document_title: History of rugby union matches between England and Wales

question_text: when was the last time wales beat england in rugby

text: Summary[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Details

Played

Won by England

Won by Wales

Drawn

England points

Wales points

In England

66

39

19

8

1,005

649

In Wales

62

22

36

4

639

826

Neutral venue

3

1

2

0

62

65

Overall

131

62

57

12

1,706

1,540

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record

England

Wales

Longest winning streak

7 (4 Mar 2000–20 March 2004)

5 (15 Feb 1975–17 Mar 1979)

Largest points for

Home

62 (4 August 2007)

34 (15 April 1967)

Away

44 (3 February 2001)

28 (26 September 2015)

Largest winning margin

Home

57 (4 August 2007)

27 (16 March 2013)

Away

34 (23 August 2003)

13 (8 June 1987)

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.

Date

Venue

Score

Winner

Competition

Match report

1

19 February 1881

Richardson’s Field, London

8G–0

 England

2

16 December 1882

St Helen’s, Swansea

0–2G

 England

1883 Home Nations Championship

3

5 January 1884

Cardigan Fields, Leeds

(2) 1G–1G (0)

 England

1884 Home Nations Championship

4

3 January 1885

St Helen’s, Swansea

(1) 1G–1G (4)

 England

1885 Home Nations Championship

5

2 January 1886

Rectory Field, London

(2) 1G–1G (0)

 England

1886 Home Nations Championship

6

8 January 1887

Stradey Park, Llanelli

0–0

draw

1887 Home Nations Championship

7

15 February 1890

Crown Flatt, Dewsbury

0–1

 Wales

1890 Home Nations Championship

8

3 January 1891

Rodney Parade, Newport

3–7

 England

1891 Home Nations Championship

9

2 January 1892

Rectory Field, London

17–0

 England

1892 Home Nations Championship

10

7 January 1893

National Stadium, Cardiff

12–11

 Wales

1893 Home Nations Championship

11

4 January 1894

Upper Park, Birkenhead

24–3

 England

1894 Home Nations Championship

12

5 January 1895

St Helen’s, Swansea

6–14

 England

1895 Home Nations Championship

13

4 January 1896

Rectory Field, London

25–0

 England

1896 Home Nations Championship

14

9 January 1897

Rodney Parade, Newport

11–0

 Wales

1897 Home Nations Championship

15

2 April 1898

Rectory Field, London

14–7

 England

1898 Home Nations Championship

16

7 January 1899

St Helen’s, Swansea

26–3

 Wales

1899 Home Nations Championship

17

6 January 1900

Kingsholm, Gloucester

3–13

 Wales

1900 Home Nations Championship

18

5 January 1901

National Stadium, Cardiff

13–0

 Wales

1901 Home Nations Championship

19

11 January 1902

Rectory Field, London

8–9

 Wales

1902 Home Nations Championship

20

10 January 1903

St Helen’s, Swansea

21–5

 Wales

1903 Home Nations Championship

21

9 January 1904

Welford Road, Leicester

14–14

draw

1904 Home Nations Championship

22

14 January 1905

National Stadium, Cardiff

25–0

 Wales

1905 Home Nations Championship

23

13 January 1906

Athletic Ground, Richmond

3–16

 Wales

1906 Home Nations Championship

24

12 January 1907

St Helen’s, Swansea

22–0

 Wales

1907 Home Nations Championship

25

18 January 1908

Ashton Gate, Bristol

18–28

 Wales

1908 Home Nations Championship

26

16 January 1909

National Stadium, Cardiff

8–0

 Wales

1909 Home Nations Championship

27

15 January 1910

Twickenham, London

11–6

 England

1910 Five Nations Championship

28

21 January 1911

St Helen’s, Swansea

15–11

 Wales

1911 Five Nations Championship

29

20 January 1912

Twickenham, London

8–0

 England

1912 Five Nations Championship

30

18 January 1913

National Stadium, Cardiff

0–12

 England

1913 Five Nations Championship

31

17 January 1914

Twickenham, London

10–9

 England

1914 Five Nations Championship

32

17 January 1920

St Helen’s, Swansea

19–5

 Wales

1920 Five Nations Championship

33

15 January 1921

Twickenham, London

18–3

 England

1921 Five Nations Championship

34

21 January 1922

National Stadium, Cardiff

28–6

 Wales

1922 Five Nations Championship

35

20 January 1923

Twickenham, London

7–3

 England

1923 Five Nations Championship

36

19 January 1924

St Helen’s, Swansea

9–17

 England

1924 Five Nations Championship

37

17 January 1925

Twickenham, London

12–6

 England

1925 Five Nations Championship

38

16 January 1926

National Stadium, Cardiff

3–3

draw

1926 Five Nations Championship

39

15 January 1927

Twickenham, London

11–9

 England

1927 Five Nations Championship

40

21 January 1928

St Helen’s, Swansea

8–10

 England

1928 Five Nations Championship

41

19 January 1929

Twickenham, London

8–3

 England

1929 Five Nations Championship

42

18 January 1930

National Stadium, Cardiff

3–11

 England

1930 Five Nations Championship

43

17 January 1931

Twickenham, London

11–11

draw

1931 Five Nations Championship

44

16 January 1932

St Helen’s, Swansea

12–5

 Wales

1932 Home Nations Championship

45

21 January 1933

Twickenham, London

3–7

 Wales

1933 Home Nations Championship

46

20 January 1934

National Stadium, Cardiff

0–9

 England

1934 Home Nations Championship

47

19 January 1935

Twickenham, London

3–3

draw

1935 Home Nations Championship

48

18 January 1936

St Helen’s, Swansea

0–0

draw

1936 Home Nations Championship

49

16 January 1937

Twickenham, London

4–3

 England

1937 Home Nations Championship

50

15 January 1938

National Stadium, Cardiff

14–8

 Wales

1938 Home Nations Championship

51

21 January 1939

Twickenham, London

3–0

 England

1939 Home Nations Championship

52

18 January 1947

National Stadium, Cardiff

6–9

 England

1947 Five Nations Championship

53

17 January 1948

Twickenham, London

3–3

draw

1948 Five Nations Championship

54

15 January 1949

National Stadium, Cardiff

9–3

 Wales

1949 Five Nations Championship

55

21 January 1950

Twickenham, London

5–11

 Wales

1950 Five Nations Championship

56

20 January 1951

St Helen’s, Swansea

23–5

 Wales

1951 Five Nations Championship

57

2 February 1952

Twickenham, London

6–8

 Wales

1952 Five Nations Championship

58

17 January 1953

National Stadium, Cardiff

3–8

 England

1953 Five Nations Championship

59

16 January 1954

Twickenham, London

9–6

 England

1954 Five Nations Championship

60

22 January 1955

National Stadium, Cardiff

3–0

 Wales

1955 Five Nations Championship

61

21 January 1956

Twickenham, London

3–8

 Wales

1956 Five Nations Championship

62

19 January 1957

National Stadium, Cardiff

0–3

 England

1957 Five Nations Championship

63

18 January 1958

Twickenham, London

3–3

draw

1958 Five Nations Championship

64

17 January 1959

National Stadium, Cardiff

5–0

 Wales

1959 Five Nations Championship

65

16 January 1960

Twickenham, London

14–6

 England

1960 Five Nations Championship

66

21 January 1961

National Stadium, Cardiff

6–3

 Wales

1961 Five Nations Championship

67

20 January 1962

Twickenham, London

0–0

draw

1962 Five Nations Championship

68

19 January 1963

National Stadium, Cardiff

6–13

 England

1963 Five Nations Championship

69

18 January 1964

Twickenham, London

6–6

draw

1964 Five Nations Championship

70

16 January 1965

National Stadium, Cardiff

14–3

 Wales

1965 Five Nations Championship

71

15 January 1966

Twickenham, London

6–11

 Wales

1966 Five Nations Championship

72

15 April 1967

National Stadium, Cardiff

34–21

 Wales

1967 Five Nations Championship

73

20 January 1968

Twickenham, London

11–11

draw

1968 Five Nations Championship

74

12 April 1969

National Stadium, Cardiff

30–9

 Wales

1969 Five Nations Championship

75

28 February 1970

Twickenham, London

13–17

 Wales

1970 Five Nations Championship

76

16 January 1971

National Stadium, Cardiff

22–6

 Wales

1971 Five Nations Championship

77

15 January 1972

Twickenham, London

3–12

 Wales

1972 Five Nations Championship

78

20 January 1973

National Stadium, Cardiff

25–9

 Wales

1973 Five Nations Championship

79

16 March 1974

Twickenham, London

16–12

 England

1974 Five Nations Championship

80

15 February 1975

National Stadium, Cardiff

20–4

 Wales

1975 Five Nations Championship

81

17 January 1976

Twickenham, London

9–21

 Wales

1976 Five Nations Championship

82

5 March 1977

National Stadium, Cardiff

14–9

 Wales

1977 Five Nations Championship

83

4 February 1978

Twickenham, London

6–9

 Wales

1978 Five Nations Championship

84

17 March 1979

National Stadium, Cardiff

27–3

 Wales

1979 Five Nations Championship

85

16 February 1980

Twickenham, London

9–8

 England

1980 Five Nations Championship

86

17 January 1981

National Stadium, Cardiff

21–19

 Wales

1981 Five Nations Championship

87

6 March 1982

Twickenham, London

17–7

 England

1982 Five Nations Championship

88

5 February 1983

National Stadium, Cardiff

13–13

draw

1983 Five Nations Championship

89

17 March 1984

Twickenham, London

15–24

 Wales

1984 Five Nations Championship

90

20 April 1985

National Stadium, Cardiff

24–15

 Wales

1985 Five Nations Championship

91

18 January 1986

Twickenham, London

21–18

 England

1986 Five Nations Championship

92

7 March 1987

National Stadium, Cardiff

19–12

 Wales

1987 Five Nations Championship

93

8 June 1987

Ballymore, Brisbane, Australia

3–16

 Wales

1987 Rugby World Cup

94

6 February 1988

Twickenham, London

3–11

 Wales

1988 Five Nations Championship

95

18 March 1989

National Stadium, Cardiff

12–9

 Wales

1989 Five Nations Championship

96

17 February 1990

Twickenham, London

34–6

 England

1990 Five Nations Championship

97

19 January 1991

National Stadium, Cardiff

6–25

 England

1991 Five Nations Championship

98

7 March 1992

Twickenham, London

24–0

 England

1992 Five Nations Championship

99

6 February 1993

National Stadium, Cardiff

10–9

 Wales

1993 Five Nations Championship

100

19 March 1994

Twickenham, London

15–8

 England

1994 Five Nations Championship

101

18 February 1995

National Stadium, Cardiff

9–23

 England

1995 Five Nations Championship

102

3 February 1996

Twickenham, London

21–15

 England

1996 Five Nations Championship

103

15 March 1997

National Stadium, Cardiff

13–34

 England

1997 Five Nations Championship

104

21 February 1998

Twickenham, London

60–26

 England

1998 Five Nations Championship

105

11 April 1999

Wembley Stadium, London

32–31

 Wales

1999 Five Nations Championship

BBC

106

4 March 2000

Twickenham, London

46–12

 England

2000 Six Nations

BBC

107

3 February 2001

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

15–44

 England

2001 Six Nations

BBC

108

23 March 2002

Twickenham, London

50–10

 England

2002 Six Nations

BBC

109

22 February 2003

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

9–26

 England

2003 Six Nations

BBC

110

23 August 2003

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

9–43

 England

2003 Rugby World Cup warm up

BBC

111

9 November 2003

Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane, Australia

28–17

 England

2003 Rugby World Cup

BBC

112

20 March 2004

Twickenham, London

31–21

 England

2004 Six Nations

BBC

113

5 February 2005

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

11–9

 Wales

2005 Six Nations

BBC

114

4 February 2006

Twickenham, London

47–13

 England

2006 Six Nations

BBC

115

17 March 2007

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

27–18

 Wales

2007 Six Nations

BBC

116

4 August 2007

Twickenham, London

62–5

 England

2007 Rugby World Cup warm up

BBC

117

2 February 2008

Twickenham, London

19–26

 Wales

2008 Six Nations

BBC

118

14 February 2009

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

23–15

 Wales

2009 Six Nations

BBC

119

6 February 2010

Twickenham, London

30–17

 England

2010 Six Nations

BBC

120

4 February 2011

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

19–26

 England

2011 Six Nations

BBC

121

6 August 2011

Twickenham, London

23–19

 England

2011 Rugby World Cup warm up

BBC

122

13 August 2011

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

19–9

 Wales

2011 Rugby World Cup warm up

BBC

123

25 February 2012

Twickenham, London

12–19

 Wales

2012 Six Nations

BBC

124

16 March 2013

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

30–3

 Wales

2013 Six Nations

BBC

125

9 March 2014

Twickenham, London

29–18

 England

2014 Six Nations

BBC

126

6 February 2015

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

16–21

 England

2015 Six Nations

BBC

127

26 September 2015

Twickenham, London

25–28

 Wales

2015 Rugby World Cup Pool A

BBC

128

12 March 2016

Twickenham, London

25–21

 England

2016 Six Nations

BBC

129

29 May 2016

Twickenham, London

27–13

 England

2016 mid-year rugby union internationals

BBC

130

11 February 2017

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

16–21

 England

2017 Six Nations

BBC

131

10 February 2018

Twickenham, London

12–6

 England

2018 Six Nations

BBC

text: Breakdown[edit]

text: In the Rugby World Cup, England have played Wales on three occasions; England winning once, Wales twice with no matches drawn. In these games, England have scored 56 points, and Wales 61.

text: In the Home Nations Championship (1883–1909 and 1932–1939), England have played Wales on 33 occasions; England winning 13, Wales 16 with four matches drawn. In these games, England have scored 128 points, and Wales 287.

text: In the Five Nations Championship (1910–1931 and 1947–1999), England have played Wales on 70 occasions; England winning 30, Wales 32 with eight matches drawn. In these games, England have scored 801 points, and Wales 808.

text: In the Six Nations Championship (2000–present), England have played Wales on 19 occasions; England winning thirteen, Wales six with no matches drawn. In these games, England have scored 484 points, and Wales 329.

text: In other test matches, England have played Wales on six occasions; England winning five, Wales one with no matches drawn. In these games, England have scored 164 points, and Wales 65.

text: Overall, England and Wales have played 131 times, having drawn 12 times:

text:
England won 62 games and scored 1,763 points;
Wales won 57 games and scored 1,550 points.


document_title: Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard

question_text: when is the 3rd magnus chase coming out

question_tokens: when is the 3rd magnus chase coming out

root

text: Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard

text: Books[edit]

text: The Sword of Summer [edit]

text: The Sword of Summer is the first book in the series, released on October 6, 2015 as a hardcover, ebook, and audiobook.[2] The novel is narrated by Magnus Chase, a homeless Bostonian orphan, who learns he is the son of a Norse god. On the same day, he is confronted by a fire giant named Surt, who wishes to claim a sword called "Sumarbrander" (the "Sword of Summer"). In the fight, Magnus is killed and carried to a modernized interpretation of the Norse afterlife by a valkyrie named Samirah al-Abbas (Sam). With the help of Sam, a dwarf named Blitz, and an elf named Hearth; Magnus foils the giant's plans to free the Fenris Wolf and hasten the end of the world.[4]

tag: p

text: The novel has been well-received since its publication, but was not a "big front-runner" among other bestselling books in 2015.[5] It debuted at #1 on the New York Times Children's Middle Grade Hardcover Best Sellers list, and rose to #3 on Amazon's best-selling Children's Books list for 2015.[6][7][8] It also won the Goodreads Choice Award for Middle Grade & Children's books in 2015.[9] The Sword of Summer has been especially praised as an excellent continuation of author Rick Riordan's writing style, although some critics have expressed regret that the book only meets the expectations of fans, rather than surpassing them.[10][11]

text: The Sword of Summer was later published in several foreign-language editions, as well as UK edition with the same title (published by Puffin Books). Its foreign-language editions include ones in Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, Dutch, German, Bulgarian, Finnish, Polish, French, Norwegian, Chinese, Czech, Russian, Romanian, Indonesian and Hebrew. While the U.S. editions have cover art by illustrator John Rocco, most foreign editions have unique art created by other artists and illustrators.[12] In the U.S., several unique promotional editions were released by different booksellers during the initial publication; the mass-merchandiser Target, for example, released its books with an included poster of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology.[13]

text: The Hammer of Thor[edit]

text: The Hammer of Thor is the second book in the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series and was released on October 4, 2016. In this book, Magnus receives a warning and discovers that the hammer of Thor, Mjolnir, is missing. He embarks on a quest with Samirah, Hearthstone, Blitzen, and Alex Fierro, a genderfluid child of Loki to retrieve it. However, Loki reveals that the giant Thrym has the hammer, and forces the group to retrieve the Skofnung Sword, the only sword which can free him. He arranges a marriage between Samirah and the giant so as to obtain the hammer and the sword as wedding presents. At the wedding, Alex takes Samirah's place and tries to prevent Magnus's Uncle Randolph from freeing Loki. However, they fail to do so, and Loki is freed. The group is honored for recovering Mjolnir, but are given another mission to recapture Loki.[3]

text: The novel was awarded the 2017 Stonewall Book Award for children's literature.[14]

text: The Ship of the Dead[edit]

text: The Ship of the Dead is the third and final book in the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series and was released on October 3, 2017.[15]

text: Supplementary works[edit]

text: Hotel Valhalla: Guide to the Norse Worlds[edit]

text: Hotel Valhalla: Guide to the Norse Worlds is a supplementary work for the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series.[16] It was published as a hardcover on August 16, 2016.[17][18][19]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Magnus Chase - The protagonist of the series, a 16-year-old demigod son of the god Frey as well as the cousin of Greek demigod Annabeth Chase.
Samirah (Sam) al-Abbas - An Arab American Valkyrie and demigod daughter of the god Loki.
Blitzen (Blitz) - A svartalf, son of Freya, and expert on clothing.
Hearthstone (Hearth) - A deaf-mute light elf from Alfheim
Alex Fierro - A genderfluid demigod child of Loki who wields a garrote capable of slicing even the most hardened rock. (S)he is first introduced in the second book, The Hammer of Thor.
Randolph Chase - Magnus's uncle, obsessed with Norse mythology.
Loki - Norse god of mischief, lies, and deceit. He is the father of demigods Samirah Al Abbas and mother of Alex Fierro.
Annabeth Chase - Magnus Chase's cousin. Also in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus series. Demigod daughter of the Greek goddess Athena.

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Publishers Weekly's review of The Sword of Summer stated that, "ten years after The Lightning Thief...[Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard's] sensibility is right in line with the Percy Jackson novels, and the audience will be just as large."[20]


document_title: Dhyan Chand

question_text: what is the name of autobiography of major dhyan chand

text: Dhyan Chand

text: Early life[edit]

text: Dhyan Chand was born on 29 August 1905 in Allahabad.[7] He was the elder brother of another hockey player Roop Singh. He was born to mother Sharadha Singh and father Sameshwar Singh. His father was in the British Indian Army, and he played hockey in the army. Dhyan Chand had two brothers – Mool Singh and Roop Singh.Because of his father's numerous army transfers, the family had to move to different cities and as such Chand had to terminate his education after only six years of schooling. The family finally settled in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Being in the military, his father got a small piece of land for a house.

text: Young Chand had no serious inclination towards sports, though he loved wrestling. He stated that he did not remember whether he played any hockey worth mentioning before he joined the Army, though he said that he occasionally indulged in casual games in Jhansi with his friends.[8]

text: Chand joined the Indian Army at the age of 16. The Hindi word Chand literally means the moon. Since Dhyan Singh used to practice a lot during the night after his duty hours, he used to wait for the moon to come out so that the visibility in the field (during his era there were no flood lights) improved. He was hence called "Chand", by his fellow players, as his practice sessions at night invariably coincided with the coming out of the moon.

text: Between 1922 and 1926, Chand exclusively played army hockey tournaments and regimental games. Chand was ultimately selected for the Indian Army team which was to tour New Zealand. The team won 18 matches, drew 2 and lost only 1, receiving praise from all spectators. Following this, in the two Test matches against the New Zealand squad, the team won the first and narrowly lost the second. Returning to India, Chand was immediately promoted to Lance Naik.

text: After successfully lobbying for reintroducing field hockey in the Olympics, the newly formed Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) made preparations to send its best possible team for the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. In 1925, an Inter-Provincial Tournament was held to select India's national field hockey team. Five teams participated in the inaugural nationals – United Provinces (UP), Punjab, Bengal, Rajputana and Central Provinces. Chand got permission from the Army to play for the United Provinces team.

text: In its first game in the tournament. Dhyan Chand as the centre-forward, and Marthins, their inside-right, were particularly happy in their understanding of each other. Dhyan Chand attracted much attention by his clever stick-work. His penetrating runs and judicious passes seemed to assure for him a position in the team that is to take part in the Olympic Games.

text: Quite early in the game, it became evident that Dhyan Chand was again at his best. In combination with Marthins he took the ball away to the right and Marthins did well to give him a good pass. Quick as lightning, Dhyan Chand shot a goal. The ball struck one of the defenders' stick and went into the net, giving goalkeeper Collie no chance. A goal within 3 minutes of the start was more than what the most optimistic of the UP supporters could expect. At the interval, UP led by three goals to nil.

text: On their part, Rajputana put every ounce of their efforts to score. The UP goal had more than one narrow escape, but were the winners of a fine exhibition match (3-1).

text: Buoyed by the success of the Tournament, it was decided that it would be held every two years. After two more trial matches between various hopefuls, the Olympic team (including Chand as center-forward) was announced and assembled in Bombay. Center-half Broome Eric Pinniger was selected as the captain. The IHF was initially low on funds since the provinces of Bombay, Madras and Burma had turned a deaf ear to their financial appeal, but they managed to scrape enough money. The Olympic team then played a match against the Bombay XI, and amazingly lost 3-2, even though Singh scored both his team's goals. With a quiet send-off, the team left for England on 10 March, to play 11 matches against local sides as well in the London Folkestone Festival in 1927, winning all. It was also said that the Great Britain did not send a team in 1928 Amsterdam Olympics after their national team was defeated by the Indian team at Folkestone. This is best cited in Kapur's book "Romance of Hockey" where a despatch of H. Sutherland Stark, London representative of "Sports", a magazine of Lahore, tells the story better than any other comment : "For reasons it is difficult to understand the English Hockey Association have taken up a very stiff attitude towards Indian Hockey in recent years and have repeatedly been twitted about it by even their own supporters. The Editor of a leading sports newspaper described them to me as an intensely conservative body, but there seems to be something more than conservative behind their unwillingness apparently ever to meet India ina full international encounter"[9] Finally, on 24 April, the team arrived in Amsterdam to embark on a tour of the Low Countries. In all the pre-Olympic matches against local Dutch, German and Belgian teams, the Indian team won by large margins.

text: In the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Olympics, the Indian team was put in the division A table, with Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland . On 17 May the Indian national hockey team made its Olympic debut against Austria, winning 6-0, with Chand scoring 3 goals. The next day India defeated Belgium 9-0; however Chand only scored once. On 20 May, Denmark lost to India 5-0, with Chand netting 3. Two days later, he scored 4 goals when India defeated Switzerland 6-0 in the semi-finals.

text: The final match took place on 26 May, with India facing the home team of the Netherlands. The Indian team's better players Feroze Khan, Ali Shaukat and Kher Singh were on the sick list and Chand himself was ill. However, even with a skeletal side, India managed to defeat the hosts 3-0 (with Singh scoring 2), and the Indian team won its country's first Olympic gold medal. Keeper Richard Allen did not concede any goals. Chand was the top scorer of the tournament, scoring 14 goals in 5 matches. A newspaper report about India's triumph said,[10]

text:
“
This is not a game of hockey, but magic. Dhyan Chand is in fact the magician of hockey.
”

tag: table

text: On returning to India, the team was received by thousands of people at the Bombay harbor, compared to the three people who had seen them off.

text: Posted in Waziristan in the North-West Frontier Province (now in Pakistan) with his new 2/14 Punjab Regiment, Chand was cut off from the IHF, which was by now controlled by civilians. The Inter-Provincial Tournament was being held to select the new Olympic team; the IHF wrote to the Army Sports Control Board to grant Singh leaves to participate in the nationals. His platoon refused. Chand received news that he had been selected by the IHF for the Olympic team without any formalities. The rest of his teammates however, had to prove their skills in the Inter-Provincial Tournament, which was won by Punjab. As such, seven players from Punjab were selected for the Olympic team. Apart from Chand, Broome Eric Pinnigar, Leslie Hammond and Richard Allen were the other 1928 Olympians retained in the team. Chand's brother Roop Singh was also included in the squad as a left-in. Lal Shah Bokhari was selected as captain.

text: The Olympic team then played practice matches in India before heading for Colombo. In two matches in Ceylon, the Olympic team beat the All Ceylon XI 20-0 and 10-0. Wrote one newspaper on the first match,[11] "Perfection is perilous, for it tempts the gods. For once, this was proved wrong for even the god of weather paid tribute to the genius of the Indian players. Rain clouds, which had threatened to ruin the game, vanished into the blue, and thousands of spectators spent a happy hour marveling at the incomparable artistry of the Indian team."

text: The India team set sail for San Francisco on 30 May, and arrived on 6 July. They reached Los Angeles three weeks before the opening ceremony of the Olympics, which took place on 30 July. On 4 August 1932, India played its first match against Japan and won 11-1. Chand, Roop Singh, Gurmit Singh each scored thrice, and Dickie Carr once. In the final on 11 August, India played against hosts USA. India won 24-1, a world record at that time (until it was broken in 2003), and once again clinched the gold medal. Chand scored 8 times, Roop Singh 10, Gurmit Singh 5 and Pinniger once. In fact, Chand along with his brother Roop, scored 25 out of the 35 goals scored by India. This led to them being dubbed the 'hockey twins'.

text: One Los Angeles newspaper wrote,[12] "The All-India field hockey team which G. D. Sondhi brought to Los Angeles to defend their 1928 Olympic title, was like a typhoon out of the east. They trampled under their feet and all but shoved out of the Olympic stadium the eleven players representing the United States."

text: The team then embarked on a tour of the United States. They played a match on 20 August against a United States XI, almost the same team that they had faced in Los Angeles. Even after loaning its second keeper Arthur Hind, for a half, the team won 24-1.

text: After setting sail from New York, the team arrived at England. The then embarked on a hectic tour, playing nine matches in various countries in a fortnight, commencing on 2 September. They played four internationals-against the Netherlands, Germany, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. The team then reached Ceylon and India, playing a number of matches to pay for their expenses. At the end of the tour, India had played 37 matches, winning 34, drawing 2, with one abandoned. Chand scored 133 of the 338 Indian goals.

text: In India he is often referred to as 'Hockey ka Jaadugar' with translates to "Magician of the game of Hockey". It is also rumored Chand used to practice ball control by sprinting along the length of railway tracks while balancing the ball on the track rail.

text: He has studied at Aligarh Muslim University.[13]

text: Captaincy and 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics[edit]

text: In 1933, Chand's home team, the Jhansi he Heroes participated in and won the Beighton Cup, which he considered the most prestigious of Indian hockey tournaments. Later, he would state,[14]

text:
“
If anybody asked me which was the best match that I played in, I will unhesitatingly say that it was the 1933 Beighton Cup final between Calcutta Customs and Jhansi Heroes. Calcutta Customs was a great side those days; they had Shaukat Ali, Asad Ali, Claude Deefholts, Seaman, Mohsin, and many others who were then in the first flight of Indian hockey.
I had a very young side. Besides my brother Roop Singh, and Ismail, who played for the Great Indian Peninsular Railway in Mumbai, I had no other really great player in the team. But I had a team which was determined to do or die. It was a great match, full of thrills, and it was just opportunism that gave us the victory. Customs were pressing hard and our goal was at their mercy. Suddenly I broke through and from midfield gave a long through pass to Ismail, who ran with Jesse Owens' speed half the length of the ground. A misunderstanding occurred between the Customs left-half and the goalkeeper, and Ismail, taking every advantage of it, cut through and netted the only goal of the match. We felt very proud of our triumph.

”

text: In Kolkata, the Heroes also won the Lakshmibilas Cup tournament, which was open only to Indian teams. In 1935, they successfully defended their Beighton Cup title, though lost the subsequent year.

text: In December 1934, the IHF decided to send a team to New Zealand in the new year. Chand and his brother were immediately selected. When the Nawab of Manavadar declined to play, Chand was appointed captain. In the subsequent tour, the team played a total of 48 matches on this tour, with 28 in New Zealand and the remainder in India, Ceylon and Australia. India won every match, scoring 584 goals and conceding only 40. Of these 48 matches, Chand played 23 and scored a total of 201 goals.

text: Upon returning to India, Chand resumed his duties in the barracks. In December 1935, the IHF decided to stage the Inter-Provincial tournament to select the Olympic team. Chand was again denied permission to leave his platoon, though once again he was selected without formalities. The final team assembled in Delhi on 16 June and played against the Delhi Hockey XI. Incredibly, they lost 4-1. After this inauspicious start, the team went on a successful tour of the subcontinent, finally departing for Marseilles on 27 June. They arrived on 10 July, and after an uncomfortable journey in third-class compartments, reached Berlin on 13 July. On 17 July, the Indian team played a practice match against Germany and lost 4-1. As such, manager Pankaj Gupta informed the IHF that Ali Dara had to be sent immediately to replace the out of form Mirza Masood.

text: On 5 August, India won its first match against Hungary 4-0. India won the rest of the group matches against USA (7-0, with Chand scoring 2 goals) and Japan (9-0, with Chand scoring 4). On 10 August, Ali Dara arrived. Their fourth match was the semi-final against France, whom they defeated 10-0, with Chand scoring 4 goals. Meanwhile, Germany had beaten Denmark 6-0, beaten Afghanistan 4-1 and in the play-offs, had defeated the Netherlands 3-0. Thus, India and Germany were to clash in the 1936 Berlin Olympics field hockey final on 19 August.

text: On the morning of the final, the entire team was nervous since they had been defeated the last time they had faced Germany. In the locker room, Pankaj Gupta produced a Congress tricolour. Reverently the team saluted it, prayed and marched onto the field. The German team was successful in restricting the India side to a single goal until the first interval. After the interval, the Indian team launched an all-out attack, easily defeating Germany 8-1, incidentally the only goal scored against India in that Olympic tournament. Chand top-scored with 3 goals, Dara scored 2 and Roop Singh, Tapsell and Jaffar one each. Describing the game, the Special Correspondent of The Hindu wrote,[15]

text:
“
Every member of the team was feeling the strain of the defeat to the Germans in the practice match, and no one was in his usual self. I never saw a hockey team from India, where the game is definitely of a superior standard compared to the rest of the world, being so obsessed on the eve of the match. The players were nervous as to what the result of the match would be, which was heightened by the feeling that the burden of the country's honour was on their shoulders.
The game was played at a fast pace and was packed with thrilling incidents. The Germans undercut and lifted the ball, but the Indian team countered with brilliant half-volleying and amazing long shots. Twice Dara attempted to score but was declared offside. Dhyan Chand discarded his spiked shoes and stockings and played with bare legs and rubber soles and became speedier in the second half.
The vigorous German attacks were brilliantly saved by Allen and Tapsell. The goal scored by Weiss of Germany was the only goal scored against the Indians throughout the tournament. The whole Indian team put up a splendid display. Dhyan Chand and Dara impressed by their combination, Tapsell by his reliability and Jaffar by his tremendous bursts of speed.

”

text: There have been many erroneous media reports over the years claiming that Dhyan Chand scored 6 goals in India's 8-1 victory over Germany in the 1936 Olympic final. However, Major Dhyan Chand in his autobiography titled “Goal!” published in 1952 by Sport & Pastime, Chennai, writes as follows:

text: “When Germany was four goals down, a ball hit Allen's pad and rebounded. The Germans took full advantage of this and made a rush, netting the ball before we could stop it. That was the only goal Germany would score in the match against our eight, and incidentally the only goal scored against India in the entire Olympic tournament. India's goal-getters were Roop Singh, Tapsell and Jaffar with one each, Dara two and myself three.”

text: The record for most goals by an individual in an Olympic final has belonged to Balbir Singh, Sr. another famous Indian hockey hero since the 1952 Helsinki Olympic games. He set this record by scoring 5 goals in India's 6-1 victory over the Netherlands for the gold medal win. The previous holder of this record was England's Reggie Pridmore with his 4 goals in England's 8-1 victory over Ireland in the 1908 Olympic final.

text: International Hockey Federation records also attribute only 3 of the 8 goals to Dhyan Chand in the Berlin Olympic final.

text: The final was included in the Leni Riefenstahl film on the 1936 Olympics, Olympia. Overall, in 3 Olympic tournaments, Chand had scored 33 goals in 12 matches.

text: East African tour and final tournaments[edit]

text: After returning from Berlin, Chand joined his regiment. Between 1936 and the commencement of the War in 1939, he largely confined himself to army hockey, with one visit to Kolkata to take part in the Beighton Cup tournament in 1937. before the beighton Cup, Chand spent four months in a military camp in Pachmarhi to attend military classes. Later, he was promoted to Lieutenant.

text: Towards the closing phases of the war, Chand led an army hockey team which toured around the battlefields in Manipur, Burma, the Far East and Ceylon. When the war ended in 1945, Chand decided that the Indian hockey team needed new young players. In 1947, the IHF was requested by the Asian Sports Association (ASA) of East Africa to send a team to play a series of matches. The ASA made a condition that Chand should be included in the team. Once again, Chand was chosen as captain.

text: The team assembled in Bombay on 23 November 1947, and reached Mombasa on 15 December and played 9 matches in British East Africa winning all. Chand, though now in his forties, still managed to score 61 goals in 22 matches.

text: After returning from the East African tour in early 1948, Chand decided to gradually phase out his involvement in 'serious hockey'. He played exhibition matches, leading a Rest of India side against state teams and the 1948 Olympic team which defeated Chand's side 2-1, even though an aging Chand scored his side's lone goal. Chand's last match was leading the Rest of India team against the Bengal side. The match ended in a draw after which the Bengal Hockey Association organized a public function to honor Chand's services to Indian hockey.

text: Last days[edit]

text: In 1951, Captain Dhyan Chand was honored at the National Stadium—with Dhyan Chand tournament. Satinder Mullick remembers that Dhyan Chand took him and children of Capt. Kashmira Lal, Sports secretary of Army Hockey Federation. Dhyan Chand was staying in Jodhpur Mess. He was admired by all at the National Stadium.[16]

text: In 1956, at the age of 51, he retired from the army with the rank of Major. The Government of India honoured him the same year by conferring him the Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian honour).[17]

text: After retirement, he taught at coaching camps at Mount Abu, Rajasthan. Later, he accepted the position of Chief Hockey Coach at the National Institute of Sports, Patiala, a post he held for several years. Chand spent his last days in his hometown of Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. M Dhyan Chand died on 3 December 1979 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.[18] He was cremated at the Jhansi Heroes ground in his hometown, after some initial problems in getting clearance. His regiment, the Punjab Regiment, accorded him full military honours.[19]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dhyan Chand remains a legendary figure in Indian and world hockey. His astounding skills have been glorified in various apocryphal stories and anecdotes. A number of such these revolve around the fact that Singh had an extraordinary control over dribbling the ball. Chand's birthday, 29 August, is celebrated as National Sports Day in India. The President gives away sport-related awards such as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award on this day at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, India.

text: The 20th National Award 2012, the Gem of India, awarded by the Union Minister of India, was given to Dhyan Chand. The award was received by Dhyan Chand’s son, Ashok Dhyan Chand (a hockey Olympian in his own right) on behalf of his deceased father. The award was given by Journalist Association of India under the flagship of Journalists Federation of India, Sirifort Auditorium, New Delhi, India, on 22 September 2012.

text: India's highest award for lifetime achievement in sports is the Dhyan Chand Award which has been awarded annually from 2002 to sporting figures who not only contribute through their performance but also contribute to the sport after their retirement. The National Stadium, Delhi was renamed Dhyan Chand National Stadium in 2002 in his honour.[20]

text: A hostel at Aligarh Muslim University of which he was an alumnus, has been named after him.[21]

text: He scored over 400 goals in his career, from 1926 to 1948.[22]

text: An Astroturf hockey pitch, at the Indian Gymkhana Club in London, has been named after Indian hockey legend Dhyan Chand.[23]

text: Government of India has issued a commemorative postage stamp and a First Day Cover in honour of Dhyan Chand. He remains the only Indian hockey player to have a stamp in his honour.[24]

text: In 1956, at the age of 51, he retired from the army with the rank of Major. After he retired he coached for a while, then settled in his beloved Jhansi. However, the last days of Dhyan Chand were not very happy, as he was short of money and was badly ignored by the nation. Once he went to a tournament in Ahmedabad and they turned him away not knowing who he was. He developed liver cancer, and was sent to a general ward at the AIIMS, New Delhi.

text:
Once, while playing a hockey game, Major Dhyan Chand was not able to score a goal against the opposition team. After several misses, he argued with the match referee regarding the measurement of the goal post, and amazingly, it was found to not be in conformation with the official width of a goal post under international rules.[25]
After India played its first match in the 1936 Olympics, Dhyan Chand's magical stickwork drew crowds from other venues to the hockey field. A German newspaper carried a banner headline: 'The Olympic complex now has a magic show too.' The next day, there were posters all over Berlin: Visit the hockey stadium to watch the Indian magician Dhyan Chand in action.[25]
Legend has it that the Fuhrer was so impressed by Dhyan Chand's wizardry with the stick that he offered the Indian a chance to move to Germany and the post of Colonel in his army, which the Indian is said to have declined with a smile.[26]
During a match with Germany in the 1936 Olympics, Dhyan Chand lost a tooth in a collision with the particularly aggressive Germany goalkeeper Tito Warnholtz. Returning to the field after medical attention, Dhyan Chand reportedly told the players to "teach a lesson" to the Germans by not scoring. The Indians repeatedly took the ball to the German circle only to backpedal.[27]
Australian cricket legend Don Bradman and Dhyan Chand once came face to face at Adelaide in 1935, when the Indian hockey team was in Australia. After watching Dhyan Chand in action, Bradman remarked "He scores goals like runs in cricket"[25][28]
Residents of Vienna, Austria, honoured him by setting up a statue of him with four hands and four sticks, depicting his control and mastery over the ball. This however has turned out to be an exaggeration, with no such statue and its presence being documented anywhere.[29][30][31]
A tube station has been named after him in London, along with 358 other past and present Olympic heroes, in the run-up to the Games, starting on 27 July 2012. The Transport for London has brought out a special 'Olympic Legends Map', detailing all 361 tube stations. Only six stops have been named after hockey players, with the three Indians – Dhyan Chand, Roop Singh and Leslie Claudius – cornering the majority.[32]
In the Netherlands, the authorities broke his hockey stick to check if there was a magnet inside.

text: Dhyan Chand was among the nominees considered for India's highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, for 2014 and there was support for it.[33][34][35] The award was then given to Sachin Tendulkar and C. N. R. Rao.[36] The family members of Dhyan Chand were disappointed with government decision.[37] The RTI was filed which suggested that the Prime Minister's Office had ignored the recommendation from sports ministry on giving the award over Sachin Tendulkar.[38]

text: Autobiography[edit]

text: "Goal!", the autobiography of Hockey wizard Dhyan Chand, was published by Sport & Pastime, Madras (now Chennai) in 1952.[39]


document_title: The Greenbrier

question_text: when was the bunker built at the greenbrier

text: The Greenbrier

text: History[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: A spring of sulphur water is at the center of the resort property. It is surrounded by the white-columned spring house, topped by a green dome that has been the symbol of The Greenbrier for generations. Beginning in 1778, Mrs. Anderson, a local pioneer, adopted the local Native American tradition of "taking the waters" to relieve her chronic rheumatism. Based on this resource, for the first 125 years, the resort was known by the name White Sulphur Springs. It was a destination for people during the summers who wanted to escape coastal heat and diseases.

text: The property was acquired by the Calwells, a prominent Baltimore family. They developed the large property as a resort, selling cottages, many of which still stand today, to prominent Southern individuals. Notable guests of the early 19th century included Martin Van Buren and Henry Clay.

text: In 1858, they built a huge hotel building on the property. The Grand Central Hotel came to be known by the moniker "The White" and, later, "The Old White". During the Civil War, the property changed hands between forces of the Confederate States Army and the Union Army, who almost burned the resort to the ground.

text: Following the Civil War, the resort reopened. It became a place for many Southerners and Northerners alike to vacation. It was the setting for some notable post-war reconciliations. The "White Sulphur Manifesto",[14] the only political paper published by Confederate General Robert E. Lee after the Civil War, advocated the merging of the two societies. The resort became a center of regional post-war society, especially after the arrival of the railroad. Beginning in 1869, it provided direct service to the resort's gates.

text: The Greenbrier[edit]

text: In 1910, the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway purchased the resort property, building additional amenities, including the current bath wing, which opened in 1911. The C&O's improvements culminated with the construction of a colossal six-story, 250-room hotel building, which forms the central wing of today's hotel. Designed by British-born American architect Frederick Julius Sterner, it opened on September 25, 1913. At this time, what had for decades been a summer establishment was converted to a year-round resort, and the name was officially changed to The Greenbrier, after the neighboring county. The neighboring town had incorporated in 1909 and adopted the name White Sulphur Springs, which the resort had previously used. The railroad also introduced the game of golf, which became a defining feature of the resort. The first small course was opened in 1910, and a full 18-hole course, designed by Charles B. Macdonald, opened at The Greenbrier in 1913. That original course is today known as "The Old White TPC". The historic Old White Hotel structure was demolished in 1922 because it failed to meet then-current fire codes. In 1931, completion of the north wing, crossing the original 1913 wing like a "T", nearly doubled the size of the hotel.

text: Just after the United States entered World War II, the resort was called on December 17, 1941, to serve as a relocation center for Axis diplomats who were in the United States and had been interned as enemies of the United States. The first detainees were Germans; later, they were joined by Japanese diplomats previously interned at The Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginia. The hotel served as a diplomatic detention center until July 8, 1942.[15]

text: The hotel briefly reopened for the 1942 season, but was soon commandeered by the U.S. Army for use as a hospital. The Army paid $3.3 million for the property, which had been valued at $5.4 million, and took over control of the property on September 1, 1942. They converted the resort to a 2000-bed hospital, known as Ashford General Hospital, named for Bailey Ashford, a noted Army doctor. The hospital opened on October 16, 1943. The hospital treated nearly 25,000 patients before closing on June 30, 1946. The property was sold back to the C&O railroad for just under the $3.3 million they had been paid in 1942.

text: C&O hired internationally renowned interior designer Dorothy Draper to completely redecorate and restore The Greenbrier. Draper oversaw every element of the design of the property in her trademark style: combining bold colors, classical influences and modern touches, and the work took two years. The Greenbrier's reopening, celebrated from April 15 to April 18, 1948, was an international social event of the season. It attracted such luminaries as the Duke of Windsor and his wife, Wallis Simpson (who had spent her honeymoon with her first husband at The Greenbrier in 1916), Bing Crosby, and members of the Joseph Kennedy family. Since the late 20th century, the resort has hosted several presidents and vice-presidents, in addition to foreign dignitaries such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Prince Rainier and Princess Grace of Monaco.

text: The Bunker[edit]

text: In the late 1950s, the U.S. government approached The Greenbrier for assistance in creating a secret emergency relocation center to house Congress in the aftermath of a nuclear holocaust. The classified, underground facility, named "Project Greek Island",[11][16] was built at the same time as the West Virginia Wing, an above-ground addition to the hotel, from 1959 to 1962.[9][10]

text: Although the bunker was kept stocked with supplies for 30 years, it was never used as an emergency location, even during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The existence of the bunker was not acknowledged by the government; Ted Gup of The Washington Post reported it in a 1992 story.[6][7][8] Immediately after publication of the Post story, the government decommissioned the bunker. The facility has since been renovated. It is also used as a data storage facility for the private sector. It is featured as an attraction in which visitors can tour the now declassified facilities, known as The Bunker.

text: Justice family ownership[edit]

text: On March 20, 2009, the resort filed for bankruptcy, listing debt of up to $500 million and assets of $100 million. It had suffered from competition from a wide variety of resorts, and declining traffic since the postwar period as patrons shifted to destinations they could reach by automobile. The resort lost $166 million in 2008. Pending court and regulatory approval, the resort was to be sold to the Marriott hotel chain (which has operated it), contingent upon significant concessions from the unions and approval of $50 million in financing from CSX.

text: On May 7, 2009, the Justice family of West Virginia publicly claimed that it had purchased the resort for $20 million. The Justice family, headed by patriarch Jim Justice, the current Governor of West Virginia, has extensive farm and milling operations in West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. It farms 50,000 acres (200 km2) through its Justice Family Farms group, headquartered in Beckley, West Virginia. In early 2009, it sold its Bluestone Coal Corporation network of West Virginia coal mines to Mechel.[17]

text: The Marriott Corporation asserted that it had a valid contract to purchase the hotel, and expected to see that contract honored. However, Justice ultimately settled with Marriott. The bankruptcy judge dismissed the case on May 19, 2009, clearing the way for Justice's purchase of the property.[18][19][20]

text: The resort was closed briefly after the 2016 West Virginia flood; however, flood victims who needed a place to stay were offered rooms in the hotel.[21] The hotel reopened on July 12, 2016, with several amenities, including an off-road Jeep trail, several walking trails, and the falconry operation, which had been closed for the year.

text: The Casino Club at the Greenbrier[edit]

text: In November 2008, county voters narrowly approved a local option referendum that would permit casino-style gambling at the hotel. The rules, regulations, and tax rates were signed into law on May 8, 2009. The Justice family promised that gambling facilities at the resort would be "tasteful" if established.[22] The temporary casino, named "The Tavern Casino", opened on October 1, 2009. The permanent casino, The Casino Club at The Greenbrier opened on July 2, 2010 with a celebrity gala.

text: Under the state's regulations, only "guests" of the Greenbrier may visit the casino. The hotel and state regulators have differed over the definition of "guest", as the casino allows persons taking a tour or dining at the resort to visit, without being registered to stay overnight in the hotel.[citation needed] In 2013, the casino added simulcast horse racing and associated betting to its offerings.

text: Presidents' Cottage Museum[edit]

text: Twenty-six presidents have been hosted at The Greenbrier.[23] The Presidents' Cottage Museum is a two-story building with exhibits about these visits and the history of The Greenbrier. The building is open seasonally.

text: Golf[edit]

text: The resort has a significant place in golf history. The original nine holes were designed by Alexander H. Findlay. For the last years of his life, golf legend Sam Snead held the position of the resort's pro emeritus. In the 21st century, that title has been held by Tom Watson; the golf pro emeritus is currently Lee Trevino.[24]

text: The Greenbrier was the site of the Ryder Cup in 1979, the first to be contested under the format of United States against Europe, which has been continued to the present. It hosted the Solheim Cup in 1994, the women's equivalent to the Ryder Cup. The Greenbrier is the first of three locations to host both the men's and women's United States versus Europe team competitions, the Ryder and Solheim cups; it was joined in 1998 by Muirfield Village in Dublin, Ohio, with Scotland's Gleneagles Hotel PGA Centenary Course, the host of the 2014 Ryder Cup, joining when it hosts the 2019 Solheim Cup.

text: The Greenbrier American Express Championship on the Senior PGA Tour (now the PGA Tour Champions) was held from 1985 through 1987.[25][26]

text: The PGA Tour came to the hotel in 2010 with the Greenbrier Classic. After two years of being held on the last weekend of July, the tournament obtained the more favorable date of the first weekend in July, starting in 2012. On March 28, 2011, The Old White Course became a TPC course.[27] The 2016 event was canceled due to severe flooding in June.

text: All four of the golf courses on the property, the Old White TPC, the Greenbrier Course, the Meadows Course, and the Snead Course were damaged in the 2016 flood. On July 12, 2016, a modified course, made up mostly of the Greenbrier Course but also parts of the Meadows Course, was laid out and opened for play that year. The remaining courses were closed for the year.

text: Medical and sports facilities[edit]

text: The Greenbrier Clinic, adjacent to the hotel, has operated as an executive health facility since 1948. In 1971 it began operating independently from the hotel (although still leasing its facility from The Greenbrier).[28]

text: In 2011, Justice announced an ambitious plan to construct the Greenbrier Medical Institute, a large-scale medical facility with a projected cost of at least $250 million, planned to be built in five stages. It was to include a sports medicine facility to be headed by orthopedic surgeon James Andrews.[29] Construction of the first stage began in May 2012.[30]

text: The project was intended to establish relationships with professional sports teams, as the resort wanted to attract a National Football League team that would hold its annual training camp at The Greenbrier. In March 2014, the New Orleans Saints and the hotel reached agreement on a three-year deal. The hotel committed to build three football fields and other facilities for the Saints, at an estimated cost of $20–25 million, adjacent to the medical facilities. The project was to be partially subsidized by tax breaks recently approved by the state legislature, with an estimated value of $25 million over 10 years.

text: The relationship between the hotel and the Saints reportedly developed after a visit by Saints head coach Sean Payton to the 2013 Greenbrier Classic golf tournament to play in its pro-am competition and then to serve as caddie for his friend, PGA Tour player Ryan Palmer.[31] After three seasons (during which the Saints praised the Greenbrier's facilities but finished with a 7-9 record every year), the Saints did not renew their contract with the hotel. The Houston Texans took over the facilities for their 2017 training camp.[32]

text: The Spring League, a minor league football organization, held six of the seven games in their inaugural season at The Greenbrier.[33]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The Greenbrier

The sprawling resort complex, surrounded by mountains on the resort's 11,000-acre property

North entrance in 2008

The back patio in 2006

The historic Springhouse

Robert E. Lee, seated second from left, with his former Confederate generals at White Sulphur Springs, August 1869.

At White Sulphur Springs, 1870

"The Old White" in 1916

The Greenbrier in the late 1930s, showing the central 1913 wing, the back side of the 1931 north wing, and the 1911 bath wing on the right


document_title: Happy Days (TV theme)

question_text: who sang the original happy days theme song

text: Happy Days (TV theme)

text:
"Happy Days"

Single by Pratt & McClain

from the album Pratt & McClain Featuring Happy Days

Released
1976[1]

Format
Vinyl, 7", Single[1]

Recorded
1976[1]

Genre
Rock, Stage & Screen[1]

Length
2:40[1]

Label
Reprise Records[1]

Songwriter(s)
Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel[1]

Producer(s)
Steve Barri, Michael Omartian[1]

Pratt & McClain singles chronology

"String Module Error: Match not found"
(1976)
"Happy Days"
(1976)
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
(1976)

"Whachersign"[2]
(1976)
"Happy Days"
(1976)
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
(1976)

text: "Happy Days" is a song written by Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox. It is the theme song of Happy Days.[3] It can be heard during the TV show's opening and closing credits as it runs in perpetual rerun syndication.

text: The song was first recorded in 1974 by Jim Haas with a group of other session singers for the first two seasons.[4] These versions of the song were used only during the closing credits of Seasons 1 and 2, with an updated version of "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley and His Comets used as the opening theme. The song was re-recorded in 1975 with different lyrics for both the opening and closing credits for Seasons 3 through 10. Pratt & McClain released the song as a single in 1976 from their album Pratt & McClain Featuring Happy Days. Bobby Arvon recorded an updated version of the song in 1983 for the opening and closing credits of Season 11, with the same lyrics as the version used for seasons 3-10.

text: Pratt & McClain's album version of the song, recorded in 1976, peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100,[5] No. 7 on the Easy Listening chart,[5] and No. 31 on the UK Singles Chart.[6] In Canada, "Happy Days" reached No. 3.[7]

text: Australian band Silver Studs also recorded a version of the theme for their debut album. It became their biggest hit single in Australia, reaching No. 4 in June 1976.[8]

text: In 2014, a re-recorded version of the song was used in commercials for Target.


document_title: Josh Gad

question_text: who does josh gad play in ice age

question_tokens: who does josh gad play in ice age

text: Josh Gad

text: Early life[edit]

text: Joshua Ilan Gad was born in Hollywood, Florida, on February 23, 1981.[2] His mother, Susan,[3] is a real estate agent and his stepfather is an investment advisor, and he has two brothers and a stepsister.[1] He was raised Jewish[4][5] as his father Sam (Shmuel) Gad is a Jewish emigrant from Afghanistan and his mother, who was born in Germany, is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.[6][7][8][9]

text: Gad attended University School of Nova Southeastern University, graduating in 1999. While there, he won the National Forensics League (NFL) National Tournament Championships for Original Oratory in 1998, and for Humorous Interpretation and Original Oratory in 1999.[10] He then attended the Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts, where he graduated in 2003 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in drama. During this time, he undertook a semester-long exchange at the National Institute of Dramatic Art.[11]

text: Career[edit]

text: Gad portrayed news director Ryan Church on the Fox sitcom Back to You, which lasted one season from 2007 to 2008. Gad appeared as a correspondent on The Daily Show on May 5, 2009, and became a regular correspondent on June 2, 2009.[12] His signature segments include "The War on Christmas", in which he played an oversexed Benjamin Franklin, and "Chubby Chasers", in which he reported on Michelle Obama's efforts to curb childhood obesity.[13]

text: In 2008, he played a supporting role in the film 21, and a leading role in The Rocker. In 2010, he had a role in Love & Other Drugs, and a guest role on the Bored to Death episode "Make it Quick, Fitzgerald!". He was cast in the American version of the British sitcom No Heroics.[14] In the pilot, Gad played 'Horse Force', a former classmate from Superhero College, who can summon horses and works at a bar where the group hangs out. The show was not picked up.[15]

text: Gad originated the role of Elder Cunningham in the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon. His last performance was June 6, 2012. The show opened at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24, 2011.[16] Gad was nominated for the 2011 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical, along with his co-star Andrew Rannells.[17] Both lost to Norbert Leo Butz in Catch Me If You Can.[18]

text: In 2011, Gad had a cameo appearance in ABC's hit show, Modern Family, in Season 3's Thanksgiving episode. In 2011, Gad voiced "Mondo" in the MTV animated series Good Vibes. He also made an appearance as Bump in the 2011 comedy road trip film Mardi Gras: Spring Break.[19]

text:
In 2012, he voiced the molehog Louis in Ice Age: Continental Drift. He also played 'Bear Claw' on an episode of New Girl. In 2012, he starred in the independent romantic comedy She Wants Me.
In 2013, he appeared as Skip Gilchrist in NBC's 1600 Penn, of which he is also a co-creator and executive producer.[20] Also in 2013, he played Andrew (Headphones) in the film The Internship and starred as Steve Wozniak in the film Jobs. The same year, he voiced 'Olaf' in Frozen, re-collaborating with co-songwriter Robert Lopez from The Book of Mormon. In 2014, Gad co-starred in Zach Braff's film Wish I Was Here, playing the main character's brother.[21]

text: In 2013, Gad's name was briefly attached to the role of Sam Kinison in a biopic that was then under ongoing consideration.[22][23][24] He wrote an article entitled "Technology pundit (for a day)", which appeared in USA Today on August 12, 2013.[25]

text: In December 2013, it was announced Gad will star and co-write the film version of Gilligan's Island.[26] In April 2014, it was announced that Gad and Ryan Dixon will be developing a live-action family adventure-comedy for Disney.[27] In 2014, he had a guest voice role on Phineas and Ferb.

text: In 2015, Gad starred alongside Kevin Hart and Kaley Cuoco in The Wedding Ringer, co-starred with Billy Crystal on the FX comedy series The Comedians, which premiered on April 9,[28] and starred alongside Adam Sandler and Peter Dinklage in Pixels, about video game players who are recruited by the military to fight 1980s-era video game characters who have attacked the earth.[29]

text: In September 2016, it was announced that Gad will co-write and star in the Amazon limited-series adaptation of the non-fiction book Toy Wars, by G. Wayne Miller, which follows the real-life battle between American toy giants Hasbro, the company behind GI Joe, Transformer and My Little Pony toys, and Barbie-maker Mattel in the 1980s and 1990s.[30]

text: In 2017, Gad voiced the dog Bailey in A Dog's Purpose,[31] a film billed as "a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs."[32] Also that year, he played LeFou in the live-action film remake of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, co-starring with Emma Watson;[33] starred in Reginald Hudlin's biographical drama Marshall, alongside Chadwick Boseman and Beauty and the Beast co-star Dan Stevens; and played Hector MacQueen in a film adaptation of Agatha Christie's detective novel Murder on the Orient Express, directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh, alongside Johnny Depp, Michelle Pfeiffer, Judi Dench, and Daisy Ridley.

text: In addition, Gad will also be starring with Lupita Nyong'o and Alexander England in Abe Forsythe's Australian zombie romantic-comedy, horror film crossover, entitled Little Monsters.[34]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Gad married actress Ida Darvish in 2008. They have two daughters.[35][36] Gad has stated that he loves the traditional aspects of Judaism and celebrates some traditions of his wife's religion (Catholicism), and considers himself spiritual but not religious.[4]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2002

Mary and Joe

Angel

2007

Watching the Detectives

Mark

2008

21

Miles

The Rocker

Matt

2009

Crossing Over

Howie

The Lost Nomads: Get Lost!

GigiMiss PiggyJose SanchezThe ClownSpatula Lover

Big Guy

Rodney

Short role

2010

Marmaduke

Bandana Dog (voice)

Love & Other Drugs

Josh Randall

2011

Mardi Gras: Spring Break

Bartholomew T. "Bump" Brown

2012

She Wants Me

Sam Baum

Ice Age: Continental Drift

Louis (voice)

Thanks for Sharing

Neil

2013

Jobs

Steve Wozniak

The Internship

That Headphones Guy

Frozen

Olaf (voice)

Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production

2014

Wish I Was Here

Noah Bloom

2015

The Wedding Ringer

Doug Harris

Frozen Fever

Olaf (voice)

Short film

Pixels

Ludlow Lamonsoff

2016

The Angry Birds Movie

Chuck (voice)

[37]

2017

A Dog's Purpose

Bailey, Buddy, Tino, Ellie, and Waffles (voices)

Beauty and the Beast

LeFou

Marshall

Sam Friedman

Murder on the Orient Express

Hector MacQueen

Olaf's Frozen Adventure

Olaf (voice)

Short film

2018

Little Monsters[38]

Teddy McGiggle

Post-production

2019

Artemis Fowl

Mulch Diggums

Filming

The Angry Birds Movie 2

Chuck (voice)

In production

Frozen 2

Olaf (voice)

In production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2005

ER

Sgt. Bruce Larabee

Episode: "Here and There"

2007–2008

Back to You

Ryan Church

Main role; 17 episodes

2008

American Dad!

Art (voice)

Episode: "Pulling Double Booty"

2008–2009

Numb3rs

Roy McGill

2 episodes

2009

Waiting to Die

Simon

Movie

2009

No Heroics

Horseforce

Movie

2009

Party Down

Jeffrey Ells

Episode: "California College Conservative Union Caucus"

2009

Woke Up Dead

Matt

21 episodes

2009–2011

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

Correspondent

2011

The Cleveland Show

Droopy / Pimp (voice)

Episode: "Our Gang"

2011

Californication

Doctor

2 episodes

2011

Gigi: Almost American

Gigi

10 episodes

2011

Modern Family

Kenneth Ploufe

Episode: "Punkin Chunkin"

2011

Good Vibes

Mondo (voice)

Main role; 12 episodes

2012–2013

1600 Penn

Skip Gilchrist

Main role; 13 episodes; also co-creator and executive producer

2012–2015

New Girl

Bearclaw

Eps. "Katie", "Birthday", "Walk of Shame"

2013

Hollywood Game Night

Himself

Episode: "America's Got Game Night"

2014

Monsters vs. Aliens

Internet (voice)

Episode: "Bride of the Internet"

2015

The Comedians

Josh

Main role

2015

Sesame Street

Vincent Van Stop

Episode: "Bert's Sign Painting Challenge[39]

2015

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

Himself

Episode #2,677; cameo

2015

Phineas and Ferb

Wendell (voice)

2 episodes

2015

TripTank

Louis (voice)

1 episode

2016

Sofia the First

Olaf (voice)

Episode: "The Secret Library: Olaf and the Tale of Miss Nettle"

2016

Lip Sync Battle

Himself  / Donald Trump

Episode: "Josh Gad vs. Kaley Cuoco"

2016

Talking Dead

Himself

Guest

2016

LEGO Frozen Northern Lights

Olaf (voice)

Special

2017

Star Wars Rebels

Controller (voice)

Episode: "Double Agent Droid"

2017

South Park

Marcus Preston (voice)

Episode: "Hummels & Heroin"

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

2012

MIB: Alien Crisis

Emilio Chauncey, Handsome Guest, Khnemu

2013

Frozen: Olaf's Quest

Olaf

2015

Disney Infinity 3.0[40]

2019

Kingdom Hearts III

text: Theater[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2005
The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee
William Barfée
Circle in the Square Theatre

2011
The Book of Mormon
Elder Cunningham
Eugene O'Neill Theatre

text: Web[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2013

Kevin Pollak's Chat Show

Himself/Guest

Podcast


document_title: Jana Gana Mana

question_text: who translated national song of india in english

text: Jana Gana Mana

text: History[edit]

text: The poem was first sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on December 27, 1911, and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj.[8][9] Though the Bengali song had been written in 1911,[8] it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika, of which Tagore was the editor.

text: Song was performed by Sarala Devi Chowdhurani, Tagore’s niece, along with a group of school students, in front of prominent Congress Members like Bishan Narayan Dhar, Indian National Congress President and Ambika Charan Majumdar.

text: In 1912, the song was published under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj and of which Tagore was the Editor.

text: Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh on February 28, 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sung the song. The song enthralled the college students while Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins), both requested Tagore to create an English translation of the song and set down the notation to the national anthem, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style. Tagore duly translated the work into English while at the college on February 28, 1919. The college adopted Tagore's translation of the song as their prayer song which is sung till today.

text: On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body on August 14, 1947, midnight and the session closed with a unanimous performance of Jana Gana Mana.

text: The members of the Indian Delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held at New York in 1947 gave a recording of Jana Gana Mana as the country’s national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.

text: Code of conduct[edit]

text: The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung, and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the Full Version of National Anthem of India is 52 seconds and 20 seconds for shorter version.[5]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The poem is sung in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa. The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs and has commonality with all major languages in India due to Sanskrit being their common source of formal vocabulary. Therefore, the original song is quite clearly understandable, and in fact, remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages (if variations in inherent vowel and pronunciation of approximants and some sibilants are ignored). The transcription below reflects the pronunciation in Bengali script, Devanagari script and Latin script.

text: Full Version[edit]

text:
Official lyrics in Hindi[10] (Devanagari script)(जन गण मन)

Official romanisation[11] (bold indicates long vowels)

Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)

जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे
भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा,
द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग
विंध्य[a] हिमाचल यमुना गंगा,
उच्छल जलधि तरंग
तब[b] शुभ नामे जागे, तब[c] शुभ आशिष मांगे
गाहे तब[d] जय गाथा ।
जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे, भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
Tava Subha name jage, tave subha asisa mage,
gahe tava jaya-gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
jaya jaya jaya jaya he.

Jana-gana-mana adhināyaka jaya he
Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā.
Paṁjāba-Sindhu-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā,
Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṁga
Viṁdhya[e] Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā,
ucchala jaladhi taraṁga
Taba[f] Śubha nāme jāge, taba[g] śubha āśiṣa māṁge
gāhe taba[h] jaya gāthā.
Jana gana maṁgala-dāyaka jaya he, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he.

text:
Original composition in Bengali(জন গণ মন)

Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)

জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ
বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ
তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে,
গাহে তব জয়গাথা।
জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥

Jana-gana-mana-adhināẏaka jaya he Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā!
Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Utkala Baṅga
Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga
Taba Śubha nāme jāge, taba śubha āśiṣa māge,
gāhe taba jaẏa-gāthā.
Jana-gana-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaya he Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā!
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he.

text: Short Version[edit]

text: A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions. It reads as follows[12]

text:
Official lyrics in Hindi[13] (Devanagari script)(जन गण मन)

Official romanisation[14] (bold indicates long vowels)

Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)

जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे
भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे !।

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya jaya he.

Jana-gana-maṁgala-dāyaka jaya he
Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā /
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he !.

text: English translation[edit]

text:
Thou art, the ruler of our minds, of all people
The dispenser of India's destiny!
Thy name rouses the heart of Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat
and Maratha, of the Dravida and Odisha
and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of Vindhya and the
Himalayas, and mingles in the music of Ganga and Yamuna
and is chanted by the waves of the Indian sea.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hands,
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, Victory, Victory to thee.[15]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College

Page 1 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College

Page 2 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College

Early or original score of Jana Gana Mana

text: Controversies[edit]

text: In Kerala, students belonging to the Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung.[16] The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986,[17] the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant" The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.[18]

text: Supreme Court observed in its ruling[19]

text: "There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act".

text: On 30 November 2016, Supreme Court of India ordered the National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters, in order to instill "committed patriotism and nationalism".[20] On February 10, 2017, 2 Kashmiris were booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema, under provisions of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. This was the first arrest of its kind made by a state government in India.[21][22] In January 2018, the government reversed its stance and requested that the Supreme Court rescind the order until a government panel could consider the issue in more depth; the court agreed, and so around 9 January 2018 the National Anthem ceased being compulsory in movie theaters.[23]

text: Historical significance[edit]

text: The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911.[24] It was sung on the second day of the convention, and the agenda of that day devoted itself to a loyal welcome of George V on his visit to India. The event was reported thus in the British Indian press:

text: "The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor." (Statesman, Dec. 28, 1911)

text: "The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." (Englishman, Dec. 28, 1911)"When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously." (Indian, Dec. 29, 1911)

text: Counter arguments[edit]

text: Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary,[25] was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch. The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly:

text: "The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." (Amrita Bazar Patrika, Dec.28,1911)

text: "The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." (The Bengalee, Dec. 28, 1911)

text: Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference:

text: "On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram. On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore. Messages from well wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung."

text: On 10 November 1937 Tagore wrote a letter to Mr Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Ravindrajivani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee.

text: "A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."[26]

text: Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes:[27]

text:
"I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind."
(Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.)

text: Moreover, Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from "Jana Gana Mana" lionising the Indian independence movement. He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. The Knighthood (i.e. the title of 'Sir') was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Gitanjali" from the government of Sweden. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear", Gitanjali Poem #35) and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji.[citation needed]

text: Regional aspects[edit]

text: Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid (South India), Odisha/Utkal and Bengal, were mentioned. None of the princely states – Kashmir, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mysore or Kerala – or the states in Northeast India, which are now integral parts of India were mentioned. But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence. 'Dravida' includes the people from the south (though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then, the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named) and 'Jolodhi' (Stanza 1) is Sanskrit for "seas and oceans". Even North-East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm. India has 29 states, 7 union territories.

text: In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sindh" and substitute it with the word Kashmir. The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sindh" refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture, and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.

text: On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam, Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited article of 'The Times of India' published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word 'Kamarup' was included in the song, but was later changed to 'Sindhu' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included.[28] To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper.[28] The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning 'Sanchayita' (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned.[28]