document_title: Mantle (geology)

question_text: where is the mantle of the earth located

text: Mantle (geology)

text: Earth's mantle

text: The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers of different composition. The mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell with an average thickness of 2,886 kilometres (1,793 mi).[13] The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume.[14] It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a very viscous fluid. The mantle encloses the hot core rich in iron and nickel, which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume.[14] Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the shallower levels of the mantle have produced a thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface.[15] Information about the structure and composition of the mantle has been obtained from geophysical investigation and from direct geoscientific analyses of Earth mantle-derived xenoliths and mantle that has been exposed by mid-oceanic ridge spreading.

text: Two main zones are distinguished in the upper mantle: the inner asthenosphere composed of plastic flowing rock of varying thickness, on average about 200 km (120 mi) thick,[16] and the lowermost part of the lithosphere composed of rigid rock about 50 to 120 km (31 to 75 mi) thick.[17] A thin crust, the upper part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km (3.1 to 46.6 mi) thick.[18] Recent analysis of hydrous ringwoodite from the mantle suggests that there is between one[19] and three[20] times as much water in the transition zone between the lower and upper mantle than in all the world's oceans combined.[21]

text: In some places under the ocean the mantle is actually exposed on the surface of Earth.[22] There are also a few places on land where mantle rock has been pushed to the surface by tectonic activity, most notably the Tablelands region of Gros Morne National Park in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and Zabargad Island (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. (Also Macquarie Island, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Troodos Ophiolite, Lizard Complex, Semail Ophiolite, and other ophiolites)

text: Structure

text: The mantle is divided into sections which are based upon results from seismology. These layers (and their thicknesses/depths) are the following: the upper mantle (starting at the Moho, or base of the crust around 7 to 35 km (4.3 to 21.7 mi) downward to 410 km (250 mi)),[23] the transition zone (410–660 km or 250–410 mi), the lower mantle (660–2,891 km or 410–1,796 mi), and anomalous core–mantle boundary with a variable thickness (on average ~200 km (120 mi) thick).[15][24][25][26]

text: The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in seismic velocity, which was first noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho".[24][27] The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km (120 mi). Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. In some regions below the lithosphere, the seismic shear velocity is reduced; this so-called low-velocity zone (LVZ) extends down to a depth of several hundred km. Inge Lehmann discovered a seismic discontinuity at about 220 km (140 mi) depth;[28] although this discontinuity has been found in other studies, it is not known whether the discontinuity is ubiquitous. The transition zone is an area of great complexity; it physically separates the upper and lower mantle.[26] Very little is known about the lower mantle apart from that it appears to be relatively seismically homogeneous. The D" layer at the core–mantle boundary separates the mantle from the core.[15][24] In 2015, research using gravitational data from GRACE satellites and the long wavelength nonhydrostatic geoid indicated viscosity[29] increases by a factor of ten to 150 about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) below earth's surface; separate research also indicates sinking tectonic plates stall at this depth, leading Robert van der Hilst to speculate "In term's of structure and dynamics, 1,000 kilometers could be more important" (than the currently accepted 660 km depth upper—lower division).[30] The lower mantle also contains some discontinueous zones, called "thermochemical piles" which have been interpreted as either thermally differentiated, upwellings bringing warmer material towards the surface, or as chemically differentiated material.[31] A principal source of the heat that drives plate tectonics is the radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.[32]

text: Characteristics

text: The mantle differs substantially from the crust in its mechanical properties as the direct consequence of the difference in composition (expressed as different mineralogy). The distinction between crust and mantle is based on chemistry, rock types, rheology and seismic characteristics. The crust is a solidification product of mantle derived melts, expressed as various degrees of partial melting products during geologic time. Partial melting of mantle material is believed to cause incompatible elements to separate from the mantle, with less dense material floating upward through pore spaces, cracks, or fissures, that would subsequently cool and solidify at the surface. Typical mantle rocks have a higher magnesium to iron ratio and a smaller proportion of silicon and aluminium than the crust. This behavior is also predicted by experiments that partly melt rocks thought to be representative of Earth's mantle.

text: Mantle rocks shallower than about 410 km (250 mi) depth consist mostly of olivine, pyroxenes, spinel-structure minerals, and garnet;[26] typical rock types are thought to be peridotite,[26] dunite (olivine-rich peridotite), and eclogite. Between about 400 km (250 mi) and 650 km (400 mi) depth, olivine is not stable and is replaced by high pressure polymorphs with approximately the same composition: one polymorph is wadsleyite (also called beta-spinel type), and the other is ringwoodite (a mineral with the gamma-spinel structure). Below about 650 km (400 mi), all of the minerals of the upper mantle begin to become unstable. The most abundant minerals present, the silicate perovskites, have structures (but not compositions) like that of the mineral perovskite followed by the magnesium/iron oxide ferropericlase.[33] The changes in mineralogy at about 400 and 650 km (250 and 400 mi) yield distinctive signatures in seismic records of the Earth's interior, and like the moho, are readily detected using seismic waves. These changes in mineralogy may influence mantle convection, as they result in density changes and they may absorb or release latent heat as well as depress or elevate the depth of the polymorphic phase transitions for regions of different temperatures. The changes in mineralogy with depth have been investigated by laboratory experiments that duplicate high mantle pressures, such as those using the diamond anvil.[34]

text:
Composition of Earth's mantle in weight percent[35] [36]

Element
Amount

Compound
Amount

O
44.8

Mg
22.8
SiO2
46

Si
21.5
MgO
37.8

Fe
5.8
FeO
7.5

Ca
2.3
Al2O3
4.2

Al
2.2
CaO
3.2

Na
0.3
Na2O
0.4

K
0.03
K2O
0.04

Sum
99.7
Sum
99.1

text: The inner core is solid, the outer core is liquid, and the mantle solid/plastic. This is because of the relative melting points of the different layers (nickel–iron core, silicate crust and mantle) and the increase in temperature and pressure as depth increases. At the surface both nickel–iron alloys and silicates are sufficiently cool to be solid. In the upper mantle, the silicates are generally solid (localised regions with small amounts of melt exist); however, as the upper mantle is both hot and under relatively little pressure, the rock in the upper mantle has a relatively low viscosity. In contrast, the lower mantle is under tremendous pressure and therefore has a higher viscosity than the upper mantle. The metallic nickel–iron outer core is liquid because of the high temperature, despite the high pressure. As the pressure increases, the nickel–iron inner core becomes solid because the melting point of iron increases dramatically at these high pressures.[37]

text: Temperature

text: In the mantle, temperatures range between 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F) at the upper boundary with the crust; to over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F) at the boundary with the core.[37] Although the higher temperatures far exceed the melting points of the mantle rocks at the surface (about 1200 °C for representative peridotite), the mantle is almost exclusively solid.[37] The enormous lithostatic pressure exerted on the mantle prevents melting, because the temperature at which melting begins (the solidus) increases with pressure.

text: Movement

text: Because of the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and outer core and the ability of the crystalline rocks at high pressure and temperature to undergo slow, creeping, viscous-like deformation over millions of years, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle.[24] Hot material upwells, while cooler (and heavier) material sinks downward. Downward motion of material occurs at convergent plate boundaries called subduction zones. Locations on the surface that lie over plumes are predicted to have high elevation (because of the buoyancy of the hotter, less-dense plume beneath) and to exhibit hot spot volcanism. The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface (the "Plate" hypothesis).[38]

text: The convection of the Earth's mantle is a chaotic process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is thought to be an integral part of the motion of plates. Plate motion should not be confused with continental drift which applies purely to the movement of the crustal components of the continents. The movements of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle are coupled since descending lithosphere is an essential component of convection in the mantle. The observed continental drift is a complicated relationship between the forces causing oceanic lithosphere to sink and the movements within Earth's mantle.

text: Although there is a tendency to larger viscosity at greater depth, this relation is far from linear and shows layers with dramatically decreased viscosity, in particular in the upper mantle and at the boundary with the core.[39] The mantle within about 200 km (120 mi) above the core–mantle boundary appears to have distinctly different seismic properties than the mantle at slightly shallower depths; this unusual mantle region just above the core is called D″ ("D double-prime"), a nomenclature introduced over 50 years ago by the geophysicist Keith Bullen.[40] D″ may consist of material from subducted slabs that descended and came to rest at the core–mantle boundary and/or from a new mineral polymorph discovered in perovskite called post-perovskite.

text: Earthquakes at shallow depths are a result of stick-slip faulting; however, below about 50 km (31 mi) the hot, high pressure conditions ought to inhibit further seismicity. The mantle is considered to be viscous and incapable of brittle faulting. However, in subduction zones, earthquakes are observed down to 670 km (420 mi). A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including dehydration, thermal runaway, and phase change. The geothermal gradient can be lowered where cool material from the surface sinks downward, increasing the strength of the surrounding mantle, and allowing earthquakes to occur down to a depth of 400 km (250 mi) and 670 km (420 mi).

text: The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ~136 GPa (1.4 million atm).[26] Pressure increases as depth increases, since the material beneath has to support the weight of all the material above it. The entire mantle, however, is thought to deform like a fluid on long timescales, with permanent plastic deformation accommodated by the movement of point, line, and/or planar defects through the solid crystals comprising the mantle. Estimates for the viscosity of the upper mantle range between 1019 and 1024 Pa·s, depending on depth,[39] temperature, composition, state of stress, and numerous other factors. Thus, the upper mantle can only flow very slowly. However, when large forces are applied to the uppermost mantle it can become weaker, and this effect is thought to be important in allowing the formation of tectonic plate boundaries.

text: Exploration

text: Exploration of the mantle is generally conducted at the seabed rather than on land because of the relative thinness of the oceanic crust as compared to the significantly thicker continental crust.

text: The first attempt at mantle exploration, known as Project Mohole, was abandoned in 1966 after repeated failures and cost over-runs. The deepest penetration was approximately 180 m (590 ft). In 2005 an oceanic borehole reached 1,416 metres (4,646 ft) below the sea floor from the ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution.

text: On 5 March 2007, a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook embarked on a voyage to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle lies exposed without any crust covering, midway between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean Sea. The exposed site lies approximately three kilometres beneath the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.[41][42] A relatively difficult attempt to retrieve samples from the Earth's mantle was scheduled for later in 2007.[43] The Chikyu Hakken mission attempted to use the Japanese vessel Chikyū to drill up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) below the seabed. This is nearly three times as deep as preceding oceanic drillings.

text: A novel method of exploring the uppermost few hundred kilometres of the Earth was recently proposed, consisting of a small, dense, heat-generating probe which melts its way down through the crust and mantle while its position and progress are tracked by acoustic signals generated in the rocks.[44] The probe consists of an outer sphere of tungsten about one metre in diameter with a cobalt-60 interior acting as a radioactive heat source. It was calculated that such a probe will reach the oceanic Moho in less than 6 months and attain minimum depths of well over 100 km (62 mi) in a few decades beneath both oceanic and continental lithosphere.[45]

text: Exploration can also be aided through computer simulations of the evolution of the mantle. In 2009, a supercomputer application provided new insight into the distribution of mineral deposits, especially isotopes of iron, from when the mantle developed 4.5 billion years ago.[46]


document_title: Tangled

question_text: who is the voice actor for rapunzel in tangled

root

text: Tangled

text: Plot[edit]

text: Long ago, a drop of sunlight became a golden flower capable of healing illness, decay, and injury. Hundreds of years later, the flower is still used by Mother Gothel to retain her youth, until soldiers from a nearby kingdom, Corona, steal it to heal their ailing queen. Shortly afterwards, the Queen gives birth to Princess Rapunzel. While attempting to recover the flower, Gothel discovers that Rapunzel's hair contains the flower's healing properties, and that cutting her hair destroys its power. Gothel takes the baby and raises her as her own daughter in an isolated tower. Once a year, the King and Queen release sky lanterns on Rapunzel's birthday, hoping for their daughter's return.

tag: p

text: On the eve of her 18th birthday, Rapunzel requests to leave the tower and discover the source of the lanterns, but Gothel refuses, claiming that the outside world is a dangerous place. Meanwhile, a thief called Flynn Rider steals Rapunzel's crown from the kingdom and inadvertently discovers the tower after ditching his allies, the Stabbington brothers. Rapunzel captures Flynn and discovers and hides the crown, but is unaware of its significance. Rapunzel plans to take Flynn to Gothel to prove she can take care of herself, but before she can do so, Gothel becomes angry, quickly silencing Rapunzel. Rapunzel then asks for a special paint that will take Gothel three days' round trip to obtain and return, and Gothel accepts. Rapunzel convinces a reluctant Flynn to escort her to see the lanterns in exchange for the return of the crown.

text: Flynn takes Rapunzel to the Snuggly Duckling, a pub filled with frightening thugs, but who instead are charmed by Rapunzel's innocence. Royal soldiers led by one of the royal army's lead horses, Maximus, arrive in search of Flynn. Rapunzel and Flynn escape but are then trapped in a flooding cave. Resigned to his fate, Flynn reveals his real name: Eugene Fitzherbert. Rapunzel starts to reveal that her hair glows when she sings, but then realizes that this is their key to escape. Her hair provides enough light to find a way out of the cave. Eugene and Rapunzel take refuge in a forest where Gothel, now in league with the Stabbingtons, gives the crown to Rapunzel and suggests using it to challenge Eugene's interest in her.

text: Maximus finds the pair and tries to capture Eugene, but Rapunzel arranges a truce in honor of her 18th birthday. The group reaches the kingdom and enjoys the festivities, culminating in an evening cruise as the lanterns are released. There, Rapunzel gives Eugene the crown and after fulfilling her dream of seeing the lanterns in person, Rapunzel and Eugene realize they have fallen in love with each other and attempt to kiss until he sees the Stabbingtons on the shore. Eugene leaves Rapunzel and intends to hand them the crown. Instead, the brothers tie Eugene onto a boat and confront Rapunzel, saying that Eugene is escaping with the crown. Gothel sets a rescue by betraying the brothers and returns Rapunzel to the tower as Eugene and the Stabbingtons are captured.

text: Back home, Rapunzel recognizes the symbol of the kingdom, which she had incorporated into her paintings over the years. Realizing that she is the long-lost princess, she confronts Gothel. As Eugene is sentenced to death, the Duckling regulars help him escape. He is then carried back to Gothel's tower by Maximus. Eugene enters by climbing Rapunzel's hair, only to find Rapunzel bound and gagged. Gothel stabs Eugene and attempts to escape with Rapunzel, but Rapunzel agrees to lifelong captivity if she is allowed to heal Eugene. As Eugene slowly dies, he slices off Rapunzel's hair, destroying its magic and causing Gothel's age to catch up with her; she then trips and falls out of the window of the tower to her death, turning into dust in the process.

text: A heartbroken Rapunzel mourns for Eugene. However, her tears, which still contain a bit of the sun's power, land on his cheek and restore Eugene's life, resurrecting him. The two return to the kingdom and Rapunzel reunites with her parents. The kingdom breaks out in celebration, and Eugene is pardoned for his crimes. Rapunzel and Eugene eventually marry.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Mandy Moore as Rapunzel[8][9]

Delaney Rose Stein as young Rapunzel[10]

Zachary Levi as Eugene "Flynn Rider" Fitzherbert[8][9]
Donna Murphy as Mother Gothel[11]
Brad Garrett as Hook-Hand Thug[10]
Ron Perlman as the Stabbington brother with sideburns[10]
Jeffrey Tambor as Big Nose Thug[10]
Richard Kiel as Vladamir[10]
M. C. Gainey as Captain of the Guard[10]
Paul F. Tompkins as Short Thug[10]

tag: ul

text: Non-speaking animal characters include Rapunzel's pet chameleon Pascal, and Maximus, the horse of the head of the palace guard. Other non-speaking roles include Rapunzel's parents (the King and Queen of Corona), the other Stabbington brother, and Ulf the Mime Thug.

text: Development[edit]

text: Origins and conception[edit]

text: Glen Keane, the film's original director, first began working on the story for what became Tangled about 14 years prior to its release, then directed the film's development from 2002 to 2008.[12] In October 2003, the film was announced as Rapunzel Unbraided,[13][14] as a computer animated feature scheduled for a 2007 release[13][15] which Keane described as "a Shrek-like version of the film"[16] that revolved around an entirely different concept. Keane said of the original plot, "It was a fun, wonderful, witty version and we had a couple of great writers. But in my heart of hearts I believed there was something much more sincere and genuine to get out of the story, so we set it aside and went back to the roots of the original fairy tale."[17] In November 2005, Unbraided was pushed back to a summer 2009 release in order to give Keane "more time to work on the story."[18] According to Ed Catmull, at one point Michael Eisner himself had proposed using modern-day San Francisco as the initial setting at the start of the film and then somehow transporting the heroine into a fairy tale world, but Keane could not make that idea work.[19] The film was shut down about a week before Catmull and John Lasseter were placed in charge of the studio in January 2006, and one of their first decisions was to restart the project and ask Keane to keep going with the film.[19] It had originally been announced in April 2007 that Annie-nominated animator and story artist Dean Wellins would be co-directing the film alongside Glen Keane.[20] On October 9, 2008, it was reported that Keane and Wellins had stepped down as directors due to other commitments, and were replaced by the team of Byron Howard and Nathan Greno, director and storyboard director, respectively, of Disney's 2008 animated feature Bolt. Keane stayed on as an executive producer and animation supervisor, while Wellins moved on to developing other short and feature films.[21] After the film's release, Keane revealed that he had "stepped back" from the role of director because of a heart attack in 2008.[12]

text: Writing and character development[edit]

text: When asked about the character of Rapunzel, Mandy Moore said that Rapunzel was a relatable character and called her a "Renaissance, bohemian" woman[22] rather than a typical Disney princess:[23] Moore said "[Rapunzel] doesn't know she's a princess [until the end of the film]. She's just really sort of motivated to find out what else is out there beyond this crazy tower she's lived in for 18 years," and that "she's very independent, she can take care of herself, and she's definitely come up with really entertaining ways to keep herself busy."[23] Moore also stated that she herself had little influence on Rapunzel: "The character was developed way before I had anything to do with it."[22]

text: According to Greno, one of the most difficult problems during the development of the film's plot was how to get Rapunzel out of the tower without immediately ending the movie, in that she had thereby escaped Mother Gothel and did not have any other specific objectives to pursue.[24] At a meeting one day, animator John Ripa floated an idea which turned out to be the solution they had been looking for: the mysterious floating lanterns.[24]

text: Production[edit]

text: On September 10, 2009, it was announced that actress and singer-songwriter Mandy Moore had been cast as the voice of Rapunzel, and actor Zachary Levi would provide the voice of Flynn Rider.[8][9][25] Mandy Moore approached the project through auditioning, when she heard that a film about the story of Rapunzel was being made.[22][26] Moore later expressed that she had dreamed to be a Disney princess since she was young and said that with the role of Rapunzel, she had fulfilled her "ultimate childhood dream".[27] She described herself as a "girly fan" of Disney classics[27] like The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King, and that it was an honor for her to be part of this "legacy"—the lineage of such Disney icons.[28] Since the film was going to be a musical, it was required that all auditionees had to read several scenes and perform a song of their choice, to ensure that the voice actors could both act and sing.[29][30] For this singing section, Moore chose "Help Me" by Joni Mitchell,[22] a song that she herself had covered on her fourth studio album, Coverage (2003).[31][32] Moore revealed that she had to attend several audition sessions[28][29] and described the experiences as "pretty fun" but didn't put much hope in getting the part because she believed there would be much competition for this role;[26] she just performed her best without any anxiety.[22] When she received a callback from Disney telling that she got the part, Moore described herself as being "over the moon": "I was working in New York at the time. I was with some friends and my husband—and I screamed as soon as I found out the news."[22]

text: The film reportedly cost more than $260 million to produce.[5]

text: Recording[edit]

text: In Tangled, as with most animated films, all voice actors had to record their dialogue separately from one another to avoid bleeding into each other's tracks.[33] Mandy Moore later recalled that during recording, she had never met Donna Murphy and only met Zachary Levi once when they recorded "I See the Light".[33] Moore thought that this was "a good exercise in employing your imagination".[34] When recording action scenes, the voice actors had to jog a little in place in order to make their voices sound realistic.[34] For the songs, Moore and Levi recorded on a soundstage with a 65-piece orchestra under the supervision of composer Alan Menken. They sang live with the orchestra for several times in order to help everyone "get a vibe" and a feel for the music and the singing, then were asked to go in isolation booths to record the actual tracks.[35][36] In order to aid animators in animating the characters, the filmmakers did interviews with the voice actors and filmed their facial expressions throughout the recording sessions.[34] Disney animated films are usually animated to synchronize with recorded dialogue rather than asking the vocal talent to synchronize their delivery to animation after it is rendered. Thus, Moore felt that the recording process was challenging because at that time she had no animation to look at except for a few sketches.[22]

text: Due to scheduling conflicts with other projects (Moore had to travel to different places such as London or New York, and Levi could only record on weekends for five hours once every six weeks), they did not necessarily record dialogue in the same order as in the final film. "[When I came in], maybe that sequence or scene had been recorded by Mandy (Moore) already, maybe it hadn't. We'd end up doing the same scene five times, depending," Levi said.[30] After watching the finished film, Moore was disappointed because she felt that her voice sounded "shrill", while Levi thought that his performance sounded "incredibly nasally".[34]

text: Animation[edit]

text: The film was made using computer-generated imagery (CGI), although Tangled was modeled on the traditional look of oil paintings on canvas. The Rococo paintings of French artist Jean-Honoré Fragonard, particularly The Swing, were used as references for the film's artistic style, a style described by Keane as "romantic and lush."[37] To create the impression of a painting, non-photorealistic rendering was used.[38]

text: Glen Keane originally wanted the film to be animated using a traditional 2D animation process. However, Disney executives David Stainton and Dick Cook announced that they would only approve the film for production if it were created using the 3D computer graphics.[39] In response to that demand, Glen Keane held a seminar called "The Best of Both Worlds", where he, with 50 Disney CGI artists and traditional artists, focused on the pros and cons of each style.[40] After the meeting, it was decided that the film would be made in 3D CG animation, but in a way as to become an extension of the traditional 2D Disney "aesthetic", a term which referred to the naturalistic animation that conforms to the fundamental principles of animation as documented by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in the book The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation.[39]

text: Due to limitations in computer technology, especially regarding attempts to capture the complexity of a human form, many basic principles of animation used in traditionally animated movies had been absent from earlier CGI films; but technological advancements have made it easier to blend the two, combining the strengths of each style.[38] Keane stated repeatedly he was trying to make the computer "bend its knee to the artist" instead of having the computer dictate the artistic style and look of the film.[13] By making the computer become as "pliable as the pencil", Keane's vision of a "three-dimensional drawing" seemed within reach, with the artist controlling the technology. Many of the techniques and tools that were required to give the film the quality Keane demanded did not exist when the project was started, and Walt Disney Animation Studios had to create them on their own.[37] Keane said, "There’s no photoreal hair. I want luscious hair, and we are inventing new ways of doing that. I want to bring the warmth and intuitive feel of hand-drawn to CGI."[41]

text: One of the main goals of the animators was to create movement that mimicked the soft fluidity of the hand-drawn art found in older Disney animated films. Keane credited Disney 3D animator Kyle Strawitz with helping to combine CGI with the traditional hand-drawn style.[38] "He took the house from Snow White and built it and painted it so it looked like a flat painting that suddenly started to move, and it had dimension and kept all of the soft, round curves of the brushstrokes of watercolor. Kyle helped us get that Fragonard look of that girl on the swing… We are using subsurface scattering and global illumination and all of the latest techniques to pull off convincing human characters and rich environments."[37]

text: Rather than focusing on realism, the 3D team used an aesthetic approach.[38] Robert Newman, the film’s stereoscopic supervisor said that "We’re using depth more artistically than ever before, and we’re not as concerned with the literal transcription of depth between camera and projector as we are the interpretation of it." To do this, they used a new technique called multi-rigging, which is made up of multiple pairs of virtual cameras. Each pair is used individually on each separate element that adds depth to a scene, like background, foreground, and characters, without adjusting for the relation with the other pairs. When sandwiched together later in production, the result was something that would be visually impossible in the real world, but which created an appealing look to the film.[42]

text: As a counterpart to the appealing and cute design of Rapunzel,[43] the directors wanted to make Flynn Rider "the most handsome, most attractive male lead Disney has ever had."[44] They held a large "Hot Man Meeting" where they gathered about 30 women from the studio and asked them what they considered attractive in a man.[45] They brought in hundreds of images of their favourite male actors and celebrities, which were torn and pasted back again.[45][46] After much deliberation, his look was eventually narrowed down to one concept drawing.[44][45]

text: Technology development[edit]

text: Existing technology continued to present difficulties: in particular, animating hair turned out to be a challenge. Senior software engineer Kelly Ward spent six years writing programs to make it move the way they wanted.[47] As late as January 2010, the directors were still not sure if the Rapunzel character's length of hair was going to work. These problems were finally solved in March:[48] An improved version of a hair simulation program named Dynamic Wires, originally developed for Bolt, was eventually used. To make hair float believably in water, and to surmount other similar challenges, discrete differential geometry was used to produce the desired effects, freeing the animators from executing these specific tasks directly, which would have taken days instead of minutes.[49]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text:
Tangled: Original Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
November 16, 2010

Recorded
2010

Genre
Folk rock, medieval, soundtrack

Length
55:39

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Chris Montan, Alan Menken, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, Frank Wolf, Grace Potter, Mike Daly, Kevin Kliesch[50]

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

The Princess and the Frog
(2009)The Princess and the Frog2009
Tangled
(2010)
Winnie the Pooh
(2011)Winnie the Pooh2011

tag: table

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Filmtracks
[51]

text: The original score for the film was composed by Alan Menken with lyrics written by Glenn Slater.[52]

text: Menken said he attempted to blend medieval music with 1960s folk rock to create the new songs.[53]

text: Several songs were written, but eventually cut from the final film; "When Will My Life Begin?" replaced an earlier version called "What More Could I Ever Need?". Menken reported that that opening number went through five or six different versions.[54]

text: Elsewhere, Menken reported that there was originally a love song called "You Are My Forever" that Mother Gothel sang to Rapunzel in a motherly way, but was reprised later in the film by Flynn Rider in a romantic way. This idea was apparently replaced with the two songs "Mother Knows Best" and "I See the Light".[55]

text: The song "Something That I Want" performed by Grace Potter from Grace Potter and the Nocturnals is featured in the closing credits. This version features some of the lyrics that were re-written and sung by Potter herself. The Latin American Spanish version of the song, titled "Algo quiero querer", was recorded by Colombian pop-singer, Fanny Lú.[56]

text: The soundtrack peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200, number 7 on the Soundtrack chart, and number 3 on the Kid Albums chart.[57][58][59]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater except track 20 which is written and composed by Grace Potter. All original scores composed by Menken[50].

text:
No.
Title
Performers
Length

1.
"When Will My Life Begin?"
Mandy Moore
2:32

2.
"When Will My Life Begin? (Reprise 1)[1]"
Moore
1:03

3.
"Mother Knows Best[2]"
Donna Murphy
3:10

4.
"When Will My Life Begin? (Reprise 2)"
Moore
2:06

5.
"I've Got a Dream"
Brad Garrett, Jeffrey Tambor, Moore, Zachary Levi, Company
3:11

6.
"Mother Knows Best (Reprise)"
Murphy
1:38

7.
"I See the Light"
Moore, Levi
3:44

8.
"Healing Incantation"
Moore
0:54

9.
"Flynn Wanted" (Score)
Alan Menken
2:51

10.
"Prologue" (Score & Song)
Menken, Murphy, Delaney Stein
2:02

11.
"Horse with No Rider" (Score)
Menken
1:57

12.
"Escape Route" (Score)
Menken
1:57

13.
"Campfire" (Score)
Menken
3:21

14.
"Kingdom Dance" (Score)
Menken
2:20

15.
"Waiting For the Lights" (Score)
Menken
2:47

16.
"Return to Mother" (Score)
Menken
2:06

17.
"Realization and Escape" (Score)
Menken
5:50

18.
"The Tear Heals" (Score & Song)
Menken, Moore
7:37

19.
"Kingdom Celebration" (Score)
Menken
1:50

20.
"Something That I Want"
Grace Potter
2:43

text:
[show]UK bonus track[60]

No.
Title
Performers
Length

21.
"I See The Light"
Shannon Saunders
3:38

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
position

US Billboard 200[57]
44

US Billboard Soundtracks[58]
7

US Billboard Kids Albums[59]
3

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Tangled was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment as a four-disc combo pack on March 29, 2011. The combo pack includes a Blu-ray 3D, standard Blu-ray, DVD, and digital copy. A two-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack and single DVD are also available. Bonus features for the Blu-ray include deleted scenes, two alternate opening sequences, two extended songs, and an inside look at how the film was made. The DVD includes only the two Original Storybook Openings and the 50th Animated Feature Countdown.

text: Sales of Tangled in the US and Canada exceeded $95 million in DVD and Blu-ray sales, the highest-grossing DVD of the year 2011; its home video sales exceeded the film's earnings in its first week in theaters.[63] The film sold a record 2,970,052 units (the equivalent of $44,521,079) in its first week in North America, the largest opening for a 2011 DVD. It dominated for two weeks on the DVD sales chart and sold 6,657,331 units ($102,154,692) as of July 18, 2012.[64] It has also sold 2,518,522 Blu-ray units ($59,220,275) by May 29, 2011.[65] As of January 20, 2016, the film has earned a total of $215 million in home video sales in the United States and Canada ($155 million from DVD sales and $60 million from Blu-ray sales).[64]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Tangled premiered in Paris on November 17, exclusively screening at the Grand Rex theater two weeks in advance of its French wide release.[66] With over 3,800 tickets sold on its opening day, it set a new record for films showing in a single theater.[67] It had a worldwide opening weekend of $86.1 million,[68][69] and reached the summit of the worldwide box office once, on its eleventh weekend (Feb 4–6, 2011), with $24.9 million.[70][71] Tangled earned $200,821,936 in North America, and $390,973,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $591,794,936.[6] It was the third Disney film appearing in the Top 10 films of 2010.[72] As of 2017, it was the sixth-highest-grossing film worldwide produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios, behind Frozen, Zootopia, The Lion King, Big Hero 6, and Moana.[73]

text: Tangled earned $11.9 million on its opening Wednesday,[74] breaking the record for the largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening, a record previously held by Disney·Pixar's Toy Story 2.[75] In its first weekend of release, it earned $48.8 million (the highest opening for Walt Disney Animation Studios, surpassing The Lion King ($40.9 million), and later surpassed by both Wreck-It Ralph ($49 million) and Frozen ($67.4 million)), placing second for the period behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, which earned $49.1 million.[76] Tangled had the sixth-highest opening weekend for a film that did not debut at #1.[77] Over the traditional Wednesday–Sunday Thanksgiving holiday period, it tallied $68.7 million, again finishing in second place.[76] Tangled also marked the second-largest 3-day and 5-day Thanksgiving opening after Toy Story 2.[76] During its second weekend (post-Thanksgiving), Tangled declined 56% to $21.6 million, although it jumped to first place at the box office.[78] With a final gross of $200.8 million, it is the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2010,[79] and the tenth 2010 film to pass the $200 million mark;[80] it was the fourth-slowest film to pass this mark.[81] Unadjusted for inflation, it is the eighth-highest-grossing film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios, behind The Lion King ($422.8 million), Frozen ($400.7 million), Zootopia ($341.3 million), Moana ($248.7 million), Big Hero 6 ($221.3 million), Beauty and the Beast ($219 million), and Aladdin ($217.4 million).[82]

text: On its opening weekend, it earned $17.4 million in eight territories and ranked second for the weekend behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 ($117.3 million).[83] It reached first place at the weekend box office outside North America three times in 2011.[84][85][86] It marked the seventh-highest-grossing 2010 film and the third-highest-grossing 2010 animated film.[87] In Russia and the CIS, it set an opening-weekend record among non-sequel animated films (first surpassed by Rio) and among Walt Disney Animation Studios films (surpassed by Frozen).[88] Its highest-grossing markets outside North America was Germany ($44.2 million), where it is the highest-grossing 2010 animated film,[89] followed by France and the Maghreb region ($39.4 million) and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($32.9 million).[90]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 89% based on 216 reviews and an average score of 7.5/10.[91] The site's consensus is: "While far from Disney's greatest film, Tangled is a visually stunning, thoroughly entertaining addition to the studio's classic animated canon."[91] Another review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from 0–100 out of reviews from mainstream film critics, calculated a score of 71 based on 34 reviews.[92] According to CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, the average grade cinemagoers gave Tangled was an "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[93]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times positively reviewed the film as "the 50th animated feature from Disney, and its look and spirit convey a modified, updated but nonetheless sincere and unmistakable quality of old-fashioned Disneyness."[94] Time film critic Richard Corliss wrote that Tangled "wades into the DreamWorks style of sitcom gags and anachronistic sass," while praising the film for achieving "the complex mix of romance, comedy, adventure and heart that defines the best Disney features."[95] Corliss included Tangled at 19 in a list of top 25 All-time Best Animated films.[96] Kenneth Turan from the Los Angeles Times awarded the film four stars out of five; he described the film as a "gorgeous computer-animated look that features rich landscapes and characters that look fuller and more lifelike than they have in the past."[97] Sandie Angulo Chen of Common Sense Media gave the film five out of five stars, writing, "Fantastic princess adventure is fun, with great messages."[98] Gael Cooper of NBC News expressed that Tangled may be the best Disney film of all time.[99]

text: James Berardinelli commented on his review website ReelViews that the film is "entertaining and enjoyable, but not groundbreaking." He also stated Rapunzel is "not as memorable as Snow White, Ariel, or Belle" as well as stating "the songs are neither catchy nor memorable."[100] Todd McCarthy, film reviewer for The Hollywood Reporter opened his review with, "It would have been nice if Disney's self-touted 50th animated feature were one of its best, a film that could stand with the studio's classics, but the world will have to make do with Tangled, a passably entertaining hodgepodge of old and new animation techniques, mixed sensibilities and hedged commercial calculations."[101]

text: Music[edit]

text: Music in the film received mixed reviews. Bill Graham from Collider.com praised them for their variations to the tempo and tone, memorable lyrics, and "blending old with new," However, he also stated that "the film’s constant mixture of tones can feel a bit off-putting for some."[102] Roth Cornet from ScreenRant was positive towards them, saying that "Alan Menken’s music is as catchy, uplifting and effecting as one would expect."[103] Scott of The New York Times positively reviewed the music, saying that it "takes you back to a charmed world of swoony longing and sprightly mischief," with a slick and efficient atmosphere and grace notes of self-conscious classicism.[94] Corliss from Time was also positive to the songs, noting that though "don't sound on first hearing like top-drawer Menken," the songs still "smoothly fill their functions." He described the opener, "When Will My Life Begin?," as the "heroine's 'I wanna' song," a Disney tradition that stretches back to Snow White's "Some Day My Prince Will Come." "I See the Light" was described as "a generically tuneful love ballad, which is sure to be nominated for a Best Song Oscar."[95]

text: James Berardinelli, on the other hand, negatively commented the songs as "neither catchy nor memorable."[100] Tim Robey from The Daily Telegraph gave a negative review, saying that they were only "OK—there’s nothing you want to whistle on the way home."[104] Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian, who gave the movie two out of five stars, described the songs as "sporting a laboured selection of Broadway-style show tunes," and hence are actually added for profit.[105]

text: Title change controversy[edit]

text: When first put into production, the film was promoted as having the title Rapunzel Unbraided, which was later changed to Rapunzel.[106] Disney's previous animated feature The Princess and the Frog in 2009, while being well-received by various critics[107] and taking in nearly $270 million worldwide was not as successful as Disney had hoped. Catmull would later admit in writing that Disney Animation's faith that The Princess and the Frog's excellent quality would bring in all audiences notwithstanding the word "princess" in the title was their version of "a stupid pill."[108] In order to market the film to both sexes and additional age groups, Disney changed the film's name from Rapunzel to Tangled while also emphasizing Flynn Rider, the film's prominent male character, showing that his story is just as important as Rapunzel's.[109] Disney was criticized for altering the classic title as a marketing strategy. Floyd Norman, a former Disney and Pixar animator and story artist, said, "The idea of changing the title of a classic like Rapunzel to Tangled is beyond stupid. I'm convinced they'll gain nothing from this except the public seeing Disney as desperately trying to find an audience."[110]

text: Justin Chang of Variety compared it to changing the title of The Little Mermaid to Beached.[111] Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle's blog, Margot Magowan accused Disney of sexism, writing, "Can you imagine if Disney…switched a movie title so it wouldn't risk highlighting a male star? It's awful that this kind of radical gender discrimination exists for our smallest people—little kids who come into this world with huge imaginations and aspirations, big dreams that get squashed by a bunch of billionaire guys who run massive entertainment franchises."[112]

text: On November 24, 2010, the day of the film's release, directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard disputed reports that the title change was a marketing decision. They said they changed the title from Rapunzel to Tangled because Rapunzel is not the only main character in the film. They went on to say that you cannot call Toy Story "Buzz Lightyear," and they really needed a title that represented what the film is, and that it's a duo, and it stars Rapunzel and Flynn Rider.[113]

text: In March 2014, executive producer John Lasseter explained that Disney had changed the name to improve the film's appeal to the four quadrants: "There was an audience perception that these movies were just for little girls[,] but when boys, men, whatever actually see these movies[,] they like them. So on Rapunzel … we changed the name and we called it Tangled. We did marketing that made the people who would not normally show up say, 'Hey, this looks pretty good.'"[114]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film has been nominated for a number of awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated Tangled for two Golden Globe Awards, for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song for "I See the Light", but lost to Toy Story 3 and Burlesque, respectively.[115] The film also received two nominations for the Broadcast Film Critics Association in the same categories, though lost to Toy Story 3 and 127 Hours,[116] as well as nominations for two Annie Awards, for Best Animated Feature Film and for Writing in a Feature Production.[117]

text: Tangled was also nominated for two Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards, Best Animated Film and Best Original Song for "I've Got a Dream," which it lost to Toy Story 3 and Burlesque.[118] "I See the Light" has been nominated for Best Original Song at the 83rd Academy Awards, but lost to "We Belong Together" from Toy Story 3.[119] It has also been nominated for 37th Saturn Award for Best Animated Film.[120]

text: Tangled won best 3D scene of the year at the second annual International 3D Society Creative Arts Awards.[121]

text: Tangled was also nominated for favorite film in the British Academy Children Awards for Favorite Film, competing against films like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Cars 2, and Kung Fu Panda 2.[122][123]

text:
Group
Category
Result

83rd Academy Awards[119]
Best Original Song ("I See the Light")
Nominated

38th Annie Awards[117]
Best Animated Feature Film

Writing in a Feature Production (Dan Fogelman)

British Academy Children's Awards (BAFTA)[122][123]
Favourite Film

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2010[116]
Best Animated Feature Film

Best Song ("I See the Light")

68th Golden Globe Awards[115]
Best Animated Feature Film

Best Song ("I See the Light")

54th Grammy Awards[124]
Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media

Best Song Written For Visual Media ("I See the Light")
Won

Las Vegas Film Critics Society[125]
Best Song ("I See the Light")

National Movie Awards 2011[126]
Animation

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards[118]
Best Animated Film
Nominated

Best Original Song ("I've Got a Dream")

37th Saturn Awards[120]
Best Animated Film

2011 Teen Choice Awards[127]
Choice Animated Movie Voice (Zachary Levi)

9th Visual Effects Society Awards[128]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture (Clay Kaytis, John Kahrs, Glen Keane, Roy Conli)

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture (Tony Smeed, Amy Smeed, Becky Bresee, Kira Lehtomaki for "Rapunzel")

text: Sequels and spin-offs[edit]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on November 23, 2010, for Nintendo DS, Wii, and PC platforms by Disney Interactive Studios.[129]

text: Short film[edit]

text: Tangled Ever After is a short sequel released in 2012. The plot revolves around the wedding of Rapunzel and Flynn Rider. Pascal and Maximus lose the wedding rings and chase after them, causing massive collateral damage along the way.

text: Musical[edit]

text: An abridged stage adaptation entitled Tangled: The Musical premiered on board the Disney Magic of the Disney Cruise Line[130] in November 2015,[131] featuring three new songs written by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater.[132]

text: Television movie and series[edit]

text: Tangled: Before Ever After, a television movie set between the feature film and the short film, aired on March 10, 2017. It served as an introduction to a continuing television series, Tangled: The Series, that started airing on Disney Channel on March 24, 2017.[133]

text: Feature-length sequel development[edit]

text: In December 2014, Tangled's producer, Roy Conli, revealed that the production team had been "heavily pushed" for a feature-length sequel to the film, but when the writers and directors got together to develop one, they realized, "she [sic] cut her hair. It's over!"[134] Conli explained that at Disney Animation under Lasseter, it is always the filmmakers who decide whether they are ready to make a sequel (not marketing or merchandising).[134] In January 2015, Conli again provided a similar explanation when pressed on this point, and also mentioned that directors Greno and Howard ultimately "weren't really interested" in continuing the story.[135]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

question_text: who has the best career 3 point percentage in nba history

text: Three-point field goals made leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular-season three-point field goals made.

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†

Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§

1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018[4]

text:
Rank

Name

Position(s)

Team(s) played for (years)[5]

Total 3-point field  goals made

Total 3-point field  goals attempted

3-point field goalpercentage

1

Ray Allen*

SG

Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003) Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)

2,973

7,429

.400

2

Reggie Miller*

SG

Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)

2,560

6,486

.395

3

Jason Terry^

SG/PG

Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)Boston Celtics (2012–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Houston Rockets (2014–2016)Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)

2,282

6,010

.380

4

Kyle Korver^

SG/SF

Philadelphia 76ers (2003–2007)Utah Jazz (2007–2010)Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)Atlanta Hawks (2012–2017)Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)

2,213

5,130

.431

5

Jamal Crawford^

SG/PG

Chicago Bulls (2000–2004)New York Knicks (2004–2008)Golden State Warriors (2008–2009)Atlanta Hawks (2009–2011)Portland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)Los Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)Minnesota Timberwolves (2017–present)

2,153

6,175

.349

6

Paul Pierce†

SF

Boston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)

2,143

5,816

.368

7

Stephen Curry^

PG

Golden State Warriors (2009–present)

2,129

4,880

.436

8

Vince Carter^

SG/SF

Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–present)

2,106

5,650

.373

9

Jason Kidd*

PG

Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)New York Knicks (2012–2013)

1,988

5,701

.349

10

Joe Johnson^

SG/SF

Boston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)

1,978

5,331

.371

11

Dirk Nowitzki^

PF

Dallas Mavericks (1999–present)

1,918

5,005

.383

12

J. R. Smith^

SG

New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2004–2006)Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2015)Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)

1,917

5,128

.374

13

Chauncey Billups

PG/SG

Boston Celtics (1997–1998)Toronto Raptors (1998)Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)New York Knicks (2011)Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)

1,830

4,725

.387

14

Kobe Bryant†

SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)

1,827

5,546

.330

15

Rashard Lewis

SF/PF

Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2007)Orlando Magic (2007–2010)Washington Wizards (2010–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)

1,787

4,625

.386

16

Peja Stojaković

SF

Sacramento Kings (1999–2006)  Indiana Pacers (2006)  New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2006–2010)  Toronto Raptors (2010–2011)  Dallas Mavericks (2011)

1,760

4,392

.401

17

Dale Ellis

SF/SG

Dallas Mavericks (1983–1986)Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)Denver Nuggets (1994–1997)Charlotte Hornets (2000)

1,719

4,266

.403

18

Steve Nash*

PG

Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)

1,685

3,939

.428

19

James Harden^

SG

Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)Houston Rockets (2012–present)

1,647

4,523

.364

20

LeBron James^

SF

Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)

1,616

4,701

.344

21

Jason Richardson†

SG

Golden State Warriors (2001–2007)Charlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2010)Orlando Magic (2010–2012)Philadelphia 76ers (2012–2015)

1,608

4,344

.370

22

Mike Miller

SF/SG

Orlando Magic (2000–2003)Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)Minnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)Washington Wizards (2009–2010)Miami Heat (2010–2013)Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)Denver Nuggets (2015–2017)

1,590

3,910

.407

23

Glen Rice

SF

Miami Heat (1989–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1995–1998)Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)New York Knicks (2000–2001)Houston Rockets (2001–2003)Los Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)

1,559

3,896

.400

24

Klay Thompson^

SG

Golden State Warriors (2011–present)

1,557

3,691

.422

25

Eddie Jones

SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)

1,546

4,147

.373

26

Tim Hardaway

PG

Golden State Warriors (1989–1993, 1994–1996)Miami Heat (1996–2001)Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)Denver Nuggets (2002)Indiana Pacers (2003)

1,542

4,345

.355

27

Nick Van Exel

PG

Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)

1,528

4,278

.357

28

Mike Bibby

PG

Vancouver Grizzlies (1999–2001)Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)Washington Wizards (2011)Miami Heat (2011)New York Knicks (2011–2012)

1,517

3,999

.379

29

Manu Ginóbili^

SG

San Antonio Spurs (2002–present)

1,495

4,055

.369

30

J. J. Redick^

SG

Orlando Magic (2006–2013)Milwaukee Bucks (2013) Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2017) Philadelphia 76ers (2017–present)

1,464

3,524

.415

31

Michael Finley

SF

Phoenix Suns (1995–1996)Dallas Mavericks (1996–2005)San Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)Boston Celtics (2010)

1,454

3,880

.375

32

Kevin Durant^

SF/SG

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)

1,433

3,734

.384

33

Wesley Matthews^

SG

Utah Jazz (2009–2010)Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)Dallas Mavericks (2015–present)

1,405

3,667

.383

34

Brent Barry

SG

Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)Miami Heat (1998)Chicago Bulls (1999)Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)Houston Rockets (2008–2009)

1,395

3,442

.405

35

Antoine Walker

PF

Boston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)

1,386

4,264

.325

36

Kyle Lowry^

PG

Memphis Grizzlies (2006–2009)Houston Rockets (2009–2012)Toronto Raptors (2012–present)

1,375

3,717

.370

37

Dan Majerle

SG/SF

Phoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)Miami Heat (1996–2001)

1,360

3,798

.358

38

Carmelo Anthony^

SF

Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)

1,341

3,861

.347

39

Baron Davis

PG

Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002)New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)New York Knicks (2012)

1,332

4,159

.320

40

Mitch Richmond*

SG

Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)

1,326

3,419

.388

41

Ryan Anderson^

PF

New Jersey Nets (2008–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2012)New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans (2012–2016)Houston Rockets (2016–present)

1,315

3,446

.382

42

Trevor Ariza^

SF

New York Knicks (2004–2006)Orlando Magic (2006–2007)Los Angeles Lakers (2007–2009)Houston Rockets (2009–2010, 2014–present)New Orleans Hornets (2010–2012)Washington Wizards (2012–2014)

1,313

3,721

.353

43

Allan Houston

SG

Detroit Pistons (1993–1996)New York Knicks (1996–2005)

1,305

3,247

.402

44

Mike Dunleavy Jr.

SF/SG

Golden State Warriors (2002–2007)Indiana Pacers (2007–2011)Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)Chicago Bulls (2013–2016)Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017) Atlanta Hawks (2017)

1,304

3,460

.377

45

Terry Porter

PG

Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)Miami Heat (1999)San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)

1,297

3,360

.386

46

Mookie Blaylock

PG

New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)

1,283

3,816

.336

47

Damian Lillard^

PG

Portland Trail Blazers (2012–present)

1,269

3,447

.368

48

Vernon Maxwell

SG

San Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)Houston Rockets (1990–1995)Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)Orlando Magic (1998)Charlotte Hornets (1998)Sacramento Kings (1999)Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)Dallas Mavericks (2001)

1,256

3,931

.320

49

Clifford Robinson

PF/SF

Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)

1,253

3,515

.356

50

Stephen Jackson

SG/SF

New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)

1,252

3,763

.333

text: Progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
Team abbreviations

Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
HOU
Houston Rockets
ORL
Orlando Magic
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHA
Charlotte Bobcats
IND
Indiana Pacers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
TOR
Toronto Raptors

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MIA
Miami Heat
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WAS
Washington Wizards

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

GSW
Golden State Warriors
NYK
New York Knicks
SDC
San Diego Clippers

text:
Progressive 3-point leaders

Season

Year-by-year leader

3P

Active player leader

3P

Career record

3P

Single-season record

3P

Season

1979–80
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
1979–80

1980–81
Mike Bratz000CLE
57
134
134
1980–81

1981–82
Don Buse000IND
73
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
1981–82

1982–83
Mike Dunleavy000 SAS
67
194
194
1982–83

1983–84
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
Darrell Griffith000UTA
154
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
1983–84

1984–85
92
246
Darrell Griffith000UTA
246
92
1984–85

1985–86
Larry Bird*000BOS
82
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
1985–86

1986–87
90
357
357
1986–87

1987–88
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
455
455
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
1987–88

1988–89
Michael Adams000DEN
166
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Michael Adams000DEN
166
1988–89

1989–90
158
568
568
1989–90

1990–91
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
Michael Adams000DEN 1990–91000WSB 1991–92
658
Michael Adams000DEN 1990–91000WSB 1991–92
658
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
1990–91

1991–92
162
783
783
1991–92

1992–93
Reggie Miller*000INDDan Majerle000PHO
167
Dale Ellis000 SAS 1992–94000 DEN 1994–97
882
Dale Ellis000 SAS 1992–94000 DEN 1994–97
882
1992–93

1993–94
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1,013
1,013
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1993–94

1994–95
John Starks000NYK
217
1,119
1,119
John Starks000NYK
217
1994–95

1995–96
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1,269
1,269
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1995–96

1996–97
Reggie Miller*000IND
229
1,461
1,461
1996–97

1997–98
Wesley Person000CLE
192
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
1997–98

1998–99
Dee Brown000TOR
135
1,702
1,702
1998–99

1999–00
Gary Payton*000SEA
177
1,867
1,867
1999–00

2000–01
Antoine Walker000BOS
221
2,037
2,037
2000–01

2001–02
Ray Allen*000MIL
229
2,217
2,217
2001–02

2002–03
201
2,330
2,330
2002–03

2003–04
Peja Stojaković000SAC
240
2,464
2,464
2003–04

2004–05
Quentin Richardson0PHOKyle Korver^00PHI
226
2,560
2,560
2004–05

2005–06
Ray Allen*000SEA
269
Ray Allen*000SEA 2005–07000BOS 2007–12000MIA 2012–14
1,755
Ray Allen*000SEA
269
2005–06

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas00WAS Raja Bell00PHO
205
1,920
2006–07

2007–08
Jason Richardson†000CHA
243
2,100
2007–08

2008–09
Rashard Lewis000ORL
220
2,299
2008–09

2009–10
Aaron Brooks^000HOU
209
2,444
2009–10

2010–11
Dorell Wright†000GSW
194
2,612
Ray Allen*000BOS 2010–12000MIA 2012–14
2,612
2010–11

2011–12
Ryan Anderson^000ORL
166
2,718
2,718
2011–12

2012–13
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2,857
2,857
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2012–13

2013–14
261
2,973
2,973
2013–14

2014–15
286
Jason Terry^000HOU 2014–16000MIL 2016–18
2,076
286
2014–15

2015–16
402
2,169
402
2015–16

2016–17
324
2,242
2016–17

2017–18
James Harden^000HOU
265
2,282
2017–18

Season
Year-by-year leader
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career record
3P
Single-season record
3P
Season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3-point field goals until the 1979–80 season

Jump up ^ "NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals". Basketball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference. Retrieved 24 March 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years.

^ Jump up to: a b "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018". Retrieved 29 December 2017.

Jump up ^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Ohio area codes

question_text: what is the area code for cincinnati ohio

text: List of Ohio area codes

text: This is a list of area codes in the State of Ohio with establishment dates.

text:
Code
Created
Region

216
1947
Cleveland (October 1947)

234
2000
Akron, Canton, Youngstown, and Warren, overlay with 330

330
1996
Akron, Canton, Youngstown, and Warren, overlay with 234

380
2016
Columbus, overlay with 614 (February 27, 2016)

419
1947
Northwest and north central Ohio including Toledo, Sandusky, and Ashland, overlay with 567 (October, 1947)

440
1997
Part of Northeast Ohio including parts of Cleveland (August 16, 1997)

513
1947
Southwest Ohio including Cincinnati (October, 1947)

567
1947
Northwest and north central Ohio including Toledo, Sandusky, and Ashland, overlay with 419 (January 1, 2002)

614
1947
Columbus (October, 1947)

740
1997
Central and southeastern Ohio except Columbus (December 6, 1997)

220
1997
Central and southeastern Ohio except Columbus (December 6, 1997)

937
1996
Southwestern part of Ohio including Springfield, Dayton, public parts of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, and areas north of Cincinnati (September 28, 1996)

text: Background[edit]

text: When the first area code plan was introduced in 1947, the state was given area codes 216, 419, 513, and 614. In 1996, 330 and 937 were added as splits. In 1998, 440 and 740 were added as splits. Later, in 2000, 234 and 567 were added as overlays. In 2015, area code 740 was overlaid with 220, relieving its rapid depletion. In 2016, area code 614 was overlaid with 380 in the Columbus/Central Ohio area for the same reason. Area code 283 will be used as an overlay when 513 in Cincinnati/Southwest Ohio reaches its depletion.


document_title: Sons of Liberty (miniseries)

question_text: who plays john hancock in sons of liberty

text: Sons of Liberty (miniseries)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The miniseries centers primarily on the years (1765-1776) prior to start of the American Revolutionary War. Focusing on historical figures and pivotal events between the (then) British Colonies and the mother country of Great Britain to whom then British America owed its allegiance. Particularly the events that led to resistance to the crown and creation of the Sons of Liberty, a group that coalesced to resist & disrupt attempts by the British Parliament and crown to tax and govern the colonies.

text: The actions of the Sons of Liberty were the first beginnings of what would eventually become the American or Continental Army. These take place mostly in and around Boston & the then colony of Massachusetts.

text: Various American Revolutionary figures such as Samuel Adams, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Paul Revere, George Washington and British General Thomas Gage are central characters in various episodes.

text: Additionally, creation of the Colonial Congress, the Declaration of Independence and the eventual outbreak of the Revolutionary War are depicted.

text: Tagline: (during the teaser trailer)

text:
“
There's the revolution you know. And the one that's about to begin.
”

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Ben Barnes as Samuel "Sam" Adams[1]
Marton Csokas as General Thomas Gage[1]
Ryan Eggold as Dr. Joseph Warren[1]
Michael Raymond-James as Paul Revere[1]
Rafe Spall as John Hancock[1]
Henry Thomas as John Adams[1]
Jason O'Mara as George Washington
Dean Norris as Benjamin Franklin[1]
Emily Berrington as Margaret Kemble Gage[1]
Sean Gilder as Thomas Hutchinson
Kevin J. Ryan as John Pitcairn
Shane Taylor as Captain Thomas Preston
Jimmy Akingbola as Peter Salem[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(in millions)

1
"A Dangerous Game[4]"
Kari Skogland
Kirk Ellis and Stephen David & David C. White
January 25, 2015 (2015-01-25)
3.29[5]

Still a group of colonies living under British oppression in 1765, local gangs fight each other over turf in the streets of Boston, much less thinking of starting a revolution. When tax collector and pub owner Sam Adams doesn’t pay his own taxes, the Crown puts out a warrant for his arrest, leading to the destruction of Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson's mansion. Wealthy businessman, John Hancock, and Adams, establish a black-market smuggling operation and boycott all goods from Tory shops, identifying them with a "T" painted on their storefronts. But an altercation between a loyalist and a Colonist mob lead to a young boy’s murder. Then, in 1770, after a conflict escalates with the Redcoats turn into a massacre, the wheels are put in motion to start a resistance against British tyranny.

2
"The Uprising"
Kari Skogland
Stephen David & David C. White
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
2.83[6]

After the Colonists destroy 600,000 pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor in 1773, King George sends General Thomas Gage to Boston to remove Governor Hutchinson from office and restore balance. Sam, Hancock, and John Adams set off for Philadelphia to gather arms and support at the Pennsylvania State House, and meet the intense George Washington, a delegate from Virginia. Hancock financially supports Sam and his recruits to begin training their own rebel army on a rural farm outside the city. When the British catches wind of it, they order their capture, leading Paul Revere to set out on his famous ride to warn of the Redcoats coming into Lexington in 1775. Meanwhile, the newly formed Colonial militia clash with the British Army in the shot heard round the world.

3
"Independence"
Kari Skogland
Story by: Stephen David & David C. White and Kirk Ellis
Teleplay by: Stephen David & David C. White
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
3.30[7]

The start of the American Revolution begins as the Redcoats and the Massachusetts militia continue to fight at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Now that the battles develop into a full-blown war, Sam and Hancock enlist Ben Franklin help them convince state delegates to support their cause for freedom. Meanwhile, General Gage charges Bunker Hill, causing the Patriots to suffer a major defeat. The loss inspires a document—the Declaration of Independence—written up by Thomas Jefferson, is signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. Colonists celebrate the evacuation of British troops in Boston. The newly formed Continental Army, led by General Washington will be put to the test when the Royal Navy’s ships attack New York Harbor.

text: Production[edit]

text: According to The Hollywood Reporter, production on Sons of Liberty began in the summer of 2014.[8] The miniseries was also going to feature the minor story lines of Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer was released on September 1, 2014, during Houdini, which incorrectly revealed a December 2014 release date and featured The Rolling Stones' "Paint It Black".[10]

text: In Australia, Sons of Liberty aired on SBS One from February 5, 2015 as a six-part series.[11]

text: In the United Kingdom, Sons of Liberty aired on History Channel from June 2, 2015, also as a six-part series.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sons of Liberty was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 26, 2015.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Historical authenticity[edit]

text: The History Channel billed the series as a "dramatic interpretation of events"[12] and a work of "historical fiction", arguing the goal of the miniseries was "to capture the spirit of the time, convey the personalities of the main characters, and focus on real events that have shaped our past".[12] Nevertheless, the series has attracted criticism for its historical inaccuracies.[13][14]


document_title: The Guns of Navarone (film)

question_text: where was the film the guns of navarone filmed

text: The Guns of Navarone (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1943, the Axis powers plan an assault on the island of Kheros — where 2,000 British soldiers are marooned — to display their military strength and convince neutral Turkey into joining them. Rescue by the Royal Navy is prevented by two massive radar-directed superguns on the (fictional) nearby island of Navarone. When aerial bombing efforts fail, Allied Intelligence gathers a commando unit to infiltrate Navarone and destroy the guns. Led by Major Roy Franklin (Anthony Quayle), the team is composed of Captain Keith Mallory (Gregory Peck), a renowned spy; Colonel Andrea Stavrou (Anthony Quinn) from the defeated Greek army; Franklin's best friend Corporal Miller (David Niven), an explosives expert and former chemistry teacher; Greco-American Spyros Pappadimos (James Darren), a native of Navarone; and "Butcher" Brown (Stanley Baker), an engineer and expert knife fighter.

text: Disguised as Greek fishermen on a decrepit fishing vessel, they sail across the Aegean Sea, where they successfully overwhelm the crew of a German patrol boat intercepting them. Later in the voyage, Mallory confides to Franklin that Stavrou had sworn to kill him after the war, because Mallory was inadvertently responsible for the deaths of Stavrou's wife and children. After shipwrecking on Navarone's coast during a storm, the experienced mountaineer Mallory leads the team in a climb up the cliff. Franklin badly injures his leg while climbing. While taking shelter in the mountains, Mallory stops Franklin from committing suicide and lies to him that their mission is only a diversion and a major naval attack will be mounted on the coast instead. They rendezvous with two local resistance fighters, Spyros' sister Maria (Irene Papas) and her friend Anna (Gia Scala), who was once captured and tortured by the Germans before escaping.

text: The mission is continually dogged by German soldiers and the group is eventually captured in the town of Mandrakos by Oberleutnant Meusel (Walter Gotell) while trying to find a doctor for Franklin (whose leg is infected with gangrene). While being interrogated by SS Hauptsturmführer Sessler (George Mikell), Stavrou distracts the Germans and the team overpowers their captors. They escape in German uniforms, leaving Franklin behind to receive medical attention. In due course, Franklin is injected with scopolamine and gives up Mallory's misinformation. As Mallory had hoped, most forces leave the fortress to counter the expected coastal attack. Upon infiltrating the village of Navarone, however, Miller discovers most of his explosives have been sabotaged and deduces that Anna is the culprit. She confesses that the Germans recruited her as an informer in exchange for her release. Mallory reluctantly prepares to execute Anna as a precaution against detection, but Maria shoots her instead.

text: The team splits up: Mallory and Miller go for the guns, Stavrou and Spyros create distractions in town, assisted by local residents, and Maria and Brown steal a boat for their escape. Spyros dies in a stand-off with a German officer, and Brown from being stabbed during the boat theft. Meanwhile, Mallory and Miller infiltrate the gun emplacement, but set off an alarm when they seal the doors behind them. Miller plants explosives on the guns and prepares a large booby trap below an ammunition hoist, with a trigger device set into the hoist's track. The Germans eventually gain entry into the gun emplacement and defuse the explosives planted directly on the guns; meanwhile, Mallory and Miller make their escape over the cliff, reaching the stolen boat. A wounded Stavrou is also able to reach the sea and is helped aboard by Mallory, thus resolving the blood feud between them.

text: As the Allied destroyers trying to rescue the trapped British troops appear, the Germans begin to fire—and begin hoisting in more ammunition. When the hoist reaches Miller's trigger, the hidden explosives set off the surrounding shells in a huge explosion that destroys the guns and the entire fortress. Mallory's team safely reaches the British convoy, but Stavrou shakes Mallory's hand and decides to return to Navarone with Maria, with whom he has fallen in love. Mallory and Miller, returning home, observe the aftermath of their success from a destroyer.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gregory Peck as Capt. Keith Mallory
David Niven as Cpl. Miller
Anthony Quinn as Col. Andrea Stavrou
Stanley Baker as Pvt. 'Butcher' Brown
Anthony Quayle as Maj. Roy Franklin
James Darren as Pvt. Spyro Pappadimos
Irene Papas as Maria Pappadimos
Gia Scala as Anna
James Robertson Justice as Commodore Jensen
Richard Harris as Squadron Leader Barnsby, RAAF
Bryan Forbes as Cohn
Allan Cuthbertson as Maj. Baker
Michael Trubshawe as Weaver
Percy Herbert as Sgt. Grogan
George Mikell as Hauptsturmführer Sessler
Walter Gotell as Oberleutnant Meusel
Tutte Lemkow as Nikolai
Albert Lieven as Commandant
Norman Wooland as Group Captain
Cleo Scouloudi as Bride
Nicholas Papakonstantinou as Patrol Boat Captain
Christopher Rhodes as German Gunnery Officer

text: Peter Grant, who had a brief (three films) career as an uncredited extra before becoming music manager of such popular English bands as the Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin and Bad Company, played one of the random British commandos.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was part of a cycle of big-budget World War II adventures that included The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), The Longest Day (1962) and The Great Escape (1963). The screenplay, adapted by producer Carl Foreman, made significant changes from the novel The Guns of Navarone by Alistair MacLean. The film was directed by J. Lee Thompson. Thompson was brought in after original director Alexander Mackendrick was fired by Carl Foreman a week before shooting started due to "creative differences".[1]

text: The Greek island of Rhodes provided locations and Quinn was so taken with the area that he bought land there in an area still called Anthony Quinn Bay. Some further scenes were shot on the islands of Gozo, near Malta, and Tino, in the Ligurian Sea. One of the warships in the film, the USS Slater, then a training ship in the Hellenic Navy known as Aetos (D-01), is preserved as a museum ship in Albany, New York.[2]

text: As described by director Thompson in the DVD commentary track, David Niven became severely ill after shooting in the pool of water underneath the cave elevator and almost died, remaining in hospital for some weeks as other portions of the cave sequence were completed by the crew. However, since key scenes with Niven remained incomplete at that time, and it was doubtful whether he would be able to return to finish the film, the entire production was in jeopardy. Reshooting key scenes throughout the film with some other actor—and even abandoning the whole project to collect the insurance—was contemplated. Fortunately, Niven was able to complete his scenes some weeks later.

text: A complication arose when it was found that Gregory Peck, whose character was supposed to be fluent in German, could not speak the language convincingly. Voice actor Robert Rietty dubbed all of Peck's German dialogue for the film.[3]

text: The film's maps were created by Halas and Batchelor, a British team best known for their animated films.

text: Although the island of Navarone is fictional, a map depicted in the film purporting to show the island of Navarone shows it as the real island of Antikythera.

text: Several members of the Greek royal family visited the set the day the Mandrakos cafe scene was filmed and appear in the background as extras.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Guns of Navarone had its Royal World Premiere in aid of the Edwina Mountbatten Trust and in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh on 27 April 1961, at the Odeon Leicester Square in London's West End. The film grossed $28,900,000 at the box office[5] and was the second top-grossing film of 1961, earning a net profit of $18,500,000.[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin and featured arrangements of several traditional songs.

text: The Guns of Navarone

text:
Music by Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics by Paul Francis Webster

text: Karagouna

text:
Traditional
Arranged by Andreas Markides

text: Ena Karavi Apo Te Chio

text: Yalo Yalo

text: Treu Sein

text:
Music by Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics by Alfred Perry

text: Das Sundenlied

text: Tiomkin's theme song featured on the soundtrack album with lyrics recounting the plot of the film. His theme became a popular instrumental with several cover versions including a 1965 version by The Skatalites. Other coveer versions were peformed by Johnny Griffin, Al Caiola and the Hollyridge Strings.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Won

text:
Academy Award Best Effects, Special Effects (Bill Warrington & Chris Greenham)
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (Dimitri Tiomkin)

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture
Academy Award for Best Director (J. Lee Thompson)
Academy Award for Best Film Editing (Alan Osbiston)
Academy Award for Best Original Score (Dimitri Tiomkin)
Academy Award for Best Sound (John Cox)
Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay) Carl Foreman
DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (J. Lee Thompson)
Grammy Award for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture (Dimitri Tiomkin)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In 1968, author Alistair MacLean reunited Mallory, Miller, and Stavros in the best-selling novel Force 10 From Navarone, the only sequel of his long writing career. That was in turn filmed as the significantly different Force 10 from Navarone in 1978 by British director Guy Hamilton, a veteran of several James Bond films. The cast included Robert Shaw, Harrison Ford and Edward Fox. Though the sequel was a modest success, it did not match the original critically or commercially.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The Guns of Abalone is the second story arc from the fourth season of Rocky and Bullwinkle
The Girls of Nazarone Affair is the penultimate episode from the first season of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
On The Dick Van Dyke Show, in the episode "You're Under Arrest", Rob Petrie (Dick Van Dyke) claims to have fallen asleep while watching the film at a drive-in theater, an alibi the police are skeptical of.[8][9] In the episode "Bupkis", Petrie sings to an old army buddy a song that he has written for "The Alan Brady Show" – the show-within-a-show in the series – about The Guns of Navarone.
In the Wu-Tang Forever double album, Method Man cites The Guns of Navarone in the track "Triumph."[10]
In Pulp Fiction, Jules Winnfield, played by Samuel L. Jackson, says to John Travolta's Vincent Vega: "Every time my fingers touch brain, I'm Superfly TNT. I'm the Guns of the [sic] Navarone"[11]
In 1975 Louis Marx and Company released a Navarone playset that was later reissued by the Mego Corporation