document_title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

question_text: what is the deathly hallows in harry potter

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: Plot[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Throughout the six previous novels in the series, the titular character Harry Potter has struggled with the difficulties of adolescence along with being famous as the only wizard to survive the Killing Curse. The curse was cast by the evil Tom Riddle, better known as Lord Voldemort, a powerful evil wizard, who had murdered Harry's parents and attempted to kill Harry as a baby, in the belief this would frustrate a prophecy that Harry would become his equal. As an orphan, Harry was placed in the care of his Muggle (non-magical) relatives Petunia Dursley and Vernon Dursley.

text: In Philosopher's Stone, Harry re-enters the wizarding world at age 11 and enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He makes friends with fellow students Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is mentored by the school's headmaster, Albus Dumbledore. He also meets Professor Severus Snape, who intensely dislikes and bullies him. Harry fights Voldemort several times while at school, as the wizard tries to regain a physical form. In Goblet of Fire, Harry is mysteriously entered in a dangerous magical competition called the Triwizard Tournament, which he discovers is a trap designed to allow the return of Lord Voldemort to full strength. During Order of the Phoenix, Harry and several of his friends face off against Voldemort's Death Eaters, a group of Dark witches and wizards, and narrowly defeat them. In Half-Blood Prince, Harry learns that Voldemort has divided his soul into several parts, creating "horcruxes" from various unknown objects to contain them; in this way he has ensured his immortality as long as at least one of the horcruxes still exists.[3] Two of these had already been destroyed, one a diary destroyed by Harry in the events of Chamber of Secrets and one a ring destroyed by Dumbledore shortly before the events of Half-Blood Prince. Dumbledore takes Harry along in the attempt to destroy a third horcrux contained in a locket. However, the horcrux had been taken by an unknown wizard, and upon their return Dumbledore is ambushed and disarmed by Draco Malfoy, who cannot bring himself to kill him. Dumbledore is subsequently killed by Snape, who finishes what Malfoy started.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Following Dumbledore's death, Voldemort consolidates his support and power, including covert control of the Ministry of Magic, while Harry is about to turn seventeen, losing the protection of his home. The Order of the Phoenix move Harry to a new location before his birthday, but are attacked upon departure. In the ensuing battle, "Mad-Eye" Moody is killed and George Weasley wounded; Voldemort himself arrives to kill Harry, but Harry's wand fends him off of its own accord. Harry, Ron and Hermione make preparations to abandon Hogwarts and hunt down Voldemort's four remaining Horcruxes, but have few clues to work with as to their identities and locations. One is a locket once owned by Hogwarts' co-founder Salazar Slytherin which was stolen by the mysterious "R.A.B.", one is possibly a cup originally belonging to co-founder Helga Hufflepuff, a third might be connected to co-founder Rowena Ravenclaw, and the fourth might be Nagini, Voldemort's snake familiar. They also inherit strange bequests from among Dumbledore's possessions: a Golden Snitch for Harry, a Deluminator for Ron, and a book of fairy tales for Hermione.

text: The trio attends Bill Weasley's wedding, but during the reception the Ministry of Magic finally falls to Voldemort and the wedding is attacked by Death Eaters. They flee to 12 Grimmauld Place in London, the family home of Sirius Black, that Harry had inherited a year before. Thanks to the house-elf Kreacher they identify R.A.B. as Sirius' deceased brother Regulus and learn that Slytherin's locket was stolen from the house and ultimately seized by Dolores Umbridge of the Ministry of Magic. They infiltrate the Ministry in disguise and take back the locket, but accidentally break the protection of 12 Grimmauld Place during their escape and must go on the run across the countryside. With no way to destroy the locket, they argue frequently under the object's evil influence, culminating in Ron abandoning Harry and Hermione.

text: Harry and Hermione continue the quest, discovering more about Dumbledore's past, including the death of Dumbledore's younger sister and his connection to the dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald. They travel to Godric's Hollow, Harry's birthplace and the place where his parents died, and meet the elderly magical historian Bathilda Bagshot, but she turns out to be Nagini in disguise, awaiting their arrival. The snake attacks Harry and again they barely escape, but Harry's wand is damaged beyond repair. Their luck finally appears to turn in the Forest of Dean. A mysterious silver doe Patronus appears and guides Harry to an icy pond containing the Sword of Hogwarts co-founder Godric Gryffindor, one of the few objects able to destroy Horcruxes. During Harry's attempt to recover the sword, the Horcrux tries to kill him. He is saved by Ron, who appears suddenly, takes the sword and uses it to destroy the locket.

text: Ron had been guided back to them by the Deluminator, indicating that Dumbledore's gifts may be more useful than they thought. Hermione identifies in Dumbledore's book a strange symbol also worn at the wedding by Xenophilius Lovegood. They visit him and are told the symbol represents the mythical Deathly Hallows, three objects from an old fairy tale titled The Tale of the Three Brothers: the Elder Wand, an unbeatable wand; the Resurrection Stone, able to summon the dead; and an infallible Invisibility Cloak. Although Ron and Hermione are skeptical, Harry believes the Hallows are real and could explain the visions of Voldemort he has been having over the past few months. He suspects Voldemort is hunting the Elder Wand, won by Dumbledore after defeating Grindelwald, believing it will allow him to overpower the connection between his own wand and Harry's. Harry believes the Resurrection Stone was inset into the ring horcrux that Dumbledore discovered the previous year, and may be hidden inside the Snitch Dumbledore left for him, but he can't open it. The description of the third Hallow also matches that of his own inherited Invisibility Cloak. Harry's suspicions are confirmed when he has a vision of Voldemort breaking open Dumbledore's tomb and stealing the Elder Wand from within.

text: The trio are captured by Snatchers and taken to Malfoy Manor, where Bellatrix Lestrange tortures Hermione to learn how the three acquired the sword, which she had believed was in her vault at Gringotts. With the help of Dobby the house-elf they escape along with fellow prisoners Luna Lovegood, Mr. Ollivander, Dean Thomas, and the goblin Griphook. During the escape, Peter Pettigrew is strangled by his own silver hand after Harry reminds him of the debt he owes him; Harry overpowers Draco Malfoy and steals his wand; and Dobby is killed by Bellatrix. Bellatrix's anger in interrogating Hermione suggests to Harry some exceptional object is in her vault, and when questioned, Griphook confirms a gold cup is indeed in her vault. With Griphook's help, they break into the vault at Gringotts, retrieve the cup, and escape on a dragon, but in the chaos Griphook steals the Sword of Gryffindor from them. Harry has another vision of Voldemort and sees that he now understands their plan, and intends to make his remaining horcruxes even safer. The vision also confirms the unidentified horcrux is at Hogwarts.

text: They enter the school through an undiscovered secret entrance in the Hog's Head, a bar in Hogsmeade owned by Dumbledore's brother, Aberforth. Harry alerts the teachers Voldemort is planning an assault on the school, and they drive out Snape and summon the Order of the Phoenix to help defend the school to win time for Harry to locate the horcrux. Voldemort had set a guard in the Ravenclaw tower, corroborating Harry's belief the horcrux is Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem, lost centuries ago. The Ravenclaw ghost's story further confirms this belief, and Harry remembers an old diadem in the Room of Requirement. Ron and Hermione destroy the cup with basilisk fangs taken from the Chamber of Secrets as Voldemort and his army besiege the castle. They find the diadem but are ambushed by Draco Malfoy and his friends Crabbe and Goyle. Crabbe tries to kill them using Fiendfyre, a cursed fire, but is unable to control it; the fire destroys the diadem and himself while Harry and his friends save Malfoy and Goyle. Meanwhile, several major characters are killed in the Battle of Hogwarts, including Remus Lupin, Nymphadora Tonks, and Fred Weasley.

text: In his encampment, Voldemort feels the Elder Wand is not performing as he expected. According to legend, its full allegiance must be won by killing the previous owner, and Voldemort reasons that as Snape killed Dumbledore, he will not be able to fully wield the wand's power until he kills Snape, which he does. Harry arrives as Snape is dying, and Snape passes him memories to view in a pensieve. They reveal Snape had a lifelong love for Harry's mother and felt haunted for causing her death, and despite hating Harry's father he agreed at Dumbledore's request to watch over Harry and act as a double agent against Voldemort. The doe Patronus that led Harry to the Sword was summoned by Snape, who was watching over them the whole time. It is revealed that Dumbledore was slowly dying after mishandling the ring horcrux, and he planned his "murder" with Snape in advance to prove Snape's allegiance to Voldemort. The memories also explain that Harry himself is a horcrux and must die at Voldemort's hand if Voldemort is to become mortal. Harry accepts his death and goes to the Forbidden Forest to allow Voldemort to kill him. On the way he mentions to Neville Longbottom that Voldemort's snake Nagini must be killed to make Voldemort vulnerable. He finally manages to open the Snitch and uses the Resurrection Stone within to seek comfort and courage from his dead loved ones—his parents, Sirius and Lupin—dropping the Stone in the forest before reaching Voldemort's camp. Voldemort uses the Killing Curse and Harry does not defend himself.

text: Harry awakens in a dreamlike location resembling Kings Cross station and is greeted by Dumbledore, who explains that Voldemort's original Killing Curse left a fragment of Voldemort's soul in Harry, which caused the connection they had felt, making Harry an unintended Horcrux; this fragment had just been destroyed by Voldemort himself. When Voldemort used Harry's blood to regain his full strength, this further protected Harry from Voldemort, allowing Harry to return to life if he chooses, or to "go on." Harry chooses to return and feigns death. Voldemort calls a truce and displays Harry's body, offering to spare most of the defenders if they surrender. Neville, however, pulls the Sword of Gryffindor out of the Sorting Hat and uses it to behead Nagini, leaving Voldemort unprotected, and Harry escapes under his cloak as the battle resumes.

text: In a final onslaught, Bellatrix is killed by Molly Weasley and Harry reveals to Voldemort that he is alive. He explains to Voldemort the Elder Wand's loyalty transfers upon the defeat, not necessarily the killing, of its previous master. Although Voldemort believes by killing Snape he has gained the Wand's loyalty, Snape was in fact never its master. Instead, Draco Malfoy inadvertently earned the Wand's loyalty when he disarmed Dumbledore just before Snape arrived to kill him. Therefore, Harry believes that their duel will depend on whether or not the Wand recognises Harry to be its new master after he disarmed Draco at Malfoy Manor weeks prior. Voldemort attempts one final Killing Curse on Harry, but the Elder Wand refuses to act against Harry and the spell rebounds, killing Voldemort at last.

text: Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his original wand, planning to return the Elder Wand to Dumbledore's tomb where its power may vanish if Harry dies undefeated and it can drop out of history. Harry does not intend to search for the Resurrection Stone he dropped in the Forbidden Forest, but will keep the Invisibility Cloak he inherited. The wizarding world returns to peace once more.

text: In an epilogue set in King's Cross station 19 years later, the primary characters are seeing their own children off to Hogwarts. Harry and Ginny are a couple with three children: James Sirius, Albus Severus, and Lily Luna. Ron and Hermione also have two children, Rose and Hugo. Harry's godson Teddy Lupin is found kissing Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour's daughter Victoire; Neville Longbottom is now a Hogwarts professor; Draco Malfoy and his wife are also at the station to send off their son, Scorpius. Albus is departing for his first year at Hogwarts and is worried he will be placed into Slytherin House. Harry reassures him by telling his son he is named after two Hogwarts headmasters, one of them (Snape) a Slytherin and "the bravest man he had ever met", but the Sorting Hat could also take account of personal preferences, as it did for Harry. The book ends with the words: "The scar had not pained Harry for nineteen years. All was well."

text: Background[edit]

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 30 June 1997.[4] It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic—the American publisher of the books—as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[5] after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights—an unprecedented amount for a children's book by a then-unknown author.[6] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998, and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999, and in the US on 8 September 1999.[7] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[8] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[9] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[10] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005, and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[11][12]

text: Choice of title[edit]

text: The title of the book refers to three mythical objects featured in the story, collectively known as the "Deathly Hallows"—an unbeatable wand, a stone to bring the dead to life, and a cloak of invisibility. Shortly before releasing the title, J. K. Rowling announced that she had considered three titles for the book.[13][14] The final title was released to the public on 21 December 2006, via a special Christmas-themed hangman puzzle on Rowling's website, confirmed shortly afterwards by the book's publishers.[15] When asked during a live chat about the other titles she had been considering, Rowling mentioned Harry Potter and the Elder Wand and Harry Potter and the Peverell Quest.[13]

text: Rowling on finishing the book[edit]

text: Rowling completed the book while staying at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh in January 2007, and left a signed statement on a marble bust of Hermes in her room which read: "J. K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007".[16] In a statement on her website, she said, "I've never felt such a mixture of extreme emotions in my life, never dreamed I could feel simultaneously heartbroken and euphoric." She compared her mixed feelings to those expressed by Charles Dickens in the preface of the 1850 edition of David Copperfield, "a two-years' imaginative task". "To which," she added, "I can only sigh, try seventeen years, Charles". She ended her message by saying "Deathly Hallows is my favourite, and that is the most wonderful way to finish the series".[17]

text: When asked before publication about the forthcoming book, Rowling stated that she could not change the ending even if she wanted. "These books have been plotted for such a long time, and for six books now, that they're all leading a certain direction. So, I really can't".[18] She also commented that the final volume related closely to the previous book in the series, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, "almost as though they are two-halves of the same novel".[19] She has said that the last chapter of the book was written "in something like 1990", as part of her earliest work on the series.[20] Rowling also revealed she originally wrote the last words to be "something like: 'Only those who he loved could see his lightning scar'". Rowling changed this because she did not want people to think Voldemort would rise again and to say that Harry's mission was over.[21][22]

text: Major themes[edit]

text: Death[edit]

text: In a 2006 interview, J. K. Rowling said that the main theme of the series is Harry dealing with death,[23] which was influenced by her mother's death in 1990, from multiple sclerosis.[21][23][24][25] Lev Grossman of Time stated that the main theme of the series was the overwhelming importance of continuing to love in the face of death.[26]

text: Living in a corrupted society[edit]

text: Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including political subtexts. Themes such as normality, oppression, survival, and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series.[27] Similarly, the theme of making one's way through adolescence and "going over one's most harrowing ordeals—and thus coming to terms with them" has also been considered.[28] Rowling has stated that the books comprise "a prolonged argument for tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry" and that also pass on a message to "question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth".[29]

text: Some political commentators have seen J. K. Rowling's portrayal of the bureaucratised Ministry of Magic and the oppressive measures taken by the Ministry in the later books (like making attendance at Hogwarts School compulsory and the "registration of Mudbloods" with the Ministry) as an allegory of criticising the state.[30]

text: Christian allegories[edit]

text: The Harry Potter series has been criticised for supposedly supporting witchcraft and the occult. Before publication of Deathly Hallows, Rowling refused to speak out about her religion, stating, "If I talk too freely, every reader, whether 10 or 60, will be able to guess what's coming in the books".[31] However, many have noted Christian allegories apparent in Deathly Hallows.[31] For example, Harry dies and then comes back to life to save mankind, like Christ. The location where this occurs is King's Cross.[32] Harry also urges Voldemort to show remorse, to restore his shattered soul. Rowling also stated that "my belief and my struggling with religious belief ... I think is quite apparent in this book", which is shown as Harry struggles with his faith in Dumbledore.[33]

text: Deathly Hallows begins with a pair of epigraphs, one by Quaker leader William Penn and one from Aeschylus' The Libation Bearers. Of this, Rowling said "I really enjoyed choosing those two quotations because one is pagan, of course, and one is from a Christian tradition. I'd known it was going to be those two passages since Chamber was published. I always knew [that] if I could use them at the beginning of book seven then I'd cued up the ending perfectly. If they were relevant, then I went where I needed to go. They just say it all to me, they really do".[34]

text: When Harry visits his parents' grave, the biblical reference "The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death" (1 Corinthians 15:26) is inscribed on the grave.[35] The Dumbledores' family tomb also holds a biblical quote: "Where your treasure is, there your heart will be also", which is from Matthew 6:21.[35] Rowling states, "They're very British books, so on a very practical note Harry was going to find biblical quotations on tombstones ... [but] I think those two particular quotations he finds on the tombstones at Godric's Hollow, they sum up – they almost epitomise the whole series".[35]

text: Harry Potter pundit John Granger additionally noted that one of the reasons the Harry Potter books were so popular is their use of literary alchemy (similar to Romeo and Juliet, C. S. Lewis's Perelandra and Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities) and vision symbolism.[36] In this model, authors weave allegorical tales along the alchemical magnum opus. Since the medieval period, alchemical allegory has mirrored the passion, death and resurrection of Christ.[37] While the entire series utilises symbols common in alchemy, the Deathly Hallows completes this cycle, tying themes of death, rebirth, and the Resurrection Stone to the principal motif of alchemical allegory, and topics presented in the first book of the series.

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing and promotion[edit]

text: The launch was celebrated by an all-night book signing and reading at the Natural History Museum in London, which Rowling attended along with 1,700 guests chosen by ballot.[38] Rowling toured the US in October 2007, where another event was held at Carnegie Hall in New York City with tickets allocated by sweepstake.[39]

text: Scholastic, the American publisher of the Harry Potter series, launched a multimillion-dollar "There will soon be 7" marketing campaign with a "Knight Bus" travelling to 40 libraries across the United States, online fan discussions and competitions, collectible bookmarks, tattoos, and the staged release of seven Deathly Hallows questions most debated by fans.[40] In the build-up to the book's release, Scholastic released seven questions that fans would find answered in the final book:[41]

text:
Who will live? Who will die?
Is Snape good or evil?
Will Hogwarts reopen?
Who ends up with whom?
Where are the Horcruxes?
Will Voldemort be defeated?
What are the Deathly Hallows?

tag: ol

text: J. K. Rowling arranged with her publishers for a poster bearing the face of the missing British child Madeleine McCann to be made available to book sellers when Deathly Hallows was launched on 21 July 2007, and said that she hoped that the posters would be displayed prominently in shops all over the world.[42]

text: After it was told that the novel would be released on 21 July 2007, Warner Bros. shortly thereafter said that the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix would be released shortly before the novel would be released, on 13 July 2007,[43] making many people proclaim that July 2007, was the month of Harry Potter.[44]

text: Spoiler embargo[edit]

text: Bloomsbury invested £10 million in an attempt to keep the book's contents secure until 21 July, the release date.[45] Arthur Levine, US editor of the Harry Potter series, denied distributing any copies of Deathly Hallows in advance for press review, but two US papers published early reviews anyway.[46] There was speculation that some shops would break the embargo and distribute copies of the book early, as the penalty imposed for previous instalments—that the distributor would not be supplied with any further copies of the series—would no longer be a deterrent.[47]

text: Online leaks and early delivery[edit]

text: In the week before its release, a number of texts purporting to be genuine leaks appeared in various forms. On 16 July, a set of photographs representing all 759 pages of the US edition was leaked and was fully transcribed prior to the official release date.[48][49][50][51] The photographs later appeared on websites and peer-to-peer networks, leading Scholastic to seek a subpoena in order to identify one source.[52] This represented the most serious security breach in the Harry Potter series' history.[53] Rowling and her lawyer confirmed that there were genuine online leaks.[22][54] Reviews published in both The Baltimore Sun and The New York Times on 18 July 2007, corroborated many of the plot elements from this leak, and about one day prior to release, The New York Times confirmed that the main circulating leak was real.[53]

text: Scholastic announced that approximately one-ten-thousandth (0.0001) of the US supply had been shipped early — interpreted to mean about 1,200 copies. One reader in Maryland received a copy of the book in the mail from DeepDiscount.com four days before it was launched, which evoked incredulous responses from both Scholastic and DeepDiscount. Scholastic initially reported that they were satisfied it had been a "human error" and would not discuss possible penalties;[55] however, the following day Scholastic announced that it would be launching legal action against DeepDiscount.com and its distributor, Levy Home Entertainment.[56] Scholastic filed for damages in Chicago's Circuit Court of Cook County, claiming that DeepDiscount engaged in a "complete and flagrant violation of the agreements that they knew were part of the carefully constructed release of this eagerly awaited book."[57] Some of the early release books soon appeared on eBay, in one case being sold to Publishers Weekly for US$250 from an initial price of US$18.[58]

text: Price wars and other controversies[edit]

text: Asda,[59][60] along with several other UK supermarkets, having already taken pre-orders for the book at a heavily discounted price, sparked a price war two days before the book's launch by announcing they would sell it for just £5 a copy. Other retail chains then also offered the book at discounted prices. At these prices the book became a loss leader. This caused uproar from traditional UK booksellers who argued they had no hope of competing in those conditions. Independent shops protested loudest, but even Waterstone's, the UK's largest dedicated chain bookstore, could not compete with the supermarket price. Some small bookstores hit back by buying their stock from the supermarkets rather than their wholesalers. Asda attempted to counter this by imposing a limit of two copies per customer to prevent bulk purchases. Philip Wicks, a spokesman for the UK Booksellers Association, said, "It is a war we can't even participate in. We think it's a crying shame that the supermarkets have decided to treat it as a loss-leader, like a can of baked beans." Michael Norris, an analyst at Simba Information, said: "You are not only lowering the price of the book. At this point, you are lowering the value of reading."[61]

text: In Malaysia, a similar price war caused controversy regarding sales of the book.[62] Four of the biggest bookstore chains in Malaysia, MPH Bookstores, Popular Bookstores, Times and Harris, decided to pull Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows off their shelves as a protest against Tesco and Carrefour hypermarkets. The retail price of the book in Malaysia is MYR 109.90, while the hypermarkets Tesco and Carrefour sold the book at MYR 69.90. The move by the bookstores was seen as an attempt to pressure the distributor Penguin Books to remove the books from the hypermarkets. However, as of 24 July 2007, the price war has ended, with the four bookstores involved resuming selling the books in their stores with discount. Penguin Books has also confirmed that Tesco and Carrefour are selling the book at a loss, urging them to practice good business sense and fair trade.[63]

text: The book's early Saturday morning release in Israel was criticised for violating Shabbat. Trade and Industry Minister Eli Yishai commented "It is forbidden, according to Jewish values and Jewish culture, that a thing like this should take place at 2 am on Saturday. Let them do it on another day."[64] Yishai indicated that he would issue indictments and fines based on the Hours of Work and Rest Law.[65]

text: Publication and reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Baltimore Sun's critic, Mary Carole McCauley, noted that the book was more serious than the previous novels in the series and had more straightforward prose.[66] Furthermore, reviewer Alice Fordham from The Times wrote that "Rowling's genius is not just her total realisation of a fantasy world, but the quieter skill of creating characters that bounce off the page, real and flawed and brave and lovable". Fordham concluded, "We have been a long way together, and neither Rowling nor Harry let us down in the end".[67] The New York Times writer Michiko Kakutani agreed, praising Rowling's ability to make Harry both a hero and a character that can be related to.[68]

text: Time magazine's Lev Grossman named it one of the Top 10 Fiction Books of 2007, ranking it at No. 8, and praised Rowling for proving that books can still be a global mass medium.[26] Novelist Elizabeth Hand criticised that "... the spectacularly complex interplay of narrative and character often reads as though an entire trilogy's worth of summing-up has been crammed into one volume."[69] In a starred review from Kirkus Reviews, the reviewer said, "Rowling has shown uncommon skill in playing them with and against each other, and also woven them into a darn good bildungsroman, populated by memorable characters and infused with a saving, irrepressible sense of fun". They also praised the second half of the novel, but criticised the epilogue, calling it "provocatively sketchy".[70] In another review from The Times, reviewer Amanda Craig said that while Rowling was "not an original, high-concept author", she was "right up there with other greats of children's fiction". Craig went on to say that the novel was "beautifully judged, and a triumphant return to form", and that Rowling's imagination changed the perception of an entire generation, which "is more than all but a handful of living authors, in any genre, have achieved in the past half-century".[71]

text: In contrast, Jenny Sawyer of The Christian Science Monitor said that, "There is much to love about the Harry Potter series, from its brilliantly realised magical world to its multilayered narrative", however, "A story is about someone who changes. And, puberty aside, Harry doesn't change much. As envisioned by Rowling, he walks the path of good so unwaveringly that his final victory over Voldemort feels, not just inevitable, but hollow".[72] In The New York Times, Christopher Hitchens compared the series to World War Two-era English boarding school stories, and while he wrote that "Rowling has won imperishable renown" for the series as a whole, he also stated that he disliked Rowling's use of deus ex machina, that the mid-book camping chapters are "abysmally long", and Voldemort "becomes more tiresome than an Ian Fleming villain".[73] Catherine Bennett of The Guardian praised Rowling for putting small details from the previous books and making them large in Deathly Hallows, such as Grindelwald being mentioned on a Chocolate Frog Card in the first book. While she points out "as her critics say, Rowling is no Dickens", she says that Rowling "has willed into a fictional being, in every book, legions of new characters, places, spells, rules and scores of unimagined twists and subplots".[74]

text: Stephen King criticised the reactions of some reviewers to the books, including McCauley, for jumping too quickly to surface conclusions of the work.[75] He felt this was inevitable, because of the extreme secrecy before launch which did not allow reviewers time to read and consider the book, but meant that many early reviews lacked depth. Rather than finding the writing style disappointing, he felt it had matured and improved. He acknowledged that the subject matter of the books had become more adult, and that Rowling had clearly been writing with the adult audience firmly in mind since the middle of the series. He compared the works in this respect to Huckleberry Finn and Alice in Wonderland which achieved success and have become established classics, in part by appealing to the adult audience as well as children.[75]

text: Sales, awards and honours[edit]

text: Sales for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows were record setting. The initial US print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies, and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble,[76] 500 percent higher than pre-sales had been for Half-Blood Prince.[77] On 12 April 2007, Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record, with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site.[78] On opening day, a record 8.3 million copies were sold in the United States (over 96 per second),[79][80] and 2.65 million copies in the United Kingdom.[81] It holds the Guinness World record for fastest selling book of fiction in 24 hours for US sales.[2] At WH Smith, sales reportedly reached a rate of 15 books sold per second.[82] By June 2008, nearly a year after it was published, worldwide sales were reportedly around 44 million.[83]

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows has won several awards.[84] In 2007, the book was named one of The New York Times 100 Notable Books,[85] and one of its Notable Children's Books.[86] The novel was named the best book of 2007, by Newsweek's critic Malcolm Jones.[87] Publishers Weekly also listed Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows among their Best Books of 2007.[88] In 2008, the American Library Association named the novel one of its Best Books for Young Adults,[89] and also listed it as a Notable Children's Book.[90] Furthermore, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows received the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award.[84]

text: Translations[edit]

text: Due to its worldwide fame, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows has been translated into many languages. The first translation to be released was the Ukrainian translation, on 25 September 2007 (as Гаррі Поттер і смертельні реліквії – Harry Potter i smertel'ni relikviji).[91] The Swedish title of the book was revealed by Rowling as Harry Potter and the Relics of Death (Harry Potter och Dödsrelikerna), following a pre-release question from the Swedish publisher about the difficulty of translating the two words "Deathly Hallows" without having read the book.[92] This is also the title used for the French translation (Harry Potter et les reliques de la mort), the Spanish translation (Harry Potter y las Reliquias de la Muerte), the Dutch translation (Harry Potter en de Relieken van de Dood) and the Brazilian Portuguese translation (Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte).[93] The first Polish translation was released with a new title: Harry Potter i Insygnia Śmierci – Harry Potter and the Insignia of Death.[94] The Hindi translation Harry Potter aur Maut ke Tohfe (हैरी पॉटर और मौत के तोहफे), which means "Harry Potter and the Gifts of Death", was released by Manjul Publication in India on 27 June 2008.[95] The Romanian version was released on 1 December 2007 using the title (Harry Potter și Talismanele Morții).

text: Editions[edit]

text: Deathly Hallows was released in hardcover on 21 July 2007[96] and in paperback in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2008[97] and the United States on 7 July 2009.[98] In SoHo, New York, there was a release party for the American paperback edition, with many games and activities.[99] An "Adult Edition" with a different cover illustration was released by Bloomsbury on 21 July 2007.[100] To be released simultaneously with the original US hardcover on 21 July with only 100,000 copies was a Scholastic deluxe edition, highlighting a new cover illustration by Mary GrandPré.[101] In October 2010, Bloomsbury released a "Celebratory" paperback edition, which featured a foiled and starred cover.[102] Lastly, on 1 November 2010, a "Signature" edition of the novel was released in paperback by Bloomsbury.[103]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: A two-part film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is directed by David Yates, written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron and J. K. Rowling. Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010, and Part 2 on 15 July 2011.[104][105] Filming began in February 2009, and ended on 12 June 2010.[106] However, the cast confirmed they would reshoot the epilogue scene as they only had two days to shoot the original.[107] Reshoots officially ended around December 2010.[note 1][108] Part 1 ended at Chapter 24 of the book, when Voldemort regained the Elder Wand.[109] However, there were a few omissions, such as the appearances of Dean Thomas and Viktor Krum, and Peter Pettigrew's death.[110] James Bernadelli of Reelviews said that the script stuck closest to the text since Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets,[111] yet this was met with negativity from some audiences as the film inherited "the book's own problems".[112]

text: Audiobooks[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released simultaneously on 21 July 2007, in both the UK and the United States.[113][114] The UK edition features the voice of Stephen Fry and runs about 24 hours[115] while the US edition features the voice of Jim Dale and runs about 21 hours.[116] Both Fry and Dale recorded 146 different and distinguishable character voices, and was the most recorded by an individual on an audiobook at the time.[117]

text: For his work on Deathly Hallows, Dale won the 2008 Grammy Award for the Best Spoken Word Album for Children.[118] He also was awarded an Earphone Award by AudioFile, who claimed, "Dale has raised the bar on audiobook interpretation so high it's hard to imagine any narrator vaulting over it."[119]

text: The Tales of Beedle the Bard[edit]

text: On 4 December 2008, Rowling released The Tales of Beedle the Bard both in the UK and US.[120] The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a spin-off of Deathly Hallows and contains fairy tales that are told to children in the "Wizarding World". The book includes five short stories, including "The Tale of the Three Brothers" which is the story of the Deathly Hallows.

text: Amazon.com released an exclusive collector's edition of the book which is a replica of the book that Amazon.com purchased at auction in December 2007.[121] Seven copies were auctioned off in London by Sotheby's. Each was illustrated and handwritten by Rowling and is 157 pages. It was bound in brown Moroccan leather and embellished with five hand-chased hallmarked sterling silver ornaments and mounted moonstones.[122]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ While this is not officially confirmed, Emma Watson is quoted as saying "We have reshoots at Christmas", so filming presumably ended around this time.


document_title: One Direction

question_text: who was the first to leave one direction

root

text: One Direction

text: History

text: 2010–11: The X Factor

text: In 2010, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor.[15] They failed to progress to the "Boys" category at "judges' houses" but were put together to form a five-piece boy band at Wembley Arena, in London, England, in July 2010, during the "bootcamp" stage of the competition,[16] thus qualifying for the "Groups" category. Nicole Scherzinger, a guest judge,[15][17][18] and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it "took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group".[19] Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice.[20][21] Styles came up with the name One Direction.[20] For their qualifying song at "judges' houses", and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn".[22] Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they "were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, and kind of fearless as well."[23] Within the first four weeks of the live shows, they were his last act in the competition.[24] The group quickly gained popularity in the UK.[23]

tag: p

text: One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final, their song "Forever Young", which would have been released if they had won The X Factor, was leaked onto the internet.[25] Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £2 million Syco Records record contract.[26][27] Recording for their debut album began in January 2011, as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne, a record producer.[28] A book licensed by One Direction, One Direction: Forever Young (Our Official X Factor Story), was published by HarperCollins in February 2011,[29] subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list.[30] The same month, the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour.[31] During the tour, the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK.[32] After the tour concluded in April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album.[28] Recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk, Savan Kotecha, Steve Mac, and Rami Yacoub, among others.[33][34]

text: Performances on The X Factor

text:
Episode
Song choice
Theme
Result

Auditions

Harry Styles: "Isn't She Lovely"
Free choice (caught singing while driving)
Through to bootcamp

Zayn Malik: "Let Me Love You"

Liam Payne: "Cry Me a River"

Niall Horan: "So Sick"

Louis Tomlinson: "Hey There Delilah"

Bootcamp (Hollywood)

Harry: —
Solo performances (dance rounds)
Through to judges' houses

Zayn: —

Liam: "Your Smile"

Niall: —

Louis: —

Judges' houses (top 24)

1D: Final showdown song, "Torn"
Free choice (semi-finalists)
Eliminated, but through to live shows as 1D

Call-backs (top 16)
Formed One Direction[35]

Live show 1/top 12
"Viva la Vida"
Number-one singles
Safe

Live show 2/top 11
"My Life Would Suck Without You"
Heroes
Safe

Live show 3/top 10
"Nobody Knows"
Guilty pleasures
Safe

Live show 4/top 9
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Halloween
Safe

Live show 5/top 8
"Kids in America"
American anthems
Safe

Live show 6/top 7
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight"
Songs by Elton John
Safe

Live show 7/top 6
"All You Need Is Love"
Songs by The Beatles
Safe

Live show 8/top 5
"Summer of '69"
Rock
Safe

"You Are So Beautiful"

Semi-final/top 4
"Only Girl (In the World)"
Club classics
Safe

"Chasing Cars"
Song to get you to the final

"Torn"
Final showdown

Final and finale live shows/top 3

"Your Song"
Contestant's choice
Safe

"She's the One" (with Robbie Williams)
Celebrity duet

"Forever Young"
Winner's single
Eliminated

"Heroes"
Top 3 finalists' charity single

tag: table

text: 2011–12: Up All Night

text: Released in September 2011, One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history.[36][37] Subsequent singles, "Gotta Be You" and "One Thing", peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten.[38][39] In November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America.[40] Steve Barnett, the co-chairman of Columbia Records, said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction; "I just thought there was a void, and maybe they could seize and hold it."[41] "What Makes You Beautiful" was released in the United States in February 2012,[42] where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28, becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998.[43] It has sold over 4 million copies in the US[44] Upon arrival in the US in February 2012, One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree, as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush.[45][46] They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show, at the Rockefeller Center; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.[47] Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience,[48][49][50] One Direction's first studio album, Up All Night, was released globally in early 2012. It became the UK's fastest-selling debut album of 2011,[51] and topped the charts in sixteen countries.[52] The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart, making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album.[53] They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result.[54] Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and, by August 2012, had sold over 3 million copies worldwide.[55][56]

text: In April 2012, an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit.[57] According to the lawsuit, the US band had been using the name since 2009, recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011.[57] The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band, as well as compensatory damages in excess of US$1million.[57] The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music "chose to ignore the plaintiff's rights and wilfully infringed them" after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name.[57] Syco Records subsequently counter-sued, suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce.[58] The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores.[58] The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome.[58]

text: In December 2011, One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour, the Up All Night Tour.[59] In early 2012, they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour, with dates from April to July 2012.[60][61] The tour, comprising 62 shows, was met with positivity both critically and commercially.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68] A recording of a concert from the tour, Up All Night: The Live Tour, was released in May 2012.[69] In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty-five countries, its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012.[56][70] One Direction's first book to be licensed in America, Dare to Dream: Life as One Direction, published in the United States in May 2012, topped The New York Times Best Seller list.[71] In June 2012, Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK, stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013.[72] Gatfield was quoted as saying, "What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that's a figure we expect to double next year".[72] In August 2012, the group's record sales exceeded 8 million singles, 3 million albums, and 1 million DVDs, and they performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[56][73] One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012, including Best New Artist.[74]

text: 2012–13: Take Me Home

text: One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, was released in November 2012.[75] Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track. Savan Kotecha, Rami Yacoub, and Carl Falk, who composed One Direction's hits "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing", spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album, and were able to shape melodies around their tones.[76] One Direction began recording the album in May 2012, in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios.[77][78][79] The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box, a familiar sight on the streets of the UK.[80] Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics. There was praise for its quality of production, while it was criticised for its generic, rushed nature.[81][82][83][84][85][86] The album's lead single, "Live While We're Young", released in September 2012, reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one-week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US[87] The album and its second single, "Little Things", both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve.[88] Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than thirty-four other countries.[89][90] Additionally, Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best-selling albums of 2012 globally, each album selling over 5 million units worldwide.[91]

text: One Direction performed "Little Things" at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, and headlined a sold-out show at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.[92][93] In February 2013, One Direction released a cover version of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks", "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)", as the 2013 Comic Relief single.[94] As part of their involvement with the UK charity, One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children's hospital, visit a school and make donations.

text: The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013.[95] One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013, the Take Me Home Tour.[96] The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe, North America and Australasia. Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland, which included a six-date sell-out at London's The O2 Arena.[97] In the Australian and New Zealand markets, tickets grossed US$15.7 million, with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held.[98] The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success, selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows.[99]

text: 2013–14: Midnight Memories and This Is Us

text: One Direction: This Is Us, a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock, Ben Winston, Adam Milano and Simon Cowell, was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013.[100] The film features the song "Best Song Ever", released on 22 July 2013. "Best Song Ever" was the lead single of the group's third studio album Midnight Memories.[101][102] The film was a box office success, topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide, and became the fourth highest-grossing concert movie.[103] "Best Song Ever" broke the 24-Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube (this was the second time the band held the record with "Live While We're Young" attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012).[104][105] On 16 May 2013, the band announced their first stadium tour, the Where We Are Tour, which began in April 2014. On 30 May 2013, the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited-edition capsule collection of back to school supplies. They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools.[106]

text: On 23 November 2013, in support of Midnight Memories, the band participated in "1D Day",[107][108] a day dedicated to One Direction fans. The day constituted of a landmark 7.5-hour socially interactive YouTube live-stream featuring live band performances, celebrity guests including, Simon Cowell, Cindy Crawford, Piers Morgan, Jerry Springer and many more. The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout.

text: Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013. It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US, making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums, and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967.[109] The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a "slightly rockier tone" than their previous efforts.[110] "Story of My Life" was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood.[111][112] To promote the album, the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor.[113]

text: In December 2013, One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu-ray release of their 3-D concert film This is Us. Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release, beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies.[114] The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads, physical albums, on-demand streams, and music videos.[115]

text: 2014–15: Four and Malik's departure

text: On 21 July 2014, One Direction announced One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film, a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour. After the announcement, the band announced the film would also have a limited 10–11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014.[116] The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014.[117]

text: On 8 September 2014, One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four, set to be released on 17 November 2014.[118][119][120] As part of the announcement, one of the songs from the album, "Fireproof" was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website.[118][119][120] "Steal My Girl", the album's lead single, was released on 29 September 2014,[121] and the music video was released on 24 October 2014. The second single from the album, "Night Changes", was released on 14 November, three days before the album's release.[122] Four was released on 17 November 2014, topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart.[123][124]

text: On 22 November 2014, Paul Higgins, the group's tour manager who has been with them since its formation, parted ways with the band.[125] The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four, they had hopes to continue to go "somewhere else" on their fifth album.[126] In support of Midnight Memories and Four, the band's Where We Are Tour was the highest-grossing concert tour in 2014, and the highest-grossing tour ever by a vocal group, generating $282 million.[9]

text: On 25 March 2015, the band released a statement announcing Malik's departure.[127][128][129] They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik's decision.[130] The group made their first official public appearance as a four-piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May, where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member.[131] Since leaving the band, Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single "Pillowtalk" and album Mind of Mine.[132]

text: 2015–17: Made in the A.M. and hiatus

text: On 31 July 2015, the group released "Drag Me Down" without promotional material or announcement. The single is the first single from their fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., and the first material released by the group after Malik's departure.[133] Following the release, it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break.[134] On 22 September, the title for the fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., was officially announced along with promotional single "Infinity" being released.[135] The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes.[136] The album was released on 13 November 2015.[137] At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November, One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession.[138] Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months. On 13 December, One Direction performed on The X Factor final. Their last televised performance as a group, before their hiatus, was on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on 31 December 2015.[139]

text: On 13 January 2016, Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group's hiatus would become a permanent split, with a "source" citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015.[140] Representatives for the group denied said-report in a statement to Billboard, stating, "nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group, and all will be revealed in due time from the band members' own mouths."[141][142] By May 2017, all members of the group had released solo singles.[143] Despite saying the hiatus would last 18 months, the band still are yet to confirm when they will reform.

text: At the 2017 Brit Awards, One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song "History". Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band.[144]

text: Artistry

text:
"What Makes You Beautiful"

One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", features a prominent guitar-based chorus and riff.[145] It also contains cowbell instrumentation,[146] and the middle eight consists of an "oh na na na" hook.[147] It is among the best-selling singles of all time, selling over 5 million copies.[148]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: One Direction's debut studio album, Up All Night (2011), is predominantly a pop music record, containing elements of teen pop, dance-pop, pop rock, with electropop and rock influences.[149][150][151][152] Digital Spy's Robert Copsey described the album as a "collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses",[153] while The New York Times considered it "full of easy rock-inflected pop, blithe and sometimes clever."[154] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was "necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement".[152] The songs "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock, for their "powerhouse" guitar riffs and "forceful" choruses.[145][146][149][155]

text: Their second studio album, Take Me Home (2012), is characterised by rock-inherited pop, prominent electric guitar riffs, bright synthesisers, a homogeneous sound and message, and the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune.[84][85][86][156][157] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a "peppy, synth-bolstered take on early-80s new-wave pop, heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars," which, he said, is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B "that was once the grim lot of the boyband."[85] Jon Caramanica, writing in The New York Times, considered the album "far more mechanical" than their debut album, although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar.[84] The album's lyricism speaks of falling in love, unrequited love, the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique, commitment, jealousy and longing for past significant others.[84][85][86][158]

text: Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing, "Horan's ability to play guitar, as well as One Direction's admirable live vocals. There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note, a pleasant realization at a pop show."[159] Herald Sun's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have "strong pop voices".[160] Melody Lau of the National Post wrote, "It's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost-too-put-together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love-struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and, to a certain extent, entertain."[161] Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred: "What I didn't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert."[162] Chris Richards, writing in The Washington Post, dissented from the approval: "As the five traded couplets, it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake, Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack. No one voice stood out."[163] Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction's "surprisingly accomplished effort" of Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody" proved that One Direction are "more than capable" of evolving their sound.[164]

text: Their third album Midnight Memories (2013) is a pop rock record, a slight departure from the band's original teen pop sound. Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a "slightly rockier and edgier" album than their previous material. The album is heavily influenced by 80's rock[165] and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep, notably in "Little White Lies". The album's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love, heartbreak and sexual intercourse. Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition, as well as the group's level of involvement in the production process.[166]

text: Their fourth album Four (2014) was released on 17 November 2014. Payne once again claimed that the album would be "edgier" and that the group had written most of the songs for it; Horan came up with the name of the album, commemorating the fact that it is One Direction's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band's formation. Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound, the album's first single, Steal My Girl, was dubbed by Billboard as "no What Makes You Beautiful, but its Coldplay-like piano pop could be a good direction",[167] and that the band was "not entirely ready to let go of its bubble-gum days". Rolling Stone described the record as "saturated with retro vibes"; its songs "split the difference between big, splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours – a very pesky whipper-snapper move that's not so far from what Haim's hit Days Are Gone did last year."[168]

text: Philanthropy

text: In 2011, the band performed on the BBC's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon, helping raise over 26 million pounds.[169] In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single "Live While We're Young". A prominent annual event in British culture, the group said it was "incredible" to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had "always watched as children".[170]

text: In February 2013, One Direction released "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" (a medley of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks") as the 2013 single for the UK's other major charity telethon Comic Relief.[94] For ITV's Santa charity Christmas campaign, they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public, asking them to donate £2.[171] The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes, including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13-year-old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly, and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium.[172][173]

text: In September 2012, Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity, called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar, based in his hometown. Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising, the ticket website for the event broke down. Horan's brother Greg commented on the website crash, saying that "there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick".[174]

text: In 2013, band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock, a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research.[175] As ambassadors of the charity, the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive "#HangwithLiam&Harry" global campaign. They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984. Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to "complete funding of their Hodgkin's lymphoma trial, in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease." One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org.[176]

text: In 2014, One Direction donated £600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour.[177] On 15 November 2014, One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa.[178]

text: Image

text: Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph, in an article on One Direction's success in North America, notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for "clean cut, wholesome, whiter-than-white, middle class parent friendly pop: cute boys advocating puppy love. And what could be better than one cute boy, if not five?"[179] One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands, and as forming part of a new "British Invasion" in the United States.[180][181][182][183][184][185] Bill Werde, a representative of Billboard magazine, commented, "There's a lot of possibility here, there's a lot of upside, that level of talent with those kinds of looks, it's really a perfect storm for a massive, massive successful phenomenon."[186]

text: Sonny Takhar, the chief executive officer of Syco Records, attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media. "Sometimes you feel the song's the star, but it's not like that here – it's the act," he said. "It's a real moment. Social media has become the new radio, it's never broken an act globally like this before."[186] Will Bloomfield, the group's manager, added, "These guys live online, and so do their fans."[185] Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves, "which helps create the illusion that they couldn't be any closer to their fans," according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith, writing for The Guardian.[186] One Direction's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013, with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day.[187] In an approach pioneered by The Beatles, each member is known for his feature; Horan is "the cute one", Malik is "the quiet and mysterious one", Payne is "the sensible one", Styles is "the charming one" and Tomlinson is "the funny one".[188] Each member's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles. Caroline Watson, the band's original stylist, spoke about styling the band, "At the beginning I didn't want them all in black or all in leather—that whole stereotypical boy band thing." Instead, her original idea was for them to be the "male equivalent to the Spice Girls", with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style.[189] Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band, "People think that a boy band is air-grabs and [being] dressed in all one colour. We're boys in a band. We're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band. We're trying to do different kinds of music and we're just trying to be ourselves, not squeaky clean."[190] Leah Collins, writing for the National Post, remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front,[190] "For the most part, that just means the group presents themselves as typical, goofy and uncensored teenage boys – posting jokey YouTube videos, for instance, or boozing at awards shows."[190] Writing for The Observer, Kitty Empire opined, "One Direction fulfill a great many boy band prerequisites (looks, soppy lyrics, tune-grasp, fame-lust) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here".[191]

text: Band members

text: Current

text:
Niall Horan – guitar, vocals (2010–2016)
Liam Payne – vocals (2010–2016)
Harry Styles – vocals (2010–2016)
Louis Tomlinson – vocals (2010–2016)

tag: ul

text: Former

text: Zayn Malik – vocals (2010–2015)

text: Discography

text:
Up All Night (2011)
Take Me Home (2012)
Midnight Memories (2013)
Four (2014)
Made in the A.M. (2015)

text: Filmography

text:
The X Factor series 7 (finalists)
Up All Night: The Live Tour
One Direction: This Is Us
One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film

text: Tours

text:
Headlining

Up All Night Tour (2011–12)
Take Me Home Tour (2013)
Where We Are Tour (2014)
On the Road Again Tour (2015)

Opening act

X Factor Tour 2011 (2011)[192]
Better with U Tour (Big Time Rush) (2012)[193]

text: Awards and nominations

text: One Direction has received five BRIT Awards—winning their first with "What Makes You Beautiful" for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards,[194] three NME awards,[195] two Kids' Choice Awards,[196] and four MTV Video Music Awards,[74] among other awards. One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards.[197] One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group, respectively.


document_title: Christian name

question_text: where did the term christian name come from

text: Christian name

text: Origin[edit]

text: In view of the Hebrew practice of giving a name to the male child at the time of its circumcision on the eighth day after birth (Luke 1:59), it has been maintained that the custom of conferring a name upon the newly baptised was of Apostolic origin. For instance, the apostle of the Gentiles was called Saul before his conversion and Paul afterwards. But modern scholars[who?] have rejected this contention, since the baptism of St. Paul is recorded in Acts 9:18, but the name Paul does not occur before Acts 13:9 while Saul is found several times in the interval. There is no more reason to connect the name Paul with the Apostle's baptism than there is to account in the same way for the giving of the name Cephas or Peter, which is due to another cause[which?]. In the inscriptions of the catacombs and in early Christian literature, the names of Christians in the first three centuries did not distinctively differ from the names of the pagans around them. A reference to the Epistles of St. Paul indicates that the names of pre-Christian gods and goddesses were used by his converts after their conversion as before. Hermes occurs in Romans 16:14, with a number of other purely pagan names, Epaphroditus in Phil. 4:18, Phoebe, the deaconess, in Romans 16:1.[2]

text: Similar names are found in the Christian inscriptions of the earlier period and in the signatories appended to such councils as Nicaea or Ancyra,[3] or again in the lists of martyrs. At a later date the names are of a most miscellaneous character. The following classification is one that has been worked out by J. Bass Mullinger founded on Martigny.[2]

text: Names without Christian origin and significance[edit]

text: This category may be divided as follows:[2]

text:
derived unchanged or but slightly modified from pagan mythology, e.g., Mercurius, Bacchus, Apollos (I Corinthians 16:12), Hermogenes (Romans 16:4), etc.
from religious rites or omens, e.g., Augustus, Auspicius, Augurius, Optatus;
from numbers, e.g., Primus, Primigenius, Secundinus, Quartus, Octavia, etc.
from colours, e.g., Albanus, Candidus, Rufus, etc.
from animals and birds, e.g., Agnes, Asellus, Columbia, Leo, Taurus, Ursula, etc.
from agriculture, e.g., Agricia, Armentarius, Palmatinus, Stereorius, etc.
from flowers, e.g., Balsamia, Flosculus, Narcissus, Rosula;
from jewels, e.g., Chrysanthus, Margarites, Smaragdus;
from military life or the sea, e.g., Emerentiana, Navigia, Pelagia, Seutarius, Thalassus;
from countries, cities, rivers etc.; Afra, Cydnus, Galla, Jordanis, Macedonius, Maurus, Sabina, Sebastianus, etc.
from the months e.g., Aprilis, Januaria, Junia, etc.
from personal qualities, etc., e.g., Aristo, Hilarius, Modestus, Pudens etc.;
from servile condition, e.g., Servus, Servilianus, Vernacla;
names of historical celebrity, e.g., Caesarius, Cornelia, Pompeius, Ptolemaeus, Vergilius

text: Names with Christian origin and significance[edit]

text: These include the following:[2]

text:
apparently suggested by Christian dogmas, e.g. Anastasia, Athanasia, Christophorus, Redemptus, Restitutus, etc.
from festivals or rites, e.g., Epiphanius, Eulogia, Natalis, Pascasia, Sabbatius and the frequently recurring Martyrius;
from Christian virtues, e.g., Agape, Elpis, Fides, Irene, with such derivatives as Adelphius, Agapetus, Caritosa, etc.
pious sentiment, e.g., Adeodata, Ambrosius, Benedictus, Deogratias, etc., and possibly such names as Gaudentianus, Hilarius, Sozomen, Victorianus, Vincentius

text: Though the recurrence of such names as Agnes, Balbina, Cornelius, Felicitas, Irenaeus, Justinus, etc. may be due to veneration for the martyrs who first used these names, the names of the New Testament are rarely found while those of the Old Testament are more common. Susanna, Daniel, Moyses, Tobias, occur frequently, but towards the end of the 4th century the name of the Blessed Lady becomes as familiar as those of the Apostles. Paulus may be an intentional reference to St. Paul, and Johannes, Andreas, and Petrus with derivatives such as Petronia, Petrius, Petronilla, etc. may also refer to the Apostles. The name of Mary occurs occasionally in the catacomb inscriptions towards the end of the 4th century, for example, in the form LIVIA MARIA IN PACE,[2][4] and there is a martyr Maria assigned to the date AD 256.[2][5]

text: Change of name at baptism[edit]

text: In the Acts of St. Balsamus, who died AD 331, there is an early example of the connection between baptism and the giving of a name. "By my paternal name", this martyr is said to have declared, "I am called Balsamus, but by the spiritual name which I received in baptism, I am known as Peter." The assumption of a new name was fairly common amongst Christians. Eusebius the historian took the name Pamphili from Pamphilus, the martyr whom he especially venerated. Earlier still St. Cyprian chose to be called Cyprianus Caecilius out of gratitude to the Caecilius to whom he owed his conversion. St. Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 260) declared, "I am of opinion that there were many of the same name as the Apostle John, who on account of their love for him, and because they admired and emulated him, and desired to be loved by the Lord as he was, took to themselves the same name, just as many of the children of the faithful are called Paul or Peter."[6][2]

text: The assumption of any such new name would take place formally at baptism, in which the catechumen, then probably as now, had to be addressed by some distinctive appellation, and the imposition of a new name at baptism had become general. Every child had necessarily to receive some name or other, and when baptism followed soon after birth this allowed public recognition of the choice made.[2]

text: In the thirtieth of the supposed Arabian Canons of Nicaea: "Of giving only names of Christians in baptism"; but the sermons of St. John Chrysostom assume in many different places that the conferring of a name, presumably at baptism, ought to be regulated by some idea of Christian edification, and he implies that such had been the practice of earlier generations. For example, he says: "When it comes to giving the infant a name, caring not to call it after the saints, as the ancients at first did, people light lamps and give them names and so name the child after the one which continues burning the longest, from thence conjecturing that he will live a long time" (Hom. in Cor., xii, 13).[2]

text: Similarly he commends the practice of the parents of Antioch in calling their children after the martyr Meletius (P.G. 50, 515) and urges his hearers not to give their children the first name that occurs, nor to seek to gratify fathers or grandfathers or other family connections by giving their names, but rather to choose the names of holy men conspicuous for virtue and for their courage before God (P.G. 53, 179). There are other historic examples of such a change of name in adult converts.[2]

text: Socrates (Hist. Eccl., VII, xxi) wrote of Athenais who married the Emperor Theodosius the Younger, and who previously to marriage was baptized (AD 421) receiving the name Eudoxia.[2]

text: Bede wrote that King Caedwalla went to Rome and was baptized by the Pope Sergius who gave him the name of Peter. Dying soon afterwards he was buried in Rome and his epitaph beginning Hic depositus est Caedwalla qui est Petrus was pointed out (Bede, "Hist. Eccl.", V, vii).[2]

text: Later Guthrum the Danish leader in England after his long contest with King Alfred was eventually defeated, and consenting to accept Christianity was baptized in 878, taking the name Æthelstan.[2]

text: Practice regarding names[edit]

text: Various Fathers and spiritual writers and synodal decrees have exhorted Christians to give no names to their children in baptism but those of canonized saints or of the angels of God, but at no point in the history of the Church were these injunctions strictly attended to.[2]

text: They were not observed during the early or the later Middle Ages. In extensive lists of medieval names, such as those found in the indexes of legal proceedings which have been edited in modern times, while ordinary names without religious associations, such as William, Robert, Roger, Geoffrey, Hugh, etc. are common (William about the year 1200 was by far the most common Christian name in England), there are also a number of exceptional names which have apparently no religious associations at all. These include Ademar, Ailma, Ailward, Albreza, Alditha, Almaury, Ascelina, Avice, Aystorius (these come from the lists of those cured at the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury). A rubric in the official "Rituale Romanum" mandates that the priest ought to see that names of deities or of godless pagans are not given in baptism (curet ne obscoena, fabulosa aut ridicula vel inanium deorum vel impiorum ethnicorum hominum nomina imponantur).[2]

text: A pronouncement from Bourges (1666) addressing parents and godparents urges: "Let them give to boys the names of male saints and to girls those of women saints as right order requires, and let them avoid the names of festivals like Easter (Pâques), Christmas (Noël), All Saints (Toussaint) and others that are sometimes chosen." Despite such injunctions "Toussaint" has become a common French Christian name and "Noël" has also found popularity aborad. The addition of Marie, especially in the form Jean-Marie, for boys, and of Joseph for girls is common in present-day France.[2]

text: In Spain and Italy Marian festivals have also created names for girls: Concepción, of which the diminutive is Concha, as well as Asunción, Encarnación, Mercedes, Dolores etc. in Spanish, and in Italian Assunta, Annunziata, Concetta, etc. The name Mary has not always been a favourite for girls. In England in the 12th century, Mary as a Christian name is rare. The name George, often given in recognition of the Saint George the patron saint of England, was not common in the 13th and 14th centuries, though it grew in popularity after the Protestant Reformation.[2]

text: In the registers of Oxford University from 1560 to 1621, the more common names used by the students in order of popularity were: John, 3826; Thomas 2777; William, 2546; Richard, 1691; Robert, 1222; Edward, 957; Henry, 908; George, 647; Francis, 447; James, 424; Nicholas, 326; Edmund, 298.[2][7] In Italy and Spain it has always been common practice to call a child after the saint upon whose feast he is born.[2]

text: Confirmation names[edit]

text: The practice of adopting a new name was not limited to baptism. Many medieval examples show that any notable change of condition, especially in the spiritual order, was often accompanied by the reception of a new name. In the 8th century, the two Englishmen Winfrith and Willibald going on different occasions to Rome received from the Pope, along with a new commission to preach, the names respectively of Boniface and Clement. Emma of Normandy when she married King Ethelred in 1002 took the name Ælfgifu; while the reception of a new, monastic name upon entering a religious order remains almost universal.[2]

text: At confirmation, in which the interposition of a godfather emphasizes the resemblance with baptism, it has been customary to take a new name, but usually, use is made of it is infrequent. In the case of Henry III, King of France, godson of the English Edward VI had been christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551, the same French prince at confirmation received the name of Henri, and subsequently reigned under this name.[2]

text: In England after the Reformation, the practice of adopting a new name at confirmation was still used, as Sir Edward Coke wrote that a man might validly buy land by his confirmation name, and he recalled the case of a Sir Francis Gawdye, late Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, whose name of baptism was Thomas and his name of confirmation Francis.[2][8]


document_title: Pin the tail on the donkey

question_text: when was pin the tail on the donkey invented

text: Pin the tail on the donkey

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Pin the tail on the donkey is a game played by groups of children. The earliest version listed in a catalog of American games compiled by the American Game Collectors Association in 1998, is dated 1899, and attributed to Charles Zimmerling.[1]

text: It is common at birthday parties and other gatherings. A picture of a donkey with a missing tail is tacked to a wall within easy reach of children.[2] One at a time, each child is blindfolded and handed a paper "tail" with a push pin or thumbtack poked through it. The blindfolded child is then spun around until he or she is disoriented.[2] The child gropes around and tries to pin the tail on the donkey. The player who pins their tail closest to the target, the donkey's rear, wins.[2] The game, a group activity, is generally not competitive; "winning" is only of marginal importance. It is often seen as more entertaining, seeing the children stumble around and try to put their tail at the right place.[3]

text: The game is also used in child development research.[4]

text: The game can also be played by teenagers and adults, especially if the "donkey" is replaced with depictions of something or someone else. As a drinking game, the person with the worst tail pinning is awarded one shot of a selected alcohol, to be determined by house rules or the loser in a friendly environment.[3]

text: Idiomatically, the term can be used derisively for any assigned activity which is pointless or for which a person has been handicapped (blindfolded)[citation needed].


document_title: Ramírez (surname)

question_text: where does the ramirez last name come from

text: Ramírez (surname)

text:
Ramírez

Family name

Coat of arms of one Ramirez family

Pronunciation
Spanish: [raˈmiɾeθ]
in Latin America: [raˈmiɾes]

Meaning
"son of Ramiro"

Region of origin
Castile

Language(s) of origin
Spanish

text: Ramírez is a patronymic Spanish surname meaning "son of Ramiro". Its correct spelling in Spanish is with an acute accent on the i, which is often omitted in English writing. It is the 28th most common surname in Spain. It is also the 42nd most common surname in the U.S. and the 9th most common in Mexico.

text: People with this name include:

text:
Agustín Ramírez (born 1952), Mexican singer-songwriter of the group Los Caminantes
Ángel de Saavedra y Ramírez de Baquedano, 3rd Duke of Rivas (1791-1865), Spanish poet and politician
Aramis Ramírez (born 1978), third-baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates
Alex Ramírez (born 1974), left fielder for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars
Ariel Ramírez (1921–2010), Argentinian composer and pianist
Carlos Betances Ramírez (1910-2001), Puerto Rican Army Colonel
Carlos Ramírez (born 1991), Dominican baseball player
Carlos Ramírez Suárez (1902-1978), Spanish lawyer and writer
Chamaco Ramirez (1941–1983), Puerto Rican salsa singer and composer
Cuauhtémoc Sandoval Ramírez (born 1950), Mexican politician
Dania Ramírez (born 1979), Dominican actress
Diana Velázquez Ramírez (born 1970), Mexican politician
Domonique Ramírez (born 1992), Texas model and beauty queen
Dubán Ramírez (born 1965), Colombian road cyclist
Édgar Ramirez Arellano (born 1987), Venezuelan actor
Edwar Ramírez (born 1981), relief pitcher for the New York Yankees
Efren Ramírez (born 1973), American actor
Erwin Ramírez (born 1971), Ecuadorian football player
Fernando Ramírez de Haro, 16th Count of Bornos (born 1949)
Fernando Ramírez de Haro, 10th Marquis of Villanueva del Duero (born 1976)
García Ramírez of Navarre (1112-1150), of the Jiménez dynasty
Gastón Ramírez (born 1990), Uruguayan football player
Hanley Ramírez (born 1983), first baseman for the Boston Red Sox
Harold Ramírez (born 1994), Colombian baseball player
Héctor Fabián Ramírez (born 1982), Colombian footballer
Hernán Ramírez Necochea (1917–1979), Chilean historian
Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (born 1949; also known as Carlos the Jackal), Venezuelan terrorist
Jaime Patricio Ramírez (born 1967), Chilean football player
Jesús Emilio Ramírez (1904–1981), Colombian geophysicist
José Ramírez (1858–1923), Spanish luthier and founder of Ramírez Guitars
José Ramírez III (1922–1995), grandson of José Ramírez (see above) and luthier of international renown
José Fernando Ramírez (1804-1871), Mexican historian
José Luis Ramírez (born 1958), Mexican lightweight boxer
Juan Andrés Ramírez (born 1946), Uruguayan lawyer and politician
Juan Diego Ramírez (born 1971), Colombian road cyclist
Juan Sánchez Ramírez (1762–1811), Dominican Army General and Governor of the Dominican Republic
Juana Ramírez (1790–1856), Venezuelan independence fighter
Laureano Ramírez (born 1965), Dominican flyweight boxer
Luis Ramírez de Lucena, 16th-century Spanish chess grandmaster
Manny Ramírez (born 1972), former MLB left fielder
Maria Teresa Ramírez (born 1954), Mexican freestyle swimmer
Mario Ramírez Treviño (born 1962), Mexican drug lord
Martín Ramírez (1895–1963), self-taught 20th century artist
Michael Ramirez (born 1961), American editorial cartoonist
Pablo Ramírez (born 1964), Spanish-language sports commentator
Pedro Pablo Ramírez (1884-1962), 27th President of Argentina
Pilar Ramírez (born 1964), Mexican synchronized swimmer
Pocholo Ramírez (de Arellano) (1932–2009), Filipino car racer and TV host
Raúl Ramírez (born 1953), Mexican tennis player
Richard Ramirez (1960–2013), Californian serial killer
Richard Ramirez (musician) (born 1970), noise musician
Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon (1042-1094)
Sancho Ramírez, Count of Ribagorza (died 1117)
Sara Ramirez (born 1975), Mexican actress and singer
Sergio Ramírez (born 1942), Vice-President of Nicaragua and writer
Twiggy Ramirez (born 1971), pseudonym of Jeordie White, bass guitarist for the band Marilyn Manson
Giovanni Cellai Ramirez (born 1996), Colombian actor and not great success bassist

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Juan Sánchez Villa-Lobos Ramírez (Sean Connery's character in the Highlander films)
Ruby Ramirez from Rusty Rivets

text: This page lists people with the surname Ramírez. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: INEbase / Demography and population

text: SurnamesSpanish-language surnamesSurnames of Spanish originPatronymic surnames

text: Pages using infobox family name with unknown parametersAll set index articles