document_title: List of Manchester United F.C. seasons

question_text: what place is manchester united in the premier league

text: List of Manchester United F.C. seasons

text: History[edit]

text: The club formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C.[3] At this time organised League football did not exist; "first class matches" were arranged on a largely ad-hoc basis and supplemented by cup competitions. Official records from these matches are sketchy at best, and are often extrapolated from newspaper reports at the time. In 1886, the club entered the FA Cup for the first time, but were knocked out in the first round. The club entered The Combination in 1888, but the league was wound up before the season could be completed.[4] The club then joined the Football Alliance in 1889, and in 1892 were elected to the newly formed Football League First Division. Upon joining the Football League, the club dropped the "LYR" from their name, before financial troubles forced the club to restructure in 1902, including a change of name to Manchester United F.C.[5]

text: In 1956–57, Manchester United became the first English club to enter European competition, entering the European Cup, following the Football Association's refusal to allow Chelsea to enter the previous year. Eleven years later, in 1968, they became the first English club to win the European Cup, and only the second British side after Celtic had won it the year before. Meanwhile, in 1960–61, Manchester United entered the inaugural Football League Cup, only to decline to enter for the next five years. In 1992–93, they became founder members and inaugural champions of the Premier League, and, in 1998–99, they won an unprecedented Treble of Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League. This was followed by two more Premier League titles in 1999–2000 and 2000–01, making Manchester United only the fourth club to win three consecutive English league titles. The club picked up their 10th Premier League title in the 2007–08 season, and followed it with a third Champions League title 10 days later. The following season, Manchester United became the first English club to win the FIFA Club World Cup, before claiming a third consecutive Premier League title for a second time in 2008–09. In 2010–11, Manchester United won their 19th top division title, passing Liverpool's previous record of 18, before winning a 20th title in 2012–13. In 2016–17, Manchester United won their first UEFA Europa League trophy, making them only the fifth club to win the three main European club competitions.[6]

text: Key[edit]

text:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position

Alliance = Football Alliance
Combination = The Combination
Div 1 = Football League First Division
Div 2 = Football League Second Division
Prem = Premier League

F = Final
Group = Group stage
QF = Quarter-finals
QR1 = First Qualifying Round
QR2 = Second Qualifying Round
QR3 = Third Qualifying Round
QR4 = Fourth Qualifying Round
RInt = Intermediate Round

R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4
R5 = Round 5
R6 = Round 6
SF = Semi-finals

text:
Champions
Runners-up
Promoted
Relegated

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Results of league and cup competitions by season

Season
Division
P
W
D
L
F
A
Pts
Pos
FA Cup
League
Cup
Community
Shield
UEFA
FIFA
Name
Goals

League
Top goalscorer[7]

1886–87
Zz !n/a[8]
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
99 !n/a
R1

Doughty, JackJack Doughty
02 !2

1888–89[9]
5 !Combination
12
08 !8
02 !2
02 !2
27
13
18
98 !n/a[9]
0 !n/a

Doughty, JackJack Doughty
Roger Doughty
06 !6

1889–90
4 !Alliance
22
09 !9
02 !2
11
40
45
20
78 !8th
R1

Stewart, WillieWillie Stewart
10

1890–91
4 !Alliance
22
07 !7
03 !3
12
37
55
17
79 !9th
QR2

Ramsay, RobertRobert Ramsay
07 !7

1891–92
4 !Alliance
22
12
07 !7
03 !3
69
33
31
72 !2nd[10]
QR4

Donaldson, BobBob Donaldson
Alf Farman
20

1892–93
2 !Div 1
30
06 !6
06 !6
18
50
85
18
16 !16th[11]
R1

Donaldson, BobBob Donaldson
16

1893–94
2 !Div 1
30
06 !6
02 !2
22
36
72
14
16 !16th[12]
R2

Donaldson, BobBob Donaldson
10

1894–95
3 !Div 2
30
15
08 !8
07 !7
78
44
38
33 !3rd[13]
R1

Smith, DickDick Smith
20

1895–96
3 !Div 2
30
15
03 !3
12
66
57
33
36 !6th
R2

Cassidy, JoeJoe Cassidy
16

1896–97
3 !Div 2
30
17
05 !5
08 !8
56
34
39
32 !2nd[14]
R3

Cassidy, JoeJoe Cassidy
25

1897–98
3 !Div 2
30
16
06 !6
08 !8
64
35
38
34 !4th
R2

Boyd, HenryHenry Boyd
22

1898–99
3 !Div 2
34
19
05 !5
10
67
43
43
34 !4th
R1

Cassidy, JoeJoe Cassidy
20

1899–1900
3 !Div 2
34
20
04 !4
10
63
27
44
34 !4th
QR3

Cassidy, JoeJoe Cassidy
16

1900–01
3 !Div 2
34
14
04 !4
16
42
38
32
40 !10th
R1

Leigh, TomTom Leigh
14

1901–02
3 !Div 2
34
11
06 !6
17
38
53
28
45 !15th
QR5 !RInt

Preston, StephenStephen Preston
11

1902–03
3 !Div 2
34
15
08 !8
11
53
38
38
35 !5th
R2

Peddie, JackJack Peddie
15

1903–04
3 !Div 2
34
20
08 !8
06 !6
65
33
48
33 !3rd
R2

Arkesden, TommyTommy Arkesden
15

1904–05
3 !Div 2
34
24
05 !5
05 !5
81
30
53
33 !3rd
QR5 !RInt

Peddie, JackJack Peddie
17

1905–06
3 !Div 2
38
28
06 !6
04 !4
90
28
62
32 !2nd
R4

Picken, JackJack Picken
25

1906–07
2 !Div 1
38
17
08 !8
13
53
56
42
08 !8th
R1

Wall, GeorgeGeorge Wall
13

1907–08
2 !Div 1
38
23
06 !6
09 !9
81
48
52
01 !1st
R4

Winners

Turnbull, SandySandy Turnbull
27

1908–09
2 !Div 1
38
15
07 !7
16
58
68
37
13 !13th
Winners

Turnbull, JimmyJimmy Turnbull
22

1909–10
2 !Div 1
38
19
07 !7
12
69
61
45
05 !5th
R1

Wall, GeorgeGeorge Wall
14

1910–11
2 !Div 1
38
22
08 !8
08 !8
72
40
52
01 !1st
R3

West, EnochEnoch West
20

1911–12
2 !Div 1
38
13
11
14
45
60
37
13 !13th
R4

Winners

West, EnochEnoch West
23

1912–13
2 !Div 1
38
19
08 !8
11
69
43
46
04 !4th
R3

West, EnochEnoch West
22

1913–14
2 !Div 1
38
15
06 !6
17
52
62
36
14 !14th
R1

Anderson, GeorgeGeorge Anderson
15

1914–15
2 !Div 1
38
09 !9
12
17
46
62
30
18 !18th
R1

Anderson, GeorgeGeorge Anderson
10

1915–19[15]
Zz !Not held
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
99 !–

Zz !–
00 !–

1919–20
2 !Div 1
42
13
14
15
54
50
40
12 !12th
R2

Spence, JoeJoe Spence
14

1920–21
2 !Div 1
42
15
10
17
64
68
40
13 !13th
R1

Miller, TomTom Miller
Teddy Partridge
08 !8

1921–22
2 !Div 1
42
08 !8
12
22
41
73
28
22 !22nd
R1

Spence, JoeJoe Spence
15

1922–23
3 !Div 2
42
17
14
11
51
36
48
34 !4th
R2

Goldthorpe, ErnieErnie Goldthorpe
14

1923–24
3 !Div 2
42
13
14
15
52
44
40
44 !14th
R2

Lochhead, ArthurArthur Lochhead
14

1924–25
3 !Div 2
42
23
11
08 !8
57
23
57
32 !2nd
R1

Henderson, WilliamWilliam Henderson
14

1925–26
2 !Div 1
42
19
06 !6
17
66
73
44
09 !9th
SF

McPherson, FrankFrank McPherson
20

1926–27
2 !Div 1
42
13
14
15
52
64
40
15 !15th
R3

Spence, JoeJoe Spence
19

1927–28
2 !Div 1
42
16
07 !7
19
72
80
39
18 !18th
R6

Spence, JoeJoe Spence
24

1928–29
2 !Div 1
42
14
13
15
66
76
41
12 !12th
R4

Hanson, JimmyJimmy Hanson
20

1929–30
2 !Div 1
42
15
08 !8
19
67
88
38
17 !17th
R3

Rowley, HarryHarry Rowley
Joe Spence
12

1930–31
2 !Div 1
42
07 !7
08 !8
27
53
9 !115
22
22 !22nd
R4

Thomas ReidTom Reid
20

1931–32
3 !Div 2
42
17
08 !8
17
71
72
42
42 !12th
R3

Spence, JoeJoe Spence
19

1932–33
3 !Div 2
42
15
13
14
71
68
43
36 !6th
R3

Ridding, BillBill Ridding
11

1933–34
3 !Div 2
42
14
06 !6
22
59
85
34
50 !20th[16]
R3

Dewar, NeilNeil Dewar
08 !8

1934–35
3 !Div 2
42
23
04 !4
15
76
55
50
35 !5th
R4

Mutch, GeorgeGeorge Mutch
19

1935–36
3 !Div 2
42
22
12
08 !8
85
43
56
31 !1st
R4

Mutch, GeorgeGeorge Mutch
23

1936–37
2 !Div 1
42
10
12
20
55
78
32
21 !21st
R4

Bamford, TommyTommy Bamford
15

1937–38
3 !Div 2
42
22
09 !9
11
82
50
53
32 !2nd
R5

Baird, HarryHarry Baird
Tommy Bamford
15

1938–39
2 !Div 1
42
11
16
15
57
65
38
14 !14th
R3

Hanlon, JimmyJimmy Hanlon
12

1939–40[17]
2 !Div 1
03 !3
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
05 !5
03 !3
03 !3
09 !9th[17]
0 !n/a

Bryant, BillyBilly Bryant
02 !2

1940–45[18]
Zz !Not held
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
00 !–
99 !–

Zz !–
00 !–

1945–46
Zz !n/a[19]
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
00 !n/a
99 !n/a
R4

Hanlon, JimmyJimmy Hanlon
Jack Rowley
Billy Wrigglesworth
02 !2

1946–47
2 !Div 1
42
22
12
08 !8
95
54
56
02 !2nd
R4

Rowley, JackJack Rowley
28

1947–48
2 !Div 1
42
19
14
09 !9
81
48
52
02 !2nd
Winners

Rowley, JackJack Rowley
28

1948–49
2 !Div 1
42
21
11
10
77
44
53
02 !2nd
SF

Runners-up

Rowley, JackJack Rowley
29

1949–50
2 !Div 1
42
18
14
10
69
44
50
04 !4th
R6

Rowley, JackJack Rowley
23

1950–51
2 !Div 1
42
24
08 !8
10
74
40
56
02 !2nd
R6

Pearson, StanStan Pearson
23

1951–52
2 !Div 1
42
23
11
08 !8
95
52
57
01 !1st
R3

Rowley, JackJack Rowley
30

1952–53
2 !Div 1
42
18
10
14
69
72
46
08 !8th
R5

Winners

Pearson, StanStan Pearson
18

1953–54
2 !Div 1
42
18
12
12
73
58
48
04 !4th
R3

Taylor, TommyTommy Taylor
23

1954–55
2 !Div 1
42
20
07 !7
15
84
74
47
05 !5th
R4

Viollet, DennisDennis Viollet
21

1955–56
2 !Div 1
42
25
10
07 !7
83
51
60
01 !1st
R3

Taylor, TommyTommy Taylor
25

1956–57
2 !Div 1
42
28
08 !8
06 !6
103
54
64
01 !1st
Wa !Runners-up

Winners
Z7 !European Cup – SF
Taylor, TommyTommy Taylor
34

1957–58
2 !Div 1
42
16
11
15
85
75
43
09 !9th
Wa !Runners-up

Winners
Z7 !European Cup – SF
Viollet, DennisDennis Viollet
23

1958–59
2 !Div 1
42
24
07 !7
11
103
66
55
02 !2nd
R3

Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton
29

1959–60
2 !Div 1
42
19
07 !7
16
102
80
45
07 !7th
R5

Viollet, DennisDennis Viollet
32[20]

1960–61
2 !Div 1
42
18
09 !9
15
88
76
45
07 !7th
R4
R2

Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton
21

1961–62
2 !Div 1
42
15
09 !9
18
72
75
39
15 !15th
SF
0 !n/a[21]

Herd, DavidDavid Herd
17

1962–63
2 !Div 1
42
12
10
20
67
81
34
19 !19th
Winners
00 !n/a[21]

Law, DenisDenis Law
29

1963–64
2 !Div 1
42
23
07 !7
12
90
62
53
02 !2nd
SF
n/a[21]
Runners-up
X6 !Cup Winners' Cup – QF
Law, DenisDenis Law
46

1964–65
2 !Div 1
42
26
09 !9
07 !7
89
39
61
01 !1st
SF
n/a[21]

A8 !Inter-Cities Fairs Cup – SF
Law, DenisDenis Law
39

1965–66
2 !Div 1
42
18
15
09 !9
84
59
51
04 !4th
SF
n/a[21]
Shared[22]
Z8 !European Cup – SF
Herd, DavidDavid Herd
33

1966–67
2 !Div 1
42
24
12
06 !6
84
45
60
01 !1st
R4
R2

Law, DenisDenis Law
25

1967–68
2 !Div 1
42
24
08 !8
10
89
55
56
02 !2nd
R3

Shared[22]
Z9 !European Cup – Winners
Best, GeorgeGeorge Best[23]
32[24]

1968–69
2 !Div 1
42
15
12
15
57
53
42
11 !11th
R6

Z7 !

European Cup – SF

Intercontinental Cup – Runners-up

Law, DenisDenis Law
30

1969–70
2 !Div 1
42
14
17
11
66
61
45
08 !8th
Third place
SF

Best, GeorgeGeorge Best
23

1970–71
2 !Div 1
42
16
11
15
65
66
43
08 !8th
R3
SF

Best, GeorgeGeorge Best
21

1971–72
2 !Div 1
42
19
10
13
69
61
48
08 !8th
R6
R4

Best, GeorgeGeorge Best
26

1972–73
2 !Div 1
42
12
13
17
44
60
37
18 !18th
R3
R3

Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton
07 !7

1973–74
2 !Div 1
42
10
12
20
38
48
32
21 !21st
R4
R2

Macari, LouLou Macari
Sammy McIlroy
06 !6

1974–75
3 !Div 2
42
26
09 !9
07 !7
66
30
61
31 !1st
R3
SF

Macari, LouLou Macari
Stuart Pearson
18

1975–76
2 !Div 1
42
23
10
09 !9
68
42
56
03 !3rd
Wa !Runners-up
R4

Macari, LouLou Macari
15

1976–77
2 !Div 1
42
18
11
13
71
62
47
06 !6th
Winners
R5

Y4 !UEFA Cup – R2
Hill, GordonGordon Hill
22

1977–78
2 !Div 1
42
16
10
16
67
63
42
10 !10th
R4
R2
Shared[22]
X4 !Cup Winners' Cup – R2
Hill, GordonGordon Hill
19

1978–79
2 !Div 1
42
15
15
12
60
63
45
09 !9th
Wa !Runners-up
R3

Greenhoff, JimmyJimmy Greenhoff
17

1979–80
2 !Div 1
42
24
10
08 !8
65
35
58
02 !2nd
R3
R3

Jordan, JoeJoe Jordan
13

1980–81
2 !Div 1
42
15
18
09 !9
51
36
48
08 !8th
R4
R2

Y3 !UEFA Cup – R1
Jordan, JoeJoe Jordan
15

1981–82
2 !Div 1
42
22
12
08 !8
59
29
78[25]
03 !3rd
R3
R2

Stapleton, FrankFrank Stapleton
13

1982–83
2 !Div 1
42
19
13
10
56
38
70
03 !3rd
Winners
Wa !Runners-up

Y2 !UEFA Cup – R1
Stapleton, FrankFrank Stapleton
19

1983–84
2 !Div 1
42
20
14
08 !8
71
41
74
04 !4th
R3
R4
Winners
X7 !Cup Winners' Cup – SF
Stapleton, FrankFrank Stapleton
19

1984–85
2 !Div 1
42
22
10
10
77
47
76
04 !4th
Winners
R3

Y6 !UEFA Cup – QF
Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
24

1985–86
2 !Div 1
42
22
10
10
70
36
76
04 !4th
R5
R4
Runners-up

Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
18

1986–87
2 !Div 1
42
14
14
14
52
45
56
11 !11th
R4
R3

Davenport, PeterPeter Davenport
16

1987–88
2 !Div 1
40
23
12
05 !5
71
38
81
02 !2nd
R5
R5

McClair, BrianBrian McClair
31

1988–89
2 !Div 1
38
13
12
13
45
35
51
11 !11th
R6
R3

Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
Brian McClair
16

1989–90
2 !Div 1
38
13
09 !9
16
46
47
48
13 !13th
Winners
R3

Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
15

1990–91
2 !Div 1
38
16
12
10
58
45
59[26]
06 !6th
R5
Wa !Runners-up
Shared[22]
X9 !Cup Winners' Cup – Winners
Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
Brian McClair
21

1991–92
2 !Div 1
42
21
15
06 !6
63
33
78
02 !2nd
R4
Winners

X4 !

Cup Winners' Cup – R2

Super Cup – Winners

McClair, BrianBrian McClair
24

1992–93
1 !Prem
42
24
12
06 !6
67
31
84
01 !1st
R5
R3

Y2 !UEFA Cup – R1
Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
16

1993–94
1 !Prem
42
27
11
04 !4
80
38
92
01 !1st
Winners
Wa !Runners-up
Winners
Z5 !Champions League – R2
Cantona, EricEric Cantona
25

1994–95
1 !Prem
42
26
10
06 !6
77
28
88
02 !2nd
Wa !Runners-up
R3
Winners
Z2 !Champions League – Group
Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
15

1995–96
1 !Prem
38
25
07 !7
06 !6
73
35
82
01 !1st
Winners
R2

Y2 !UEFA Cup – R1
Cantona, EricEric Cantona
19

1996–97
1 !Prem
38
21
12
05 !5
76
44
75
01 !1st
R4
R4
Winners
Z7 !Champions League – SF
Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær
19

1997–98
1 !Prem
38
23
08 !8
07 !7
73
26
77
02 !2nd
R5
R3
Winners
Z6 !Champions League – QF
Cole, AndyAndy Cole
25

1998–99
1 !Prem
38
22
13
03 !3
80
37
79
01 !1st
Winners
R5
Runners-up
Z9 !Champions League – Winners
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke[27]
29[28]

1999–2000
1 !Prem
38
28
07 !7
03 !3
97
45
91
01 !1st
n/a[29]
R3
Runners-up
Z6 !

Champions League – QF

Super Cup – Runners-up

Intercontinental Cup – Winners

Club World Championship – Group

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
24

2000–01
1 !Prem
38
24
08 !8
06 !6
79
31
80
01 !1st
R4
R4
Runners-up
Z6 !Champions League – QF
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
21

2001–02
1 !Prem
38
24
05 !5
09 !9
87
45
77
03 !3rd
R4
R3
Runners-up
Z7 !Champions League – SF
Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
36

2002–03
1 !Prem
38
25
08 !8
05 !5
74
34
83
01 !1st
R5
Wa !Runners-up

Z6 !Champions League – QF
Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
44[30]

2003–04
1 !Prem
38
23
06 !6
09 !9
64
35
75
03 !3rd
Winners
R4
Winners
Z4 !Champions League – Round of 16
Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
30

2004–05
1 !Prem
38
22
11
05 !5
58
26
77
03 !3rd
Wa !Runners-up
SF
Runners-up
Z4 !Champions League – Round of 16
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
17

2005–06
1 !Prem
38
25
08 !8
05 !5
72
34
83
02 !2nd
R5
Winners

Z2 !Champions League – Group
Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
24

2006–07
1 !Prem
38
28
05 !5
05 !5
83
27
89
01 !1st
Wa !Runners-up
R4

Z7 !Champions League – SF
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Cristiano Ronaldo
23

2007–08
1 !Prem
38
27
06 !6
05 !5
80
22
87
01 !1st
R6
R3
Winners
Z9 !Champions League – Winners
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
42[31]

2008–09
1 !Prem
38
28
06 !6
04 !4
68
24
90
01 !1st
SF
Winners
Winners
Z9 !

Champions League – Runners-up

Super Cup – Runners-up

Club World Cup – Winners

Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
26

2009–10
1 !Prem
38
27
04 !4
07 !7
86
28
85
02 !2nd
R3
Winners
Runners-up
Z6 !Champions League – QF
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
34

2010–11
1 !Prem
38
23
11
04 !4
78
37
80
01 !1st
SF
R5
Winners
Z9 !Champions League – Runners-up
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov[32]
21[33]

2011–12
1 !Prem
38
28
05 !5
05 !5
89
33
89
02 !2nd
R4
R5
Winners
Z2 !

Champions League – Group
Europa League – Round of 16

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
34

2012–13
1 !Prem
38
28
05 !5
05 !5
86
43
89
01 !1st
R6
R4

Z1 !

Champions League – Round of 16

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
30[34]

2013–14
1 !Prem
38
19
07 !7
12
64
43
64
07 !7th
R3
SF
Winners
Z6 !

Champions League – QF

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
19

2014–15
1 !Prem
38
20
10
08 !8
62
37
70
04 !4th
R6
R2

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
14

2015–16
1 !Prem
38
19
09 !9
10
49
35
66
05 !5th
Winners
R4

Z2 !

Champions League – Group
Europa League – Round of 16

Martial, AnthonyAnthony Martial
17

2016–17
1 !Prem
38
18
15
05 !5
54
29
69
06 !6th
R6 !QF
Winners
Winners
Z2 !

Europa League – Winners

Ibrahimović, ZlatanZlatan Ibrahimović
28

2017–18
1 !Prem
38
25
6
05 !7
68
28
81
02 !2nd
Wa !Runners-up
R5

Z2 !

Champions League – Round of 16

Super Cup – Runners-up

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
27


document_title: Arin Hanson

question_text: who did arin hanson voice in red vs blue

root

text: Arin Hanson

text: Career[edit]

text: Animation[edit]

text: Hanson joined Newgrounds under the name "Egoraptor" on September 16, 2001. He released his first animation on DeviantArt, titled "Final Fantasy 7 Flash Spoof", on September 18, 2004.[4] He submitted his first Awesome animation, "Metal Gear Awesome," to Newgrounds on February 23, 2006.[5] Hanson went on to upload other comedic video game-related animations, as well as four separate animated webseries (which he then uploaded to YouTube); Awesome, short animated videos that parody video games, Lemon 'n Bill, a comedic series in which an anthropomorphic bullet and lemon get trapped within video game worlds, Girlchan in Paradise, a parody of shōnen anime, and Sequelitis, a series in which Hanson compares a video game and its sequel along with animations throughout the video.[6]

tag: p

text: After MTV saw "Metal Gear Awesome", Hanson was approached by the channel to produce animated shorts for MTV's online video gaming show, The G-Hole.[7]

text: Voice acting[edit]

text: In 2006, Hanson provided the voice of Bruce Banner in the video game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance as part of a competition held by Activision. His voice went ultimately unused and the character was played by Robin Atkin Downes, though his voice was used in the Wii port.[8] However, his voice would later go on to be used in the 2016 re-release of the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance.[9] In 2009, Hanson provided the voice for the character John Gore in the video game Minigore,[10] and later reprised the role in the 2011 remake of Death Rally.[11]

text: In 2012, Hanson provided his voice for the game Detective Grimoire, a Kickstarter project which was successfully funded on August 3, 2012.[12] Hanson has also provided his voice for Hex Heroes, Dragon Age: Inquisition, Target Acquired, Red vs. Blue, Cyanide & Happiness, and Rick & Morty.[13][14][15][16]

text: Since 2016, Hanson is a regular on Cartoon Network's Mighty Magiswords providing the voice of Gateaux, the monosyllabic partner of sorceress Moribidia, played by Mary Faber.[16][17][18] He also plays many other recurring characters such as Fibby Croax, Delivery Man Steve, Zonq and many other additional characters.[19] According to series creator, Kyle Carrozza, Hanson was originally approached for character design on the show, but he declined.[20] Although aware of his voice work, Carrozza was not aware of Hanson's SAG-AFTRA membership until he informed him, which led to him being cast on the show.

text: In 2016, Arin was added as an Announcer in Move or Die.[21]

text: Game Grumps[edit]

text: In July 2012, Hanson and his colleague Jon Jafari (known for his comedy webseries JonTron) created a joint YouTube channel, called Game Grumps. In late June 2013, Dan Avidan, of the band Ninja Sex Party, replaced Jafari when he retired Game Grumps to focus on his personal channel.[22] On Game Grumps, Hanson and Avidan play video games and talk, to an often comedic effect.[23] Hanson has also appeared on the channel's spin-off shows Steam Train and GrumpCade, along with other Game Grumps members in a similar format to the parent show; he and Avidan also front 10 Minute Power Hour, in which they engage in and frequently struggle with various activities.

text: The popularity of Game Grumps led to live performances at the Hollywood Improv in late March 2016.[24] Completely sold out, the event led to future performances in New York and other locations on the East Coast, which itself led to further shows across the United States and internationally through their own touring company.[25][26]

text: Collaborations[edit]

text: In 2008, Hanson worked together with Ross O'Donovan on the animated webseries Gamer Tonight where he provided the voice of the host, which was broadcast on the Australian television show Good Game.[27] He also voiced a character in asdfmovie4 in 2011, a series by TomSka. TomSka would later express mild disappointment with Arin's contribution, particularly due to his own direction.[28]

text: In February 2012, Hanson appeared as a contestant on the Sony game show, The Tester, during its third season, as a community-voted contestant, but was accused of using the show to promote himself.[29] He later admitted that he applied in order to spite a former bully, while on the show itself he behaved in a way he described as actively trolling it, until he was reprimanded on camera.[4] When asked about his experience, and whether or not he would do it again, he replied negatively.[30] Hanson won the third season of the dance competition web series Dance Showdown, alongside professional dancer, Maxine Hupy.[31][32] Hanson has also done narration work for several episodes of Did You Know Gaming?[33] Besides providing additional work for online series on YouTube and Newgrounds, Hanson has been featured in several videos for the website ScrewAttack, including a collaboration with James Rolfe and Keith Apicary.[34]

text: Music[edit]

text: In 2013, Hanson provided vocals for the track "Knight in Shining Armour" by Dougal & Gammer released as part of the compilation Clubland X-Treme Hardcore 9.[35]

text: In 2013, Hanson, along with Game Grumps co-host and Ninja Sex Party singer-songwriter Dan Avidan and instrumentalist Brian Wecht, formed the band Starbomb.[36] They released their first album, named Starbomb in December 2013, which went on to become No. 1 on the Billboard Comedy Charts.[37] Starbomb went on to release their second album one year later December 2014, titled Player Select.[38] In early 2016, Hanson performed with Starbomb at their first live event at SXSW.[39]

text: On April 15, 2014, FAT REFUND, a rap song, was released on the channel StamperTV, a collaboration between several animators and voice actors including Rice Pirate, Marc M., Stamper, and Hanson himself.[40]

text: Hanson also provided narrations for several songs by Tupper Ware Remix Party.

text: Other work[edit]

text: In 2013, Hanson made an appearance on the webseries Hot Pepper Gaming. He reviewed Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate after eating a habanero pepper.[41] In 2014, he returned to the show, reviewing the game Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes whilst eating a Bhut Jolokia.[42] In 2015, Hanson later appeared on the show, reviewing the game Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain whilst eating Sichuan peppers.

text: Hanson also starred alongside Avidan in Good Game, a YouTube Premium Original Series.

text: In January 2018, Hanson and Game Grumps manager Brent Lilley co-founded tour management company Real Good Touring, which organizes tours for internet personalities and independent performers.[43]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Hanson lives in Glendale, California, with his wife, Suzanne "Suzy" Berhow. The two met at a convention and started dating in 2002; Hanson proposed to her in 2011, and they married in 2013 at the Natural History Museum.[4] Berhow also has her own gaming channel under the pseudonym Mortem3r, titled KittyKatGaming, on which Hanson is often featured.[4]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

Source

2008

Gamer Tonight

Himself

2013

Rick and Morty

Cyborg Photographer (voice)

Episode: "The Wedding Squanchers"

2016–present

Mighty Magiswords

Gateaux/various others (voice)

[16]

tag: table

text: Web series[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2011

asdfmovie

Criminal (voice)

Episode: "asdfmovie4"[28]

2011, 2015

JonTron

Vitalia / Darth Vader / Himself

2 episodes

2012

The Tester

Himself

Contestant; 3 episodes[29]

2012–present

Game Grumps

Himself (voice)

Co-host; also creator and theme music composer

2012–2016

Did You Know Gaming?

Himself (voice)

11 episodes

2013–2015

Cyanide & Happiness Shorts

Ted Bear / The Man Who Could Sit Anywhere (voice)

3 episodes[4]

2013–2014

Dance Showdown

Himself

Contestant and eventual winner[4]

2015–present

KittyKatGaming

Himself (voice)

Occasional guestAlso performs the show's opening sequence

2015

Red vs. Blue

Crash Site Fed / Cobb

3 episodes

2015

A Brief History

Himself (voice)

Episode: "The History Of Castlevania"[44]

2016

Bee and PuppyCat

Omelette / Elder Squat Bird (voice)

4 episodes

2017

Good Game

Ryland Smith

Main role; 6 episodesAlso executive producer

2018

YouTubers React

Himself

3 episodes

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

Source

2009

Minigore

John Gore

[10]

2011

Death Rally

John Gore

[11]

2014

Detective Grimoire

Agent Folder / Mr. Harper

2014

Dragon Age: Inquisition

Additional voices

[4]

2016

Target Acquired

Spike Tommery

2016

Move or Die

Announcer

[4]

2016

Marvel: Ultimate Alliance1

Bruce Banner

[4]

2016

Accounting

The Bomb

[45]

2017

Dream Daddy: A Dad Dating Simulator

Joseph

Also executive producer

[46]

2018

Monster Prom

Scott

[47]

TBA

The Cyanide & Happiness Adventure Game

Ted Bear

In development

[48]

TBA

Hex Heroes

Himself

In development

[49]

text: 1Hanson's dialogue was recorded for the original 2006 release. Although he was replaced by Robin Atkin Downes in the final game, his dialogue was used for the 2016 re-release on PC, PS4 and Xbox One.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Starbomb[edit]

text:
Starbomb (2013)
Player Select (2014)[50]
The TryForce (2018)[51][52]

tag: ul

text: As a guest[edit]

text:
Ninja Sex Party – "Dinosaur Laser Fight" (2011)1
Dougal & Gammer – "Knight in Shining Armour" (2013)
Geezy – "Hashtag" (2013)
StamperTV – "FAT REFUND" (2014)[40]
Ninja Sex Party – "Party of Three" (2015)
Ninja Sex Party – "Buttsex Goldilocks" (2015)
Ninja Sex Party – "6969" (2015)
Big Bad Bosses – "Intro" (2015)
Tupper Ware Remix Party – "Groove Crusaders" (2016)
Tupper Ware Remix Party – "Atomic Karate" (2017)
Ninja Sex Party – "Eating Food in the Shower" (2017)
Tupper Ware Remix Party – "Phantom Racer" (2018)

text: 1Uncredited; performs "dinosaur laser" sounds.


document_title: North Sea

question_text: where does the north sea meet the atlantic

question_tokens: where does the north sea meet the atlantic

text: North Sea

text: Geography[edit]

text: The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west[1] and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.[2] In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean.[1][2] In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat,[2] narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively.[1] In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north-eastern part of the Atlantic.[1][3]

text: The North Sea is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, with an area of 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi) and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres (13,000 cu mi).[4] Around the edges of the North Sea are sizeable islands and archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, and the Frisian Islands.[2] The North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the British Isles. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea, including water from the Baltic Sea. The largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine – Meuse watershed.[5] Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas.[6]

text: Major features[edit]

text: For the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres (300 ft).[1][7] The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to an area north of Bergen.[1] It is between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) wide and has a maximum depth of 725 metres (2,379 ft).[8]

text: The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris, rises to a mere 15 to 30 metres (50–100 ft) below the surface.[9][10] This feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea.[1] The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with roughly uniform depth in fathoms, (forty fathoms and fourteen fathoms or 73 and 26 m deep respectively). These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate,[11] which has been alleviated by the implementation of satellite navigation systems.[12] The Devil's Hole lies 200 miles (320 km) east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of asymmetrical trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) long, 1 and 2 kilometres (0.62 and 1.24 mi) wide and up to 230 metres (750 ft) deep.[13]

text: Other areas which are less deep are Cleaver Bank, Fisher Bank and Noordhinder Bank.

text: Extent[edit]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the North Sea as follows:[14]

text: On the Southwest. A line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N).[15]

text: On the Northwest. From Dunnet Head (3°22'W) in Scotland to Tor Ness (58°47'N) in the Island of Hoy, thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy (58°55'N) on to Breck Ness on Mainland (58°58'N) through this island to Costa Head (3°14'W) and to Inga Ness (59'17'N) in Westray through Westray, to Bow Head, across to Mull Head (North point of Papa Westray) and on to Seal Skerry (North point of North Ronaldsay) and thence to Horse Island (South point of the Shetland Islands).

text: On the North. From the North point (Fethaland Point) of the Mainland of the Shetland Islands, across to Graveland Ness (60°39'N) in the Island of Yell, through Yell to Gloup Ness (1°04'W) and across to Spoo Ness (60°45'N) in Unst island, through Unst to Herma Ness (60°51'N), on to the SW point of the Rumblings and to Muckle Flugga (60°51′N 0°53′W / 60.850°N 0.883°W / 60.850; -0.883) all these being included in the North Sea area; thence up the meridian of 0°53' West to the parallel of 61°00' North and eastward along this parallel to the coast of Norway, the whole of Viking Bank being thus included in the North Sea.

text: Hydrology[edit]

text: Temperature and salinity[edit]

text: The average temperature in summer is 17 °C (63 °F) and 6 °C (43 °F) in the winter.[4] The average temperatures have been trending higher since 1988, which has been attributed to climate change.[16][17] Air temperatures in January range on average between 0 to 4 °C (32 to 39 °F) and in July between 13 to 18 °C (55 to 64 °F). The winter months see frequent gales and storms.[1]

text: The salinity averages between 34 to 35 grams of salt per litre of water.[4] The salinity has the highest variability where there is fresh water inflow, such as at the Rhine and Elbe estuaries, the Baltic Sea exit and along the coast of Norway.[18]

text: Water circulation and tides[edit]

text: The main pattern to the flow of water in the North Sea is an anti-clockwise rotation along the edges.[19]

text: The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean receiving the majority of ocean current from the northwest opening, and a lesser portion of warm current from the smaller opening at the English Channel. These tidal currents leave along the Norwegian coast.[20] Surface and deep water currents may move in different directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, and deeper, denser high salinity waters move in shore.[21]

text: The North Sea located on the continental shelf has different waves from those in deep ocean water. The wave speeds are diminished and the wave amplitudes are increased. In the North Sea there are two amphidromic systems and a third incomplete amphidromic system.[22][23] In the North Sea the average tide difference in wave amplitude is between 0 to 8 metres (0 to 26 ft).[4]

text: The Kelvin tide of the Atlantic ocean is a semidiurnal wave that travels northward. Some of the energy from this wave travels through the English Channel into the North Sea. The wave still travels northward in the Atlantic Ocean, and once past the northern tip of Great Britain, the Kelvin wave turns east and south and once again enters into the North Sea.[24]

text: Selected tide ranges[edit]

text:
Tidal range [m]
(from calendars)
Maximal tidal
range [m]
Tide-gauge
[show]Geographical and historical features

0.79–1.82
2.39
Lerwick[25]
Shetland Islands

2.01–3.76
4.69
Aberdeen[26]
Mouth of River Dee in Scotland

2.38–4.61
5.65
North Shields[27]
Mouth of Tyne estuary

2.31–6.04
8.20
Kingston upon Hull[28]
northern side of Humber estuary

1.75–4.33
7.14
Grimsby[29]
southern side of Humber estuary farther seaward

1.98–6.84
6.90
Skegness[30]
Lincolnshire coast north of the Wash

1.92–6.47
7.26
King's Lynn[31]
mouth of Great Ouse into the Wash

2.54–7.23

Hunstanton[32]
eastern edge of the Wash

2.34–3.70
4.47
Harwich[33]
East Anglian coast north of Thames Estuary

4.05–6.62
7.99
London Bridge[34]
inner end of Thames Estuary

2.38–6.85
6.92
Dunkirk[35]
dune coast east of the Strait of Dover

2.02–5.53
5.59
Zeebrugge[36]
dune coast west of Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

3.24–4.96
6.09
Antwerp[37]
inner end of the southernmost estuary of Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

1.48–1.90
2.35
Rotterdam[38]
borderline of estuary delta[39] and sedimentation delta of the Rhine

1.10–2.03
2.52
Katwijk[40]
mouth of the Uitwateringskanaal of Oude Rijn into the sea

1.15–1.72
2.15
Den Helder[41]
northeastern end of Holland dune coast west of IJsselmeer

1.67–2.20
2.65
Harlingen[42]
east of IJsselmeer, outlet of IJssel river, the eastern branch of the Rhine

1.80–2.69
3.54
Borkum[43]
island in front of Ems river estuary

2.96–3.71

Emden[44]
east side of Ems river estuary

2.60–3.76
4.90
Wilhelmshaven[45]
Jade Bight

2.66–4.01
4.74
Bremerhaven[46]
seaward end of Weser estuary

3.59–4.62

Bremen-Oslebshausen[47]
Bremer Industriehäfen, inner Weser estuary

3.3–4.0

Bremen Weser barrage[48]
artificial tide limit of river Weser, 4 km upstream of the city centre

2.6–4.0

Bremerhaven 1879[49]
before onset of Weser Correction (Weser straightening works)

0–0.3

Bremen city centre 1879[49]
before onset of Weser Correction (Weser straightening works)

1.45

Bremen city centre 1900[50]
Große Weserbrücke, 5 years after completion of Weser Correction works

2.54–3.48
4.63
Cuxhaven[51]
seaward end of Elbe estuary

3.4–3.9
4.63
Hamburg St. Pauli[52][53]
St. Pauli Piers, inner part of Elbe estuary

1.39–2.03
2.74
Westerland[54]
Sylt island in front of Nordfriesland coast

2.8–3.4

Dagebüll[55]
coast of Wadden Sea in Nordfriesland

1.1–2.1
2.17
Esbjerg[56][57]
northern end of Wadden Sea in Denmark

0.5–1.1

Hvide Sande[56]
Danish dune coast, entrance of Ringkøbing Fjord lagoon

0.3–0.5

Thyborøn[56]
Danish dune coast, entrance of Nissum Bredning lagoon, part of Limfjord

0.2–04

Hirtshals[56]
Skagerrak. Hanstholm and Skagen have the same values.

0.14–0.30
0.26
Tregde[58]
Skagerrak, Southern end of Norway, east of an amphidromic point

0.25–0.60
0.65
Stavanger[58]
North of that amphidromic point, rhythm of the tides irregular

0.64–1.20
1.61
Bergen[58]
Rhythm of the tides regular

text: Coasts[edit]

text: The eastern and western coasts of the North Sea are jagged, formed by glaciers during the ice ages. The coastlines along the southernmost part are covered with the remains of deposited glacial sediment.[1] The Norwegian mountains plunge into the sea creating deep fjords and archipelagos. South of Stavanger, the coast softens, the islands become fewer.[1] The eastern Scottish coast is similar, though less severe than Norway. From north east of England, the cliffs become lower and are composed of less resistant moraine, which erodes more easily, so that the coasts have more rounded contours.[59][60] In the Netherlands, Belgium and in East Anglia the littoral is low and marshy.[1] The east coast and south-east of the North Sea (Wadden Sea) have coastlines that are mainly sandy and straight owing to longshore drift, particularly along Belgium and Denmark.[61]

text: Coastal management[edit]

text: The southern coastal areas were originally amphibious flood plains and swampy land. In areas especially vulnerable to storm surges, people settled behind elevated levees and on natural areas of high ground such as spits and geestland.[62]:[302,303] As early as 500 BC, people were constructing artificial dwelling hills higher than the prevailing flood levels.[62]:[306,308] It was only around the beginning of the High Middle Ages, in 1200 AD, that inhabitants began to connect single ring dikes into a dike line along the entire coast, thereby turning amphibious regions between the land and the sea into permanent solid ground.[62]

text: The modern form of the dikes supplemented by overflow and lateral diversion channels, began to appear in the 17th and 18th centuries, built in the Netherlands.[63] The North Sea Floods of 1953 and 1962 were impetus for further raising of the dikes as well as the shortening of the coast line so as to present as little surface area as possible to the punishment of the sea and the storms.[64] Currently, 27% of the Netherlands is below sea level protected by dikes, dunes, and beach flats.[65]

text: Coastal management today consists of several levels.[66] The dike slope reduces the energy of the incoming sea, so that the dike itself does not receive the full impact.[66] Dikes that lie directly on the sea are especially reinforced.[66] The dikes have, over the years, been repeatedly raised, sometimes up to 9 metres (30 ft) and have been made flatter to better reduce wave erosion.[67] Where the dunes are sufficient to protect the land behind them from the sea, these dunes are planted with beach grass (Ammophila arenaria) to protect them from erosion by wind, water, and foot traffic.[68]

text: Storm tides[edit]

text: Storm surges threaten, in particular, the coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Denmark and low lying areas of eastern England particularly around The Wash and Fens.[61] Storm surges are caused by changes in barometric pressure combined with strong wind created wave action.[69]

text: The first recorded storm tide flood was the Julianenflut, on 17 February 1164. In its wake the Jadebusen, (a bay on the coast of Germany), began to form. A storm tide in 1228 is recorded to have killed more than 100,000 people.[70] In 1362, the Second Marcellus Flood, also known as the Grote Manndrenke, hit the entire southern coast of the North Sea. Chronicles of the time again record more than 100,000 deaths as large parts of the coast were lost permanently to the sea, including the now legendary lost city of Rungholt.[71] In the 20th century, the North Sea flood of 1953 flooded several nations' coasts and cost more than 2,000 lives.[72] 315 citizens of Hamburg died in the North Sea flood of 1962.[73]:[79,86]

text: Tsunamis[edit]

text: Though rare, the North Sea has been the site of a number of historically documented tsunamis. The Storegga Slides were a series of underwater landslides, in which a piece of the Norwegian continental shelf slid into the Norwegian Sea. The immense landslips occurred between 8150 BCE and 6000 BCE, and caused a tsunami up to 20 metres (66 ft) high that swept through the North Sea, having the greatest effect on Scotland and the Faeroe Islands.[74][75] The Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 is among the first recorded earthquakes in the North Sea measuring between 5.6 and 5.9 on the Richter scale. This event caused extensive damage in Calais both through its tremors and possibly triggered a tsunami, though this has never been confirmed. The theory is a vast underwater landslide in the English Channel was triggered by the earthquake, which in turn caused a tsunami.[76] The tsunami triggered by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake reached Holland, although the waves had lost their destructive power. The largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom was the 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake, which measured 6.1 on the Richter magnitude scale and caused a small tsunami that flooded parts of the British coast.[76]

text: Geology[edit]

text: Shallow epicontinental seas like the current North Sea have since long existed on the European continental shelf. The rifting that formed the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, from about 150 million years ago, caused tectonic uplift in the British Isles.[77] Since then, a shallow sea has almost continuously existed between the uplands of the Fennoscandian Shield and the British Isles.[78] This precursor of the current North Sea has grown and shrunk with the rise and fall of the eustatic sea level during geologic time. Sometimes it was connected with other shallow seas, such as the sea above the Paris Basin to the south-west, the Paratethys Sea to the south-east, or the Tethys Ocean to the south.[79]

text: During the Late Cretaceous, about 85 million years ago, all of modern mainland Europe except for Scandinavia was a scattering of islands.[80] By the Early Oligocene, 34 to 28 million years ago, the emergence of Western and Central Europe had almost completely separated the North Sea from the Tethys Ocean, which gradually shrank to become the Mediterranean as Southern Europe and South West Asia became dry land.[81] The North Sea was cut off from the English Channel by a narrow land bridge until that was breached by at least two catastrophic floods between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago.[82][83] Since the start of the Quaternary period about 2.6 million years ago, the eustatic sea level has fallen during each glacial period and then risen again. Every time the ice sheet reached its greatest extent, the North Sea became almost completely dry. The present-day coastline formed after the Last Glacial Maximum when the sea began to flood the European continental shelf.[84]

text: In 2006 a bone fragment was found while drilling for oil in the north sea. Analysis indicated that it was a Plateosaurus from 199 to 216 million years ago. This was the deepest dinosaur fossil ever found and the first find for Norway.[85]

text: Natural history[edit]

text: Fish and shellfish[edit]

text: Copepods and other zooplankton are plentiful in the North Sea. These tiny organisms are crucial elements of the food chain supporting many species of fish.[86] Over 230 species of fish live in the North Sea. Cod, haddock, whiting, saithe, plaice, sole, mackerel, herring, pouting, sprat, and sandeel are all very common and are fished commercially.[86][87] Due to the various depths of the North Sea trenches and differences in salinity, temperature, and water movement, some fish such as blue-mouth redfish and rabbitfish reside only in small areas of the North Sea.[88]

text: Crustaceans are also commonly found throughout the sea. Norway lobster, deep-water prawns, and brown shrimp are all commercially fished, but other species of lobster, shrimp, oyster, mussels and clams all live in the North Sea.[86] Recently non-indigenous species have become established including the Pacific oyster and Atlantic jackknife clam.[87]

text: Birds[edit]

text: The coasts of the North Sea are home to nature reserves including the Ythan Estuary, Fowlsheugh Nature Preserve, and Farne Islands in the UK and the Wadden Sea National Parks in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.[86] These locations provide breeding habitat for dozens of bird species. Tens of millions of birds make use of the North Sea for breeding, feeding, or migratory stopovers every year. Populations of black legged kittiwakes, Atlantic puffins, northern fulmars, and species of petrels, gannets, seaducks, loons (divers), cormorants, gulls, auks, and terns, and many other seabirds make these coasts popular for birdwatching.[86][87]

text: Marine mammals[edit]

text: The North Sea is also home to marine mammals. Common seals, and harbour porpoises can be found along the coasts, at marine installations, and on islands. The very northern North Sea islands such as the Shetland Islands are occasionally home to a larger variety of pinnipeds including bearded, harp, hooded and ringed seals, and even walrus.[89] North Sea cetaceans include various porpoise, dolphin and whale species.[87][90]

text: Flora[edit]

text: Plant species in the North Sea include species of wrack, among them bladder wrack, knotted wrack, and serrated wrack. Algae, macroalgal, and kelp, such as oarweed and laminaria hyperboria, and species of maerl are found as well.[87] Eelgrass, formerly common in the entirety of the Wadden Sea, was nearly wiped out in the 20th century by a disease.[91] Similarly, sea grass used to coat huge tracts of ocean floor, but have been damaged by trawling and dredging have diminished its habitat and prevented its return.[92] Invasive Japanese seaweed has spread along the shores of the sea clogging harbours and inlets and has become a nuisance.[93]

text: Biodiversity and conservation[edit]

text: Due to the heavy human populations and high level of industrialization along its shores, the wildlife of the North Sea has suffered from pollution, overhunting, and overfishing. Flamingos and pelicans were once found along the southern shores of the North Sea, but became extinct over the 2nd millennium.[94] Walruses frequented the Orkney Islands through the mid-16th century, as both Sable Island and Orkney Islands lay within its normal range.[95] Gray whales also resided in the North Sea but were driven to extinction in the Atlantic in the 17th century[96] Other species have dramatically declined in population, though they are still found. North Atlantic right whales, sturgeon, shad, rays, skates, salmon, and other species were common in the North Sea until the 20th century, when numbers declined due to overfishing.[97][98] Other factors like the introduction of non-indigenous species, industrial and agricultural pollution, trawling and dredging, human-induced eutrophication, construction on coastal breeding and feeding grounds, sand and gravel extraction, offshore construction, and heavy shipping traffic have also contributed to the decline.[87]

text: The OSPAR commission manages the OSPAR convention to counteract the harmful effects of human activity on wildlife in the North Sea, preserve endangered species, and provide environmental protection.[99] All North Sea border states are signatories of the MARPOL 73/78 Accords, which preserve the marine environment by preventing pollution from ships.[100] Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands also have a trilateral agreement for the protection of the Wadden Sea, or mudflats, which run along the coasts of the three countries on the southern edge of the North Sea.[101]

text: Whaling[edit]

text: Whaling was an important economic activity from the 9th until the 13th century for Flemish whalers.[102] The medieval Flemish, Basque and Norwegian whalers who were replaced in the 16th century by Dutch, English, Danes and Germans, took massive numbers of whales and dolphins and nearly depleted the right whales. This activity likely led to the extinction of the Atlantic population of the once common gray whale.[103] By 1902 the whaling had ended.[102] After being absent for 300 years a single gray whale returned,[104] it probably was the first of many more to find its way through the now ice-free Northwest Passage. Once 16-metre (50 ft) "fish" were taken in large quantities at the mouth of the River Seine.[105] Perhaps the gray whale will someday return to its former Seine estuary breeding grounds and to the feeding grounds of the Wadden Sea[105] where it will again roil the sediments and release its benthic nutrients that will benefit the ecosystem.

text: History[edit]

text: Name[edit]

text: Through history various names have been used for the North Sea. One of the earliest recorded names was Septentrionalis Oceanus, or "Northern Ocean," which was cited by Pliny.[106] The name "North Sea" probably came into English, however, via the Dutch "Noordzee", who named it thus either in contrast with the Zuiderzee ("South Sea"), located south of Frisia, or because the sea is generally to the north of the Netherlands. Before the adoption of "North Sea," the names used in English were "German Sea" or "German Ocean", referred to the Latin names "Mare Gemanicum" and "Oceanus Germanicus",[107] and these persisted in use until the First World War.[108]

text: Other common names in use for long periods were the Latin terms "Mare Frisicum",[109] as well as their English equivalents, "Frisian Sea".[110]

text: The modern names of the sea in local languages are: Danish: Nordsøen, Dutch: Noordzee, Dutch Low Saxon: Noordzee, French: Mer du Nord, West Frisian: Noardsee, German: Nordsee, Low German: Noordsee, Northern Frisian: Weestsiie (literally meaning "West Sea"), Norwegian: Nordsjøen, Nynorsk: Nordsjøen, Scots: German Ocean, Swedish: Nordsjön, Scottish Gaelic: An Cuan a Tuath, West Flemish: Nôordzêe and Zeeuws: Noôrdzeê.

text: Early history[edit]

text: The North Sea has provided waterway access for commerce and conquest. Many areas have access to the North Sea because of its long coastline and the European rivers that empty into it.[1] The British Isles had been protected from invasion by the North Sea waters[1] until the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 CE. The Romans established organised ports, which increased shipping, and began sustained trade.[111] When the Romans abandoned Britain in 410, the Germanic Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea during the Migration Period. They made successive invasions of the island.[112]

text: The Viking Age began in 793 with the attack on Lindisfarne; for the next quarter-millennium the Vikings ruled the North Sea. In their superior longships, they raided, traded, and established colonies and outposts along the coasts of the sea. From the Middle Ages through the 15th century, the northern European coastal ports exported domestic goods, dyes, linen, salt, metal goods and wine. The Scandinavian and Baltic areas shipped grain, fish, naval necessities, and timber. In turn the North Sea countries imported high-grade cloths, spices, and fruits from the Mediterranean region.[113] Commerce during this era was mainly conducted by maritime trade due to underdeveloped roadways.[113]

text: In the 13th century the Hanseatic League, though centred on the Baltic Sea, started to control most of the trade through important members and outposts on the North Sea.[114] The League lost its dominance in the 16th century, as neighbouring states took control of former Hanseatic cities and outposts. Their internal conflict prevented effective cooperation and defence.[115] As the League lost control of its maritime cities, new trade routes emerged that provided Europe with Asian, American, and African goods.[116][117]

text: Age of sail[edit]

text: The 17th century Dutch Golden Age during which Dutch herring, cod and whale fisheries reached an all time high[113] saw Dutch power at its zenith.[118][119] Important overseas colonies, a vast merchant marine, powerful navy and large profits made the Dutch the main challengers to an ambitious England. This rivalry led to the first three Anglo-Dutch Wars between 1652 and 1673, which ended with Dutch victories.[119] After the Glorious Revolution the Dutch prince William ascended to the English throne. With both countries united, commercial, military, and political power shifted from Amsterdam to London.[120] The British did not face a challenge to their dominance of the North Sea until the 20th century.[121]

text: Modern era[edit]

text: Tensions in the North Sea were again heightened in 1904 by the Dogger Bank incident. During the Russo-Japanese War, several ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet, which was on its way to the Far East, mistook British fishing boats for Japanese ships and fired on them, and then upon each other, near the Dogger Bank, nearly causing Britain to enter the war on the side of Japan.

text: During the First World War, Great Britain's Grand Fleet and Germany's Kaiserliche Marine faced each other in the North Sea,[122] which became the main theatre of the war for surface action.[122] Britain's larger fleet and North Sea Mine Barrage were able to establish an effective blockade for most of the war, which restricted the Central Powers' access to many crucial resources.[123] Major battles included the Battle of Heligoland Bight,[124] the Battle of the Dogger Bank,[125] and the Battle of Jutland.[125] World War I also brought the first extensive use of submarine warfare, and a number of submarine actions occurred in the North Sea.[126]

text: The Second World War also saw action in the North Sea,[127] though it was restricted more to aircraft reconnaissance, and action by fighter/bomber aircraft, submarines, and smaller vessels such as minesweepers and torpedo boats.[128]

text: In the aftermath of the war, hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical weapons were disposed of by being dumped in the North Sea.[129]

text: After the war, the North Sea lost much of its military significance because it is bordered only by NATO member-states. However, it gained significant economic importance in the 1960s as the states around the North Sea began full-scale exploitation of its oil and gas resources.[130] The North Sea continues to be an active trade route.[131]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Political status[edit]

text: Countries that border the North Sea all claim the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) of territorial waters, within which they have exclusive fishing rights.[132] The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union (EU) exists to coordinate fishing rights and assist with disputes between EU states and the EU border state of Norway.[133]

text: After the discovery of mineral resources in the North Sea, the Convention on the Continental Shelf established country rights largely divided along the median line. The median line is defined as the line "every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of each State is measured."[134] The ocean floor border between Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark was only reapportioned after protracted negotiations and a judgement of the International Court of Justice.[132][135]

text: Oil and gas[edit]

text: As early as 1859, oil was discovered in onshore areas around the North Sea and natural gas as early as 1910.[80]

text: Test drilling began in 1966 and then, in 1969, Phillips Petroleum Company discovered the Ekofisk oil field[136] distinguished by valuable, low-sulphur oil.[137] Commercial exploitation began in 1971 with tankers and, after 1975, by a pipeline, first to Teesside, England and then, after 1977, also to Emden, Germany.[138]

text: The exploitation of the North Sea oil reserves began just before the 1973 oil crisis, and the climb of international oil prices made the large investments needed for extraction much more attractive.[139]

text: Although the production costs are relatively high, the quality of the oil, the political stability of the region, and the proximity of important markets in western Europe has made the North Sea an important oil producing region.[137] The largest single humanitarian catastrophe in the North Sea oil industry was the destruction of the offshore oil platform Piper Alpha in 1988 in which 167 people lost their lives.[140]

text: Besides the Ekofisk oil field, the Statfjord oil field is also notable as it was the cause of the first pipeline to span the Norwegian trench.[141] The largest natural gas field in the North Sea, Troll gas field, lies in the Norwegian trench dropping over 300 metres (980 ft) requiring the construction of the enormous Troll A platform to access it.

text: The price of Brent Crude, one of the first types of oil extracted from the North Sea, is used today as a standard price for comparison for crude oil from the rest of the world.[142] The North Sea contains western Europe's largest oil and natural gas reserves and is one of the world's key non-OPEC producing regions.[143]

text: In the UK sector of the North Sea, the oil industry invested £14.4 billion in 2013, and was on track to spend £13 billion in 2014. Industry body Oil & Gas UK put the decline down to rising costs, lower production, high tax rates, and less exploration.[144]

text: Fishing[edit]

text: The North Sea is Europe's main fishery accounting for over 5% of international commercial fish caught.[1] Fishing in the North Sea is concentrated in the southern part of the coastal waters. The main method of fishing is trawling.[145] In 1995, the total volume of fish and shellfish caught in the North Sea was approximately 3.5 million tonnes.[146] Besides fish, it is estimated that one million tonnes of unmarketable by-catch is caught and discarded each year.[147]

text: In recent decades, overfishing has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing marine food chain dynamics and costing jobs in the fishing industry.[148] Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing, which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing.[149] The objective of the European Union Common Fisheries Policy is to minimize the environmental impact associated with resource use by reducing fish discards, increasing productivity of fisheries, stabilising markets of fisheries and fish processing, and supplying fish at reasonable prices for the consumer.[150]

text: Mineral resources[edit]

text: In addition to oil, gas, and fish, the states along the North Sea also take millions of cubic metres per year of sand and gravel from the ocean floor. These are used for beach nourishment, land reclamation and construction.[151] Rolled pieces of amber may be picked up on the east coast of England.[152]

text: Renewable energy[edit]

text: Due to the strong prevailing winds, and shallow water, countries on the North Sea, particularly Germany and Denmark, have used the shore for wind power since the 1990s.[153] The North Sea is the home of one of the first large-scale offshore wind farms in the world, Horns Rev 1, completed in 2002. Since then many other wind farms have been commissioned in the North Sea (and elsewhere). As of 2013 the 630 megawatt (MW) London Array is the largest offshore wind farm in the world, with the 504 (MW) Greater Gabbard wind farm the second largest, followed by the 367 MW Walney Wind Farm. All are off the coast of the UK. These projects will be dwarfed by subsequent wind farms that are in the pipeline, including Dogger Bank at 4,800 MW, Norfolk Bank (7,200 MW), and Irish Sea (4,200 MW). At the end of June 2013 total European combined offshore wind energy capacity was 6,040 MW. UK installed 513.5 MW offshore windpower in the first half year of 2013.[154]

text: The expansion of offshore wind farms has met with some resistance. Concerns have included shipping collisions[155] and environmental effects on ocean ecology and wildlife such as fish and migratory birds,[156] however, these concerns were found to be negligible in a long-term study in Denmark released in 2006 and again in a UK government study in 2009.[157][158] There are also concerns about reliability,[159] and the rising costs of constructing and maintaining offshore wind farms.[160] Despite these, development of North Sea wind power is continuing, with plans for additional wind farms off the coasts of Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK.[161] There have also been proposals for a transnational power grid in the North Sea[162][163] to connect new offshore wind farms.[164]

text: Energy production from tidal power is still in a pre-commercial stage. The European Marine Energy Centre has installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney mainland[165] and a tidal power testing station on the nearby island of Eday.[166] Since 2003, a prototype Wave Dragon energy converter has been in operation at Nissum Bredning fjord of northern Denmark.[167]

text: Tourism[edit]

text:
The beaches and coastal waters of the North Sea are destinations for tourists. The Belgian, Dutch, German and Danish coasts[168][169] are developed for tourism. The North Sea coast of the United Kingdom has tourist destinations with beach resorts and golf courses.
Fife in Scotland is famous for its links golf courses. The coastal City of St. Andrews being renowned as the "Home of Golf". The coast of North East England has several tourist towns such as Scarborough, Bridlington, Seahouses, Whitby, Robin Hood's Bay and Seaton Carew. The coast of North East England has long sandy beaches and links golfing locations such as Seaton Carew Golf Club and Goswick Golf Club.
The North Sea Trail is a long-distance trail linking seven countries around the North Sea.[170] Windsurfing and sailing[171] are popular sports because of the strong winds. Mudflat hiking,[172] recreational fishing and birdwatching[169] are among other activities.

text: The climatic conditions on the North Sea coast have been claimed to be healthful. As early as the 19th century, travellers used their stays on the North Sea coast as curative and restorative vacations. The sea air, temperature, wind, water, and sunshine are counted among the beneficial conditions that are said to activate the body's defences, improve circulation, strengthen the immune system, and have healing effects on the skin and the respiratory system.[173]

text: Marine traffic[edit]

text: The North Sea is important for marine transport and its shipping lanes are among the busiest in the world.[132] Major ports are located along its coasts: Rotterdam, the busiest port in Europe and the fourth busiest port in the world by tonnage as of 2013[update], Antwerp (was 16th) and Hamburg (was 27th), Bremen/Bremerhaven and Felixstowe, both in the top 30 busiest container seaports,[174] as well as the Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge, Europe's leading ro-ro port.[175]

text: Fishing boats, service boats for offshore industries, sport and pleasure craft, and merchant ships to and from North Sea ports and Baltic ports must share routes on the North Sea. The Dover Strait alone sees more than 400 commercial vessels a day.[176] Because of this volume, navigation in the North Sea can be difficult in high traffic zones, so ports have established elaborate vessel traffic services to monitor and direct ships into and out of port.[177]

text: The North Sea coasts are home to numerous canals and canal systems to facilitate traffic between and among rivers, artificial harbours, and the sea. The Kiel Canal, connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea, is the most heavily used artificial seaway in the world reporting an average of 89 ships per day not including sporting boats and other small watercraft in 2009.[178] It saves an average of 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi), instead of the voyage around the Jutland peninsula.[179] The North Sea Canal connects Amsterdam with the North Sea.


document_title: Flag Day (United States)

question_text: where was the first official flag day observed

text: Flag Day (United States)

text: History[edit]

text: Several people and/or organizations played instrumental roles in the establishment of a national Flag Day celebration. They are identified here in chronological order.

text: 1861, George Morris[edit]

text: The earliest reference to the suggestion of a "Flag Day" is cited in Kansas: a Cyclopedia of State History, published by Standard Publishing Company of Chicago in 1912. It credits George Morris of Hartford, Connecticut:

text: To Victor Morris of Hartford, Conn., is popularly given the credit of suggesting "Flag Day," the occasion being in honor of the adoption of the American flag on June 14, 1777. The city of Hartford observed the day in 1861, carrying out a program of a patriotic order, praying for the success of the Federal arms and the preservation of the Union.

text: The observance apparently did not become a tradition.[1]

text: 1885, Bernard J. Cigrand[edit]

text: Working as a grade school teacher in Waubeka, Wisconsin, in 1895, Bernard J. Cigrand held the first recognized formal observance of Flag Day at the Stony Hill School. The school has been restored, and a bust of Cigrand also honors him at the National Flag Day Americanism Center in Waubeka.[11]

text: From the late 1880s on, Cigrand spoke around the country promoting patriotism, respect for the flag, and the need for the annual observance of a flag day on June 14, the day in 1777 that the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes.[1][12]

text: He moved to Chicago to attend dental school and, in June 1886, first publicly proposed an annual observance of the birth of the United States flag in an article titled "The Fourteenth of June," published in the Chicago Argus newspaper. In June 1888, Cigrand advocated establishing the holiday in a speech before the "Sons of America," a Chicago group. The organization founded a magazine, American Standard, in order to promote reverence for American emblems. Cigrand was appointed editor-in-chief and wrote articles in the magazine as well as in other magazines and newspapers to promote the holiday.

text: On the third Saturday in June 1894, a public school children's celebration of Flag Day took place in Chicago at Douglas, Garfield, Humboldt, Lincoln, and Washington Parks. More than 300,000 children participated, and the celebration was repeated the next year.[12]

text: Cigrand became president of the American Flag Day Association and later of the National Flag Day Society, which allowed him to promote his cause with organizational backing. Cigrand once noted he had given 2,188 speeches on patriotism and the flag.

text: Cigrand lived in Batavia, Illinois, from 1913–1932.[13]

text: Cigrand generally is credited with being the "Father of Flag Day," with the Chicago Tribune noting that he "almost singlehandedly" established the holiday.

text: 1888, William T. Kerr[edit]

text: William T. Kerr, a native of Pittsburgh and later a resident of Yeadon, Pennsylvania, founded the American Flag Day Association of Western Pennsylvania in 1888, and became the national chairman of the American Flag Day Association one year later, serving as such for fifty years.  He attended President Harry S. Truman's 1949 signing of the Act of Congress that formally established the observance.

text: 1889, George Bolch[edit]

text: In 1889, the principal of a free kindergarten, George Bolch, celebrated the Revolution and celebrated Flag Day, as well.[1][14]

text: 1893, Elizabeth Duane Gillespie[edit]

text: In 1893, Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, a descendant of Benjamin Franklin and the president of the Colonial Dames of Pennsylvania, attempted to have a resolution passed requiring the American flag to be displayed on all Philadelphia's public buildings.[1] In 1937, Pennsylvania became the first state to make Flag Day a legal holiday.[14]

text: The Elizabeth Duane Gillespie Junior High School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.[15]

text: 1907, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Flag Day Resolution

text: American fraternal order and social club the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks has celebrated the holiday since the early days of the organization and allegiance to the flag is a requirement of every member.[16] In 1907, the BPOE Grand Lodge designated by resolution June 14 as Flag Day. The Grand Lodge of the Order adopted mandatory observance of the occasion by every Lodge in 1911, and that requirement continues.[16]

text: The Elks prompted President Woodrow Wilson to recognize the Order's observance of Flag Day for its patriotic expression.[16]

text: 1913, City of Paterson, New Jersey[edit]

text: During the 1913 Paterson silk strike, IWW leader "Big" Bill Haywood asserted that someday all of the world's flags would be red, "the color of the working man's blood."  In response, the city's leaders (who opposed the strike) declared March 17 to be "Flag Day," and saw to it that each of the city's textile mills flew an American flag.  This attempt by Paterson's leaders to portray the strikers as un-American backfired when the strikers marched through the city with American flags of their own, along with a banner that stated:[17]

text: WE WEAVE THE FLAG

text: WE LIVE UNDER THE FLAG

text: WE DIE UNDER THE FLAG

text: BUT DAM'D IF WE'LL STARVE UNDER THE FLAG.

text: World War II rebranding as United Nations Day[edit]

text: For Flag Day 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched an international "United Flag Day" or "United Nations Day", celebrating solidarity among the World War II Allies, six months after the Declaration by United Nations.[18][19] It was observed in New York City as the "New York at War" parade, and throughout the United States and internationally from 1942-1944.

text: Observance of Flag Day[edit]

text: The week of June 14 (June 11–17, 2017; June 10–16, 2018; June 09–15, 2019) is designated as "National Flag Week." During National Flag Week, the president will issue a proclamation urging U.S. citizens to fly the American flag for the duration of that week. The flag should also be displayed on all government buildings. Some organizations, such as the town of Dedham, Massachusetts, hold parades and events in celebration of America's national flag and everything it represents.

text: The National Flag Day Foundation holds an annual observance for Flag Day on the second Sunday in June (June 11, 2017; June 10, 2018; June 09, 2019). The program includes a ceremonial raising of the national flag, the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, the singing of the national anthem, a parade and other events.[1]

text: The Star-Spangled Banner Flag House in Baltimore, Maryland birthplace of the flag that a year later inspired Francis Scott Key (1779–1843), to pen his famous poem, has celebrated Flag Day since the inception of a museum in the home of flag-banner-pennant maker Mary Pickersgill on the historic property in 1927. The annual celebrations on Flag Day and also Defenders Day (September 12, since 1814) commemorates the Star-Spangled Banner and its creator Mary Pickersgill, for the huge emblem that flew over Fort McHenry  guarding Baltimore harbor during the British Royal Navy's three days attack in the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812 (1812–1815).

text: The Betsy Ross House, home of legendary Betsy Ross has long been the site of Philadelphia's observance of Flag Day.[1]

text: Coincidentally, June 14 is also the date for the annual anniversary of the "Bear Flag Revolt." in California. On June 14, 1846, 33 American settlers and mountain men arrested the Mexican general in command at Sonoma, and declared the "Bear Flag Republic" on the Pacific Ocean coast as an independent nation. A flag emblazoned with a bear, a red stripe,  a star and the words "California Republic" was raised to symbolize independence from Mexico of the former province of Alta California. The Bear Flag was adopted as California's state flag upon joining the Union as the 31st state in 1850, after being annexed by the United States  following the Mexican–American War of 1846–1849.[20] Prominently flying both the U.S.A. and state flags on June 14 is a tradition for some Californians.[21]

text: On June 14, 2017, President Donald Trump, who was coincidentally born on Flag Day 1946, proclaimed Flag Day and Flag Week.[22][23]


document_title: Romeo + Juliet

question_text: where was baz luhrmann's romeo and juliet set

question_tokens: where was baz luhrmann 's romeo and juliet set

text: Romeo + Juliet

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Verona Beach, the Capulets and the Montagues are arch-rivals.[6] The animosity of the older generation—Fulgencio and Gloria Capulet and Ted and Caroline Montague—is felt by their younger relatives. A gunfight between the Montague boys led by Benvolio, Romeo's cousin, and the Capulet boys led by Tybalt, Juliet's cousin, creates chaos in the city. The Chief of Police, Captain Prince, reprimands the families, warning them that if such behavior continues, their lives "shall pay the forfeit of the peace".

text: Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach. While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate-crash. Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline, with whom he is in love, is attending.  Later, the Montague boys meet their friend, Mercutio, who has tickets to the party. Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet mansion. The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo, who goes to the restroom. While admiring an aquarium, he sees Juliet on the other side, and the two instantly fall in love. Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family's home, but Fulgencio stops him.

text: Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss. The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away, telling her that Romeo is a Montague. At the same time, Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet. Mercutio removes Romeo from the party, but he sneaks back to the mansion, hiding under Juliet’s balcony. Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her. Juliet warns him that he is risking his life, but Romeo tells her he doesn't care whether he is caught. Knowing her nurse is looking for her, Juliet tells him that, if he sends word by the following day, they will be betrothed. The next day, Romeo visits Father Laurence, telling him he wants to marry Juliet. He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families. Romeo passes the word on to Juliet’s nurse and the lovers are married.

text: Tybalt encounters Mercutio at the beach just as Romeo arrives. Romeo attempts to make peace, but Tybalt assaults him. Mercutio intervenes and batters Tybalt, and is about to finish him off when Romeo stops him. Tybalt then slashes Mercutio with a shard of glass in his stomach.  Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets before dying in Romeo's arms. Enraged, Romeo chases after a fleeing Tybalt and guns him down.

text: Captain Prince banishes Romeo from the city. Romeo goes into hiding with Father Laurence, who treats his injuries and says that, after some time passes, he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends. The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him. When Romeo climbs over Juliet's balcony, she kisses him and they consummate their marriage. Meanwhile, Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris, the governor's son.

text: The next morning, Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris. She refuses, and Fulgencio threatens to disown her. Her mother and nurse insist it would be in her best interest to marry Paris. To get out of this, Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence, imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide. Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later. Romeo will be told of the plot, sneak into the vault, and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua. He gives her a potion which mimics death. After saying goodnight to her mother, Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma. She is found in the morning, declared dead, and placed in the vault. Balthasar, one of Romeo's cousins, learns that Juliet is dead and tells Romeo, who is not home when the messenger arrives with a letter from Father Laurence.

text: Romeo returns to Verona and buys a vial of poison. As he goes to the church, Captain Prince finds out he is back, and tries to capture him, without success. Father Laurence learns that Romeo never got his letter and has no idea Juliet is alive. Romeo enters the church where Juliet lies and bids her goodbye. She awakens just as Romeo takes the poison; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies. A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo's gun and shoots herself in the head, dying instantly. The two lovers are soon discovered in each other's arms. Prince condemns both families, whose feuding led to such tragedy, while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
The House of Montague
Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague, Romeo's father[7]
Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague, Romeo's mother
Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague
Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague, Romeo's cousin
Jesse Bradford as Balthasar Montague, Romeo's cousin
Zak Orth as Gregory Montague, Romeo's cousin
Jamie Kennedy as Sampson Montague, Romeo's cousin
The House of Capulet
Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet, Juliet's father
Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet, Juliet's mother
Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet/Juliet Capulet-Montague
John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet, Juliet's cousin
Vincent Laresca as Abra Capulet, Juliet's cousin
Carlos Martín Manzo Otálora as Petruchio Capulet, Juliet's cousin
Miriam Margolyes as Nurse, Juliet's nanny

Others
Harold Perrineau as Mercutio, Romeo's best friend
Pete Postlethwaite as Father Laurence, the priest who marries Romeo and Juliet
Paul Rudd as Dave Paris, the governor's son and Juliet's fiancé
Vondie Curtis-Hall as Captain Prince, the chief of police
M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary
Quindon Tarver as Choir Boy, the singer at Romeo and Juliet's wedding
Edwina Moore as the Anchorwoman, who assumes the role of the Chorus

text: Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but, during rehearsals, it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was "molesting" her.[8] Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time, and made DiCaprio look older than intended. He was 21 at the time of filming and Portman was only 14.[9]

text: After Sarah Michelle Gellar turned down the role due to scheduling conflicts, DiCaprio proclaimed that Danes should be cast, as he felt she was genuine in her line delivery and did not try to impress him by acting flirtatious.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: After the success of Strictly Ballroom, Luhrmann took some time over deciding what his next project would be:

text: Our philosophy has always been that we think up what we need in our life, choose something creative that will make that life fulfilling, and then follow that road. With Romeo and Juliet what I wanted to do was to look at the way in which Shakespeare might make a movie of one of his plays if he was a director. How would he make it? We don't know a lot about Shakespeare, but we do know he would make a 'movie' movie. He was a player. We know about the Elizabethan stage and that he was playing for 3000 drunken punters, from the street sweeper to the Queen of England - and his competition was bear-baiting and prostitution. So he was a relentless entertainer and a user of incredible devices and theatrical tricks to ultimately create something of meaning and convey a story. That was what we wanted to do.[11]

text: Luhrmann obtained some funds from Fox to do a workshop and shoot some teaser footage in Sydney. Leonardo DiCaprio agreed to pay his own expenses to fly to Sydney and be part of it. Once Fox saw footage of the fight scene, they agreed to support it.[11]

text: All of the development was done in Australia, with pre-production in Australia and Canada and post-production in Australia. While some parts of the film were shot in Miami, most of the film was shot in Mexico City and Boca del Rio, Veracruz. For instance, the Capulet mansion was set at Chapultepec Castle while the ballroom was built on Stage One of Churubusco Studios; and the church is Immaculate Heart of Mary in the Del Valle neighborhood.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film premiered on November 1, 1996 in the United States and Canada, in 1,276 theaters, and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office. It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada,[13] with a worldwide total of USD$147,554,998.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film "Fresh", with 70% of 61 critics giving positive reviews with an average rating of 6.5/10 with the consensus that says, "Baz Luhrmann's visual aesthetic is as divisive as it is fresh and inventive".[14] James Berardinelli gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Ultimately, no matter how many innovative and unconventional flourishes it applies, the success of any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two factors: the competence of the director and the ability of the main cast members. Luhrmann, Danes, and DiCaprio place this Romeo and Juliet in capable hands."[15]

text: Leonardo DiCaprio won Favorite Actor and Claire Danes won Favorite Actress in a Romance at the 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.[4] At the 1997 MTV Movie Awards, Danes won Best Female Performance. DiCaprio was nominated for Best Male Performance, and DiCaprio and Danes were both nominated for Best Kiss and Best On-Screen Duo.[4] At the 51st BAFTA Film Awards, director Baz Luhrmann won Best Direction, Luhrmann and Mary Haile won the Best Adapted Screenplay, Nellee Hooper won the Best Film Music, and Catherine Martin won the Best Production Design. The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography, Best Editing, and Best Sound.[4]

text: The film won several awards.[4] At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize.[3] Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture.[4] At the 69th Academy Awards, Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration.[4]

text: Conversely, Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed review of only 2 stars out of 4, saying, "I've seen “King Lear” as a samurai drama and “Macbeth” as a Mafia story, and two different “Romeo and Juliets” about ethnic difficulties in Manhattan (“West Side Story” and “China Girl”), but I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of “Romeo & Juliet” makes of Shakespeare's tragedy."[16]

text: The film was nominated to appear on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Passions list in 2002.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was originally released on VHS and DVD in 1997.  A 10th anniversary special edition DVD containing extra features and commentary was released on February 6, 2007, while a Blu-ray edition was released on October 19, 2010.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"#1 Crush" – Garbage
"Local God" – Everclear
"Angel" – Gavin Friday
"Pretty Piece of Flesh" – One Inch Punch
"Kissing You (Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet)" – Des'ree
"Whatever (I Had a Dream)" – Butthole Surfers
"Lovefool" – The Cardigans
"Young Hearts Run Free" – Kym Mazelle
"Everybody's Free (To Feel Good)" – Quindon Tarver
"To You I Bestow" – Mundy
"Talk Show Host" – Radiohead
"Little Star" – Stina Nordenstam
"You and Me Song" – The Wannadies

tag: ol


document_title: Joy Harmon

question_text: who is the woman washing the car in cool hand luke

text: Joy Harmon

text:
Joy Harmon

Harmon with Roger Smith in an episode of Mister Roberts, 1965.

Born
Joy Patricia Harmon
(1940-05-01) May 1, 1940 (age 77)
Flushing, New York, U.S.

Years active
1956–1973

Known for
Car washing girl in
Cool Hand Luke

Spouse(s)
Jeff Gourson (1968–2001); 3 children

Website
http://www.auntjoyscakes.com

text: Joy Patricia Harmon (born May 1, 1940)[1] is a baker and former American actress.

text: Career[edit]

text: Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Flushing, New York.[1] She and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946.[1] A Miss Connecticut,[1] Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marx's television program You Bet Your Life (titled The Groucho Show during its last season), and later a regular on Marx's program Tell It to Groucho (credited as "Patty Harmon"). She guest-starred on several 1960s TV series, including Gidget, Batman, and The Monkees. She appeared in a cameo role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy Under the Yum Yum Tree in 1963. She had a role as Tony Dow's girlfriend in the 1965–66 television soap opera, Never Too Young.

text: Harmon's best-remembered acting roles are as the thirty-foot-tall (9 m) Merrie in Village of the Giants (1965, in which she captures normal-sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top), and as the car-washing "Lucille" in Cool Hand Luke (1967) and her purportedly 41–22–36. measurements.[1]

text: Aunt Joy's Cakes[edit]

text: In the 21st century, Harmon founded Aunt Joy's Cakes, a bakery in Burbank, California.[2]

text: Personal life[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Listanti, Tom (2008). Glamor Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-Five Profiles. McFarland & Co., Inc. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-7864-3172-4. Retrieved June 29, 2017. Her amble [sic] bosom (41–22–36) was her ticket to Broadway in the comedy Make Me Laugh...
Jump up ^ "About Us". Aunt Joy's Cakes. Archived from the original on August 20, 2013.

text: Articles with hCards