document_title: Constitution of Texas

question_text: who has the power of impeachment under the texas constitution

text: Constitution of Texas

text: Articles of the Texas Constitution of 1876[edit]

text: Article 1: "Bill of Rights"[edit]

text: Article 1 is the Texas Constitution's bill of rights. The article originally contained 29 sections; four sections have since been added. Some of the article's provisions concern specific fundamental limitations on the power of the state.

text: The provisions of the Texas Constitution apply only against the government of Texas. However, a number of the provisions of the U.S. Constitution are held to apply to the states as well, under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

text: Section 4 purports to prohibit office holders from the requirements of any religious test, provided they "acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being". This conflicts with the U.S. Constitution's No Religious Test Clause, and would almost certainly be held unenforceable if challenged,[citation needed] as was a similar South Carolina requirement in Silverman v. Campbell, and a broader Maryland restriction in Torcaso v. Watkins.

text: Section 32 denies state recognition to same-sex unions, a practice which was invalidated as a consequence of Obergefell v. Hodges.

text: Article 2: "The Powers of Government"[edit]

text: Article 2 provides for the separation of powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the state government, prohibiting each branch from encroaching on the powers of the others.

text: Article 3: "Legislative Department"[edit]

text: Article 3 vests the legislative power of the state in the "Legislature of the State of Texas", consisting of the state's Senate and House of Representatives. It also lists the qualifications required of senators and representatives, and regulates many details of the legislative process.

text: As with the United States Constitution, either house may originate bills (Section 31), but bills to raise revenue must originate in the House of Representatives (Section 33).

text: Section 39 allows a bill to take effect immediately upon the Governor's signature if the bill passes both chambers by a two-thirds vote, unless otherwise specified in the bill. If the bill does not pass by this majority it takes effect on the first day of the next fiscal year (September 1).

text: Section 66 created the state's "Rainy Day Fund".

text: The article contains many substantive limitations on the power of the legislature and a large number of exceptions to those limitations. This is especially true within Section 49. The Section limits the power of the Legislature to incur debt to only specific purposes as stated in the Constitution; this has necessitated numerous amendments to this section in order to permit the Legislature (including two sections, both added in 2003 and both curiously numbered as "49-n"). In addition, Section 49a requires the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts to certify the amount of available cash on hand and anticipated revenues for the next biennium; no appropriation may exceed this amount (except in cases of emergency, and then only with a four-fifths vote of both chambers), and the Comptroller is required to reject and return to the Legislature any appropriation in violation of this requirement.

text: Article 4: "Executive Department"[edit]

text: Article 4 describes the powers and duties of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney General. With the exception of the Secretary of State the above officials are directly elected in what is known as a "plural executive" system. (Although the Texas Agriculture Commissioner is also directly elected, that is the result of Legislative action, not a Constitutional requirement.)

text: Under Section 16 of this article, the Lieutenant Governor automatically assumes the power of Governor if and when the Governor travels outside of the state.

text: Article 5: "Judicial Department"[edit]

text: Article 5 describes the composition, powers, and jurisdiction of the state's Supreme Court, Court of Criminal Appeals, and District, County, and Commissioners Courts, as well as the Justice of the Peace Courts.

text: Article 6: "Suffrage"[edit]

text: Article 6 denies voting rights to minors, felons, and people who are deemed mentally incompetent by a court (though the Legislature may make exceptions in the latter two cases). It also describes rules for elections.

text: Article 7: "Education"[edit]

text: Article 7 establishes provisions for public schools, asylums, and universities. Section 1 states, "it shall be the duty of the Legislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for the support and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools". This issue has surfaced repeatedly in lawsuits involving the State's funding of education and the various restrictions it has placed on local school districts.

text: This Article also discusses the creation and maintenance of the Permanent University Fund (Sections 11, 11a, and 11b) and mandates the establishment of "a University of the first class" (Section 10) to be called The University of Texas, as well as "an Agricultural, and Mechanical department" (Section 13, today's Texas A&M University, which opened seven years prior to UT); it also establishes Prairie View A&M University in Section 14.

text: Article 8: "Taxation and Revenue"[edit]

text: Article 8 places various restrictions on the ability of the Legislature and local governments to impose taxes. Most of these restrictions concern local property taxes.

text: Section 1-e prohibits statewide property taxes. This Section has been the subject of numerous school district financing lawsuits claiming that other Legislative restrictions on local property taxes have created a de facto statewide property tax; the Texas Supreme Court has at times ruled that the restrictions did in fact do so (and thus were unconstitutional) and at other times ruled that they did not.

text: Texas does not have a personal income tax. Section 24 of the article, added by an amendment adopted in 1993, restricts the ability of the Legislature to impose such a tax. Under the section, a law imposing a personal income tax must be ratified in a statewide referendum to take effect; any further change in the tax must also be ratified to take effect, if it would increase the "collective liability" of all persons subject to the tax. The proceeds from the tax must first be used to reduce local school property taxes, with any remainder being used for the support of education.

text: No such restriction exists on imposition of a corporate income tax or similar tax; in May 2006 the Legislature replaced the existing franchise tax with a gross receipts tax.

text: Article 9: "Counties"[edit]

text: Article 9 provides rules for the creation of counties (now numbering 254) and for determining the location of county seats. It also includes several provisions regarding the creation of county-wide hospital districts in specified counties, as well as other miscellaneous provisions regarding airports and mental health.

text: Article 10: "Railroads"[edit]

text: Article 10 contains a single section declaring that railroads are considered "public highways" and railroad carriers "common carriers". Eight other sections were repealed in 1969.

text: Article 11: "Municipal Corporations"[edit]

text: Article 11 recognizes counties as legal political subunits of the State, grants certain powers to cities and counties, empowers the legislature to form school districts.

text: Texas operates under Dillon's Rule: counties and special districts are not granted home rule privileges, while cities and school districts have those privileges only in the limited instances specified below.

text: Sections 4 and 5 discuss the operation of cities based on population. Section 4 states that a city with a population of 5,000 or fewer has only those powers granted to it by general law; Section 5 permits a city, once its population exceeds 5,000, to adopt a charter under home rule provided the charter is not inconsistent with limits placed by the Texas Constitution or general law (the city may amend to maintain home rule status even if its population subsequently falls to 5,000 or fewer).

text: School districts may adopt home rule,[2] but none have chosen to do so.[3]

text: Article 12: "Private Corporations"[edit]

text: Article 12 contains two sections directing the Legislature to enact general laws for the creation of private corporations and prohibiting the creation of private corporations by special law. Four other sections were repealed in 1969, and a fifth section in 1993.

text: Article 13: "Spanish and Mexican Land Titles"[edit]

text: Article 13 established provisions for Spanish and Mexican land titles from the Mexican War Era to please the Mexican government.[citation needed] This article was repealed in its entirety in 1969.

text: Article 14: "Public Lands and Land Office"[edit]

text: Article 14 contains a single section establishing the General Land Office and the office of commissioner of the General Land Office. Seven other sections were repealed in 1969.

text: Article 15: "Impeachment"[edit]

text: Article 15 describes the process of impeachment and lists grounds on which to impeach judges. The House of Representatives is granted the power of impeachment.

text: Article 16: "General Provisions"[edit]

text: Article 16 contains miscellaneous provisions, including limits on interest rates, civil penalties for murder, and the punishment for bribery.

text: Section 28 prohibits garnishment of wages, except for spousal maintenance and child support payments (however, this does not limit Federal garnishment for items such as student loan payments or income taxes).

text: Section 37 provides for the constitutional protection of the mechanic's lien.

text: Section 50 provides for protection of a homestead against forced sale to pay debts, except for foreclosure on debts related to the homestead (mortgage, taxes, mechanic's liens, and home equity loans including home equity lines of credit). This section also places specific restrictions on home equity loans and lines of credit (Texas being the last state to allow them), the section:

text:
limits the amount of a home equity loan, when combined with all other loans against a home, to no more than 80 percent of the home's fair market value at the time of the loan,
requires that the advance on a home equity line of credit be at least $4,000 (even if the borrower wants to borrow less than that amount, though nothing prohibits a borrower from immediately repaying the credit line with a portion of said advance),
requires a 14-day waiting period before any loan or line of credit is effective (at the initial borrowing; later borrowings against a line of credit can still be made in less time), and
places restrictions on where closing can take place.

text: Although Texas is a right-to-work state, such protections are governed by law; the state does not have a constitutional provision related to right-to-work.

text: Article 17: "Mode of amending the Constitution of this State"[edit]

text: Notwithstanding the large number of amendments (and proposed amendments) that the Texas Constitution has had since its inception, the only method of amending the Constitution prescribed by Article 17 is via the Legislature, subject to voter approval. The Constitution does not provide for amendment by initiative, constitutional convention, or any other means. A 1974 constitutional convention required the voters to amend the Constitution to add a separate section to this Article; the section was later repealed in 1999.

text: The section also prescribes specific details for notifying the public of elections to approve amendments. It requires that the legislature publish a notice in officially approved newspapers that briefly summarizes each amendment and shows how each amendment will be described on the ballot. It also requires that the full text of each amendment be posted at each county courthouse at least 50 days (but no sooner than 60 days) before the election date.

text: Once an amendment passes it is compiled into the existing framework (i.e., text is either added or deleted), unlike the United States Constitution.

text: Attempts at revision[edit]

text: Because of the unwieldiness of the state constitution, there have been attempts to draft a new constitution or to significantly revise the existing one:

text:
The most successful of the attempts took place in 1969, when 56 separate obsolete provisions (including the entirety of Article 13, and 22 entire sections from Articles 10, 12, and 14) were successfully repealed.[4]
In 1971 the Texas Legislature placed on the November 1972 ballot an Amendment which called for the Legislature to meet in January 1974 for 90 days as a constitutional convention, for purposes of drafting a new state Constitution. The measure passed (thus adding Section 2 to Article 17; the section was later repealed in November 1999) and the Legislature met. However, even with an additional 60 days added to the session, the convention failed by a mere three votes to propose a new constitution.[4]
In 1975, the Legislature, meeting in regular session, revived much of the work of the 1974 convention and proposed it as a set of eight amendments to the existing constitution. All eight of the amendments were overwhelmingly rejected by the voters (in 250 the state's 254 counties, all eight amendments were defeated; only in Duval and Webb counties did all eight amendments pass).[4]
In 1979 the Legislature placed on the ballot four amendments which had their origins in the 1974 convention; of which three were approved by the voters:[5]

One amendment created a single property tax "appraisal district" in each county for purposes of providing a uniform appraised value for all property in a county applicable to all taxing authorities (previously, each taxing authority assessed property individually and frequently did so at dissimilar values between the authorities)
Another amendment gave to the Texas Court of Appeals criminal appellate jurisdiction (previously, the Courts had jurisdiction over civil matters only; though death penalty cases still bypass this level)
The last amendment gave the Governor of Texas limited authority to remove appointed statewide officials

In 1995, Senator John Montford drafted a streamlined constitution similar to the 1974 version. However, Montford resigned his seat to become chancellor of the Texas Tech University System, and his initiative subsequently died.[5] Later that year, though, voters approved an amendment abolishing the office of State Treasurer and moving its duties to the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts office.
In 1998, a bipartisan effort (led by Republican Senator Bill Ratliff and Democratic Representative Rob Junell) produced a rewritten constitution, with the help of students from Angelo State University (Junell's district included the San Angelo area). The second draft was submitted to the 76th Legislature, but failed to gain support in committee.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: On March 1, 1845, the US enacted a congressional joint resolution proposing the annexation of Texas to the United States (Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, J.Res. 8, enacted March 1, 1845, 5 Stat. 797). On June 23, 1845, the Texan Congress accepted the US Congress's joint resolution, and consented to President Jones' calling of a convention to be held on July 4, 1845.[6][7] A Texas convention debated the annexation offer and almost unanimously passed an ordinance assenting to it on July 4, 1845.[8] The convention debated through August 28th, and adopted the Constitution of the State of Texas on August 27, 1845.[9] The citizens of Texas approved an annexation ordinance and new constitution on October 13, 1845.[citation needed] On December 29, 1845, the United States admitted the State of Texas to the Union (Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, 9 Stat. 108).

text: On June 17, 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed Andrew Jackson Hamilton as the provisional civilian governor of the state and directed him to convene a constitutional convention restricted to loyal Americans.[10] A referendum was held on June 25, 1866, pursuant to the laws then in force on March 29, for the ratification of the amendments proposed by the convention.[11]

text: Texas adopted yet a new constitution document in 1866 once the United States accepted Texas back into the Union. Then, delegates met in 1869 and drafted a new constitution once again. This time, the newly modified law of the land aimed to protect rights for former slaves, and placed more power on centralized state power (p. 57, Practicing Texas Politics, 2015).


document_title: List of countries by population growth rate

question_text: where is the human population growing the least

root

text: This article includes a table of countries and self-governing dependent territories by annual population growth rate.

tag: p

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The table below shows annual population growth rate history and projections for various areas, countries, regions and sub-regions from various sources for various time periods.

text: The right-most column shows a projection for the time period shown using the medium fertility variant.  Preceding columns show actual history.  The number shown is the average annual growth rate for the period.

text: Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. This means that population growth in this table includes net changes from immigration and emigration.  For a table of natural increase, see List of countries by natural increase

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Country/ Region
WB[1] 2009 %
CIA WF[2] 2012 %
CIA WF[3] 2014 %
UN[4] 2005 -2010 %
UN[4]2010 -2015 %

UN[4]
2015 -
2020
%

World
1.15
1.17
-
1.23
1.19

1.09

 Afghanistan

2.44
2.29
2.29
2.78
3.16

2.41

 Albania

0.26
0.30
0.30
−0.92
−0.12

0.13

 Algeria

1.89
1.88
1.88
1.63
1.98

1.67

 Andorra

0.63
0.17
0.17
1.37
−1.59

−0.21

 Angola

3.12
2.78
2.78
3.57
3.52

3.28

 Antigua and Barbuda

1.03
1.25
1.25
1.18
1.08

1.01

 Argentina

0.88
0.95
0.95
1.04
1.04

0.94

 Armenia

0.17
−0.13
−0.13
−0.71
0.27

0.15

 Australia

1.60
1.09
1.09
1.78
1.46

1.30

 Austria

0.46
0.01
0.01
0.38
0.63

0.24

 Azerbaijan

1.35
0.99
0.99
1.13
1.26

0.98

 Bahamas

1.52
0.87
0.87
1.83
1.39

1.01

 Bahrain

1.92
2.49
2.49
6.67
2.01

4.26

 Bangladesh

1.19
1.60
1.60
1.18
1.16

1.04

 Barbados

0.50
0.33
0.33
0.40
0.33

0.24

 Belarus

−0.10
−0.19
−0.19
−0.31
0.03

−0.15

 Belgium

0.85
0.05
0.05
0.73
0.63

0.58

 Belize

2.43
1.92
1.92
2.54
2.22

2.05

 Benin

2.73
2.81
2.81
2.84
2.79

2.73

 Bhutan

1.68
1.13
1.13
2.05
1.58

1.18

 Bolivia

1.65
1.60
1.60
1.67
1.56

1.47

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

−0.14
−0.11
−0.11
−0.32
−1.03

−0.22

 Botswana

0.86
1.26
1.26
1.64
1.84

1.79

 Brazil

0.87
0.80
0.80
1.03
0.91

0.75

 Brunei

1.40
1.65
1.65
1.25
1.43

1.25

 Bulgaria

−0.60
−0.83
−0.83
−0.74
−0.62

−0.67

 Burkina Faso

2.86
3.05
3.05
3.01
2.98

2.87

 Burma

0.85
1.03
1.03
0.68
0.88

0.90

 Burundi

3.19
3.28
3.28
3.33
3.03

3.15

 Cape Verde

0.78
1.39
1.39

1.25

 Cambodia

1.76
1.63
1.63
1.51
1.62

1.49

 Cameroon

2.54
2.60
2.60
2.73
2.68

2.56

 Canada

1.14
0.76
0.76
1.13
1.02

0.90

 Central African Republic

1.99
2.13
2.13
1.50
0.43

1.58

 Chad

3.00
1.92
1.92
3.32
3.29

3.01

 Chile

0.90
0.84
0.84
1.02
0.89

0.78

 China[5]

0.49
0.44
0.44
0.57
0.54

0.39

 Colombia

1.32
1.07
1.07
1.18
0.98

0.81

 Comoros[6]

2.44
1.87
1.87
2.40
2.40

2.24

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

2.74
2.50
2.50
3.28
3.33

3.22

 Congo

2.61
1.94
1.94
2.98
2.60

2.59

 Costa Rica

1.42
1.24
1.24
1.35
1.12

0.96

 Ivory Coast

2.29
1.96
1.96
2.13
2.49

2.49

 Croatia

−0.32
−0.12
−0.12
−0.23
−0.43

−0.58

 Cuba

−0.05
−0.14
−0.14
0.09
0.23

0.06

 Cyprus

1.11
1.48
1.48
1.59
0.85

0.78

 Czech Republic

0.18
0.17
0.17
0.54
0.13

0.06

 Denmark

0.36
0.22
0.22
0.49
0.48

0.38

 Djibouti

1.52
2.23
2.23
1.66
1.72

1.51

 Dominica

0.40
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.48

0.51

 Dominican Republic

1.26
1.25
1.25
1.38
1.24

1.07

 Ecuador

1.60
1.37
1.37
1.67
1.56

1.42

 Egypt

1.66
1.84
1.84
1.82
2.18

1.87

 El Salvador

0.66
0.27
0.27
0.45
0.47

0.52

 Equatorial Guinea

2.80
2.54
2.54
4.56
4.24

3.59

 Eritrea

3.28
2.30
2.30
2.02
1.98

2.28

 Estonia

−0.04
−0.68
−0.68
−0.35
−0.25

−0.23

 Ethiopia

2.58
2.89
2.89
2.67
2.60

2.43

 Fiji

0.78
0.70
0.70
0.91
0.74

0.72

 Finland

0.48
0.05
0.05
0.40
0.43

0.36

 France[7]

0.50
0.45
0.45
0.58
0.45

0.39

 Gabon

2.39
1.94
1.94
3.12
3.26

2.17

 Gambia

3.19
2.23
2.23
3.17
3.12

2.93

 Georgia

0.63
−0.11
−0.11
−1.17
−1.37

−0.27

 Germany

0.11
−0.18
−0.18
−0.19
0.20

0.20

 Ghana

2.17
2.19
2.19
2.58
2.36

2.16

 Greece

−0.18
0.01
0.01
0.26
−0.40

−0.21

 Grenada

0.39
0.50
0.50
0.33
0.41

0.46

 Guatemala

2.53
1.86
1.86
2.22
2.10

1.94

 Guinea

2.56
2.63
2.63
2.18
2.27

2.57

 Guinea-Bissau

2.39
1.93
1.93
2.39
2.59

2.44

 Guyana

0.57
−0.11
−0.11
−0.12
0.58

0.57

 Haiti

1.39
1.08
1.08
1.53
1.38

1.20

 Honduras

2.03
1.74
1.74
2.11
1.79

1.63

 Hungary

−0.28
−0.21
−0.21
−0.32
−0.29

−0.34

 Iceland

0.35
0.65
0.65
1.65
0.61

0.77

 India

1.26
1.25
1.25
1.46
1.23

1.10

 Indonesia

1.25
0.95
0.95
1.35
1.25

1.05

 Iran

1.32
1.22
1.22
1.14
1.25

1.04

 Iraq

2.54
2.23
2.23
2.60
3.21

2.78

 Ireland

0.26
1.20
1.20
1.87
0.31

0.78

 Israel

1.81
1.46
1.46
2.35
1.65

1.55

 Italy

0.32
0.30
0.30
0.31
−0.08

−0.13

 Jamaica

0.21
0.69
0.69
0.52
0.39

0.29

 Japan

−0.20
−0.13
−0.13
0.03
−0.09

−0.23

 Jordan

2.19
3.86
3.86
4.57
4.86

2.17

 Kazakhstan

1.43
1.17
1.17
1.07
1.58

1.13

 Kenya

2.70
2.11
2.11
2.74
2.66

2.49

 Kiribati

1.54
1.18
1.18
2.12
1.82

1.71

 North Korea

0.53
0.53
0.53
0.34
0.42

0.47

 South Korea

0.45
0.16
0.16
0.57
0.52

0.36

 Kuwait

3.95
1.70
1.70
5.51
5.44

1.78

 Kyrgyzstan

1.22
1.04
1.04
1.32
1.57

1.44

 Laos

1.89
1.59
1.59
1.64
1.30

1.45

 Latvia

−1.60
−0.62
−0.62
−1.22
−1.30

−1.03

 Lebanon

0.96
9.73
9.37
1.68
5.99

0.57

 Lesotho

1.08
0.34
0.34
0.91
1.27

1.31

 Liberia

2.68
2.52
2.52
3.82
2.62

2.52

 Libya

0.84
3.08
3.08
1.26
0.21

1.33

 Liechtenstein

0.73
0.82
0.82
0.65
0.76

0.65

 Lithuania

−1.48
−0.29
−0.29
−1.36
−1.27

−0.55

 Luxembourg

2.49
1.12
1.12
2.08
2.19

1.27

 Macedonia

0.08
0.21
0.21
0.10
0.08

0.08

 Madagascar

2.80
2.62
2.62
2.86
2.72

2.67

 Malawi

2.86
3.33
3.33
3.02
2.95

2.87

 Malaysia

1.66
1.47
1.47
1.83
1.78

1.35

 Maldives

1.93
−0.09
−0.09
2.68
2.76

1.85

 Mali

2.99
3.00
3.00
3.27
2.95

2.99

 Malta

0.40
0.33
0.33
0.45
0.55

0.31

 Marshall Islands

0.11
1.72
1.72
−0.04
0.14

0.10

 Mauritania

2.49
2.26
2.26
2.85
2.95

2.69

 Mauritius

0.42
0.66
0.66
0.42
0.18

0.23

 Mexico

1.24
1.21
1.21
1.57
1.41

1.23

 Micronesia

−0.03
−0.42
−0.42
−0.49
0.16

0.63

 Moldova

−0.04
−1.02
−1.02
−0.36
−0.09

−0.24

 Monaco

0.85
0.06
0.06
1.86
0.65

0.51

 Mongolia

1.52
1.37
1.37
1.42
1.86

1.50

 Montenegro

0.07
−0.49
−0.49
0.26
0.12

0.04

 Morocco

1.43
1.02
1.02
1.20
1.43

1.26

 Mozambique

2.50
2.45
2.45
2.93
2.91

2.86

 Namibia

1.87
0.67
0.67
1.34
2.20

2.12

 Nauru

0.56
0.56
−0.18
2.32

−0.06

   Nepal

1.16
1.82
1.82
1.05
1.17

1.09

 Netherlands

0.45
0.42
0.42
0.36
0.30

0.29

 New Zealand[8]

0.63
0.83
0.83
1.10
1.09

0.93

 Nicaragua

1.46
1.02
1.02
1.29
1.17

1.07

 Niger

3.84
3.28
3.28
3.75
3.84

3.81

 Nigeria

2.79
2.47
2.47
2.64
2.67

2.58

 Norway

1.32
1.19
1.19
1.07
1.25

0.94

 Oman

9.13
2.06
2.06
3.83
6.45

4.08

 Pakistan

2.69
2.49
2.4
2.05
2.09

1.91

 Palau

0.72
0.37
0.37
0.56
0.79

1.06

 Palestine/Gaza Strip

3.01
2.91
2.91

 Panama

1.64
1.35
1.35
1.80
1.71

1.55

 Papua New Guinea

2.17
1.84
1.84
2.37
2.16

2.01

 Paraguay

1.72
1.19
1.19
1.38
1.34

1.25

 Peru

1.25
0.99
0.99
1.24
1.32

1.20

 Philippines

1.72
1.81
1.81
1.66
1.64

1.51

 Poland

0.02
−0.11
−0.11
−0.02
−0.03

−0.17

 Portugal

−0.29
0.12
0.12
0.16
−0.44

−0.39

 Qatar

7.05
3.58
3.58
14.93
6.65

2.36

 Romania

−0.27
−0.29
−0.29
−0.95
−0.56

−0.50

 Russia

0.40
−0.03
−0.03
−0.07
0.04

−0.01

 Rwanda

2.77
2.63
2.63
2.61
2.53

2.36

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

1.15
0.78
0.78
1.13
1.08

0.91

 Saint Lucia

0.89
0.35
0.35
1.06
0.53

0.45

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

0.01
−0.29
−0.29
0.10
0.03

0.24

 Samoa

0.78
0.59
0.59
0.69
0.80

0.65

 San Marino

0.64
0.87
0.87
1.24
1.16

0.51

 São Tomé and Príncipe

2.65
1.89
1.89
2.32
2.25

2.18

 Saudi Arabia

1.88
1.49
1.49
2.75
2.81

1.90

 Senegal

2.92
2.48
2.48
2.76
2.96

2.77

 Serbia

−0.48
−0.46
−0.46
−0.41
−0.40

−0.34

 Seychelles

0.39
0.87
0.87
0.59
0.50

0.50

 Sierra Leone

1.91
2.33
2.33
2.65
2.28

2.12

 Singapore

2.45
1.92
1.92
2.44
1.74

1.40

 Slovakia

0.22
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.13

0.04

 Slovenia

0.26
−0.23
−0.23
0.48
0.29

0.07

 Solomon Islands

2.13
2.07
2.07
2.32
2.14

1.94

 Somalia

2.86
1.75
1.75
2.93
2.86

2.93

 South Africa

1.18
−0.48
−0.48
1.10
1.39

1.20

 South Sudan

4.30
4.12

4.33
3.32

2.72

 Spain

0.09
0.81
0.81
1.21
−0.17

0.03

 Sri Lanka

1.04
0.86
0.86
0.68
0.50

0.35

 Sudan

2.08
1.78
1.78
2.13
2.34

2.38

 Suriname

0.90
1.12
1.12
1.06
1.01

0.87

 Swaziland

1.54
1.14
1.14
1.68
1.84

1.75

 Sweden

0.71
0.79
0.79
0.76
0.78

0.72

  Switzerland

1.07
0.78
0.78
1.11
1.21

0.83

 Syria

1.97
−9.73
−9.73
2.78
−2.30

0.20

 Taiwan

0.25
0.25
0.44
0.33

0.28

 Tajikistan

2.45
1.75
1.75
2.18
2.24

2.06

 Tanzania

3.04
2.80
2.80
3.14
3.12

3.06

 Thailand

0.31
0.35
0.35
0.54
0.43

0.22

 Timor-Leste

2.88
2.44
2.44
1.56
2.24

2.14

 Togo

2.60
2.71
2.71
2.70
2.63

2.45

 Tonga

0.37
0.09
0.09
0.60
0.42

0.86

 Trinidad and Tobago

0.33
−0.11
−0.11
0.48
0.48

0.26

 Tunisia

0.97
0.92
0.92
1.04
1.16

1.09

 Turkey

1.28
1.12
1.12
1.26
1.58

1.37

 Turkmenistan

1.29
1.14
1.14
1.35
1.80

1.61

 Tuvalu

0.16
0.80
0.80
0.99
0.87

0.88

 Uganda

3.35
3.24
3.24
3.45
3.37

3.23

 Ukraine

−0.25
−0.64
−0.64
−0.48
−0.50

−0.49

 United Arab Emirates

3.10
2.71
2.71
11.82
2.03

1.39

 United Kingdom

0.75
0.54
0.54
0.98
0.65

0.58

 United States

0.74
0.77
0.77
0.90
0.72

0.71

 Uruguay

0.35
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.34

0.36

 Uzbekistan

1.47
0.93
0.93
1.52
1.59

1.41

 Vanuatu

2.24
2.01
2.01
2.42
2.26

2.10

  Vatican City

0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03

0.08

 Venezuela

1.53
1.42
1.42
1.61
1.41

1.26

 Vietnam

1.06
1.00
1.00
0.96
1.12

1.00

 Western Sahara (Sahrawi)

2.89
2.89
1.87
1.83

2.54

 Yemen

2.33
2.72
2.72
2.74
2.62

2.33

 Zambia

3.19
2.88
2.88
2.78
3.01

2.97

 Zimbabwe

2.70
4.36
4.36
1.70
2.27

2.28

 Anguilla (UK)

2.06
2.06
1.71
1.19

 Aruba (Netherlands)

0.44
1.36
1.36
0.31
0.45

 Bermuda (UK)

0.37
0.52
0.52
−0.36
−0.62

Caribbean Netherlands

7.49
3.43

 Cayman Islands (UK)

1.70
2.14
2.14
2.65
1.55

Channel Islands ( UK) [9]
0.51
0.58
0.36
0.67
0.51

 Christmas Island (Australia)

1.11

 Cook Islands (NZ)

−3.00
−3.00
0.89
0.53

 Curaçao (Netherlands)

0.73

2.63
1.26

 Faroe Islands (Denmark)

0.01
0.01
−0.59
0.33

 Falkland Islands

−0.09
0.49
0.49
0.10
−0.15

 Gibraltar (UK)

0.25
0.25
1.11
0.94

 Greenland (Denmark)

−0.11
0.02
0.02
−0.14
−0.13

 Guadeloupe (France)

0.27
0.50

 Guam (USA)

1.21
0.44
0.44
0.13
1.27

 French Guiana

2.78
2.78

 Hong Kong

1.17
0.41
0.41
0.44
0.83

 Isle of Man (UK)

0.74
0.80
0.80
0.97
0.80

 Kosovo

0.86

 Macau

1.90
0.83
0.83
2.66
1.89

 Martinique (France)

−0.12
0.09

 Mayotte (France)

3.17
2.79

 Montserrat (UK)

0.48
0.48
0.72
0.68

 New Caledonia (France)

1.60
1.42
1.42
1.49
1.32

 Niue (New Zealand)

−0.03
−0.03
−0.79
−0.14

 Norfolk Island (Australia)

0.01

 Northern Mariana Islands (USA)

0.14
1.13
1.13
−3.57
0.44

 Pitcairn Islands (UK)

0.00
0.00

 French Polynesia

1.08
0.97
0.97
1.01
1.07

 Puerto Rico (USA)

−0.73
−0.65
−0.65
−0.28
−0.14

 Réunion (France)

0.96
0.73

 Saint Helena & dependencies (UK)

0.27
0.27
−0.48
−1.04

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)

−1.02
−1.02
0.05
0.05

 American Samoa

−0.26
−0.35
−0.35
−1.21
−0.04

 Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

1.51

0.36
3.13

 Svalbard (Norway)

−0.03

 Tokelau (NZ)

−0.01
−0.01
−1.28
1.93

 Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

2.19
2.58
2.58
3.17
2.05

 British Virgin Islands

2.36
2.36
3.23
2.02

 U.S. Virgin Islands

−0.48
−0.56
−0.56
−0.26
−0.02

 Wallis and Futuna (France)

0.33
0.33
−0.98
−0.62

Asia/Other non-specified areas

0.43
0.16

tag: table


document_title: Hawaiian Islands

question_text: which island of the hawaiian island chain is the youngest

text: Hawaiian Islands

text: Islands and reefs[edit]

text: Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18, 1778 and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty.[3] This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.[4]

text: The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km2). Except for Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii—the 50th state of the United States.[5]

text: Main islands[edit]

text: The eight main islands of Hawaii (also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands) are listed here. All except Kahoolawe are inhabited.[6]

text:
Island
Nickname
Area
Population
(as of 2010)
Density
Highest point
Elevation
Age (Ma)[7]
Location

Hawaiʻi[8]
The Big Island
1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)
185,079
4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)
Mauna Kea
1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)
0.4
19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)

Maui[9]
The Valley Isle
2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)
144,444
2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)
Haleakalā
2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)
1.3–0.8
20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)

Oʻahu[10]
The Gathering Place
3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)
953,207
1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)
Mount Kaʻala
5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)
3.7–2.6
21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)

Kauaʻi[11]
The Garden Isle
4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)
66,921
3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)
Kawaikini
3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)
5.1
22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)

Molokaʻi[12]
The Friendly Isle
5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)
7,345
5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)
Kamakou
4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)
1.9–1.8
21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)

Lānaʻi[13]
The Pineapple Isle
6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)
3,135
6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)
Lānaʻihale
6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)
1.3
20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)

Niʻihau[14]
The Forbidden Isle
7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)
170
7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)
Mount Pānīʻau
8 1,250 ft (381 m)
4.9
21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)

Kahoʻolawe[15]
The Target Isle
8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)
0
8 0
Puʻu Moaulanui
7 1,483 ft (452 m)
1.0
20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)

text: Smaller islands, atolls, reefs[edit]

text: Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (all west of Niʻihau are uninhabited) form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, or Hawaiian Leeward Islands:

text:
Nihoa (Mokumana)
Necker (Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemilohaʻi)
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef (Nalukākala)
Laysan (Kauō)
Lisianski Island (Papaʻāpoho)
Pearl and Hermes Atoll (Holoikauaua)
Midway Atoll (Pihemanu)
Kure Atoll (Mokupāpapa)

tag: ul

text: Islets[edit]

text: The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.[17] This number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small island, offshore of the main islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:

text:
Ford Island (Mokuʻumeʻume)
Lehua
Ka'ula
Kaohikaipu
Mānana
Mōkōlea Rock
Nā Mokulua
Molokini
Mokoliʻi
Moku Manu
Moku Ola (Coconut Island, Hawaii)
Moku o Loʻe (Coconut Island, Oahu)
Sand Island
Grass Island

text: Geology[edit]

text: This chain of islands, or archipelago, developed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.[18] From this study and others,[19][20] it is estimated that the northwestern most island, Kure Atoll, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeastern most island, Hawaiʻi, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Loʻihi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism.

text: Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase. Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.

text: Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. Mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).[21]

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text: The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman and her family. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.[22]

text: Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after Alaska and California.[23]

text: On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the Kona area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the epicenter. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.

text: Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS.

text: Tsunamis[edit]

text: The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis, great waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.

text: Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokaʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawaiʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.

text: The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.

text: A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event.

text: A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages.[24]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The endemic plant and animal species of the Hawaiian Islands developed in nearly complete isolation over about 70 million years.[clarification needed] Prior to human arrival, the only native mammals were the Hawaiian hoary bat and the Hawaiian monk seal.[25][not in citation given]

text: Human contact, first by Polynesians, introduced new trees, other plants and animals. These included voracious species such as rats and pigs, who took a heavy toll on native birds and invertebrates that evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population also brought deforestation, forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct. As humans cleared land for farming, monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems.[citation needed]

text: The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands. As of 2009[update], many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered.[26]

text: National Monument[edit]

text: Wikinews has related news: Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument

text: On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest[27] marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Sites.[28][29][30] On August 26, 2016, President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.[31][32][33]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and weather.[34] The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation.[34] Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides, tend to be drier.[34]

text: In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).[34] Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.[34] The tropical storms, and occasional hurricanes, tend to occur from July through November.[34]


document_title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

question_text: when did gorod krovi come out for ps4

question_tokens: when did gorod krovi come out for ps4

text: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Campaign[edit]

text: The campaign in Black Ops III is designed to support 4-player cooperative gameplay, allowing for bigger, more open level design and less corridor shooting. In addition, the player can customize their character's appearance and clothing. The campaign features its own progression system, featuring unlock tokens which must be used to acquire different weapons and gears as they progress through the campaign.[2] The game features a "realistic" difficulty mode, in which players will get defeated if they are hit by one bullet.[3] Finishing all campaign missions will also unlock "Nightmares" mode, where players can replay the entire campaign with a new narrative, as well as zombies replacing most of the normal enemies.

text: Multiplayer[edit]

text: The multiplayer introduces a new momentum-based movement system, which utilizes thruster packs to allow players to perform slow boosts into the air, as well as perform wall running and sliding, all the while giving players complete gun control.[4] In addition to the Pick 10 class system from Black Ops II, Treyarch implemented a character system called "Specialists", where players can pick from 9 different soldiers, each with either a special weapon or ability unique to them. In a later update, a tenth specialist named Blackjack was added to the game. Blackjack is able to mimic the abilities of other specialists, and is only playable for a short amount of time upon completing a set of challenges.[5][6] A new "Gunsmith" feature offers aesthetic variations in weapon attachments, allowing various weapon customization combinations.[7] The Paintshop feature allows players to create their own custom prints onto specific portions of a gun, further emphasizing the depth of customization in the game.[8]

text: Zombies[edit]

text: Zombies features a new XP progression system, which allows players to unlock items in a similar fashion to multiplayer and campaign. Unlockable items include "Gobblegums", which grant players with temporary bonuses, and weapon kits that allow players to modify the appearance of the guns in each game. Shadows of Evil was revealed as a new map for the Zombies mode on July 9, 2015 at San Diego Comic-Con International 2015.[9] The map features four brand new characters: Nero the Magician, Jessica the Femme Fatale, Vincent the Cop and Campbell the Boxer as the main cast, and takes place in a new setting called Morg City.[10] "The Giant" includes the original characters, Tank Dempsey, Edward Richtofen, Nikolai Belinski and Takeo Masaki. These characters return from the Black Ops II map "Origins", in their alternate timeline versions. They reappear in the DLC maps "The Giant", "Der Eisendrache", "Zetsubou no Shima", "Gorod Krovi" and "Revelations". The zombies gamemode involves a story, which links with every DLC. On May 16, 2017 Treyarch released a fifth DLC including the remastered versions of Zombies maps from their previous Call of Duty games, called "Zombies Chronicles". These maps are "Nacht der Untoten", "Verrückt", "Shi No Numa", "Kino der Toten", "Ascension", "Shangri La", "Moon" and "Origins". These maps retain most of the original aesthetics updated with Black Ops III's graphics engine, while also add in the gameplay elements of Black Ops III, such as Gobblegums and Weapon Kits. [11]

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Single-player campaign[edit]

text: Setting and characters[edit]

text: Call of Duty: Black Ops III takes place in 2065, 40 years after the events of Black Ops II, in a world facing upheaval from a Third Cold War, climate change and new technologies. In response to the drone assaults caused by narco-terrorist Raul Menendez in 2025, several countries around the world have developed Directed Energy Air Defense systems that render conventional air forces virtually useless. As such, most of the warfare between countries is done by covert operatives fighting behind enemy lines. Military technology has progressed to the point where robotics play a major role in combat, and both fully robotic humanoid drones and cyborg supersoldiers have been developed to fight in the battlefield. There is speculation and fear about an eventual robotic takeover.

text: Like previous installments in the Black Ops series, the campaign follows a team of black ops soldiers,[12] the Winslow Accord. The player character (voiced by Ben Browder if male and Abby Brammell if female) and Jacob Hendricks (Sean Douglas) are members of the faction's wetwork team, while Commander John Taylor (Christopher Meloni) and his team Sebastian Diaz (Reynoldo Gallegos), Sarah Hall (Katee Sackhoff), and Peter Maretti (Ary Katz), comprise the faction's cybernetics division.[13][14] Rachel Kimsey voices CIA agent Rachel Kane, Robert Picardo voices the Coalescence Corporation CEO Sebastian Krueger, Tony Amendola voices the therapist Dr. Yousef Salim, and Lynn Chen voices the 54 Immortals criminal organization leader, Goh Xiulan.

text: Included in the game is the "Nightmares" campaign mode, which is a retelling of the main campaign with the plot changed to incorporate zombies and other supernatural beings. In this campaign, the lethal Virus 61-15 is released in various cities around the world, turning whoever it infects into zombies. In response, the governments of the world seal off the worst infected areas into Quarantine Zones and form the Deadkillers, cybernetic soldiers trained to exterminate zombies.

text: Story[edit]

text: On October 27, 2065, the Winslow Accord initiate a successful mission in Ethiopia to rescue hostages from the tyrannical Nile River Coalition. However, the Player is critically wounded by a combat robot. Rescued by Taylor, the Player undergoes cybernetic surgery to save their life, being installed with a direct neural interface (DNI) and receiving virtual training from Taylor and his team during surgery. Hendricks also undergoes surgery.

text: After five years of wetwork, the Player and Hendricks are put under the command of Rachel Kane and tasked with investigating a CIA black site in Singapore that has gone quiet. They find the site attacked by the 54 Immortals and the site's data stolen. Kane concludes that Taylor and his team defected and murdered the staff. The Player and Hendricks investigate their last location, the Coalescence Corporation in Singapore (destroyed ten years prior in a mysterious explosion that killed 300,000 people), finding a secret CIA lab.

text: The pair find Diaz leaking CIA information and are forced to kill him. Interfacing with Diaz's DNI, Hendricks discovers Taylor is trying to find the survivors of the explosion: Sebastian Krueger and Dr. Yousef Salim. The leaked information allows the Immortals to capture Kane. The Player disobeys Kane's orders to leave and rescues her by killing Immortals' leader, Goh Xiulan. The trio then head to Egypt and find Salim, who reveals that he performed secret DNI experiments involving comforting humans via a calming exercise involving imagining a frozen forest.

text: Salim is then interrogated and executed by Taylor. The Player, Hendricks and Kane pursue Taylor with assistance from the Egyptian Army. After killing Hall, the Player connects to her DNI and encounters Corvus, a gestalt intelligence created during the experiments to monitor thoughts of DNI users which malfunctioned, causing the explosion. Infecting Taylor and his team, Corvus made them obsessed with finding the forest, with the Player and Hendricks also becoming infected after interfacing with Hall and Diaz.

text: After killing Maretti, the pair track down Taylor in Cairo. After wounding the Player, Taylor manages to resist Corvus and tear his DNI out, sparing the Player. However, Hendricks then succumbs to Corvus and kills Taylor before abandoning the Player, leaving for Zürich to find Krueger. The Player races to Zürich with Kane to stop him. Reaching Zürich's Coalescence Corporation, the pair find Corvus caused the explosion with the gas Nova 6. Kane attempts to contain it, but Corvus locks her in the compound room, leaking the gas to kill her in front of a helpless Player.

text: Continuing on, the Player finds Hendricks holding Krueger hostage. After Hendricks kills Krueger, the Player kills him in turn. The Player then tries to kill themselves to end Corvus' infection, but ends up in a simulated frozen forest, created by Corvus to retain the consciousness of dead DNI users. Taylor, still alive after becoming a glitch in the forest, reunites with the Player, stating that they must purge their DNI to end Corvus. With Taylor's help, the Player resists Corvus' last-ditch manipulation and purges their DNI, erasing the virus. Stumbling out of the Zurich headquarters, the Player identifies themselves to Zürich Security Forces as "Taylor".

text: Taylor's mission reports reveal that the Player actually died during their cybernetics surgery due to complications. The resulting events until Taylor's death occur in a simulation deviating from Taylor and Hendricks's experience of hunting down Dylan Stone and his team (Javier Ramirez, Alice Conrad, and Joseph Fierro), their teammates who defected after finding the CIA black site. The Player's consciousness is shown living in Taylor's mind throughout the simulation, indicating that the Player manages to take over Taylor's body after his simulated death until the DNI purge sees Corvus erased and Taylor regains control.

text: Nightmares[edit]

text: The Player wakes up only to be told by Dr. Salim that they are dead, and that the Player must recount their memories. The Player tells Dr. Salim that they are a Deadkiller who was sent to investigate the disappearance of Taylor's Deadkiller team. However, upon investigating, the Player and Hendricks discover that Taylor's team has used their DNI connections to disable the Quarantine Zone defenses all over the world. Teaming up with Rachel Kane, the Player and Hendricks chase Taylor's team all from Singapore to Egypt, eventually being forced to kill the entire team. However, Hendricks is infected by the same virus that turned Taylor and his team mad, and heads for Zurich. The Player discovers that Dr. Salim is in fact Deimos, the demigod responsible for unleashing the undead plague on humanity. Deimos had entered the Player's mind when they interfaced with Hall, and attempts to manipulate them into opening a portal to his home dimension, Malus. The Player is then contacted by another demigod, Dolos, who is sympathetic to humanity and seeks to kill Deimos, her brother. Dolos transports both the Player and Deimos to Malus, where Deimos is vulnerable. Under Dolos' guidance, the Player kills Deimos, ending the undead plague on Earth, but trapping the Player in Malus. Dolos then explains to the Player that her true plans are to kill every other demigod and supernatural being that can challenge her, and the Player agrees to help her.

text: Zombies[edit]

text: Settings and characters[edit]

text: Like in previous games, the Zombies storyline in Call of Duty: Black Ops III is told in an episodic format, with one map, "Shadows of Evil", available at launch, and the rest to follow in the downloadable content season. "Shadows of Evil" focuses on a new group of characters: Nero Blackstone (Jeff Goldblum), Jessica Rose (Heather Graham), Jack Vincent (Neal McDonough) and Floyd Campbell (Ron Perlman), who reside in the fictional Morg City. Treyarch describes the new characters as "troubled individuals" with "a long and sordid history of past misdeeds". The four characters are thrown into a twisted version of the city, overrun by zombies, and are guided by a mysterious, unreliable figure called the Shadowman (Robert Picardo).[10]

text: "Shadows of Evil" acts as a prologue that leads into the core storyline, focusing on the Dimension 63 version of the original characters: "Tank" Dempsey (Steven Blum), Nikolai Belinski (Fred Tatasciore), Takeo Masaki (Tom Kane) and Edward Richtofen (Nolan North), who were introduced in the Black Ops II map "Origins", referred to collectively as Primis[e]. Their story continues from where "Origins" left off, as they attempt to prevent the events of the original timeline from ever occurring across the multiverse. Other characters include the leader of Group 935, Doctor Ludvig Maxis (also voiced by Tatasciore), and his daughter Samantha.[15] The downloadable content maps feature the original versions of Primis, referred to as Ultimis[f], and reintroduce various minor characters mentioned/featured in previous games, including Group 935 scientist Doctor Groph (also voiced by Blum), the OSS spy Peter McCain, Dr. Maxis' assistant Sophia (Christa Lewis),[16] the Ascension Group scientist Gersh, as well as introduces the mysterious omnipotent being Doctor Monty (Malcolm McDowell). Robert Picardo also briefly reprises his role from Call of Duty: Black Ops as United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.

text: Story[edit]

text: Following the battle against the undead outbreak in Northern France of Dimension 63, Doctor Ludvig Maxis, whose brain resided in a mechanical drone at the time, arrived at Agartha and was given a new body by an omnipotent being named Doctor Monty. After helping to cleanse the soul of his daughter Samantha from the original timeline, Monty instructs Maxis to retrieve an artifact called the Kronorium, an ancient book containing the location of the Summoning Key, a powerful artifact that can fix their world back to its original state. Maxis then instructs his friend Doctor Edward Richtofen to retrieve the book. Throughout his journey, Richtofen also learns of the Keepers, an ancient race who act as the wards of all universes, which Monty is also a part of. Maxis instructs Richtofen to seek out specific versions of his three former allies: Corporal Tank Dempsey, Sergeant Nikolai Belinski, and Captain Takeo Masaki. Richtofen must also kill a specific version of himself to trigger the fracturing of the universe, and acquire the souls of the other three, using the Key once it is found. Richtofen travels to Dimension 63 and arrives in Morg City in 1944, where the Apothicons, former Keepers who were corrupted and mutated by the dark energy of the Aether, manipulated four individuals: Jessica Rose, a burlesque dancer; Jack Vincent, a corrupt cop; Floyd Campbell, an up-and-coming boxer; and Nero Blackstone, a washed-up magician. Misled into doing the biddings of an Apothicon named the Shadowman, the four opened a rift beneath the city using the Summoning Key, thereby freeing an ancient Apothicon beast. With the Keepers' aid, the four manage to trap the Shadowman inside the Key, and banish the beast from their dimension. Before they could retrieve the Summoning Key from the Keepers, however, Richtofen appears out of a portal and grabs the Key from them, thanking them for their effort and leaving through the portal, leaving the four and the rest of Dimension 63 to be doomed by the Apothicons.

text: The Dimension 63 versions of Dempsey, Nikolai, and Takeo, who have been tracking down Richtofen for two years, learn of his travels and pursue him through various dimensions. They arrive in the Der Riese facility in the original timeline, only moments after Ludvig and Samantha were teleported away by the original Richtofen. Dempsey, Nikolai, and Takeo attempt to convince him to awaken their other selves, but are interrupted by the Dimension 63 Richtofen, who appears out of the teleporter and kills his other self, triggering various timeline fractures. The four then band together to fend off the zombie horde once more, finding themselves affected by Element 115; the personalities and memories of their original incarnations begin to bleed into theirs. Eventually, the group activates a beacon within the facility, allowing Dr. Maxis to locate them from another dimension. In pursuit of the original Dempsey, the four then travel to Der Eisendrache, Group 935's fortress in Austria. As Dempsey is being sent to the Moon base, the four send his capsule crash-landing back onto the castle's courtyard. However, Group 935 member Doctor Groph activates a failsafe, preventing the group from tampering with the capsule. Richtofen uses the Summoning Key to override the defense system, sending a barrage of missiles at the Moon, destroying it along with Groph and all other Group 935 members operating on it. As the four retrieve the original Dempsey, Richtofen reveals his plan to prevent their other incarnations from wreaking havoc upon the universe. After bidding farewell, Dempsey shuts down the capsule's life support, allowing Richtofen to use the Key and absorb the soul of his other self.

text: Afterwards, the group attempts to teleport to a new fractured timeline to locate the original Takeo, who is held prisoner at a Pacific island by the Japanese research group Division 9. After a brief struggle with Division 9 forces, the four arrive on the island and discover that Division 9 has been experimenting on the animal and plant life using Element 115, resulting in various monstrous mutations. The four later travel down to a Division 9 bunker where they find the original Takeo mutated beyond recognition as well. After they manage to release him from the mutation, the young Takeo is shocked to learn that it was the Emperor who betrayed his original self and sent him to this island, out of petty jealousy. The young Takeo is finally resolved with himself, and allows his older self to commit seppuku. After using the Summoning Key to absorb the original Takeo's soul, Richtofen takes the crew to Alcatraz in Dimension 63, where they retrieve several blood vials, the purpose of which Richtofen refuses to explain at the time. The crew then teleports to another fractured timeline and lands in a war-torn Stalingrad in 1945. Russia has stolen Group 935's technology to create their own giant robots and mechanical soldiers, while Germany is aided by ancient dragons resurrected and bred by Division 9. As the crew traverses across the city, they are forced to help Sophia, Dr. Maxis' former assistant who has been transformed into a machine, to initiate the Ascension Protocol, allowing her to gain knowledge of interdimensional travel. Monty also introduces himself to the crew, as he informs them of the state of the multiverse. Amidst the chaos, the original Nikolai has taken control of a modified Manticore drone unit, and teams up with the group to destroy the alpha dragon. However, upon the dragon's death, Nikolai refuses to surrender, forcing the four to destroy his Manticore. After defeating him, the young Nikolai approaches his older self and reminds him of the loss they suffered and buried beneath their drinking habit. The original Nikolai attempts to shoot his younger self, causing young Nikolai to kill him in retaliation. With all souls collected, Richtofen calls out to Dr. Maxis to summon a portal, and release the souls into it. Afterwards, Monty contacts the four and promises to explain everything to them once they get to "The House".

text: "The House" is revealed to be part of a perfect world created by Monty to prevent all forces of evil from infecting it, ensuring the safety of the children: Samantha, Eddie (a child version of Richtofen, whose soul came from a different dimension), as well as child versions of Dempsey, Nikolai, and Takeo, who exist there as a result of Richtofen sending the souls into it. As Richtofen and the crew return to the House, he gives Maxis the Summoning Key, and then proceeds to destroy the teleporter, preventing access to other dimensions and locking off the House from the rest of the universe. However, later, Maxis would be manipulated by the voice of the Shadowman, who is set free accidentally by Maxis upon his contact with the Summoning Key. The Shadowman then uses his power to merge various other dimensions, including the Dark Aether, allowing the Apothicons to enter and wreak havoc. While traveling throughout a fractured world, revisiting various locations that they and their other selves have been to, Richtofen and the crew manage to uncover the truth behind Sophia's transformation, and help her enter the dimension. With her assistance, they manage to retrieve the Summoning Key and the Kronorium, and confront the Shadowman, defeating him once and for all using the combined power of the two artifacts. Maxis, who still resides within the Key, then absorbs the souls of the children into the Key, and joins Sophia as they fly toward the Apothicon sun, sending it and all Apothicon presence away from the House. As Monty ponders the future of his perfect world, he notices that Richtofen and the crew are somehow able to remain in the dimension without fading from existence, thanks to the blood vials they retrieved earlier. Richtofen suggests that Monty send them away to a place they have never been to, however Monty decides to just wipe them out of existence. The blood vials, however, allow the four to restart their cycle, sending their consciousness to ancient medieval times, where they find themselves as crusader warriors wielding powerful elemental staffs. Thus, they would be remembered as "Primis", heroes who aided the Keepers in sealing away the Apothicons in the Great War, effectively "completing the cycle" of the universe.

text: Development[edit]

text: Call of Duty: Black Ops III is the twelfth game in the Call of Duty franchise, and the fourth entry in the Black Ops series. The game was the second to benefit under publisher Activision's three-year development cycle, the first being Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare. The cycle allows each of the development teams of the Call of Duty series (Infinity Ward, Treyarch, and Sledgehammer Games) to develop games in a three-year timespan, as opposed to the two allowed previously. Black Ops III uses a heavily modified version of the IW engine used previously in Black Ops II.[17]

text: On June 9, 2015, versions for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 were confirmed to be under development by Beenox and Mercenary Technology. These versions lack some features available on other platforms, such as the game's campaign mode.[18][19] On June 15, 2015, it was announced that as part of a new exclusivity deal with Sony Computer Entertainment, all downloadable content for future Call of Duty games, beginning with Black Ops III, would be released first on PlayStation platforms as timed exclusives. This ends a similar exclusivity deal with Microsoft dating back to Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare.[20]

text: A multiplayer beta was released for the PlayStation 4 on August 18, 2015,[21] and was released for the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on August 26, 2015.[22][23] All versions of the multiplayer beta ran for six days.

text: Music[edit]

text: Jack Wall, who previously composed the score for Call of Duty: Black Ops II, returned along with Brian Tuey providing some tracks. The game also featured an instrumental score entitled "Jade Helm", provided by Avenged Sevenfold.[24] Additionally, Treyarch's Sound Designer Kevin Sherwood contributed to the composition of the Zombies mode's soundtrack, including several new songs performed by Elena Siegman and Malukah for each of the maps.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Reveal[edit]

text: Teasers were released beginning with Snapchat links[25] appearing in the gameplay of Black Ops II as well as a teaser video released by Treyarch.[26] On April 26, 2015, the first reveal trailer for the game was released and revealed the return of the Zombies mode and beta access for people that pre-order the game for the PC, PS4, and Xbox One. The full game was released on November 6, 2015.[22]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On September 29, 2015, the official Twitter account of Call of Duty was temporarily renamed to "Current Events Aggregate". It then began tweeting messages about real-life fashion, movies and a terrorist attack that takes place in Singapore. Activision later revealed that these tweets are fake, and served to promote the game's story campaign.[27] This marketing campaign was strongly criticized for faking news, and publisher Activision was blamed for being "irresponsible".[28][29] The game's director Jason Blundell said that the team was "shocked" by the negative reaction of the marketing campaign,[27] and offered an apology.[30]

text: Pre-order[edit]

text: Call of Duty: Black Ops III and the Digital Deluxe Edition counterpart were available to pre-order on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with the season pass, which can also be ordered separately. Pre-ordering provided access to the Call of Duty: Black Ops III multiplayer beta and in-game items for Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, such as custom reticles, an emblem, a calling card, and Advanced Supply Drops.[31] Sony also announced that the Black Ops III beta would come to the PS4 first on August 19 through August 23, 2015.[32] The beta for the PS4 went live on August 18, 2015, several hours earlier than originally announced.[21] After the beta period ended, it was announced that all pre-orders would include the bonus multiplayer map "NUK3TOWN", a remake of the original "Nuketown" map, featured in Call of Duty: Black Ops, and in Call of Duty: Black Ops II as "Nuketown 2025". Owing to the lack of the campaign mode, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions included a digital copy of Black Ops as an added bonus, as well as having their price reduced by 10 dollars compared to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions.[33]

text: Comics tie-in[edit]

text: A comic book titled Call of Duty: Black Ops III was announced on July 1, 2015. Serving as a prequel to the game, the first issue was released worldwide on November 4, 2015 and was published by Dark Horse Comics. The story is written by Larry Hama, while Marcelo Ferreira served as the artist for the comic book.[34] The story takes place several years prior to the main events of the game, and stars Jacob Hendricks and John Taylor along with their black ops squadmates in an attempt to stop a Russian terrorist plot. Subsequent issues were released throughout 2016.

text: On July 11, 2016, Treyarch announced a new comic book series titled Call of Duty: Zombies, to expand upon the story of the Zombies mode. The story features the return of the TranZit team: Abigail "Misty" Briarton, Marlton Johnson, Russman and Samuel Stuhlinger, previously the main protagonists of Call of Duty: Black Ops II, as they embark on a search for an artifact known as the Kronorium, while discovering the truth behind Edward Richtofen's reappearance. The miniseries, also published by Dark Horse, features Justin Jordan as the writer and Jonathan Wayshak as the main artist, while Simon Bisley draws the cover art of each issue. The first issue was released on October 28, 2016, with subsequent issues set to be released throughout 2017.

text: Special editions and downloadable content[edit]

text: In addition to the Digital Deluxe Edition, other special editions include the Hardened Edition and the Juggernog Edition.[35] The Juggernog Edition includes a mini-refrigerator, a season pass and multiple in-game content.[36] A Collector's Edition bonus map for the Zombie mode, The Giant was announced. It is a remake of the Call of Duty: World at War map Der Riese, and features the original characters, Dempsey, Nikolai, Takeo, and Richtofen.[15] A multiplayer-only starter pack for Microsoft Windows was announced and released on February 16, 2016. It features the multiplayer mode's core mechanics, though certain features, such as the Zombie mode and the Nightmare mode, were excluded. This version of the game is available for players to purchase until the end of February 2016, though it has been made available permanently since.[37]

text: In December 2015, during Sony's PlayStation Experience event, Activision announced the first downloadable content map pack for Black Ops III, titled Awakening, and was released first on PlayStation 4 on February 2, 2016. Releases for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows happened in March 2016. The map pack contains four new multiplayer maps: Skyjacked, Rise, Splashed, and Gauntlet, a new Zombies map, Der Eisendrache, and several new gumballs for the Zombie mode.[38] In March 2016, Treyarch revealed the second Map Pack, titled "Eclipse". The map pack has four new multiplayer maps, including a remake of the World at War map "Bonzai" and a new Zombies map, "Zetsubou no Shima".[39] The map pack was released on April 19 for PlayStation 4 and May 19 for Xbox One and PC.

text: The third map pack, Descent, was revealed on June 28, 2016, featuring four new MP maps, including a remake of the Black Ops II map "Raid" and a new Zombies map, "Gorod Krovi". The map pack was released on July 12 for PlayStation 4 and August 11 for Xbox One and PC. The PC release of Descent received controversy, for Activision and Treyarch announced that the map packs would no longer be sold separately, and PC players must purchase the season pass to receive all map packs, while owners of Awakening and/or Eclipse would receive discounts upon purchasing the season pass. The fourth map pack, Salvation, was revealed on August 25, 2016, with remakes of the MP maps "Standoff" from Black Ops II and "Outskirt" from World at War, along with the final Zombies map, "Revelations". The map pack was released on September 6 for PlayStation 4, and October 6 for Xbox One and PC.

text: A fifth and final map pack, Zombies Chronicles, contains remastered versions of 8 Zombies maps from previous games: "Nacht Der Untoten", "Verrückt", and "Shi no Numa" from World at War, "Kino Der Toten", "Ascension", "Shangri-La", and "Moon" from Black Ops, and "Origins" from Black Ops II, and is not included in the season pass of the game. The map pack was released on May 16, 2017 for PlayStation 4, and June 16 for Xbox One and PC.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(XONE) 81/100[41]
(PS4) 81/100[42]
(PC) 73/100[43]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
8.5/10[44]

EGM
9.5/10[45]

GameSpot
7/10[46]

GamesRadar
9/10[47]

Giant Bomb
[48]

IGN
9.2/10[49]

Polygon
7/10[50]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)

text: According to review aggregator Metacritic, Call of Duty: Black Ops III received "generally favorable" critic reviews for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and "mixed or average" critic reviews for PC.[41][42][44] GameSpot awarded it a score of 7 out of 10, saying, "Black Ops III doesn't offer anything remarkable to the series, but does just enough to maintain the Call of Duty status quo. The franchise, however slowly, continues its inexorable march."[46] Polygon also gave the game a score of 7 out of 10, saying "Black Ops III's biggest point of recommendation may be the breadth of content there, and that's a valid point of view. But Treyarch doesn't meaningfully move the series forward here."[50] IGN awarded it a score of 9.2 out of 10, saying "With fun 4-player co-op, new powers, and a fleshed out Zombies mode, Black Ops 3 is the biggest Call of Duty game yet."[49]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Black Ops III sold 'significantly' better than Advanced Warfare and Ghosts, the two previous video game titles in the Call of Duty franchise, with Black Ops III making more than $550 million in sales during its first three days of release.[51] In the United Kingdom, Black Ops III beat Halo 5: Guardians to become the top selling game.[52] In November, Black Ops III was the top best selling game according to NPD's figures.[53] Black Ops III later became the top selling game of 2015.[54] According to Activision, Black Ops III was one of the best-selling games released for the eighth generation of video game consoles, and that its financial performance is significantly better than its predecessor, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare.[55]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Result
Ref.

The Game Awards 2015
Best Shooter
Nominated
[56]

Best Multiplayer
Nominated

text:
Video games portal
2010s portal


document_title: Fresh Off the Boat

question_text: who plays alison in fresh off the boat

question_tokens: who plays alison in fresh off the boat

text: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Premise[edit]

text: The story follows the course of Eddie Huang's Taiwanese family as they make their way from Chinatown of Washington, DC to Orlando, Florida, to open a cowboy-themed steak restaurant in 1995[14] (with the first season being set between 1995 and 1997).[15][16] His mother struggles with the culture clash between her upbringing and a Florida community that does not have a large Asian population,[17] his father embraces the "American Dream", and Eddie struggles with assimilating into school.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Hudson Yang is Edwyn "Eddie" Huang,[18] the show's protagonist and a die-hard hip-hop and rap fan, as well as a great fan of basketball. The oldest of three brothers, he eschews Taiwanese culture and is more rebellious than his younger siblings, which makes him a frequent target of Jessica's complaints. Because Eddie represents the writer of the book on which the show is based, all of the season-one episodes were told from his perspective, and the real-life Eddie Huang voices the narrator. A creative change for season two expands the focus to the entire Huang family.
Randall Park as Louis Huang,[4][5] is the father of Eddie, Emery, and Evan, and husband of Jessica. He is nice and naive, and embraces all things American. He owns a Western steakhouse restaurant in Orlando named Cattleman's Ranch.
Constance Wu as Jessica (née Chu) Huang,[19] is the wife of Louis and mother[20] of Eddie, Emery, and Evan. She is a no-nonsense, pragmatic woman who believes in tough love. She wants her children to be successful and also keep in touch with their Taiwanese heritage.
Forrest Wheeler as Emery Huang,[21] is the middle child of the Huang family. He is a romantic and lovable kid who is fairly intelligent. He is also depicted as charismatic and mature for his age. He graduated elementary school at the end of the second season.
Ian Chen as Evan Huang,[21] is the youngest child, who is a star student and obeys the rules. He is Jessica's favorite child. He was allowed to skip fifth grade between seasons 3 and 4, and is starting middle school in the fourth season.
Lucille Soong as Grandma Jenny Huang (regular season 2–present, recurring season 1), is Louis' mother and grandmother of Eddie, Evan, and Emery. Although she clearly understands English, she speaks only in Mandarin (subtitled in English). However, she spoke English in Marvin's dream in the season-three episode "Where Are the Giggles?". In the season-four episode, "It's a Plastic Pumpkin, Louis Huang", the family discovers she has secretly been taking ESL lessons, and she speaks English for the first time (excluding that dream sequence). In the season-four episode, "The Day After Thanksgiving", Jenny finishes her ESL class and speaks English around her ESL professor. She recites lines from the 1989 Tim Burton movie, Batman for her class.
Chelsey Crisp as Honey Ellis (regular season 2–present, recurring season 1),[22] is the Huangs' next door neighbor, Marvin's third wife, and Jessica's new best friend.
Ray Wise as Marvin Ellis (regular season 3–present, recurring seasons 1–2) is Honey's much-older husband and Nicole's father. He is a successful dentist who married Honey after his previous wife caught him cheating with Honey on the kitchen floor.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Cattleman's Steakhouse staff:

Paul Scheer as Mitch
Jillian Armenante as Nancy
Amanda Lund as Vanessa
Noel Gugliemi as Hector Martinez
Michael Bolton as himself, briefly co-owner of Cattleman's (seasons 3–4)
Matt Oberg as Matthew Chestnut (season 4)

text:
Eddie's school friends:

Luna Blaise as Nicole Ellis, Eddie's first crush, who is Marvin's daughter and Honey's stepdaughter; in season four, she reveals to Eddie that she is gay.
Isabella Alexander as Alison, also Eddie's girlfriend. They break up in episode 2 of season 4.
Prophet Bolden as Walter, one of Eddie's friends
Trevor Larcom as Trent Masterson, one of Eddie's friends
Evan Hannemann as Dave Selby, one of Eddie's friends
Dash Williams as Brian Stone, one of Eddie's friends
Connor Rosen as Doug Pew, one of Eddie's friends
Brady Tutton as Brock Blanca
Albert Tsai as Phillip Goldstein[23][24]
Arden Belle as Shelly, one of Nicole's friends
Liliana Mumy as Layla, one of Nicole's friends
Monique Green as Sandy, one of Nicole's friends
Marlowe Peyton as Reba, Eddie's classmate, who has an unrequited crush on him

text:
Others:

Rachel Cannon as Deidre Sanderson
Stacey Scowley as Carol-Joan
Colleen Ryan as Amanda
Kimberly Crandall as Lisa
Arden Myrin as Ashley Alexander
David Goldman as Principal Charlie Hunter
Maria Bamford as Principal Thomas
Susan Park as Connie Chen, Jessica's sister
C.S. Lee as Steve Chen, Jessica's brother-in-law
Ken Jeong as Gene Huang, Louis' younger brother
Eddie Huang as adult Eddie Huang (voice only), the narrator of the show for season one only

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Eddie Huang's 2013 Fresh Off the Boat caught the attention of TV networks upon release, with ABC and 20th Century Fox Television signing in late that year. Huang, the show's creator and one of the producers of the series,[5] led a Twitter campaign[25][26] to change the original show name, Far East Orlando, when it was in development.[6]

text: On May 13, 2014, ABC ordered the first season of the show during the May 2014 upfront[7][27] to air in 2015 as a mid-season replacement.[7][28]

text: The real-life Eddie Huang narrates the first season only. Eleven episodes into the first season, Huang expressed frustration over ABC's approach, saying it presents an "ambiguous, cornstarch story about Asian-Americans" that perpetuates "an artificial representation of Asian American lives". The sitcom was adapted to suit a broader American audience.[29] He also Tweeted in April 2015, "I understand this is a comedy but the great comics speak from pain: Pryor, Rock, Louis...This show had that opportunity but it fails."[30] Despite his concern for authenticity, he finds the show a "milestone" for Asian-Americans as they are at the forefront of this television series.[31] Huang further explained in an interview on National Public Radio, "The studio and network are not on a mission to not represent us. They just don't know how to."[32]

text: Huang described the exchange between his team and ABC as brief. In an article in Vulture Huang expressed concern over the studio's decision that Nahnatchka Khan, an Iranian-American writer, would represent his memoir for the TV scripts, believing that she would present the story as less than realistic and authentic. "I would be excited, but you attached a Persian writer, and I'm kinda worried it's going to be The Shahs of Cul-de-Sac Holando."[33]

text: In 2015, Constance Wu was interviewed by Jenny Zhang for The Lenny Interview. In this interview, she spoke about her initial fear of criticizing some of the shows details. Now in its second season, Wu speaks openly about her request for the staff to make the show more specific, stating, "If you change the food to a 1,000-year-old black egg with tofu and scallions, it will be a little more specific, and specificity is just better for character, and it's more interesting than, say, tofu and rice."[34]

text: Season two changes[edit]

text: Fresh Off the Boat made many changes for the second season, including:

text:
Eddie Huang reduced his involvement with the series, including no longer being the narrator, due to creative differences with ABC, as well as time constraints with other projects. He is still credited as a producer, and the show's credits continue to note that the series is based on his memoir.
With Huang's departure, ABC decided not to recast the narrator role, dropping it from the series altogether.
The writing from season two onward is focused on the entire Huang family instead of centering on Eddie. In particular, more Louis- and Jessica-centered episodes were shot.
Lucille Soong and Chelsey Crisp were both promoted from recurring cast to main cast.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)
April 21, 2015 (2015-04-21)

2
24
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)

3
23
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)

4
19[35]
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)[35]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On September 29, 2015, the first season of Fresh Off the Boat was released on DVD. The DVD had two discs with all 13 season-one episodes and special features such as a gag reel, as well a "Fresh Facts Trivia Track".

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Fresh Off the Boat premiered on FOX8 in Australia starting May 10, 2015;[36] It was also picked up by Network Ten, and started airing on 7 March 2016 on its sister channel, Eleven until October 2017.

text: In the UK, the first season originally premiered on Amazon Video on February 4, 2015. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. On November 1, 2017 Fresh Off the Boat received its television premiere on Channel 5's sister channel 5Star starting with the pilot episode.

text: It debuted on March 12, 2015 in South Africa on Fox Crime.[37]

text: In South Asia, Fresh Off The Boat, airs 12 hours after the U.S. broadcast on Star World Premiere HD.[38]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Seasonal ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)

1
Wednesday 8:30 pm
(Episode 1)
Wednesday 9:30 pm
(Episode 2)
Tuesday 8:00 pm
(Episodes 3-13)
13
February 4, 2015
7.94[39]
April 21, 2015
5.08[40]
2014–15
78
6.99[41]

2
Tuesday 8:30 pm
(2015)
Tuesday 8:00 pm
(2016)
24
September 22, 2015
6.05[42]
May 24, 2016
4.88[43]
2015–16
86
5.48[44]

3
Tuesday 9:00 pm
23
October 11, 2016
5.03[45]
May 16, 2017
3.55[46]
2016–17
95
4.66[47]

4
Tuesday 8:30 pm

October 3, 2017
4.51[48]

2017–18

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Fresh Off the Boat has received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the show has a 91% certified fresh approval rating, with the critical consensus "Once the cliched gags of Fresh off the Boat are superseded by a grounded truthfulness, the series evolves into a humorously charming family sitcom."[49] It also has earned a 75 out of 100 score on Metacritic, indicating 'generally favorable reviews'.[50] Particularly, Constance Wu's performance has been acclaimed, earning nominations for both the TCA Awards and the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in Comedy, as well as an "Individual Achievement in Comedy" nomination at the Critics' Choice Television Awards.

text: Reviews cited the show's potential to increase the visibility and accuracy of Asian Americans in arts and entertainment.[7][51][52] For writer and poet Jenny Zhang (who interviewed Constance Wu for Lenny Letter), Fresh Off the Boat was a welcome change from the representation of Asian Americans on the TV series she had seen as a child at age 11, where the few people who looked like her were either the subjects of crude jokes or had only minor cameos.[34]

text: "It means that there are real conversations being had about Asian American identity in addition to acknowledging the lack of inclusivity Asian Americans have had in the nation's cultural and entertainment dialogue."[53] Ester Suh, writing for the Huffington Post, felt that many characterizations in the show misrepresented the Asian-American experience, but acknowledged that "our experience as Americans, like everyone else’s, is varied, and to say that a single show can exemplify all our experiences, would be a disfavor. I see Fresh as a sound board for future shows with Asian American casts, helping make television a more diverse and inclusive cultural platform."[53]

text: The Harvard Political Review additionally commented that "Fresh Off the Boat captures the essence of why diversity in media matters—we, like young Eddie, all want to see ourselves as worthy of being protagonists, whether in stories or in real life. However, lost in translation are the stories of parents and grandparents, who also have claim to labels like the Asian-American experience."[54]

text: Television critic Emily Nussbaum, in her review for The New Yorker, compares the memoir and television version of Huang's relationship with his father and with black culture, "Without a cruel bully for a father, Eddie's taste for hip-hop feels more superficial—in the book, it's an abused kid's catharsis and an identification with black history."[55]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2015
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Constance Wu
Nominated

TCA Awards
Individual Achievement in Comedy
Nominated

EWwy Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated

Gold Derby TV Awards
Best Comedy Actress
Nominated

Unforgettable Gala – Asian American Awards
Actor of the Year
Randall Park
Won

Female Breakout Star of the Year
Constance Wu
Won

2016
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Randall Park
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Constance Wu
Nominated

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Youth (Series, Special, Television Movie or Mini-series)
Hudson Yang
Nominated

Women's Image Network Awards
Best Comedy Series
Fresh Off the Boat
Nominated

Young Artist Awards
Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast In A TV Series
Hudson Yang, Forrest Wheeler, Ian Chen
Won

Best Performance in a TV Series – Supporting Young Actor
Ian Chen
Nominated

Best Performance In A TV Series - Recurring Young Actress (14-21)
Luna Blaise
Won

Best Performance In A TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress (11-13)
Laura Krystine
Nominated

Young Entertainer Awards
Best Young Ensemble Cast - TV Series
Hudson Yang, Forrest Wheeler, Ian Chen
Won

Best Recurring Young Actor 13 and Under - Television Series
Trevor Larcom
Nominated

Best Recurring Young Actress 13 to 15 - Television Series
Luna Blaise
Nominated

Best Recurring Young Actress 12 and Under- Television Series
Isabella Alexander
Won

Best Guest Starring Young Actor 11 and Under - TV Series
Cole Sand
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Scene Stealer
Hudson Yang
Nominated

TCA Awards
Individual Achievement in Comedy
Constance Wu
Nominated

Gold Derby TV Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated

Poppy Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated

Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Randall Park
Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Constance Wu
Nominated

2017
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Youth (Series, Special, Television Movie or Mini-series)
Hudson Yang
Nominated

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Young Actor
Ian Chen
Nominated

Forrest Wheeler
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Teen Actor
Hudson Yang
Won

Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Teen Actor
Trevor Larcom
Won

Young Entertainer Awards
Best Leading Young Actor 14 and Under - Television Series
Ian Chen
Pending

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best American Story
Fresh Off the Boat
Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Randall Park
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Constance Wu
Nominated