document_title: Confucius

question_text: what were the chinese states doing during the time confucius lived

question_tokens: what were the chinese states doing during the time confucius lived

text: Confucius

text: Names

text: In modern Chinese, Confucius's personal name is reckoned to be Kong Qiu (孔丘, Kǒng Qiū), although names were dealt with differently in his era. He possessed two surnames, Zi (子) representing the main lineage of his ancestry and Kong (孔) representing his particular branch of the family. Use of his personal name was restricted to his elders; contemporaries would have used his courtesy name Zhongni (仲尼, Zhòngní)[6] and his students and their Analects of his teachings usually address him as Zi (子), a title unrelated to his surname and usually translated as "Master". The same title is part of the Chinese names of Lao-tze and Mencius, as well as Confucius's modern Chinese title Kongzi (孔子, Kǒngzǐ, "Master Kong").[7][8]

text: The English name "Confucius" is the latinization of the slightly more ornate title Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子),[9] meaning "Grand Master Kong". The form became widespread in Europe from the Latin writings of the Jesuit missionaries to China, particularly those by and concerning Matteo Ricci.[8]

text: In imperial China, Confucius was accorded a number of posthumous names and titles. The first, bestowed in AD 1, was the "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni" (褒成宣尼公). He was declared the "Extremely Sage Departed Teacher" (至聖先師) in 1530. Informally, he was also known as "The Great Sage" (至聖), "The First Teacher" (先師), and "The Model Teacher for the Myriad Ages" (萬世師表).[10]

text: Life

text: Early life

text: It is thought that Confucius was born on September 28, 551 BC,[1][11] in the district of Zou (鄒邑) near present-day Qufu, China.[11][12] The area was notionally controlled by the kings of Zhou but effectively independent under the local lords of Lu. His father Kong He (孔紇) or Shuliang He (叔梁紇) was an elderly commandant of the local Lu garrison.[13] His ancestry traced back through the dukes of Song to the Shang dynasty which had preceded the Zhou.[9][14][15][16] Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong He's grandfather had migrated the family from Song to Lu.[17]

text: Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother Yan Zhengzai (顏徵在) in poverty.[18] His mother would later die at less than 40 years of age.[18] At age 19 he married Qiguan (亓官), and a year later the couple had their first child, Kong Li (孔鯉).[18] Qiguan and Confucius would later have two daughters together, one of whom is thought to have died as a child.[19]

text: Confucius was educated at schools for commoners, where he studied and learned the Six Arts.[20]

text: Confucius was born into the class of shi (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to give his mother a proper burial.[18][21] When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is said to have mourned for three years, as was the tradition.[21]

text: Political career

text: In Confucius's time, the state of Lu was headed by a ruling ducal house.[22] Under the duke were three aristocratic families, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy. The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War". In the winter of 505 BC, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family. However, by the summer of 501 BC, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu.[23] By then, Confucius had built up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government. Thus, that year (501 BC), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime.[24]

text: Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. This way, he could establish a centralized government. However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself. In 500 BC, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the Qi state. The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in 498 BC.[25]

text: Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao or Buniu, a retainer of the Ji family, revolted and took control of the forces at Bi.[26][27] He immediately launched an attack and entered the capital Lu.[25] Earlier, Gongshan had approached Confucius to join him, which Confucius considered. Even though he disapproved the use of a violent revolution, the Ji family dominated the Lu state force for generations and had exiled the previous duke. Although he wanted the opportunity to put his principles into practice, Confucius gave up on this idea in the end.[26] Creel (1949) states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke.[28] However, Dubs (1946) is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls.[27] Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee.[28][29]

text: During the revolt by Gongshan, Zhong You (仲由) had managed to keep the duke and the three viscounts together at the court.[29] Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and Confucius had arranged for him to be given the position of governor by the Ji family.[30] When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested that Viscount Ji Huan allow the duke and his court to retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds.[31] Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and ascended the Wuzi Terrace. Confucius ordered two officers to lead an assault against the rebels.[32] At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court.[31] The rebels were pursued and defeated at Gu. Immediately after the revolt was defeated, the Ji family razed the Bi city walls to the ground.[32]

text: The attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and their lord. Through Confucius's actions, the Bi officials had inadvertently revolted against their own lord, thus forcing Viscount Ji Huan's hand in having to dismantle the walls of Bi (as it could have harbored such rebels) or confess to instigating the event by going against proper conduct and righteousness as an official. Dubs (1949) suggests that the incident brought to light Confucius's foresight, practical political ability, and insight into human character.[31]

text: When it was time to dismantle the city walls of the Meng family, the governor was reluctant to have his city walls torn down and convinced the head of the Meng family not to do so.[32] The Zuo Zhuan recalls that the governor advised against razing the walls to the ground as he said that it made Cheng vulnerable to the Qi state and cause the destruction of the Meng family.[31] Even though Viscount Meng Yi gave his word not to interfere with an attempt, he went back on his earlier promise to dismantle the walls.[31]

text: Later in 498 BC, Duke Ding personally went with an army to lay siege to Cheng in an attempt to raze its walls to the ground, but he did not succeed.[33] Thus, Confucius could not achieve the idealistic reforms that he wanted including restoration of the legitimate rule of the duke.[34] He had made powerful enemies within the state, especially with Viscount Ji Huan, due to his successes so far.[35] According to accounts in the Zuo Zhuan and Shiji, Confucius departed his homeland in 497 BC after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families.[36] He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.[35]

text: Exile

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text: The Shiji stated that the neighboring Qi state was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful while Confucius was involved in the government of the Lu state. According to this account, Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the duke of Lu. The duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving. Confucius therefore waited for the duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized upon this pretext to leave both his post and the Lu state.

text: After Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey or set of journeys around the principality states of north-east and central China including Wey, Song, Zheng, Cao, Chu, Qi, Chen, and Cai (and a failed attempt to go to Jin). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.

text: Return home

text: According to the Zuo Zhuan, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by Ji Kangzi, the chief minister of Lu.[37] The Analects depict him spending his last years teaching 72 or 77 disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.

text: During his return, Confucius sometimes acted as an advisor to several government officials in Lu, including Ji Kangzi, on matters including governance and crime.[37]

text: Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72. He died from natural causes. Confucius was buried in Kong Lin cemetery which lies in the historical part of Qufu in the Shandong Province.[citation needed] The original tomb erected there in memory of Confucius on the bank of the Sishui River had the shape of an axe. In addition, it has a raised brick platform at the front of the memorial for offerings such as sandalwood incense and fruit.

text: Philosophy

text: Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, many argue that its values are secular and that it is, therefore, less a religion than a secular morality. Proponents argue, however, that despite the secular nature of Confucianism's teachings, it is based on a worldview that is religious.[38] Confucianism discusses elements of the afterlife and views concerning Heaven, but it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of souls. However, Confucius is said to have believed in astrology, saying: "Heaven sends down its good or evil symbols and wise men act accordingly".[39]

text: In the Analects, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study (學) that opens the text. Far from trying to build a systematic or formalist theory, he wanted his disciples to master and internalize older classics, so that their deep thought and thorough study would allow them to relate the moral problems of the present to past political events (as recorded in the Annals) or the past expressions of commoners' feelings and noblemen's reflections (as in the poems of the Book of Odes).

text: Ethics

text: One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucian ethics may, therefore, be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed indirectly, through allusion, innuendo, and even tautology. His teachings require examination and context to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:

text: By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that the sage values human beings over property; readers are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's and to pursue self-improvement if it would not have. Confucius, as an exemplar of human excellence, serves not as an all-powerful deity or a universally true set of abstract principles, but rather the ultimate model for others. For these reasons, according to many commentators, Confucius's teachings may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.

text: One of his teachings was a variant of the Golden Rule, sometimes called the "Silver Rule" owing to its negative form:

text: Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption, and virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness. Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for one's own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.

text: The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in lǐ (禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony.

text: In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ was doing the proper thing at the proper time, balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. Training in the lǐ of past sages cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts.

text: In Confucianism, the concept of li is closely related to yì (義), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of self-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of yì is doing the right thing for the right reason.

text: Just as action according to lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁).Rén consists of 5 basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence and kindness.[40] Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount—not too much and not too little.[40]

text: Politics

text: Confucius's political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argued that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, and not by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) in the Great Learning (大學). This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.

text: Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven (天命) that could unify the "world" (天下, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social perfection, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.

text: Confucius did not believe in the concept of "democracy", which is itself an Athenian concept unknown in ancient China, but could be interpreted by Confucius's principles recommending against individuals electing their own political leaders to govern them, or that anyone is capable of self-government. He expressed fears that the masses lacked the intellect to make decisions for themselves, and that, in his view, since not everyone is created equal, not everyone has a right of self-government.[41]

text: While he supported the idea of government ruling by a virtuous king, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for representing truth in language, and honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. Confucius believed that if a ruler is to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the subordinates must advise their superiors if the superiors are considered to be taking a course of action that is wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders by force or punishment are not necessary.[42]

text: Legacy

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text: Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the Analects. Confucius's disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma.

text: Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, Mencius (孟子) and Xun Zi (荀子) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. Mencius (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism.

text: This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the Qin state conquered all of China. Li Si, Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty, convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the Zhou Dynasty before them which he saw as being against to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Si had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned—considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.

text: Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under Wudi, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th century. As Mohism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Laozi, whose focus on more spiritual ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion, which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control to them.

text: During the Song dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (AD 1130–1200) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century.

text: The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China. The first was Michele Ruggieri who had returned from China to Italy in 1588, and carried on translating in Latin Chinese classics, while residing in Salerno. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687.[43] It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.[43][44]

text: In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist, but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the Qing Dynasty to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th century.

text: Confucius's works are studied by scholars in many other Asian countries, particularly those in the Chinese cultural sphere, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.

text: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as were Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages.[45]

text: In modern times, Asteroid 7853, "Confucius", was named after the Chinese thinker.

text: Disciples

text: There is not much known of Confucius's disciples, and a little over half of them had their surnames recorded in the Zuo Zhuan.[46] The Analects records 22 names that are most likely Confucius's disciples, while the Mencius records 24 names, although it is quite certain that there have been many more disciples whose name were not recorded.[46] Most of Confucius's disciples were from the Lu state, while others were from neighboring states.[46] For example, Zigong was from the Wey state, and Sima Niu was from the Song state.[46] Confucius's favorite disciple was Yan Hui, most probably one of the most impoverished of them all.[46] Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state.[46] Under Confucius's teachings, the disciples became well-learned in the principles and methods of government.[47] He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual.[47] Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual acumen, in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence.[47] Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable.[47] In fact, the disciple Zilu even died defending his ruler in Wei.[47]

text: Yang Hu, who was a subordinate of the Ji family, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed.[47] As a likely consequence, it was after that that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions.[47] A few of Confucius's disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius.[48] By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house.[49] Even though the Ji family had practices with which Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius's disciples many opportunities for employment.[49] Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, all the while being openly critical of the Ji family.[50]

text: Visual portraits

text: No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the Han Dynasty that he was portrayed visually. Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with Laozi. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher. The oldest known portrait of Confucius has been unearthed in the tomb of the Han dynasty ruler Marquis of Haihun (died 59 BC). The picture was painted on the wooden frame to a polished bronze mirror.[51]

text: In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in Confucius Temples; however, during the reign of Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) of the Ming dynasty, it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the temple in his home town, Qufu in Shandong. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the Tang dynasty portrait by Wu Daozi.

text: Memorials

text: Soon after Confucius's death, Qufu, his home town, became a place of devotion and remembrance. The Han dynasty Records of the Grand Historian records that it had already become a place of pilgrimage for ministers. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the Buddha, Laozi, and Confucius are found together. There are also many temples dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucian ceremonies.

text: The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li (周禮) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius's birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.

text: In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day does in the West.

text: In South Korea, a grand-scale memorial ceremony called Seokjeon Daeje is held twice a year on Confucius's birthday and the anniversary of his death, at Confucian academies across the country and Sungkyunkwan in Seoul.

text: Descendants

text: Confucius's descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang first bestowed the title of "Duke Wenxuan" on Kong Suizhi of the 35th generation. In 1055, Emperor Renzong of Song first bestowed the title of "Duke Yansheng" on Kong Zongyuan of the 46th generation.

text: During the Southern Song dynasty, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou in Zhejiang, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, one in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation,[63] so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch remained in Quzhou where they live to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.[64][65] The Hanlin Academy rank of Wujing boshi 五經博士 was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.[66][67] The leader of the southern branch is 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.[68]

text: During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius's descendants, who was one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's 孔浣 sons, named Kong Shao 孔紹, moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after wedding a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's 曹晉慶 daughter) during Toghon Temür's rule. This branch of the family received aristocratic rank in Joseon era Korea.[69][70][71][72][73][74] 曲阜孔氏 (朝鲜半岛) 곡부 공씨

text: Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, had died in 1989. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, Kung Tsui-chang, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on January 1, 2006. Te-cheng's sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman.[75] Many descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu today.

text: A descendant of Confucius, H. H. Kung was the Premier of the Republic of China. One of his sons, Kong Lingjie 孔令傑 married Debra Paget[76] who gave birth to Gregory Kung (孔德基).

text: Confucius's family, the Kongs, have the longest recorded extant pedigree in the world today. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation,[77] has been recorded since the death of Confucius. According to the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, he has 2 million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated 3 million in all.[78] Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China.[78] In the 14th century, a Kong descendant went to Korea, where an estimated 34,000 descendants of Confucius live today.[78] One of the main lineages fled from the Kong ancestral home in Qufu during the Chinese Civil War in the 1940s and eventually settled in Taiwan.[75] There are also branches of the Kong family who have converted to Islam after marrying Muslim women, in Dachuan in Gansu province in the 1800s,[79] and in 1715 in Xuanwei city in Yunnan province.[80] Many of the Muslim Confucius descendants are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (马甲尕), a Muslim woman, and Kong Yanrong (孔彦嵘), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480 and are found among the Hui and Dongxiang peoples.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] The new genealogy includes the Muslims.[91] Kong Dejun (孔德軍) is a prominent Islamic scholar and Arabist from Qinghai province and a 77th generation descendant of Confucius.

text: Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members of the collateral branches in mainland China.[92] Among other things, this would allow scientists to identify a common Y chromosome in male descendants of Confucius. If the descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius's lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time.[93] The aim of the genetic test was the help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. However, in 2009, many of the collateral branches decided not to agree to DNA testing.[94] Bryan Sykes, professor of genetics at Oxford University, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance," he said. "It's not just a scientific question."[94] The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.[95] The main branch of the family which fled to Taiwan was never involved in the proposed DNA test at all.

text: In 2013 a DNA test performed on multiple different families who claimed descent from Confucius found that they shared the same Y chromosome as reported by Fudan University.[96]

text: The fifth and most recent edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee (CGCC).[97][98] It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on September 24, 2009.[97][98] Women are now included for the first time.[99]

text: There is also a "Sacrificial Official to Mencius" for a descendant of Mencius, a "Sacrificial Official to Zengzi" for a descendant of Zengzi, and a "Sacrificial Official to Yan Hui" for a descendant of Yan Hui.[100][101][102][103]

text: The descendants of Confucius still use generation poems for their names given to them by the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty Emperors along with the descendants of the other Four Sages 四氏, Mencius, Zengzi, and Yan Hui.[104][105]

text: Also, Confucius is the founder of one of the Korean clan, Qufu Kong clan.[106]


document_title: Living on One Dollar

question_text: where does living on one dollar take place

root

text: Living on One Dollar

text: Premise[edit]

text: The film follows the experience of four young friends as they live on less than $1 a day for two months in rural Guatemala. They battle hunger, parasites and the realization that there are no easy answers. Yet, the generosity and strength of Rosa, a 20-year-old woman with her husband Anthony, and Chino, a 12-year-old boy gives them hope that there are effective ways to make a difference.[1]

tag: p

text: Inception[edit]

text: The project did not start out as a film, but rather short YouTube videos that went viral, amassing over 650,000 views on the site.[2] Inspired by the response, the four college friends produced a 56-minute film from the experience. They have since taken the film on a national tour to 25 major universities, receiving coverage on CBS This Morning with Charlie Rose.[3] The film won best documentary for the audience award at the Sonoma International Film Festival and Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus calls it, "A must watch film, that provides a unique look into the hardship and hope of life in extreme poverty." Similarly, Gary Ross, the Writer and Director of the first Hunger Games film, calls the film "moving, inspiring and important.".[4] Due to their film and impact work, directors Chris and Zach have been recognized alongside Angelina Jolie and Bill Gates as two of the top 100 Visionary Leaders of 2015 by Real Leaders Magazine.[5]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: As of September 1, 2015, the film is available directly from the "Living on One" organization[6] and on Netflix[7] globally.

text: Impact[edit]

text: The filmmakers have continued their dedication to the Guatemalan community they lived in, raising over $800,000 for education and microfinance programs as of Oct, 2017. All of their programs are run through two impact partners, Mayan Families & Whole Planet Foundation, who are registered 501C3 non profit organizations. You read more about their impact work on their website LivingonOne.org.

text: They have also continued to visit and film with the community, resulting in a new film in 2015, called ''Rosa - These Storms. The film follows their friend and star of Living on One Dollar, Rosa Coj Bocel, over a five-year period to provide a personal look into the life and hope of a young Mayan woman. Among others, it premiered at Seattle International Film Festival, LA Shorts, Washington West, Cleveland, and Sonoma International. It was also featuring by The Atlantic Magazine, Short of the Week, and Vimeo Staff Picks. Rosa was able to fly from Guatemala to Washington D.C. to accept an award on the film's behalf and to speak with NPR and others. Rosa was recently featured by NPR on a list of "Women Changing the World."

text: New Films[edit]

text: Most recently, Living on One Productions teamed up with 1001 MEDIA to embark on another feature documentary, Salam Neighbor, to provide an intimate look into the Syrian refugee crisis. In the immersive style they've become known for, Chris and Zach live in a tent inside of a Syrian refugee camp for one month. They have received coverage in The Wall Street Journal, Fast Company, and IndieWire, as it's the first time in history that the United Nations has allowed filmmakers to do this. Salam Neighbor is also available globally on Netflix.

text: “This film is important … because it shatters the idea that there isn’t anything that one can do, that the problem is too big.” - Samantha Power, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.

text: “[Chris and Zach] don't just make documentaries. They make themselves part of the story.” - NPR[8]


document_title: Nice Work If You Can Get It (song)

question_text: who wrote nice work if you can get it

question_tokens: who wrote nice work if you can get it

text: Nice Work If You Can Get It (song)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: "Nice Work If You Can Get It" is a popular song.

text: The music was written by George Gershwin, the lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was one of nine songs George Gershwin wrote for the movie A Damsel in Distress, in which it was performed by Fred Astaire with backing vocals provided by The Stafford Sisters. The song was published in 1937.

text: Early chart versions were by Shep Fields, Teddy Wilson with Billie Holiday, Fred Astaire, Maxine Sullivan and The Andrews Sisters.[1]

text: In the 1951 film An American in Paris, the song is performed by Georges Guétary.

text: A version of this song was used during the opening credits of the 1995 to 1998 CBS sitcom Cybill, starring Cybill Shepherd, who performed the song herself.

text: The song was included in the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Crazy for You and lent its name to the musical Nice Work If You Can Get It.

text: Other notable recordings[edit]

text:
Billie Holiday – Quintessential Billie Holiday: Vol. V (1937), and once again in 1955.
Sarah Vaughan – Sarah Vaughan in Hi-Fi (1950) recorded in 1949
Dinah Shore – Holding Hands at Midnight (1955)[2]
Bing Crosby on his 1956 album Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings.
Mel Tormé – Mel Tormé Sings Fred Astaire (1956)
Frank Sinatra – A Swingin' Affair! (1957) and Sinatra-Basie: An Historic Musical First (1962)
Doris Day – Hooray For Hollywood (1958)
Ella Fitzgerald – Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook (1959), Ella Fitzgerald and Andre Previn do Gershwin, Pablo Records, 1983
Jeri Southern – Jeri Southern at the Crescendo (1960)[3]
Thelonious Monk – It's Monk's Time (1964)
Carol Sloane – But Not For Me (1986)
Majestic 12 – Red Hot + Rhapsody (1998)
June Christy – A Friendly Session, Vol. 2 (1999) with the Johnny Guarnieri Quintet
Stan Kenton – At The Rendezvous: Vol 2 (2000) (vocal by Ann Richards)
Barbara Carroll – One Morning In May (2002)
The Hi-Lo's – A Musical Thrill (2006)
Johnny Smith – Moonlight in Vermont
Sting and Larry Adler

tag: ul


document_title: NBA Coach of the Year Award

question_text: who got votes for coach of the year nba

question_tokens: who got votes for coach of the year nba

text: NBA Coach of the Year Award

text: Winners[edit]

text:
^

Denotes head coach who is still active in the NBA

*

Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach

Bold

Team won NBA championship for that season

W–L

Win–loss record for that season

Win%

Winning percentage for that season

text:
Season

Coach

Nationality

Team

W–L

Win%

1962–63

Harry Gallatin

 United States

St. Louis Hawks

48–32

.600

1963–64

Alex Hannum*

 United States

San Francisco Warriors

48–32

.600

1964–65

Red Auerbach*[a]

 United States

Boston Celtics

62–18

.775

1965–66

Dolph Schayes

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

55–25

.688

1966–67

Johnny Kerr

 United States

Chicago Bulls

33–48

.407

1967–68

Richie Guerin

 United States

St. Louis Hawks

56–26

.683

1968–69

Gene Shue

 United States

Baltimore Bullets

57–25

.695

1969–70

Red Holzman*[a]

 United States

New York Knicks

60–22

.732

1970–71

Dick Motta

 United States

Chicago Bulls

51–31

.622

1971–72

Bill Sharman*

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers

69–13

.841

1972–73

Tom Heinsohn*

 United States

Boston Celtics

68–14

.829

1973–74

Ray Scott

 United States

Detroit Pistons

52–30

.634

1974–75

Phil Johnson

 United States

Kansas City-Omaha Kings

44–38

.537

1975–76

Bill Fitch[a]

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers

49–33

.598

1976–77

Tom Nissalke

 United States

Houston Rockets

49–33

.598

1977–78

Hubie Brown

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

41–41

.500

1978–79

Cotton Fitzsimmons

 United States

Kansas City Kings

48–34

.585

1979–80

Bill Fitch[a] (2)

 United States

Boston Celtics

61–21

.744

1980–81

Jack McKinney

 United States

Indiana Pacers

44–38

.537

1981–82

Gene Shue (2)

 United States

Washington Bullets

43–39

.524

1982–83

Don Nelson*[a]

 United States

Milwaukee Bucks

51–31

.622

1983–84

Frank Layden

 United States

Utah Jazz

45–37

.549

1984–85

Don Nelson*[a] (2)

 United States

Milwaukee Bucks

59–23

.720

1985–86

Mike Fratello

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

50–32

.610

1986–87

Mike Schuler

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

49–33

.598

1987–88

Doug Moe

 United States

Denver Nuggets

54–28

.659

1988–89

Cotton Fitzsimmons(2)

 United States

Phoenix Suns

55–27

.671

1989–90

Pat Riley*[a]

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers

63–19

.768

1990–91

Don Chaney

 United States

Houston Rockets

52–30

.634

1991–92

Don Nelson*[a] (3)

 United States

Golden State Warriors

55–27

.671

1992–93

Pat Riley*[a] (2)

 United States

New York Knicks

60–22

.732

1993–94

Lenny Wilkens*[a]

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

57–25

.695

1994–95

Del Harris

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers

48–34

.585

1995–96

Phil Jackson*[a]

 United States

Chicago Bulls

72–10

.878

1996–97

Pat Riley*[a] (3)

 United States

Miami Heat

61–21

.744

1997–98

Larry Bird

 United States

Indiana Pacers

58–24

.707

1998–99

Mike Dunleavy

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

35–15

.700

1999–00

Doc Rivers^

 United States

Orlando Magic

41–41

.500

2000–01

Larry Brown*

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

56–26

.683

2001–02

Rick Carlisle^

 United States

Detroit Pistons

50–32

.610

2002–03

Gregg Popovich^

 United States

San Antonio Spurs

60–22

.732

2003–04

Hubie Brown (2)

 United States

Memphis Grizzlies

50–32

.610

2004–05

Mike D'Antoni^

 United States[b]

Phoenix Suns

62–20

.756

2005–06

Avery Johnson

 United States

Dallas Mavericks

60–22

.732

2006–07

Sam Mitchell

 United States

Toronto Raptors

47–35

.573

2007–08

Byron Scott

 United States

New Orleans Hornets

56–26

.683

2008–09

Mike Brown

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers

66–16

.805

2009–10

Scott Brooks^

 United States

Oklahoma City Thunder

50–32

.610

2010–11

Tom Thibodeau^

 United States

Chicago Bulls

62–20

.756

2011–12

Gregg Popovich^ (2)

 United States

San Antonio Spurs

50–16

.758

2012–13

George Karl

 United States

Denver Nuggets

57–25

.695

2013–14

Gregg Popovich^ (3)

 United States

San Antonio Spurs

62–20

.756

2014–15

Mike Budenholzer^

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

60–22

.732

2015–16

Steve Kerr^

 United States

Golden State Warriors

73–9

.890

2016–17

Mike D'Antoni^ (2)

 United States[c]

Houston Rockets

55–27

.670

2017–18

Dwane Casey^

 United States

Toronto Raptors

59-23

.720

text: Multi-time winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Coach
Team
No.
Years

1
Don Nelson
Milwaukee Bucks (2) /Golden State Warriors (1)
3
1983, 1985, 1992

Pat Riley
Los Angeles Lakers (1) /New York Knicks (1) /Miami Heat (1)
1990, 1993, 1997

Gregg Popovich
San Antonio Spurs
2003, 2012, 2014

4
Gene Shue
Baltimore Bullets (1) /Washington Bullets (1)
2
1969, 1982

Bill Fitch
Cleveland Cavaliers (1) /Boston Celtics (1)
1976, 1980

Hubie Brown
Atlanta Hawks (1) /Memphis Grizzlies (1)
1978, 2004

Cotton Fitzsimmons
Kansas City Kings (1) /Phoenix Suns (1)
1979, 1989

Mike D'Antoni
Phoenix Suns (1) /Houston Rockets (1)
2005, 2017


document_title: Make It Last Forever (song)

question_text: who sings make it last forever with keith sweat

text: Make It Last Forever (song)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Make It Last Forever"
Single by Keith Sweat featuring Jacci McGheefrom the album Make It Last ForeverReleased
January 9, 1988Format
12" single, cassette singleGenre
New jack swing[1]Length
4:56Label
Vintertainment/ElektraSongwriter(s)
Teddy Riley, Keith SweatProducer(s)
Keith SweatTeddy RileyKeith Sweat singles chronology

"Something Just Ain't Right" (1988)

"Make It Last Forever" (1988)

"Don't Stop Your Love" (1988)

text: "Make It Last Forever" is a 1988 single by Keith Sweat and Jacci McGhee.  Taken as the second single and the title track from Sweat's debut album, the single peaked at #59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was a hit on the Hot Black Singles chart, where it peaked at #2.

text: Covers[edit]

text: Years later, the song would be covered by Chanté Moore and her then-husband, Kenny Lattimore. Large portions of the song would be interpolated in the 2000 "Make It Last Remix" of Mariah Carey's "Thank God I Found You". It was also covered in Hip-Hop as well with the song "Makin' Cash Forever" by Houston, Texas hip-hop group Botany Boyz and "Collect Call" by T.I. on his album Paper Trail. In the fall of 2011, the song was sampled in the remix of the Jacob Latimore song "Like 'Em All" featuring rapper Issa Thompson.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1988-1989)

Peakposition

UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)

66

U.S. Billboard Hot 100

59

U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles

2


document_title: Unikitty!

question_text: who plays princess unikitty in the lego movie

text: Unikitty!

text: Plot[edit]

text: As ruler of the Unikingdom, Princess Unikitty has busy days full of royal responsibilities. She is mostly interested in making sure everyone is happy and ridding the kingdom of negativity, but don’t misunderstand her optimism – she is one kitty/unicorn hybrid not to be crossed. While she may be full of boundless energy and creativity, Unikitty is a force to be reckoned with if anyone gets in the way of spreading her positive vibes, especially if anyone makes her own little brother and best friend Puppycorn sad. Also living in the castle are Dr. Fox, the resident scientist, Unikitty’s trusty bodyguard, Hawkodile, and Richard, an unhappy 1x3 grey Lego Brick. Through it all, Unikitty and her friends make sure that every day is the happiest and most creative ever while dealing with the evil plots of Doom Lord and her nemesis, Master Frown, from Frown Town.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Princess Unikitty (voiced by Tara Strong) – The princess of the Unikingdom who is a cat/unicorn hybrid. She is very happy, playful, cute, and upbeat, but has an angry side that she sometimes struggles to control. She was previously voiced by Alison Brie in the original film.
Prince Puppycorn (voiced by Grey Griffin) – Unikitty’s younger brother, a dog/unicorn hybrid. He is sometimes clueless and dimwitted, but is also loyal, good-hearted and his sister's best friend.
Dr. Fox (voiced by Kate Micucci) – The castle’s resident scientist whose experiments and inventions can both create and resolve problems.
Hawkodile (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) – Unikitty’s trusty hawk/crocodile hybrid bodyguard who has a "macho" personality and appears to have a crush on Dr. Fox.
Richard (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) – A grey 1x3 Lego brick who is Unikitty's royal advisor and castle caretaker. He speaks with a dull monotone voice and is often the voice of reason, though the others find him boring to listen to.
Master Frown (voiced by Eric Bauza) – The villain and enemy of Unikitty who comes from Frown Town at the other side of Unikitty's kingdom. He is one of the Doom Lords that spread pain and misery throughout the world. This often causes him to suffer the wrath of Unikitty, who wants to spread fun and joy.
Brock (voiced by H. Michael Croner) – Master Frown's close friend and roommate who has a neutral personality. Brock is a gravestone.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [5]Directed byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal air date [5]U.S. viewers(millions)11"Spoooooky Game"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeChivaun FitzpatrickOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)0.99[6]
After getting a haunted board game from a shopkeeper, Unikitty and the gang (except Richard) get sucked into the game and must try to avoid all obstacles to reach the end and escape, but Hawkodile and Dr. Fox fall victim to the shopkeeper and get left behind.Note: This episode aired as a sneak peek and the series’ first Halloween special.
22"Sparkle Matter Matters"Ed Skudder and Lynn WangEd Skudder and Lynn WangEd Skudder and Lynn WangNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)1.00[7]
When Unikitty notices that Richard is the only unhappy person in the kingdom and hasn't produced any sparkle matter, she gets Dr. Fox to create a happy serum, but the results are disastrous when Richard's sparkle matter starts growing huge and out of control.Note: This episode aired as a second sneak peek and is the first episode produced.
33"No Day Like Snow Day"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeMike NassarDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)0.93[8]
Master Frown sets out to ruin the gang’s Snow Day, but gets stuck in Puppycorn’s snowman and his struggles to get out make the gang believe it is alive.Note: This episode aired as a third and final sneak peek and the series’ first Christmas special before the series premiere in January.
44"Action Forest"Ed Skudder and Lynn WangMike OlsenJohn Martinez and Mike NassarJanuary 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)0.65[9]
When his old foe Eagleator defeats him and takes his shades, Hawkodile sends his friends into "Action Forest" to turn them into fighting machines to take him down, however Unikitty repeatedly insists on making them hug, not fight.Note: This episode aired as the series premiere.Guest star: Keith Ferguson as Eagleator
55"Kaiju Kitty"Casey AlexanderChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeCareen IngleJanuary 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)0.63[9]
Dr. Fox creates a giant robot for the gang to defend the Unikingdom from monsters, but they love it so much that they use it for other purposes. The robot’s power is too strong to do these things safely, and the citizens start to fear it.
66"Fire & Nice"Casey AlexanderChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeHae-Joon Lee and John MartinezJanuary 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)0.64[9]
It’s Problem Fixy Day in Unikingdom and Unikitty is helping out all the citizens, but when an outburst goes a little too far, causing a lot of destruction (thanks to Master Frown), she wishes that her rage couldn't be part of her anymore, and it comes true with the help of Dr. Fox's latest invention, but her rage goes out of control whenever she helps someone.
77"Rock Friend"Brock GallagherAaron PreacherRaymond SantosJanuary 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)0.78[9]
When his friends are too busy to play with him, and having a rock as his only friend, Puppycorn is given advice by Unikitty to "make a friend". He takes this literally and makes a friend using the body parts of his friends named Friend Guy, and soon Friend Guy starts creating himself using other people and objects in the kingdom.
88"Kitchen Chaos"Casey AlexanderKelsy AbbottCareen IngleJanuary 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)0.84[9]
After injuring himself from working too hard cleaning up the gang's messes, Rick gets sent to bed while Unikitty and the rest fill in and clean the kitchen for him, but they soon start to find out it might not be the easiest chore.
99"Crushing Defeat"Casey AlexanderChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeHae-Joon LeeJanuary 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)0.86[9]
When Hawkodile's sparkle matter hearts form into big hearts whenever he's near Dr. Fox (his crush) they start crushing him in size and he seeks the help of his friends to help him confess his love so he can grow back to normal.
1010"Wishing Well"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeChivaun FitzpatrickJanuary 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)1.16[10]
Unikitty and Puppycorn free the wish coins that are stuck in a wishing well, not knowing that they've turned evil during their time down the hole, eventually the coins start ruining everyone’s wishes and it’s up to the team to gather better wish items to defeat the coins.
1111"Hide N' Seek"Casey AlexanderChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeMike NassarJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)0.89[11]
It’s Hide N’ Seek Day and Unikitty is the Hide N Seek champion still, but when she finds everyone in the Unikingdom except Richard, it drives her crazy and it sends her on a search to find him, even if it means traveling all over the world.
1212"Stuck Together"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeHae-Joon Lee and Raymond SantosJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)0.75[12]
When Master Frown loses his body, Unikitty decides to tow his head around on her rear end, he needs to make it to a meeting of the Doom Lords in time but first Unikitty has to do her duties first, with Frown as help.
1313"Little Prince Puppycorn"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeCareen IngleJanuary 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)0.77[13]
Unikitty makes Puppycorn ruler (as he's a prince, since his sister's a princess), but when he overflows his royal power, Unikitty and the others must come to the rescue.
1414"Pet Pet"Casey Alexander and Careen IngleChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeHae-Joon Lee, Mike Nassar, and Raymond SantosFebruary 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)0.66[14]
The gang adopts a creature named 'Pet Pet', contrary to Richard's wishes. When they lose him, Unikitty must pose as Pet Pet to distract Richard and avoid getting in trouble while Hawkodile sets out to find him.Guest star: Lucian Perez as Pet Pet
1515"Kitty Court"Careen IngleChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeHae-Joon Lee and Kacie HermansonFebruary 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)0.75[15]
When Unikitty slightly “hits” Master Frown with her Cloud Car, Frown takes the case to court, where he’s hoping Unikitty will end up in jail. He eventually realizes that Unikitty Court is way too happy and upbeat to have consequences, so he starts to get upset that the court isn’t going how he planned and when Unikitty notices, she tries to make the court exactly to his liking.
1616"Birthday Blowout"Ed Skudder and Lynn WangEd Skudder and Lynn WangCasey Alexander, Careen Ingle, and Mike NassarFebruary 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)0.65[16]
On Puppycorn’s birthday, Master Frown and Brock are invited to his party by Unikitty. Eventually after Frown steals Puppycorn’s candle, (which Puppycorn can make his wish with) Unikitty and Puppycorn race to Frown Town to rescue it before it melts completely, and Unikitty finds herself in a mech fight against him.
1717"Lab Cat"Casey AlexanderChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeChivaun FitzpatrickFebruary 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)0.71[17]
A comet Dr. Fox believes is a giant gumball arrives to Unikingdom finally. For her to get a sample of it, she sends Unikitty and Puppycorn on a trip to space in her rocket to obtain it, but soon fears the worst when they are endangered during the mission.
1818"The Zone"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeHae-Joon Lee and Brian KaufmanMarch 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)0.92[18]
During the gang's video game time, Dr. Fox is captured by her own security robot. The robot blasts at the video game console turning Hawkodile, Puppycorn, and Rick into 16-bit versions of themselves. With Unikitty at the helm of controlling them like a real life video game, she uses this as an advantage to go rescue Dr. Fox.
1919"Too Many Unikitties"Casey AlexanderStory by: Chad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeTeleplay by: Aaron PreacherHae-Joon LeeMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)0.54[19]
When Unikitty notices that her friends are having a stressful day, she believes everyone should be positive like her. With the help of an invention by Dr. Fox called the Happy Horn, (a model of Unikitty's horn that, when placed on someone's head, it gives them the mindset of Unikitty) that becomes a reality, but she soon starts to realize she misses her friends' old personalities.
2020"Film Fest"Brock GallagherChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeKacie Hermanson, Chivaun Fitzpatrick, and Careen IngleMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)0.50[19]
At the Unikingdom Film Festival, the gang are excited to show the citizens their films, Unikitty and Puppycorn with their action film, Hawkodile with his romance film, and Dr. Fox with her sci-fi musical. But when Richard keeps trying to get his movie to be shown, the gang thinks it'll be boring and try to stall as long as they can.
2121"Unikitty News"Careen IngleChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeBen Crouse, Kacie Hermanson, and Sarah OleksykMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)0.48[19]
Unikitty and Puppycorn host a variety news show, with Hawkodile as the weather reporter, Puppycorn with sports, and Dr. Fox with science/cooking. It soon turns into a disaster however, when Dr. Fox's cooking opens up a black hole.
2222"Dinner Apart-y"Careen IngleChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeChivaun FitzpatrickApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)0.66[20]
Brock invites Unikitty and Puppycorn to a dinner party with him and Master Frown, but soon when Master Frown starts focusing on his job to make people miserable instead of enjoying the party, it soon causes their friendship to fall apart, so Unikitty and Puppycorn try to bring them together.
2323"R & Arr"Bill ReissStory by: Chad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeTeleplay by: Mikey HellerRaymond SantosApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)0.72[21]
Unikitty and Puppycorn just want to veg out on Lazy Sunday, but it's also Chore Day and Richard keeps trying to force chores on them, so they try to escape him by being lazy pirates, and set sail using the couch as a pirate ship to rescue Dr. Fox and Hawkodile from chores, but when they enter Unikitty's room, which is a big mess, Richard uses this as an advantage to get them to do chores by joining the pirate idea and shoot cleaning supplies at them.
2424"License to Punch"Brock GallagherStory by: Chad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeTeleplay by: Matt LomanChivaun FitzpatrickApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)0.74[22]
After Hawkodile gets caught by the Action Police for battling without an action license, Unikitty and her friends try to help Hawkodile get rid of his action urges. However, if Hawkodile doesn't keep his urges under control, he will lose his shades, and there's only one way to earn his action license: take the action test at "The Department of Mayhem and Violence". With Unikitty's help, he may be able to get it.Guest star: Phil Hendrie as the Action Police
2525"Bugging Out"TBATBATBAApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)[23]TBD
2626"Scary Tales"[24]Casey AlexanderChad Quandt and Aaron WaltkeCareen IngleOctober 31 2018 [nb 1]TBD
During the gang's Halloween party, Unikitty discovers Richard isn't scared of anything, so they all engage in telling scary stories to scare him.

text: Jump up ^ This episode first aired in the United Kingdom on March 16, 2018.[25]

tag: ol

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series was released internationally starting February 12, 2018 on Cartoon Network Latin America.

text: It premiered on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 5th.

text: It premiered on Teletoon in Canada on March 17.[26][27]

text: It premiered on Cartoon Network (Southeast Asia) in Southeast Asia on March 30, followed with Sub-Saharan Africa on April 9.

text: In Australia and New Zealand, it will premiere on April 27.[28][29][30]

text: On Cartoon Network Germany, it will premiere as a sneak peek on April 23rd.


document_title: Hot air balloon

question_text: what is the envelope of a hot air balloon made of

text: Hot air balloon

text: History[edit]

text: Premodern and unmanned balloons[edit]

text: Early unmanned hot air balloons were used in China. Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom, during the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 AD), used airborne lanterns for military signaling. These lanterns are known Chinese lanterns (simplified Chinese: 孔明灯; traditional Chinese: 孔明燈).[4]

text: First manned flight[edit]

text: The French brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier developed a hot air balloon in Annonay, Ardeche, France, and demonstrated it publicly on September 19, 1783, making an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first balloon flight with humans aboard, a tethered flight, performed on or around October 15, 1783, by Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier who made at least one tethered flight from the yard of the Reveillon workshop in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Later that same day, Pilatre de Rozier became the second human to ascend into the air, reaching an altitude of 26 m (85 ft), the length of the tether.[5][6] The first free flight with human passengers was made a few weeks later, on November 21, 1783.[7] King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but de Rozier, along with Marquis François d'Arlandes, petitioned successfully for the honor.[8][9][10] The first military use of a hot air balloon happened in 1794 during the battle of Fleurus, when the French used the balloon l'Entreprenant for observation.[11]

text: Today[edit]

text: Modern hot air balloons, with an onboard heat source, were developed by Ed Yost, beginning during the 1950s; his work resulted in his first successful flight, on October 22, 1960.[12] The first modern hot air balloon to be made in the United Kingdom (UK) was the Bristol Belle, built in 1967. Presently, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation. Hot air balloons are able to fly to extremely high altitudes. On November 26, 2005 Vijaypat Singhania set the world altitude record for highest hot air balloon flight, reaching 21,027 m (68,986 ft). He took off from downtown Mumbai, India, and landed 240 km (150 mi) south in Panchale.[13] The previous record of 19,811 m (64,997 ft) had been set by Per Lindstrand on June 6, 1988, in Plano, Texas.

text: On January 15, 1991, the 'Virgin Pacific Flyer' balloon completed the longest flight in a hot air balloon when Per Lindstrand (born in Sweden, but resident in the UK) and Richard Branson of the UK flew 7,671.91 km (4,767.10 mi) from Japan to Northern Canada. With a volume of 74 thousand cubic meters (2.6 million cubic feet), the balloon envelope was the largest ever built for a hot air craft. Designed to fly in the trans-oceanic jet streams, the Pacific Flyer recorded the fastest ground speed for a manned balloon at 245 mph (394 km/h). The longest duration record was set by Swiss psychiatrist Bertrand Piccard, Auguste Piccard's grandson; and Briton Brian Jones, flying in the Breitling Orbiter 3. It was the first nonstop trip around the world by balloon. The balloon left Château-d'Oex, Switzerland, on March 1, 1999, and landed at 1:02 a.m. on March 21 in the Egyptian desert 300 miles (480 km) south of Cairo. The two men exceeded distance, endurance, and time records, traveling 19 days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes. Steve Fossett, flying solo, exceeded the record for briefest time traveling around the world on 3 July 2002 on his sixth attempt,[14] in 320 h 33 min.[15] Fedor Konyukhov flew solo round the world on his first attempt in a hybrid hot-air/helium balloon from 11 to 23 July 2016[16] for a round-the world time of 272h 11m, as of 17 September 2016[update] awaiting official confirmation as the new record.[15]

text: Construction[edit]

text: A hot air balloon for manned flight uses a single-layered, fabric gas bag (lifting "envelope"), with an opening at the bottom called the mouth or throat. Attached to the envelope is a basket, or gondola, for carrying the passengers. Mounted above the basket and centered in the mouth is the "burner", which injects a flame into the envelope, heating the air within. The heater or burner is fueled by propane, a liquefied gas stored in pressure vessels, similar to high pressure forklift cylinders.[17][18]

text: Envelope[edit]

text: Modern hot air balloons are usually made of materials such as ripstop nylon or dacron (a polyester).[19]

text: During the manufacturing process, the material is cut into panels and sewn together, along with structural load tapes that carry the weight of the gondola or basket. The individual sections, which extend from the throat to the crown (top) of the envelope, are known as gores or gore sections. Envelopes can have as few as 4 gores or as many as 24 or more.[20]

text: Envelopes often have a crown ring at their very top. This is a hoop of smooth metal, usually aluminium, and approximately 1 ft (0.30 m) in diameter. Vertical load tapes from the envelope are attached to the crown ring.

text: At the bottom of the envelope the vertical load tapes are sewn into loops that are connected to cables (one cable per load tape). These cables, often referred to as flying wires, are connected to the basket by carabiners.

text: Seams[edit]

text: The most common technique for sewing panels together is called the French felled, French fell, or double lap seam.[21][22][23][24] The two pieces of fabric are folded over on each other at their common edge, possibly with a load tape as well, and sewn together with two rows of parallel stitching. Other methods include a flat lap seam, in which the two pieces of fabric are held together simply with two rows of parallel stitching, and a zigzag, where parallel zigzag stitching holds a double lap of fabric.[23]

text: Coatings[edit]

text: The fabric (or at least part of it, the top 1/3 for example) may be coated with a sealer, such as silicone or polyurethane, to make it impermeable to air.[25] It is often the degradation of this coating and the corresponding loss of impermeability that ends the effective life of an envelope, not weakening of the fabric itself. Heat, moisture, and mechanical wear-and-tear during set-up and pack-up are the primary causes of degradation. Once an envelope becomes too porous to fly, it may be retired and discarded or perhaps used as a 'rag bag': cold inflated and opened for children to run through. Products for recoating the fabric are becoming available commercially.[26]

text: Sizes and capacity[edit]

text: A range of envelope sizes is available. The smallest, one-person, basket-less balloons (called "Hoppers" or "Cloudhoppers") have as little as 600 m3 (21,000 cu ft) of envelope volume;[27] for a perfect sphere the radius would be around 5 m (16 ft). At the other end of the scale, balloons used by commercial sightseeing operations may be able to carry well over two dozen people, with envelope volumes of up to 17,000 m3 (600,000 cu ft).[27] The most-used size is about 2,800 m3 (99,000 cu ft), and can carry 3 to 5 people.

text: Vents[edit]

text: The top of the balloon usually has a vent of some sort, enabling the pilot to release hot air to slow an ascent, start a descent, or increase the rate of descent, usually for landing. Some hot air balloons have turning vents, which are side vents that, when opened, cause the balloon to rotate. Such vents are particularly useful for balloons with rectangular baskets, to facilitate aligning the wider side of the basket for landing.[28]

text: The most common type of top vent is a disk-shaped flap of fabric called a parachute vent, invented by Tracy Barnes.[29] The fabric is connected around its edge to a set of "vent lines" that converge in the center. (The arrangement of fabric and lines roughly resembles a parachute—thus the name.) These "vent lines" are themselves connected to a control line that runs to the basket. A parachute vent is opened by pulling on the control line. Once the control line is released, the pressure of the remaining hot air pushes the vent fabric back into place. A parachute vent can be opened briefly while in flight to initiate a rapid descent. (Slower descents are initiated by allowing the air in the balloon to cool naturally.) The vent is pulled open completely to collapse the balloon after landing.

text: An older, and presently less commonly used, style of top vent is called a "Velcro-style" vent. This too is a disk of fabric at the top of the balloon. However, rather than having a set of "vent lines" that can repeatedly open and close the vent, the vent is secured by "hook and loop" fasteners (such as Velcro) and is only opened at the end of the flight. Balloons equipped with a Velcro-style vent typically have a second "maneuvering vent" built into the side (as opposed to the top) of the balloon. Another common type of top design is the "Smart Vent," which, rather than lowering a fabric disc into the envelope as in the "parachute" type, gathers the fabric together in the center of the opening. This system can theoretically be used for in-flight maneuvering, but is more commonly used only as a rapid-deflation device for use after landing, of particular value in high winds. Other designs, such as the "pop top" and "MultiVent" systems, have also attempted to address the need for rapid deflation on landing, but the parachute top remains popular as an all-around maneuvering and deflation system.

text: Shape[edit]

text: Besides special shapes, possibly for marketing purposes, there are several variations on the traditional "inverted tear drop" shape. The simplest, often used by home builders, is a hemisphere on top of a truncated cone. More-sophisticated designs attempt to minimize the circumferential stress on the fabric, with different degrees of success depending on whether they take fabric weight and varying air density into account. This shape may be referred to as "natural".[30] Finally, some specialized balloons are designed to minimize aerodynamic drag (in the vertical direction) to improve flight performance in competitions.[31]

text: Basket[edit]

text: Baskets are commonly made of woven wicker or rattan. These materials have proven to be sufficiently light, strong, and durable for balloon flight. Such baskets are usually rectangular or triangular in shape. They vary in size from just big enough for two people to large enough to carry thirty.[32] Larger baskets often have internal partitions for structural bracing and to compartmentalize the passengers. Small holes may be woven into the side of the basket to act as foot holds for passengers climbing in or out.[33]

text: Baskets may also be made of aluminium, especially a collapsible aluminium frame with a fabric skin, to reduce weight or increase portability.[34] These may be used by pilots without a ground crew or who are attempting to set altitude, duration, or distance records. Other specialty baskets include the fully enclosed gondolas used for around-the-world attempts,[35] and baskets that consist of little more than a seat for the pilot and perhaps one passenger.

text: Burner[edit]

text: The burner unit gasifies liquid propane,[36] mixes it with air, ignites the mixture, and directs the flame and exhaust into the mouth of the envelope. Burners vary in power output; each will generally produce 2 to 3 MW of heat (7 to 10 million BTUs per hour), with double, triple, or quadruple burner configurations installed where more power is needed.[37][38] The pilot actuates a burner by opening a propane valve, known as a blast valve. The valve may be spring-loaded so that it closes automatically, or it may stay open until closed by the pilot. The burner has a pilot light to ignite the propane and air mixture. The pilot light may be lit by the pilot with an external device, such as a flint striker or a lighter, or with a built-in piezo electric spark.[39]

text: Where more than one burner is present, the pilot can use one or more at a time depending on the desired heat output. Each burner is characterized by a metal coil of propane tubing the flame shoots through to preheat the incoming liquid propane. The burner unit may be suspended from the mouth of the envelope, or supported rigidly over the basket. The burner unit may be mounted on a gimbal to enable the pilot to aim the flame and avoid overheating the envelope fabric. A burner may have a secondary propane valve that releases propane more slowly and thereby generates a different sound. This is called a whisper burner and is used for flight over livestock to lessen the chance of spooking them. It also generates a more yellow flame and is used for night glows because it lights up the inside of the envelope better than the primary valve.

text: Fuel tanks[edit]

text: Propane fuel tanks are usually cylindrical pressure vessels made from aluminium, stainless steel, or titanium with a valve at one end to feed the burner and to refuel. They may have a fuel gauge and a pressure gauge. Common tank sizes are 10 (38), 15 (57), and 20 (76) US gallons (liters).[25] They may be intended for upright or horizontal use, and may be mounted inside or outside the basket.

text: The pressure necessary to force the fuel through the line to the burner may be supplied by the vapor pressure of the propane itself, if warm enough, or by the introduction of an inert gas such as nitrogen.[39] Tanks may be preheated with electrical heat tapes to produce sufficient vapor pressure for cold weather flying.[40] Warmed tanks will usually also be wrapped in an insulating blanket to preserve heat during the setup and flight.

text: Instrumentation[edit]

text: A balloon may be outfitted with a variety of instruments to aid the pilot. These commonly include an altimeter, a rate of climb (vertical speed) indicator known as a variometer, envelope (air) temperature, and ambient (air) temperature.[41] A GPS receiver can be useful to indicate ground speed (traditional aircraft air speed indicators would be useless) and direction.

text: Combined mass[edit]

text: The combined mass of an average system can be calculated as follows:[25]

text:
component
pounds
kilograms
mass fraction

100,000 cu ft (2,800 m3) envelope
250
113.4

3.3%

5-passenger basket
140
63.5

1.9%

double burner
50
22.7

0.7%

3 20-gallon (75.7-liter) fuel tanks full of propane
3 × 135 = 405
183.7

5.4%

5 passengers
5 × 150 = 750
340.2

10.0%

sub total
1595
723.5

21.2%

100,000 cu ft (2,800 m3) of heated air
5922
2686.2

78.8%

total
(3.76 tons) 7517
3409.7

100.0%

text: using a density of 0.9486 kg/m³ for dry air heated to 210 °F (99 °C).

text: Theory of operation[edit]

text: Generating lift[edit]

text: Increasing the air temperature inside the envelope makes it less dense than the surrounding (ambient) air. The balloon floats because of the buoyant force exerted on it. This force is the same force that acts on objects when they are in water and is described by Archimedes' principle. The amount of lift (or buoyancy) provided by a hot air balloon depends primarily upon the difference between the temperature of the air inside the envelope and the temperature of the air outside the envelope. For most envelopes made of nylon fabric, the maximum internal temperature is limited to approximately 120 °C (250 °F).[42]

text: It should be noted that the melting point of nylon is significantly greater than this maximum operating temperature — about 230 °C (450 °F) — but higher temperatures cause the strength of the nylon fabric to degrade more quickly over time. With a maximum operating temperature of 120 °C (250 °F), balloon envelopes can generally be flown for between 400 and 500 hours before the fabric needs to be replaced. Many balloon pilots operate their envelopes at temperatures significantly less than the maximum to extend envelope fabric life.

text: The lift generated by 100,000 ft³ (2831.7 m³) of dry air heated to various temperatures may be calculated as follows:

text:
air temperature
air density
air mass
lift generated

68 °F, 20 °C
1.2041 kg/m³
7517 lb, 3409.7 kg
0 lb, 0 kg

210 °F, 99 °C
0.9486 kg/m³
5922 lb, 2686.2 kg
1595 lb, 723.5 kg

250 °F, 120 °C
0.8978 kg/m³
5606 lb, 2542.4 kg
1912 lb, 867.3 kg

text: The density of air at 20 °C, 68 °F is about 1.2 kg/m³. The total lift for a balloon of 100,000 ft³ heated to (99 °C, 210 °F) would be 1595 lb, 723.5 kg. This is just enough to generate neutral buoyancy for the total system mass (not including the heated air trapped in the envelope, of course) stated in the previous section. Liftoff would require a slightly greater temperature, depending on the desired rate of climb. In reality, the air contained in the envelope is not all the same temperature, as the accompanying thermal image shows, and so these calculations are based on averages.

text: For typical atmospheric conditions (20 °C, 68 °F), a hot air balloon heated to (99 °C, 210 °F) requires about 3.91 m³ of envelope volume to lift 1 kilogram (62.5 ft³/lb). The precise amount of lift provided depends not only upon the internal temperature mentioned above, but the external temperature, altitude above sea level, and humidity of the air surrounding. On a warm day, a balloon cannot lift as much as on a cool day, because the temperature required for launch will exceed the maximum sustainable for nylon envelope fabric. Also, in the lower atmosphere, the lift provided by a hot air balloon decreases about 3% for each 1,000 meters (1% per 1,000 ft) of altitude gained.[43]

text: Montgolfier[edit]

text: Standard hot air balloons are known as Montgolfier balloons and rely solely on the buoyancy of hot air provided by the burner and contained by the envelope.[44] This style of balloon was developed by the Montgolfier brothers, and had its first public demonstration on 4 June 1783 with an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes, followed later that year with manned flights.[45]

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The 1785 Rozière balloon, a type of hybrid balloon, named after its creator, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, has a separate cell for a lighter than air gas (typically helium,) as well as a cone below for hot air (as is used in a hot air balloon) to heat the helium at night. Hydrogen gas was used in the very early stages of development but was quickly abandoned due to the obvious danger of introducing an open flame near the gas. All modern Roziere balloons now use helium as a lifting gas.[46]

text: Solar[edit]

text: Solar balloons are hot air balloons that use just solar energy captured by a dark envelope to heat the air inside.[47]

text: Safety equipment[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: To help ensure the safety of pilot and passengers, a hot air balloon may carry several pieces of safety equipment.

text: In the basket[edit]

text: To relight the burner if the pilot light goes out and the optional piezo ignition fails, the pilot should have ready access to a means of backup ignition, such as a flint spark lighter. Many systems, especially those that carry passengers, have completely duplicate fuel and burner systems: two fuel tanks, connected to two separate hoses, which feed two distinct burners. This enables a safe landing in the case of a blockage somewhere in one system or if a system must be disabled because of a fuel leak.

text: A fire extinguisher suitable for extinguishing propane fires is useful. Most balloons carry a 1 or 2  kg AB:E type fire extinguisher.

text: A handling or drop line is mandatory safety equipment in many countries. This is a rope or webbing of 20–30 meters in length attached to the balloon basket with a quick release connection at one end. In very calm winds the balloon pilot can throw the handling line from the balloon so that the ground crew can guide the balloon safely away from obstructions on the ground.

text: For commercial passenger balloons, a pilot restraint harness is mandatory in some countries. This consists of a hip belt and a webbing line that together allow for some movement while preventing the pilot from being ejected from the basket during a hard landing.

text: Further safety equipment may include a first-aid kit, a fire blanket and a strong rescue knife.

text: On the occupants[edit]

text: At a minimum, the pilot should wear leather or flame-retardant fiber (such as nomex) gloves, so that they may shut off a gas valve in the case of a leak, even if there is a flame present; quick action in this regard can turn a potential catastrophe into a mere inconvenience. The pilot should additionally wear flame-resistant clothing covering their arms and legs; either natural fiber, such as cotton, linen, hemp, or wool, or engineered flame-retardant fiber, such as nomex, is acceptable in this capacity. Most engineered fibers (with the exception of rayon, which is also safe to wear) are thermoplastic; many are also hydrocarbons. This makes such fabrics very much unsuitable to wear near high temperatures, since non-flame-retardant thermoplastics will melt onto the wearer, and most hydrocarbons, whether fibrous or not, are suitable to use as fuels. Natural fiber will singe rather than melt or burn readily, and flame-retardant fiber generally has a very high melting point and is intrinsically non-flammable. Many pilots also advise their passengers to wear similar protective clothing that covers their arms and legs, as well as strong shoes or boots that offer good ankle support. Finally, some balloon systems, especially those that hang the burner from the envelope instead of supporting it rigidly from the basket, require the use of helmets by the pilot and passengers.

text: On the ground crew[edit]

text: The ground crew should wear gloves whenever there is a possibility of handling ropes or lines. The mass and exposed surface to air movement of a medium-sized balloon is sufficient to cause rope friction burns to the hands of anyone trying to stop or prevent movement. The ground crew should also wear sturdy shoes and at least long pants in case of the need to access a landing or landed balloon in rough or overgrown terrain.

text: Maintenance and repair[edit]

text: As with aircraft, hot air balloons require regular maintenance to remain airworthy. As aircraft made of fabric and that lack direct horizontal control, hot air balloons may occasionally require repairs to rips or snags. While some operations, such as cleaning and drying, may be performed by the owner or pilot, other operations, such as sewing, must be performed by a qualified repair technician and recorded in the balloon's maintenance log book.

text: Maintenance[edit]

text: To ensure long life and safe operation, the envelope should be kept clean and dry. This prevents mold and mildew from forming on the fabric and abrasion from occurring during packing, transport, and unpacking due to contact with foreign particles. In the event of a landing in a wet (because of precipitation or early morning or late evening dew) or muddy location (farmer's field), the envelope should be cleaned and laid out or hung to dry.

text: The burner and fuel system must also be kept clean to ensure safe operation on demand. Damaged fuel hoses need to be replaced. Stuck or leaky valves must be repaired or replaced. The wicker basket may require occasional refinishing or repair. The skids on its bottom may require occasional replacement.

text: Balloons in most parts of the world are maintained in accordance with a fixed manufacturer's maintenance schedule that includes regular (100 flight hours or 12 month) inspections, in addition to maintenance work to correct any damage. In Australia, balloons used for carrying commercial passengers must be inspected and maintained by approved workshops.[48]

text: Repair[edit]

text: In the case of a snag, burn, or rip in the envelope fabric, a patch may be applied or the affected panel completely replaced. Patches may be held in place with glue, tape, stitching, or a combination of these techniques. Replacing an entire panel requires the stitching around the old panel to be removed, and a new panel to be sewn in with the appropriate technique, thread, and stitch pattern.

text: Licensing[edit]

text: Depending on the size of the balloon, location, and intended use, hot air balloons and their pilots need to comply with a variety of regulations.

text: Balloons[edit]

text: As with other aircraft in the USA, balloons must be registered (have an N-number), have an airworthiness certificate, and pass annual inspections. Balloons below a certain size (empty weight of less than 155 pounds or 70 kg including envelope, basket, burners and empty fuel tanks) can be used as an ultralight aircraft.

text: Pilots[edit]

text: In Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, private balloon pilots are managed by the Australian Ballooning Federation[49] and typically become members of regional hot air ballooning clubs. Commercial operations carrying fare paying passengers or charging for promotional flights must operate under an Air Operators Certificate from the Australian Civil Aviation and Safety Authority (CASA) with a nominated Chief Pilot. Pilots must have different degrees of experience before they are allowed to progress to larger balloons. Hot air balloons must be registered aircraft with CASA and are subject to regular airworthiness checks by authorised personnel.[50]

text: In the UK[edit]

text: In the UK, the person in command must hold a valid Private Pilot's Licence issued by the Civil Aviation Authority specifically for ballooning; this is known as the PPL(B). There are two types of commercial balloon licences: CPL(B) Restricted and CPL(B) (Full). The CPL(B) Restricted is required if the pilot is undertaking work for a sponsor or being paid by an external agent to operate a balloon. The pilot can fly a sponsored balloon with everything paid for with a PPL unless asked to attend any event. Then a CPL(B) Restricted is required. The CPL(B) is required if the pilot is flying passengers for money. The balloon then needs a transport category C of A (certificate of air worthiness). If the pilot is only flying sponsor's guests, and not charging money for flying other passengers, then the pilot is exempted from holding an AOC (air operator's certificate) though a copy of it is required.[clarification needed] For passenger flying the balloon also requires a maintenance log.

text: In the United States[edit]

text: In the United States, a pilot of a hot air balloon must have a pilot certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and it must carry the rating of "Lighter-than-air free balloon", and unless the pilot is also qualified to fly gas balloons, will also carry this limitation: "Limited to hot air balloons with airborne heater". A pilot does not need a license to fly an ultralight aircraft, but training is highly advised, and some hot air balloons meet the criteria.

text: To carry paying passengers for hire (and attend some balloon festivals), a pilot must have a commercial pilot certificate. Commercial hot air balloon pilots may also act as hot air balloon flight instructors. While most balloon pilots fly for the pure joy of floating through the air, many are able to make a living as a professional balloon pilot. Some professional pilots fly commercial passenger sightseeing flights, while others fly corporate advertising balloons.[51]

text: Accidents and incidents[edit]

text:
1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash: On 4 13 August 1989, two hot air balloons collided at Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia, causing one to fall, killing all 13 people on board.
2011 Somerset hot air balloon crash: On 1 January 2011, a hot air balloon attempting a high-altitude flight crashed at Pratten's Bowls Club in Westfield, Somerset, near Bath, England, killing both people on board.
2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash: On 7 January 2012, a hot air balloon collided with a power line, caught fire and crashed at Carterton, North Island, New Zealand, killing all 11 people on board.
2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash: On 23 August 2012, a storm blew a hot air balloon to the ground, causing it to catch fire on impact near Ljubljana, Slovenia. The crash killed 6 of the 32 people on board, and injured the other 26.
2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash: On 26 February 2013, a hot air balloon carrying foreign tourists ignited and crashed near the ancient city of Luxor, Egypt, killing 19 of the 21 people on board, making it the deadliest balloon accident in history.[52]
2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash: On 30 July 2016, a hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near Lockhart, Texas. There were no survivors.

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text: The largest manufacturer of hot air balloons in the world is Cameron Balloons company of Bristol, England, which also owns Lindstrand Balloons of Oswestry, England. Cameron Balloons, Lindstrand Balloons and another English balloon manufacturing company, Thunder and Colt (since acquired by Cameron), have been innovators and developers of special shaped balloons. These hot air balloons use the same principle of lift as conventional inverted teardrop shaped balloons but often sections of the special balloon envelope shape do not contribute to the balloon's ability to stay aloft.

text: The second largest manufacturer of hot air balloons in the world is Ultramagic company, based in Spain, which produces from 80 to 120 balloons per year. Ultramagic can produce very large balloons, such as the N-500 that accommodates as many as 27 persons in the basket, and has also produced many balloons with special shapes, as well as cold-air inflatables.

text: In the USA Aerostar International, Inc. of Sioux Falls, South Dakota was North America's largest balloon manufacturer and a close second in world manufacturing before ceasing to build balloons in January 2007. The oldest U.S. certified manufacture is now Adams Balloons out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Firefly Balloons, formerly The Balloon Works, is a manufacturer of hot-air balloons in Statesville, North Carolina. Another manufacturer is Head Balloons, Inc. of Helen, Georgia.

text: The major manufacturers in Canada are Sundance Balloons and Fantasy Sky Promotions. Other manufacturers include Kavanagh Balloons of Australia, Schroeder Fire Balloons of Germany, Kubicek Balloons of the Czech Republic, and LLopis Balloons of France.


document_title: What Do Artists Do All Day?

question_text: what do artists do all day season 1 episode 1

text: What Do Artists Do All Day?

text: What Do Artists Do All Day? is a documentary series, airing on BBC Four. Film crews accompany various prominent artists as they go about their daily schedules and share insights into their working lives and creative processes.[1]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Series 1

2013-03-19 – Series 1 – 1. Norman Ackroyd, the working life of Britain's celebrated landscape artist. [2]
2013-03-25 – Series 1 – 2. Polly Morgan, the taxidermist's strange and wonderful art
2013-04-08 – Series 1 – 3. Jack Vettriano, the popular artist at work in his studio. [3]
2013-06-04 – Series 1 – 4. Cornelia Parker, prepares for a new exhibition of her work in London.
2013-08-22 – Series 1 – 5. John Byrne, artist and writer, completes a mural for King's Theatre in Edinburgh.
2013-11-06 – Series 1 – 6. Edmund de Waal, ceramic artist, author of the memoir The Ha
2013-11-13 – Series 1 – 7. Shani Rhys James, Welsh painter as she prepares for a new exhibition.
2014-02-25 – Series 1 – 8. Tom Wood, photographer at work in Mayo in the west of Ireland.
2014-03-04 – Series 1 – 9. Frank Quitely, alter ego of Glaswegian comic-book artist, Vince Deighan.
2014-03-13 – Series 1 – 10. Marvin Gaye Chetwynd, the performance artist's first solo UK show in Nottingham.
2014-03-11 – Series 1 – 11. Albert Watson photographs the landscape of the Isle of Skye.
2014-03-26 – Series 1 – 12. Antony Gormley and his team as they prepare a new work.
2014-05-19 – Series 1 – 13. Michael Craig-Martin at work in his London studio.

Series 2

2014-10-12 – Series 2 – 1. Evelyn Glennie, how the Dame became a global percussion superstar.
2014-10-15 – Series 2 – 2. Akram Khan, the creation of TOROBAKA, the dance collaboration with Israel Galvan.
2014-10-22 – Series 2 – 4. Michael Landy as he takes his Art Bin project to Yokohama.
2014-11-05 – Series 2 – 5. Jake and Dinos Chapman as they prepare for a new show in Hastings.

Series 3

2015-06-08 – Series 3 – 1. Tracey Emin, in her studio, preparing for an exhibition in Vienna.
2015-06-15 – Series 3 – 2. Sue Webster, at work on new projects, including a cook book.
2015-08-24 – Series 3 – 3. Derek Boshier works on a new painting and reflects on his life.
2015-08-26 – Series 3 – 4. Peter Blake, following the process of his latest work.