document_title: Peanut

question_text: where are most peanuts grown in the us

question_tokens: where are most peanuts grown in the us

text: Peanut

text: History[edit]

text: Cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) arose from a hybrid between two wild species of peanut, thought to be A. duranensis and A. ipaensis.[7][8][9] The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous chromosome doubling restored its fertility,[citation needed] forming what is termed an amphidiploid or allotetraploid. Genetic analysis suggests the hybridization event probably occurred only once and gave rise to A. monticola, a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few restricted locations in northwestern Argentina, and by artificial selection to A. hypogaea.[7][8][10][11] The process of domestication through artificial selection made A. hypogaea dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier and more compact, and have a different pod structure and larger seeds. The initial domestication may have taken place in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut landraces with the most wild-like features are grown today.[12][13] From this primary center of origin, cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary centers of diversity in Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies A. h. fastigiata types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles.[12][13]

text: The oldest known archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old. These may be pods from a wild species that was in cultivation, or A. hypogaea in the early phase of domestication.[14] They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable to the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is moister. Many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche, depicted peanuts in their art.[15] Cultivation was well established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the conquistadors found the tlalcacahuatl (the plant's Nahuatl name, whence Mexican Spanish cacahuate, Castillian Spanish cacahuete, and French cacahuète) being offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan. The peanut was later spread worldwide by European traders, and cultivation is now very widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In West Africa, it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the Bambara groundnut, whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay and this region is now the largest producer in the world.[16]

text: In the English-speaking world, peanut growing is most important in the United States. Although it was mainly a garden crop for much of the colonial period, it was mostly used as animal feed stock until the 1930s.[17] The US Department of Agriculture initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. George Washington Carver developed hundreds of recipes for peanuts during his tenure in the program.

text: Botany[edit]

text: Peanut is an annual herbaceous plant growing 30 to 50 cm (1.0 to 1.6 ft) tall.[18] As a legume, it belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae (also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the bean or pea family).[1] Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules.[5] The leaves are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet); each leaflet is 1 to 7 cm (⅜ to 2¾ in) long and 1 to 3 cm (⅜ to 1 in) across. Like many other legumes, the leaves are nyctinastic, that is, they have "sleep" movements, closing at night.

text: Peanut pods develop underground, an unusual feature known as geocarpy.[19] The flowers are 1.0 to 1.5 cm (0.4 to 0.6 in) across, and yellowish orange with reddish veining.[12][13] They are borne in axillary clusters on the stems above ground and last for just one day. The ovary is located at the base of what appears to be the flower stem but is actually a highly elongated floral cup. After fertilization, a short stalk at the base of the ovary (termed a pedicel) elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a "peg". This peg grows down into the soil, and the tip, which contains the ovary, develops into a mature peanut pod.[19] Pods are 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long, normally containing one to four seeds.[12][13]

text: Parts[edit]

text: Parts of the peanut include:

text:
Shell - inedible outer covering, in contact with dirt
Cotyledon - main edible part
Seed coat - brown papery covering of the edible part
Radicle - embryonic root at the bottom of the cotyledon, which can be snapped off
Plumule - embryonic shoot emerging from the top of the radicle

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: Peanuts grow best in light, sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their capacity to fix nitrogen means that, providing they nodulate properly, peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing fertilizer,[20] and they improve soil fertility. Therefore, they are valuable in crop rotations. Also, the yield of the peanut crop itself is increased in rotations, through reduced diseases, pests and weeds. For instance, in Texas, peanuts in a three-year rotation with corn yield 50% more than nonrotated peanuts.[20] Adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients are also necessary for good yields.[20] To develop well, peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing season. They can be grown with as little as 350 mm (14 in) of water,[21] but for best yields need at least 500 mm (20 in).[22] Depending on growing conditions and the cultivar of peanut, harvest is usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies A. h. fastigiata types, and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies A. h. hypogaea types.[21][23][24] Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types yield more, and are usually preferred where the growing seasons are long enough.

text: Peanut plants continue to produce flowers when pods are developing, therefore even when they are ready for harvest, some pods are immature. The timing of harvest is an important decision to maximize yield. If it is too early, too many pods will be unripe. If too late, the pods will snap off at the stalk, and will remain in the soil.[25] For harvesting, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil.[25] The pods are covered with a network of raised veins and are constricted between seeds.

text: Harvesting occurs in two stages:[26] In mechanized systems, a machine is used to cut off the main root of the peanut plant by cutting through the soil just below the level of the peanut pods. The machine lifts the "bush" from the ground and shakes it, then inverts the bush, leaving the plant upside down on the ground to keep the peanuts out of the soil. This allows the peanuts to dry slowly to a little less than a third of their original moisture level over a period of three to four days. Traditionally, peanuts were pulled and inverted by hand.

text: After the peanuts have dried sufficiently, they are threshed, removing the peanut pods from the rest of the bush.[25] It is particularly important that peanuts are dried properly and stored in dry conditions. If they are too high in moisture, or if storage conditions are poor, they may become infected by the mold fungus Aspergillus flavus. Many strains of this fungus release toxic and highly carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins.

text: China[edit]

text: Cultivars in the United States[edit]

text: There are many peanut cultivars grown around the world. The market classes grown in the United States are Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia.[27] Peanuts produced in the United States are divided into three major areas: the southeastern United States region which includes Alabama, Georgia, and Florida; the southwestern United States region which includes New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; and the third region in the general eastern United States which include Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[27]

text: Certain cultivar groups are preferred for particular characteristics, such as differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and disease resistance.[26] Most peanuts marketed in the shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell. Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and peanut butter.

text: Spanish group[edit]

text: The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa, and in the southwestern and southeastern US. Prior to 1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in Georgia, USA, were Spanish types, but the trend since then has been larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more disease-resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other types of peanuts. In the United States, the Spanish group is primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.[27]

text: Cultivars of the Spanish group include 'Dixie Spanish', 'Improved Spanish 2B', 'GFA Spanish', 'Argentine', 'Spantex', 'Spanette', 'Shaffers Spanish', 'Natal Common (Spanish)', "White Kernel Varieties', 'Starr', 'Comet', 'Florispan', 'Spanhoma', 'Spancross', 'OLin', 'Tamspan 90', 'AT 9899–14', 'Spanco', 'Wilco I', 'GG 2', 'GG 4', 'TMV 2', and 'Tamnut 06'.

text: Runner group[edit]

text: Since 1940, the southeastern US region has seen a shift to production of Runner group peanuts. This shift is due to good flavor, better roasting characteristics and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts. Georgia's production is now almost 100% Runner type.[26]

text: Cultivars of Runners include 'Southeastern Runner 56-15', 'Dixie Runner', 'Early Runner', 'Virginia Bunch 67', 'Bradford Runner', 'Egyptian Giant' (also known as 'Virginia Bunch' and 'Giant'), 'Rhodesian Spanish Bunch' (Valencia and Virginia Bunch), 'North Carolina Runner 56-15', 'Florunner', 'Virugard', 'Georgia Green', 'Tamrun 96', 'Flavor Runner 458', 'Tamrun OL01', 'Tamrun OL02' 'AT-120', 'Andru-93', 'Southern Runner', 'AT1-1', 'Georgia Brown', 'GK-7', and 'AT-108'.

text: Virginia group[edit]

text: The large-seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in the US states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularity due to demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in the shells.

text: Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit. The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), and a spread of 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in), with 80-to-90 cm (31-to-35 in) rows that seldom cover the ground. The pods are borne within 5 to 10 cm of the base of the plant.

text: Cultivars of Virginia type peanuts include 'NC 7', 'NC 9', 'NC 10C', 'NC-V 11', 'VA 93B', 'NC 12C', 'VA-C 92R', 'Gregory', 'VA 98R', 'Perry', 'Wilson, 'Hull', 'AT VC-2' and' Shulamit'.

text: Valencia group[edit]

text: Valencia group peanuts are coarse, and they have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In the United States, large commercial production is primarily in the South Plains of West Texas and eastern New Mexico near and south of Portales, New Mexico, but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored and preferred type for boiled peanuts[by whom?]. They are comparatively tall, having a height of 125 cm (49 in) and a spread of 75 cm (30 in). Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches. Most of the pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for sale roasted and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C'.

text: Tennessee Red and Tennessee White groups[edit]

text: These are alike, except for the color of the seed. Sometimes known also as Texas Red or White, the plants are similar to Valencia types, except the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels.

text: Production and trade[edit]

text:
Peanut production in 2014[16]
(millions of tonnes)

Country
Production

 China

16.5

 India

6.6

 Nigeria

3.4

 United States

2.4

 Sudan

1.8

World

43.9

text: In 2014, world production of peanuts (in shells) was 43.9 million tonnes, led by China with 38% of the global total followed by India (15%) (table). Other significant producers were Nigeria, the United States, and Sudan. Major exporters in 2013 were India with 541,337 tonnes, which accounts for 32% of world total exports (1.7 million tonnes), and the United States with 19% of total exports.[28] The European Union imported 52% of the world supply of shelled peanuts in 2013, with the Netherlands alone accounting for 40% of the European total.[28]

text: In the United States, Georgia is the leading peanut-producing state, followed by Texas and Alabama, respectively.[29] About half of all peanuts produced in the US are grown within a 100 mi (160 km) radius of Dothan, Alabama.[30] Dothan is home to the National Peanut Festival established in 1938 and held each fall to honor peanut growers and celebrate the harvest.[31]

text: Food[edit]

text: Peanut oil[edit]

text: Peanut oil is often used in cooking, because it has a mild flavor and a relatively high smoke point. Due to its high monounsaturated content, it is considered healthier than saturated oils, and is resistant to rancidity. The several types of peanut oil include: aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold-pressed peanut oil, and peanut extract. In the United States, refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labeling laws.[32]

text: Peanut flour[edit]

text: Peanut flour is lower in fat than peanut butter, and has high protein content making it suitable as a flavor enhancer.[citation needed] Peanut flour is used as a gluten-free solution.

text: Boiled peanuts[edit]

text: Boiled peanuts are a popular snack in the southern United States, as well as in India, China, and West Africa. In the US South, boiled peanuts are often prepared in briney water, and sold in streetside stands.

text: Dry-roasted peanuts[edit]

text: Dry peanuts can be roasted in the shell or shelled in a home oven if spread out one layer deep in a pan and baked at a temperature of 350 °F or 177 °C for 15 to 20 min (shelled) and 20 to 25 min (in shell).

text: Cuisine[edit]

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text: Latin America[edit]

text: Peanuts are particularly common in Peruvian and Mexican cuisine, both of which marry indigenous and European ingredients. For instance, in Peru, a popular traditional dish is picante de cuy,[33] a roasted guinea pig served in a sauce of ground peanuts (ingredients native to South America) with roasted onions and garlic (ingredients from European cuisine). Also, in the Peruvian city of Arequipa, a dish called ocopa consists of a smooth sauce of roasted peanuts and hot peppers (both native to the region) with roasted onions, garlic, and oil, poured over meat or potatoes.[34] Another example is a fricassee combining a similar mixture with sautéed seafood or boiled and shredded chicken. These dishes are generally known as ajíes, meaning "hot peppers", such as ají de pollo and ají de mariscos (seafood ajíes may omit peanuts).

text: Likewise, during colonial times in Peru, the Spanish used peanuts to replace nuts unavailable locally, but used extensively in Spanish cuisine, such as almonds and pine nuts, typically ground or as paste mixed with rice, meats, and vegetables for dishes like rice pilaf.

text: Throughout the region, many candies and snacks are made using peanuts.

text: Middle East[edit]

text: Crunchy coated peanuts, called kabukim in Hebrew, are a popular snack in Israel. Kabukim are commonly sold by weight at corner stores where fresh nuts and seeds are sold, though they are also available packaged. The coating typically consists of flour, salt, starch, lecithin, and sometimes sesame seeds. The origin of the name is obscure (it may be derived from kabuk which means nutshell or husk in Turkish). An additional variety of crunchy coated peanuts popular in Israel is "American peanuts". The coating of this variety is thinner, but harder to crack.

text: Bamba puffs are a popular snack in the Middle East. Their shape is similar to Cheez Doodles, but are made of corn and flavored with peanut butter.

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text: Peanuts are also widely used in Southeast Asian cuisine, such as in Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia, where they are typically made into a spicy sauce. Peanuts originally came to Indonesia from the Philippines, where the legume derived from Mexico in times of Spanish colonization. One Philippine dish using peanuts is kare-kare, a mixture of meat and peanut butter.

text: Common Indonesian peanut-based dishes include gado-gado, pecel, karedok, and ketoprak, vegetable salads mixed with peanut sauce, and the peanut-based sauce, satay.

text: South Asia[edit]

text: In the Indian subcontinent, peanuts are a light snack, usually roasted and salted (sometimes with the addition of chilli powder), and often sold roasted in pods or boiled with salt. They are also made into dessert or sweet snack pieces by processing with refined sugar and jaggery. Indian cuisine uses roasted, crushed peanuts to give a crunchy body to salads; they are added whole (without pods) to leafy vegetable stews for the same reason. Another use is peanut oil for cooking. Most Indians use mustard, sunflower, and peanut oil for cooking. In South india, groundnut 'chutney' is partaken with dosa and idli at breakfast. Peanut is also used in sweets and savory items in South India. Kovilpatti is known for its sweet peanut barfi, which is also used in savoury and sweet mixtures, and as a flavor in tamarind rice.

text: West Africa[edit]

text: Peanuts grow well in southern Mali and adjacent regions of the Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal; peanuts are similar in both agricultural and culinary qualities to the Bambara groundnut native to the region, and West Africans have adopted the crop as a staple. Peanut sauce, prepared with onions, garlic, peanut butter/paste, and vegetables such as carrots, cabbage, and cauliflower, can be vegetarian (the peanuts supplying ample protein) or prepared with meat, usually chicken.

text: Peanuts are used in the Malian meat stew maafe. In Ghana, peanut butter is used for peanut butter soup nkate nkwan.[35] Crushed peanuts may also be used for peanut candies nkate cake and kuli-kuli, as well as other local foods such as oto.[35] Peanut butter is an ingredient in Nigeria's "African salad". Peanut powder is an important ingredient in the spicy coating for kebabs in Nigeria and Ghana.

text: East Africa[edit]

text: Peanuts are a common ingredient of several types of relishes (dishes which accompany nshima) eaten by the tribes in Malawi and in the eastern part of Zambia, and these dishes are common throughout both countries. Thick peanut butter sauces are also made in Uganda to serve with rice and other starchy foods. Groundnut stew, locally called ebinyebwa in Uganda, is made by boiling ground peanut flour with other ingredients, such as cabbage, mushrooms, dried fish, meat or other vegetables.[36] Across East Africa, roasted peanuts, often in cones of newspaper, are obtained from street vendors.

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada and the United States, peanuts are used in candies, cakes, cookies, and other sweets. Individually, they are eaten dry-roasted with or without salt. Ninety-five percent of Canadians eat peanuts or peanut butter, with average consumption of 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) of peanuts per person annually, and 79% of Canadians consuming peanut butter weekly.[37] In the United States, peanuts and peanut butter are central to American dietary practices, and are typically considered as comfort foods.[38] Peanut butter is a common peanut-based food, representing half of American total peanut consumption and $850 million in annual retail sales.[39] Peanut soup is found on restaurant menus in the southeastern states.[40] In some southern portions of the US, peanuts are boiled for several hours until soft and moist.[41] Peanuts are also deep-fried, sometimes within the shell. Per person, Americans eat 6 pounds (2.7 kg) of peanut products annually, spending a total of $2 billion in peanut retail purchases.[39]

text: Malnutrition[edit]

text: Peanuts are used to help fight malnutrition. Plumpy Nut, MANA Nutrition,[42] and Medika Mamba[43] are high-protein, high-energy, and high-nutrient peanut-based pastes developed to be used as a therapeutic food to aid in famine relief. The World Health Organization, UNICEF, Project Peanut Butter, and Doctors Without Borders have used these products to help save malnourished children in developing countries.

text: Peanuts can be used like other legumes and grains to make a lactose-free, milk-like beverage, peanut milk, which is promoted in Africa as a way to reduce malnutrition among children.

text: Animal feed[edit]

text: Peanut plant tops and crop residues can be used for hay.[44]

text: The protein cake (oilcake meal) residue from oil processing is used as an animal feed and as a soil fertilizer. Groundnut cake is a livestock feed, mostly used by cattle as protein supplements.[45] It is one of the most important and valuable feed for all types of livestocks and one of the most active ingredient for poultry rations.[46] Poor storage of the cake may sometimes results in its contamination by aflatoxin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.[47] The major constituents of the cake are essential amino acids such as lysine and glutamine. Other components are crude fiber, crude protein, and fat.[48]

text: Some peanuts can also be fed whole to livestock, for example those in excess of the peanut quota in the USA, or those with a higher aflatoxin content than that permitted by the food regulations.[49]

text: Peanut processing often requires dehulling: the hulls generated in large amounts by the peanut industries can then be used to feed livestock, particularly ruminants.[50]

text: Industrial use[edit]

text: Peanuts have a variety of industrial end uses. Paint, varnish, lubricating oil, leather dressings, furniture polish, insecticides, and nitroglycerin are made from peanut oil. Soap is made from saponified oil, and many cosmetics contain peanut oil and its derivatives. The protein portion is used in the manufacture of some textile fibers. Peanut shells are used in the manufacture of plastic, wallboard, abrasives, fuel, cellulose (used in rayon and paper), and mucilage (glue).

text: Nutritional value[edit]

text:
Peanut, valencia, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
2,385 kJ (570 kcal)

Carbohydrates

21 g

Sugars
0.0 g

Dietary fiber
9 g

Fat

48 g

Saturated
7 g

Monounsaturated
24 g

Polyunsaturated
16 g

Protein

25 g

Tryptophan
0.2445 g

Threonine
0.859 g

Isoleucine
0.882 g

Leucine
1.627 g

Lysine
0.901 g

Methionine
0.308 g

Cystine
0.322 g

Phenylalanine
1.300 g

Tyrosine
1.020 g

Valine
1.052 g

Arginine
3.001 g

Histidine
0.634 g

Alanine
0.997 g

Aspartic acid
3.060 g

Glutamic acid
5.243 g

Glycine
1.512 g

Proline
1.107 g

Serine
1.236 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(52%)
0.6 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(25%)
0.3 mg

Niacin (B3)

(86%)
12.9 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(36%)
1.8 mg

Vitamin B6

(23%)
0.3 mg

Folate (B9)

(62%)
246 μg

Vitamin C

(0%)
0.0 mg

Vitamin E

(44%)
6.6 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(6%)
62 mg

Iron

(15%)
2 mg

Magnesium

(52%)
184 mg

Manganese

(95%)
2.0 mg

Phosphorus

(48%)
336 mg

Potassium

(7%)
332 mg

Zinc

(35%)
3.3 mg

Other constituents

Water
4.26 g

Link to full USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

text: Peanuts are rich in essential nutrients (right table, USDA nutrient data). In a 100 g serving, peanuts provide 570 calories and are an excellent source (defined as more than 20% of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins, vitamin E, several dietary minerals, such as manganese (95% DV), magnesium (52% DV) and phosphorus (48% DV), and dietary fiber (right table). They also contain about 25 g protein per 100 g serving, a higher proportion than in many tree nuts.[51]

text: Some studies show that regular consumption of peanuts is associated with a lower risk of mortality specifically from certain diseases.[52][53] However, the study designs do not allow cause and effect to be inferred. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts (such as peanuts) as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease."[54]

text: Phytochemicals[edit]

text: Peanuts contain polyphenols, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, phytosterols and dietary fiber in amounts similar to several tree nuts.[53]

text: Peanut skins contain resveratrol which is under preliminary research for its potential effects in humans.[55][56]

text: Oil composition[edit]

text: A common cooking and salad oil, peanut oil is 46% monounsaturated fats (primarily oleic acid), 32% polyunsaturated fats (primarily linoleic acid), and 17% saturated fats (primarily palmitic acid).[57][58] Extractable from whole peanuts using a simple water and centrifugation method, the oil is being considered by NASA's Advanced Life Support program for future long-duration human space missions.[59]

text: Health concerns[edit]

text: Allergies[edit]

text: Some people (0.6%[60] of the United States population) report that they experience mild to severe allergic reactions to peanut exposure; symptoms can range from watery eyes to anaphylactic shock, which can be fatal if untreated. For these individuals, eating a small amount of peanut can cause a reaction. Because of their widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, the avoidance of peanuts is difficult. Some foods processed in facilities which also handle peanuts may carry such warnings on their labels.

text: The hygiene hypothesis of allergy states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase of food allergies.[61]

text: Studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel showed that delaying exposure to peanuts in childhood can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies.[62][63]

text: Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but the evidence is not regarded as conclusive.[64] Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and intake of soy products.[64]

text: Some school districts in the United States and elsewhere have banned peanuts.[65][66][67] However, the efficacy of the bans in reducing allergic reactions is uncertain. A recent study in Canada has shown that there is no difference in the percentage of accidental exposures occurring in schools prohibiting peanuts than in schools allowing them.[68]

text: Refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut allergies.[69] However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils have been shown to contain protein, which may cause allergic reactions.[70] In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 60 people with proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors concluded, "Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be avoided." They also stated, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy." However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose a risk to peanut-allergic individuals if oil that has previously been used to cook foods containing peanuts is reused.[71]

text: Contamination with aflatoxin[edit]

text: If peanut plants are subjected to severe drought during pod formation, or if pods are not properly stored, they may become contaminated with the mold Aspergillus flavus which may produce carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins. Lower-quality peanuts, particularly where mold is evident, are more likely to be contaminated.[72] The United States Department of Agriculture tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing steps in place to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin.[73]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
A warning sign for the presence of peanuts and peanut dust

Arachis hypogaea flower

Peanut pegs penetrating the ground

Developing pods of Peanut

Track-type peanut harvester

Harvesting peanuts

A bowl of sev mamra, consisting of puffed rice, peanuts and fried seasoned noodles

Peanut sweet known as chikki made from peanuts and jaggery


document_title: Passive transport

question_text: passive movement of a solute by carrier protein is called

root

text: Passive transport

text: Diffusion[edit]

text:
Diffusion is the net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration. The difference of concentration between the two areas is often termed as the concentration gradient, and diffusion will continue until this gradient has been eliminated. Since diffusion moves materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, it is described as moving solutes "down the concentration gradient" (compared with active transport, which often moves material from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration, and therefore referred to as moving the material "against the concentration gradient").
However, in many cases (e.g. passive drug transport) the driving force of passive transport can not be simplified to the concentration gradient. If there are different solutions at the two sides of the membrane with different equilibrium  solubility of the drug, the difference in degree of saturation is the driving force of passive membrane transport.[1] It is also true for supersaturated solutions which are more and more important owing to the spreading of the application of amorphous solid dispersions for drug bioavailability enhancement.

tag: p

text: Simple diffusion and osmosis are in some ways similar. Simple diffusion is the passive movement of solute from a high concentration to a lower concentration until the concentration of the solute is uniform throughout and reaches equilibrium. Osmosis is much like simple diffusion but it specifically describes the movement of water (not the solute) across a selectively permeable membrane until there is an equal concentration of water and solute on both sides of the membrane. Simple diffusion and osmosis are both forms of passive transport and require none of the cell's ATP energy.

text: Facilitated diffusion[edit]

text: Facilitated diffusion, also called carrier-mediated osmosis, is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane by actively taking up or excluding ions. Active transport of protons by H+ ATPases[2] alters membrane potential allowing for facilitated passive transport of particular ions such as potassium [3] down their charge gradient through high affinity transporters and channels.

text: Filtration[edit]

text: Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. Depending on the size of the membrane pores, only solutes of a certain size may pass through it. For example, the membrane pores of the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys are very small, and only albumins, the smallest of the proteins, have any chance of being filtered through. On the other hand, the membrane pores of liver cells are extremely large, but not forgetting cells are extremely small to allow a variety of solutes to pass through and be metabolized.

text: Osmosis[edit]

text: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of high water potential to an area of low water potential. A cell with a less negative water potential will draw in water but this depends on other factors as well such as solute potential (pressure in the cell e.g. solute molecules) and pressure potential (external pressure e.g. cell wall). There are three types of Osmosis solutions:  the isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution. Isotonic solution is when the extracellular solute concentration is balanced with the concentration inside the cell. In the Isotonic solution, the water molecules still moves between the solutions, but the rates are the same from both directions, thus the water movement is balanced between the inside of the cell as well as the outside of the cell. A hypotonic solution is when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell. In hypotonic solutions, the water moves into the cell, down its concentration gradient (from higher to lower water concentrations). That can cause the cell to swell. Cells that don't have a cell wall, such as animal cells, could burst in this solution. A hypertonic solution is when the solute concentration is higher (think of hyper - as high) than the concentration inside the cell. In hypertonic solution, the water will move out, causing the cell to shrink.


document_title: Pat Brady

question_text: who played pat on the roy rogers show

question_tokens: who played pat on the roy rogers show

text: Pat Brady

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Pat Brady (December 31, 1914 – February 27, 1972) was best known as the "comical sidekick" of the popular cowboy film and television star Roy Rogers. Pat's full name was Robert Ellsworth Patrick Aloysious O'Brady and this was shortened to "Bob Brady," although it is not known when the "O'" was dropped from "O'Brady."[1]

text: Born in Toledo, Ohio, Pat Brady first appeared on stage at the age of four, in a road-show production of Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch.[2] From that initial stage appearance until his death, his life was dedicated to the world of entertainment as a musician and actor, almost exclusively in comedic roles. In 1935, while working as a bassist in California, Pat struck up a friendship with a young country & western singer named Leonard Slye, a member of the popular Sons of the Pioneers.[2] When Len Slye was elevated to screen stardom as Roy Rogers, he recommended Brady as his replacement in "The Sons". However, as Bob Nolan, an original member of The Sons, was referred to as "Bob," and The Sons thought one "Bob" was enough, "Bob Brady" then became "Pat Brady".[1]

text: Making the transition to films himself in 1937, Brady played comedy relief in several of the Charles Starrett Westerns at Columbia. Brady served in World War II and was at the Battle of the Bulge, in Bastogne. In the early 1940s, he moved to Republic, where he played zany camp cook Sparrow Biffle in the Roy Rogers vehicles. When Rogers moved to television in 1951, he took Brady with him. Now billed as "himself," Brady enlivened over 100 episodes of The Roy Rogers Show, happily driving about the sagebrush at the wheel of his faithful jeep "Nellybelle."

text: Long after the cancellation of the weekly series, Brady continued his association with Rogers on television and in personal appearances. He also rejoined the Sons of the Pioneers in 1959 as a replacement for Shug Fisher, a well-known character actor. In late 1962, Brady appeared with Rogers and Evans in their short-lived ABC comedy, western, and variety program The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show, which lost out in the Saturday evenings ratings to The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS. Joining Brady on that program was comedian Cliff Arquette in his Charley Weaver role. Coincidentally, Arquette, like Brady, was born in Toledo.

text: Pat Brady died at the age of fifty-seven in Green Mountain Falls, Colorado.[2] At his funeral on March 1, 1972, Hugh Farr and Lloyd Perryman, both members of the Sons of the Pioneers, sang "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" and "At the Rainbows End".[1]

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
Man from Cheyenne (1942)
Melody Time (1948) as Himself
The Golden Stallion (1949)
Heldrado (1946) (uncredited)
Loving You (1957) Band Member

tag: ul

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Rothel.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pat Brady, Film. Cowboy, Dies; Roy Rogers's Sidekick Was 57", obituary, The New York Times, New York, N.Y.; retrieved October 24, 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)

question_text: tinker tailor soldier spy who is the spy

text: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In October 1973, "Control", head of British intelligence (referred to as "The Circus"), sends agent Jim Prideaux to Budapest to meet a Hungarian general wishing to defect. Prideaux is shot and presumed killed. Amidst the international incident that follows, Control and his right-hand man George Smiley are forced into retirement; Control dies of illness shortly after.

text: Percy Alleline becomes the new Chief, Bill Haydon his deputy and Roy Bland and Toby Esterhase as lieutenants. Despite Control and Smiley's misgivings, their successors have already begun a secret operation—"Witchcraft"—to obtain highly sensitive information from the Soviet Union, which is in turn being traded with the CIA for American intelligence. Smiley is brought out of retirement by Cabinet Office civil servant Oliver Lacon to investigate a claim by Ricki Tarr, a British spy, that for years there has been a mole in a senior role in the Circus, as Control had suspected. Smiley chooses a trustworthy agent, Peter Guillam, and retired Special Branch officer Mendel to help him. He interviews former Circus analyst Connie Sachs, who was sacked by Alleline after deducing that Alexei Polyakov, a Soviet cultural attaché in London, was a spy.

text: Tarr tells Smiley that on a mission to Istanbul, he had an affair with Irina, a Soviet agent. She wanted to reveal the name of a mole in the top ranks of the Circus but when Tarr reported this to London, they ignored him and ordered him straight home, while the Soviets promptly kidnapped Irina. Concluding that the mole had intercepted his message, Tarr went into hiding, suspected of defecting and murdering the British station chief. Smiley sends Guillam to steal the Circus logbook for the night Tarr had called and he finds the pages for that night have been cut out, supporting Tarr's story. Smiley interviews Prideaux, who reveals that after brutal interrogation, he was exchanged by the Soviets but sacked from the service. Prideaux says the purpose of the mission to Hungary was to get the name of the mole. Control had codenamed the suspects "Tinker" (Alleline), "Tailor" (Haydon), "Soldier" (Bland), "Poorman" (Esterhase) and "Beggarman" (Smiley).

text: Smiley learns that Alleline, Haydon, Bland and Esterhase have been meeting Polyakov—the "Witchcraft" source—at a safe house somewhere in London, where Polyakov gives them supposedly high-grade Soviet intelligence, in exchange for low-grade British material to help him maintain his cover with the Soviets. However, the mole is passing substantive material, including US intelligence, to Polyakov, his handler, whilst Polyakov's material has just enough substance to persuade the CIA to share information with the British. Smiley blackmails the location of the safe house out of Esterhase, whose exile status makes him vulnerable to deportation. Smiley then has Tarr appear at the Paris office, implying he knows who the mole is. The mole is revealed to be Haydon when he meets Polyakov at the safe house, where Smiley captures him. The Circus plans to exchange Haydon with the Soviets but he is killed by Prideaux, who felt betrayed by him in the Budapest incident. Smiley returns to the Circus as its new chief.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gary Oldman as George Smiley ("Beggarman")
Colin Firth as Bill Haydon ("Tailor")
Tom Hardy as Ricki Tarr
Mark Strong as Jim Prideaux
Ciarán Hinds as Roy Bland ("Soldier")
Benedict Cumberbatch as Peter Guillam
David Dencik as Toby Esterhase ("Poorman")
Stephen Graham as Jerry Westerby
Simon McBurney as Oliver Lacon
Toby Jones as Percy Alleline ("Tinker")
John Hurt as Control
Kathy Burke as Connie Sachs
Roger Lloyd-Pack as Mendel
Svetlana Khodchenkova as Irina
Arthur Nightingale as Bryant
John le Carré as Christmas party guest
Christian McKay as Mackelvore
Konstantin Khabensky as Polyakov
Linda Marlowe as Mrs McCraig
Michael Sarne as Karla
Tomasz Kowalski as Boris
Stuart Graham as Minister
Zoltán Mucsi as Hungarian agent
Laura Carmichael as Sal

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The project was initiated by Peter Morgan when he wrote a draft of the screenplay, which he offered to Working Title Films to produce. Morgan dropped out as the writer for personal reasons but still served as an executive producer.[2] Following Morgan's departure as writer, Working Title hired Peter Straughan and Bridget O'Connor to redraft the script. Park Chan-wook considered directing the film, but ultimately turned it down.[3] Tomas Alfredson was confirmed to direct on 9 July 2009. The production is his first English language film.[4][5] The film was backed financially by France's StudioCanal and had a budget corresponding to $21 million.[6] The film is dedicated to O'Connor, who died of cancer during production.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The director cast Gary Oldman in the role of George Smiley, and described the actor as having "a great face" and "the quiet intensity and intelligence that's needed". Many actors were connected to the other roles at various points, but only days before filming started, Oldman was still the only lead actor who officially had been contracted.[7] David Thewlis was in talks for a role early on.[8] Michael Fassbender was in talks at one point to star as Ricki Tarr, but the shooting schedule conflicted with his work on X-Men: First Class; Tom Hardy was cast instead.[9] On 17 September 2010, Mark Strong was confirmed to have joined the cast.[10] Jared Harris was cast but had to drop out because of scheduling conflicts with Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows; he was replaced by Toby Jones.[11] John le Carré appears in a cameo as a guest in a party scene.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place between 7 October and 22 December 2010.[13] Studio scenes were shot at a former army barracks in Mill Hill, North London.[6] Blythe House in Kensington Olympia, West London, was used as the exterior for "The Circus."[14] The interior hall of Budapest's Párizsi Udvar served as the location for the café scene, in which Jim Prideaux is shot.[15] Empress Coach Works in Haggerston was used as the location for the Merlin safe house. Other scenes were filmed on Hampstead Heath and in Hampstead Ponds, where Smiley is shown swimming, and in the physics department of Imperial College London. The exterior shots of the Islay Hotel, a run-down hotel described in the film as being near Liverpool Street station, which Smiley uses as a base, were shot in Wilkin Street, London NW5.[citation needed]

text: The events which take place in Czechoslovakia in the novel were moved to Hungary, because of the country's 20% rebate for film productions. The teams filmed in Budapest for five days. Right before Christmas, the team also filmed in Istanbul for nine days.[6] The production reunited Alfredson with cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema and editor Dino Jonsäter, with whom he had made his previous film Let the Right One In.[16]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The film took six months to edit. The final song in the film, Julio Iglesias' rendition of the French song "La Mer", set against a visual montage of various characters and subplots being resolved as Smiley strides into Circus headquarters to assume command, was chosen because it was something the team thought George Smiley would listen to when he was alone; Alfredson described the song as "everything that the world of MI6 isn't". A scene where Smiley listens to the song was filmed, but eventually cut to avoid giving it too much significance.[17][18]

text: Heard at a Circus office party, sung along to by the guests, is "The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World", composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, and performed by Sammy Davis, Jr., from the British spy spoof Licensed to Kill (1965). At the same office Christmas function, the Circus staff sing the official "State Anthem of the USSR", conducted by a figure dressed as Father Christmas but wearing a Lenin mask.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival on 5 September 2011.[19] StudioCanal UK distributed the film in the United Kingdom, where it was released on 16 September 2011.[20] The US rights were acquired by Universal Pictures, which have a permanent first-look deal with Working Title, and they passed the rights to their subsidiary Focus Features. Focus planned to give the film a wide release in the United States on 9 December 2011 but pushed it to January 2012, when it was given an 800 screen release.[21]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy received generally positive reviews. The film scored 83% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 214 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's summary called the film "a dense puzzle of anxiety, paranoia, and espionage that director Tomas Alfredson pieces together with utmost skill".[22] Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating in the 0–100 range based on reviews from top mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 85 based on 42 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[23]

text: Jonathan Romney of The Independent wrote, "The script is a brilliant feat of condensation and restructuring: writers Peter Straughan and the late Bridget O'Connor realise the novel is overtly about information and its flow, and reshape its daunting complexity to highlight that".[24] David Gritten of The Daily Telegraph declared the film "a triumph" and gave it a five star rating,[25] as did his colleague, Sukhdev Sandhu.[26] Stateside, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "As Alfredson directs the expert script by Peter Straughan and Bridget O'Connor, the film emerges as a tale of loneliness and desperation among men who can never disclose their secret hearts, even to themselves. It's easily one of the year's best films."[27] M. Enois Duarte of High-Def Digest also praised the film as a "brilliant display of drama, mystery and suspense, one which regards its audience with intelligence".[28]

text: Detractors of the film included Peter Hitchens of The Mail on Sunday, who wrote that the plot would be too baffling for viewers who had not read the book, and that the film's makers had "needlessly messed it up".[29] David Edwards of the Daily Mirror wrote, "The big question – and one le Carré himself asked when the film was announced – is whether such a hefty novel can fit comfortably into a feature-length production. In answering this, the writers have pared things back, meaning it's far pacier than the seven-part TV show. Unfortunately, the plot is every bit as bewildering with an overload of spy-speak, a few too many characters to keep track of and a final act that ends with a whimper, rather than a bang."[30] The Telegraph's Guy Stagg, meanwhile, thought that the movie needed a car chase in the middle.[31] Writing in The Atlantic, le Carré admirer James Parker favourably contrasted Smiley with the James Bond franchise but found this Tinker Tailor adaptation "problematic" compared to the 1979 BBC mini-series. He wrote: "To strip down or minimalize le Carré, however, is to sacrifice the almost Tolkienesque grain and depth of his created world: the decades-long backstory, the lingo, the arcana, the liturgical repetitions of names and functions".[32]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film topped the British box office chart for three consecutive weeks[33] and earned $80,630,608 worldwide.[34]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
[show]List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

Academy Awards
26 February 2012
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Nominated

Best Original Score
Alberto Iglesias
Nominated

Amanda Award[35]
17 August 2012
Best Foreign Film
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

American Society of Cinematographers[36]
12 February 2012
Best Cinematography in a Feature Film
Hoyte van Hoytema
Nominated

Art Directors Guild[37]
4 February 2012
Period Film
Maria Djurkovic (Production Designer)
Nominated

British Academy Film Awards
12 February 2012
Best Film

Nominated

Outstanding British Film

Won

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Best Original Music
Alberto Iglesias
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Hoyte van Hoytema
Nominated

Best Editing
Dino Jonsater
Nominated

Best Production Design
Maria Djurkovic, Tatiana MacDonald
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Jacqueline Durran
Nominated

Best Sound

Nominated

Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema
John Hurt
Won

British Film Bloggers Circle Awards
21 February 2012
Best Film

Nominated

Best British Film

Nominated

Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Won

British Independent Film Awards
4 December 2011
Best British Independent Film
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
Nominated

Best Director of a British Independent Film
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Technical Achievement
Maria Djurkovic (Production Design)
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Kathy Burke
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Tom Hardy
Nominated

Benedict Cumberbatch
Nominated

British Film Institute
4 December 2011
Top Ten Films

Won

Best Film

10th Place

Burgundy Film Critics Awards[38]
24 February 2013
Best Foreign Film
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Ciak d'oro
6 June 2012
Best Foreign Film
Tomas Alfredson
Runner-up

Chicago Film Critics Association
19 December 2011
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Nominated

Crime Thriller Awards
18 September 2012
Best Film

Won

Conch Awards
19 September 2012
Best Film Soundtrack
Stephen Griffiths
Won

Best Film Mix Facility
Goldcrest Post Production
Nominated

Best Sound Design & Editorial Team
Andy Shelley and Stephen Griffiths
Nominated

Denver Film Critics Society
11 January 2012
Best Cast

Nominated

Best Original Score
Alberto Iglesias
Nominated

Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards
23 December 2011
Top Ten Films

Won

Best Film

4th Place

Top Ten Directors
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
4th Place

Top Ten Actors
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Actor
Gary Oldman
3rd Place

Empire Awards
25 March 2012
Best Film

Nominated

Best British Film

Won

Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

Best Thriller

Won

European Film Awards
1 December 2012
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Production Design
Maria Djurkovic
Won

Best Cinematography
Hoyte van Hoytema
Nominated

Best Original Score
Alberto Iglesias
Won

People's Choice Award – Best European Film
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Evening Standard British Film Awards
7 February 2012
Best Film

Nominated

Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Technical Achievement
Maria Djurkovic
Nominated

Alexander Walker Special Award
John Hurt
Won

Golden Trailer Awards
31 May 2012
Best Drama Trailer

Nominated

Best Thriller Trailer

Nominated

Best Independent Poster

Won

Best Drama Poster

Nominated

Georgia Film Critics Association
16 January 2012
Best Film

Nominated

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Tom Hardy
Nominated

Best Ensemble Cast

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Hoyte van Hoytema
Nominated

Best Production Design
Maria Djurkovic
Nominated

Gotham Independent Film Awards
18 November 2011
Gotham Tribute Award
Gary Oldman
Won

Hollywood Film Festival
24 October 2011
Best Composer
Alberto Iglesias
Won

International Chinephile Society
22 February 2012
Best Cast

Runner-up

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Best Production Design
Maria Djurkovic
Runner-up

Best Original Score
Alberto Iglesias
Runner-up

International Federation of Film Critics Award
10 September 2012
Grand Prix for the best film
Tomas Alfredson
9th Place

International Online Film Critics' Poll[39][40]
20 December 2012
Best Film – Motion Picture

Won

Top Ten Films

Won

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Ensemble Cast

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Best Cinematography
Hoyte van Hoytema
Nominated

Best Production Design
Maria Djurkovic
Won

Best Editing
Dino Jonsäter
Nominated

Best Original Score
Alberto Iglesias
Nominated

Irish Film and Television Awards
11 February 2012
Best International Film

Won

Actor in a Lead Role in a Feature Film
Ciarán Hinds
Nominated

International Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Italian Online Film Actors & Dubbers Award
1 September 2012
Best Foreign Actor
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Foreign Supporting Actor
Tom Hardy
Nominated

Best Foreign Cast

Won

Best Male Dubber
Stefano De Sando
Won

Public Choice Award for Best Performance
Gary Oldman
Won

Italy Screenplay Prize
13 July 2012
Best Film

Won

Top Ten Films

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay – International
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Special Award for Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Special Award for Best Performance
Gary Oldman
Won

Las Vegas Film Critics Society
13 December 2011
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Maria Djurkovic
Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Editing
Dino Jonsater
Nominated

London Film Critics Circle Award
19 January 2012
Top Ten Film

Won

Best Film

4th Place

Best British Film

Nominated

Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best British Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Nominated

Best Technical Achievement
Maria Djurkovic
Won

Los Angeles Film Critics Association
11 December 2011
Best Art Direction
Maria Djurkovic
Runner-up

Metacritic Awards
5 January 2012
Best Reviewed Drama

3rd Place

Best Reviewed Thriller

Won

Movie Farm Awards
12 February 2012
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Won

Music & Sound Awards

Best Original Composition in a Film
Alberto Iglesias
Won

Online Film Critics Society Awards
2 January 2012
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Won

Best Editing
Dino Jonsater
Nominated

Online Film & Television Association
5 February 2012
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Won

Best Production Design
Maria Djurkovic
Nominated

Best Cast

Won

Best Casting
Jina Jay
Won

Palm Springs International Film Festival
15 January 2012
Best International Star
Gary Oldman
Won

Phoenix Film Critics Society
27 December 2011
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Premio Cinema Ludus[41]
19 November 2012
Gran Prix for Best Film
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Prix for Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Won

Best European Film

Won

Best European Director
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Best European Actor
Gary Oldman
Won

Best European Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Best European Technical Achievement
Maria Djurkovic
Won

Best Producer
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner
Won

Richard Attenborough Regional Film Awards
2 February 2012
Best British Film of the year

Won

Best Actor of the year
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Best British Actor of the year
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

San Francisco Film Critics Circle
25 March 2012
Best Actor
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Satellite Award
18 December 2011
Best Film – Motion Picture

Nominated

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Nominated

Best Actor – Motion Picture
Gary Oldman
Nominated

Spanish Film Music Critics Awards
29 June 2012
Best Spanish Composer
Alberto Iglesias
Won

Stockholm Film Festival
20 November 2011
FIPRESCI Award

Won

Sydney Film Critics
21 December 2011
Top Twenty Unreleased Films

Won

Best Unreleased Film

4th Place

Total Film Hotlist
3 August 2012
Hottest Film

Nominated

Hottest Actor
Benedict Cumberbatch
Nominated

Hottest Actor
Tom Hardy
Nominated

Venice Film Festival
10 September 2011
Golden Lion

Nominated

Virgin Media Movie Awards
1 March 2012
Best Film

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
5 December 2011
Best Adapted Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Nominated

YouMovie Awards[42][43]
30 June 2012
Best Film

Won

Best Drama Film

Won

Best Thriller

Won

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Gary Oldman
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Benedict Cumberbatch
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Colin Firth
Nominated

Best Cast

Won

Best Villain
Colin Firth
Nominated

Best Director
Tomas Alfredson
Won

Best Trailer

Won

Best Cinematography
Hoyte Van Hoytema
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Maria Djurkovic
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan
Won

Best Costume Design
Jaqueline Durran
Nominated

World Soundtrack Academy
20 October 2012
Best Score of the Year
Alberto Iglesias
Won

Best Composer of the Year
Alberto Iglesias
Won

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: While doing press for Working Title's Les Misérables film adaptation, producer Eric Fellner stated that fellow producer Tim Bevan was working with writer Straughan and director Alfredson on developing a sequel to Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. Fellner did not specify whether or not the sequel would be based on The Honourable Schoolboy or Smiley's People, the two remaining Smiley novels in Le Carré's Karla trilogy.[44] While doing press for Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014, Oldman stated that talk of a sequel, an adaptation of Smiley's People, had since disappeared; while also stressing that he would still like to see the film produced.[45] However, in July 2016 Oldman confirmed that the sequel was in its early stages, stating, "There is a script, but I don't know when we will shoot."[46]


document_title: Pizza delivery

question_text: when did pizza hut start charging for delivery

text: Pizza delivery

text: Ordering[edit]

text: Ordering pizza for delivery usually involves contacting a local pizza restaurant or chain by telephone or online. Online ordering is available in many countries, where some pizza chains offer online menus and ordering.[1]

text: The pizza delivery industry has kept pace with technological developments since the 1980s beginning with the rise of the personal computer. Specialized computer software for the pizza delivery business helps determine the most efficient routes for carriers, track exact order and delivery times, manage calls and orders with PoS software, and other functions. Since 2008 GPS tracking technology has been used for real-time monitoring of delivery vehicles by customers over the Internet.[2]

text: Some pizzerias, such as the Ontario-based Canadian chain Pizza Pizza, will incorporate a guarantee to deliver within a predetermined period of time.[3] For example, Domino's Pizza had a commercial campaign in the 1980s and early 1990s which guaranteed orders in 30 minutes. The guarantee was for 3 dollars off the order if broken but is often misremembered today as "30 minutes or its free". This was discontinued in the United States in 1993 due to the number of lawsuits arising from accidents caused by hurried delivery drivers, but is still offered in some countries. Pizzerias with no time guarantee will commonly state to the customer an approximate time frame for a delivery, without making any guarantees as to the actual delivery time.[citation needed]

text: According to Domino's, Super Bowl Sunday is the most popular day for its pizza deliveries; others are Halloween, New Year's Day, New Year's Eve, and the day before Thanksgiving.[4] Unscheduled events may also cause an increase in pizza deliveries; for example, Domino's stated that its sales during the O. J. Simpson slow-speed chase were as large as on Super Bowl Sunday.[5]

text: Charge[edit]

text: For decades, "free delivery" was a popular slogan for almost all pizza stores.[citation needed][6] In Australia, a portion of the delivery charge is given to the driver as the store is required to reimburse the driver for the use of a personal vehicle.[citation needed]

text: Domino's Pizza is credited with popularizing free pizza delivery in the United States.[7] Pizza Hut began experimenting in 1999 with a 50-cent delivery charge in ten stores in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.[8] By mid-2001 it was implemented in 95% of its 1,749 company-owned restaurants in the U.S., and in a smaller number of its 5,250 franchisee-owned restaurants.[9] By 2002, a small percentage of stores owned or franchised by U.S. pizza companies Domino's and Papa John's were also charging delivery fees of 50 cents to $1.50, and some of Little Caesar's franchisees charged delivery fees.[9] In 2005, Papa John's implemented delivery charges in the majority of its company-owned stores.[10]

text: In some countries, it is common to give the pizza deliverer an optional tip upon paying for the order. In Canada and the United States, tipping for pizza delivery is customary. Opinions on appropriate amounts vary widely.[11][12][13] Employees are legally obligated to report tips to their employer for income tax purposes, while independent contractors, who may charge a per-delivery fee to a restaurant, are legally obligated to report tips to the Internal Revenue Service.[14]

text: Delivery technology[edit]

text: Delivery bag[edit]

text: Bags used to keep pizza hot while being transported are commonly referred to as hotbags[15] or hot bags.[16] Hotbags are thermal bags, typically made of vinyl, nylon, or Cordura, that passively retain heat.[15] Material choice affects cost, durability, and condensation.[15] Heated bags supply added heat through insertion of externally heated disks, electrical heating elements, or pellets heated by induction from electrically generated magnetic waves.[15] Innovations in delivery bag designs have allowed without the usage of a fixed box for bike delivery, such as a hard frame, back straps, and waterproofing. These systems proved to be cheaper, more efficient and faster to use.[citation needed][17]

text: Pizza box[edit]

text: Modern pizza boxes are made of corrugated fiberboard.[18] Corrugated board has a number of advantages for pizza delivery: it is cheap, recyclable, and disposable, it is stiff yet light, it is absorbent thus keeping oil and juice from leaking, and the channels of air in the cardboard have excellent insulation properties.[19]

text: The history of the pizza box began in Naples during the 1800s where bakers put pizzas into metal containers called stufas: round, vented tin or copper containers with shelves that held the pizzas apart from one another.[18] Since the 1940s pizza take-out was done with the pizza sitting on a round cardboard base and covered with a paper bag.[18] It is believed Domino's developed the modern corrugated flat square pizza box in the early 1960s, but they never patented it.[18] Patent designs for pizza boxes date to at least 1968.[20] Innovations since have included various venting configurations;[21]  built-in holders for extra sauces; designs for easier recycling; and perforated tops so wedge-shaped pieces of cardboard can be used as plates.[18][19]  The lid of the box is often supported by a disposable plastic tripod on top of the pizza known as a pizza saver.

text: Pizza boxes have a large amount of corrugated fiberboard, individually and in total volume produced each year, but they are not accepted by some municipal recycling programs because the cardboard is often soaked with grease, making them unsuitable for some forms of recycling.[22] Boxes may thus be commonly thrown away with household waste into landfills; a more environmentally friendly disposal option that has been proposed is a form of composting for pizza boxes. It is also possible to tear off unstained or unsaturated sections such as the lid and/or sides of the box and recycle those.

text: Pizza saver[edit]

text: In 1985 Carmela Vitale was issued a patent for a plastic 3-legged tripod stool that would sit in the middle of the box and keep the top from sagging into the pie.[19] Vitale called her device a "package saver" and used that term also as the title of her patent, but it has since been renamed the "pizza saver".[19] Variations on the device have since been invented, such as a disposable plastic spatula whose handle holds the box top up; and a plastic tripod like that made by Vitalie, but with one of the legs serrated like a knife, making for easy cutting of stuck cheese and bread.[19]

text: Employment[edit]

text: This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2012)

text: In the United States, two labor unions have been formed specifically for pizza delivery drivers: the now-defunct Association of Pizza Delivery Drivers (APDD)[23] and the American Union of Pizza Delivery Drivers (AUPDD).[24]

text: APDD was formed in 2002. Its initial claim to fame was as an Internet-based union, eschewing traditional methods of organizing, and making contributions and the sale of goods the center of its fundraising activities, instead of dues.[citation needed] People could join APDD using a form at their website, or chat with its officers in an IRC-compatible Java chat every Tuesday evening. At its peak, it claimed approximately 1,000 members in 46 US states.[citation needed] APDD held several certification votes in the US, but was never successful in organizing a local. In March 2006 APDD lost a lawsuit against a Domino's franchise in Mansfield, Ohio. This combined with massive debt left the union with little choice but to shut down.[citation needed]

text: AUPDD was founded in early 2006 by Jim Pohle, a driver for a Domino's Pizza store in Pensacola, Florida.[24] It was certified as the representative union for his store in April 2006.[25] Pohle cites the sub-minimum wage paid by his store as the instigating factor in forming a union.[24]

text: While formed in the more traditional method of organizing at one's own workplace, AUPDD uses certain Internet-based techniques originated by APDD, such as its mass communications with the press and its fundraising activities (although more traditional dues are collected from the eleven members of the fledgling local).[citation needed] It also uses the Internet as its primary outreach to those wishing to start locals across the US.[citation needed]

text: Hazards[edit]

text: Pizza delivery, by its nature, can pose risks for those engaged in it, as they are required to go to the homes of strangers, in unfamiliar neighborhoods.

text: In 2004, Pizza Hut fired a delivery driver who shot and killed a robber while on the job, citing its company policy against employees carrying weapons.[26] Other national chains such as Domino's and Papa John's also prohibit carrying weapons, though many independent pizzerias allow delivery persons to carry weapons in a legal manner.[27][28] Employer restrictions on carrying weapons is a controversial issue in the U.S.

text: Prank order[edit]

text: Pizza places may be subject to prank orders for numerous pizzas or to random houses or a target house.[29] A prank order may cost businesses money and aggravation, resulting in the restaurant throwing away the unpaid pizzas. For example, in November 2010 in Amherst, Massachusetts, a man claiming to be part of Bob Dylan's crew placed an order for 148 pizzas which cost nearly $4,000.[30] Prank callers have been fined in Singapore for placing false orders.[31]

text: Assaults on pizza delivery workers[edit]

text: Pizza delivery drivers have been subjected to assault, kidnappings, robbery, and have sometimes been raped or killed while on the job.[27][32] Fake orders are sometimes used to lure robbery victims or kidnappings, and delivery people have been injured and killed in robberies and kidnappings.[33][34]

text: Pizza delivery workers who have been lured and murdered include Yafim Weinstein, Brian Douglas Wells, and Michael Choy.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Pizza delivery has been featured as a major element in several media in popular culture. There are several works of fiction where the main character delivers pizzas, including Tom Wolfe's novel I Am Charlotte Simmons (2004), and Neal Stephenson's cyberpunk novel Snow Crash (1992), which posits a future in which pizza delivery is organised by the Mafia as one of the US's four major industries. Several feature films also use pizza delivery prominently, including the 1984 comedy Delivery Boys, the Spike Lee 1989 film Do the Right Thing, and the 2000 comedy film Dude, Where's My Car?. In the case of other films, use of pizza delivery has been regarded by critics as "overly integrated product placement".[35]

text: Pizza delivery has been the subject of films, even to the point of being the subject of such feature-length films as Drivers Wanted and Fat Pizza: The Movie, as well as Pizza: The Movie.[36] Pizza delivery has served as major plot element of such films as Loverboy.[37] The 2011 American comedy film 30 Minutes or Less is concerned about the kidnapping of a pizza-delivery driver and his subsequent coercive involvement in a bank robbery, which was loosely based on the 2003 death of Erie, Pennsylvania pizza deliveryman Brian Douglas Wells.[38] In television, the Australian comedy series Pizza centres on Pauly and his co-workers who deliver pizzas for a Sydney-based pizzeria called Fat Pizza.


document_title: Table of keyboard shortcuts

question_text: ctrl + z is the keyboard shortcut for

question_tokens: ctrl + z is the keyboard shortcut for

text: Table of keyboard shortcuts

text: Comparison of keyboard shortcuts[edit]

text: Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an important element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions means that a meaningful comparison of keyboard shortcuts can be made across various widely used operating systems.

text: Cells with a yellow background in the tables below denote Apple's "sacred" keybindings.

text: General shortcuts[edit]

text: A note regarding KDE's shortcuts is that they can be changed and the below list contains the defaults. Some of the combinations are not true for localized versions of operating systems. For example, in a non-English version of Windows, the Edit menu is not always bound to the E shortcut. Furthermore, many shortcuts (such as Ctrl+Z, Alt+E, etc.) are just common conventions and are not handled by the operating system. Whether such commands are implemented (or not) depends on how an actual application program (such as an editor) is written. Not all applications follow (all of) these conventions, so if it doesn't work, it isn't compatible.

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME
Emacs
Vim
Chrome OS

File menu
Alt+F, or F10 then F
Ctrl+F2, then F [2]
Alt+F
Meta+`, then f
Alt+f (gvim)
or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree)

Ctrl+O

Edit menu
Alt+E
Ctrl+F2, then E [2]
Alt+E
Meta+`, then e
Alt+e (gvim)

View menu
Alt+V
Ctrl+F2, then V [2]
Alt+V

Undo the last operation
Ctrl+Z, or
Alt+Backspace
⌘ Cmd+Z
Ctrl+Z
Ctrl+x, then u or
Ctrl+/ or
Ctrl+_ or
Undo

u
Ctrl++

Redo the last operation
Ctrl+Y, or Shift+Alt+Backspace
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z, or Ctrl+Y
Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos.
Ctrl+r
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z

Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard
Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del
⌘ Cmd+X
Ctrl+X
Ctrl+w
x
or "ax to cut in register "a" or "+x to cut in system clipboard

Ctrl+X

Copy the selection into the clipboard
Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins
⌘ Cmd+C
Ctrl+C
Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins
y
or "ay or "+y

Ctrl+C

Paste contents of clipboard at cursor
Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins
⌘ Cmd+V
Ctrl+V
Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins
p
or "ap to paste the content of the "a" register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard

Ctrl+V

Paste special
Ctrl+V
Shift+Opt+Cmd+V
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V
Meta+y
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V

Select all in focused control or window
Ctrl+A
⌘ Cmd+A
Ctrl+A
Ctrl+x, then h
ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most command take an optional range parameter. % means "all in focused windows" here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y
Ctrl+A

Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods
⇧ Shift+Alt, or ⊞ Win+Space
The latter displays a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8.

Cmd+Space (not MBR)
Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]

Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard
⇧ Shift+Alt in GNOME

Ctrl+\

Ctrl+Space

text: Navigation[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE/GNOME
Chrome OS

New browser window with same page as current
Ctrl+N
(for both explorer.exe and iexplore.exe)

Ctrl+N

New folder
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N

Applications menu
⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc
Ctrl+F2, then "n"
[2]
Alt+<letter>
e.g. for File Alt+F

Search

Lock desktop
⊞ Win+L[4]
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q[5] (macOS High Sierra and greater)
or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr
(If "Require password after sleep or screen saver" is enabled in "System Preferences — Security & Privacy")

Ctrl+Alt+L
Power (Hold for 3 seconds)

Show desktop
⊞ Win+D
F11
Ctrl+Alt+D

Minimize all windows
⊞ Win+M, then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows

Log out user

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q
Ctrl+Alt+Delete
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice)

Switch active user
⊞ Win+L[6]

Task manager
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc,
Ctrl+Alt+Delete[7]
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc
Ctrl+Esc
Search+Esc

Rename object
F2
↵ Enter[8] or F2
F2

Open file or program
↵ Enter or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⌘ Cmd+O or ⌘ Cmd+↓
↵ Enter

Switch window (next/previous)
Alt+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹

⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹

Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹

Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹

Switch window without dialog (next/previous)
Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc

Only works within single Applications
⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+~

Ctrl+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Esc

Run application
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name

⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓
Alt+F2, enter executable name

Search
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+F or F3
⌘ Cmd+Space

Search

Show Hidden Files

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting

text: Power management[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Chrome OS

Place computer into sleep/standby mode
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter
Sleep (available on some keyboards)

⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box)

Windows task manager
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc

Shut down computer
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > u
Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
(no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)

Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown
(KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)

Power (Hold for 10 seconds)

Restart computer
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[9]
(no confirmation, restart is immediate)

Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp
(KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)

Place display in sleep mode
button on monitor
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject

Bring up power/sleep dialog box
⊞ Win+D+release thenAlt+F4
Ctrl+Eject

Force shutdown
Power (Hold for 5 seconds)

refresh+power

text: Screenshots[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME

Save screenshot of entire screen as file
⊞ Win+Print Screen
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3[10]
Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME Shell [11]

Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard
⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3

Copy screenshot of active window to clipboard
Alt+Print Screen

Save screenshot of window as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click
Alt+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME [11]

Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area
⇧ Shift+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME [11]

Copy screenshot of window to clipboard

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click
Alt+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". GNOME [11]

Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area
⇧ Shift+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". GNOME [11]

Screencasting

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Alt+R
[12] [13]

text: Text editing[edit]

text: Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[14]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME
Emacs
Vim
Chrome OS

Delete char to the right of cursor
Del or
Fn+← Backspace

Del or
Fn+← Backspace

Del
Ctrl+d
x
Alt+← Backspace or Del

Delete word to the right of cursor
Ctrl+Del
⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace

Ctrl+Del
Meta+d
dw
(delete space too)
or
de (keep space)

Delete word to the left of cursor
Ctrl+← Backspace
⌥ Opt+← Backspace
Ctrl+← Backspace
Ctrl+← Backspace or
Meta+← Backspace

dge
(delete space too)
or
db (keep space)

← Backspace

Go to start of line
Home or
Fn+←

⌘ Cmd+← or
Ctrl+A

Home
Ctrl+a or
Home

^
(go to first non-space) or
0
(go to column 0)

Go to end of line
End or
Fn+→

⌘ Cmd+→ or
Ctrl+E

End
Ctrl+e or
End

$

Go to start of document
Ctrl+Home
⌘ Cmd+↑
Ctrl+Home
Meta+< or
Ctrl+Home

gg
Ctrl+search+←

Go to end of document
Ctrl+End
⌘ Cmd+↓
Ctrl+End
Meta+> or
Ctrl+End

G
Ctrl+search+→

Go to previous word
Ctrl+← or
Ctrl+/

⌥ Opt+←
Ctrl+←
Meta+b or
Ctrl+← or
Meta+←

b or
ge

Go to next word
Ctrl+→
⌥ Opt+→
Ctrl+→
Meta+f or
Ctrl+→ or
Meta+→

w or e

Go to previous line
↑
↑ or
Ctrl+p

↑
Ctrl+p or
↑ |k or ↑

k or ↑

Go to next line
↓
↓ or
Ctrl+n

↓
Ctrl+n or ↓
j or ↓

Go to previous line break (paragraph)
Ctrl+↑
⌥ Opt+↑
Ctrl+↑
(kword or GNOME)
Meta+( or Control+↑
(

Go to next line break
Ctrl+↓
⌥ Opt+↓
Ctrl+↓
(kword or GNOME)
Meta+} or
Control+↓
)

Move the cursor down the length of the viewport
Page Down
⌥ Opt+⇟ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↓

Page Down
Ctrl+v or
Page Down

Ctrl+f or
Page Down

Move the cursor up the length of the viewport
Page Up
⌥ Opt+⇞ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↑

Page Up
Meta+v or
Page Up

Ctrl+b or
Page Up

Find
Ctrl+F
⌘ Cmd+F
⌘ Cmd+E
(Search with current selection)

Ctrl+F
Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)

Ctrl+s
/
Ctrl+F

Go to next search result
F3
⌘ Cmd+G
Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
F3 (KDE)[15]

Ctrl+s
n

Go to previous search result
⇧ Shift+F3
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE)[15]

Ctrl+r
N

Search and replace
Ctrl+H
⌘ Cmd+F
Ctrl+H (GNOME) or
Ctrl+R (KDE)

Meta+%
%s/fosh/fish/gc[16]

Search with a regular expression

Ctrl+Meta+s
All searches use regular expressions.

Search and replace with a regular expression

Ctrl+Meta+%

text: Text formatting[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME[17]
Emacs
Vim

Bold
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+B
Ctrl+B
Meta+o, then b

Underline
Ctrl+U
⌘ Cmd+U
Ctrl+U
Meta+o, then u

Italic
Ctrl+I
⌘ Cmd+I
Ctrl+I
Meta+o, then i

Uppercase / Lowercase
⇧ Shift+F3
or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A

⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C
⇧ Shift+F3
Meta+u for upper,
Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.

gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle.

Superscript
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P[18]

Subscript
Ctrl+=
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B[18]

Selected text larger/smaller
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+<
or
Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+]

⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+>
⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+<

Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L

Insert Linebreak
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⌥ Opt+↵ Enter[8]
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

text: Browsers / Go menu[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Chrome OS

Go to Address Bar
Alt+D or Alt+C or F6
depending on language
⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G
Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6
Ctrl+L or Alt+D

Go to the previous location in history[19]
Alt+← or ← Backspace
⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+←
Alt+←
←

Go to the next location in history
Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only)
⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→
Alt+→
→

Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy
Alt+↑ (Vista, 7 or 8 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer)
⌘ Cmd+↑
Alt+↑

Go to the starting page defined by the user or application
Alt+Home
⌘ Cmd+Home
Ctrl+Home (KDE) /
Alt+Home (GNOME)

text: Web browsers[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Emacs-w3m
Vimperator
Chrome OS

Bookmarks menu
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+B
(Firefox)

Alt+B
v
:bmarks

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)
↵ Enter
⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox) or
Ctrl+↵ Enter[8] (Chrome)

Ctrl+↵ Enter

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox)
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

Add bookmark for current page
Ctrl+D
⌘ Cmd+D
Ctrl+B /
Ctrl+D

a
:bmark
Ctrl+D

Add bookmark for current link

Meta+a

Manage bookmarks
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R /
Ctrl+B

Focus and select Web search bar
Ctrl+E
⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)

Ctrl+k

t (open in a new tab) or
T (open in current tab)
Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K

Focus and select address bar
Ctrl+L or
F6 or
Alt+D

⌘ Cmd+L
Ctrl+L or
Alt+D or
F6

g
O to alter URL,
use y to copy it.
Ctrl+L or Alt+D

Refresh a webpage
F5 or
Ctrl+R

⌘ Cmd+R
F5 or
Ctrl+R

R
r
⟲ or Ctrl+R

Refresh a webpage ignoring cache
Ctrl+F5 or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R

⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+R
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R

R
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R

Open a new window
Ctrl+N
⌘ Cmd+N
(Chrome)
Ctrl+N

:winopen
Ctrl+N

Zoom Options
(zoom in /
zoom out /
zoom 100%)
Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- /
Ctrl+0

⌘ Cmd++ /
⌘ Cmd+- /
⌘ Cmd+0

Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- /
Ctrl+0

zi / zo / zz (text only)
or zI / zO / zZ (text and images)

text: Tab management[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Emacs-w3m
Vimperator
Chrome OS

New tab
Ctrl+T
⌘ Cmd+T
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or
Ctrl+T

Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t
t
Ctrl+T

Close tab
Ctrl+W
⌘ Cmd+W
Ctrl+W Mozilla Firefox[20] & Opera [21] & Chrome [22] & Arora [23] & Epiphany [24] & Midori
Ctrl+F4 Mozilla Firefox [20] & Opera [21] & Chrome [22] & Arora [23]

d
Ctrl+W

Close all tabs but the current one

⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari)

Ctrl+c, then Meta+w

Go to next tab
Ctrl+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari)

Ctrl+PageDown or
Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
Ctrl+.

Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n
gt
Ctrl+Tab ↹

Go to previous tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari)

Ctrl+PageUp or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
or Ctrl+,

Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p
gT
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹

Go to tab-n
Ctrl+n
(Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)
⌘ Cmd+n (Chrome)
Alt+n (Chrome, Firefox) or
Ctrl+n (Chrome)

First tab: g0
Last tab: g$

Ctrl+b

Open a previously closed tab
⇧ Shift+T
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome)[22][25][26]

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox)[25]
u
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T

Open a previously closed window
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox)[25]

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T

text: Window management[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE
GNOME
Emacs

Close the current internet tab
Ctrl+w
⌘ Cmd+F11

Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action)
Alt+↵ Enter
⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter[8] or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F

Pop up window menu
Alt+Space

Alt+F3
Alt+Space
Meta+`, then b

Close the focused window
Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C[27]
⌘ Cmd+W
Alt+F4
Alt+F4
Ctrl+x, then k

Close all windows of current application

⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W

Restore the focused window to its previous size
Alt+Space then R[27]

Alt+F3 then X
Alt+F5
Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.

Move the focused window
Alt+Space then M[27] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter(to save location)

Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys

Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys

Resize the focused window
Alt+Space then S[27] then Arrow Keys

Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys
Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys
Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically

Hide the focused window

⌘ Cmd+H

Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter

Hide all except the focused window

⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H

Lower the focused window
Alt+Esc

Minimize the focused window
Alt+Space then N,[27] or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows >=7)
⌘ Cmd+M
Alt+F3 then N
Alt+F9
Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter

Maximize the focused window
Alt+Space then X,[27] or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7, 8, 10)
⌘ Cmd+L
Alt+F3 then X
Alt+F10
Ctrl+x, then 1

Maximize horizontally

Available, but no default
Available, but no default

Maximize vertically
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)
Available ('Zoom'), but no default
Available, but no default
Available, but no default

Minimize all
⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D
⌘ Cmd+Alt+M
Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+D

Minimize all non focused windows
⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7, 8.1, 10)

Available, but no default

Undo minimize all
⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+D

Switch fullscreen/normal size
F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only)
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+F
F11
F11

Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar

Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F
Ctrl+F11

Rollup/down window

Available, but no default
Alt+F12

Show all open windows
⊞ Win+Tab ↹
F3 or
F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[28][29]

⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+
Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b

Show all windows of current application
⊞ Win+Tab ↹
Ctrl+F3 or
F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[28][29]

Ctrl+`
Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b

Show all workspaces
⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (only Windows 10)
F8 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[28][29]

⊞ Win then mouse over the desktop bar on the right edge of the screen

Move window to left/right/up/down workspace
⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → / ↑ / ↓

Move window between multiple monitors
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)

Move window to workspace n

Available, but no default

Switch to next/previous workspace list

Available, but no default

Go to workspace n

Ctrl+n
Ctrl+Fn

Go to left/right/up/down workspace
[30]
Ctrl+← /
Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later)

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+← /
→ / ↑ / ↓

Quit application of current window
Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[31]
⌘ Cmd+Q[32]
Ctrl+Alt+Esc

q

Close dialog
Esc (Laptop)
⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop)
Esc

Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)

Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7 and 8.1)
⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift

Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened)
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)

Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them
⊞ Win+T, you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)

Peek at the desktop
⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only)
Fn+⊞ Win (Windows 8 and later)
⌘ Cmd+F3 or
F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[28][29]

Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets
⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)

External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.)
⊞ Win+P (Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10)

text: User interface navigation (widgets and controls)[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE
GNOME

Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ [2]
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ↹

Pop up tooltip for currently focused control
⇧ Shift+F1

Ctrl+F1

Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control
⇧ Shift+F1
⌘ Cmd+?
⇧ Shift+F1
⇧ Shift+F1

Give focus to next/previous pane
Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6
⌘ Cmd+`

F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6

Give focus to splitter bar in paned window

F8

Give focus to window's menu bar
F10 or Alt
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+/, then type command name, or
Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards) [2]
Alt
F10

Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu)
⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu
Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or
Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop)

≣ Menu
≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10

Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button
Space
Space
Space
Space

Activate focused button, menu item etc.
↵ Enter
Space (also ↵ Enter[8] for menu items)
↵ Enter
↵ Enter

Expand a drop-down list
F4 or Alt+↓

Select/move to first/last item in selected widget

Home / End
Home / End

Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right

⇞ / ⇟
(or Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ on some keyboards)

PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown

Scroll selected view to top/bottom

↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖
↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘

Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window
Ctrl+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
⌘ Cmd+`

Ctrl+Tab ↹ ->
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <-

Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop

Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹

Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)

Ctrl+Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc

text: Command line shortcuts[edit]

text: Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.

text:
Action
Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe)
Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell)
Unix & -like, including macOS
(bash)
Unix & -like
(POSIX shell)

Scroll through History of typed commands
↑/↓
↑/↓
↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N
ESC K / ESC J

Signal end-of-file
Ctrl+Z

Ctrl+D

Abort current command/typing
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C

Erase word to the left
Ctrl+← Backspace

Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace

Erase word to the right
Ctrl+Delete

Alt+D

Erase line to the left
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+U

Erase line to the right
Ctrl+End
Ctrl+End
Ctrl+K

Yank/paste previously erased string

Ctrl+Y

Move one word to the left (backward)
Ctrl+←
Alt+←
Alt+B

Move one word to the right (forward)
Ctrl+→
Alt+→
Alt+F

Move to beginning of line
Home
Home
Ctrl+A
or Home

Move to end of line
End
End
Ctrl+E
or End

Reverse search of history
F8
F8
Ctrl+R

Stop execution of the current job

Ctrl+Z

Insert the next character typed verbatim

Ctrl+V

Autocomplete command/file name
Tab ↹ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later)
Tab ↹
Tab ↹ (usually once)
Esc (usually twice)

Paste contents of clipboard at cursor
Alt+Space then E then P

⇧ Shift+Ins

Scroll window up
⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)

⇧ Shift+PageUp

Scroll window down
⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)

⇧ Shift+PageDown

Clear screen

Ctrl+L

text: Accessibility[edit]

text:
In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
In GNOME, these shortcuts are possible, if Universal Access is enabled on the system.

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE
GNOME

Utility Manager
⊞ Win+U

Use keyboard to control cursor
Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock

[33]

Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time
⇧ Shift press 5 times

***⇧ Shift 5 times [34]

Hear beep when -lock key pressed
Numlock hold 5 seconds

Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed
Right Shift hold 8 seconds

***⇧ Shift hold for 8 seconds[35]
[36][37]

Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode
Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8
Meta+⇧ Shift+i (if enabled)

Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode (Only current window)

Meta+⇧ Shift+u (if enabled)

Greyscale Mode
Ctrl + Win + C