document_title: World War II casualties

question_text: which countries lost the most soldiers in ww2

text: World War II casualties

text: Classification of casualties

text: Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II.[13] The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable."[14] The table below gives data on the number of dead for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease.

text: The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease are not given for Japan, Germany and several other highly stressed populations. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.[15][16] The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.

text: Human losses by country

text: Total deaths

text:
Human losses of World War II by country

(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)

The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes

Country
Total population
1/1/1939
Military
deaths from all causes
Civilian deaths due to
military activity and crimes against humanity
Civilian deaths due to
war related famine and disease
Total
deaths
Deaths as % of
1939 population

 Albania A
1,073,000[17]
30,000[18]

30,000
2.80

 Australia B
6,968,000[17]
39,700[19]
700[20]

40,400
0.58

 Austria (German-controlled) C
6,653,000[17]
Included with German Army
Included with Germany

(see table below)S3

 Belgium D
8,387,000[17]
12,000[21]
76,000[21]

88,000
1.05

 BrazilE
40,289,000[17]
1,000[22]
1,000[23]

2,000
0.00

 BulgariaF
6,458,000[17]
18,500[22]
3,000[24]

21,500
0.33

 Burma (British colony)G
16,119,000[17]
2,600[25]
250,000[25]

252,600
1.57

 CanadaH
11,267,000[17]
42,000[26]
1,600[27]

43,600
0.38

 China I
517,568,000[17]
3,000,000[28]
to 3,750,000+[29]
7,357,000[30]
to 8,191,000[31]
5,000,000
to 10,000,000
15,000,000[32]
to 20,000,000[32]
2.90 to 3.86

 CubaJ
4,235,000[17]

100[33]

100
0.00

 Czechoslovakia (in postwar 1945-1992 borders)K
14,612,000[34]
46,000[35]
to 35,000[36]
294,000[35] to
320,000[36]

340,000 to 355,000
2.33 to 2.43

 DenmarkL
3,795,000[17]

6,000[37]

6,000
0.16

 Dutch East IndiesM
69,435,000[17]
11,500[38][39]
300,000[40]
2,400,000[41]
to 4,000,000[42]
3,000,000
to 4,000,000
4.3 to 5.76

 Egypt MA
16,492,000[17]
1,100[43]

1,100
0.00

 Estonia (within 1939 borders)N
1,134,000[17]
34,000(in both Soviet & German armed forces)[44]
49,000[45]

83,000
7.3

 EthiopiaO
17,700,000[17]
15,000[46]
85,000

100,000[46]
0.56

 FinlandP
3,700,000[17]
83,000[47] to 95,000[48]
2,000[49]

85,000 to 95,000
2.30 to 2.57

 FranceQ (including colonies)
41,680,000[49]
210,000[49]
390,000[49]

600,000
1.44

 French IndochinaR
24,664,000[17]

1,000,000
to 2,000,000[50]
1,000,000
to 2,200,000
4.05 to 8.11

 GermanyS
69,300,000[51]
4,440,000[52] to 5,318,000[53][54]
1,500,000 S2
to 3,000,000S1

6,900,000
to 7,400,000
(see table below)S3

 GreeceT
7,222,000[17]
35,100[55]
171,800[55]
300,000[56]
to 600,000[55]
507,000
to 807,000
7.02 to 11.17

 GuamTA
22,800[57]
1,000[58]
to 2,000[59]

1,000
to 2,000
4.39 to 8.77

 Hungary U
9,129,000[57]
300,000[60]
264,000[61]

564,000
6.18

 IcelandV
118,900[62]

200[63]

200
0.17

 India (British)W
377,800,000[64]
87,000[65]

1,500,000[66]
to 2,500,000[67]
1,600,000
to 2,600,000
0.42 to 0.69

 IranX
14,340,000[68]
200[69]

200
0.00

 Iraq'Y
3,698,000[70]
500[69]
200[71]

700
0.01

 IrelandZ
2,960,000[72]
Irish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces
100[73]

100
0.00

 Italy (in postwar 1947 borders)AA
44,394,000[74]
319,200[75] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[76][77]
153,200[78]

492,400 to 514,000
1.11 to 1.16

 JapanAB
71,380,000[79]
2,100,000[80] to
2,300,000[81]
550,000[82] to
800,000[83]

2,500,000[84]
to 3,100,000[85]
3.50 to 4.34

 Korea (Japanese colony)AC
24,326,000[57]
Included with Japanese military
483,000[86]
to 533,000[87]

483,000
to 533,000
1.99 to 2.19

 Latvia (within 1939 borders)AD
1,994,500[57]
30,000[88](in both Soviet and German Armies)
220,000[89]

250,000
12.5

 Lithuania (within 1939 borders)AE
2,575,000[79]
25,000[90](in both Soviet and German Armies)
345,000[91]

370,000
14.36

 LuxembourgAF
295,000[79]
Included with German & Belgian military
5,000[49]

5,000
1.69

 Malaya & SingaporeAG
5,118,000[92]

100,000[93]

100,000
1.95

 Malta (British)AH
269,000[57]
Included with U.K.
1,500[94]

1,500
0.55

 MexicoAI
19,320,000[95]

100[96]

100
0.00

 MongoliaAJ
819,000[97]
300[98]

300
0.04

 Nauru (Australian) AK
3,400[57]

500[99]

500
14.7

 Nepal BG
6,087,000[57]
Included with British Indian Army

 NetherlandsAL
8,729,000[57]
6,700[100]
187,300[100]
16,000[100]
210,000
2.41

 Newfoundland (British)AM
320,000[101]
1,100[102] (included with the U.K. & Canada)
100[103]

1,200
0.03

 New ZealandAN
1,629,000[57]
11,700[104]

11,700
0.72

 NorwayAO
2,945,000[105]
2,000[49]
8,200[106]

10,200
0.35

 Papua and New Guinea (Australian)AP
1,292,000[57]

15,000[107]

15,000
1.16

 Philippines (U.S. Territory) AQ
16,000,303[108]
27,000[109]
164,000[109]
336,000[109]
527,000
3.29

 Poland (within 1939 borders)AR
34,849,000[110]
240,000[111]
5,620,000[112]
to 5,820,000[113]

5,900,000[114]
to 6,000,000[115]
16.93 to 17.22

 Portuguese TimorAS
480,000[57]

40,000[116]
to 70,000[116]

40,000
to 70,000
8.33 to 14.58

 Romania (in postwar 1945 borders) AT
15,970,000[49]
300,000[35]
200,000[35]

500,000[35]
3.13

 Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian)AU
3,800,000[117]

300,000[118]
300,000
7.89

 South AfricaAW
10,160,000[119]
11,900[120]

11,900
0.12

 South Pacific Mandate (Japanese)AX
127,000[121]

10,000[122]

10,000
7.87

 Soviet Union (within 1946–91 borders[123])AY
188,793,000[124][125]
8,668,000[126][127] to 11,400,000[128][129][130][131]
10,000,000[132][133][134]
6,000,000 to 7,000,000[135][136]
20,000,000[137] to 27,000,000[138][139][140][141][142]
(see table below)AY4

 Spain AZ
25,637,000[143]
Included with the German Army

 Sweden BA
6,341,000[144]
100.[145]
2,000[146]

2,100
0.03

  Switzerland BB
4,210,000[147]

100[148]

100
0.00

 Thailand BC
15,023,000[149]
5,600[150]
2,000[150]

7,600
0.05

 Turkey BD
17,370,000[151]
200[152]

200
0.00

 United KingdomBE including British Colonies
47,760,000[153]
383,700[154]
67,200[155]

450,900
0.94

 United StatesBF
131,028,000[156]
407,300 BF1
12,100BF2

419,400
0.32

 YugoslaviaBG
15,490,000[157]
300,000[158]
to 446,000[159]
581,000[159] to 1,400,000[158]

1,027,000[159] to 1,700,000[158]
6.63 to 10.97

Other nationsBH
300,000,000

Approx. totals
2,300,000,000[1]
21,000,000
to 25,500,000
29,000,000
to 30,500,000
19,000,000
to 28,000,000
70,000,000
to 85,000,000
3.0 to 3.7

text:
Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes.
The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses.
The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses.
Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited.

text: Nazi Germany

text:
[hide]
Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria.[11][12]^S3

Country
Population
1939
Military
deaths
Civilian deaths due to
Allied Strategic Bombing
Civilian deaths due to
Nazi persecution
Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans
Total
deaths
Deaths as
% of 1939
population

Austria
6,653,000[17]
250,000[160] to 261,000[161]
24,000[160][162]
100,000[163]

370,000[163]
5.56

Germany (within 1937 borders)[164]
69,300,000[51]
3,760,000[160] to 4,456,000[165]
353,000(1942 borders)[166] to 410,000[160][167]
300,000[168] to 500,000[169][170]
400,000[171] to 1,225,000[160]
5,700,000[172]
8.23

Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe[173]
7,423,000[174]
430,000[175] to 538,000[53]

200,000[176] to 886,000[177]
738,000[165][176] to 1,316,000[178]
9.96 to 17.76

Foreign nationals in western Europe
215,000[179]
63,000[53]

63,000[53]
29.3

Approx. Totals
83,500,000
4,440,000[180] to 5,318,000[53]
353,000[166] to 434,000[181]
400,000[182][169] to 600,000[169][170][182]
600,000[183] to 2,111,000[184]
6,900,000 to 7,400,000
8.26 to 8.86

text: German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian G.Krivosheev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000[185][186]

text: USSR

text: The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead[13]^AY4

text:
Soviet Republic
Population 1940 (within 1946-91 borders)
Military deaths
Civilian deaths due to
military activity and crimes against humanity
Civilian deaths due to
war related famine and disease
Total
Deaths as % of 1940 population

Armenia
1,320,000
150,000

30,000
180,000
13.6%

Azerbaijan
3,270,000
210,000

90,000
300,000
9.1%

Belarus
9,050,000
620,000
1,360,000
310,000
2,290,000
25.3%

Estonia
1,050,000
30,000
50,000

80,000
7.6%

Georgia
3,610,000
190,000

110,000
300,000
8.3%

Kazakhstan
6,150,000
310,000

350,000
660,000
10.7%

Kyrgyzstan
1,530,000
70,000

50,000
120,000
7.8%

Latvia
1,890,000
30,000
190,000
40,000
260,000
13.7%

Lithuania
2,930,000
25,000
275,000
75,000
375,000
12.7%

Moldova
2,470,000
50,000
75,000
45,000
170,000
6.9%

Russia
110,100,000
6,750,000
4,100,000
3,100,000
13,950,000
12.7%

Tajikistan
1,530,000
50,000

70,000
120,000
7.8%

Turkmenistan
1,300,000
70,000

30,000
100,000
7.7%

Ukraine
41,340,000
1,650,000
3,700,000
1,500,000
6,850,000
16.3%

Uzbekistan
6,550,000
330,000

220,000
550,000
8.4%

Unidentified
–
165,000
130,000

295,000

Total USSR
194,090,000
10,600,000
10,000,000
6,000,000
26,600,000
13.7%

text: The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow, 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. pp 21–35. Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates.

text:
The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources. Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million.[187][188]
According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939–40: the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million; Lithuania 2.440 million; Latvia 1.951 million; Estonia 1.122 million; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million; less transfers out of (392,000) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi–Soviet population transfers; the Anders Army (120,000); the First Polish Army (1944–45) (26,000) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region (1,392,000) which was returned to Poland in 1945.[187][189][190]
Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of (622,000). The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho-Ukraine 725,000; the Tuvan People's Republic 81,000; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944-47 518,000. The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944-47 (1,529,000) and the post war emigration to the west (451,000) [187][191][192] According to Viktor Zemskov 3/4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939-40[193]
Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ. According to Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews, Romanians, Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war [194][4] The Polish government-in-exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million [195]
Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million, about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated. The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944-47.[196]
Figures for Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland. Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[197] The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945.
According to Erlikman, in addition to the war dead, there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression. (200,000 executed; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died)[198]

text: Holocaust deaths

text: Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust.

text: Jewish deaths

text: The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.[199] Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.[200]

text: Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:

text:
In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers, 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps (500,000 Belzec; 150,000 Sobibor; 850,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 1,100,000 Auschwitz; 80,000 Majdanek).[201] Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps, including Romanian Transnistria, at 3.0 million.[202]
In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million.[202]
Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000.[202]
Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead.[203]

text: The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.[200] The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.

text:
Country
Pre-war Jewish population[200] in 1933
Low estimate deaths[200]
High estimate deaths.[200]
Low %
High %
Average %

Austria
191,000 (see footnote)
50,000
65,000
26.2%
34.0%
30.1%

Belgium
60,000 (see footnote)
25,000
29,000
41.7%
48.3%
45.0%

Czech Republic[204]
92,000
77,000
78,300
83.7%
85.1%
84.4%

Denmark
8,000
60
116
0.8 %
1.5%
1.1%

Estonia
4,600
1,500
2,000
32.6%
43.5%
38.0%

France
260,000 (see footnote)
75,000
77,000
28.8%
29.6%
29.2%

Germany
566,000 (see footnote)
135,000
142,000
23.9%
25.1%
24.5%

Greece
73,000
59,000
67,000
80.8%
91.8%
86.3%

Hungary (borders 1940)[205]
725,000
502,000
569,000
69.2%
78.5%
73.9%

Italy
48,000
6,500
9,000
13.5%
18.8%
16.1%

Latvia
95,000
70,000
72,000
73.7%
75.8%
74.7%

Lithuania
155,000
130,000
143,000
83.9%
92.3%
88.1%

Luxembourg
3,500
1,000
2,000
28.6%
57.1%
42.9%

Netherlands
112,000 (see footnote)
100,000
105,000
89.3%
93.8%
91.5%

Norway
1,700
800
800
47.1%
47.1%
47.1%

Poland (borders 1939)
3,250,000
2,700,000
3,000,000
83.1%
92.3%
87.7%

Romania (borders 1940)
441,000
121,000
287,000
27.4%
65.1%
46.3%

Slovakia
89,000
60,000
71,000
67.4%
79.8%
73.6%

Soviet Union (borders 1939)
2,825,000
700,000
1,100,000
24.8%
38.9%
31.9%

Yugoslavia
68,000
56,000
65,000
82.4%
95.6%
89.0%

Total
9,067,000
4,869,860
5,894,716
50.4% (avg.)
59.7% (avg.)
55.1% (avg.)

text:
The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940. In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, 12,000 in Belgium, 30,000 in France, 2,000 in Denmark, 5,000 in Italy, and 2,000 in Norway[206]
Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933. By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees.[206] In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation.[207] However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler.[208]
Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.[209]
Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders, which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.[209][210]
According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy, and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya[211]

text: Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces

text: Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.[212][213]

text:
Donald L. Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people.[214]
According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy.[215]
R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons.[216]
Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions, deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews.[217]
German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis.[218]
Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews.[219]
Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000.[214][220] Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead.[221] Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish victims".[222] In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans".[223]

text: The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates".[224]

text:
Country
Pre-war Roma population
Low estimate victims
High estimate victims

Austria
11,200
6,800
8,250

Belgium
600
350
500

Czech Republic[204]
13,000
5,000
6,500

Estonia
1,000
500
1,000

France
40,000
15,150
15,150

Germany
20,000
15,000
15,000

Greece
?
50
50

Hungary
100,000
1,000
28,000

Italy
25,000
1,000
1,000

Latvia
5,000
1,500
2,500

Lithuania
1,000
500
1,000

Luxembourg
200
100
200

Netherlands
500
215
500

Poland
50,000
8,000
35,000

Romania
300,000
19,000
36,000

Slovakia
80,000
400
10,000

Soviet Union (borders 1939)
200,000
30,000
35,000

Yugoslavia
100,000
26,000
90,000

Total
947,500
130,565
285,650

text:
Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed.[225] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000.[226][227]
Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million[228] including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war.[229]
Ethnic Poles: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II." [230] They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war."[231] However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation[232] (see World War II casualties of Poland).
Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death.[233] Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll.[234] The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found".[235] Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated".[236][237] According to Paul Robert Magocsi, between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine.[238] Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews (in pre-war borders).[239] Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million (4.0 million Ukrainians, 2.5 million Belarusians, and 1.7 million Russians).[240] A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians (including Jews): 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures.[241]
Homosexuals: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps.[242]
Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy,[243] about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses,[244] and an unknown number of Freemasons[245] perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933-45 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."[246] During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.[247]
Serbs: The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism.[248] The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941–45, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone.[249] According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac.[250] According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons.[251] See also World War II persecution of Serbs.

text: Japanese war crimes

text: Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.

text: R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.

text: Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000.[253]

text:
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[254]
There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease.[255][256]

text: Oppression in the Soviet Union

text: The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages.[257] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.[258] Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.[259] The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941–1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives.[260] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era.[261][262] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.[263][264] Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB.[265] Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre.[266] Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941–1945.[267] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.[268]

text: In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[197] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[269] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[270]

text: The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R., 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.[271]

text:
The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.[272]

text:
Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war).
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842.[273] In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.[274]
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000;Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000.[275]
A total of 2,230,500[276] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.[277]

text: Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069).[278] However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.[279]

text: Military casualties by branch of service

text:
Country
Branch of service
Number served
Killed/missing
Wounded
Prisoners of war Captured
Percent killed

Germany
Army[280]
13,600,000
4,202,000

30.9

Germany
Air Force (including infantry units)[280]
2,500,000
433,000

17.3

Germany
Navy[280]
1,200,000
138,000

11.5

Germany
Waffen SS[280]
900,000
314,000

34.9

Germany
Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces[280]

231,000

Germany
Total (incl. conscripted foreigners)
18,200,000
5,318,000
6,035,000
11,100,000
29.2

Japan[281][282]
Army (1937–1945)
6,300,000
1,326,076
85,600
30,000
24.2

Japan
Navy (1941–1945)
2,100,000
414,879
8,900
10,000
19.8

Japan
POW dead after Surrender.[283][284][285]

381,000

Japan
Imperial Japan Total
8,400,000
2,121,955
94,500
40,000
25.3

Italy
Army
3,040,000
246,432

8.1

Italy
Navy
259,082[286]
31,347

12.0

Italy
Air Force
130,000[287]
13,210

10.2

Italy
Partisan forces
80,000[288] to 250,000[289][290]
35,828

14 to 44

Italy
RSI forces
520,000[291]
13,021 to 35,000

2.5 to 6.7

Italy
Total Italy
3,430,000[292][293]
319,207[294] to 341,000
320,000
1,300,000[295]
9.3 to 9.9

Soviet Union (1939–40)
All branches of service[296]

136,945
205,924

Soviet Union (1941–45)
All branches of service[297]
34,476,700
8,668,400
14,685,593
4,050,000
25.1

Soviet Union
Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below)[298]

500,000

Soviet Union
Civilians in POW camps (see note below)[299]

1,000,000

1,750,000

Soviet Union
Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units[300]

400,000

Soviet Union
Total Soviet Forces
34,476,700
10,725,345
14,915,517
5,750,000
31.1

British Empire and Commonwealth[301][302][303]
All branches of service
17,843,000
580,497
475,000
318,000
3.3

United States[304]
Army[305]
11,260,000
318,274
565,861
124,079[305][306]
2.8

United States
Air Force (included with Army)[305]
(3,400,000)
(88,119)
(17,360)

2.5

United States
Navy
4,183,446
62,614
37,778
3,848[307]
1.5

United States
Marine Corps
669,100
24,511
68,207
2,274[308][309]
3.7

United States
Coast Guard[310]
241,093
1,917

0.8

United States
Public Health Service Commissioned Corps[311]
2,600
8[312]

0.3

United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps[313]

3

United States
Total U.S. Armed Forces
16,353,639
407,316
671,846
130,201[314][315]
2.5

text: Germany

text:
The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown;[316] 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.[317]
Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) however in fact died in Soviet custody".[318]
Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war.[319]

tag: ol

text: USSR

text:
Estimated total Soviet military war dead from 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million.[300] There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland.[320]
The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths.[321] 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[322][323][324] Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.[325] Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.[326]
Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing, Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).[296]
The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.[327]
The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead).[322][328]
Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.[329]

text: British Commonwealth

text:
Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).[330]
Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies (383,786); India-(British colonial administration) (87,032), Australia (40,464); Canada (45,383); New Zealand (11,929); South Africa (11,903).[331]
Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone(according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606).[332][333]
Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).[302][334][335]
Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).[302][334][335]
The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[336]

text: U.S.

text:
Battle deaths (including POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents)[305] were 292,131: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy 36,950; Marine Corps 19,733; and Coast Guard 574 (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations).[305][337]
During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany).[338]
During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action.[339] During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.[340]

text: Commonwealth military casualties

text: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015[341] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.

text: Charts and graphs

text:
Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers.

Axis Military personnel killed, percentage by country.

Allies Military personnel killed, percentage by country.

World War II Military Deaths by Country (using Wikipedia's cited numbers)


document_title: Some Enchanted Evening

question_text: who sang some enchanted evening in the film

root

text: Some Enchanted Evening

text: In South Pacific[edit]

text: The song appears in the first act of the musical. It is sung as a solo by the show's male lead, Emile de Becque, a middle-aged French expatriate who has become a plantation owner on a South Pacific island during World War II.  Emile falls in love with Ensign Nellie Forbush, an optimistic and naive young American navy nurse from Little Rock, Arkansas.  The two have known each other for only a few weeks, and each worries that the other may not return his or her love.  Emile expresses his romantic feelings for Nellie, recalling how they met at an officers' club dance and instantly were attracted to each other.  He asks her to marry him.  In the song, he describes a man seeing a stranger and instantly knowing he will see her again, hearing her laughter and dreaming of it. He says that when you find your "true love", you must "fly to her side, / And make her your own"; otherwise, all your life you will "dream all alone".  The song is then reprised several times during the show by Nellie and/or Emile as their relationship experiences setbacks and reconciliations.

tag: p

text: In the original Broadway production, "Some Enchanted Evening" was sung by former Metropolitan Opera bass Ezio Pinza.  Pinza won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 1950 for this role,[2] and the song made him a favorite with audiences and listeners who normally did not attend or listen to opera.[3] In the 2001 London revival of the show, Philip Quast won an Olivier Award for Best Actor for his role as Emile,[4] and seven years later, international opera singer Paulo Szot won a Tony for his portrayal in the 2008 New York revival.[5]

text: In the film version of South Pacific, the first and second scenes of the play are switched around.  Because of the switch, Emile enters later in the film, and "Some Enchanted Evening" is not heard until nearly 45 minutes into the film, while in the original stage version it is heard about 15 minutes after Act I begins.[6] In the film, the song is sung by another Metropolitan Opera bass, Giorgio Tozzi, who dubbed the singing for actor Rossano Brazzi.[7] Tozzi's version finished at No. 28 on the 2004 American Film Institute list and television special, AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, selecting the top 100 songs in American cinema.[8]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: According to Popular Music in America, the song's "lush orchestration, expansive form, and above all its soaring melody" allow the singer and character (Emile) to "linger in the moment" of immediate infatuation.[9] Gerald Mast's history of the American musical notes that the song is a climactic moment which reveals that two characters have fallen in love, and it expresses a seize-the-opportunity lyric:[1] "When you find your true love ... Then fly to her side / And make her your own".  According to the running commentary on the 2006 Fox DVD release of the 1958 film version of South Pacific, Lehman Engel remembered that Oscar Hammerstein II wanted to write a song based around verbs but waited ten years to do so before he wrote this song,[10] in which the verses are built around the verbs "see", "hear" and "fly".

text: Selected recorded versions[edit]

text: Many popular singers have recorded and performed "Some Enchanted Evening".[11] Perry Como's version was a #1 hit in 1949,[12] and Frank Sinatra recorded the song several times.

text:
Ezio Pinza (recorded April 18, 1949, Original Broadway cast recording of South Pacific). His single version reached No. 7 in the Billboard charts in 1949.[13]
Perry Como (1949). His single reached No. 1 in 1949
Frank Sinatra (1949), (1963), (1967). The 1949 version reached the No. 6 position in the Billboard charts.[14]
Bing Crosby (1949), recorded March 10, 1949[15] and reached No. 3 in the Billboard charts during a 20-week stay.[16]
Jo Stafford - Autumn in New York  (1950). Her single version reached No. 4 in the Billboard charts in 1949.[17]
Giorgio Tozzi (1958 for the film soundtrack; 1967 for the Lincoln Center revival cast recording with Florence Henderson)
Jay & The Americans (1965). The Group's single version reached No. 13 on the Billboard charts in 1965.
Andy Williams (from the 1958 album, Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein)
José Carreras (1986) for a studio cast recording of South Pacific with Kiri Te Kanawa, Mandy Patinkin and Sarah Vaughan
Willie Nelson included it on his 1988 album, What a Wonderful World
Barbra Streisand (from her No. 1 1993 album Back to Broadway)
The Temptations (1995, For Lovers Only)
Bryn Terfel  – Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein (1996)
Philip Quast for the 2002 London revival cast recording of South Pacific
Art Garfunkel (from his 2007 album Some Enchanted Evening)
Paulo Szot – South Pacific (The New Broadway Cast) (2008)
Bob Dylan (from his No.1 2015 album Shadows in the Night)

tag: ul

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The song's title has been used as the name for albums, such as one by Blue Öyster Cult, one by Art Garfunkel and a cast album and PBS special of the revue "Some Enchanted Evening" – The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein.[18] It was used as the name for television episodes in such TV series as The Simpsons, Last of the Summer Wine, Man About the House, and Bless This House.  The song has been sung in films and on TV shows, for example by Harrison Ford in the film American Graffiti (1978 reissue),[19] by an itinerant chanteuse in Crossing Delancey (1988),[20] by Jon Bon Jovi on Ally McBeal in the episode "Homecoming" (2002)[21] and by Bert in episode 102 on the Muppet Show (1977) to Connie Stevens.[22][23]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Mast, Gerald. Can't Help Singin': The American Musical on Stage and Screen. Overlook Press, 1987. p. 206. Excerpted in: Block, Geoffrey. The Richard Rodgers Reader, p. 91, Oxford University Press, 2006.

Jump up ^ South Pacific 1950 Tony winners, Tony Awards official website, accessed April 4, 2012

Jump up ^ Eaton, Quaintance. The Miracle of the Met: An Informal History of the Metropolitan Opera, 1883-1967. Greenwood Press, 1976. p. 227.

Jump up ^ "Olivier Winners 2002" Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine., Olivier Awards official website, accessed April 7, 2012

Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Tony Winner Szot to Return to Broadway's South Pacific March 31; Michals to Sub in April and June". Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2012.

Jump up ^ Pressley, Nelson. "An Era's Bias, Cast In Bali Ha'i Relief; With South Pacific, Arena Stage Takes On A Troubling Zeitgeist". Washington Post. December 15, 2002.

Jump up ^ "South Pacific (1958)". TCM.com, accessed April 6, 2012

Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs", American Film Institute, June 22, 2004, accessed October 7, 2014

Jump up ^ Campbell, Michael. Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on, p. 132, Cengage Learning, 2008 ISBN 0-495-50530-7

Jump up ^ In the 2006 Fox DVD release of the 1958 film version, running commentary of the film is provided on the first disc by Ted Chapin and Gerard Alessandrini. Alessondrini mentions that Hammerstein told Engel that he wanted to write a lyric focusing on verbs ten years before he wrote South Pacific.

Jump up ^ Link to numerous recordings of the song, Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization website, accessed March 18, 2012

Jump up ^ Perry Como, "Some Enchanted Evening", Music VF.com, accessed April 7, 2012

Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 354. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.

Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 393. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.

Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved September 20, 2016.

Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 111. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.

Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 406. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.

Jump up ^ "Some Enchanted Evening – The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein", Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, accessed December 24, 2013; and "Centennial Summer", Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, May 1, 1995, accessed December 24, 2013

Jump up ^ Pfeiffer, Lee and Michael Lewis, The Films of Harrison Ford, Citadel Press, 2002, p. 59 ISBN 0806523646

Jump up ^ Dinicola, Dan. "Crossing Delancey is Refreshing", Schenectady Gazette, September 29, 1988, accessed April 7, 2012

Jump up ^ "Ally McBeal: 'Homecoming'", TV.com (CBS), accessed April 7, 2012

Jump up ^ "Rare Appearances of Bert and Ernie on The Muppet Show", Retroist, March 29, 2012

Jump up ^ Chapman, Phillip. "Connie Stevens - Episode 2", Muppet Central Guides, accessed April 7, 2012


document_title: Phu Dorjee

question_text: who was the first indian to climb mount everest without carrying an oxygen cylinder

text: Phu Dorjee

text: Phu Dorjee (also spelled Phu Dorji)[1] was a Sherpa and the first Indian to summit Mt. Everest without oxygen. He did so on 9 May 1984 on a solitary ascent from the South East Ridge. Dorjee died in 1987 on the Kanchanjunga Expedition of the Assam Rifles.[2]

text: Another Phu Dorjee had summited Everest in the 1965, but this person died in 1969.[3]


document_title: Mathis

question_text: where does the last name mathis originate from

text: Mathis

text: Mathis is a name of Germanic origins.  It is common as a surname and is also a masculine given name.

text: People with the surname[edit]

text:
Buster Mathis (1943-1995), American heavyweight boxer
Buster Mathis Jr. (born 1970), American heavyweight boxer
Clint Mathis, American soccer player
Dawson Mathis (1940-2017), American politician
Doug Mathis (born 1983), American Major League Baseball pitcher
Edith Mathis (born 1938), Swiss singer
Émile Mathis (1880-1956), German-French automobile pioneer
George Mathis (also G. S. Mathis) pseudonym for Mátyás Seiber (1905-1960), Hungarian-born composer
Greg Mathis (born 1960), American judge
Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis (1857–1925), American agricultural reformer
James C. Mathis III (born 1974), American voice actor
Jeff Mathis (born 1983), baseball catcher
Johnny Mathis (born 1935), American pop singer
Kevin Mathis American tae-kwon-do master
Lionel Mathis, French football player
Marcel Mathis (born 1991), Austrian alpine skier
Mark Mathis movie producer and media consultant
Mark Mathis (meteorologist) meteorologist for KREX in Grand Junction, Colorado
Milly Mathis (1901–1965), French actress
Rashean Mathis, American football cornerback
Reggie Mathis (born 1956), American football player
Rémi Mathis (born 1982), French historian, library curator, and free-culture advocate
Robert Mathis, American National Football League defensive end
Samantha Mathis (born 1970), American actor
Terance Mathis (born 1967), National Football League wide receiver

text: People with the given name[edit]

text:
Mathis Bailey (born 1981), American-Canadian novelist and fiction writer
Mathis Bolly (born 1990), Norwegian–Ivorian footballer playing in Germany
Mathis Künzler (born 1978), Swiss actor
Mathis Mathisen (born 1937), Norwegian teacher, novelist, playwright and children's writer
Mathis Mootz (born 1976), German electronic musician and DJ
Mathis Wackernagel (born 1962), Swiss-born sustainability advocate

text: Fictional characters[edit]

text:
the title character of Mathis der Maler (opera), by Paul Hindemith
René Mathis, ally of James Bond
Jude Mathis, protagonist of Tales of Xillia, a video game

text: Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Given namesSurnamesGerman-language surnamesMasculine given names

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: Abuja

question_text: who moved nigeria capital from lagos to abuja

text: Abuja

text: History[edit]

text: "Abuja" was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja.[10]

text: The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi (Gwari) as the major language, Bassa, Gwandara, Gade, Ganagana,  Koro etc. In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria, plans had been devised since Nigeria's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties, and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria. The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity. Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid. As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development, the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country, and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja.[11] The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital, Brasília. The decision to move to Abuja was made by General Murtala Mohammed in 1976.[12] Construction started in the late 1970s but, due to economic and political instability, the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s.

text: The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was developed by International Planning Associates (IPA), a consortium of three American firms: Planning Research Corporation; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd;[13] and Archisystems, a division of the Hughes Organization. The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form. More detailed design of the central areas of the capital, particularly its monumental core, was accomplished by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange, with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company.

text: Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja, and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos, the commercial capital of Nigeria. Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the regional headquarters of OPEC. Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20% to 30% per year.[14] Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits.[5][15] Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003.[16]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually. This includes a warm, humid rainy season and a blistering dry season. In between the two, there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind, with the main feature of dust haze and dryness.

text: The rainy season begins from April and ends in October, when daytime temperatures reach 28 °C (82.4 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F)  and nighttime lows hover around 22 °C (71.6 °F) to 23 °C (73.4 °F). In the dry season, daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 °C (53.6 °F). Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 °C (86.0 °F). The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory. The city's inland location causes the diurnal temperature variation to be much larger than coastal cities with similar climates such as Lagos.

text: Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year.[17]

text:
hideClimate data for Abuja

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

34.7 (94.5)

36.8 (98.2)

36.9 (98.4)

35.6 (96.1)

32.7 (90.9)

30.6 (87.1)

29.1 (84.4)

28.9 (84)

30.0 (86)

32.0 (89.6)

34.4 (93.9)

34.6 (94.3)

33 (91.5)

Average low °C (°F)

20.4 (68.7)

25.5 (77.9)

24.3 (75.7)

24.7 (76.5)

19.5 (67.1)

18.3 (64.9)

21.9 (71.4)

17.7 (63.9)

17.5 (63.5)

21.4 (70.5)

15.7 (60.3)

15.5 (59.9)

20.2 (68.4)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

1.7 (0.067)

5.4 (0.213)

11.3 (0.445)

62.8 (2.472)

134.1 (5.28)

164.2 (6.465)

217.5 (8.563)

262.7 (10.343)

253.4 (9.976)

103.2 (4.063)

3.7 (0.146)

1.2 (0.047)

1,221.2 (48.08)

Average rainy days

0.1

0.2

1.3

4.2

9.4

12.3

14.0

16.2

15.9

8.0

0.3

0.1

82

Source: World Meteorological Organization.[18]

text: Vegetation[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The FCT falls within the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region. Patches of rain forest, however, occur in the Gwagwa plains, especially in the rugged terrain to the southeastern parts of the territory, where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found. These areas of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria.

text: Administration[edit]

text: Abuja city is run by the Abuja Municipal Area Council. In addition to the civic administration the city is the location for the federal government of Nigeria, and likewise the Federal Capital Territory Administration which is responsible for the encompassing Federal Capital Territory.

text: Abuja Municipal Area Council[edit]

text: The Abuja Municipal Area Council is the local government responsible for administration of the city. Coucillorship and chairmanship elections are held regularly. The People's Democratic Party won the 2013 election, as it had in 2010.[19]

text: Federal Capital Territory[edit]

text: The FCT is headed by the FCT Minister, currently Malam Muhammad Bello, who is appointed by central government. The FCT Minister appoints members to the Abuja Metropolitan Management Council (AMMC)

text: The FCT's ministers have been as follows:

text:
Mobolaji Ajose-Adeogun 1976–1979[20]
John Jatau Kadiya, 1979–1982
Iro Abubakar Dan Musa, 1982–1983
Haliru Dantoro, 1983–1984
Mamman Jiya Vatsa, 1984–December 1985
Hamza Abdullahi, 1986–1989
Gado Nasko, 1989–1993
Jeremiah Timbut Useni, 1993–1998
Mamman Kontagora, 1998–1999
Ibrahim Bunu, 1999–2001
Mohammed Abba Gana, 2001–2003
Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai, 2003–May 2007
Aliyu Modibo, 2007–2008
Adamu Aliero, 2008–2010
Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed, 2010–2015
Mohammed Bello, 2015–Present

text: Districts[edit]

text: For ease and co-ordination of developmental efforts, the city was divided into ‘Phases’ by its planners, with the city’s development taking a concentric form with Phase 1, which consists of the city’s inner districts-Central Area, Maitama, Asokoro, Wuse, Wuse II, Garki, Garki II, Guzape and Guzape II-at its core spreading out from the foot of Aso Rock, while Phase 5, consisting of the newly created Kyami District covering the vicinity of the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport and the permanent campus of the University of Abuja, over 40 kilometres west of Aso Rock. Each Phase is separated from the other by an expressway (some still under construction); for example, Phases 1 and 2 are separated from each other by the Nnamdi Azikiwe expressway, while the entirety of the city proper (Phases 1-5) are enclosed by the Murtala Muhammed (Outer Northern-ONEX and Outer Southern-OSEX) expressways as well as the Federal A2 highway which traverses the Federal Capital Territory on its way to Kaduna (north-bound) and Lokoja (south-bound). Thus there is an integration of the city’s road network with the Federal highway network, providing access to the immediate outlying countryside and the surrounding states of the country i.e. Niger State to the west, Kaduna State to the north, Nasarawa State to the east and Kogi State to the south.[citation needed]

text: The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones.[21][not in citation given]

text:
Central Cadastral Zone A00
Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01
Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02
Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03
Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04
Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06
Wuse II Districts (Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08)
Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09

text: There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2.[21][not in citation given]

text:
Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00
Gudu Cadastral Zone B01
Durumi Cadastral Zone B02
Wuye Cadastral Zone B03
Jabi Cadastral Zone B04
Utako Cadastral Zone B05
Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06
Jahi Cadastral Zone B08
Kado Cadastral Zone B09
Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10
Kaura Cadastral Zone B11
Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12
Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13
Dutse Cadastral Zone B14
Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19

text: There are eleven districts in Phase 3.[21][not in citation given]

text:
Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00
Karmo Cadastral Zone C01
Gwarimpa Cadastral Zone C02
Dape Cadastral Zone C04
Kafe Cadastral Zone C05
Nbora Cadastral Zone C06
Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07
Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08
Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09
Wumba Cadastral Zone C10
Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16

text: There are five suburban districts: Nyanya, Karu, Gwagwalada, Kubwa, and Jukwoyi. Along the Airport Road (Now Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Express Way) are clusters of satellite settlements, namely Lugbe, Chika, Kuchigworo and Pyakassa. Other satellite settlements are Idu (the main industrial zone), Mpape, Karimu, Gwagwa, Dei-Dei (housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market).[citation needed]

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings. Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear. Most of the buildings are modern, reflecting that it is a new city.

text: Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed as work has stalled for the last few years. This structure looms 170 metres (560 ft) above the city. The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre, a 120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria. The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti.

text: Landmarks include the Millennium Tower, the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters, the Nigerian Presidential Complex, the Ship House, the National Stadium,which was the main venue of the 2003 All Africa Games and some games, including the final, of the 2009 FIFA Under-17 World Cup, National Mosque, the National Church, Aso Rock and Zuma Rock.

text:
Abuja City Gate

Zuma rock

Abuja National Mosque

The National Cenotaph houses the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and hosts Armed Forces Remembrance Day ceremonies on 15 January annually.

The Federal Ministry of Transportation headquarters.

The grounds of Eagle Square shown here being readied for a church event.

A view of the Millenium tower as seen from the Federal Secretariat just before sunset.

The Federal Ministry of Finance Headquarters.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Headquarters of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).

INCAR Plaza.

SEC Tower, home of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

text: Parks and open areas[edit]

text: Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park. Millennium Park was designed by architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom's Elizabeth II in December 2003. Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory. The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park, it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema, astro-turf, lawn tennis court, paintball arena and a variety of restaurants.

text: Bush Bars[edit]

text: Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as "Bush Bars" that usually, though not always, include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya, grilled catfish, pounded yam, egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja.[22][23]

text: Central Business District[edit]

text: Abuja's Central District, also called Central Area, is a strip of land stretching from Aso Rock in the east to the National stadium and the Old City gate in the West.It is like the city's spinal cord, dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse, and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro. While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors, the Central District is the city's principal Business Zone, where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices. An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone, so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive, legislative and judicial arms of the federal government. A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way, Aso Hill, the Abuja Plant Nursery, Eagle Square (which has important historic significance, as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999) and in which all subsequent Presidential Inauguration ceremonies have taken place. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated across Shehu Shagari Way facing the Eagle Square. This section is usually closed to traffic during the annual Armed Forces Remembrance Day ceremonies that is observed on 15 January. The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue.[24] A well-known government office is the Ministry of Defense, colloquially nicknamed "Ship House".[25] Also located here is the yet-to-be-completed National Square, Millennium tower and Nigeria Cultural Centre multi-functional complex.

text: Garki District[edit]

text: The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city, having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east. The district is subdivided into units called "Areas". Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of "Area" to refer to parts of Garki. These are designated as Areas 1 to 11. Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2.  Visitors may find this system confusing.

text: Garki is presently the principal business and administrative district of Abuja. Numerous buildings of interest are in this area. Some of them include the General Post Office, Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way, Nicon Luxury Hotel (formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian), Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings (Area 1). A new five-star hotel, Hawthorn Suites Abuja, is in Garki.

text: Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes, although a zoological garden as well as a small shopping Centre are to be found here as well. Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7. The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces – Army, Airforce and Navy – is located on Muhammadu Buhari Way in the Garki District.

text: The tallest building in this district is the Radio House located at the Area 11 sector, which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and Voice of Nigeria (VON). The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) stations and corporate headquarters are also in Garki. The Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki.

text: The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja is in Area 11. This is the location of the Federal Capital Development Authority and other administrative buildings. A popular sub-neighbourhood here is found in the vicinity of Gimbiya street, because it has the unique characteristic of being a purely administrative zone on weekdays, while transforming into a purely entertainment zone on weeknights and weekends.[citation needed]

text: Other places of note include the Cyprian Ekwensi Arts & Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force CID (Criminal Investigation Department) headquarters in Area 10. The Abuja Municipal Area Council, which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10. The new United States Embassy is in the Diplomatic Zone which adjoins Garki.

text: Wuse District[edit]

text: Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city, with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south. The District is numbered Zones 1–6. The Wuse Market is Abuja's principal market. The second most important post office in the city is here. This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers (Zone 4), Grand Ibro International hotel, the Federal Road Safety Corps Headquarters (Zone 3), Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters, Federal Civil Service Commission (Zone 3), National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration (NAFDAC) (Zone 7), Wuse General Hospital, and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation. Just as Garki District has Garki II, Wuse has Wuse II. This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2.

text: Maitama District[edit]

text: Maitama District is to the north of the city, with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively. This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business, and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive. Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel, Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters (NCC), National Universities Commission (NUC), Soil Conservation Complex, and Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way, in Maitama. Also, the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama. Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies.

text: Asokoro District[edit]

text: Asokoro District, the doyen of the districts, houses all of the state's lodges/guest houses. The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest. Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District. It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers as well as most of the diplomatic community in the city; in addition, the Presidential Palace (commonly referred to as the Aso Rock) is in Asokoro District. By virtue of this fact, Asokoro is the most secure area of the city.

text: Gwarimpa District[edit]

text: Gwarimpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council. It is a 20-kilometre (12 mi) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria, the Gwarimpa Housing Estate. The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa. It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals. The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarimpa.

text: Durumi District[edit]

text: Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast. Its borders are the Oladipo Diya Road to the southwest, the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast, and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast.[26][27]

text: The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District.[28][29]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298,[6] making it then the eighth most populous city in Nigeria. United Nations figures showed that Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest growing city in the world.[7] As of  2015[update], the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35%, retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world.[8]

text: Conurbation[edit]

text: Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns, such as Karu Urban Area, Suleja, Gwagwalada, Lugbe, Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling. The urban agglomeration centred upon Abuja had a population estimated at 2,440,000 in 2014.[3] The metropolitan area of Abuja was estimated in 2016 as six million persons, the country's second most populous metro area.[2] The city has a large and growing immigrant community consisting mainly of nationals from the ECOWAS sub-region. The city has been undergoing a rapid pace of physical development over the last fifteen years.

text: Economy and infrastructure[edit]

text: Postal system[edit]

text: Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes, street names and zones.[30]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Airport[edit]

text: Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region. It was named after Nigeria's first president, Nnamdi Azikiwe. The airport has international and domestic terminals.

text: Highways[edit]

text: Abuja is also linked to Nasarawa, Plateau, Benue and Northeast Nigeria by the A234 Federal Highway, which starts from the city as the Goodluck Jonathan expressway, some portions of which are still under construction. A direct highway link to Minna in Niger State is still under construction. The A2 expressway links Abuja with Kaduna in the north and Lokoja in the south. There are also other highway links with the outlying region, such as that linking the suburb of Dutse Alhaji with the Lower Usuma and Gurara Dams, which supply water to the city.[citation needed]

text: Rail[edit]

text: Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway, which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna.  Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja. There is a car park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre.[31] A light rail system is now under construction, including a station at Idu.

text: Education[edit]

text: Universities[edit]

text:
African Institute of Science and Technology
Baze University
Nigerian Turkish Nile University
University of Abuja
Veritas University
National Open University of Nigeria
Nile University

text: International schools[edit]

text:
Whiteplains British School, Jabi
American International School of Abuja

text: Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

text:
Toronto, Canada
 Buffalo, United States