are also Beanie Babies of all the main characters available.


document_title: MacConkey agar

question_text: gram positive bacteria that can grow on macconkey agar

text: MacConkey agar

text: Contents[edit]

text: It contains bile salts (to inhibit most Gram-positive bacteria), crystal violet dye (which also inhibits certain Gram-positive bacteria), neutral red dye (which turns pink if the microbes are fermenting lactose).

text:
Peptone – 17 g
Proteose peptone – 3 g
Lactose – 10 g
Bile salts – 1.5 g
Sodium chloride – 5 g
Neutral red – 0.03 g
Crystal violet – 0.001 g
Agar – 13.5 g
Water – add to make 1 litre; adjust pH to 7.1 +/− 0.2

text: There are many variations of MacConkey agar depending on the need. If the spreading or swarming of Proteus species is not required, sodium chloride is omitted. Crystal violet at a concentration of 0.0001% (0.001 g per litre) is included when needing to check if Gram-positive bacteria are inhibited. MacConkey with sorbitol is used to isolate E. coli O157, an enteric pathogen.

text: History[edit]

text: The medium was developed by Alfred Theodore MacConkey while working as a bacteriologist for the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Using neutral red pH indicator, the agar distinguishes those Gram-negative bacteria that can ferment the sugar lactose (Lac+) from those that cannot (Lac-)fermentation.

text: This medium is also known as an "indicator medium" and a "low selective medium". Presence of bile salts inhibits swarming by Proteus species.

text: Lac positive[edit]

text: By utilizing the lactose available in the medium, Lac+ bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter and Klebsiella will produce acid, which lowers the pH of the agar below 6.8 and results in the appearance of pink colonies. The bile salts precipitate in the immediate neighbourhood of the colony, causing the medium surrounding the colony to become hazy.[4][5]

text: Lac negative[edit]

text: Non-lactose fermenting bacteria such as Salmonella, Proteus species, Yersinia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella.

text: Slow[edit]

text: Some organisms ferment lactose slowly or weakly, and are sometimes put in their own category. These include Serratia[6] and Citrobacter.[7]

text: Mucoid colonies[edit]

text: Some organisms, especially Klebsiella and Enterobacter, produce mucoid colonies which appear very moist and sticky. This phenomenon happens because the organism is producing a capsule, which is predominantly made from the lactose sugar in the agar.

text: Variant[edit]

text: A variant, sorbitol-MacConkey agar, (with the addition of additional selective agents) can assist in the isolation and differentiation of enterohemorrhagic E. coli serotype E. coli O157:H7, by the presence of colorless circular colonies that are non-sorbitol fermenting.


document_title: Mike Krzyzewski

question_text: when did mike she schefsky start coaching at duke

text: Mike Krzyzewski

text: Early years and playing career[edit]

text: Krzyzewski was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Polish American, Catholic parents Emily M. (née Pituch) and William Krzyzewski.[6][7]

text: Raised as a Catholic, Krzyzewski attended St. Helen Catholic School in Ukrainian Village, Chicago and,[8] later, Archbishop Weber High School in Chicago, a Catholic prep school for boys.[9] He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1969, and played basketball under Bob Knight while training to become an officer in the United States Army. He was captain of the Army basketball team in his senior season, 1968–69, leading his team to the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) at Madison Square Garden in New York City, where West Point finished fourth in the tournament.

text: From 1969 to 1974, Krzyzewski served in the United States Army and directed service teams for three years. In 2005, he was presented West Point's Distinguished Graduate Award.[10]

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: Indiana and Army[edit]

text: He was discharged from active duty in 1974 and started his coaching career as an assistant on Knight's staff with the Indiana Hoosiers during their historic 1974–75 season. After one year with Indiana, Krzyzewski returned to West Point as head coach of the Army Cadets. He led the Cadets to a 73–59 record and one NIT berth in five seasons.

text: Duke[edit]

text: On March 18, 1980, Krzyzewski was named the head coach at Duke University after five seasons at Army.[11] After a few rebuilding seasons, he and the Blue Devils became a fixture on the national basketball scene with 31 NCAA Tournament berths in the past 32 years and 22 consecutive from 1996 to 2017, which is the second-longest current streak of tournament appearances behind Kansas, which has appeared in the tournament in 27 consecutive seasons. Overall, he has taken his program to postseason play in 31 of his 34 years at Duke and is the most winning active coach in men's NCAA Tournament play with an 86–25 record for a .767 winning percentage. His Duke teams have won 13 ACC Championships, been to 12 Final Fours, and won five NCAA tournament National Championships.

text: On February 13, 2010, Krzyzewski coached in his 1,000th game as the Duke head coach. On March 20, 2011, Krzyzewski won his 900th game, becoming the second of three Division I men's basketball coaches to reach 900 basketball wins, the other two being Jim Boeheim at Syracuse and his head coach at Army, Bob Knight.[12] On November 15, 2011, Krzyzewski got his 903rd win passing Knight's record for most Division I wins. In an interview of both men on ESPN the previous night, Krzyzewski discussed the leadership skills he learned from Knight and the United States Military Academy. Knight credited Krzyzewski's understanding of himself and his players as keys to his success over the years.[13]

text: On March 20, 2011, Krzyzewski won his 900th game with the Duke Blue Devils, making him the second head coach to win 900 games with one NCAA Division I men's basketball program.[14]

text: On January 25, 2015, Krzyzewski won his 1,000th game, when Duke defeated St. John's in Madison Square Garden. He is the first men's coach to win 1,000 NCAA Division I basketball games.

text: On April 6, 2015, Krzyzewski won his 5th NCAA championship, when Duke defeated Wisconsin in the title game.

text: Winning against Yale in the 2016 NCAA tournament on March 19, Krzyzewski became the all-time winningest coach in the NCAA Division I tournament with 90 total wins.

text: On November 11, 2017, Krzyzewski won his 1,000th game with the Duke Blue Devils, making him the first head coach to win 1,000 games with one NCAA Division I men's basketball program.[n 1]

text: On March 17, 2018, Krzyzewski won his 1,099th game in his career, passing Pat Summitt for most wins by a Division I coach, male or female.[15]

text: National team[edit]

text: Krzyzewski has won three consecutive gold medals in the Olympics among several appearances as head coach of the USA men's national team. His other results include winning a silver medal at the 1987 World University Games, a bronze medal at the 1990 FIBA World Championship, a silver medal at the 1990 Goodwill Games, a bronze medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship, and gold medals at the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship, the 2010 FIBA World Championship, and the 2014 FIBA World Cup.

text: He was also an assistant coach to the USA teams which won gold medals at the 1984 and 1992 Olympics as well as the 1979 Pan American Games Team and 1992 Tournament of the Americas.

text: In 2005, he was appointed coach of the national team through the Beijing Olympics. In the 2006 FIBA World Championship, the USA won the bronze medal after losing in the semifinals to Greece and then beating defending Olympic gold medalist Argentina for third place.

text: On August 24, 2008, Krzyzewski's U.S. team won the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. "The Redeem Team" finished the tournament with a perfect 8–0 record. He coached the U.S. team for the 2010 FIBA World Championship and led Team USA to a perfect 9–0 record, defeating host Turkey in the gold medal game, 81–64. His team won a second Olympic gold in London, defeating runners-up Spain, 107–100. Krzyzewski has amassed a total record of 75–1 (.987) as head coach of the USA National Team.[16]

text: In February 2013, Krzyzewski initially stepped down after seven years of coaching the national team,[17] but Team USA in May announced that he would return as head coach from 2013 through 2016.[18]

text: NBA coaching offers[edit]

text: During his long tenure at Duke, Krzyzewski has been given the opportunity to coach in the NBA at least five times. The first time came after the 1990 season when he led the Blue Devils to their third straight Final Four appearance. The Boston Celtics offered a coaching position to Krzyzewski, but he soon declined their offer. The next season, Krzyzewski proceeded to lead the Blue Devils to the first of two straight national championships. In 1994, he was pursued by the Portland Trail Blazers, but again he chose to stay with Duke. In 2004, Krzyzewski was also interviewed by the Los Angeles Lakers following the departure of high-profile coach Phil Jackson. He was given a formal offer from Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak, reportedly for five years, $40 million and part ownership, but again turned down the NBA. In 2010, the New Jersey Nets were reportedly willing to pay Krzyzewski between $12 million and $15 million per season to coach the Nets. Krzyzewski again declined the offer and stayed at Duke.[19] In 2011, Krzyzewski was offered the vacant coaching position for the Minnesota Timberwolves, but he again declined the offer and chose to stay at Duke.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Five-time NCAA Champion – 1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015
Five-time Olympic Gold Medal winner – 1984, 1992 (assistant coach); 2008, 2012, 2016 (head coach)
Two-time FIBA World Cup Gold Medal winner – 2010, 2014
Two-time FIBA World Cup Bronze Medal winner – 1990, 2006
Three-time Naismith College Coach of the Year – 1989, 1992, 1999
Two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee – 2001 (individual career), 2010 (with the "Dream Team")
College Basketball Hall of Fame inductee (class of 2006)
United States Olympic Hall of Fame inductee (class of 2009 – with the "Dream Team")
United States Military Academy Sports Hall of Fame inductee (class of 2009)[20][21]
Two-time United States Sports Academy Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award winner – 1991, 2008.[22][23]
13-time ACC Champion
Five-time ACC Coach of the Year – 1984, 1986, 1997, 1999, 2000
National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame inductee (class of 1991) [24]
2001: Time/CNN America's Best Coach Award
2011: Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year"
2013: Chicago History Museum Making History Award
Basketball court at Cameron Indoor Stadium named "Coach K Court"
Award presented at the United States Military Academy named the "Coach Krzyzewski Teaching Character Through Sports Award"
Inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2014 in the area of sports.[25]

text: Family and charity[edit]

text: Krzyzewski married his wife, Carol "Mickie" Marsh, in the Catholic chapel at West Point on the day of his graduation in 1969. They have three daughters and nine grandchildren.[26]

text: Krzyzewski and his family founded the Emily Krzyzewski Center, a non-profit organization in Durham, which was established in 2006 and named in honor of Krzyzewski's mother. The mission is to inspire students from kindergarten to high school to dream big, act with character and purpose, and reach their potential as leaders in their community. The Center's K to College Model serves academically focused students in out-of-school programming designed to help them achieve in school, gain entry to college, and break the cycle of poverty in their families. Krzyzewski and his wife, Mickie, have also been active for years in fundraising and support for the Duke Children's Hospital, Children's Miracle Network, the V Foundation for Cancer Research.[9] In all of those entities they have both served as chairs and/or led major fundraising efforts. In addition, the Krzyzewskis have been major donors to Duke University in supporting a number of areas, including establishing scholarship endowments for students in North and South Carolina as well as a Duke student-athlete every year. He also serves on the board of advisors of the Code of Support Foundation, a nonprofit military services organization.[27]

text: In 2012, Krzyzewski received the U.S. Basketball Writers Association's Wayman Tisdale Humanitarian Award honoring his civic service and charitable efforts in making a significant positive impact on society.[28]

text: Head coaching record[edit]

text: College[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason

Army Cadets (NCAA Division I independent) (1975–1980)

1975–76
Army
11–14

1976–77
Army
20–8

1977–78
Army
19–9

NIT First Round

1978–79
Army
14–11

1979–80
Army
9–17

Army:
73–59 (.553)

Duke Blue Devils (Atlantic Coast Conference) (1980–present)

1980–81
Duke
17–13
6–8
T–5th
NIT Third Round

1981–82
Duke
10–17
4–10
T–6th

1982–83
Duke
11–17
3–11
7th

1983–84
Duke
24–10
7–7
T–3rd
NCAA Division I Round of 32

1984–85
Duke
23–8
8–6
T–4th
NCAA Division I Round of 32

1985–86
Duke
37–3
12–2
1st
NCAA Division I Runner-up

1986–87
Duke
24–9
9–5
3rd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

1987–88
Duke
28–7
9–5
3rd
NCAA Division I Final Four

1988–89
Duke
28–8
9–5
T–2nd
NCAA Division I Final Four

1989–90
Duke
29–9
9–5
2nd
NCAA Division I Runner-up

1990–91
Duke
32–7
11–3
1st
NCAA Division I Champions

1991–92
Duke
34–2
14–2
1st
NCAA Division I Champions

1992–93
Duke
24–8
10–6
T–3rd
NCAA Division I Round of 32

1993–94
Duke
28–6
12–4
1st
NCAA Division I Runner-up

1994–95
Duke
9–3[n 2]
0–1[n 2]
[n 2]

1995–96
Duke
18–13
8–8
T–4th
NCAA Division I Round of 64

1996–97
Duke
24–9
12–4
1st
NCAA Division I Round of 32

1997–98
Duke
32–4
15–1
1st
NCAA Division I Elite Eight

1998–99
Duke
37–2
16–0
1st
NCAA Division I Runner-up

1999–00
Duke
29–5
15–1
1st
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2000–01
Duke
35–4
13–3
T–1st
NCAA Division I Champions

2001–02
Duke
31–4
13–3
2nd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2002–03
Duke
26–7
11–5
T–2nd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2003–04
Duke
31–6
13–3
1st
NCAA Division I Final Four

2004–05
Duke
27–6
11–5
3rd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2005–06
Duke
32–4
14–2
1st
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2006–07
Duke
22–11
8–8
6th
NCAA Division I Round of 64

2007–08
Duke
28–6
13–3
2nd
NCAA Division I Round of 32

2008–09
Duke
30–7
11–5
T–2nd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2009–10
Duke
35–5
13–3
T–1st
NCAA Division I Champions

2010–11
Duke
32–5
13–3
2nd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2011–12
Duke
27–7
13–3
2nd
NCAA Division I Round of 64

2012–13
Duke
30–6
14–4
2nd
NCAA Division I Elite Eight

2013–14
Duke
26–9
13–5
T–3rd
NCAA Division I Round of 64

2014–15
Duke
35–4
15–3
2nd
NCAA Division I Champions

2015–16
Duke
25–11
11–7
T–5th
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2016–17
Duke
28–9
11–7
T–5th
NCAA Division I Round of 32

2017–18
Duke
29–8
13–5
2nd
NCAA Division I Elite Eight

Duke:
1,027–279 (.786)
412–171 (.707)

Total:
1,100–338 (.765)

      National champion         Postseason invitational champion
      Conference regular season champion         Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
      Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
      Conference tournament champion


document_title: President's rule

question_text: in which state of india first time president rule

text: President's rule

text: Imposition[edit]

text: In practice, president's rule has been imposed under different circumstances:

text:
State Legislature is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister
Breakdown of a coalition
Loss of majority in the assembly
Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons

text: If approved by both houses, President's Rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of the Parliament to extend President's rule in a state. According to this provision, President's rule can only be extended over a year every 6 months under following conditions:

text:
There is already a National emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.
The commission of election certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the concerned state.

text: President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need the Parliament's approval.

text: Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through abusing the authority of Governors who were in collusion with the central government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 instituted a rule by which such abuse has been drastically reduced.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Article 356 gave wide powers to the central government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs, and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to central government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused[1] by the ruling parties at the center, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents.[2] Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of Indian constitution in 1950, the central government has used this article several times[3] to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.

text: The article was used for the first time in Uttar Pradesh 1954. It was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the Vimochana Samaram to dismiss the democratically elected Communist state government of Kerala on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the central government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties.[4] The Indira Gandhi regime and post-emergency Janata Party were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states. Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.

text: The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing the President's Rule in its ruling on the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread misuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.

text: Article 356 has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the federal structure of government in Indian polity.[5] The Sarkaria Commission Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state".[6] Dr. Ambedkar also said that it would be like a "dead letter" (i.e. would be used rarely).

text: List of instances[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
State
Date of imposition
Date of revocation
Duration
Notes

Andhra Pradesh [1]
18 January 1973
10 December 1973
7002326000000000000♠326 days
Break down of Law & Order due to Jai Andhra Agitation, in P. V. Narasimha Rao's tenure.

Andhra Pradesh [2]
28 February 2014
8 June 2014
7002100000000000000♠100 days
Political impasse following the resignation of Chief Minister Kiran Kumar Reddy and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate Telangana State.[7] President's rule revoked from Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014.[8] President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under Article 356.[9][10]

Andhra State [1]
15 November 1954
29 March 1955
7002134000000000000♠134 days
Loss of Majority.

Arunachal Pradesh [1]
3 November 1979
18 January 1980
7001760000000000000♠76 days
Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the Centre.

Arunachal Pradesh [2]
25 January 2016
19 February 2016
26 days
21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the BJP and two Independents, making the current government a minority government.[11] Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as ultra vires and reinstated the dismissed congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Shaba[12]

Assam [1]
12 December 1979
5 December 1980
7002359000000000000♠359 days
'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the All Assam Students’Union (AASU). The violence fuelled by United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) resulted in break down of law and order.

Assam [2]
30 June 1981
13 January 1982
7002197000000000000♠197 days
Congress (I) government led by Anwara Taimur representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.

Assam [3]
19 March 1982
27 February 1983
7002345000000000000♠345 days
Congress (I) government led by Kesab Gogoi representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.

Assam [4]
28 November 1990
30 June 1991
7002214000000000000♠214 days
Govt. dismissed in spite of AGP CM Prafulla Mahanta enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities. During President's rule, Operation Bajrang was launched to flush out ULFA militants.

Bihar [1]
29 June 1968
26 February 1969
7002242000000000000♠242 days
Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment.

Bihar [2]
4 July 1969
16 February 1970
7002227000000000000♠227 days
Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party

Bihar [3]
9 January 1972
19 March 1972
7001700000000000000♠70 days
Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment.

Bihar [4]
30 April 1977
24 June 1977
7001550000000000000♠55 days
Government dismissed in spite of Jagannath Mishra enjoying majority support in Assembly

Bihar [5]
17 February 1980
8 June 1980
7002112000000000000♠112 days
Government dismissed in spite of Ram Sundar Das enjoying majority support in Assembly

Bihar [6]
28 March 1995
5 April 1995
7000800000000000000♠8 days
President’s rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of Laloo Prasad.

Bihar [7]
12 February 1999
9 March 1999
7001250000000000000♠25 days
Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked President’s rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.

Bihar [8]
7 March 2005
24 November 2005
7002262000000000000♠262 days
Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and mala fide act by the President.[13]

Delhi [1]
14 February 2014
11 February 2015
7002362000000000000♠362 days
Arvind Kejriwal resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly.

Goa [1]
2 December 1966
5 April 1967
7002124000000000000♠124 days
The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.

Goa [2]
27 April 1979
16 January 1980
7002264000000000000♠264 days
Loss of majority following split in the ruling MGP Party

Goa [3]
14 December 1990
25 January 1991
7001420000000000000♠42 days
C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court - No other Government found viable

Goa [4]
9 February 1999
9 June 1999
7002120000000000000♠120 days
Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government

Goa [5]
4 March 2005
7 June 2005
7001950000000000000♠95 days
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Pratap Sinh Rane

Gujarat [1]
12 May 1971
17 March 1972
7002310000000000000♠310 days
Loss of Majority following vertical split in Congress during 1969 presidential election

Gujarat [2]
9 February 1974
18 June 1975
7002494000000000000♠1 year, 129 days
Chimanbhai Patel led Congress government resigned due to Navnirman Movement Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.

Gujarat [3]
12 March 1976
24 December 1976
7002287000000000000♠287 days
"Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government

Gujarat [4]
17 February 1980
8 June 1980
7002112000000000000♠112 days
Government dismissed in spite of Babubhai J Patel enjoying majority support in the Assembly

Gujarat [5]
19 September 1996
23 October 1996
7001340000000000000♠34 days
Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of Vaghela government, supported by Congress

Haryana [1]
2 November 1967
22 May 1968
7002202000000000000♠202 days
Government dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority.

Haryana [2]
30 April 1977
21 June 1977
7001520000000000000♠52 days
Government dismissed in spite of B D Gupta enjoying majority support in Assembly

Haryana [3]
6 April 1991
23 July 1991
7002108000000000000♠108 days
Rebellion in the ruling party

Himachal Pradesh [1]
30 April 1977
22 June 1977
7001530000000000000♠53 days
Government dismissed in spite of Thakur Ram Lal enjoying majority support in Assembly

Himachal Pradesh [2]
15 December 1992
3 December 1993
7002353000000000000♠353 days
Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan in Uttar Pradesh.

Jammu and Kashmir [1]
26 March 1977
9 July 1977
7002105000000000000♠105 days
Sheikh Abdullah led National Conference government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party

Jammu and Kashmir [2]
6 March 1986
7 November 1986
7002246000000000000♠246 days
Loss of majority

Jammu and Kashmir [3]
19 January 1990
9 October 1996
7003245500000000000♠6 years, 264 days
Insurgency and break down of law and order.

Jammu and Kashmir [4]
18 October 2002
2 November 2002
7001150000000000000♠15 days
Indecisive outcome of elections.

Jammu and Kashmir [5]
11 July 2008
5 January 2009
7002178000000000000♠178 days
Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM Gulam Nabi Azad's decision to transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage led to PDP pulling out of coalation Govt.

Jammu and Kashmir [6]
9 January 2015
1 March 2015
7001510000000000000♠51 days
Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.[14]

Jammu and Kashmir [7]
8 January 2016
4 April 2016
7001870000000000000♠87 days
Death of Chief minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed

Jharkhand [1]
19 January 2009
29 December 2009
7002344000000000000♠344 days
Loss of Majority

Jharkhand [2]
1 June 2010
11 September 2010
7002102000000000000♠102 days
Loss of Majority

Jharkhand [3]
18 January 2013
12 July 2013
7002175000000000000♠175 days
Loss of Majority. BJP's ruling coalition partner JMM withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister Arjun Munda resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.[15]

Karnataka [1]
19 March 1971
20 March 1972
7002367000000000000♠1 year, 1 day
Loss of Majority

Karnataka [2]
31 December 1977
28 February 1978
7001590000000000000♠59 days
Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM Devraj Urs enjoying majority support in Assembly

Karnataka [3]
21 April 1989
30 November 1989
7002223000000000000♠223 days
Loss of majority of CM S. R. Bommai, followed by dissolution of Assembly. On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors.

Karnataka [4]
10 October 1990
17 October 1990
7000700000000000000♠7 days
Government of Veerendra Patil dismissed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and state was placed under President's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected

Karnataka [5]
9 October 2007
11 November 2007
7001330000000000000♠33 days
Loss of majority

Karnataka [6]
20 November 2007
27 May 2008
7002189000000000000♠189 days
Loss of majority

Kerala [1]
31 July 1959
22 February 1960
7002206000000000000♠206 days
Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM EMS Namboodiripad enjoying majority support in Assembly

Kerala [2]
10 September 1964
6 March 1967
7002907000000000000♠2 years, 177 days
Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections

Kerala [3]
1 August 1970
4 October 1970
7001640000000000000♠64 days
Loss of majority

Kerala [4]
1 December 1979
25 January 1980
7001550000000000000♠55 days
Loss of majority

Madhya Pradesh [1]
29 April 1977
25 June 1977
7001570000000000000♠57 days
Government dismissed in spite of Shyama Charan Shukla enjoying majority support in Assembly

Madhya Pradesh [2]
18 February 1980
8 June 1980
7002111000000000000♠111 days
Government dismissed in spite of Sundar Lal Patwa enjoying majority support in Assembly

Madhya Pradesh [3]
15 December 1992
7 December 1993
7002357000000000000♠357 days
Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.

Maharashtra [1]
17 February 1980
8 June 1980
7002112000000000000♠112 days
Govt. dismissed in spite of Sharad Pawar enjoying majority support in the Assembly

Maharashtra [2]
28 September 2014
31 October 2014
7001330000000000000♠33 days
Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies NCP and Others.

Manipur [1]
12 January 1967
19 March 1967
7001660000000000000♠66 days
First Elections to Manipur Union Territory Assembly held.

Manipur [2]
25 October 1967
18 February 1968
7002116000000000000♠116 days
Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.

Manipur [3]
17 October 1969
22 March 1972
7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days
Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order

Manipur [4]
28 March 1973
3 March 1974
7002340000000000000♠340 days
President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government

Manipur [5]
16 May 1977
28 June 1977
7001430000000000000♠43 days
Collapse of Government following defections

Manipur [6]
14 November 1979
13 January 1980
7001600000000000000♠60 days
Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.

Manipur [7]
28 February 1981
18 June 1981
7002110000000000000♠110 days
Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.

Manipur [8]
7 January 1992
7 April 1992
7001910000000000000♠91 days
Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. President's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.

Manipur [9]
31 December 1993
13 December 1994
7002347000000000000♠347 days
1000 persons died in Naga-Kuki clashes and continued violence

Manipur [10]
2 June 2001
6 March 2002
7002277000000000000♠277 days
Loss of majority

Meghalaya [1]
11 October 1991
5 February 1992
7002117000000000000♠117 days
The Centre imposed President's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker PR Kyndiah suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.[16]

Meghalaya [2]
18 March 2009
12 May 2009
7001550000000000000♠55 days
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Donkupar Roy

Mizoram [1]
11 May 1977
1 June 1978
7002386000000000000♠1 year, 21 days
Mizo Union Ministry led by Chief Minister Chhunga resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks. see Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response, By S. P. Sinha, Page 95

Mizoram [2]
10 November 1978
8 May 1979
7002179000000000000♠179 days
Chief Minister Sailo's refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of President's rule. see Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response, By S. P. Sinha, Page 96-97

Mizoram [3]
7 September 1988
24 January 1989
7002139000000000000♠139 days
Defections reduced the Government to minority

Nagaland [1]
20 March 1975
25 November 1977
7002981000000000000♠2 years, 250 days
Defections and counter defections led to imposition of President's rule

Nagaland [2]
7 August 1988
25 January 1989
7002171000000000000♠171 days
The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the Hokishe Sema-led Congress government was reduced to a minority. The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994.

Nagaland [3]
2 April 1992
22 February 1993
7002326000000000000♠326 days
Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation

Nagaland [4]
3 January 2008
12 March 2008
7001690000000000000♠69 days
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Neiphiu Rio

Orissa [1]
25 February 1961
23 June 1961
7002118000000000000♠118 days
Harekrishna Mahtab led Congress-Gantantra Parishad Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President’s Rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.

Orissa [2]
11 January 1971
3 April 1971
7001820000000000000♠82 days
Break-up of coalition

Orissa [3]
3 March 1973
6 March 1974
7002368000000000000♠1 year, 3 days
Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.

Orissa [4]
16 December 1976
29 December 1976
7001130000000000000♠13 days
Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of President's rule.

Orissa [5]
30 April 1977
26 June 1977
7001570000000000000♠57 days
Government dismissed in spite of Binayak Acharya enjoying majority support in Assembly

Orissa [6]
17 February 1980
9 June 1980
7002113000000000000♠113 days
Government dismissed in spite of Nilamani Routray enjoying majority support in Assembly

Patiala and East Punjab States Union [1]
5 March 1953
8 March 1954
7002368000000000000♠1 year, 3 days
President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union ) State when the Akali Dal government, led by Gian Singh Rarewala, was dismissed

Pondicherry [1]
18 September 1968
17 March 1969
7002180000000000000♠180 days
Assembly was dissolved and President's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.

Pondicherry [2]
3 January 1974
6 March 1974
7001620000000000000♠62 days
Assembly dissolved after fall of DMK government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed ADMK.

Pondicherry [3]
28 March 1974
2 July 1977
7003119200000000000♠3 years, 96 days
Fall of coalition government of ADMK, Congress(O)following division of votes by Congress(R) and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved.

Pondicherry [4]
12 November 1978
16 January 1980
7002430000000000000♠1 year, 65 days
Fall of government due to political instability

Pondicherry [5]
24 June 1983
16 March 1985
7002631000000000000♠1 year, 265 days
Government dismissed following withdrawal of Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.

Pondicherry [6]
4 March 1991
3 July 1991
7002121000000000000♠121 days
DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly

Punjab [1]
20 June 1951
17 April 1952
7002302000000000000♠302 days
Pandit Nehru kept the Punjab Assembly in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.

Punjab [2]
5 July 1966
1 November 1966
7002119000000000000♠119 days
State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana

Punjab [3]
23 August 1968
17 February 1969
7002178000000000000♠178 days
Break-up of coalition

Punjab [4]
14 June 1971
17 March 1972
7002277000000000000♠277 days
Following poor performance in March, 1971 Lok Sabha Elections, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature.

Punjab [5]
30 April 1977
20 June 1977
7001510000000000000♠51 days
Government dismissed in spite of Giani Zail Singh enjoying majority support in Assembly

Punjab [6]
17 February 1980
6 June 1980
7002110000000000000♠110 days
Government dismissed in spite of Parkash Singh Badal enjoying majority support in Assembly

Punjab [7]
10 October 1983
29 September 1985
7002720000000000000♠1 year, 354 days
Insurgency and breakdown of law and order

Punjab [8]
11 June 1987
25 February 1992
7003172000000000000♠4 years, 259 days
Insurgency and breakdown of law and order

Rajasthan [1]
13 March 1967
26 April 1967
7001440000000000000♠44 days
Indecisive outcome of elections

Rajasthan [2]
29 April 1977
22 June 1977
7001540000000000000♠54 days
Government dismissed in spite of Hari Dev Joshi enjoying majority support in Assembly

Rajasthan [3]
16 February 1980
6 June 1980
7002111000000000000♠111 days
Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly

Rajasthan [4]
15 December 1992
4 December 1993
7002354000000000000♠354 days
Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly

Sikkim [1]
18 August 1978
18 October 1979
7002426000000000000♠1 year, 61 days
Loss of majority following split in Kazi Lhendup Dorji led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.

Sikkim [2]
25 May 1984
8 March 1985
7002287000000000000♠287 days
Congress Government formed following induced collapse of Nar Bahadur Bandari Sikkim Janata Parishad Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.

Tamil Nadu [1]
31 January 1976
30 June 1977
7002516000000000000♠1 year, 150 days
Government dismissed in spite of Karunanidhi enjoying majority support in Assembly

Tamil Nadu [2]
17 February 1980
6 June 1980
7002110000000000000♠110 days
Government dismissed in spite of M G Ramachandran enjoying majority support in Assembly

Tamil Nadu [3]
30 January 1988
27 January 1989
7002363000000000000♠363 days
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Janaki Ramachandran

Tamil Nadu [4]
30 January 1991
24 June 1991
7002145000000000000♠145 days
Government headed by M. Karunanidhi dismissed by Prime Minister Chandrashekhar on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the then Governor Barnala's report and enjoying majority support in the Assembly.[17]

Travancore-Cochin [1]
23 March 1956
5 April 1957
7002378000000000000♠1 year, 13 days
Loss of majority following split in Congress Party

Tripura [1]
1 November 1971
20 March 1972
7002140000000000000♠140 days
In the backdrop of refugee influx due to Bangladesh Liberation War, split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, President's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently.

Tripura [2]
5 November 1977
5 January 1978
7001610000000000000♠61 days
Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment

Tripura [3]
11 March 1993
10 April 1993
7001300000000000000♠30 days
Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.

Uttar Pradesh [1]
25 February 1968
26 February 1969
7002367000000000000♠1 year, 1 day
Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.

Uttar Pradesh [2]
1 October 1970
18 October 1970
7001170000000000000♠17 days
Charan Singh Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.

Uttar Pradesh [3]
13 June 1973
8 November 1973
7002148000000000000♠148 days
Chief Minister resigned as a result of the 1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt.

Uttar Pradesh [4]
30 November 1975
21 January 1976
7001520000000000000♠52 days
Congress Government of H N Bahuguna tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.

Uttar Pradesh [5]
30 April 1977
23 June 1977
7001540000000000000♠54 days
Government dismissed in spite of N D Tiwari enjoying majority support in Assembly

Uttar Pradesh [6]
17 February 1980
9 June 1980
7002113000000000000♠113 days
Government dismissed in spite of Banarasi Das enjoying majority support in Assembly

Uttar Pradesh [7]
6 December 1992
4 December 1993
7002363000000000000♠363 days
Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan

Uttar Pradesh [8]
18 October 1995
21 March 1997
7002520000000000000♠1 year, 154 days
Loss of Majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections

Uttar Pradesh [9]
8 March 2002
3 May 2002
7001560000000000000♠56 days
Indecisive outcome of elections.

Uttarakhand [1]
27 March 2016
21 April 2016
7001250000000000000♠25 days
Collapse of CM Harish Rawat's ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case, Uttarakhand High Court declared the President's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.[18]

Uttarakhand [2]
22 April 2016
11 May 2016
7001190000000000000♠19 days
Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the President's rule in the state.

Vindhya Pradesh [1]
8 April 1949
13 March 1952
7003107000000000000♠2 years, 340 days
President's rule was imposed in the erstwhile Vindya Pradesh State when Chief Minister resigned. President's rule was revoked following independent India's first general elections.

West Bengal [1]
1 July 1962
8 July 1962
7000700000000000000♠7 days
Interim Period between death of incumbent Chief Minister and election of new leader.

West Bengal [2]
20 February 1968
25 February 1969
7002371000000000000♠1 year, 5 days
State placed under President's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.

West Bengal [3]
19 March 1970
2 April 1971
7002379000000000000♠1 year, 14 days
Collapse of United Front Coalition between Bangla Congress and CPI(M)

West Bengal [4]
28 June 1971
19 March 1972
7002265000000000000♠265 days
Collapse of United Front Coalition between Bangla Congress and CPI(M)