document_title: Skin of my teeth

question_text: where does the phrase by the skin of your teeth come from

root

text: Skin of my teeth

text: Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: ע֣וֹר שִׁנָּֽי ‘ō-wr šin-nāy) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19:20, the King James Version of the Bible says, "My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth." In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as "I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe."[1]

tag: p

text: In modern times, "by the skin of my teeth" is used to describe a situation from which one barely managed to escape.

text: Cultural references to the phrase[edit]

text:
Skin o' My Teeth—Megadeth used this phrase as a song name in their 1992 album, Countdown to Extinction, referring to the theme of a failed suicide attempt.
The Skin of Our Teeth—A play by Thornton Wilder with multiple Biblical allusions.
Skin o' My Tooth—A book by Baroness Emma Orczy in which the phrase is a nickname of the main character, a lawyer. The nickname is given by a client who says that he was freed "by the skin o' my tooth."

tag: ul


document_title: Black Dagger Brotherhood

question_text: how many books are in the black dagger brotherhood

text: Black Dagger Brotherhood

text: The Black Dagger Brotherhood is an ongoing series of paranormal romance books by author J. R. Ward. The series focuses on a society (the "Black Dagger Brotherhood") of vampire warriors who live together and defend their race against de-souled humans called lessers. The first book in the series was published in 2005.

text: Ward's Fallen Angels series is set in the same universe, and has some overlap in characters, but little overlap in story lines.

text: The Series[edit]

text:
Book 1: Dark Lover ISBN 978-0-451-21695-3
Book 2: Lover Eternal ISBN 978-0451218049
Book 3: Lover Awakened ISBN 978-0451219367
Book 4: Lover Revealed ISBN 978-0451412355
Book 5: Lover Unbound ISBN 978-0-451-22235-0
Book 6: Lover Enshrined ISBN 978-0-451-22272-5
Book 6.5: "Father Mine" ISBN 978-1-4406-4161-9
Book 7: Lover AvengedISBN 978-0-451-22585-6
Book 8: Lover Mine ISBN 978-0451229854
Book 9: Lover Unleashed ISBN 978-0451233165
Book 10: Lover Reborn ISBN 978-0451235848
Book 11: Lover at Last ISBN 978-0-451-23935-8
Book 12: The King ISBN 978-0-451-41705-3
Book 13: The Shadows ISBN 978-0-451-41708-4
Book 14: The Beast ISBN 978-0-451-47517-6
Book 15: Blood Kiss (Black Dagger Legacy Series #1) ISBN 978-0-451-47532-9
Book 16: Blood Vow (Black Dagger Legacy Series #2) ISBN 978-0-451-47533-6
Book 17: The Chosen ISBN 978-0-451-47519-0
Book 18: Blood Fury (Black Dagger Legacy Series #3) ISBN 978-0-451-47534-3
Book 18.5: "Dearest Ivie"
Book 19: The Thief ISBN 978-0-451-47521-3


document_title: Sarah Ann Kennedy

question_text: who does mrs rabbit's voice on peppa pig

question_tokens: who does mrs rabbit 's voice on peppa pig

text: Sarah Ann Kennedy

text: Sarah Ann Kennedy is a British voice actress best known for providing the voices of Miss Rabbit and Mummy Rabbit in the children's animated series Peppa Pig, Nanny Plum in the children's animated series Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom and Dolly Pond in Pond Life.[1] She is also a writer and animation director and the creator of Crapston Villas, an animated soap opera for Channel 4 in 1996–1998.[2][3][4] She has also written for Hit Entertainment and Peppa Pig, and is a lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire.[5]

text: Kennedy grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon. She is married to ceramicist Rob Parr. They currently live in Preston, Lancashire, and have one child, a daughter.


document_title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

question_text: who did puss and boots grow up with at the orphanage

text: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Puss in Boots (Antonio Banderas) is a talking cat named for his signature pair of boots. Puss is a fugitive on the run from the law, looking to restore his lost honor. He learns that the outlaw couple Jack (Billy Bob Thornton) and Jill (Amy Sedaris) have the magic beans he's been looking for most of his life, which can lead him to a giant's castle holding valuable golden goose eggs. When Puss tries to steal them from the outlaws' room, a female cat named Kitty Softpaws interrupts, and both fail. Kitty is allied with Humpty Alexander Dumpty, a talking egg and Puss' long-estranged childhood friend from the orphanage where he was raised. Puss tells Kitty his origin story and of his feelings of betrayal for a youthful misadventure when Humpty tricked Puss into helping commit a bank robbery in his hometown of San Ricardo; Puss has been on the run ever since. Humpty eventually convinces Puss to join them in finding the beans and retrieving the golden eggs.

text: The trio steal the beans from Jack and Jill and plant them in the desert. Puss and Kitty's relationship becomes romantic. The trio ride the beanstalk into the clouds to find the castle of the late giant, while avoiding the Great Terror, a giant goose that guards the Golden Goose. When they realize the golden eggs are too heavy to carry, they steal the Goose, which is just a gosling, and escape the castle. While celebrating their victory, the group is ambushed by Jack and Jill, who knock Puss unconscious.

text: When Puss wakes up, he tracks Jack and Jill to San Ricardo where he learns the entire heist was a plot by Humpty to lure him home to be arrested, as revenge for abandoning him to the authorities when Humpty's youthful heist went bad. Jack, Jill, and Kitty were involved in the con. After pleas from Imelda, his adoptive mother, Puss turns himself in to the guards while Humpty donates many golden eggs to the town and becomes a hero.

text: While in prison, Puss meets the original Jack from "Jack and the Beanstalk" who warns him that the Great Terror is in fact the Goose's mother, and it will stop at nothing to get its child back. Realizing Humpty intended to destroy the town all along, Puss lets a repentant Kitty help him break out of prison and she also tells him she loves him. Tracking him down just as the Great Terror arrives, Puss convinces Humpty to help him fight off the Great Terror, saying he knows Humpty is a good person at heart. Using the Goose as bait, Puss and Humpty lure the Great Terror out of the town. During the chase, Jack and Jill betray Humpty and try to take the Goose, but get crushed by the Great Terror. Humpty and the Goose are knocked off a bridge with Puss holding onto them. Humpty knows Puss cannot hold both of them, so he lets go, sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town. Humpty's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside. The Great Terror then takes the Goose and Humpty back to the giant's castle.

text: Puss' efforts to save San Ricardo make him a hero among the townspeople and Imelda. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from their injuries, Humpty is shown once again in his regular egg form, wearing a golden egg suit, as he rides the Great Terror into the clouds, and Puss and Kitty kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots, a fugitive from the law and a hero of San Ricardo.
Zach Galifianakis as Humpty Alexander Dumpty, the mastermind who intends to retrieve the Golden Eggs from the one-of-a-kind Goose.
Salma Hayek as Kitty Softpaws, a street-savvy Tuxedo cat who is Puss' female counterpart and love interest.
Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris as Jack and Jill, a murderous outlaw husband and wife couple.
Constance Marie as Imelda, Puss' human adoptive mother
Guillermo del Toro as Comandante, Moustache Man
Mike Mitchell as Andy "Jack" Beanstalk

text: Production[edit]

text: The film had been in development since 2004, when Shrek 2 was released.[8] As a Shrek 2 spin-off, it was initially planned for release in 2008 as a direct-to-video film,[9] then titled Puss in Boots: The Story of an Ogre Killer.[10] By October 2006, the film was re-slated as a theatrical release due to market conditions,[11] and due to DreamWorks Animation's realization that the Puss character deserved more.[12]

text: In September 2010, Guillermo del Toro signed on as executive producer.[13] Discussing del Toro, Miller stated: "We worked out a system for him to come in once every few months or whenever we had something new to show him. If we needed someone to bounce ideas off of, he was always there, and if we had a problem we were tackling, we'd get Guillermo on the red phone – our emergency phone – and ask him advice on what we should do with a certain character or scene. It was like having our own film school." Miller stated that del Toro was particularly involved in Humpty's character design. "Guillermo loved the dreamy quality of Humpty Dumpty. He suggested we push that further, make him more like da Vinci."[12] It was del Toro's idea to make Humpty "an ingenious freak of nature" who builds contraptions such as a flying machine.[14] Del Toro rewrote the ending to redeem the character and deepen his relationship with Puss – an unconventional conclusion for a children's film.[15] He helped design the fantasy elements of the giant's castle, as well as the architecture of the town, which he conceived as "an amalgam of Spain and Mexico".[14]

text: Except for Puss, the film features new characters. Citing the co-writer, David H. Steinberg, "It doesn't overlap with Shrek at all. Partly that was done to tell an original Puss story, but partly because we didn't know what Shrek 4 were going to do with the characters and we couldn't write conflicting storylines."[16] The film was teased in Shrek Forever After, when Shrek finally shuts the book titled "Shrek", and puts it away next to a book titled "Puss in Boots".

text: Puss in Boots is the first DreamWorks Animation feature film that was partly made in India. A Bangalore studio owned by Technicolor, which had mainly worked on TV specials and DVD bonus material, spent six months animating three major scenes in the film. The outsourcing had financial advantages, with 40% less labor costs than in the US, but the primary reason for outsourcing to India was lack of personnel, due to the studio producing as many as three films a year.[17]

text: The release date was originally set for November 4, 2011, but was pushed a week earlier to October 28, 2011.[3] Anne Globe, head of worldwide marketing for DreamWorks Animation, said the decision to move the film's release date a week earlier was to attract parents and their children to see the film before other family-friendly movies were released in November 2011.[18]

text: The film was renamed Cat in Boots in the United Arab Emirates for officially unknown reasons, but it is suspected for religious and cultural reasons.[19][20] According to UAE's The National Media Council, which is responsible for censorship, UAE didn't have any involvement in the rename and that "the decision to change the name had been made by the Hollywood studio and the movie distributors in the UAE."[21] Consequently, since the film's distributor was based in the UAE, the same print was syndicated to all theaters throughout the Middle East. However, the name change was limited to the film's original theatrical run, as merchandise and later regional home media release retained the film's original title.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Puss in Boots

Film score by Henry Jackman

Released
October 24, 2011

Genre
Score

Length
65:51

Label
Sony Classical

tag: table

text: Henry Jackman, the composer for Puss in Boots, utilized folk instruments of traditional Latin music. Inspired by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, Jackman blended guitars and Latin percussion with an orchestral sound influenced by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.[22] Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed to Jackman’s score, and two of their songs, Diabolo Rojo and Hanuman were included in the soundtrack.[23] Lady Gaga's song "Americano" was also featured in the film.[24][25] The soundtrack for the film, featuring the original score by Jackman, was released on October 24, 2011, by Sony Classical.[26]

text: Release[edit]

text: Puss in Boots had its world premiere on October 16, 2011, aboard the Royal Caribbean International's cruise ship Allure of the Seas, docked in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the time.[27][28] It was theatrically released in the United States on October 28, 2011.[28] The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and was released in 268 North American IMAX theaters and at least 47 IMAX theaters outside North America.[4]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Puss in Boots was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on February 24, 2012. The movie was accompanied by a short animated film called Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos.[29] As of July 2013, 7.2 million home entertainment units were sold worldwide.[30]

text: Another featured extra short is "Klepto Kitty"; a three-minute profile of Dusty the Klepto Kitty, a notorious cat in California who steals items from neighbors' yards, some of it captured on a night vision kitty-cam, hung around Dusty's neck by the Animal Planet network for their own documentary.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 84% based on reviews from 142, with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10. The website's consensus is, "It isn't deep or groundbreaking, but what it lacks in profundity, Puss in Boots more than makes up for with an abundance of wit, visual sparkle, and effervescent charm."[32] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 65% based on 24 reviews.[33] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[34]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss in Boots is a perfectly diverting romp that happens to showcase some of the best 3D work yet from a mainstream animated feature. Colorful, clever enough, free of cloying showbiz in-jokes, action-packed without being ridiculous about it and even well choreographed."[35] Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss' origin story could easily stand on its own -- a testament to clever writing on the part of its creative team and an irresistible central performance by Antonio Banderas."[36] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For quick, lively, family friendly entertainment, "Puss in Boots" works just fine, even in 3-D, which is integrated thoughtfully into the narrative and doesn't just feel like a gimmick."[37] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "As good as Banderas and Hayek are together, Galifianakis is better, making Humpty-Dumpty, of all people, one of the more intriguing animated characters to come along in a while. He's a nice surprise."[38] Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "I left dreaming of a world in which cats could tango - and when's the last time a movie did that?"[39] Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The seductive interplay of Banderas and Hayek, the barely recognizable vocal contributions of Galifianakis, and the Southern backwoods speech of Thornton and Sedaris all keep us attuned to the events on the screen."[40]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C, saying "In the Shrek films, the joke of Puss in Boots, with his trilled consonants and penchant for chest-puffing sword duels, is that no one this cuddly should try to be this dashing. But in Puss in Boots, that joke wears out its welcome in 15 minutes."[41] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Puss in Boots doesn't break any new ground in the storytelling department, and its reliance on go-go-go state-of-the-art action sequences grows wearying by the end, but the movie has a devilish wit that works for parent and child alike."[42] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying "It's always a pleasure to find a family film that respects its audience all the way up the line."[43] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Remember that toy where you yank a string and hear the sound of a barnyard animal? "Puss in Boots" has about half as much entertainment value."[44] Olly Richards of Empire gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Like most kittens, it's not always perfectly behaved, but at least this new Puss adventure doesn't have you reaching for the cinematic spray bottle. And thank goodness the spin-off does nothing to neuter the charismatic cat's appeal."[45] Stan Hall of The Oregonian gave the film a B, saying "Puss in Boots isn't particularly deep, nor does it take itself seriously -- it just wants to seek glory, win affection and cash in. Done, done and done."[46]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Perhaps the most engaging thing about "Puss in Boots" is that it never takes itself too seriously."[47] Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "It is a cheerfully chaotic jumble of fairy tale and nursery rhyme characters parachuted into a Spanish storybook setting."[48] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Basically, this toon is a tired riff on Sergio Leone's spaghetti Westerns, punctuated by more puns and cat jokes than you can shake a litter box at."[49] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying "With his impeccable comic timing and lyrical Spanish accent, Banderas' swashbuckling charmer is an undeniable treat."[50] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Puss in Boots" proves there is at least one cat with multiple lives. The feature-length animated spinoff - a star turn for the popular "Shrek" supporting character voiced by Antonio Banderas - is almost shockingly good. And not just because a lot of you will approach it with lowered expectations."[51] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film three out of four stars, saying "An almost purr-fect little film that even a dog owner can enjoy."[52]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss made his debut in "Shrek 2," then did time in the two decreasingly funny sequels. Now he's got a movie of his own, and not a moment too soon."[53] Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It would overstate matters to say Puss in Boots leaves its cat holding the bag (we had to get that in). But it also leaves its hero awaiting a richer fable, one befitting his charms and his portrayer's talents."[54] Anna Smith of Time Out gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Puss in Boots is uneven, but when it's on course, cat fans will be in heaven."[55] Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Puss in Boots prances along on three basic truths. One, cats are funny. Two, vain Spanish cats in high-heeled musketeer boots are even funnier. Lastly, booted, vain Spanish cats voiced by a breathy Antonio Banderas are flat-out hilarious."[56] Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Puss In Boots makes a great theme-park ride, a thrill-a-minute feast for the eyes and the semicircular canals. But while the settings are impressively multidimensional, the characters are flatter than old-school cel drawings."[57]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $149,260,504 in North America, and $405,726,973 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $554,987,477.[2] It is the eleventh highest-grossing film of 2011 and is also the third highest-grossing animated film that year behind Kung Fu Panda 2 ($665.7 million) and Cars 2 ($559.9 million).[58]

text: In North America, the film topped the box office on its opening day with $9.6 million.[59] On its opening weekend, the film made $34,077,439,[60][61] topping Saw III's record ($33.6 million) for the highest Halloween weekend opening ever.[62] It retained first place during its second weekend, with $33,054,644, declining only 3%.[63]

text: Outside North America, on its opening weekend, it earned second place with $17.2 million.[64] The film opened at #1 in both the UK with a weekend gross of £1.98 million ($3.1 million),[65] and Australia, with $2.98 million.[66] It topped the box office outside North America on its seventh weekend with $47.1 million from 40 countries.[67] It ranks as the ninth highest-grossing film of 2011 outside North America.[68] Its highest-grossing country after North America was Russia and the CIS ($50.6 million), followed by Germany ($33.9 million) and France and the Maghreb region ($33.2 million).[69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

Academy Awards[12]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Miller
Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[70]
Best Animated Film

Best Animated Female
Salma Hayek

Annie Awards[71]
Best Animated Feature

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Can Yuksel

Character Animation in a Feature Production
Olivier Staphylas

Character Design in a Feature Production
Patrick Mate

Directing in a Feature Production
Chris Miller

Music in a Feature Production
Henry Jackman

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Bob Logan

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Zach Galifianakis

Editing in a Feature Production
Eric Dapkewicz

Critics' Choice Awards[72]
Best Animated Feature

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Animated Film

Golden Globe Awards[73]
Best Animated Feature Film

Kids Choice Awards[74][75]
Favorite Animated Movie

Won

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Antonio Banderas
Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards[76]
Best Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
Joe M. Aguilar, Latifa Ouaou

Satellite Awards[77]
Best Animated or Mixed Media Film

Toronto Film Critics Association[78]
Best Animated Feature

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[79]
Best Animated Feature

Women Film Critics Circle[80]
Best Animated Females

Won

Saturn Awards[81]
Best Animated Film

Teen Choice Awards[82]
Choice Movie Actress Action/Adventure
Salma Hayek
Nominated

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In November 2012, executive producer Guillermo del Toro said that they already did a couple of script drafts for a sequel, and that the director Chris Miller wants to take Puss on an adventure to exotic places.[15] In April 2014, Antonio Banderas, the voice of Puss, said that the work on the sequel had just begun.[83] In June 2014, the movie was titled Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives & 40 Thieves and was scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018.[84] Two months later, it was moved back to December 21, 2018.[6] In January 2015, Puss in Boots 2 was removed from the release schedule following corporate restructuring and DreamWorks Animation's new policy to release two films a year.[85][7] Two months later, Banderas said in an interview that the script was under restructuring, and that Shrek may appear in the film.[86]

text: Animated series[edit]

text: The film also spawned an animated series that premiered on Netflix on January 16, 2015.[5]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Puss in Boots, a video game based on the film, developed by Blitz Games, and published by THQ on October 25, 2011 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Nintendo DS.[87] It features support for Kinect and PlayStation Move on the respective platforms.[88]
Fruit Ninja: Puss in Boots, a Puss in Boots-themed Fruit Ninja video game, which was released on October 20, 2011, on the iOS App Store,[89] and was released for Android devices on November 28, 2011, on the Amazon Appstore.[90]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[91]

tag: ol


document_title: List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics

question_text: who carried usa flag in 2018 winter olympics

text: Firsts[edit]

text: US team manager[1] Matthew Halpin was the first to carry the flag at the 1906 Intercalated Games,[2] though that event is no longer considered by the International Olympic Committee to be part of Olympic history.[3] Ralph Rose became the first competitor to have the honor when he led the team out at the 1908 Summer Games,[2] the first official Olympic Games to feature a parade of nations.[4] The first woman to represent the United States was fencer Janice Romary in 1968, her sixth consecutive Summer Olympics.[5] Taffy Abel was the first person to represent the United States at the Winter Olympics when he was chosen to carry the flag at the inaugural Games in Chamonix in 1924.[2]

text: Irish-born Pat McDonald, one of the "Irish Whales", became the first athlete to be selected as the flag bearer twice when he performed his second duty in 1924.[2][6] In 1956 two other athletes led the U.S. team out for a second time, James Bickford at the Winter Olympics and Norman Armitage at the Summer Games.[2]

text: Selection and reactions[edit]

text: The flag bearers are chosen by a vote of the team captains of each sport.[7]

text: Athletes view their selection of flag bearer as a great honour:

text:
"It's more than a dream. "I keep saying, I'm not sure if this is true or not true. I'm making the team and now I'm the first guy coming to the stadium and the whole world will be watching me carry the flag. There are no words to describe it."

"I feel happy, honored. I'm feeling so blessed to get an opportunity to present the United States of America, to present the United States flag in front of my team."

text: "I'm still shaking. I was incredibly surprised when Brian [Martin] told me, and I'm still trying to process it all. To be the person leading the U.S. team into the opening ceremony is just such a great honor."

text: Flag dipping[edit]

text: Olympic protocol is that the flag bearer dips their flag to the head of state as part of the parade. It has become tradition that the U.S. flag is not dipped, though the origins of this are surrounded by legend and are widely misreported:[9][10]

text: "The motives for the original refusal, the identity of the flag-bearer and the truth behind the quotation and other issues remain much murkier in the historical record than legend-tellers portray ... The evolution of this flag mythology reveals a great deal about the complex strains of early 20th century American nationalism."

text: The parade of nations was introduced at the 1906 Intercalated Games with Matthew Halpin as the U.S. flag bearer. Halpin gladly dipped the flag, noting that when he did so King George I of Greece "staked me to a smile that made me feel like I belonged".[11] The controversy began at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London where flag bearers were expected to dip the flag to Edward VII on two occasions. Research by the International Society of Olympic Historians concluded that the flag bearer was Ralph Rose and that he might not have dipped the flag to the British King on one of those occasions. Martin Sheridan is often attributed with the explanation of this supposed disrespect by stating at the time "This flag dips to no earthly king" but no evidence of this can be found.[11] Modern versions of the story describe how the Stars and Stripes have never been dipped during the parade of nations since 1908 but this is apocryphal. It has been dipped on three occasions since then: 1912, 1924, and 1932.[10]

text: The 1932 winter games were held in Lake Placid and, though head of state President Herbert Hoover would normally have greeted the parade of nations, the duty was passed to New York governor Franklin Roosevelt.[11] This was the last time that the flag was dipped at the Olympics as political forces intervened thereafter. The head of state awaiting the athletes at the 1936 Summer Games was Adolf Hitler, to whom the U.S. refused to lower their flag.[10] The 1940 Olympics were cancelled due to the onset of World War II and, in 1942, the United States Congress introduced the United States Flag Code which stated: "That no disrespect should be given to the flag of the United States of America, the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing."[11][12] However, since the Flag Code is legally unenforceable, it appears to be merely codified tradition.

text: Foreign-born representatives[edit]

text: Several foreign-born athletes have represented the United States at the opening ceremonies. Irishman Pat McDonald was the first in 1920 and he, at the age of 42, became the oldest Olympic track & field champion. Though he did not compete, he also went on to lead the U.S. team at the following Summer Olympics.[6]

text: Rolf Monsen, a multi-discipline Winter sports athlete born in Oslo, Norway, competed as an American in 1928 and 1932. He qualified for the 1936 Games and though an injury prevented him from taking part, he was still chosen to carry the flag.[13]

text: The American team at the 1936 Summer Games were led by Berlin-born, highly regarded gymnast Al Jochim.[2][14]

text: Olga Fikotová was a discus-thrower at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the only athlete to win a gold medal for her home country Czechoslovakia in that year. She began a much-publicised romance with American athlete Harold Connolly, much to the frustration of the Communist authorities. Fikotová was accused of being a traitor and the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee banned her from representing her country again. Now living in the U.S., she would go on to compete for her adopted country in the next four Summer Games. Despite not being able to replicate her success, Fikotová was chosen to lead the American team at the 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany.[15]

text: Lopez Lomong carried the flag at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and became the fifth flag bearer to be born outside the United States.[2] As a teenager in war-torn Sudan, Lomong was one of several thousand boys brought to America as a refugee in 2001.[7] His selection came during a time when the U.S. and other Western countries had been critical of the Chinese government's close links with Sudan, a country accused of human rights violations and war crimes.[16]

text: Other notes[edit]

text: Godfrey Dewey, son of Melvil Dewey the inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification,[17] was the president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee and was largely responsible for the successful candidature of Lake Placid for the 1932 Winter Olympics.[18] In addition to his role as the U.S. ski team manager he was chosen as the flag bearer for the 1928 Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[19]

text: List of flag bearers[edit]

text: List of flag bearers:[2]

text:
#
Event year
Season
Ceremony
Flag bearer
Sex
State/Country
Sport

62
2018
Winter
Closing
Diggins, JessicaJessica Diggins
F
Minnesota
Cross-country skiing

61
2018
Winter
Opening
Hamlin, ErinErin Hamlin
F
New York
Luge

60
2016
Summer
Closing
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
F
Texas
Gymnastics

59
2016
Summer
Opening
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
M
Maryland
Swimming

58
2014
Winter
Closing
Chu, JulieJulie Chu
F
Connecticut
Hockey

57
2014
Winter
Opening
Lodwick, ToddTodd Lodwick
M
Colorado
Nordic combined

56
2012
Summer
Closing
Nellum, BryshonBryshon Nellum
M
California
Athletics

55
2012
Summer
Opening
Zagunis, MarielMariel Zagunis
F
Oregon
Fencing

54
2010
Winter
Closing
Demong, BillBill Demong
M
New York
Nordic combined

53
2010
Winter
Opening
Grimmette, MarkMark Grimmette
M
Michigan
Luge

52
2008
Summer
Closing
Lorig, KhatunaKhatuna Lorig
F
Georgia (country)
Archery

51
2008
Summer
Opening
Lomong, LopezLopez Lomong
M
Sudan (now South Sudan)
Athletics

50
2006
Winter
Closing
Cheek, JoeyJoey Cheek
M
North Carolina
Speed skating

49
2006
Winter
Opening
Witty, ChrisChris Witty
F
Wisconsin
Speed skating

48
2004
Summer
Closing
Hamm, MiaMia Hamm
F
Texas
Women's soccer

47
2004
Summer
Opening
Staley, DawnDawn Staley
F
Pennsylvania
Basketball

46
2002
Winter
Closing
Shimer, BrianBrian Shimer
M
Florida
Bobsleigh

45
2002
Winter
Opening
Peterson, AmyAmy Peterson
F
Minnesota
Short track speed skating

44
2000
Summer
Closing
Gardner, RulonRulon Gardner
M
Wyoming
Wrestling

43
2000
Summer
Opening
Meidl, CliffCliff Meidl
M
California
Canoeing

42
1998
Winter
Closing
Granato, CammiCammi Granato
F
Illinois
Hockey

41
1998
Winter
Opening
Flaim, EricEric Flaim
M
Massachusetts
Speed skating

40
1996
Summer
Closing
Matz, MichaelMichael Matz
M
Pennsylvania
Equestrian

39
1996
Summer
Opening
Baumgartner, BruceBruce Baumgartner
M
New Jersey
Wrestling

38
1994
Winter
Closing
Jansen, DanDan Jansen
M
Wisconsin
Speed skating

37
1994
Winter
Opening
Myler, CammyCammy Myler
F
New York
Luge

36
1992
Summer
Closing
Westbrook, PeterPeter Westbrook
M
Missouri
Fencing

35
1992
Summer
Opening
Larrieu Smith, FrancieFrancie Larrieu Smith
F
California
Athletics

34
1992
Winter
Opening
Koch, BillBill Koch
M
Vermont
Cross-country skiing

33
1988
Summer
Opening
Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford
F
Louisiana
Athletics

32
1988
Winter
Opening
Nelson, LyleLyle Nelson
M
Idaho
Biathlon

31
1984
Summer
Opening
Burke, EdEd Burke
M
California
Athletics

30
1984
Winter
Opening
Masley, FrankFrank Masley
M
Delaware
Luge

29
1980
Winter
Opening
Hamilton, ScottScott Hamilton
M
Ohio
Figure skating

28
1976
Summer
Opening
Hall, GaryGary Hall
M
North Carolina
Swimming

27
1976
Winter
Opening
Nelson, CindyCindy Nelson
F
Minnesota
Alpine skiing

26
1972
Summer
Opening
Fikotová, OlgaOlga Fikotová
F
Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)
Athletics

25
1972
Winter
Opening
Holum, DianneDianne Holum
F
Illinois
Speed skating

24
1968
Summer
Opening
Romary, JaniceJanice Romary
F
California
Fencing

23
1968
Winter
Opening
McDermott, TerryTerry McDermott
M
Michigan
Speed skating

22
1964
Summer
Opening
O'Brien, ParryParry O'Brien
M
California
Athletics

21
1964
Winter
Opening
Disney, BillBill Disney
M
Kansas
Speed skating

20
1960
Summer
Opening
Johnson, RaferRafer Johnson
M
Texas
Athletics

19
1960
Winter
Opening
McDermott, DonDon McDermott
M
New York
Speed skating

18
1956
Summer
Opening
Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage
M
New York
Fencing

17
1956
Winter
Opening
Bickford, JamesJames Bickford
M
New York
Bobsleigh

16
1952
Summer
Opening
Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage
M
New York
Fencing

15
1952
Winter
Opening
Bickford, JamesJames Bickford
M
New York
Bobsleigh

14
1948
Summer
Opening
Craig, RalphRalph Craig
M
Michigan
Athletics

13
1948
Winter
Opening
Heaton, JackJack Heaton
M
Connecticut
Skeleton

12
1936
Summer
Opening
Jochim, AlAl Jochim
M
Germany
Gymnastics

11
1936
Winter
Opening
Monsen, RolfRolf Monsen
M
Norway
Cross-country skiing

10
1932
Summer
Opening
Taylor, MorganMorgan Taylor
M
Iowa
Athletics

9
1932
Winter
Opening
Fiske, BillyBilly Fiske
M
Illinois
Bobsleigh

8
1928
Summer
Opening
Houser, BudBud Houser
M
Missouri
Athletics

7
1928
Winter
Opening
Dewey, GodfreyGodfrey Dewey
M
Florida
President of Lake Placid Organizing Committee

6
1924
Summer
Opening
McDonald, PatPat McDonald
M
Ireland
Athletics

5
1924
Winter
Opening
Abel, TaffyTaffy Abel
M
Michigan
Hockey

4
1920
Summer
Opening
McDonald, PatPat McDonald
M
Ireland
Athletics

3
1912
Summer
Opening
Bonhag, GeorgeGeorge Bonhag
M
Massachusetts
Athletics

2
1908
Summer
Opening
Rose, RalphRalph Rose
M
California
Athletics & tug of war

1
1906
Summer
Opening
Halpin, MatthewMatthew Halpin
M
New York
Team manager


document_title: Fight-or-flight response

question_text: what part of your brain controls fight or flight

text: Fight-or-flight response

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Autonomic nervous system[edit]

text: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and its role is mediated by two different components: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.[7]

text: Sympathetic nervous system[edit]

text: The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight-or-flight response. This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction.[8]

text: Parasympathetic nervous system[edit]

text: The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla, physically surrounding the sympathetic origin, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system. Its main function is to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response. This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.[8]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: The reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH.[9] The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously, via the sympathetic nervous system, and releases the hormone epinephrine. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system.[10] The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy. This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose.[11] Additionally, the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response.[12] Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and :[13]

text:
Acceleration of heart and lung action
Paling or flushing, or alternating between both
Inhibition of stomach and upper-intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops
General effect on the sphincters of the body
Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body
Liberation of metabolic energy sources (particularly fat and glycogen) for muscular action
Dilation of blood vessels for muscles
Inhibition of the lacrimal gland (responsible for tear production) and salivation
Dilation of pupil (mydriasis)
Relaxation of bladder
Inhibition of erection
Auditory exclusion (loss of hearing)
Tunnel vision (loss of peripheral vision)
Disinhibition of spinal reflexes
Shaking.

text: Function of physiological changes[edit]

text: The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include:[14][15]

text:
Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body.
Increased blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugars, and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy.
The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response.
Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength.

text: Emotional components[edit]

text: Emotion regulation[edit]

text: In the context of the fight or flight response, emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal.[16][17]

text: Emotional reactivity[edit]

text: During the reaction, the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response.[18] Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression, which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response.[19][20]

text: Cognitive components[edit]

text: Content specificity[edit]

text: The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative. These negative cognitions may be characterised by: attention to negative stimuli, the perception of ambiguous situations as negative, and the recurrence of recalling negative words.[21] There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction.[22]

text: Perception of control[edit]

text: Perceived control relates to an individual's thoughts about control over situations and events.[23] Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities. Therefore, overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression.[24]

text: Social information processing[edit]

text: The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts.[25] The attribution of hostility, especially in ambiguous situations, seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression.[26]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Evolutionary perspective[edit]

text: An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves. The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival.[27][28]

text: Examples[edit]

text: A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra. If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill, the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator. The escape requires intense muscular effort, supported by all of the body’s systems. The sympathetic nervous system’s activation  provides for these needs. A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog. The cat shows accelerated heartbeat, piloerection (hair standing on end, normally to dissipate heat), and pupil dilation, all signs of sympathetic arousal.[13] Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states.

text: Varieties of responses[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Animals respond to threats in many complex ways. Rats, for instance, try to escape when threatened, but will fight when cornered. Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them. Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest.

text: Other animals have alternative self-protection methods. Some species of cold-blooded animals change color swiftly, to camouflage themselves.[29] These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, but, in order to fit the model of fight or flight, the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way. Thus, flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place. And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation.

text: The fight or flight actions also have polarity – the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening, such as a hungry lion, or fight for or fly towards something that is needed, such as the safety of the shore from a raging river.

text: A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight. There may be a period of heightened awareness, during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other. Signs such as paling, piloerection, immobility, sounds, and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal. There may be a sort of negotiation, after which fight or flight may ensue, but which might also result in playing, mating, or nothing at all. An example of this is kittens playing: each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal, but they never inflict real damage.


document_title: Flag of Puerto Rico

question_text: why does the puerto rico flag have one star

text: Flag of Puerto Rico

text: History

text: Spanish era

text: The introduction of a flag in Puerto Rico can be traced to when Christopher Columbus landed on the island's shore and with the flag appointed to him by the Spanish Crown claimed the island, which he named "San Juan Bautista", in the name of Spain. Columbus wrote in his logbook that on October 12, 1492, he used the Royal Flag, and that his captains used two flags which the Admiral carried in all the ships as ensign, each white with a green cross in the middle and an 'F' and 'Y', both green and crowned with golden, open royal crowns, for Ferdinand II of Aragon and Ysabel (Isabel I).[8] The conquistadores under the command of Juan Ponce de León proceeded to conquer and settle the island. They carried as their military standard the "Spanish Expedition Flag". After the island was conquered and colonized, the flag of Spain was used in Puerto Rico, same as it was used in all of its other colonies.[9]

text: Once the Spanish armed forces established themselves on the island they began the construction of military fortifications such as La Fortaleza, Fort San Felipe del Morro, Fort San Cristóbal and San Gerónimo. The Spanish Army designed the "Cross of Burgundy Flag" and adopted it as their standard. This flag flew wherever there was a Spanish military installation.[10]

text: First indigenous design

text: The independence movement in Puerto Rico gained momentum with the liberation successes of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín in South America. In 1868, local independence leader Ramón Emeterio Betances urged Mariana Bracetti to knit a revolutionary flag using the flag of the Dominican Republic as an example, promoting the then popular ideal of uniting the three caribbean islands into an Antillean Confederation. The materials for the flag were provided by Eduvigis Beauchamp Sterling, named Treasurer of the revolution by Betances.[11] The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue with a white star in the upper left blue corner. According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Lloréns Torres the white cross on it stands for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom.[12] The "Revolutionary Flag of Lares" was used in the short-lived rebellion against Spain in what became known as El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares).[13] The flag was proclaimed the national flag of the "Republic of Puerto Rico" by Francisco Ramírez Medina, who was sworn in as Puerto Rico's first president, and placed on the high altar of the Catholic Church of Lares, thus becoming the first Puerto Rican Flag.[1] The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize. Many years later it was returned and transferred to the Puerto Rican people. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum.[1]

text: In 1873, following the abdication of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, as King (1870–1873) and with Spain's change from Kingdom to Republic, the Spanish government issued a new colonial flag for Puerto Rico. The new flag, which was used until 1873, resembled the flag of Spain, with the difference that it had the coat of arms of Puerto Rico in the middle. Spain's flag once more flew over Puerto Rico with the restoration of the Spanish kingdom in 1873, until 1898 the year that the island became a possession of the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898) in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War.[14]

text: Current design

text: Juan de Mata Terreforte, a leader of the Grito de Lares revolt who fought alongside Manuel Rojas, was exiled to New York City. He joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee and was named its Vice-President.[3] Terreforte and the members of the Revolutionary committee adopted the Flag of Lares as their standard. In 1892, the Committee was presented with the design of the current flag of Puerto Rico. The new flag's design has been attributed to various Puerto Ricans who were members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City.

text: Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. Marín has since been credited by some with the flag's design.[15] There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:[16]

text: "La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió desde Jamaica. Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente."

tag: div

text: Which translated in English states the following: The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica. I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously.[16]

text: According to other accounts on June 12, 1892, disputed by scholar Armando Martí,[17] Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant, Domingo Peraza, from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype. He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor's house, where the owner, Micaela Dalmau vda. de Carreras, had invited José Martí as a guest. Martí was pleasantly impressed by the prototype, and made note of it in a newspaper article published in the Cuban revolutionary newspaper Patria, published on July 2 of that year. Acceptance of the prototype was slow in coming, but grew with time. Francisco Gonzalo Marín, who decided to have a proper flag sewn based on the prototype, presented the new flag's design in New York's "Chimney Corner Hall" a gathering place of independence advocates two years later. The Puerto Rican Flag (with the light blue triangle) soon came to symbolize the ideals of the Puerto Rican independence movement.[18]

text: In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This created a belief that her father could have been its designer. In her letter she described the flag as one which consists of five stripes that alternate from red to white. Three of the stripes are red, and the other two are white. To the left of the flag is a light blue triangle that houses one white five-pointed star. Each part of this flag has its own meaning. The three red stripes represent the blood from the brave warriors. The two white stripes represent the victory and peace that they would have after gaining independence. The white star represented the island of Puerto Rico. The blue represents the sky and blue coastal waters. The triangle represents the three branches of government.[19] Finally, it is also believed by some that it was Lola Rodríguez de Tió who suggested that Puerto Ricans use the Cuban flag with its colors reversed as the model for their own standard.[20] The color of the Cuban flag's blue stripes, however, were a darker shade of blue, according to Professor Martí.

text: Even though the local newspaper "El Imparcial" on January 17, 1948, that Vélez Alvarado was the "Prócer Que Creó Bandera Patria" (The Father of the Puerto Rican Flag)[21] it may never be known who really designed the current flag, however what is known is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted the design which represents the current flag. In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City to plan an uprising in Yauco. He returned to Puerto Rico with a Puerto Rican flag[22] and on March 24, 1897, a group of men, led by Fidel Vélez, carried the Puerto Rican flag and attacked the barracks of Spanish Civil Guard of the town Yauco during the revolt against Spanish rule which became known as the "Intentona de Yauco" (Attempted Coup of Yauco). The revolt, which was the second and last major attempt against the Spaniards in the island, was the first time that the flag of Puerto Rico was used on Puerto Rican soil.[23][24]

text: Outlawing the flag

text: From December 10, 1898 (the date of the annexation of Puerto Rico by the United States) up until 1952, it was considered a felony to display the Puerto Rican flag in public; the only flag permitted to be flown on the island was the flag of the United States.[25] However, the Puerto Rican flag was often used in the political assemblies of the pro-independence Liberal Party of Puerto Rico and in defiance by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. In 1932, the Nationalist Party used the flag as its emblem during the elections and in their parades. The Puerto Rico legislature presided by then President of the Puerto Rican Senate Luis Muñoz Marín, passed a bill on May 21, 1948, known as Law 53, making it illegal to display the Puerto Rico Flag, sing a Puerto Rican patriotic song and talk of independence for the islands of Puerto Rico. On June 10, 1948, the United States-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero, a member of the ruling Popular Democratic Party (PDP), signed the bill which became known as the "Ley de la Mordaza" (Gag Law).[26] Later that same year Puerto Ricans were permitted to elect a governor and they elected Luis Muñoz Marín. During the Jayuya Uprising of 1950 against United States rule, members of the Nationalist party placed the Puerto Rican flag on top of the town hall; the flag was later taken down by a soldier.

text: Formal adoption

text: In 1952, Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and his administration adopted the Puerto Rican flag which was originally designed in 1892, and proclaimed it the official flag of Puerto Rico. The official adaptation of the flag has been interpreted by some as a ploy by Muñoz Marin to neutralize the independence movement in his own party.[27] There were some differences between the original flag of 1892 and the one of 1952 and the meaning of the colors was officially changed. Now the white bars stood for the republican form of government, rather than representing the victory and peace that Puerto Ricans were supposed to have after gaining independence.[28] The sky-blue of the triangle in the original flag was changed to dark blue, resembling that of the flag of the United States, to keep it distanced from its revolutionary roots. For nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, having the flag represent the government was a desecration,[29] while the independence party accused the government of "corrupting beloved symbols".[27] In 1995, the government of Puerto Rico began to use the sky-blue version once more.[30][31] The government of Puerto Rico issued a regulation in regard to the use of the Puerto Rican flag titled: "Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico; Reglamento Núm. 5282." (Regulations in regard to the use in Puerto Rico of the flag of Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Regulation No. 5282). In the regulation's "Artículo 2: Definiciones" and "Artículo 2: Descripción y simbolismo" (Article 2: Description and Article 2: Description and symbolism) the government specifies the colors to be used but does not specify any official color tones or shades and as such it is not unusual to see the flag with either tone of blue flown in official settings in Puerto Rico.[5]

text: Symbol of pride, defiance and protest

text: Among the many occasions in which the flag has been used as a symbol of pride was when the flag arrived in South Korea during the Korean War. On August 13, 1952, while the men of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment (United States) were being attacked by enemy forces on Hill 346, the regiment unfurled the Puerto Rican Flag for the first time in history in a foreign combat zone. During the ceremony Regimental Chaplain Daniel Wilson stated the following:[32][33]

text: "Grant us Thy Peace and Power," the chaplain prayed for, "in this conflict against aggression and tyranny. Show us in Thy purpose Peace for all the men in the world. We dedicate this flag of the Associated Free State of Puerto Rico in Thy name."

text: The Commanding Officer Colonel Juan César Cordero Dávila was quoted as saying:[32][33]

text: "How beautiful is our flag, how it looks next to the stars and the stripes! Let the communists on the other side of the Yokkok River see it and listen to me those who understand Spanish if these words reach your trenches."

text: On various occasions the flag has been used as a symbol of defiance and protest. In the 1954 attack of the United States House of Representatives in a protest against United States rule of the island, Nationalist leader Lolita Lebrón shouted "¡Viva Puerto Rico Libre!" ("Long live a Free Puerto Rico!") and unfurled the flag of Puerto Rico.[34] On November 5, 2000, Alberto De Jesus Mercado, better known as Tito Kayak, and five other Vieques activists stepped onto the top deck of the Statue of Liberty in New York City, then placed a Puerto Rican flag, with the triangle darker than the light-blue version[35] on the statue's crown, reenacting an earlier protest in the 1970s asking for the release of Puerto Rican prisoners, this time in protest of the United States Navy usage of the island of Vieques as a bombing range.[36]

text: On March 15, 2009, several Puerto Rican flags were aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery during its flight into outer space. Joseph M. Acaba, the first astronaut of Puerto Rican descent, who is assigned to the crew of STS-119 as a Mission Specialist Educator, carried on his person the flag as a symbol of his Puerto Rican heritage.[6] Acaba presented Governor Luis Fortuño and Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock with two of the flags during his visit in June 2009. The two flags' triangles had a darker blue hue.[37]

text: The flag is also the subject of the song "Que Bonita Bandera" (What a beautiful flag) written in 1968 and made popular by Puerto Rican folksinger Florencio "Ramito" Morales Ramos. Astronaut Acaba, requested that the crew be awakened on March 19, 2009 (Day 5), with the Puerto Rico folklore song, sung by Jose Gonzalez and Banda Criolla, during their space flight.[38]

text: Diplomatic contact regarding similar flags

text: In the 1950s Puerto Rico contacted Norway's Foreign Ministry in an attempt to have Norwegian shipping company Norled stop using a flag that has a significant[39] likeness to Puerto Rico's flag. Norway has not legally challenged the shipping company's position, that their flag is older than Puerto Rico's.[39] The shipping company's flag is still in use, as of 2014[update].[39]

text: Gallery

text:
Flag of Province of Puerto Rico (1873–1898)

Lares revolutionary flag of 1868

Spanish–American War flag: flag of the Batallón Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico (3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico).

Flag of Spain (1873–1874) First Spanish Republic.

Original Puerto Rican flag design of 1895

Puerto Rican flag aboard the Discovery Space Shuttle (March 15, 2009)


document_title: Hershey's Kisses

question_text: hershey's kiss made with white and milk chocolate

question_tokens: hershey 's kiss made with white and milk chocolate

text: Hershey's Kisses

text: History[edit]

text: The Hershey Kisses were first introduced in 1907. At first, the Hershey Kisses were wrapped by hand, but in 1921, a machine was made so the Kisses would be wrapped automatically. Brothers Walter, Howard and Raymond Phillippy made improvements, such as devices to reject misshapen Kisses and position unwrapped candies upright.  This is also when the plume was added.

text: In 1924, Milton S. Hershey received a registered trademark for the plume. During 1942, production of Hershey Kisses was briefly interrupted due to the rationing of aluminum foil. Instead, the machines were used to create chocolate paste for the soldiers in World War II. In 1976, the Kiss received a registered trademark for the foil wrapper

text: Kisses are one of the most popular brands of candies in the US. In 1989, the chocolate drops were the 5th most popular chocolate brand in the United States, spawning sales that topped $400 million. More than 60 million Hershey's Kisses chocolates are produced each day at the company's two factories. Today's Kisses brand chocolates use Hershey's original milk chocolate formula.

text: In 2005 Hershey's Kissables were introduced as a smaller sized, candy coated version of Kisses chocolates. They were discontinued in 2009.

text: Kisses Brand varieties[edit]

text: Though originally made of solely milk chocolate, many variations of the Kisses brand of chocolates and candies have since been introduced. Hershey introduces and discontinues new flavors constantly. As of January 2013, some of the flavors available throughout the year include:[1]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text:
Milk Chocolate
Milk Chocolate with almond
Filled with Caramel
Special Dark mildly sweet chocolates (dark chocolate)
Cherry cordial
Mint Truffle
Milk Chocolate with macadamia nuts (only in Hawaii and company store in Hershey, PA)
Candy cane (peppermint flavored white chocolate with red nonpareils)
Hugs (white chocolate with strips of milk chocolate hugged with solid milk chocolate inside)
Pumpkin spice
Coconut cream
Air Delight (aerated Milk Chocolate)
Birthday cake (candy with colored cookies and birthday cake flavor)
Kisses Deluxe (Hazelnut center)
carrot cake (cream cheese frosting center with carrot cake flavored white chocolate)

text: International[edit]

text:
Hazelnut (May only be found in Asian markets)
Green Tea (May only be found in Asian markets)
Creamy Milk Chocolate (found in Europe)
Creamy Milk Chocolate with Almonds (found in Europe)
Milk Chocolate (Found Everywhere but not in Ireland)
Cookies and Creme (white chocolate with oreo-like cookie bits)

text: Limited time only[edit]

text:
Chocolate Mint
Double Fudge (fudge flavored chocolate, called "ice cream" flavored kisses - not same as double chocolate fudge)
Double Chocolate Fudge (dark on bottom, milk chocolate on top - may be the same as "double chocolate")
Double Chocolate (dark and milk chocolate - called kisses "layers" - may be the same as "double chocolate fudge")
Milk Chocolate and vanilla (white on top, milk on bottom -called kisses "layers")
Dulce de Leche (white chocolate caramel filled)
Dark Chocolate Cherry Cordial Crème Filled
Strawberry Crème (white chocolate strawberry flavored-no filling. Originally called "ice cream" flavored kisses)
Orange Crème (white chocolate orange flavored-no filling)
Coconut Crème (milk chocolate with coconut crème filling)
Dark Chocolate with Almonds
Extra Creamy with Toffee & Almond
Chocolate Truffle (chocolate "truffle" filling wrapped in dark chocolate)
Candy Cane (peppermint flavored white chocolate with crunchy nonpareils)
Special Dark Macadamia Nut [Mauna Loa]
Milk Chocolate Macadamia Nut
Special Dark Espresso -flavored
Special Dark Coffee -flavored
Caramel Crème (white chocolate caramel flavored)
Crunchy Caramel Crème (white chocolate caramel flavored with crunchy candy bits)
Dark Chocolate Raspberry -flavored
Dark Chocolate Strawberry -flavored
Dark Chocolate Orange -flavored
Extra Creamy
Neapolitan (white, pink, chocolate)
Confetti (white chocolate with small candy sprinkles)
Chocolate Malt Crunch (malt flavored milk chocolate with crunchy candy bits)
Vanilla Crème (milk chocolate with a white vanilla flavored crème filling)
Candy Corn (white chocolate)
New York Cheesecake (extra creamy milk chocolate with cheesecake flavored crème filling)
Toffee flavored Crunch (extra creamy toffee flavored milk chocolate with crunchy nonpareils)
Hot Cocoa Crème (milk chocolate with hot cocoa crème filling)
Mint Truffle (dark chocolate filled with a green "peppermint pattie" flavored mint crème)
Chocolate Marshmallow (milk chocolate made to taste like marshmallow)
Trio (milk and dark chocolates drizzled with white crème)
Champagne Truffle (champagne flavored chocolate "truffle" filling wrapped in dark chocolate- sold in plastic champagne bottle)
Crème de Menthe (filled and wrapped in dark chocolate –may be same as Mint Truffle)
Lemon Crème (white chocolate lemon flavored – no filling)
Vanilla Yogurt Crème (milk chocolate vanilla yogurt crème filling)
Cookies n' Crème (white chocolate with crunchy nonpareils) –not same bits as in Europe
Milk Chocolate filled with Marshmallow Crème
Pumpkin Spice (chocolate-like candy filled will pumpkin pie flavored filling).
Caramel Apple (milk chocolate filled with apple flavored caramel).
Milk Chocolate filled with Strawberry Crème
Chocolate Meltaway (Milk Chocolate with velvety smooth chocolate center)
Irish Crème (Milk Chocolate filled with Irish crème)
Milk Chocolate filled with Buttercrème
Carrot Cake
Hugs with Almonds
White Cookie Cupcake
Coconut Almond (coconut flavored creme with almond)Part of Flavor of Hawaii
Pineapple Coconut (Pineapple coconut flavored creme) Part of Flavor of Hawaii

text: Wrapper varieties[edit]

text:
Hershey's Kisses chocolates were originally wrapped in silver-colored foil, and were only available in this single color for decades.  1962 marked the first year that Kisses chocolates were available in different colored foil wrappers: red, green, and silver-wrapped candies were manufactured to coincide with the Christmas season. This idea was the suggestion of John Figi, owner of Figi’s “Gifts in Good Taste” - a mail order food gifts company based in Marshfield, Wisconsin. The green and red colored wrapped chocolates were featured for the first time in the Figi’s Christmas catalogue.
In 1968, pastel blue, pink, and green wrappers were introduced for Easter, and in 1986, Valentine's Day-themed wrappers of red and silver were introduced. Xs and Os have also appeared on pink and red wrappers as well as little red hearts on silver wrappers for Valentine’s Day. "Fall Harvest" colors were introduced in 1991. Independence Day has silver with red stripes and blue-starred wrappers. Pink wrappers with "ribbons" on them to support breast cancer research have also appeared. Camouflage wrappers are also available, primarily on military bases. Kisses Dark Chocolates come in a deep purple wrapper.  The Halloween themed Kisses Candy Corn candies come in a wrapper whose colors imitate the color of a candy corn with yellow, white and orange stripes swirling around the candy. In 2016 four limited Holiday wrapper varieties were released: Santa hats, Kissmas sweaters that resemble knit Christmas sweaters, Kissmas Trees with plumes that read Fa La La, and Kissmas Presents with plumes that read from me to you. The Christmas themed Kisses Candy Cane candies also come in a wrapper whose colors imitate the color pattern (red stripes and white chocolate). The original silver (for regular) and gold (for Almonds) wrappers are available year-round.

text: Hershey is introducing new pastel-colored wrappers with white polka dots for the upcoming Easter season. This created controversy within the organization because many workers and environmentalists have requested a more environmentally-friendly packaging, which would have eliminated the aluminum wrapping and replaced it with biodegradable materials. This was supposed to be rolled out on April 1, 2009.[citation needed]

text: Paper plume[edit]

text: In addition to the standard "Kisses®" paper plume and the special variety plumes (such as "cheesecake"), special messages have been available for various occasions, including:

text: Seasonal[edit]

text:
friends all the time
Happy halloween
Happy Holidays
Hugs forever
Love You to the moon and back
Merry Christmas and a happy new year

text: Packaging varieties[edit]

text: Chinese New Year Gift Box - contains gold and red wrapped kisses

text: Advertising[edit]

text: "Christmas Bells" is a commercial in which Hershey's Kisses, fashioned as a handbell choir, perform the Christmas carol "We Wish You a Merry Christmas". It premiered in 1989 and has run each holiday season since in the United States; it is the longest-running television commercial for the Hershey brand.[2]

text: Additives[edit]

text: Hershey's Kisses Hugs and Hershey's Kisses Cookies 'N' Creme are made with the ingredient PGPR (Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, E476),[3] which is used as a cheaper replacement for cocoa butter.[4]


document_title: List of songs recorded by Pink Floyd

question_text: who wrote most of the pink floyd songs

question_tokens: who wrote most of the pink floyd songs

text: List of songs recorded by Pink Floyd

text: List[edit]

text:
Contents

A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · W · Y · Notes · References

text:
Key

Indicates instrumental

Indicates non-album single

text:
Name of song, Writer(s), Lead vocal(s), Original release, and year of release.

Song
Writer(s)
Lead vocal(s)
Original release
Year
Ref.

 "Absolutely Curtains"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Chant by the Mapuga tribe of New Guinea
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Vocalisations by Alan Styles
Atom Heart Mother
1970
[3]

"Allons-Y" (2 parts)
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Anisina"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 1)"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Islington Green School students[6]
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 3)"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Any Colour You Like"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Richard Wright
Scat singing by David Gilmour
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Apples and Oranges"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Non-album single
1967
[8]

"Arnold Layne"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Non-album single
1967
[9]

"Astronomy Domine"[a]
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Richard Wright
Intro vocalisations by Peter Jenner
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Atom Heart Mother"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Ron Geesin
Wordless vocals by John Alldis Choir
Atom Heart Mother
1970
[3]

"Autumn '68"
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

 "Baby Blue Shuffle in D Major"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Backs to the Wall"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
The Wall (Immersion edition)
2011

"Behold the Temple of Light"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Biding My Time"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Relics
1971
[13]

"Blues"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Bike"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Brain Damage"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Breathe"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Bring the Boys Back Home"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
New York Opera
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Burning Bridges"
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Butterfly"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
1965: Their First Recordings
2015

 "Calling"
David Gilmour
Anthony Moore
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Candy and a Currant Bun"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Non-album single
B-side to "Arnold Layne"
1967
[9]

"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"[a]
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Vocalisations by Roger Waters & David Gilmour
Non-album single
B-side to "Point Me at the Sky"
1968
[8]

"Chapter 24"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Childhood's End"
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Cirrus Minor"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Cluster One"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Come In Number 51, Your Time Is Up"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Vocalisations by Roger Waters & David Gilmour
Zabriskie Point
1970
[16]

"Comfortably Numb"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Coming Back to Life"
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Corporal Clegg"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Richard Wright
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

"Country Song"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Zabriskie Point
1970
[16]

"Crumbling Land"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Zabriskie Point
1970
[16]

"Crying Song"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Cymbaline"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

 "Dogs"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Animals
1977
[18]

"The Dogs of War"
David Gilmour
Anthony Moore
David Gilmour
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Doing It"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Don't Leave Me Now"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Double O Bo"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
1965: Their First Recordings
2015

"Dramatic Theme"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

 "Ebb and Flow"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Echoes"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Meddle
1971
[20]

"Eclipse"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Embryo"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
High-pitched vocal gibberish by Roger Waters
Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air
1970

"Empty Spaces"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Eyes to Pearls"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

 "Fat Old Sun"
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Atom Heart Mother
1970
[3]

"Fearless"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Meddle
1971
[20]

"Final Cut !The Final Cut"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Flaming"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

Fletcher Memorial Home !"The Fletcher Memorial Home"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Footsteps" / "Doors"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Free Four"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

 "Get Your Filthy Hands Off My Desert"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Give Birth to a Smile"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Uncredited female singers
Music from The Body
1970
[22]

Gnome !"The Gnome"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

Gold !"The Gold It's in the..."
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Goodbye Blue Sky"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Goodbye Cruel World"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

Grand !"The Grand Vizier's Garden Party" (Parts 1–3)
Nick Mason
Instrumental
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

"Grantchester Meadows"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

Great Day !"A Great Day for Freedom"
David Gilmour
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

Great Gig !"The Great Gig in the Sky"
Richard Wright
Clare Torry[23]
Wordless vocals by Clare Torry
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Green Is the Colour"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

Gunner's !"The Gunner's Dream"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

 Happiest !"The Happiest Days of Our Lives"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

Hard Way !"The Hard Way"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Dark Side of the Moon (Immersion Edition) !The Dark Side of the Moon (Immersion edition)
2011

"Have a Cigar"
Roger Waters
Roy Harper
Wish You Were Here
1975
[24]

"Heart Beat, Pig Meat"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Zabriskie Point
1970
[16]

Hero's !"The Hero's Return"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Hey You"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"High Hopes"
David Gilmour
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Spoken section by Charlie Gilmour & Steve O'Rourke
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Hollywood"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Ibiza Bar"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"If"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Atom Heart Mother
1970
[3]

"I'm a King Bee"
Slim Harpo
Syd Barrett
1965: Their First Recordings
2015

"In the Beechwoods"
Syd Barrett
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"In the Flesh"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"In the Flesh?"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Interstellar Overdrive"
Syd Barrett
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Is There Anybody Out There?"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"It Would Be So Nice"
Richard Wright
Richard Wright
Non-album single
1968
[8]

"It's Never Too Late"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall (Immersion edition)
2011

"It's What We Do"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

 "John Latham Version 1-9"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Jugband Blues"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

"Julia Dream"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Non-album single
B-side to "It Would Be So Nice"
1968
[8]

 "Keep Talking"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Spoken section by Stephen Hawking
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

 "Labyrinth"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

Labryinths !"The Labyrinths of Auximines"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

Last !"The Last Few Bricks"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81
2000
[25]

"Learning to Fly"
David Gilmour
Jon Carin
Bob Ezrin
Anthony Moore
David Gilmour
Spoken section by Nick Mason
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Let There Be More Light"
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

Lost Art !"The Lost Art of Conversation"
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Lost for Words"
David Gilmour
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Louder than Words"
David Gilmour
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Love Scene (Version 4)"
Richard Wright (Credited to David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, Richard Wright)
Instrumental
Zabriskie Point (Extended 1997 Release)
1997
[16]

"Love Scene (Version 6)"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Zabriskie Point (Extended 1997 Release)
1997
[16]

"Lucifer Sam"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Lucy Leave"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
1965: Their First Recordings
2015

 "Main Theme"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Marooned"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Matilda Mother"
Syd Barrett
Richard Wright
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Money"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Moonhead"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"More Blues"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Mother"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Mudmen"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Music from The Committee" (2 parts)
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

 Narrow !"The Narrow Way" (Parts 1–3)
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

"Nervana"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

New Machine" !A New Machine" (2 parts)
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Nick's Boogie"
Nick Mason
Instrumental
Tonite Lets All Make Love in London (Extended 1990 Release)
1990

"Night Light"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

Nile !"The Nile Song"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Nobody Home"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Not Now John"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour, Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Nothing, Part 14" ("Echoes" work in progress)
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

 "Obscured by Clouds"
David Gilmour,
Roger Waters
Instrumental
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"On Noodle Street"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"On the Run"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Instrumental
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"On the Turning Away"
David Gilmour
Anthony Moore
David Gilmour
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"One of My Turns"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"One of the Few"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"One of These Days"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Spoken section by Nick Mason
Meddle
1971
[20]

"One Slip"
David Gilmour
Phil Manzanera
David Gilmour
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Outside the Wall"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

 "Paint Box"
Richard Wright
Richard Wright
Non-album single
B-side to "Apples and Oranges"
1967
[8]

"Paranoid Eyes"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Party Sequence"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Pigs (Three Different Ones)"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Animals
1977
[18]

"Pigs on the Wing" (2 parts)
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Animals
1977
[18]

Pillow of Winds !"A Pillow of Winds"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Meddle
1971
[20]

"Point Me at the Sky"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Non-album single
1968
[8]

"Poles Apart"
David Gilmour
Nick Laird-Clowes
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

Post War Dream !"The Post War Dream"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

"Pow R. Toc H."
Syd Barrett
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Wordless vocals by Syd Barrett & Roger Waters
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

 "Quicksilver"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

 "Reaction in G"
Syd Barrett
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Remember a Day"
Richard Wright
Richard Wright
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

"Remember Me"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
1965: Their First Recordings
2015

"Roger's Boogie"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Round and Around"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Run Like Hell"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

 "San Tropez"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Meddle
1971
[20]

Saucerful of Secrets !"A Saucerful of Secrets"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Wordless vocals by David Gilmour & Richard Wright
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

Saucerful of Secrets live !"A Saucerful of Secrets" (live)
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Wordless vocals by David Gilmour & Richard Wright
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

Scarecrow !"The Scarecrow"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Scream Thy Last Scream"
Syd Barrett
Nick Mason
Syd Barrett
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Seabirds"
Roger Waters
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Seamus"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Howling by Seamus the dog
Meddle
1971
[20]

"See Emily Play"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Non-album single
1967
[8]

"See-Saw"
Richard Wright
Richard Wright
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Saucerful of Secrets !A Saucerful of Secrets
1968
[17]

"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" (live)
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

"Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict"
Roger Waters
Vocalisations by Roger Waters
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

"Sexual Revolution"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
The Wall (Immersion edition)
2011

"Sheep"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Animals
1977
[18]

"Shine On You Crazy Diamond" (Parts I–IX)
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Roger Waters
Wish You Were Here
1975
[24]

"Skins"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

Show !"The Show Must Go On"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Signs of Life"
David Gilmour
Bob Ezrin
Spoken section by Nick Mason
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Sleeping"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Song 1"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Sorrow"
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Soundscape"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Pulse (Cassette edition only)
1995

"Southampton Dock"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

Spanish Piece !"A Spanish Piece"
David Gilmour
Vocalisations by David Gilmour
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Speak to Me"
Nick Mason
Instrumental
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

"Stay"
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Richard Wright
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Stop"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Sum"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Summer '68"
Richard Wright
Richard Wright
Atom Heart Mother
1970
[3]

"Surfacing"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Sysyphus" (Parts 1–4)
Richard Wright
Vocalisations by Richard Wright
Ummagumma
1969
[10]

 "Take It Back"
David Gilmour
Bob Ezrin
Nick Laird-Clowes
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Take Up Thy Stethoscope and Walk"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Piper !The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967
[11]

"Talkin' Hawkin'"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Spoken section by Stephen Hawking
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"TBS9"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"TBS14"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Teacher Teacher"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
The Wall (Immersion edition)
2011

"Terminal Frost"
David Gilmour
Instrumental
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

Thin Ice !"The Thin Ice"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

Thin Ice Reprise !"The Thin Ice Reprise"
Roger Waters
Instrumental
Wall !The Wall (Immersion edition)
2011

"Things Left Unsaid"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Spoken sections by Richard Wright, David Gilmour & Nick Mason
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Time"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

Travel !"The Travel Sequence"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Dark Side of the Moon (Immersion Edition) !The Dark Side of the Moon (Immersion edition)
2011

Trial !"The Trial"
Roger Waters
Bob Ezrin
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Two Suns in the Sunset"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

 "Unknown Song"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Zabriskie Point (Extended 1997 Release)
1997
[16]

"Unsung"
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Untitled"
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Endless !The Endless River
2014
[4]

"Up the Khyber"
Nick Mason
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Soundtrack from the film More
1969
[14]

"Us and Them"
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Dark Side of the Moon !The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
[7]

 "Vegetable Man"
Syd Barrett
Syd Barrett
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

"Vera"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

 "Waiting for the Worms"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Walk with Me Sydney"
Roger Waters
Syd Barrett
Roger Waters
Juliette Gale
1965: Their First Recordings
2015

"Wearing the Inside Out"
Richard Wright
Anthony Moore
Richard Wright
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"Welcome to the Machine"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wish You Were Here
1975
[24]

"What Do You Want from Me"
David Gilmour
Richard Wright
Polly Samson
David Gilmour
Division Bell !The Division Bell
1994
[15]

"What Shall We Do Now?"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81
2000
[25]

"When the Tigers Broke Free"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Non-album single
later released on The Final Cut (2004 re-release)
1982
[21]

"When You're In"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Wine Glasses"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Wish You Were Here (Experience and Immersion editions)
2011

"Wish You Were Here"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Wish You Were Here
1975
[24]

"Wot's... Uh the Deal?"
David Gilmour
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
Obscured by Clouds
1972
[2]

"Work"
David Gilmour
Nick Mason
Roger Waters
Richard Wright
Instrumental
Early Years !The Early Years 1965–1972
2016
[12]

 "Yet Another Movie"
David Gilmour
Patrick Leonard
David Gilmour
Momentary !A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987
[19]

"Young Lust"
Roger Waters
David Gilmour
David Gilmour
Wall !The Wall
1979
[5]

"Your Possible Pasts"
Roger Waters
Roger Waters
Final Cut !The Final Cut
1983
[21]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b A live version was officially released on Ummagumma in 1969.[10]


document_title: The Santa Clause 2

question_text: who plays toy santa in santa claus 2

question_tokens: who plays toy santa in santa claus 2

text: The Santa Clause 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eight years have elapsed since Scott Calvin took on the mantle of Santa Claus and became subject to The Santa Clause. Now he is at the top of his game at the North Pole and could not be happier, at least until Head Elf Bernard and Curtis, the Keeper of the Handbook of Christmas break the news that there is another clause – the "Mrs. Clause".

text: Santa/Scott is now pressed to get married before the next Christmas Eve, or the clause will be broken and Christmas will fade away. At the same time, Abby the Elf delivers news that is more distressing: Santa's own son Charlie is on the naughty list, for acts including vandalizing the walls of the school gymnasium with spray paint, until he is caught by Principal Carol Newman. Scott must return to his home to search for a wife and set things right with Charlie. He brings this up when visited by the Council of Legendary Figures consisting of Mother Nature, Father Time, Cupid, the Easter Bunny, the Tooth Fairy, and the Sandman.

text: To cover for Santa's prolonged absence, Curtis helps Santa create a life-size toy replica of Santa, much to Bernard's horror. However, this replacement can't find any grace or slack in his plastic heart for minor infractions by children the world over, having followed the Handbook too strictly. Toy Santa takes control of the North Pole with an army of life-size toy soldiers. He thinks that everyone is naughty, and he plans to give the entire world lumps of coal.

text: Because of the impending end of his contract, Scott undergoes a "de-Santafication process" that gradually turns him back into Scott Calvin. He has a limited amount of magic to help him. Scott attempts to reconcile with Charlie, who keeps vandalizing his school to get attention. He and Charlie both face the ire of Principal Newman when Charlie defaces the lockers.

text: Charlie confesses to Scott how hard it is for him that Scott is never around like other fathers, and reveals the stress he is under to conceal the secret that his father is Santa. Scott vows to try harder as a dad, and he and Charlie reconcile.

text: After a few failed dates, Scott finds himself falling for Carol, the school principal. He accompanies her in a sleigh to the faculty Christmas party, which turns out to be dull. Using a little of his Christmas magic, Scott enlivens the party by presenting everyone with their childhood dream gifts. He makes a special presentation to Carol, and, with his last remnant of magic, wins her over and they kiss passionately. However, she balks when he attempts to explain he is Santa, believing that Scott is mocking her childhood, until Charlie manages to convince her by showing her his magic snow globe.

text: Curtis flies in to deliver the news about the Toy Santa's coal binge. However, Scott has used up the last of his magic wooing Carol, and reindeer Comet has eaten too many chocolate bars, making him too bloated to fly. With a little help from the Tooth Fairy, Scott and Curtis return to the North Pole. Toy Santa wastes no time in subduing Scott, but Charlie and a now-believing Carol spring him free by summoning the Tooth Fairy to fly them there. Scott goes after the Toy Santa, who has already left with the sleigh, riding Chet, a reindeer-in-training, and they both crash back into the village. With an army of elves, Carol, Bernard, Charlie and Curtis lead a snowball war to overthrow the toy soldiers. Toy Santa is reduced to his normal six-inch height, Scott marries Carol in a ceremony presided over by Mother Nature herself, Scott transforms back to Santa, and Christmas proceeds as it always has. Scott and Carol have a three-month honeymoon to go on the next day. In addition, Scott and Charlie reveal the truth to Lucy, Charlie's younger half-sister (the daughter of Laura and Neil) about Scott being Santa Claus and she can't tell anyone about his secret, but that it's more of a gift than a burden.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus and Toy Santa
Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
Elizabeth Mitchell as Principal Carol Newman
Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neal Miller
Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
David Krumholtz as Bernard the Elf
Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
Danielle Woodman as Abby the Elf
Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
Peter Boyle as Father Time
Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
Kevin Pollak as Cupid
Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
Michael Dorn as Sandman

text: Production[edit]

text: A teaser trailer for this film originally referred to it as Santa Clause 2: The Escape Clause, scheduled for release in November 2001. The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm, The Santa Clause 2 is also predictable and forgettable."[3] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text: The Santa Clause 2 was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.[citation needed]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Santa Clause 2 grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $33.6 million in other territories, for a total of $172.8 million, against a production budget of $65 million.[1] It was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie.[6][7][8]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Original Release Date: November 1, 2002

text:
1. Everybody Loves Christmas – Eddie Money
2. Santa Claus Lane – Hilary Duff
3. Santa's Got A Brand New Bag – SHeDAISY
4. Jingle Bells – Brian Setzer
5. Run Rudolph Run – Chuck Berry
6. 'Zat You, Santa Claus? – Louis Armstrong
7. Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town – Smokey Robinson & the Miracles
8. Blue Holiday – The Shirelles
9. Unwritten Christmas – Unwritten Law & Sum 41
10. I'm Gonna Lasso Santa Claus – Brenda Lee
11. Santa Claus Is Coming to Town – Steve Tyrell
12. Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer – Elmo & Patsy

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18, 2003. It was re-released as 3-Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first released as a 3-Movie Collection Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012.