document_title: Home run

question_text: what is the farthest home run ever hit in major league baseball

question_tokens: what is the farthest home run ever hit in major league baseball

text: Home run

text: Types of home runs[edit]

text: Out of the park[edit]

text: In modern times a home run is most often scored when the ball is hit over the outfield wall between the foul poles (in fair territory) before it touches the ground (in flight), and without being caught or deflected back onto the field by a fielder. A batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. Additionally, many major-league ballparks have ground rules stating that a batted ball in flight that strikes a specified location or fixed object is a home run; this usually applies to objects that are beyond the outfield wall but are located such that it may be difficult for an umpire to judge.

text: In professional baseball, a batted ball that goes over the outfield wall after touching the ground (i.e. a ball that bounces over the outfield wall) becomes an automatic double. This is colloquially referred to as a "ground rule double" because the rule is not strictly written into the rules of baseball, but is rather a rule of the field (or "grounds") being used.

text: A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt, and if the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, even if the ball had already passed the vertical plane of the wall. However, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder (including his glove) and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A fielder may not deliberately throw his glove, cap, or any other equipment or apparel to stop or deflect a fair ball, and an umpire may award a home run to the batter if a fielder does so on a ball that, in the umpire's judgment, would have otherwise been a home run (this is rare in modern professional baseball).[3]

text: A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is an automatic home run. The ball is dead, even if it rebounds back onto the field (e.g., from striking a foul pole), and the batter and any preceding runners cannot be put out at any time while running the bases. However, if one or more runners fail to touch a base or one runner passes another before reaching home plate, that runner or runners can be called out on appeal, though in the case of not touching a base a runner can go back and touch it if doing so won't cause them to be passed by another preceding runner and they have not yet touched the next base (or home plate in the case of missing third base). This stipulation is in Approved Ruling (2) of Rule 7.10(b).[3]

text: Inside-the-park home run[edit]

text: An inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with an outside-the-park home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield.

text: In the early days of baseball, outfields were relatively much more spacious, reducing the likelihood of an over-the-fence home run, while increasing the likelihood of an inside-the-park home run, as a ball getting past an outfielder had more distance that it could roll before a fielder could track it down.

text: Modern outfields are much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the game's early days, therefore inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They usually occur when a fast runner hits the ball deep into the outfield and the ball bounces in an unexpected direction away from the nearest outfielder (e.g., off a divot in the grass or off the outfield wall), or an outfielder misjudges the flight of the ball in a way that he cannot quickly recover from the mistake (e.g., by diving and missing). The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks.

text: If any defensive play on an inside-the-park home run is labeled an error by the official scorer, a home run is not scored; instead, it is scored as a single, double, or triple, and the batter-runner and any applicable preceding runners are said to have taken all additional bases on error. All runs scored on such a play, however, still count.

text: An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10, 2007. Ichiro Suzuki of the American League team hit a fly ball that caromed off the right-center field wall in the opposite direction from where National League right fielder Ken Griffey, Jr. was expecting it to go. By the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, and led to Suzuki being named the game's Most Valuable Player.

text: Number of runs batted in[edit]

text: Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a "one-run homer", but rather a solo home run, solo homer, or "solo shot". With one runner on base, two runs are scored (the baserunner and the batter) and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot.

text: The term "four-run homer" is seldom used; instead, it is nearly always called a "grand slam". Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the batter's turn at bat and the worst possible result for the pitcher and his team.

text: Grand slam[edit]

text: A grand slam occurs when the bases are "loaded" (that is, there are base runners standing at first, second, and third base) and the batter hits a home run. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the card game of contract bridge. An inside-the-park grand slam is a grand slam that is also an inside-the-park home run, a home run without the ball leaving the field, and it is very rare, due to the relative rarity of loading the bases along with the significant rarity (nowadays) of inside-the-park home runs.

text: On July 25, 1956, Roberto Clemente became the only MLB player to have ever scored a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a 9–8 Pittsburgh Pirates win over the Chicago Cubs, at Forbes Field.

text: On April 23, 1999, Fernando Tatís made history by hitting two grand slams in one inning, both against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers. With this feat, Tatís also set a Major League record with 8 RBI in one inning.

text: On July 29, 2003 against the Texas Rangers, Bill Mueller of the Boston Red Sox became the only player in major league history to hit two grand slams in one game from opposite sides of the plate. In fact, he hit three home runs in that game, and his two grand slams were in consecutive at-bats.

text: On August 25, 2011 the New York Yankees became the first team to hit three grand slams in one game vs the Oakland A's. The Yankees eventually went on to win the game 22–9, after trailing 7–1.

text: Specific situation home runs[edit]

text: These types of home runs are characterized by the specific game situation in which they occur, and can theoretically occur on either an outside-the-park or inside-the-park home run.

text: Walk-off home run[edit]

text: A walk-off home run is a home run hit by the home team in the bottom of the ninth inning, any extra inning, or other scheduled final inning, which gives the home team the lead and thereby ends the game. The term is attributed to Hall of Fame relief pitcher Dennis Eckersley,[4] so named because after the run is scored, the losing team has to "walk off" the field.

text: Two World Series have ended via the "walk-off" home run. The first was the 1960 World Series when Bill Mazeroski of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a 9th inning solo home run in the 7th game of the series off New York Yankees pitcher Ralph Terry to give the Pirates the World Championship. The second time was the 1993 World Series when Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays hit a 9th inning 3-run home run off Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Mitch Williams in Game 6 of the series, to help the Toronto Blue Jays capture their second World Series Championship in a row.

text: Such a home run can also be called a "sudden death" or "sudden victory" home run. That usage has lessened as "walk-off home run" has gained favor. Along with Mazeroski's 1960 shot, the most famous walk-off or sudden-death homer would probably be the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" hit by Bobby Thomson to win the 1951 National League pennant for the New York Giants, along with many other game-ending home runs that famously ended some of the most important and suspenseful baseball games.

text: A walk-off home run over the fence is an exception to baseball's one-run rule. Normally if the home team is tied or behind in the ninth or extra innings the game ends as soon as the home team scores enough runs to achieve a lead. If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied, the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last. However, this is superseded by the "ground rule", which provides automatic doubles (when a ball-in-play hits the ground first then leaves the playing field) and home runs (when a ball-in-play leaves the playing field without ever touching the ground). In the latter case, all base runners including the batter are allowed to cross the plate.

text: Lead-off home run[edit]

text:
A lead-off home run is a home run hit by the first batter of a team, the leadoff hitter of the first inning of the game. In MLB, Rickey Henderson holds the record with 81 lead-off home runs.[5]
[6] Craig Biggio holds the National League record with 53, third overall to Henderson, and Soriano with 54.[7]

text: In 1996, Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead-off home run in four consecutive games.

text: Back-to-back[edit]

text:
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text: When two consecutive batters each hit a home run, this is described as back-to-back home runs. It is still considered back-to-back even if both batters hit their home runs off different pitchers. A third batter hitting a home run is commonly referred to as back-to-back-to-back.

text: Four home runs in a row by consecutive batters has only occurred eight times in the history of Major League Baseball. Following convention, this is called back-to-back-to-back-to-back. The most recent occurrence was on July 27, 2017, when the Washington Nationals hit four in a row against the Milwaukee Brewers in Nationals Park as Brian Goodwin, Wilmer Difo, Bryce Harper and Ryan Zimmerman homered off pitcher Michael Blazek.[8] Blazek became the fourth pitcher to surrender back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs, following Paul Foytack on July 31, 1963, Chase Wright on April 22, 2007, and Dave Bush.

text: On August 14, 2008, the Chicago White Sox defeated the Kansas City Royals 9-2. In this game, Jim Thome, Paul Konerko, Alexei Ramírez, and Juan Uribe hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs in that order. Thome, Konerko, and Ramirez blasted their homers off of Joel Peralta, while Uribe did it off of Rob Tejeda. The next batter, veteran backstop Toby Hall, tried aimlessly to hit the ball as far as possible, but his effort resulted in a strike out.

text: On April 22, 2007 the Boston Red Sox were trailing the New York Yankees 3–0 when Manny Ramirez, J. D. Drew, Mike Lowell and Jason Varitek hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to put them up 4–3. They eventually went on to win the game 7–6 after a three-run home run by Mike Lowell in the bottom of the 7th inning. On September 18, 2006 trailing 9–5 to the San Diego Padres in the 9th inning, Jeff Kent, J. D. Drew, Russell Martin, and Marlon Anderson of the Los Angeles Dodgers hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to tie the game. After giving up a run in the top of the 10th, the Dodgers won the game in the bottom of the 10th, on a walk-off two run home run by Nomar Garciaparra. J. D. Drew has been part of two different sets of back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs. In both occurrences, his homer was the second of the four.

text: On September 30, 1997, in the sixth inning of Game One of the American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians, Tim Raines, Derek Jeter and Paul O'Neill hit back-to-back-to-back home runs for the Yankees. Raines' home run tied the game. New York went on to win 8–6. This was the first occurrence of three home runs in a row ever in postseason play. The Boston Red Sox repeated the feat in Game Four of the 2007 American League Championship Series, also against the Indians. The Indians returned the favor in Game One of the 2016 American League Division Series.

text: Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs.[9] The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat.[10]

text: Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to "make up for it" by striking out the next batter with some fastballs. Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it. A notable back-to-back home run of that type in World Series play involved "Babe Ruth's called shot" in 1932, which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics, yet the pitcher, Charlie Root, was allowed to stay in the game. He delivered just one more pitch, which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back-to-back shot, after which Root was removed from the game.

text: In Game 3 of the 1976 NLCS, George Foster and Johnny Bench hit back-to-back homers in the last of the ninth off Ron Reed to tie the game. The Series-winning run was scored later in the inning.

text: Another notable pair of back-to-back home runs occurred on September 14, 1990, when Ken Griffey, Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr. hit back-to-back home runs, off Kirk McCaskill, the only father-and-son duo to do so in Major League history.

text: On May 2, 2002, Bret Boone and Mike Cameron of the Seattle Mariners hit back-to-back home runs off of starter Jon Rauch in the first inning of a game against the Chicago White Sox. The Mariners batted around in the inning, and Boone and Cameron came up to bat against reliever Jim Parque with two outs, again hitting back-to-back home runs and becoming the only pair of teammates to hit back-to-back home runs twice in the same inning.[11]

text: On June 19, 2012, José Bautista and Colby Rasmus hit back-to-back home runs and back-to-back-to-back home runs with Edwin Encarnación for a lead change in each instance.[clarification needed]

text: On July 23, 2017 Whit Merrifield, Jorge Bonifacio, and Eric Hosmer of the Kansas City Royals hit back to back to back home runs in the fourth inning against the Chicago White Sox. The Royals went on to win the game 5-4.

text: On June 20, 2018 George Springer, Alex Bregman, and José Altuve of the Houston Astros hit back to back to back home runs in the sixth inning against the Tampa Bay Rays. The Astros went on to win the game 5-1.

text: On April 3, 2018, the St. Louis Cardinals began the game against the Milwaukee Brewers with back-to-back homers from Dexter Fowler and Tommy Pham.  Then in the bottom of the ninth, with two outs and the Cardinals leading 4-3, Christian Yelich homered to tie the game; and Ryan Braun hit the next pitch for a walk-off homer.  This is the only major league game to begin and end with back-to-back homers.

text: Consecutive home runs by one batter[edit]

text: The record for consecutive home runs by a batter under any circumstances is four. Of the sixteen players (through 2012) who have hit four in one game, six have hit them consecutively. Twenty-eight other batters have hit four consecutive across two games.

text: Bases on balls do not count as at-bats, and Ted Williams holds the record for consecutive home runs across the most games, four in four games played, during September 17–22, 1957, for the Red Sox.[12] Williams hit a pinch-hit homer on the 17th; walked as a pinch-hitter on the 18th; there was no game on the 19th; hit another pinch-homer on the 20th; homered and then was lifted for a pinch-runner after at least one walk, on the 21st; and homered after at least one walk on the 22nd. All in all, he had four walks interspersed among his four homers.

text: In World Series play, Reggie Jackson hit a record three in one Series game, the final game (Game 6) in 1977. But those three were a part of a much more impressive feat. He walked on four pitches in the second inning of game 6. Then he hit his three home runs on the first pitch of his next three at bats, off of three different pitchers (4th inning- Hooten, 5th inning- Sosa, 8th inning- Hough). He had also hit one in his last at bat of the previous game, giving him four home runs on four consecutive swings. (His home run in game 5 was also hit on the first pitch, although this did not add to any significant streak.) The four in a row set the record for consecutive homers across two Series games.

text: In Game 3 of the World Series in 2011, Albert Pujols hit three home runs to tie the record with Babe Ruth and Reggie Jackson. The St. Louis Cardinals went on to win the World Series in Game 7 at Busch Stadium.  In Game 1 of the World Series in 2012, Pablo Sandoval of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs on his first three at-bats of the Series, also tying the record with Pujols, Jackson, and Ruth.

text: Nomar Garciaparra holds the record for consecutive home runs in the shortest time in terms of innings: three homers in two innings, on July 23, 2002, for the Boston Red Sox.

text: Home run cycle[edit]

text: An offshoot of hitting for the cycle, a "home run cycle" is where a player hits a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam all in one game. This is an extremely rare feat, as it requires the batter to not only hit four home runs in a game (which itself has only occurred 18 times in the Major Leagues[13]), but also to hit those home runs with the specific number of runners already on base. Although it is a rare accomplishment, it is largely dependent on circumstances outside the player's control, such as his preceding teammates' ability to get on base, as well as the order in which he comes to bat in any particular inning.

text: Another variant of the home run cycle would be the "natural home run cycle", which would require a batter to hit a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam in that order.

text: Though multiple home run cycles have been recorded in collegiate baseball,[14][15] the only home run cycle in a professional baseball game belongs to Tyrone Horne, who stroked four long balls for the minor league, Double-A Arkansas Travelers in a game against the San Antonio Missions on July 27, 1998.[16]

text: A major league player has come close to hitting for the home run cycle several times. Recent examples include:

text:
April 2, 1997, Tino Martinez of the New York Yankees, was a grand slam away from accomplishing this feat against his former team, the Seattle Mariners. He hit a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the third inning and a solo shot in the fifth inning; all off starting pitcher Scott Sanders.[17]
April 26, 2005 Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit 3 home runs off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Bartolo Colón. Rodriguez hit a 3-run home run, 2-run home run, and a grand slam in the first, third, and fourth innings, respectively.[18]
May 16, 2008 Jayson Werth of the Philadelphia Phillies hit 3 home runs off Toronto Blue Jays pitchers David Purcey and Jesse Litsch. Werth hit a 3-run home run, a grand slam, and a solo home run in the second, third, and fifth innings, respectively.[19]
June 26, 2009, Andre Ethier of Los Angeles Dodgers hit a three-run home run off Jason Vargas in the second, a two-run home run off Roy Corcoran in the sixth, and a solo home run off Miguel Batista in the eighth inning in a game against Seattle Mariners.[20]
July 7, 2009, Paul Konerko of the Chicago White Sox hit a solo home run in the second inning off Cleveland Indians pitcher Jeremy Sowers, a grand slam in the sixth inning off reliever Chris Perez, and a two-run home run in the seventh inning off reliever Winston Abreu.[21]
August 1, 2009, Andrew McCutchen of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a solo home run in the first inning, a two run home run in the fourth inning, and a three run home run in the sixth inning of a game against the Washington Nationals.[22]
September 17, 2010, Shin-Soo Choo of the Cleveland Indians, hit three home runs against the Kansas City Royals. Choo hit a 2-run homer in the fourth inning, a Grand Slam in the sixth inning and a solo home run in the eighth inning.[23]
June 21, 2015, J.D. Martinez of the Detroit Tigers, hit three home runs against the New York Yankees. Martinez hit a 2-run homer in the first inning, a solo home run in the fifth inning and a 3-run homer in the sixth inning[24]
August 21, 2015, Yoenis Céspedes of the New York Mets, hit three home runs against the Colorado Rockies: a grand slam in the second inning, a solo home run in the fourth inning, and a two-run home run in the sixth inning.[25]
August 29, 2015, Edwin Encarnación of the Toronto Blue Jays hit three home runs against the Detroit Tigers: a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the sixth inning, and a grand slam in the seventh inning.[26]
September 26, 2015, Jarrett Parker of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs against the Oakland Athletics: a solo home run in the second inning, a 2-run home run in the seventh inning, and a grand slam in the eighth inning.[27]
June 6, 2017, Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds hit four home runs against the St. Louis Cardinals: a grand slam in the third inning, a 2-run home run in the fourth inning, a solo home run in the sixth inning, and a 2-run home run in the eighth inning. He had an opportunity for a 3-run home run in the 1st inning, which resulted in a RBI single.[28]

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of the game, when the ball was less lively and the ballparks generally had very large outfields, most home runs were of the inside-the-park variety. The first home run ever hit in the National League was by Ross Barnes of the Chicago White Stockings (now known as the Chicago Cubs), in 1876. The home "run" was literally descriptive. Home runs over the fence were rare, and only in ballparks where a fence was fairly close. Hitters were discouraged from trying to hit home runs, with the conventional wisdom being that if they tried to do so they would simply fly out. This was a serious concern in the 19th century, because in baseball's early days a ball caught after one bounce was still an out. The emphasis was on place-hitting and what is now called "manufacturing runs" or "small ball".

text: The home run's place in baseball changed dramatically when the live-ball era began after World War I. First, the materials and manufacturing processes improved significantly, making the now-mass-produced, cork-centered ball somewhat more lively. Batters such as Babe Ruth and Rogers Hornsby took full advantage of rules changes that were instituted during the 1920s, particularly prohibition of the spitball, and the requirement that balls be replaced when worn or dirty. These changes resulted in the baseball being easier to see and hit, and easier to hit out of the park. Meanwhile, as the game's popularity boomed, more outfield seating was built, shrinking the size of the outfield and increasing the chances of a long fly ball resulting in a home run. The teams with the sluggers, typified by the New York Yankees, became the championship teams, and other teams had to change their focus from the "inside game" to the "power game" in order to keep up.

text: Before 1931, a ball that bounced over an outfield fence during a major league game was considered a home run. The rule was changed to require the ball to clear the fence on the fly, and balls that reached the seats on a bounce became ground rule doubles in most parks. A carryover of the old rule is that if a player deflects a ball over the outfield fence without it touching the ground, it is a home run.

text: Also, until approximately that time, the ball had to not only go over the fence in fair territory, but to land in the bleachers in fair territory or to still be visibly fair when disappearing behind a wall. The rule stipulated "fair when last seen" by the umpires. Photos from that era in ballparks, such as the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium, show ropes strung from the foul poles to the back of the bleachers, or a second "foul pole" at the back of the bleachers, in a straight line with the foul line, as a visual aid for the umpire. Ballparks still use a visual aid much like the ropes; a net or screen attached to the foul poles on the fair side has replaced ropes. As with American football, where a touchdown once required a literal "touch down" of the ball in the end zone but now only requires the "breaking of the [vertical] plane" of the goal line, in baseball the ball need only "break the plane" of the fence in fair territory (unless the ball is caught by a player who is in play, in which case the batter is called out).

text: Babe Ruth's 60th home run in 1927 was somewhat controversial, because it landed barely in fair territory in the stands down the right field line. Ruth lost a number of home runs in his career due to the when-last-seen rule. Bill Jenkinson, in The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs, estimates that Ruth lost at least 50 and as many as 78 in his career due to this rule.

text: Further, the rules once stipulated that an over-the-fence home run in a sudden-victory situation would only count for as many bases as was necessary to "force" the winning run home. For example, if a team trailed by two runs with the bases loaded, and the batter hit a fair ball over the fence, it only counted as a triple, because the runner immediately ahead of him had technically already scored the game-winning run. That rule was changed in the 1920s as home runs became increasingly frequent and popular. Babe Ruth's career total of 714 would have been one higher had that rule not been in effect in the early part of his career.

text: Records[edit]

text: Major League Baseball keeps running totals of all-time home runs by team, including teams no longer active (prior to 1900) as well as by individual players. Gary Sheffield hit the 250,000th home run in MLB history with a grand slam on September 8, 2008.[29] Sheffield had hit MLB's 249,999th home run against Gio González in his previous at-bat.

text: The all-time, verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player, excluding the U. S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation, is held by Sadaharu Oh. Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, later managing the Giants, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team. Oh holds the all-time home run world record, having hit 868 home runs in his career.

text: In Major League Baseball, the career record is 762, held by Barry Bonds, who broke Hank Aaron's record on August 7, 2007, when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik.[30] Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600: Hank Aaron (755), Babe Ruth (714),[30] Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), [30] Albert Pujols (633), [30] Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609).

text: The single season record is 73, set by Barry Bonds in 2001.[30]  Other notable single season records were achieved by Babe Ruth who hit 60 in 1927, Roger Maris, with 61 home runs in 1961, and Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998.[30]

text: Negro League slugger Josh Gibson's Baseball Hall of Fame plaque says he hit "almost 800" home runs in his career. The Guinness Book of World Records lists Gibson's lifetime home run total at 800. Ken Burns' award-winning series, Baseball, states that his actual total may have been as high as 950. Gibson's true total is not known, in part due to inconsistent record keeping in the Negro Leagues. The 1993 edition of the MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia attempted to compile a set of Negro League records, and subsequent work has expanded on that effort. Those records demonstrate that Gibson and Ruth were of comparable power. The 1993 book had Gibson hitting 146 home runs in the 501 "official" Negro League games they were able to account for in his 17-year career, about 1 homer every 3.4 games. Babe Ruth, in 22 seasons (several of them in the dead-ball era), hit 714 in 2503 games, or 1 homer every 3.5 games. The large gap in the numbers for Gibson reflect the fact that Negro League clubs played relatively far fewer league games and many more "barnstorming" or exhibition games during the course of a season, than did the major league clubs of that era.

text: Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit "the longest home run ever" at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling[31]), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa[30] (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews.   In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history.[32][33]  The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium.[32][33]  Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double-deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.[citation needed]

text: The location of where Hank Aaron's record 755th home run landed has been monumented in Milwaukee.[34] The spot sits outside Miller Park, where the Milwaukee Brewers currently play. Similarly, the point where Aaron's 715th homer landed, upon breaking Ruth's career record in 1974, is marked in the Turner Field parking lot. A red-painted seat in Fenway Park marks the landing place of the 502-ft home run Ted Williams hit in 1946, the longest measured homer in Fenway's history; a red stadium seat mounted on the wall of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, marks the landing spot of Harmon Killebrew's record 520-foot shot in old Metropolitan Stadium.

text: Instant replay[edit]

text: Replays "to get the call right" have been used extremely sporadically in the past, but the use of instant replay to determine "boundary calls"—home runs and foul balls—was not officially allowed until 2008.

text: In a game on May 31, 1999, involving the St. Louis Cardinals and Florida Marlins, a hit by Cliff Floyd of the Marlins was initially ruled a double, then a home run, then was changed back to a double when umpire Frank Pulli decided to review video of the play. The Marlins protested that video replay was not allowed, but while the National League office agreed that replay was not to be used in future games, it declined the protest on the grounds it was a judgment call, and the play stood.[35][36]

text: In November 2007, the general managers of Major League Baseball voted in favor of implementing instant replay reviews on boundary home run calls.[37] The proposal limited the use of instant replay to determining whether a boundary/home run call is:

text:
A fair (home run) or foul ball
A live ball (ball hit fence and rebounded onto the field), ground rule double (ball hit fence before leaving the field), or home run (ball hit some object beyond the fence while in flight)
Spectator interference or home run (spectator touched ball after it broke the plane of the fence).

text: On August 28, 2008, instant replay review became available in MLB for reviewing calls in accordance with the above proposal. It was first utilized on September 3, 2008 in a game between the New York Yankees and the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field.[38] Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees hit what appeared to be a home run, but the ball hit a catwalk behind the foul pole. It was at first called a home run, until Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon argued the call, and the umpires decided to review the play. After 2 minutes and 15 seconds, the umpires came back and ruled it a home run.

text: About two weeks later, on September 19, also at Tropicana Field, a boundary call was overturned for the first time. In this case, Carlos Peña of the Rays was given a ground rule double in a game against the Minnesota Twins after an umpire believed a fan reached into the field of play to catch a fly ball in right field. The umpires reviewed the play, determined the fan did not reach over the fence, and reversed the call, awarding Peña a home run.

text: Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay, replay was used four more times in the 2008 MLB regular season: twice at Houston, once at Seattle, and once at San Francisco. The San Francisco incident is perhaps the most unusual. Bengie Molina, the Giants' catcher, hit what was first called a single. Molina then was replaced in the game by Emmanuel Burriss, a pinch-runner, before the umpires re-evaluated the call and ruled it a home run. In this instance though, Molina was not allowed to return to the game to complete the run, as he had already been replaced. Molina was credited with the home run, and two RBIs, but not for the run scored which went to Burriss instead.

text: On October 31, 2009, in the fourth inning of Game 3 of the World Series, Alex Rodriguez hit a long fly ball that appeared to hit a camera protruding over the wall and into the field of play in deep left field.  The ball ricocheted off the camera and re-entered the field, initially ruled a double.  However, after the umpires consulted with each other after watching the instant replay, the hit was ruled a home run, marking the first time an instant replay home run was hit in a playoff game.[39]


document_title: The Pink Panther (2006 film)

question_text: who played the soccer coach in the pink panther

root

text: The Pink Panther (2006 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus narrates a flashback of a football match between France and China. French coach Yves Gluant enters the stadium, wearing the Pink Panther diamond ring, which is seen by his team as a symbol of pride and victory. He kisses his girlfriend, pop star Xania, and whispers something to her. After France wins the game in sudden death, Gluant is killed by a poison dart, with the Pink Panther diamond nowhere to be found.

tag: p

text: Eager to win the Medal of Honour, Dreyfus promotes a clumsy small-town policeman and "village idiot", Jacques Clouseau, to the rank of Inspector and assigns him to the Pink Panther case. Dreyfus simultaneously assembles a secret team of top investigators to crack the case, allowing Clouseau to serve as the public face of the investigation and draw all the media attention. Dreyfus assigns Gilbert Ponton to be Clouseau's assistant, instructing him to keep him informed of Clouseau's actions. Despite his orders, Ponton quickly befriends Clouseau, as Clouseau attempts to solve the case by looking for clues and interviewing people close to Gluant, though not without being clumsy and foolish during his work. All throughout this, Clouseau also works alongside secretary Nicole Durant, and starts to fall in love with her.

text: Bizu, a French soccer player who had an affair with Xania and therefore is the prime suspect in Gluant's murder, is shot in the head and killed in the team's changing room. While at a casino to gather information, Clouseau encounters British Agent 006, Nigel Boswell. Boswell foils a robbery at the casino by the "Gas Mask Bandits", using Clouseau's trench coat to hide his identity. Clouseau mistakenly receives credit for the deed and is subsequently nominated for the Légion d'honneur, much to Dreyfus' dismay.

text: Clouseau and Ponton follow Xania to New York City, suspecting that she knows more than she is telling. However, despite Ponton's insistence that she is most likely a suspect because Gluant cheated on her, Clouseau decides Xania is innocent. While in New York, Clouseau and Ponton eat hamburgers, and Clouseau discovers his love for the sandwich, which he had assumed to be nothing more than "disgusting American food". Meanwhile, because the poison that killed Gluant was derived from Chinese herbs, Dreyfus concludes that the killer is a Chinese envoy named Dr. Pang.

text: Ready to take charge of the case and win the Légion d'honneur, Dreyfus has one of his officers swap Clouseau's bag with one full of weapons at the airport. The bag sets off the metal detector at security control, causing the guards to be suspicious of Clouseau who is eventually arrested because of his inability to pronounce "hamburger" correctly (he tried to smuggle some for the flight home due to his personal dislike of in-flight meals). Upon his return to France, the press vilifies him and Dreyfus strips him of his rank of Inspector. Dreyfus now plots to publicly arrest Dr. Pang at the Presidential Ball, where Xania will also be performing.

text: Clouseau returns home and happens to see an article about his arrest online. He deduces from the photograph in it that Gluant and Bizu's assassin will target Xania next, and he phones Ponton and Nicole. The trio hurry to the Élysée Palace and sneak into the Presidential Ball. While Dreyfus publicly arrests Dr. Pang for Gluant's murder, Clouseau and Ponton save Xania's life by capturing her would-be assassin, Yuri, the coach of the football team. Jealous of Gluant and believing he should've taken credit for the football team's success instead of Gluant, Yuri used his knowledge of Chinese herbs, mandated by a soccer statute, to kill him. After overhearing Yuri's rants, Bizu blackmailed him, so Yuri killed Bizu using Russian military tactics to target the latter's occipital lobe. Yuri targeted Xania because she ignored him while she dated Gluant. Clouseau reveals the Pink Panther was not stolen but instead sewn into the lining of Xania's purse. He discovered this after the photograph of his arrest also showed an X-ray of the purse going through airport security. Xania confessed that she received it from Gluant as an engagement ring — he had whispered his proposal to her prior to the football match — but she hid this fact because she thought it could implicate her as the killer. Clouseau concludes that Xania is the ring's rightful owner, while Yuri is taken into custody.

text: For successfully solving the case, Clouseau wins the Légion d'honneur. While leaving the ceremony with Ponton, Clouseau gets Dreyfus' suit caught in his car door; he remains oblivious to Dreyfus' screams as he drives away. Clouseau, Ponton and Nicole later visit him in the hospital. After Clouseau wishes him well, he accidentally releases the brake on Dreyfus' bed; the bed races through the hospital corridors and throws Dreyfus into the Seine, and he shouts Clouseau's name in anger as he is plunged into the river.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Steve Martin as Inspector Jacques Clouseau, a bumbling police officer from a small village in France.
Kevin Kline as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus, the head of the French police who is obsessed with winning the Medal of Honour.
Jean Reno as Gendarme Gilbert Ponton, a capable police officer who is assigned to report to Dreyfus on Clouseau's actions.
Emily Mortimer as Nicole Durant, a secretary and romance interest of Clouseau.
Henry Czerny as Yuri, the Russian trainer for the fictionalized version of the France national football team.
Kristin Chenoweth as Cherie, an employee of the France national football team.
Roger Rees as Raymond Laroque, a wealthy casino owner and friend of Yves Gluant.
Beyoncé as Xania, a famous pop singer and girlfriend of Gluant.

tag: ul

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
William Abadie as Bizu, a player for the France national football team
Scott Adkins as Jacquard, another player for the France national football team
Jean Dell as Justice Minister Clochard
Anna Katarina as Agent Corbeille
Alice Taglioni as Female Reporter
Kristi Angus as Mysterious Woman
Chelah Horsdal as Security Guard
Delphine Chanéac as Ticket Checker (as Délphine Chaneac)
Yvonne Sciò as Casino Waitress
Charlotte Maier as Dialect Coach
Jason Statham as Yves Gluant (uncredited), the head coach of the France national football team whose murder is under investigation.
Clive Owen as Nigel Boswell/Agent 006 (uncredited), a secret agent and parody of James Bond.
Paul Korda as Pierre Fuquette (uncredited), a man thought to be murdered, until Clouseau finds him alive and well.

text: Jackie Chan was originally offered the part of Clouseau's manservant, Cato Fong, but turned it down due to his perceived political incorrectness. Gilbert Ponton serves as Cato's stand in.[citation needed]

text: Production[edit]

text: A re collaboration between Steve Martin and producer Robert Simonds, the successful teaming behind Cheaper by the Dozen, The Pink Panther had a production budget of US$80 million.[2] Filming began on May 10, 2004.[3]

text: The film was originally supposed to seek an August 5, 2005 release date, but was then pushed forward to February 10, 2006, because of Sony. "With the recent acquisition of MGM, we wanted to give our marketing department the time and opportunity to launch this very important franchise," Sony Pictures Releasing president Rory Bruer said. "We've seen the movie, and we really love this film. It's a franchise we believe in and are really excited about, and Steve Martin is great as Clouseau."[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 139 reviews and an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though Steve Martin is game, the particulars of the Inspector Clouseau character elude him in this middling update."[5] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[6]

text: The film was nominated for two Razzies in 2006, one in the category "Worst Remake or Rip-off", and one in the category "Worst Supporting Actress" for Kristin Chenoweth.[7]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Pink Panther opened at #1 in the United States, grossing $20.2 million from 3,477 theaters, and took in an additional $20.9 million over the four day Presidents Day weekend the following weekend.[8] The film closed in theatres on April 16, 2006, having grossed $82.2 million in its ten weeks of release. Overseas, the film took $76.6 million, resulting in total box office gross revenue of $158.9 million. United States screenings made up 51.8% of box office takings, with international viewings responsible for 48.2%.[2] The Pink Panther is the highest-grossing film in the Pink Panther franchise.[9] The film was released in the United Kingdom on March 17, 2006, and topped the country's box office that weekend.[10]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Pink Panther was released for home viewing on June 13, 2006, and sold 693,588 DVD copies, worth $9,391,182. To date the film has sold 1,579,116 copies—$23,216,770 of consumer spending.[11]

text: Music[edit]

text: Christophe Beck is credited with the film score which was released as the soundtrack album The Pink Panther about one month following the release of the film.[12] R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles, who co-stars as Xania, performed two songs for the film, "A Woman Like Me" and #1 hit, "Check on It". The latter serves as the film's theme song aside from the Pink Panther theme.

text: Numerous other songs were used in small parts, but only Beck's original score was included on the soundtrack album.[12][13]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: The sequel to this film, titled The Pink Panther 2, was released on February 6, 2009. It again features Steve Martin as Inspector Clouseau, Emily Mortimer as Nicole Durant, and Jean Reno as Gendarme Ponton, but was notable because Dreyfus was played by John Cleese instead of Kevin Kline. Beyonce Knowles did not return for the sequel either.

text: The film features Clouseau and a "Dream Team" of the world's best detectives formed to catch the international mastermind thief El Tornado, who has stolen several valuable treasures, including the Shroud of Turin, the Pope's Ring and the Pink Panther diamond. The film grossed $75,946,615 at the box office.[14]


document_title: European colonization of the Americas

question_text: who sponsored the first english colony in the americas

text: European colonization of the Americas

text: Norse trans-oceanic contact[edit]

text: Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence.[4] A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century, and lasted until the mid 15th century, with court and parliament assemblies (þing) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar.[5] The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 (carbon dating estimate 990–1050 CE).[6] L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978.[7] It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland, established by Leif Erikson around the same period or, more broadly, with the West Norse colonization of the Americas.[8]

text: Early conquests, claims and colonies[edit]

text: Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492. In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, ratified by the Pope, these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization, with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present-day Brazil. Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513, the Spanish conquered large territories in North, Central and South America.

text: Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire. As a result, by the mid-16th century, the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America, Central America and southern North America, in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories. Over this same timeframe, Portugal claimed lands in North America (Canada) and colonized much of eastern South America, naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil.

text: Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas. England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century, but these failed. England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century, along with the Dutch Republic. Some of these were on Caribbean islands, which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease, while others were in eastern North America, which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida.

text: Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida, Spanish New Mexico, the English colonies of Virginia (with its North Atlantic offshoot, Bermuda) and New England, the French colonies of Acadia and Canada, the Swedish colony of New Sweden, and the Dutch New Netherland. In the 18th century, Denmark–Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland, while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska. Denmark-Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean, starting in the 1600s.

text: As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas, competition for territory became increasingly fierce. Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies, as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates.

text: Early state-sponsored colonists[edit]

text: The first phase of well-financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus (1492–1504), sponsored by Spain, whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China, known as "the Indies". He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot, who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland. Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.

text: Amerigo Vespucci, working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513, established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents. Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name, America, for the two continents. Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano, sponsored by France in 1524; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte-Real in Newfoundland; João Fernandes Lavrador, Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real and João Álvares Fagundes, in Newfoundland, Greenland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia (from 1498 to 1502, and in 1520); Jacques Cartier (1491–1557), Henry Hudson (1560s–1611), and Samuel de Champlain (1567–1635), who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France.

text: In 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World. In an action with enduring historical import, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown. It was 1517 before another expedition, from Cuba, visited Central America, landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves.

text: These explorations were followed, notably in the case of Spain, by a phase of conquest: The Spaniards, having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule, were the first to colonize the Americas, applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World.

text: Ten years after Columbus's discovery, the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara, founded during the Reconquista. As in the Iberian Peninsula, the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters, while religious orders handled the local administration. Progressively the encomienda system, which granted tribute (access to indigenous labor and taxation) to European settlers, was set in place.

text: A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories, aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros. In fact, recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish-Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands.[9] Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519–1521, while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535.

text: Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus's voyages, the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80% (from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650[10]), mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases.

text: In 1532, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza, in order to prevent Cortes' independentist drives, who definitively returned to Spain in 1540. Two years later, Charles V signed the New Laws (which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos, but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects.

text: When in May 1493, the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain, he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people. Thus, during Columbus's second voyage, Benedictine friars accompanied him, along with twelve other priests. As slavery was prohibited between Christians, and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves, the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century. In 1537, the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls, thus prohibiting their enslavement, without putting an end to the debate. Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless.

text: Later, the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held, with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls, as all other human beings, while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement.

text: The process of Christianization was at first violent: when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524, they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult, alienating much of the local population.[11] In the 1530s, they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs, including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship, leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions.[11] The Spanish Roman Catholic Church, needing the natives' labor and cooperation, evangelized in Quechua, Nahuatl, Guaraní and other Native American languages, contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems. One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523.

text: To reward their troops, the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers. Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations—including the West Indies, where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands.

text: During this time, the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil. They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations. The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20% of all treasure found (the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación), in addition to collecting all the taxes they could. By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one-fifth of Spain's total budget.[12] In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports.[13][14]

text: The search for riches[edit]

text: Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large Native American populations in the 16th century, the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land. The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold.[2]

text: It took strong leaders, like John Smith, to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that "he who will not work shall not eat" (see 2 Thessalonians 3). The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the Colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland.

text: From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies. During the 17th century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region. Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home. Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age. They were given food, clothing, housing and taught farming or household skills. American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer’s passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America.[15] Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years.[2]

text: Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme, an ill-fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s. The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power. However, it was doomed by poor planning, short provisions, weak leadership, lack of demand for trade goods, and devastating disease.[16] The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English, now British, colonies.[17]

text: In the French colonial regions, the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean. In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important. About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers. The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River. With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food, their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760. Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760, but social, religious, legal, cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions.[18][19]

text: Religious immigration[edit]

text: Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain (and later, France) belonged to that faith. English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans and other nonconformists, English Catholics, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, German and Swedish Lutherans, as well as Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, Moravians and Jews of various nationalities.

text: Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution. The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects, which often faced persecution by governmental authorities. In England, many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century. One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement, which sought to "purify" the existing Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the Bible.

text: A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right, Charles I, King of England and Scotland, persecuted religious dissenters. Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642, where they founded multiple colonies. Later in the century, the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father. Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers; but others were welcomed. Baptists, Quakers, German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists flocked to Pennsylvania. The lure of cheap land, religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive.[20]

text: Forced immigration and enslavement[edit]

text: Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans, as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes' members as slaves.[21] Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs. In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years, the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512. A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542, called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians, or simply New Laws. These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners, by strictly limiting their power and dominion.[22] This helped curb Indian slavery considerably, though not completely. Later, with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World, the enslavement of native populations increased, as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later. The population of indigenous peoples declined (mostly from European diseases, but also from forced exploitation and atrocities). Later, native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade.

text: By the 18th century, the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used. Africans, who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas, were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them. Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum, guns, gunpowder, and other manufactures.

text: Slavery[edit]

text: The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean, Brazil, Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans.[23][24] The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S., or 5% of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa.[25] Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. (because of better food, less disease, lighter work loads, and better medical care) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths, reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census. Slaves were a valuable commodity both for work and for sale in slave markets and so the policy of actively encouraging or forcing slaves to breed developed, especially after the ending of the Atlantic slave trade.[26] From 1770 until 1860, the rate of growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England.[27]

text: Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies/United States by time period:[28]

text:
1619–1700 – 21,000
1701–1760 – 189,000
1761–1770 – 63,000
1771–1790 – 56,000
1791–1800 – 79,000
1801–1810 – 124,000[29]
1810–1865 – 51,000
Total – 597,000

text: Disease and indigenous population loss[edit]

text: The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, dogs and various domesticated fowl, from which many diseases originally stemmed. Thus, in contrast to the indigenous people, Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies.[30] The large-scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas.

text: Epidemics of smallpox (1518, 1521, 1525, 1558, 1589), typhus (1546), influenza (1558), diphtheria (1614) and measles (1618) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact,[31][32] killing between 10 million and 100 million[33] people, up to 95% of the indigenous population of the Americas.[34] The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use.[35]

text: Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale – and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision. Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously.

text: Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher-end estimates with caution. Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima, while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans. Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century; in a number of cases, growth has returned.[36]

text: Impact of colonial land ownership on long-term development[edit]

text: Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed. In their paper on institutions and long-run growth, economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production.[37] Densely settled populations, for example, were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor. In these regions, landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms. French and British colonial leaders, conversely, were incentivized to develop capitalist markets, property rights, and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor.

text: James Mahoney, a professor at Northwestern University, proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee-rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions.[38] Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador, for example, were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems. By the 19th century, their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized. In Colombia and Costa Rica, conversely, liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture, and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class. Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts.

text: List of European colonies in the Americas[edit]

text: English and (after 1707) British[edit]

text:
British America (1607–1783)

Thirteen Colonies (1607–1783)
Rupert's Land (1670–1870)
British Columbia (1793–1871)
British North America (1783– 1907)

British West Indies
Belize

text: Courland[edit]

text: New Courland (Tobago) (1654–1689)

text: Danish[edit]

text:
Danish West Indies (1754–1917)
Greenland (1814–present)

text: Dutch[edit]

text:
New Netherland (1609–1667)
Essequibo (1616–1815)
Dutch Virgin Islands (1625–1680)
Berbice (1627–1815)
New Walcheren (1628–1677)
Dutch Brazil (1630–1654)
Pomeroon (1650–1689)
Cayenne (1658–1664)
Demerara (1745–1815)
Suriname (1667–1954) (After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975)
Curaçao and Dependencies (1634–1954) (Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands, Bonaire; 1634–present)
Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (1636–1954) (Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands, Sint Eustatius and Saba; 1636–present)

text: French[edit]

text:
New France (1604–1763)

Acadia (1604–1713)
Canada (1608–1763)
Louisiana (1699–1763, 1800–1803)
Newfoundland (1662–1713)
Île Royale (1713–1763)

French Guiana (1763–present)
French West Indies
Saint-Domingue (1659–1804, now Haiti)
Tobago
Virgin Islands
France Antarctique (1555–1567)
Equinoctial France (1612–1615)

text: Knights of Malta[edit]

text:
Saint Barthélemy (1651–1665)
Saint Christopher (1651–1665)
Saint Croix (1651–1665)
Saint Martin (1651–1665)

text: Norwegian[edit]

text:
Greenland (986–1814)
Vinland, known as Newfoundland (Partly in the 11th century)
Dano-Norwegian West Indies (1754–1814)
Sverdrup Islands (1898–1930)
Erik the Red's Land (1931–1933)

text: Portuguese[edit]

text:
Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) became a Kingdom, United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
Terra do Labrador (1499/1500–?) Claimed region (sporadically settled).
Land of the Corte-Real, also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus (Land of Codfish) – Terra Nova (Newfoundland) (1501–?) Claimed region (sporadically settled).

Portugal Cove-St. Philip's (1501–1696)

Nova Scotia (1519?–1520s?) Claimed region (sporadically settled).
Barbados (1536–1620)
Colonia do Sacramento (1680–1705/1714–1762/1763–1777 (1811–1817))
Cisplatina (1811–1822, now Uruguay)
French Guiana (1809–1817)

text: Russian[edit]

text: Russian America (Alaska) (1799–1867)

text: Scottish[edit]

text:
Nova Scotia (1622–1632)
Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama (1698–1700)
Stuarts Town, Carolina (1684–1686)

text: Spanish[edit]

text:
Cuba (until 1898)
New Granada (1717–1819)

Captaincy General of Venezuela

New Spain (1535–1821)

Nueva Extremadura
Nueva Galicia
Nuevo Reino de León
Nuevo Santander
Nueva Vizcaya
Las Californias
Santa Fe de Nuevo México

Louisiana (New Spain)
Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824)

Captaincy General of Chile

Puerto Rico (1493–1898)
Rio de la Plata (1776–1814)
Hispaniola (1493–1865); the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic, under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492–1865.

text: Swedish[edit]

text:
New Sweden (1638–1655)
Saint Barthélemy (1784–1878)
Guadeloupe (1813–1814)

text: Exhibitions and collections[edit]

text: In 2007, the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society (VHS) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires (English, Spanish, French) and the Native people living in North America. The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives. Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts, maps, documents, and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic. The exhibition opened in Richmond, Virginia on March 17, 2007, and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31, 2009.

text: The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown (1607), Québec (1608), and Santa Fe (1609). The site is accessible in three languages.[39]


document_title: Bigg Boss Tamil 2

question_text: who got eliminated in bigg boss tamil season 2

text: Bigg Boss Tamil 2

text: Housemates

text: The housemates, in order of their entry to the house, are as follows:

text: Original Entrants

text:
Yashika Aannand, a model and actress known for her roles in the films Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru (2016) and Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu (2018).
Ponnambalam, an actor and stunt master who has appeared primarily in antagonist roles in Tamil films.
Mahat Raghavendra, an actor known for his roles in the films Mankatha (2011), Jilla (2014) and Chennai 600028 II (2016).
Daniel Annie Pope, an actor, theatre artist and television producer known for his role in the film Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara (2013).
Vaishnavi Prasad, a journalist, writer, activist and radio jockey, granddaughter of Tamil writer Saavi.
Janani Iyer, an actress best known for playing the lead role in the films Avan Ivan (2011), Thegidi (2014) and Adhe Kangal (2017).
Ananth Vaidyanathan, a voice expert best known for his role as a voice trainer in Star Vijay's Super Singer and also known for playing a role in Avan Ivan (2011).
Ramya NSK, playback singer, granddaughter of N. S. Krishnan and T. A. Mathuram.
Sendrayan, an actor known for his roles in the films Moodar Koodam (2013) and Metro (2016).
Riythvika, an actress known for her roles in the films Madras (2014), Kabali (2016) and Iru Mugan (2016).
Mumtaz, an actress and dancer who has appeared primarily in character and item girl roles in Tamil films.
Thadi Balaji, an actor who has primarily appeared as a comedian in Tamil films as well as in Tamil teleserials and is a judge in Star Vijay's Kalakka Povathu Yaaru.
Mamathi Chari, a television actress, anchor and video jockey, popular for hosting the shows Hello Tamizha and has acted in the Sun TV teleserial Vani Rani.
Nithya Balaji, estranged wife of Thadi Balaji.
Shariq Hassan Khan, an actor who appeared in the film Pencil (2016), son of Riyaz Khan & Uma Riyaz Khan and grandson of Kamala Kamesh.
Aishwarya Dutta, an actress who has appeared in the film Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum (2015).

tag: ol

text: Wildcard Entrants

text: Vijayalakshmi Agathiyan, an actress and producer known for playing the lead role in the films Chennai 600028 (2007) and Chennai 600028 II (2016) and had also acted in the Sun TV teleserial Nayaki, daughter of director Agathiyan.

text: Guests

text:
Week

Day

Guest(s)

Purpose of Visit

1

Day 0

Oviya (Season 1 contestant)

To give the housemates a piece of advice and wish them luck.[11][12]

4

Day 26

Karthi, Soori and Pandiraj

To promote their film Kadaikutty Singam.[13][14][15][16]

5

Day 30

Snehan (Season 1 runner-up)

To take a class as part of the Week 5 luxury budget task.[17][18][19]

Day 32

Children from the New Hope & New Life and Good Life Centre orphanages, Chennai

To enjoy and spend their time with the housemates.[20]

6

Day 41

Pooja Kumar, Andrea Jeremiah, Sathyaprakash and Mohamaad Ghibran

To promote their film Vishwaroopam 2.[21]

7

Day 47

Arya, Sathish, Dhivyadharshini and Santhosh P. Jayakumar

To promote their film Ghajinikanth.[22]

8

Day 54

Harish Kalyan and Raiza Wilson (Season 1 contestants) and Elan

To promote their film Pyaar Prema Kaadhal.[23]

Day 56

Kamal Haasan (host of the show)

To announce the evicted housemate for Week 8.[24]

11

Day 72

Mumtaz's mother, brother & nephew, Janani's mother & sister and Yashika's brother & sister

To surprise Mumtaz, Janani and Yashika respectively as part of the week's luxury budget task.[25]

tag: table

text: Weekly summary

text:
Week 1

Entrances
hide
Yashika Aannand, Ponnambalam, Mahat Raghavendra, Daniel Annie Pope, Vaishnavi Prasad, Janani Iyer, Ananth Vaidyanathan, Ramya NSK, Sendrayan, Riythvika, Mumtaz, Thadi Balaji, Mamathi Chari, Nithya Balaji, Shariq Hassan Khan and Aishwarya Dutta entered the house on Day 0.

House Captain

Janani

Captain's Competition

Mahat and Mumtaz

In Jail

None

Nominations

Ananth, Mumtaz, Nithya and Riythvika

Luxury Budget Tasks

Housemates providing feedback on each other.[26]
Feela Peela (Housemates are divided into 2 teams, one team tells a story and the other team must expose the lies in the story.)[26]
Ivar Yaar Endru Therigiradha (Housemates are divided into 2 teams, with members of 1 team telling a story and the other team finding out who wrote the story.)[27]
Sonnapadi Kelu (Housemates are divided into 8 teams of 2 members each, each team has to follow what is written in an envelope.)[27]

Exits

None.[28]

Week 2

House Captain

Nithya

Captain's Competition

Chosen by Bigg Boss

In Jail

None

Nominations

Ananth, Mamathi, Mumtaz and Ponnambalam

Luxury Budget Tasks

Intha Veetil Yaar Sirapaaga Nirvaagam Seyya Koodiyavargal - Aangala Pengala? (Housemates were divided into 2 teams based on their gender. Initially, the male team acted as the owners with the female team acting as the servants. Each male housemate is assigned one female housemate as his servant, who has to obey the orders of the male owner. Later, the roles reversed, with the males acting as the servants and the females as the owners.)[29][30]

Exits

Mamathi was evicted on Day 14.[31]

Week 3

House Captain

Vaishnavi

Captain's Competition

Sendrayan

In Jail

None

Nominations

Ananth, Balaji, Mumtaz, Nithya and Ponnambalam

Luxury Budget Tasks

Thanni La Kandam (Housemates are divided into 2 teams, each team must stop water flowing out of a tank with their hands.)[32]

Exits

Ananth was evicted on Day 21.[33]

Week 4

House Captain

Ramya, Nithya

Captain's Competition

All housemates (Ramya), self-nominated (Nithya)

In Jail

Ponnambalam, Yashika, Nithya and Mahat

Nominations

Balaji, Nithya, Ponnambalam and Yashika

Luxury Budget Tasks

Thittam Pottu Thirudara Kootam (Housemates are divided into 3 teams. One team is made up of thieves, the other team police and the third team as common citizens. The police and common citizens need to stop the thieves from robbery and the police will determine the appropriate punishment for the thieves if they are caught.)[34]

Exits

Nithya was evicted on Day 28.[35]

Week 5

House Captain

Mahat

Captain's Competition

Balaji and Shariq

In Jail

Balaji

Nominations

Aishwarya, Balaji, Janani, Ponnambalam and Ramya

Luxury Budget Tasks

Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal (School-related tasks.)[36]

Exits

Ramya was evicted on Day 35.[37]

Week 6

House Captain

None

Captain's Competition

N/A

In Jail

Mahat and Balaji

Nominations

Aishwarya, Mahat, Mumtaz, Ponnambalam, Vaishnavi and Yashika

Luxury Budget Tasks

Enga Area Ulla Varadha (Housemates are split into 2 teams and given tasks to win and rule over different parts of the house.)[38]

Exits

Vaishnavi was sent to the Secret Room on Day 42.[39]

Week 7

Entrances

Vaishnavi Prasad re-entered the house on Day 46 after spending 4 days in the Secret Room.[22]

House Captain

Aishwarya

Captain's Competition

All housemates

In Jail

All housemates except Aishwarya, Daniel, Janani and Balaji

Nominations

Balaji, Mahat, Mumtaz, Ponnambalam, Riythvika and Shariq

Luxury Budget Tasks

Rani Maharani (Housemates must obey the orders of Aishwarya, who is assigned as the dictator of the house.)[40]

Exits

Shariq was evicted on Day 49.[41]

Week 8

House Captain

Shariq, Yashika

Captain's Competition

Riythvika (Shariq), Chosen by Shariq (Yashika)

In Jail

None

Nominations

Janani, Ponnambalam and Sendrayan

Luxury Budget Tasks

Yennaipol Oruvan (Housemates are divided into 2 teams, each team member must impersonate a housemate belonging to the other team.)[42]

Exits

Ponnambalam was evicted on Day 56.[24]

Week 9

House Captain

Aishwarya

Captain's Competition

Janani

In Jail

None

Nominations

Daniel, Janani, Riythvika, Sendrayan and Vaishnavi

Luxury Budget Tasks

Bommalattam (Housemates are divided into 2 teams and each team must make toys out of the raw material brought from outside. A supervisor from each team will then check the other team's toys and accept/reject them.)[43]

Exits

Vaishnavi was evicted on Day 63.[44]

Week 10

Entrances

Vijayalakshmi Agathiyan entered the house on Day 67.

House Captain

Yashika

Captain's Competition

Mahat

In Jail

None

Nominations

Aishwarya, Balaji, Mahat, Mumtaz and Sendrayan

Luxury Budget Tasks

Uthama Villaingal (Housemates are divided into 2 teams, one consisting of super-heroes and the other comprising super-villains. The superheroes need to save a dummy locked up in the jail, while the super-villains should irritate the super-heroes such that they retaliate. Both teams interchanged their roles a day after, where now the objective was for the super-heroes team to stop the super-villians team from making bombs.)[45][46]

Exits

Mahat was evicted on Day 70.[47]

Week 11

House Captain

Mahat, Sendrayan

Captain's Competition

Aishwarya, Mumtaz, Sendrayan and Yashika (Mahat), Chosen by Kamal Haasan (Sendrayan)

In Jail

TBD

Nominations

Balaji, Daniel and Janani

Luxury Budget Tasks

Freeze and Release (Housemates must freeze in their positions when Bigg Boss says Freeze and should not move again until Bigg Boss says Release. Housemates will be punished for failure.)[25]

Exits

TBD

text: Nominations

text:
Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Week 7

Week 8

Week 9

Week 10

Week 11

Week 12

Week 13

Week 14

Week 15Final

HouseCaptain

Janani

Nithya

Vaishnavi

Ramya

Mahat

NoCaptain

Aishwarya

Shariq

Aishwarya

Yashika

Mahat

Nithya

Yashika

Sendrayan

Captain's Nomination

VaishnaviAnanth

MumtazDaniel

MahatBalaji

Daniel

SendrayanVaishnavi

PonnambalamRiythvika

Janani

Riythvika

Aishwarya

NoNominations

Vote to:

Save

Aishwarya

NithyaRiythvika

JananiRiythvika

PonnambalamBalaji

Yashika

JananiBalaji

NoNominations

HouseCaptain

JananiRiythvika

HouseCaptain

Mumtaz

NoNominations

Balaji

AnanthPonnambalam

MumtazMamathi

ShariqAishwarya

NoNominations

MumtazAishwarya

MumtazAishwarya

PonnambalamShariq

DanielSendrayan

MahatJanani

Aishwarya

Nominated

Daniel

AnanthMumtaz

PonnambalamAnanth

BalajiMumtaz

Nithya

BalajiPonnambalam

VaishnaviPonnambalam

RiythvikaPonnambalam

VaishnaviJanani

JananiVaishnavi

Janani

Nominated

Janani

HouseCaptain

MumtazMamathi

BalajiMumtaz

Balaji

AishwaryaShariq

YashikaAishwarya

MumtazShariq

SendrayanBalaji

DanielVaishnavi

Daniel

Nominated

Mumtaz

NithyaRiythvika

VaishnaviSendrayan

PonnambalamJanani

Balaji

VaishnaviJanani

SendrayanVaishnavi

MahatJanani

SendrayanMahat

DanielSendrayan

Mahat

NoNominations

Riythvika

NithyaMumtaz

VaishnaviAnanth

BalajiMumtaz

Nithya

AishwaryaPonnambalam

YashikaAishwarya

BalajiMahat

SendrayanPonnambalam

VaishnaviDaniel

Mahat

NoNominations

Sendrayan

MamathiRamya

MamathiShariq

MumtazPonnambalam

Ponnambalam

AishwaryaYashika

MumtazVaishnavi

MumtazPonnambalam

MahatVaishnavi

MahatJanani

Aishwarya

HouseCaptain

Vijayalakshmi

Not inHouse

Exempt

NoNominations

Yashika

AnanthMumtaz

PonnambalamAnanth

PonnambalamBalaji

NoNominations

JananiBalaji

PonnambalamVaishnavi

BalajiRiythvika

HouseCaptain

VaishnaviJanani

HouseCaptain

NoNominations

Mahat

NithyaAnanth

PonnambalamAnanth

PonnambalamSendrayan

Yashika

HouseCaptain

Nominated

MumtazPonnambalam

SendrayanPonnambalam

VaishnaviSendrayan

Mumtaz

Evicted(Day 70)

Vaishnavi

MumtazAishwarya

MamathiMumtaz

HouseCaptain

Ponnambalam

AishwaryaPonnambalam

DanielMumtaz

In SecretRoom

SendrayanPonnambalam

SendrayanDaniel

Evicted(Day 63)

Ponnambalam

MamathiRiythvika

DanielMumtaz

MumtazAishwarya

NoNominations

BalajiSendrayan

DanielYashika

MahatMumtaz

DanielSendrayan

Evicted(Day 56)

Shariq

RiythvikaPonnambalam

MamathiSendrayan

SendrayanBalaji

Ponnambalam

JananiVaishnavi

VaishnaviPonnambalam

MumtazPonnambalam

Evicted(Day 49)

Ramya

AnanthRiythvika

MamathiPonnambalam

BalajiPonnambalam

Nithya

PonnambalamBalaji

Evicted(Day 35)

Nithya

AnanthMahat

HouseCaptain

MumtazBalaji

HouseCaptain

Evicted(Day 28)

Ananth

VaishnaviMumtaz

DanielMumtaz

PonnambalamBalaji

Evicted(Day 21)

Mamathi

PonnambalamVaishnavi

AishwaryaMahat

Evicted(Day 14)

Notes

1

2

3, 4, 5

6, 7, 8, 10

9

11, 12, 13

14

15, 16, 17

18, 19, 20

Againstpublic vote

AnanthMumtazNithyaRiythvika

AnanthMamathiMumtazPonnambalam

AnanthBalajiMumtazNithyaPonnambalam

BalajiNithyaPonnambalamYashika

AishwaryaBalajiJananiPonnambalamRamya

AishwaryaMahatMumtazPonnambalamVaishnaviYashika

BalajiMahatMumtazPonnambalamRiythvikaShariq

JananiPonnambalamSendrayan

DanielJananiRiythvikaSendrayanVaishnavi

AishwaryaBalajiMahatMumtazSendrayan

BalajiDanielJanani

Walked

none

Ejected

none

Evicted

NoEviction

Mamathi

Ananth

Nithya

Ramya

Vaishnavi

Shariq

Ponnambalam

Vaishnavi

Mahat

text: Notes

text:
^Note 1 : There was no eviction during the first week, though the housemates were unaware about it and each nominated two housemates for eviction.[28]
^Note 2 : Nithya and Ananth were nominated for Week 3's eviction by male and female housemates, respectively as they had performed poorly during the second week's luxury budget task. However, Daniel and Riythvika, who was nominated as the best performers of the same luxury budget task by the male and female housemates respectively, were saved from the following week eviction.[48]
^Note 3 : For the Week 4 eviction, housemates were divided into groups and each group had to decide among themselves who would be nominated for eviction. While Balaji, Ponnambalam and Yashika accepted the decision of their groups to nominate them for eviction and did not nominate anyone else in their groups, Nithya nominated Daniel even though the rest of her group nominated her for eviction.[49]
^Note 4 : Ramya was stripped of the Week 4 captaincy and nominated for the following week eviction by Bigg Boss after she refused to take part in the luxury budget task for the week. She was replaced by Nithya as captain for the rest of the week.[50]
^Note 5 : Even though Nithya became the captain in the middle of Week 4, she was not granted immunity from eviction and was evicted at the end of the week with the least public votes.
^Note 6 : There was no House Captain for Week 6.[51]
^Note 7 : Mahat was sent to jail and directly nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss on Week 6 for frequently breaking the house rules.[51]
^Note 8 : Aishwarya was nominated for the Week 6 eviction, but she saved herself using the superpower she obtained after winning a daily task during the previous week.[51]
^Note 9 : Sendrayan and Yashika were nominated as the best performer for their teams during the Week 6 luxury budget task and hence were saved from the following week eviction.[52]
^Note 10 : Vaishnavi was evicted through the public voting process, but in accordance with the Secret Room twist, she was moved to a separate room and remained there for 4 days before returning to the house on Day 46.[39][22]
^Note 11 : As a result of Aishwarya's performance during the Week 7 luxury budget task, Bigg Boss granted her immunity from nomination for the following week eviction.[53]
^Note 12 : Shariq was supposed to be the house captain during Week 8, but since he was evicted at the end of Week 7, he chose Yashika as the Week 8 captain.[41]
^Note 13 : Janani was directly nominated for Week 8 eviction by house captain Yashika, who had the power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction. (Direct nomination is shown in Bold)[54]
^Note 14 : Riythvika was directly nominated for Week 9 eviction by house captain Aishwarya, who had the power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction. (Direct nomination is shown in Bold)[55]
^Note 15 : Balaji and Sendrayan were nominated as the worst performer for their teams during the Week 9 luxury budget task and hence were automatically nominated for the following week eviction.[56]
^Note 16 : Aishwarya was nominated for the Week 10 eviction, but she was saved by house captain for the week Yashika, who had the power to save a nominated housemate from the eviction. (Save from eviction is shown in Bold Italic)[57]
^Note 17 : Vijayalakshmi was granted immunity from nominations for Week 10 as the new entrant.
^Note 18 : Balaji, Daniel, Janani and Riythvika were nominated as the worst performers of the Week 10 luxury budget task and hence were directly nominated for the Week 11 eviction. However, Riythvika was granted immunity by Kamal Haasan as a prize for her honest opinions about her fellow housemates' strategy during an interaction with Kamal which happened a week earlier.[58][47]
^Note 19 : Mahat was supposed to be the Week 11 house captain, but since he was evicted at the end of Week 10, Kamal Haasan decided to nominate Sendrayan as the captain for Week 11 since he had not got the opportunity to be house captain and also as per the wishes of the other housemates.[47]
^Note 20 : There was no nomination process during Week 11. Balaji, Daniel and Janani, who were directly nominated for the eviction after being adjudged as the worst performers of the previous week's luxury budget task, will face the public vote.[59]

text: Events

text: The partial audio launch of the Kamal Haasan's film Vishwaroopam 2 was held on 30 June 2018 during the ongoing season with Shruti Haasan invited as a special guest of the show to inaugurate the audio launch.[60]

text: In episode 53 (Day 52) aired on 8 August 2018, the Bigg Boss housemates were issued the notice of the death of 5-time former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi who died on 7 August 2018. They paid tribute to him and shared their memories of him during the show.[61][62][63]


document_title: Mr. Svenson

question_text: what was the janitor's name on riverdale

question_tokens: what was the janitor 's name on riverdale

text: Mr. Svenson

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Archie Comics universe, Mr. Svenson (also Mr. Svensen) is the custodian at Riverdale High School. A Swede, he is bashful and speaks with a thick accent that is often hard for Archie and the gang to understand. He also always says 'By Yiminy!'. However, he is extremely hard-working and, although they don't always show it, he is widely admired by the students at Riverdale High. He is quite friendly with the cafeteria chef Miss Beazley. His birthday is June 21. He first appeared in Archies Jokebook #35.

text: Svenson is not the most brilliant, but can be fairly practical in his deductions. Once a new photocopier turned out to be a dud, and Svenson observes to Weatherbee that, after making x number of other copiers (one less than the model number), the manufacturer ought to know. On another occasion, he reported to Weatherbee that the school had exhausted its supply of paper, notepads, pens, pencils and other items; Weatherbee told him to simply make out a requisition; Svenson replied, "Vit vot?"

text: On the show Riverdale, he was revealed to be the Black Hood.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Archie Comics characters and fictional elements

Archie

Characters

Main

Archie Andrews
Cheryl Blossom
Chuck Clayton
Betty Cooper
Dilton Doiley
Jughead Jones
Kevin Keller
Midge Klump
Veronica Lodge
Reggie Mantle
Moose Mason
Ethel Muggs
Nancy Woods

Secondary

Families of Archie's Gang
Miss Beazley
Mr. Flutesnoot
Miss Grundy
Mr. Lodge
Mr. Svenson
Mr. Weatherbee

Locations

Riverdale

Sabrina

Salem Saberhagen
Hilda Spellman
Sabrina Spellman
Zelda Spellman

Humor

Josie and the Pussycats band and cast

Superhero

The Black Hood
Captain Flag
The Comet
Firefly
The Fly
Flygirl
The Fox
The Jaguar
The Shield
Terrific Three
The Web
Wizard

Licensed characters

Sonic the Hedgehog characters (from Sega)
Mega Man characters (from Capcom)

See also
Alternate universes in Archie Comics

text:
This article about a comics character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v
t
e

text: Archie Comics charactersFictional Swedish peopleFictional mechanicsFictional janitorsMale characters in comicsMale characters in televisionComics character stubs

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sourcesAll stub articles