document_title: Education in France

question_text: when does the school year start in france

text: Education in France

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While the French trace the development of their educational system to Napoléon, the modern era of French education begins at the end of the nineteenth century. Jules Ferry, a Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern school (l'école républicaine) by requiring all children between the ages of 6 and 12, both boys and girls, to attend. He also made public instruction mandatory, free of charge, and secular (laïque). With these laws, known as French Lubbers, Jules Ferry laws, and several others, the Third Republic repealed most of the Falloux Laws of 1850–1851, which gave an important role to the clergy.

text: Governance[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: All educational programmes in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education (officially called Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse et de la Vie associative). The head of the ministry is the Minister of National Education.

text: The teachers in public primary and secondary schools are all state civil servants, making the ministère the largest employer in the country. Professors and researchers in France's universities are also employed by the state.

text:
Zone
Académies/Cites

A
Besançon, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Limoges, Lyon, Poitiers

B
Aix-Marseille, Amiens, Caen, Lille, Nancy-Metz, Nantes, Nice, Orléans-Tours, Reims, Rennes, Rouen, Strasbourg

C
Créteil, Montpellier, Paris, Toulouse, Versailles

text: At the primary and secondary levels, the curriculum is the same for all French students in any given grade, which includes public, semi-public and subsidised institutions. However, there exist specialised sections and a variety of options that students can choose. The reference for all French educators is the Bulletin officiel de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (B.O.) which lists all current programmes and teaching directives. It is amended many times every year.[1]

text: School year[edit]

text: In Metropolitan France, the school year runs from early September to early July. The school calendar is standardised throughout the country and is the sole domain of the ministry.

text: In May, schools need time to organise exams (for example, the baccalauréat). Outside Metropolitan France, the school calendar is set by the local recteur.

text: Major holiday breaks are as follows:

text:
All Saints (la Toussaint), two weeks (since 2012) around the end of October and the beginning of November;
Christmas (Noël), two weeks around Christmas Day and New Year's Day;
winter (hiver), two weeks starting in mid February;
spring (printemps) or Easter (Pâques), two weeks starting in mid April;
summer (été), two months starting in early July. (mid-June for high school students).

text: Primary school[edit]

text: Schooling in France is mandatory from age 6. Most parents start sending their children at age 3, at kindergarten classes (maternelle), which are usually affiliated to a borough's primary school. Some even start earlier at age 2 in pré-maternelle or très petite section classes, which are essentially daycare centres. The last year of kindergarten, grande section ("big form") is an important step in the educational process, as it is the year in which pupils are introduced to reading.

text: After kindergarten, the young students move on to the école élémentaire (literally the "elementary school"). It is in the first year that they will learn to write and develop their reading skills. Much akin to other educational systems, French primary school students usually have a single teacher (or perhaps two) who teaches the complete curriculum, such as French, mathematics, science and humanities to name a few. Note that the French word for a teacher at the primary school level is maître, or its feminine form maîtresse (previously called instituteur, or its feminine form institutrice).

text: Children stay in elementary school for 5 years until they are 10–11 years-old. The classes are named : CP (cours préparatoire), CE1 (cours élémentaire 1), CE2 (cours élémentaire 2), CM1 (cours moyen 1) and CM2 (cours moyen 2). [2]

text: Middle school and high school[edit]

text: After primary school, two educational stages follow:

text:
collèges (middle school), which cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 15.
lycées (high school), which provide a three-year course of further secondary education for children between the ages of 15 and 18. Pupils are prepared for the baccalauréat (baccalaureate, colloquially known as le bac). The baccalauréat can lead to higher education studies or directly to professional life.

text: International education[edit]

text: As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)[3] listed France as having 105 international schools.[4] ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country’s national curriculum and is international in its orientation."[4] This definition is used by publications including The Economist.[5]

text: France has its own international school regulator, the AEFE (Association de l'éducation Francaise a l'étranger).

text: Higher education[edit]

text: Higher education in France is organized in three levels, which correspond to those of other European countries, facilitating international mobility: the Licence and Licence Professionnelle (bachelor's degrees), and the Master's and Doctorat degrees.[citation needed] The Licence and the Master are organized in semesters: 6 for the Licence and 4 for the Master.[6][7] These levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (Unités d’Enseignement or Modules), each worth a defined number of European credits (ECTS); a student accumulates these credits, which are generally transferable between paths.[citation needed] A Licence is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained; a Master is awarded once 120 additional credits have been obtained.[6][7]

text: Licence and master's degrees are offered within specific domaines and carry a specific mention. Spécialités which are either research-oriented or professionally oriented during the second year of the Master. There are also Professional Licences whose objective is immediate job integration. It is possible to later return to school through continuing education or to validate professional experience (through VAE, Validation des Acquis de l’Expérience[8]).

text: Higher education in France is divided between grandes écoles and public universities. The grandes écoles admit the graduates of the level Baccalauréat + 2 years of validated study (or sometimes directly after the Baccalauréat) whereas universities admit all graduates of the Baccalauréat.

text: A striking trait of French higher education, compared with other countries, is the small size and multiplicity of establishments, each specialised in a more-or-less broad spectrum of areas. A middle-sized French city, such as Grenoble or Nancy, may have 2 or 3 universities (focused on science or sociological studies) and also a number of engineering and other establishments specialised higher education. In Paris and its suburbs there are 13 universities, none of which is specialised in one area or another, and a large number of smaller institutions that are highly specialised.

text: It is not uncommon for graduate teaching programmes (master's degrees, the course part of PhD programmes etc.) to be operated in common by several institutions, allowing the institutions to present a larger variety of courses.

text: In engineering schools and the professional degrees of universities, a large share of the teaching staff is often made up of non-permanent professors; instead, part-time professors are hired to teach one only specific subject. The part-time professors are generally hired from neighbouring universities, research institutes or industries.

text: Another original feature of the French higher education system is that a large share of the scientific research is carried out by research establishments such as CNRS or INSERM, which are not formally part of the universities. However, in most cases, the research units of those establishments are located inside universities (or other higher education establishments) and jointly operated by the research establishment and the university.

text: Tuition costs[edit]

text: Since higher education is funded by the state, the fees are very low; the tuition varies from €150 to €700 depending on the university and the different levels of education. (licence, master, doctorate). One can therefore get a master's degree (in 5 years) for about €750-3,500. Additionally, students from low-income families can apply for scholarships, paying nominal sums for tuition or textbooks, and can receive a monthly stipend of up to €450 per month.

text: The tuition in public engineering schools is comparable to universities, albeit a little higher (around €700). However it can reach €7000 a year for private engineering schools, and some business schools, which are all private or partially private, charge up to €15000 a year.

text: Health insurance for students is free until the age of 20 so only the costs of living and books have to be added. After the age of 20, the health insurance for students costs €200 a year and cover most of the medical expenses.

text: Some public schools have other ways of gaining money. Some do not receive sufficient funds from the government for class trips and other extra activities and so these schools may ask for a small (optional) entrance fee for new students.

text: Universities in France[edit]

text: The public universities in France are named after the major cities near which they are located, followed by a numeral if there are several. Paris, for example, has thirteen universities, labelled Paris I to XIII. Some of these are not in Paris itself, but in the suburbs. In addition, most of the universities have taken a more informal name which is usually that of a famous person or a particular place. Sometimes, it is also a way to honor a famous alumnus, for example the science university in Strasbourg is known as "Université Louis Pasteur" while its official name is "Université Strasbourg I" (however, since 2009, the three universities of Strasbourg have been merged).

text: The French system has undergone a reform, the Bologna process, which aims at creating European standards for university studies, most notably a similar time-frame everywhere, with three years devoted to the bachelor's degree ("licence" in French), two for the Master's, and three for the doctorate. French universities have also adopted the ECTS credit system (for example, a licence is worth 180 credits). However the traditional curriculum based on end of semester examinations still remains in place in most universities. This double standard has added complexity to a system which also remains quite rigid. It is difficult to change a major during undergraduate studies without losing a semester or even a whole year. Students usually also have few course selection options once they enroll in a particular diploma.

text: France also hosts various branch colleges of foreign universities. These include Baruch College, the University of London Institute in Paris, Parsons Paris School of Art and Design and the American University of Paris.

text: Grandes écoles[edit]

text: The grandes écoles of France are elite higher-education establishments. They are generally focused on a single subject area (e.g., engineering or business), have a small size (typically between 100 and 300 graduates per year), and are highly selective. They are widely regarded as prestigious,[9][10] and most of France's scientists and executives have graduated from a grande école.

text: National rankings are published every year by various magazines.[11][12][13][14] While these rankings slightly vary from year to year, the top grandes écoles have been very stable for decades:

text:
science and engineering: Écoles Normales Supérieures, Ecole Polytechnique, Mines ParisTech, ISAE-Supaéro and CentraleSupélec;
humanities: three Écoles Normales Supérieures and Ecole des Chartes;
business: HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Europe, EMLyon, Audencia and EDHEC;[15]
administration and political sciences: ENA and Sciences Po.

text: Preparatory classes (CPGEs)[edit]

text: The Preparatory classes (in French "classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles" or CPGE), widely known as prépas, is a prep course with the main goal of training students for enrollment in a grande école. Admission to CPGEs is based on performance during the last two years of high school, called Première and Terminale. Only 5% of a generation is admitted to a prépa. CPGEs are usually located within high schools but pertain to tertiary education, which means that each student must have successfully passed their Baccalauréat (or equivalent) to be admitted in a CPGE. Each CPGE receives applications from hundreds of applicants worldwide[citation needed] every year in April and May, and selects students based on its own criteria. A few CPGEs, mainly the private ones (which account for 10% of CPGEs), also have an interview process or look at a student's involvement in the community.

text: The ratio of CPGE students who fail to enter any grande école is lower in scientific and business CPGEs than in humanities CPGEs.

text: Scientific CPGEs[edit]

text: The oldest CPGEs are the scientific ones, which can only be accessed by scientific Bacheliers. Scientific CPGE are called TSI ("Technology and Engineering Science"), MPSI ("Mathematics, Physics and Engineering Science"), PCSI ("Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering Science") or PTSI ("Physics, Technology, and Engineering Science") in the first year, MP ("Mathematics and Physics"), PSI ("Physics and Engineering Science"), PC ("Physics and Chemistry") or PT ("Physics and Technology") in the second year and BCPST ("Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Life and Earth Sciences").

text: First year CPGE students are called the "Math Sup"—or Hypotaupe—(Sup for "Classe de Mathématiques Supérieures", superior in French, meaning post-high school), and second years "Math Spé"—or Taupe—(Spés standing for "Classe de Mathématiques Spéciales", special in French). The students of these classes are called Taupins. Both the first and second year programmes include as much as sixteen hours of mathematics teaching per week, ten hours of physics, two hours of philosophy, two to four hours of (one or two) foreign languages teaching and two to three hours of minor options: either SI, Engineering Industrial Science or Theoretical Computer Science (including some programming using the Pascal or CaML programming languages, as a practical work). With this is added several hours of homework, which can rise as much as the official hours of class. A known joke among those students is that they are becoming moles for two years, sometimes three. This is actually the origin of the nicknames taupe and taupin (taupe being the French word for a mole).

text: Business CPGEs[edit]

text: There are also CPGE which are focused on economics (who prepare the admission in business schools). These are known as "Prépa EC" (short for Economiques et Commerciales) and are divided into two parts ("prépa EC spe mathematics", generally for those who graduated the scientific baccalaureat and "prépa EC spe éco", for those who were in the economics section in high school).

text: Humanities CPGEs (Hypokhâgne and Khâgne)[edit]

text: The literary and humanities CPGEs have also their own nicknames, Hypokhâgne for the first year and Khâgne for the second year. The students are called the khâgneux. These classes prepare for schools such as the three Écoles Normales Supérieures, the Ecole des Chartes, and sometimes Sciences Po.

text: There are two kinds of Khâgnes. The Khâgne de Lettres is the most common, and focuses on philosophy, French literature, history and languages. The Khâgne de Lettres et Sciences Sociales (Literature and Social Sciences), otherwise called Khâgne B/L, also includes mathematics and socio-economic sciences in addition to those literary subjects.

text: The students of Hypokhâgne and Khâgne (the humanities CPGE) are simultaneously enrolled in universities, and can go back to university in case of failure or if they feel unable to pass the highly competitive entrance examinations for the Écoles Normales Supérieures.

text: Colles[edit]

text: The amount of work required of the students is exceptionally high. In addition to class time and homework, students spend several hours each week completing exams called colles (sometimes written 'khôlles' to look like a Greek word, this way of writing being initially a khâgneux's joke[clarification needed]). The colles are unique to French academic education in CPGEs.

text: In scientific and business CPGEs, colles consist of oral examinations twice a week, in French, foreign languages (usually English, German, or Spanish), maths, physics, philosophy, or geopolitics — depending on the type of CPGE. Students, usually in groups of three or four, spend an hour facing a professor alone in a room, answering questions and solving problems.

text: In humanities CPGEs, colles are usually taken every quarter in every subject. Students have one hour to prepare a short presentation that takes the form of a French-style dissertation (a methodologically codified essay, typically structured in 3 parts: thesis, counter-thesis, and synthesis) in history, philosophy, etc. on a given topic, or the form of a commentaire composé (a methodologically codified commentary) in literature and foreign languages. In Ancient Greek or Latin, they involve a translation and a commentary. The student then has 20 minutes to present his/her work to the teacher, who finally asks some questions on the presentation and on the corresponding topic.

text: Colles are regarded as very stressful, particularly due to the high standards expected by the teachers, and the subsequent harshness that may be directed at students who do not perform adequately. But they are important insofar as they prepare the students, from the very first year, for the oral part of the highly competitive examinations, which are reserved for the happy few who successfully pass the written part.

text: Recruitment of teachers[edit]

text: Decades ago[when?], primary school teachers were educated in Ecoles Normales and secondary teachers recruited through the "Agrégation" examination. The situation has been diversified by the introduction in the 1950s of the CAPES examination for secondary teachers and in the 1990s by the institution of "Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres" (IUFM), which have recently been renamed Écoles Supérieures du Professorat et de l’Éducation (ESPE). University teachers are recruited by special commissions, and are divided between:

text:
"teachers-researchers" (enseignants-chercheurs), with at least a doctorate: they teach classes and conduct research in their field of expertise with a full tenure. They are either Maître de Conférences (Senior lecturers), or Professeurs (Professors). Only a Professor can be the director of studies for a PhD student. The net pay is from 2300 to 8800 (with extra duties) euros per month. Net salaries of over 4000 euros per month (2011 level) are however very unusual, and limited to the small minority of teacher-researchers who have held the grade of first class full professor for at least seven years, which is rare. The maximum possible net salary for second-class full professors and chief senior lecturers (maître de conférence hors classe)—the end of career status for most full-time teacher-researchers in French universities—is 3760 Euros a month (2011)—and only a minority of this group ever reach this level.
Secondary school teachers who have been permanently assigned away from their original school position to teach in a university. They are not required to conduct any research but teach twice as many hours as the "teachers-researchers". They are called PRAG (professeurs agrégés) and PRCE (professeurs certifiés). Their weekly service is 15 or 18 hours. The net pay is from 1400 to 3900 euros per month.
CPGE teachers are usually "agrégés" or "chaire sup", assigned by the Inspection Général according to their qualifications and competitive exam rank as well as other factors. Their weekly service is about 9 hours a week, 25 or 33 weeks a year. Net pay : from 2000 to 7500 euro (extra hours)
Primary school and kindergarten teachers (Professeurs des écoles), educated in "Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres" (IUFM), have usually a "master" (Bac+5). Their weekly service is about 28 hours a week.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religious instruction is not given by public schools (except for 6- to 18-year-old students in Alsace-Moselle under the Concordat of 1801). Laïcité (secularism) is one of the main precepts of the French republic.

text: In a March 2004 ruling, the French government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and other public institutions with the intent of preventing proselytisation and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnic groups. Some religious groups showed their opposition, saying the law hindered the freedom of religion as protected by the French constitution.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: The French Republic has 67 million inhabitants, living in the 13 regions of metropolitan France and four overseas departments (2.7 million). Despite the fact that the population is growing (up 0.4% a year), the proportion of young people under 25 is falling. There are now[when?] fewer than 19 million young people in metropolitan France, or 32% of the total population, compared with 40% in the 1970s and 35% at the time of the 190 census. France is seeing a slow aging of the population—less marked however than in other neighbouring countries (such as Germany and Italy), especially as the annual number of births is currently increasing slightly.

text: Eighteen million pupils and students, i.e. a quarter of the population, are in the education system. Of these, over 2.4 million are in higher education.[16] The French Education Minister reported in 2000 that 39 out of 75,000 state schools were "seriously violent" and 300 were "somewhat violent".[17]


document_title: Madagascar (2005 film)

question_text: who does the voice of alex the lion in madagascar

root

text: Madagascar (2005 film)

text: Plot

text: At the Central Park Zoo, Marty the zebra is celebrating his tenth birthday, but has grown bored with his daily routine and longs to experience the wild. Marty's best friend is Alex the lion, who enjoys showing off for the public and his celebrity status as "the King of New York City". Alex attempts to cheer Marty up, but Marty, still unsatisfied, gets some tips from the zoo's penguins—Skipper, Kowalski, Rico, and Private—who are trying to escape the zoo, and follows them out. Alex, Melman the giraffe, and Gloria the hippopotamus pursue Marty in an attempt to convince him to return. The four, along with the penguins and two chimpanzees named Mason and Phil, find themselves at Grand Central Station, where they are quickly sedated via tranquillizer gun when Alex's attempt to communicate with humans is mistaken for aggression. The zoo, under pressure from anti-captivity activists, is forced to ship the escaped animals by sea to a Kenyan wildlife preserve. During their travels, the penguins escape from their enclosure and take over the ship, intent on taking it to Antarctica. Their antics on the bridge cause the crates containing Alex, Marty, Melman, and Gloria to fall overboard and wash ashore on Madagascar, because the strap securing the crates broke off due to Alex and Marty fighting.

tag: p

text: The animals are soon able to regroup, initially believing themselves to be at the San Diego Zoo. Upon exploring, however, they come across a pack of lemurs, led by King Julien XIII the ring-tailed lemur, and learn their true location. Alex blames Marty for their predicament and attempts to signal for help to get back to civilization. Marty, on the other hand, finds the wild to be exactly what he was looking for, with Gloria and Melman soon joining him in enjoying the island. Alex eventually comes around, but, deprived from the raw steaks he was provided with at the zoo, his prey drive begins to show as hunger kicks in. The group is accepted by the lemurs, though King Julien's adviser, Maurice the aye-aye, cautions them about Alex's predatory nature. King Julien ignores Maurice's concerns and persuades the group to help the lemurs fend off the fossa, who hunt the lemurs as prey. While Alex initially scares the fossa away and is worshiped by the lemurs, later, compelled by hunger, he attacks Marty. Realizing that Alex is now a threat, King Julien banishes him to the far side of the island where the fossa live. Seeing what has happened to Alex, and how difficult it is to survive with so many predators around the island, Marty begins to regret his decision to leave the zoo.

text: The penguins, having been to Antarctica and found that it wasn't what they had in mind, land the ship at Madagascar. Seeing this as a chance to return Alex to New York, Marty rushes after his friend against the wishes of Melman and Gloria. Marty attempts to convince the now grizzled, starving Alex to return, but Alex refuses out of fear of attacking Marty again. The penguins, Gloria, and Melman go to find Marty, but are trapped by the fossa. At the last minute, Alex overcomes his predatory instincts and scares the fossa away from the lemur territory forever. The lemurs regain their respect for Alex, and the penguins help him satisfy his hunger through sushi. As the lemurs throw a farewell celebration for the foursome, the penguins decide not to break the news that the ship has run out of fuel.

text: Cast

text:
Ben Stiller as Alex, a lion. Tom McGrath explained that "Ben Stiller was the first actor we asked to perform, and we knew we wanted his character, Alex, to be a big performing lion with a vulnerable side."[2]
Chris Rock as Marty, a zebra. McGrath explained the character: "Marty is a guy who thinks there might be more to life than what's in the zoo. We wanted his character to be energetic, so we listened to Chris Rock."[2]
David Schwimmer as Melman, a hypochondriac giraffe who is afraid of germs.[2] When they were looking for a voice actor for Melman, they listened to Schwimmer's voice on Friends and, according to McGrath, thought that it "sounded really neat."[2]
Jada Pinkett Smith as Gloria, a strong, confident, but sweet hippopotamus.[2] McGrath said that they found all these traits in Pinkett Smith's voice, when they listened to her.[2]
Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien XIII, a ring-tailed lemur and the king of the lemurs. King Julien was initially only meant to be a "two-line" character until auditioning Baron Cohen improvised eight minutes of dialogue in an Indian accent.[3]
Cedric the Entertainer as Maurice, an aye-aye and King Julien's royal advisor.
Andy Richter as Mort, a Goodman's mouse lemur.
Tom McGrath as Skipper, the leader of penguins. McGrath, who was also the film's co-director and co-writer, initially only lent his voice to the temporary tracks.[4][5] Growing up with films starring tough actors like John Wayne, Charlton Heston, and Robert Stack, McGrath wanted Stack for the voice of Skipper.[6] Stack was approached about voicing the character, but died two weeks before production on the animation began.[6][7][8] After that, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg decided to keep the temporary voice, with McGrath explaining: "People were used to me doing that voice. We knew it worked when we screened it."[6] Many character's traits were based on Stack's work.[8] McGrath especially emphasized The Untouchables, a 1959 television crime drama series starring Stack.[8]
Chris Miller as Kowalski, a penguin and Skipper's right hand.[4]
Jeffrey Katzenberg as Rico, a smart and silent penguin who is only expressed through grunts and squeals.[4] Mireille Soria, the film's producer, commented on Katzenberg's uncredited role: "The irony for us is that he's the one who doesn't talk. There's something very Dadaistic about that, isn't there?"[4]
Christopher Knights as Private, an eager, lowly penguin.[4] Knights was also an assistant editor on the film.[4]
Conrad Vernon as Mason, a chimpanzee (Phil, the other chimpanzee, is unvoiced)
Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath as the fossa
Eric Darnell and David P. Smith as lemurs
Elisa Gabrielli as Nana, an elderly New Yorker
Bob Saget as an unspecified off-screen zoo animal
David Cowgill as a police horse
Stephen Apostolina as a police officer

tag: ul

text: Release

text: Madagascar was released on DVD and VHS on November 15, 2005.[9] The DVD included a short animated film The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper, and a music video "I Like to Move It," featuring characters from the film dancing to the song.[10][11]

text: Reception

text: Critical reception

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 55% approval rating based on 178 reviews. The consensus reads: "Though its story is problematic in spots and its humor is hit-or-miss for the adult crowd, Madagascar boasts impressive visuals and enough spunky charm to keep children entertained."[12] On Metacritic, the film has 57% approval rating based on 36 reviews falling under the "Mixed or Average" category.[13]

text: Box office

text: Despite the mixed response from critics, the film was a commercial success. On its opening weekend, the film grossed $47,224,594 with a $11,431 average from 4,131 theaters making it the number 3 movie of that weekend behind Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and The Longest Yard.[14] However, the film managed to claim the top position in the U.S. box office the following week with a gross of $28,110,235.[15] In the United States, the film eventually grossed $193,595,521, and in foreign areas grossed $339,085,150 with a summative worldwide gross of $532,680,671.[16] As of December 2013, the film is the ninth highest-grossing DreamWorks animated feature in the U.S. behind Shrek 2, Shrek the Third, Shrek, Shrek Forever After, How to Train Your Dragon, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, Kung Fu Panda, and Monsters vs. Aliens.[17]

text: Awards

text: The film has won three awards and several nominations.[18]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

AFI's 10 Top 10
Animated

Nominated

Annie Award[18]
Best Animation

Nominated

Animated Effects
Matt Baer
Nominated

Animated Effects
Rick Glumac
Nominated

Animated Effects
Martin Usiak
Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Craig Kellman
Nominated

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Hans Zimmer
Nominated

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Yoriko Ito
Nominated

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Tom McGrath
Nominated

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Catherine Yuh Rader
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie

Won

tag: table

text: In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list.[19]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Madagascar

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
May 26, 2005

Genre
Soundtrack, disco, new-age

Length
31:27

Label
Geffen

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Best Friends"
Hans Zimmer, Heitor Pereira, Ryeland Allison & James S. Levine

2:24

2.
"I Like to Move It"
Erick Morillo & Mark H. Quashie
Erick Morillo (Instrumental)
Sacha Baron Cohen (Vocals)
3:51

3.
"Hawaii Five-O"
Morton Stevens
The Ventures
1:49

4.
"Boogie Wonderland"
Allee Willis & Jonathan G. Lind
Earth, Wind & Fire
4:49

5.
"Whacked Out Conspiracy"
James Dooley

2:16

6.
"Chariots of Fire"
Evangelos Papathanassiou
Vangelis
3:29

7.
"Stayin' Alive"
Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb & Robin Gibb
the Bee Gees
4:44

8.
"Zoosters Breakout"
Hans Zimmer

1:39

9.
"Born Free"
John Barry

1:24

10.
"The Fossa Attack"
Heitor Pereira

0:37

11.
"Beacon of Liberty"
Hans Zimmer & James S. Levine

2:09

12.
"What a Wonderful World"
Bob Thiele & George David Weiss
Louis Armstrong
2:16

Total length:
31:27

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text: A sequel titled Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa was released on November 7, 2008, and picked up right where the first one left off, with the same voice cast. A second sequel, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, was released on June 8, 2012. A short film called The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper was released with the Madagascar DVD, and was theatrically released with Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit in the United States. A 2009 spinoff series, The Penguins of Madagascar, premiered in March 2009 on Nickelodeon. It is the first Nicktoon to be produced by both Nickelodeon and DreamWorks. Merry Madagascar, a holiday special featuring characters from the film series, premiered on November 17, 2009 on NBC. Madly Madagascar, a Valentine's Day special featuring characters from the film series, was released on DVD on January 29, 2013. A spin-off film starring the Penguins was released on November 26, 2014 and a third sequel, Madagascar 4, was set for release on May 18, 2018, but it was removed from its schedule due to the studio's restructuring.[20]

text: Notes

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation.[21]

tag: ol


document_title: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

question_text: who has the most wins on the pga tour

question_tokens: who has the most wins on the pga tour

text: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

text: This is a list of golfers who have won five or more official (or later deemed as historically significant) money events on the PGA Tour[1][2]

text: The distinction between these two categories is important to understand as many players won important events early in the 20th century, well before a PGA Tour was officially established. The significance of many of these events was retrospectively established by golf historians, working together with PGA Tour staff, in the 1980s, during the course of a major statistical research project.[3]

text: The column for Major refers to so-called "Professional Majors". The U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were also considered to be majors for much of their history, but these championships are not considered here. Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold. During the last 30 years, only three players have won PGA Tour events after their 50th birthday. A golfer becomes eligible to compete on PGA Tour Champions, against other older players, at that age. Craig Stadler won in 2003 at age 50, Fred Funk won in 2007 at age 50, and Davis Love III won in 2015 at age 51. Sam Snead is the oldest to win a PGA event, at age 52, in 1965. Others who have won PGA Tour events past age 50 include Jim Barnes, John Barnum, and Art Wall, Jr. The rarity of golfers winning a non-senior event at that age is not restricted to the PGA Tour; Miguel Ángel Jiménez is the only golfer to win a European Tour event after turning 50, doing so in 2014.

text: Accumulating 20 wins is significant, because it is one of the requirements for "life membership" on the PGA Tour. This means that the golfer does not need to requalify for membership on the tour each year by finishing in the top 125 on the money list (starting in 2013, top 125 on the FedEx Cup points list), or through an exemption for tournament victories. Many golfers struggle to do this through their 40s, and go through a hiatus in their career before they qualify for the Champions Tour, but those with 20 wins avoid this problem. However, life members are required to maintain a certain (relatively modest) standard of play to retain their playing privileges: when they can no longer do so, they are moved into the "Past champions" membership category, effectively becoming honorary members.

text: Some of the players on this list have won numerous events on other tours, in particular many of the non-Americans. Seve Ballesteros, for example, is shown with only nine PGA Tour wins, but five of them majors. He won an additional 45 European Tour events. A substantial number of players born from approximately 1930 to 1960 have won many PGA Tour Champions events, with some having significantly more wins on the senior circuit than on the regular PGA Tour (notably Hale Irwin and Gil Morgan).

text: The PGA Tour recognized The Open Championship as an official tour event in 1995. In 2002, it decided to classify Open Championship victories before 1995 as PGA Tour wins, and the victory tallies in the table reflect this amendment. Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are indicated by H.

text: Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically. The list is complete as of November 4, 2017.

text:
Rank
Name
Lifespan
Country
Wins
Majors
Winning
span
Span
(years)

1
Snead, SamSam Snead H
1912–2002
 United States
82
7
1936–1965
30

2
Tiger Woods
1975–
 United States
79
14
1996–2013
18

3
Jack Nicklaus H
1940–
 United States
73
18
1962–1986
25

4
Ben Hogan H
1912–1997
 United States
64
9
1938–1959
22

5
Arnold Palmer H
1929–2016
 United States
62
7
1955–1973
19

6
Byron Nelson H
1912–2006
 United States
52
5
1935–1951
17

7
Billy Casper H
1931–2015
 United States
51
3
1956–1975
20

8
Walter Hagen H
1892–1969
 United States
45
11
1914–1936
23

9
Phil Mickelson H
1970–
 United States
42
5
1991–2013
23

10
Cary Middlecoff H
1921–1998
 United States
40
3
1945–1961
17

11
Gene Sarazen H
1902–1999
 United States
39
7
1922–1941
20

Tom Watson H
1949–
 United States
39
8
1974–1998
25

13
Lloyd Mangrum H
1914–1973
 United States
36
1
1940–1956
17

14
Vijay Singh H
1963–
 Fiji
34
3
1993–2008
16

15
Horton Smith H
1908–1963
 United States
32
2
1928–1941
14

16
Harry Cooper H
1904–2000
 United States
31
0
1923–1939
17

Jimmy Demaret H
1910–1983
 United States
31
3
1938–1957
20

18
Leo Diegel H
1899–1951
 United States
30
2
1920–1934
15

19
Gene Littler H
1930–
 United States
29
1
1954–1977
24

Paul Runyan H
1908–2002
 United States
29
2
1930–1941
12

Lee Trevino H
1939–
 United States
29
6
1968–1984
17

22
Henry Picard H
1906–1997
 United States
26
2
1932–1945
14

23
Tommy Armour H
1894–1968
 Scotland
 United States
25
3
1920–1938
19

Johnny Miller H
1947–
 United States
25
2
1971–1994
24

25
Gary Player H
1935–
 South Africa
24
9
1958–1978
21

Macdonald Smith
1892–1949
 Scotland
 United States
24
0
1924–1936
13

27
Johnny Farrell
1901–1988
 United States
22
1
1921–1936
16

Raymond Floyd H
1942–
 United States
22
4
1963–1992
30

29
Jim Barnes H
1886–1966
 England
21
4
1916–1937
22

Davis Love III H
1964–
 United States
21
1
1987–2015
29

Willie Macfarlane
1890–1961
 Scotland
 United States
21
1
1916–1936
21

Lanny Wadkins H
1949–
 United States
21
1
1972–1992
21

Craig Wood H
1901–1968
 United States
21
2
1928–1944
17

34
Hale Irwin H
1945–
 United States
20
3
1971–1994
24

Bill Mehlhorn
1898–1989
 United States
20
0
1923–1930
8

Greg Norman H
1955–
 Australia
20
2
1984–1997
14

Doug Sanders
1933–
 United States
20
0
1956–1972
17

38
Ben Crenshaw H
1952–
 United States
19
2
1973–1995
23

Ernie Els H
1969–
 South Africa
19
4
1994–2012
19

Doug Ford H
1922–
 United States
19
2
1952–1963
12

Hubert Green H
1946–
 United States
19
2
1971–1985
15

Tom Kite H
1949–
 United States
19
1
1976–1993
18

43
Julius Boros H
1920–1994
 United States
18
3
1952–1968
17

Jim Ferrier
1915–1986
 Australia
18
1
1944–1961
18

E.J. "Dutch" Harrison
1910–1982
 United States
18
0
1939–1958
20

Nick Price H
1957–
 Zimbabwe
18
3
1983–2002
20

Johnny Revolta
1911–1991
 United States
18
1
1933–1944
12

48
Bobby Cruickshank
1894–1975
 Scotland
17
0
1921–1936
16

Jim Furyk
1970–
 United States
17
1
1995–2015
21

Harold "Jug" McSpaden
1908–1996
 United States
17
0
1933–1945
13

Curtis Strange H
1955–
 United States
17
2
1979–1989
11

52
Jack Burke, Jr. H
1923–
 United States
16
2
1950–1963
14

Ralph Guldahl H
1911–1987
 United States
16
3
1931–1940
10

Dustin Johnson
1984–
 United States
16
1
2008–2017
10

Mark O'Meara H
1957–
 United States
16
2
1984–1998
15

Denny Shute H
1904–1974
 United States
16
3
1929–1939
11

Tom Weiskopf
1942–
 United States
16
1
1968–1982
15

58
Tommy Bolt H
1916–2008
 United States
15
1
1951–1961
11

Fred Couples H
1959–
 United States
15
1
1983–2003
21

Ed Dudley
1901–1963
 United States
15
0
1928–1939
12

Bobby Locke H
1917–1987
 South Africa
15
4
1947–1957
11

Corey Pavin
1959–
 United States
15
1
1984–2006
23

Mike Souchak
1927–2008
 United States
15
0
1955–1964
10

64
Bruce Crampton
1935–
 Australia
14
0
1961–1975
15

Jock Hutchison H
1884–1977
 Scotland
 United States
14
2
1918–1928
11

Kenny Perry
1960–
 United States
14
0
1991–2009
19

Hal Sutton
1958–
 United States
14
1
1982–2001
20

Joe Turnesa
1901–1991
 United States
14
0
1924–1933
10

Ken Venturi H
1931–2013
 United States
14
1
1957–1966
10

Art Wall, Jr.
1923–2001
 United States
14
1
1953–1975
23

71
George Archer
1939–2005
 United States
13
1
1965–1984
20

Billy Burke
1902–1972
 United States
13
1
1927–1940
14

Mark Calcavecchia
1960–
 United States
13
1
1986–2007
22

David Duval
1971–
 United States
13
1
1997–2001
5

Dave Hill
1937–2011
 United States
13
0
1961–1976
16

Joe Kirkwood, Sr.
1897–1970
 Australia
 United States
13
0
1923–1933
11

Bruce Lietzke
1951–
 United States
13
0
1977–1994
18

Rory McIlroy
1989–
 Northern Ireland
13
4
2010–2016
7

Craig Stadler
1953–
 United States
13
1
1980–2003
24

David Toms
1967–
 United States
13
1
1997–2011
15

Adam Scott
1980–
 Australia
13
1
2003–2016
14

82
Paul Azinger
1960–
 United States
12
1
1987–2000
14

Zach Johnson
1976–
 United States
12
2
2004–2015
12

Tony Lema
1934–1966
 United States
12
1
1962–1966
5

Justin Leonard
1972–
 United States
12
1
1996–2008
13

Wayne Levi
1952–
 United States
12
0
1978–1990
13

Bobby Nichols
1936–
 United States
12
1
1962–1974
13

Calvin Peete
1943–2015
 United States
12
0
1979–1986
8

Steve Stricker
1967–
 United States
12
0
1996–2012
17

90
Miller Barber
1931–2013
 United States
11
0
1964–1978
15

Andy Bean
1953–
 United States
11
0
1977–1986
10

Frank Beard
1939–
 United States
11
0
1963–1971
9

John Cook
1957–
 United States
11
0
1981–2001
21

Dow Finsterwald
1929–
 United States
11
1
1955–1963
9

Al Geiberger
1937–
 United States
11
1
1962–1979
18

Vic Ghezzi
1910–1976
 United States
11
1
1935–1948
14

Bob Goalby
1929–
 United States
11
1
1958–1971
14

Scott Hoch
1955–
 United States
11
0
1980–2003
24

Jordan Spieth
1993–
 United States
11
3
2013–2017
5

Payne Stewart H
1957–1999
 United States
11
3
1982–1999
18

101
Gay Brewer
1932–2007
 United States
10
1
1961–1972
12

Jason Day
1987–
 Australia
10
1
2010–2016
7

Olin Dutra
1901–1983
 United States
10
2
1929–1936
8

Steve Elkington
1962–
 Australia
10
1
1990–1999
10

David Frost
1959–
 South Africa
10
0
1988–1997
10

Sergio García
1980–
 Spain
10
1
2001–2017
17

Don January
1929–
 United States
10
1
1956–1976
21

Ky Laffoon
1908–1984
 United States
10
0
1933–1946
14

John Mahaffey
1948–
 United States
10
1
1973–1989
17

Mark McCumber
1951–
 United States
10
0
1979–1994
16

Dick Metz
1908–1993
 United States
10
0
1935–1949
15

Larry Nelson H
1947–
 United States
10
3
1979–1988
10

Dave Stockton
1941–
 United States
10
2
1967–1976
10

Fuzzy Zoeller
1951–
 United States
10
2
1979–1986
8

115
Stuart Appleby
1971–
 Australia
9
0
1997–2010
14

Seve Ballesteros H
1957–2011
 Spain
9
5
1978–1988
11

Mike Brady
1887–1972
 United States
9
0
1916–1926
11

Wiffy Cox
1896–1969
 United States
9
0
1930–1937
8

Al Espinosa
1891–1957
 United States
9
0
1924–1935
12

Nick Faldo H
1957–
 England
9
6
1984–1997
14

Johnny Golden
1896–1936
 United States
9
0
1927–1935
9

Jay Haas
1953–
 United States
9
0
1978–1993
16

Jimmy Hines
1903–1986
 United States
9
0
1933–1946
14

Bobby Jones H
1902–1971
 United States
9
7
1923–1930
8

Willie Klein
1901–1957
 United States
9
0
1922–1936
15

Bubba Watson
1978-
 United States
9
2
2010-2016
7

127
K. J. Choi
1970–
 South Korea
8
0
2002–2011
10

Jim Colbert
1941–
 United States
8
0
1969–1983
15

Roberto De Vicenzo H
1923–2017
 Argentina
8
1
1951–1968
18

Bruce Devlin
1937–
 Australia
8
0
1964–1972
9

Dave Douglas
1918–1978
 United States
8
0
1947–1954
8

Brad Faxon
1961–
 United States
8
0
1991–2005
15

Fred Funk
1956–
 United States
8
0
1992–2007
16

David Graham H
1946–
 Australia
8
2
1972–1983
12

Lee Janzen
1964–
 United States
8
2
1992–1998
7

Steve Jones
1958–
 United States
8
1
1988–1998
11

George Knudson
1937–1989
 Canada
8
0
1961–1972
12

Ted Kroll
1919–2002
 United States
8
0
1952–1962
11

Lawson Little H
1910–1968
 United States
8
1
1936–1948
13

Tony Manero
1905–1989
 United States
8
1
1929–1938
10

Geoff Ogilvy
1977–
 Australia
8
1
2005–2014
10

Ed Oliver
1916–1961
 United States
8
0
1940–1958
19

Jerry Pate
1953–
 United States
8
1
1976–1982
7

Loren Roberts
1955–
 United States
8
0
1994–2002
9

Chi-Chi Rodríguez H
1935–
 Puerto Rico
 United States
8
0
1963–1979
17

Justin Rose
1980–
 England
8
1
2010–2017
8

J. C. Snead
1940–
 United States
8
0
1971–1987
17

Brandt Snedeker
1980–
 United States
8
0
2007–2016
10

Bob Tway
1959–
 United States
8
1
1986–2003
18

Al Watrous
1899–1983
 United States
8
0
1922–1933
12

Mike Weir
1970–
 Canada
8
1
1999–2007
9

152
Jerry Barber
1916–1994
 United States
7
1
1953–1963
11

Mark Brooks
1961–
 United States
7
1
1988–1996
9

Clarence Clark
1907–1974
 United States
7
0
1931–1936
6

Gardner Dickinson
1927–1998
 United States
7
0
1956–1971
16

Bill Glasson
1960–
 United States
7
0
1985–1997
13

Retief Goosen
1969–
 South Africa
7
2
2001–2009
9

Clarence Hackney
1894–1941
 Scotland
 United States
7
0
1923–1931
9

Chick Harbert
1915–1992
 United States
7
1
1941–1954
14

Chandler Harper
1923–1997
 United States
7
1
1942–1955
14

Jay Hebert
1923–1997
 United States
7
1
1957–1961
5

John Huston
1961–
 United States
7
0
1990–2003
14

Peter Jacobsen
1954–
 United States
7
0
1980–2003
24

Matt Kuchar
1978–
 United States
7
0
2002–2014
13

Billy Maxwell
1929–
 United States
7
0
1955–1962
8

Dick Mayer
1924–1989
 United States
7
1
1953–1965
13

Gil Morgan
1946–
 United States
7
0
1977–1990
14

Johnny Palmer
1918–2006
 United States
7
0
1946–1954
9

Scott Simpson
1955–
 United States
7
1
1980–1998
19

Joey Sindelar
1958–
 United States
7
0
1985–2004
20

Justin Thomas
1993–
 United States
7
1
2015–2017
3

Harry Vardon H
1870–1937
 Jersey
7
7
1896–1914
19

Bert Yancey
1938–1994
 United States
7
0
1966–1972
7

174
Sammy Byrd
1906–1981
 United States
6
0
1942–1945
4

Bob Charles H
1936–
 New Zealand
6
1
1963–1974
12

Stewart Cink
1973–
 United States
6
1
1997–2009
13

Henry Ciuci
1903–1986
 United States
6
0
1928–1931
4

Ed Furgol
1917–1997
 United States
6
1
1947–1957
11

Bob Gilder
1950–
 United States
6
0
1976–1983
8

Lou Graham
1938–
 United States
6
1
1967–1979
13

Bill Haas
1982–
 United States
6
0
2010–2015
6

Paul Harney
1929–2011
 United States
6
0
1957–1972
16

Pádraig Harrington
1971–
 Ireland
6
3
2005–2015
11

Willie Hunter
1892–1968
 Scotland
 United States
6
0
192?–1936
~11

Gary Koch
1952–
 United States
6
0
1976–1988
13

Bob Lunn
1945–
 United States
6
0
1968–1972
5

Sandy Lyle H
1958–
 Scotland
6
2
1985–1988
4

Hunter Mahan
1982–
 United States
6
0
2007–2014
8

Rocco Mediate
1962–
 United States
6
0
1991–2010
20

José María Olazábal H
1966–
 Spain
6
2
1990–2002
13

Steve Pate
1961–
 United States
6
0
1987–1998
12

Bill Rogers
1951–
 United States
6
1
1978–1983
6

Bob Rosburg
1926–2009
 United States
6
1
1954–1972
19

Rory Sabbatini
1976–
 South Africa
6
0
2000–2011
12

Dan Sikes
1929–1987
 United States
6
0
1963–1968
6

Jeff Sluman
1957–
 United States
6
1
1988–2002
15

Henrik Stenson
1976–
 Sweden
6
1
2007–2017
11

Frank Stranahan
1922–2013
 United States
6
0
1945–1958
1

Peter Thomson H
1929–
 Australia
6
5
1954–1965
12

Mike Turnesa
1907–2000
 United States
6
0
1931–1949
19

Cyril Walker
1892–1948
 England
 United States
6
1
1917–1930
14

Jimmy Walker
1979–
 United States
6
1
2013–2016
4

Bo Wininger
1922–1967
 United States
6
0
1955–1963
9

Lew Worsham
1917–1990
 United States
6
1
1946–1953
8

205
Buddy Allin
1944–2007
 United States
5
0
1971–1976
6

James Braid
1870–1950
 Scotland
5
5
1901–1910
10

Jonathan Byrd
1978–
 United States
5
0
2002–2011
10

Pete Cooper
1914–1993
 United States
5
0
1949–1958
10

Ben Crane
1976–
 United States
5
0
2003–2014
12

John Daly
1966–
 United States
5
2
1991–2004
14

Luke Donald
1977–
 England
5
0
2002–2012
11

Jason Dufner
1977–
 United States
5
1
2012–2017
6

Danny Edwards
1951–
 United States
5
0
1977–1985
9

Dan Forsman
1958–
 United States
5
0
1985–2002
18

Marty Furgol
1916–2005
 United States
5
0
1951–1959
9

Jim Gallagher, Jr.
1961–
 United States
5
0
1990–1995
6

Ken Green
1958–
 United States
5
0
1985–1989
5

Fred Haas
1916–2004
 United States
5
0
1945–1954
10

Bob Hamilton
1916–1990
 United States
5
1
1944–1949
6

Jerry Heard
1947–
 United States
5
0
1971–1978
8

Lionel Hebert
1928–2000
 United States
5
1
1957–1966
10

Herman Keiser
1914–2003
 United States
5
1
1942–1947
6

Tom Lehman
1959–
 United States
5
1
1994–2000
7

Roger Maltbie
1951–
 United States
5
0
1975–1985
11

Ray Mangrum
1910–1975
 United States
5
0
1936–1946
11

Hideki Matsuyama
1992–
 Japan
5
0
2014–2017
4

Billy Mayfair
1966–
 United States
5
0
1993–1998
6

Blaine McCallister
1958–
 United States
5
0
1988–1993
6

Ryan Moore
1982–
 United States
5
0
2009–2016
8

Bob Murphy
1943–
 United States
5
0
1968–1986
19

Gilbert Nicholls
1878–1950
 England
 United States
5
0
191?–1927
~11

Jesper Parnevik
1965–
 Sweden
5
0
1998–2001
4

Carl Pettersson
1977–
 Sweden
5
0
2005–2012
8

Johnny Pott
1935–
 United States
5
0
1960–1968
9

Tom Purtzer
1951–
 United States
5
0
1977–1991
15

Henry Ransom
1911–1987
 United States
5
0
1946–1955
10

Patrick Reed
1990–
 United States
5
0
2013–2016
4

Phil Rodgers
1938–
 United States
5
0
1962–1966
5

Mason Rudolph
1934–2011
 United States
5
0
1959–1970
12

John Henry Taylor
1871–1963
 England
5
5
1894–1913
20

Bob Toski
1926–
 United States
5
0
1953–1954
2

Scott Verplank
1964–
 United States
5
0
1985–2007
23

George Von Elm
1901–1961
 United States
5
0
19??–1938
~10

Nick Watney
1981–
 United States
5
0
2007–2012
6

D. A. Weibring
1953–
 United States
5
0
1979–1996
18

Mark Wilson
1974–
 United States
5
0
2007–2012
6

text:
^ Harry Cooper was born in England, but grew up in Dallas, Texas, and became a U.S. citizen before starting his professional career. However, he was not allowed to compete for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup. U.S. citizens born outside the country, even if they were born with only U.S. citizenship, were not eligible to represent the U.S. in the Ryder Cup until 2002. Even today, those who naturalize after age 18 are ineligible for Team USA.
^ Jim Barnes was born in England, but became a U.S. citizen soon after moving to the United States in 1906.


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

question_text: who is the 22 prime minister of pakistan

text: List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key for Prime Ministers' list

Party Name

Muslim League

Awami League

Republican Party

People Party

National Peoples Party

Muslim League (N)

Muslim League (Q)

Tehreek-e-Insaf

Independent

text: Prime Ministers[edit]

text:
List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan
hide

Term Number

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Tenure

Elections

Political party(Alliance)

Note(s)

1

Liaquat Ali Khan

14 August 1947

16 October 1951(assassinated)

4 Years,2 Months,2 Days,

—

Muslim League

Following advice given by the founding father of the nation, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah appointed and invited the Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to set up and run his administration in 1947. He was assassinated in 1951, and Khawaja Nazimuddin took the office.[5][19]

2

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin

17 October 1951

17 April 1953

1 Year,6 Months,

—

Muslim League

Nazimuddin became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951.[19] He left the office when Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad dissolved his government in 1953.[3]

3

Mohammad Ali Bogra

17 April 1953

12 August 1955

2 Years,3 Months,26 Days,

—

Muslim League

A diplomat and relatively unknown personality to Pakistani politics, Bogra established the Ministry of Talents but his administration was dismissed in 1955 by the Governor-General after the legislative elections in 1954.[3]

4

Chaudhry Mohammad Ali

12 August 1955

12 September 1956

1 Year,1 Month,

—

Muslim League

A first appointment from the coalition of Muslim League, Awami League and the Republican Party, he was removed by his own party following the successful vote of no-confidence movement.[3]

5

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

12 September 1956

17 October 1957

1 Year,1 Month,5 Days,

—

Awami League

Popular for his wit in law, Suhrwardy resigned due to the loss of control over his party and support from the coalition partners in his administration.[3]

6

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar

17 October 1957

16 December 1957

1 Month,29 Days,

—

Muslim League

Shortest tenured Prime Minister, Chundrigar established his administration but removed in mere 55 days into his term amid a vote of no-confidence movement led by majority votes of the Republican Party and Awami League.[3]

7

Sir Feroze Khan Noon

16 December 1957

7 October 1958

9 Months,21 Days,

—

Republican Party

A lawyer, Sir Feroze Khan's administration collapsed after his party's own President Iskander Mirza enforced martial law in 1958 in a view of extending his term of office[20][21]

7 October 1958 – 7 December 1971

8

Nurul Amin

7 December 1971

20 December 1971

13 Days,

1970

Pakistan Muslim League

After the general elections in 1971, Amin was invited to be appointed as Prime Minister under Yahya administration; yet he was also the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972, leading Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[3]

20 December 1971 – 14 August 1973

9

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

14 August 1973

5 July 1977

3 Years,10 Months,21 Days,

1973

Pakistan Peoples Party

Bhutto resigned as president to become the empowered Prime Minister after the Constitution was repromulgated, which established a parliamentary system of government. He was deposed in the martial law in 1977 by his appointed army chief, General Zia, in July 1977.[9][22]

5 July 1977 – 24 March 1985

10

Muhammad Khan Junejo

24 March 1985

29 May 1988

3 Years,2 Months,5 Days,

1985

Pakistan Muslim League (Independent)

Junejo was elected as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan in non-party based elections in 1985, therefore he was elected on an Independent ticket but he served the Pakistan Muslim League while before entering in office and during office. He was dismissed by the president after Eighth Amendment to the Constitution.[3]

29 May 1988 – 2 December 1988

11

Benazir Bhutto

2 December 1988

6 August 1990

1 Year,8 Months,4 Days,

1988

Pakistan Peoples Party

Bhutto became the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party, in 1982. Six years later, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state.[10][23]

12

Nawaz Sharif

6 November 1990

18 July 1993

2 Years,7 Months,4 Days,

1990

Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Sharif was elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990.[24] President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved his government in April 1993, which was later on reinstated by the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[11] Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58-2b, in April 1993, but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court.[11] Sharif resigned from the post negotiating a settlement that resulted in the removal of President as well, in July 1993.[25]

13

Benazir Bhutto

19 October 1993

5 November 1996

3 Years,17 Days,

1993

Pakistan Peoples Party

Bhutto was re-elected for a second term, in 1993. She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995. Bhutto's government was dismissed by president Farooq Leghari in November 1996.[26][27]

14

Nawaz Sharif

17 February 1997

12 October 1999

2 Years,7 Months,25 Days.

1997

Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an exclusive mandate from all over Pakistan for a non-consecutive second term, in February 1997.[12][28] His government was deposed by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999, and Martial law was imposed in the entire country.[13][29]

12 October 1999 – 23 November 2002

15

Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali

23 November 2002

26 June 2004

1 Year,7 Months,3 Days,

2002

Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Jamali was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2002. He continued the foreign and economic policies of Pervez Musharraf but could not complete his term and resigned from the post in June 2004.[16]

26 June 2004 – 30 June 2004

16

Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain

30 June 2004

26 August 2004

1 Month,27 Days,

—

Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Parliament elected Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as the Prime Minister and to serve a 50-day period before the Shaukat Aziz, permanently replaces him.[30]

26 August 2004 – 28 August 2004

17

Shaukat Aziz

28 August 2004

15 November 2007

3 Years,2 Months,18 Days,

—

Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Aziz took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2004. He left the office at the end of the parliamentary term, in November 2007, and became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan who left the seat after completion of parliamentary term.[31]

18

Yousaf Raza Gillani

25 March 2008

19 June 2012

4 Years,2 Months,25 Days.

2008

Pakistan Peoples Party

Gillani was elected as prime minister in March 2008. He was disqualified from his seat in the parliament in April 2012 by the Supreme Court for contempt of court.[32]

19

Raja Pervaiz Ashraf

22 June 2012

24 March 2013

9 Months,2 Days,

—

Pakistan Peoples Party

Ashraf assumed the post of Prime Minister in June 2012, after Yousaf Raza Gillani was disqualified over contempt of court charges.[17]

20

Nawaz Sharif

5 June 2013

28 July 2017

4 Years,1 Month,23 Days,

2013

Pakistan Muslim League (N)

On 5 June 2013, Sharif took office for a third non-consecutive term.[14][15]  He was disqualified on 28 July 2017 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan as a result of the Panama Papers case.[33]

29 July 2017 – 1 August 2017

21

Shahid Khaqan Abbasi

1 August 2017

31 May 2018

10 months

—

Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif. His term expired on May 31, 2018 alongside the dissolution of the National Assembly to facilitate a caretaker government in place until the 25 July general election.[34]

22[n 1]

Imran Khan

18 August 2018

Incumbent

73 days

2018

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

General elections were held on the 25th July 2018, which resulted in the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf becoming the largest party. On August 18, 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister after being elected by the National Assembly with 176 votes.

text: Caretakers[edit]

text:
List of Caretakers
hide

No.

Portrait

Name(Birth–death)

Took office

Left office

Tenure

Political party(Alliance)

Note(s)

1st Caretaker

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi[40](1931–2009)

6 August 1990

6 November 1990

3 Months,

National Peoples Party

Jatoi was appointed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister.[3]

2nd Caretaker

Balakh Sher Mazari[3](1928–)

18 April 1993

26 May 1993

1 Month,8 Days,

Pakistan Peoples Party

Appointed by the President Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister, Mazari's term ended when the Supreme Court overturned the Presidential order and restored Sharif's government.[3]

3rd Caretaker

Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi[3](1930–2016)

18 July 1993

19 October 1993

3 Months,1 Day,

Independent

After Sharif's resignation in July 1993, Qureshi was appointed as the caretaker Prime Minister.

4th Caretaker

Malik Meraj Khalid[41](1916–2003)

5 November 1996

17 February 1997

3 Months,12 Days,

Independent

Khalid was appointed as a caretaker Prime Minister after the dismissal of Bhutto's government in November 1996.[3]

5th Caretaker

Muhammad Mian Soomro[42](1950–)

16 November 2007

24 March 2008

4 Months,8 Days,

Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Soomro took the office as caretaker Prime Minister in November 2007.[42]

6th Caretaker

Mir Hazar Khan Khoso[43](1929–)

25 March 2013

5 June 2013

2 Months,11 Days,

Independent

Khoso was appointed by the Election Commission of Pakistan on 24 March,[44] and took oath on 25 March 2013.[45]

7th Caretaker

Nasirul Mulk(1950–)

1 June 2018

18 August 2018

2 Months,18 Days,

Independent

Nasirul Mulk was appointed as a consensus between the incumbent Prime Minister, Abbasi, and opposition leader, Khurshid Shah, on 28 May. He took the oath of office on 1 June 2018.[46]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Ignoring the 7 caretaker Prime Ministers, Imran Khan is the 19th person to be Prime Minister of Pakistan. However Benazir Bhutto's two non-consecutive terms (1988 - 1990 and 1993 - 1996) and Nawaz Sharif's three non-consecutive terms (1990 - 1993, 1997 - 1999 and 2013 - 2017) are usually counted separately. As a result some sources count Khan as 19th Prime Minister,[35][36] but most count him as 22nd.[37][38][39] This counting system does not treat Nawaz Sharif's two periods in office in 1993 (separated by Balakh Sher Mazari's brief stint as caretaker) as separate terms.


document_title: Cannabis strains

question_text: how do you get different strains of weed

text: Cannabis strains

text: Major variety types[edit]

text:
Cannabis indica

Cannabis ruderalis

Cannabis sativa

Relative size of cannabis types

text: Taxonomic paradigm[edit]

text: The two species of the Cannabis genus that are most commonly grown are Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa.[1] A third species, Cannabis ruderalis is very short and produces only trace amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and thus is not commonly grown for industrial, recreational or medicinal use. However, because Cannabis ruderalis flowers independently of the photoperiod and according to age, it has been used to breed autoflowering strains.[2]

text: Pure sativas are relatively tall (reaching as high as 4.5 meters), with long internodes and branches, and large, narrow-bladed leaves. Pure indica varieties are shorter and bushier, have wider leaflets. They are often favored by indoor growers for their size. Sativas bloom later than indicas, often taking a month or two longer to mature. The subjective effects of sativas and indicas are said to differ, but the ratio of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) in most named drug varieties of both types is similar (averaging about 200:1). Unlike most commercially developed strains, indica landraces exhibit plants with varying THC/CBD ratios.[3] Avidekel, a medical marijuana strain developed in Israel, has a very low content of THC but a high content of CBD, limiting its recreational value but maximizing medical effect.[4]

text: Alternative classifications[edit]

text: There is an increasing discussion whether the existing paradigm of the difference between species adequately represents the variability found within the Cannabis genus.[5][6][7] There are five chemotaxonomic types of Cannabis: one with high levels of THC, one which is more fibrous and has higher levels of CBD, one that is an intermediate between the two, another one with high levels of cannabigerol (CBG), and the last one almost without cannabinoids.[8]

text: There has also been a recent movement[citation needed] to characterize strains based on their reported subjective effects. For example, WoahStork has used machine learning algorithms to classify strains into six Distinct Activity groups.[9]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: In addition to pure indica, sativa, and ruderalis varieties, hybrid varieties with varying ratios of these three types are common. For example, the White Widow hybrid containing about 60% indica and 40% sativa ancestry. These hybrid varieties exhibit traits from both parental types. There are also commercial crossbred hybrids which contain a mix of both ruderalis, indica and/or sativa genes, and are usually autoflowering varieties. These varieties are bred mostly for the medicinal cannabis market, since they are not very appreciated by recreational cannabis users because ruderalis varieties are lower in THC and impart a slightly unpleasant taste. "Lowryder" was an early auto-flowering hybrid that retained the flowering behavior of ruderalis plants, while also producing appreciable amounts of THC and CBD. Autoflowering cannabis varieties have the advantage of being discreet due to their small stature. They also require shorter growing periods, as well as having the additional advantage that they do not rely on a change in the photoperiod to determine when to flower.

text: Breeding requires pollinating a female cannabis plant with male pollen. Although this occurs spontaneously and ubiquitously in nature, the intentional creation of new varieties typically involves selective breeding in a controlled environment.

text: When cannabis is cultivated for its psychoactive or medicinal properties, male plants will often be separated from females. This prevents the fertilization of the female plants, either to facilitate sinsemilla flowering or to provide more control over which male is chosen. Pollen produced by the male is caught and stored until it is needed.

text: When a male plant of one strain pollinates a female of another strain, the seeds will be F1 hybrids of the male and female. These offspring will not be identical to their parents. Instead, they will have characteristics of both parents. Repeated breeding results in certain characteristics appearing with greater regularity.

text: It is impossible for a hermaphrodite to create any male only plants. A hermaphrodite may create female only seeds and hermaphrodite seeds. Also the female only seeds may carry the hermaphrodite trait.[10]

text: A common technique to stabilize a cannabis variety is called "cubing".[citation needed] A breeder seeking specific traits in the hybrid offspring (for example, greater resin production or tighter node spacing) will breed hybrid plants most exemplifying these characteristics with a parent plant. The same traits are sought in the new inbred offspring, which are then again bred with the original parent plant. This process is called cubing because it usually repeated across three, or possibly more generations before the variety's genetics are acceptably stable.

text: Varieties[edit]

text: In a retail market that is decriminalised such as in The Netherlands, (wholesale production is illegal but prosecutions are not always enforced because of the contradiction of the law that is recognised by the courts[11]), competition puts pressure on breeders to create increasingly attractive varieties to maintain market share. Breeders give their strains distinct and memorable names in order to help differentiate them from their competitors' strains, although they may in fact be very similar.

text: Popular strains are incorporated into new hybrids, which often bear a similar name to their parent. This phenomenon has occurred with Haze and Sour varieties, amongst others.

text: Acapulco Gold[edit]

text: Acapulco Gold is a golden-leafed Cannabis sativa strain originally from the Acapulco area of southwest Mexico.[12][13][14]

text: Bedrocan[edit]

text: Bedrocan is a medicinal cannabis variety cultivated from a Dutch medical marijuana Cannabis sativa L. strain, having a standardized content of THC (22%) and CBD (1%). It is currently cultivated by Bedrocan Nederland, Bedrocan Canada and Bedrocan Česká Republika. It was first introduced in 2003 and is dispensed through pharmacies after prescription from a physician.[15]

text: Blue Dream[edit]

text: Blue Dream is a hybrid cannabis strain widely used for both medical and recreational purposes first developed in 2003.[16]

text: Charlotte's Web[edit]

text: Charlotte's Web is a high-cannabidiol (CBD), low-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis extract marketed as a dietary supplement under federal law of the United States.[17][18][19] It is produced by the Stanley brothers in Colorado. It does not induce the psychoactive "high" typically associated with recreational marijuana strains that are high in THC.[20] In September 2014, the Stanleys announced that they would ensure that the product consistently contained less than 0.3% THC.[21] Charlotte's Web gained national attention when it was used to treat Charlotte Figi's epileptic seizures.[22][23] Her story has led to her being described as "the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America,"[24] as well as the "most famous example of medicinal hemp use".[25] There is little evidence about the safety or efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.[26][27]

text: Durban Poison[edit]

text: Durban Poison is a pure Cannabis sativa strain that originates from the South African port city of Durban.

text: Purple Kush[edit]

text: Purple Kush is a 100% Indica strain of Cannabis. This plant, "forms a short squat bush with very dense internodes and large fan leaves, staying in the 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) height range while grown indoors. Purple Kush's foliage exhibits a classic indica growth pattern: a sturdy bush with dark green hues and sometimes hints of purple toward ripeness."[28][unreliable source?]

text: Tom Cruise Purple[edit]

text: Tom Cruise Purple is a strain of cannabis sold in California by select licensed cannabis clubs. The strain is potent, and is packaged with a picture of the actor Tom Cruise laughing. Tom Cruise Purple is sold by cannabis purveyors in Northern California.[29] Cruise sought out legal advice regarding the product, and considered a lawsuit against its manufacturers.[30][31][32][32][33][34][35][36]

text: Skunk[edit]

text: Skunk refers to Cannabis strains that are strong-smelling and have been likened to the smell of the spray from a skunk. These strains of cannabis are believed to have originated in the United States prior to development by Dutch growers.[37] Just as with other strains of cannabis, skunk is commonly grown in controlled indoor environments under specialized grow lights, or in a greenhouse when full outdoor conditions are not suitable; skunk strains are hybrids of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica.[37]

text: Sour Diesel[edit]

text: Sour Diesel is a Cannabis sativa dominant hybrid strain.

text: Thai[edit]

text: Thai sometimes called Thai stick is a pure sativa form of cannabis, brought from Thailand.


document_title: Trade winds

question_text: which surface winds blow between the subtropical high and the equator

text: Trade winds

text: History[edit]

text: The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word 'trade,' meaning "path" or "track."[1] The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds (then the Volta do mar, meaning in Portuguese "turn of the sea" but also "return from the sea") in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century.[2] From West Africa, the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Africa, that is, to west and northwest. They could then turn northeast, to the area around the Azores islands, and finally east to mainland Europe. They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30°S go east again. Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere. In the Pacific ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher-latitude Westerlies, was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta's voyage in 1565.[3]

text: The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel.[4] During the Age of Sail, the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on European empire-building and thus on modern political geography. For example, Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all.[3]

text: By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of 'trade', "(foreign) commerce".[5] Between 1847 and 1849, Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world's oceans.[6]

text: Cause[edit]

text: As part of the Hadley cell, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low-pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums,[7] near-equatorial trough,[8] intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[9] When located within a monsoon region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough.[10] Around 30° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high-pressure belts known as subtropical ridges. The subsident (sinking) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the absolute humidity remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical (warm and moist) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion.[11]

text: The surface air that flows from these subtropical high-pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect.[12] These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.[13] Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing,[14] these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums.[7]

text: As they blow across tropical regions, air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight. Those that develop over land (continental) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans (maritime), and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge.[15] Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses.[16] The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean.[17]

text: Weather effects[edit]

text: Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres (13,000 ft) in height, and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion.[18] Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles (northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, southeast in the Southern Hemisphere) during the cold season, and are stronger in the winter than the summer.[19] As an example, the windy season in the Guianas, which lie at low latitudes in South America, occurs between January and April.[20] When the phase of the Arctic oscillation (AO) is warm, trade winds are stronger within the tropics. The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds.[21] When the trade winds are weaker, more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics, such as Central America.[22]

text: During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere (July), the westward-moving trade winds south of the northward-moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America (Florida and Gulf Coast). When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates.[23] Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America, much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida.[24] Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year.[25] Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.[26]