document_title: Seychelles

question_text: where is seychelles located on the world map

question_tokens: where is seychelles located on the world map

text: Seychelles

text: History[edit]

text: The Seychelles were uninhabited throughout most of recorded history. Some scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. This assumption is based on the discovery of tombs, visible until 1910.[6] The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the "Ascension" under Captain Alexander Sharpeigh during the fourth voyage of the British East India Company.

text: A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on Mahé by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.[7]

text: The British controlled the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.

text: Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970.

text: Independence (1976)[edit]

text: Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth.[8] In the 1970s Seychelles was "the place to be seen, a playground for film stars and the international jet set".[9] In 1977, a coup d'état by France Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham.[10] René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted "to keep the Seychelles for the Seychellois".[9]

text: The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.

text: In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa. In 1981, Mike Hoare led a team of 43 South African mercenaries masquerading as holidaying rugby players in the 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt.[9] There was a gun battle at the airport, and most of the mercenaries later escaped in a hijacked Air India plane.[9] The leader of this hijacking was German mercenary D. Clodo, a former member of the Rhodesian SAS.[11] Clodo later stood trial in South Africa (where he was acquitted) as well as in his home country Germany for air-piracy.[12]

text: In 1986, an attempted coup led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis, caused President René to request assistance from India. In Operation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian naval vessel INS Vindhyagiri arrived in Port Victoria to help avert the coup.[13]

text: The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.

text: In January 2013, Seychelles declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.[14][15]

text: Politics[edit]

text: The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.

text: The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, 25 of whom are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.

text: The Supreme Court of Seychelles, created in 1903, is the highest trial court in Seychelles and the first court of appeal from all the lower courts and tribunals. The highest court of law in Seychelles is the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which is the court of final appeal in the country.[16]

text: Political culture[edit]

text: Seychelles' previous president France Albert René came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president James Mancham on 5 June 1977 in a coup d'état and installed him as president. René was at that time the prime minister.[17][18][19] René ruled as a strongman under a socialist one-party system until in 1993, when he was forced to introduce a multi-party system. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006 and again in 2011.[17][18][19] On 28 September 2016, the Office of the President announced that Michel would step down effective 16 October, and that Vice President Danny Faure would complete the rest of Michel's term.[20]

text: The primary political parties are the ruling socialist People's Party (PP), known until 2009 as the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), and the socially liberal Seychelles National Party (SNP).[21]

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: Seychelles is a member of the African Union, the francophone Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Commonwealth.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: Seychelles is divided into twenty-six administrative regions comprising all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands (Îles Eloignées) are the last district, recently created by the tourism ministry.

text:
Greater Victoria

Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis

Rural Mahé

Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka

Praslin

Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)

La Digue and remaining Inner Islands

La Digue (Anse Réunion)

text: Geography[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: An island nation, Seychelles is located in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The archipelago consists of 115 islands. The majority of the islands are uninhabited, with many dedicated as nature reserves.

text: A group of 42 islands, referred to as the inland islands, has a total area of 244 km2, comprising 54% of the total land area of the Seychelles and 98% of the entire population.

text: The islands are divided into groups as follows.

text: There are 45 granite-based islands known as the Granitic Seychelles. These are in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Félicité, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Eden, Île Soleil, Romainville, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve-Souris (Mahé), Chauve-Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).

text: There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.

text: There are two coral islands south of the Granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.

text: There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnœufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Étoile, Bijoutier.

text: There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable, Déposés, Île aux Goëlettes, Lapins, Île du Milieu, North Manaha, South Manaha, Middle Manaha, North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.

text: There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Émile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Héron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goélettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small,[22] classified by Köppen-Geiger system as tropical rain forest (Af). The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands.[23]

text: During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.[23]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Victoria (Seychelles International Airport)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
29.8
(85.6)
30.4
(86.7)
31.0
(87.8)
31.4
(88.5)
30.5
(86.9)
29.1
(84.4)
28.3
(82.9)
28.4
(83.1)
29.1
(84.4)
29.6
(85.3)
30.1
(86.2)
30.0
(86)
29.8
(85.6)

Daily mean °C (°F)
26.8
(80.2)
27.3
(81.1)
27.8
(82)
28.0
(82.4)
27.7
(81.9)
26.6
(79.9)
25.8
(78.4)
25.9
(78.6)
26.4
(79.5)
26.7
(80.1)
26.8
(80.2)
26.7
(80.1)
26.9
(80.4)

Average low °C (°F)
24.1
(75.4)
24.6
(76.3)
24.8
(76.6)
25.0
(77)
25.4
(77.7)
24.6
(76.3)
23.9
(75)
23.9
(75)
24.2
(75.6)
24.3
(75.7)
24.0
(75.2)
23.9
(75)
24.4
(75.9)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
379
(14.92)
262
(10.31)
167
(6.57)
177
(6.97)
124
(4.88)
63
(2.48)
80
(3.15)
97
(3.82)
121
(4.76)
206
(8.11)
215
(8.46)
281
(11.06)
2,172
(85.49)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
17
11
11
14
11
10
10
10
11
12
14
18
149

Average relative humidity (%)
82
80
79
80
79
79
80
79
78
79
80
82
79.8

Mean monthly sunshine hours
153.3
175.5
210.5
227.8
252.8
232.0
230.5
230.7
227.7
220.7
195.7
170.5
2,527.7

Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[24]

Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[25]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism.[according to whom?] The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.[citation needed]

text: Like many fragile island ecosystems, Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity when humans first settled in the area, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet, and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles black parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.

text: The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because the shape of its "double" coconut resembles buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagyne) seems to reproduce only in cultivation and not in the wild. Other unique plant species include Wright's gardenia (Rothmannia annae) found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.

text: The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and five species of hermit crabs live on the islands.[26]

text: The Aldabra giant tortoise now populates many of the islands of Seychelles; the Aldabra population is the largest remaining. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. The granitic islands of Seychelles may support distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.

text: There are several unique species of orchid on the islands.

text: Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world, notably on the outer islands of Aldabra and Cosmoledo. In granitic Seychelles the largest colonies are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species. Sooty terns also breed on the islands. Other birds include Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and Fairy terns (Gygis alba).[27]

text: The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.

text: Environmental issues[edit]

text: Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).

text: Despite huge disparities across nations, Seychelles claims to have achieved nearly all of its Millennium Development Goals.[citation needed] 17 MDGS and 169 targets have been achieved.[citation needed] Environmental protection is becoming a cultural value.[citation needed]

text: Their government's Seychelles Climate Guide describes the nation's climate as rainy, with a dry season with an ocean economy in the ocean regions. The Southeast Trades is on the decline but still fairly strong.[28] Reportedly, weather patterns there are becoming less predictable.[29]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans, and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran blan ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class.[30]

text: Through harmonious socioeconomic policies and developments[citation needed] over the years, today Seychelles is described as a fusion of peoples and cultures. Numerous Seychellois are considered multiracial: blending from African, Asian and European descent to create a modern creole culture. Evidence of this harmonious blend is also revealed in Seychellois food, incorporating various aspects of French, Chinese, Indian and African cuisine.

text: As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups were those of African, French, Indian and Chinese descent. The median age of the Seychellois was 32 years.[31]

text: Languages[edit]

text: French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French, yet nowadays is often laced with English words and phrases. Including second-language speakers, Seychellois is the most-spoken official language in the Seychelles, followed by French, and lastly English.[32] 87% of the population speaks Seychellois, 51% speaks French, and 38% speaks English.[32]

text: Religion[edit]

text: According to the 2010 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 76.2% were Roman Catholic, pastorally served by the exempt Diocese of Port Victoria or Seychelles (immediately dependent on the Holy See); 10.6% were Protestant, (Anglican 6.1%, Pentecostal Assembly 1.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.2%, other Protestant 1.6%).

text: Hinduism is practiced by 2.4%, and Islam by 1.6%. Other non-Christian faiths accounted for 1.1% of the population while a further 5.9% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.[31]

text: Economy[edit]

text: During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla and copra were the chief exports. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then-crown colony Governor General an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. Quoting from his report, in the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.[33] [34] The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.

text: Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla.

text: As of 2013[update], the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).[35]

text: The prime agricultural products currently produced in Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon and vanilla are the main export commodities.

text: Since the worldwide economic crises of 2008, the Seychelles government has prioritised a curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications and a wide range of other businesses. According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, which measures the degree of limited government, market openness, regulatory efficiency, rule of law, and other factors, economic freedom has been increasing each year since 2010.[36]

text: The national currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies, it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a significant industry, essentially dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.

text: In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC.[citation needed] Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War.[37]

text: Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Financial Services Authority and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).

text: During March 2015, Seychelles allocated Assumption island to be developed by India.[38]

text: Energy[edit]

text: Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Persian Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d).

text: In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).

text: Culture[edit]

text: Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal.[39][40] Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children.[39] Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children.[40] Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.[39]

text: Education[edit]

text: Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles. The Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944.

text: A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.

text: The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 100% in 2014.

text: There are a total of 68 schools in Seychelles. The public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. They are located on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. Additionally, there are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent School. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, Seychelles Tourism Academy, University of Seychelles Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Center, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Center and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.

text: The administration launched plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, opened on 17 September 2009 in three locations and offers qualifications from the University of London.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Staple foods include fish, seafood and shellfish dishes, often accompanied with rice.[41][42] Fish dishes are cooked in several ways, such as steamed, grilled, wrapped in banana leaves, baked, salted and smoked.[41] Curry dishes with rice are also a significant aspect of the country's cuisine.[42][43]

text: Additional food staples include coconut, breadfruit, mangoes and kordonnyen fish.[44] Dishes are often garnished with fresh flowers.[44]

text:
Chicken dishes, such as chicken curry and coconut milk.[42]
Coconut curry[42]
Dhal (lentils)[44]
Fish curry[42]
Saffron rice[44]
Fresh tropical fruits[41][45]
Ladob is eaten either as a savoury dish or as a dessert. The dessert version usually consists of ripe plantain and sweet potatoes (but may also include cassava, breadfruit or even corossol) boiled with coconut milk, sugar, nutmeg and vanilla in the form of a pod until the fruit is soft and the sauce is creamy.[46] The savoury dish usually includes salted fish, cooked in a similar fashion to the dessert version, with plantain, cassava and breadfruit, but with salt used in place of sugar (and omitting vanilla).
Shark chutney typically consists of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed, and cooked with squeezed bilimbi juice and lime. It is mixed with onion and spices, and the onion is fried and it is cooked in oil.[46]
Vegetables[42][45]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music of Seychelles is diverse, a reflection of the fusion of cultures through its history. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music.

text: A form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga. Kontredans (based on European contredanse) is popular, especially in District and School competitions during the annual Festival Kreol (International Creole Festival). Moutya playing and dancing can often be seen at beach bazaars. Their main languages are Seychellois Creole of the French language, French and English.

text: Media and telecommunications[edit]

text: The main daily newspaper is the Seychelles Nation, dedicated to local government views and current affairs and topics. Other political parties operate other papers such as Regar. Foreign newspapers and magazines are readily available in most bookshops and newsagents. The papers are mostly written in Seychellois Creole, French and English.

text: The main television and radio network is operated by the Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation which offers locally produced news and discussion programmes in the Seychellois Creole language. Broadcasts run between 3pm and 11:30pm on weekdays and longer hours during the weekends. There are also imported English and French language television programmes imported on Seychellois terrestrial television and international satellite television has grown rapidly in recent years.

text: Sports[edit]

text: The most popular sport in Seychelles is basketball, which has particularly developed in this decade.[47] The country's national team qualified for the 2015 African Games, its greatest accomplishment to date. There, the team competed against some of the continent's largest countries such as Egypt.

text: Security[edit]

text: Military[edit]

text: The Military of Seychelles is the Seychelles People's Defence Force which consists of a number of distinct branches: including an Infantry Unit, Coast Guard, Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit. India has and continues to play a key role developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over 2 SDB Mk5 patrol vessels namely INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli to Seychelles Coast Guard, built by GRSE which were subsequently renamed SCG Constant and SCG Topaz, India also gifted a Dornier Maritime Patrol aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[48] India also signed a pact to develop Assumption Island, one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over 11 km2 (4 sq mi), it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar. The island is being leased for the development of infrastructure, a euphemism for developing strategic assets by India.[49]

text: Incarceration[edit]

text: In 2014, Seychelles had the highest incarceration rate in the world of 799 prisoners per 100,000 population, exceeding the United States rate by 15%.[50] However, the country's actual population is less than 100,000; as of September 2014, Seychelles had 735 actual prisoners, 6% of whom were female, incarcerated in three prisons.[51]

text: Modern piracy[edit]

text: Seychelles is a key participant in the fight against Indian Ocean piracy mainly by Somalis.[52] Former president James Michel said that piracy costs between $7–12 million a year to the international community: “The pirates cost 4% of the Seychelles GDP, including direct and indirect costs for the loss of boats, fishing, and tourism, and the indirect investment for the maritime security,” factors affecting local fishing – one of the country’s main national resources – which had a 46% loss in 2008–9.[52] International contributions of patrol boats, planes or drones have been provided to help Seychelles combat sea piracy.[52]


document_title: List of natural disasters in Haiti

question_text: name of hurricane that hit haiti in 2010

root

text: List of natural disasters in Haiti

text: Throughout its history, Haiti has suffered cyclones, hurricanes, tropical storms, torrential rains, floods and earthquakes.

tag: p

text: The hurricane season in Haiti lasts from June to the end of November.

text: The following is a non-exhaustive list of natural disasters which have struck Haiti.[1]

text: Disasters[edit]

tag: ul

text: Earthquake

text: 3 June: Earthquake at Port-au-Prince and areas to the south. The city and towns were destroyed.[3] · .[4]

text: 18–19 November:[5] a cyclone caused considerable damage in the countryside of Ouest department and in the Gulf of Gonâve.

text: 7 May: Earthquake at Cap-Haïtien and throughout the north. The town of Cap-Haïtien was destroyed along with the towns of Port-de-Paix, Gonaïves, and Fort-Liberté, and many towns in the Dominican Republic were affected.

text: 23 September: Earthquake in the western region of Haiti.

text: Earthquake in the north of the country. Port-de-Paix and Cap-Haïtien were severely affected.[6]

text: 12 November: cyclone in Ouest département. Around 150 victims were counted in plaine du Cul de Sac alone.

text: 12 August: cyclone on the southern peninsula, which devastated Jacmel and Jérémie.

text: 21 October: hurricane in Sud and Sud-Est départements. 2,000 people perished.

text: Earthquake in the northeast Dominican Republic accompanied by a tsunami in the region of Nagua. Haiti was also affected.

text: 27 October: earthquake at Anse-à-Veau in Grand'Anse killed 6 and rendered thousands homeless.

text: 11–12 October: Hurricane Hazel affected every part of Haiti. At more than 249 km/h, the hurricane devastated the country, killing several thousand people.

text:
3 October: Hurricane Flora struck the Sud and Ouest départements, causing over 5,000 deaths.
14 November: flooding of the Grande Rivière du Nord killed almost 500 people.

text: 24 August: Hurricane Cleo hit the south coast, especially the Cayes-Jacmel region, causing 192 deaths.

text:
29 September: Hurricane Inez devastated, at more than 170 km/h, the Sud and Ouest départements
Earthquake

text:
6 January: 8.6 Earthquake at Port-au-Prince. The city was affected. USGS has not recorded the event. Before the earthquake in the area of the epicenter, light cones and bright round balls that were flying appeared in the night sky according to the testimonies.
20 May: Floods in the Cayes-Jacmel region. 20 people lost presumed dead, considerable property damage.

text:
5 August: Hurricane Allen, at more than 270 km/h, struck the south coast, especially the Cayes-Jacmel region, causing approximately 200 deaths.
Atlantic hurricane season

text: 10 June: floods at Port-de-Paix.

text:
1 June: Floods in the Cayes-Jacmel region. 20,000 hectares of land were flooded and several thousand homes damaged.
23 October: flooding at Ile de la Gonâve. 31 killed, 906 homeless, more than 380 houses destroyed or damaged.

text:
27 April: flooding at Port-de-Paix.
8 May: flooding at Thiotte in Sud-Est département and in the Delmas and Caradeux neighbourhoods of Port-au-Prince.

text:
27 January: flooding in the Nord-Ouest département.
20 June: flooding in L'Estère in the Artibonite département.
11 September: Hurricane Gilbert devastated the south coast, particularly the Anse-à-Veau, Camp-Perrin, Cavaillon, Cayes, Île à Vache, Jacmel, Jérémie, Kenscoff and Port-Salut regions.
8 October: flooding in the Plaine de Léogâne.

text: 23 February: flooding in Île de la Gonâve. 4,945 familles affected, 1,527 houses destroyed and 1640 damaged.

text: 12 and 13 November: Hurricane Gordon crossed Sud-Est département and the southern peninsula, causing flooding and approximately 2,000 deaths and disappearances.

text: 23 September: Hurricane Georges devastated the Sud-Est and Nord-Ouest départements, causing 147 deaths, 34 serious injuries, 40 disappearances, and 167,500 displaced.

text: 24–27 May: Flooding on the southern peninsula. The town of Camp Perrin and the settlements of L'Asile and Anse-à-Veau were worst affected by the tropical storms. 31 dead, 14 disappeared and more than 7,000 displaced in the dans le Sud département.[7]

text:
23–24 May: Torrential rains which pounded the south-east of Haiti during the night caused 1,232 deaths, 1,443 disappearances and 31,130 displaced persons.[8]Mapou[9][10] Belle-Anse with 432 dead, Bodary with 350 dead and Fonds-Verrettes with 237 victims, all located in Sud-Est département, were the places most badly hit.
The gravity of this situation led the interim government of Boniface and Latortue to declare Friday 28 May a day of national mourning.
10 September: Hurricane Ivan struck the southern peninsula and west coast, causing serious damage in several areas due to flooding.
18–19 September: Hurricane Jeanne crossed the western section of Haiti and the Artibonite, causing flooding which killed 1,870. In addition: 2,620 injured, 846 disappeared and 300,000 displaced. With more than 3,000 dead, Gonaïves was the most seriously affected city.[11]

text:
6 and 7 July: Hurricane Dennis touched the south-east coast of Haiti, causing flooding in several towns in Sud (Bainet, Grand-Goâve, Les Cayes...) and leaving more than 500 homeless.
4 October: Floods in several parts of the country, including Pétion-Ville and Grand-Goâve in Ouest département, where the high water caused considerable loss of property. The government did not make a final accounting of this catastrophe.
17–18 October: Hurricane Wilma struck the west and south of Haiti.
23 October: Tropical Storm Alpha crossed the south peninsula, affecting the départements of Grand'Anse and Nippes.
25 October: Flooding caused by torrential rain hit many parts of the Nord-Ouest département, particularly the settlements of Port-de-Paix, Bassin-Bleu, Anse-à-Foleur and Saint-Louis du Nord.

text: 22 and 23 November: heavy rain caused flooding in Grand'Anse, Nippes and Nord-Ouest départements, causing damage to roadways including the collapse of a bridge across Ravine Sable at Trou-Bonbon.[12]

text:
17 March: floods caused by rain and storms hit a large part of Haiti for over a week. Six départements were particularly affected:

Grand'Anse: Jérémie, Abricots, Bonbon, Les Irois
Sud-Est : Jacmel
Ouest : Cité Soleil, Delmas, Port-au-Prince (Carrefour-Feuilles, Canapé Vert)
Nord-Ouest : Port-de-Paix, Saint-Louis du Nord, Anse-à-Foleur
Nord: Cap-Haïtien
Nord-Est : Ferrier, Ouanaminthe.

8–9 May: torrential rain, causing considerable damage in several regions of the country, in particular in the Nord, Nord-Est and Sud départements. The town of Ouanaminthe was particularly hard hit and the bridge between Ouanaminthe and Dajabón which links Haiti to the Dominican Republic was severely damaged.

text:
16 August: Tropical Storm Fay crossed the entire country.[13]
26 August: Hurricane Gustav crosses the south peninsula, including the Sud and Grand'Anse départements, causing approximately 77 deaths and 8 disappearances, together with serious destruction of property. 15,000 families were affected by the storm, which destroyed 3,000 houses and damaged 11,458.
1 September: Hurricane Hanna ravaged the Artibonite and Nord-Est départements. Several towns were flooded, including Gonaïves.[14] One death was officially confirmed. In addition to Gonaïves, several towns in Jacmel, Nord-Est, Sud and Sud-Est were flooded..
6 September: Hurricane Ike, a category 4 hurricane, grazed the western coastline of Haiti, leading to heavy rain in Nord, Ouest and Nord-Ouest départements.

text: 20 October: heavy rain in the Haitian capital and its suburbs. Carrefour, in the southern suburbs, was completely flooded.

text:
12 January: the magnitude 7.0 2010 Haiti earthquake which occurred on 12 at 16:53, local time. The earthquake killed between 46,000 and 316,000 people. Its epicentre was at approximately 25 km from Port-au-Prince, the capital. A dozen secondary shocks of magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 were registered during the hours which followed.
20 January: A second earthquake[15][16] of magnitude 6.1 occurred on 20 January 2010 at 06:03 local time. Its epicentre was at approximately 59 km west of Port-au-Prince, and at least 10 km beneath the surface.
20 October: A cholera epidemic hit outside of Port-au-Prince, killing at least 3,597 and sickening over 340,000.[17]
5 November: Hurricane Tomas hits and kills at least 10 Haitiens causing damage and worsening the cholera epidemic.

text: 3–4 October: Hurricane Matthew hits Haiti with catastrophic flooding of up to 40 inches and storm surge of up to 10 feet.[18] At least 580 people were killed and more than 35,000 left homeless by the storm.


document_title: Organ of Corti

question_text: the structure that supports the organ of corti is the

text: Organ of Corti

text: Structure[edit]

text: The organ of Corti is located in the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells.[2] Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs).[4] Separating these hair cells are supporting cells: Deiters cells, also called phalangeal cells, which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs.[4]

text: Projecting from the tops of the hair cells are tiny finger like projections called stereocilia, which are arranged in a graduated fashion with the shortest stereocilia on the outer rows and the longest in the center. This gradation is thought to be the most important anatomic feature of the organ of Corti because this allows the sensory cells superior tuning capability.[5]

text: If the cochlea were uncoiled it would roll out to be about 33 mm long in women and 34mm in men, with about 2.28 mm of standard deviation for the population.[6] The cochlea is also tonotopically organized, meaning that different frequencies of sound waves interact with different locations on the structure. The base of the cochlea, closest to the outer ear, is the most stiff and narrow and is where the high frequency sounds are transduced. The apex, or top, of the cochlea is wider and much more flexible and loose and functions as the transduction site for low frequency sounds.[7]

text: Function[edit]

text: The function of the organ of Corti is to transduce auditory signals and maximize the hair cells’ extraction of sound energy.[2] It is the auricle and middle ear that act as mechanical transformers and amplifiers so that the sound waves end up with amplitudes 22 times greater than when they entered the ear.

text: Auditory transduction[edit]

text: In normal hearing subjects, the majority of the auditory signals that reach the organ of Corti in the first place come from the outer ear. Sound waves enter through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, which vibrates three small bones called the ossicles. As a result, the attached oval window moves and causes movement of the round window, which leads to displacement of the cochlear fluid.[8] However, the stimulation can happen also via direct vibration of the cochlea from the skull. The latter is referred to as Bone Conduction (or BC) hearing, as complementary to the first one described, which is instead called Air Conduction (or AC) hearing. Both AC and BC stimulate the basilar membrane in the same way (Békésy, G.v., Experiments in Hearing. 1960).

text: The basilar membrane on the tympanic duct presses against the hair cells of the organ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass. The stereocilia atop the IHCs move with this fluid displacement and in response their cation, or positive ion selective, channels are pulled open by cadherin structures called tip links that connect adjacent stereocilia. The organ of Corti, surrounded in potassium rich fluid endolymph, lies on the basilar membrane at the base of the scala media. Under the organ of Corti is the scala tympani and above it, the scala vestibuli. Both structures exist in a low potassium fluid called perilymph.[8] Because those stereocilia are in the midst of a high concentration of potassium, once their cation channels are pulled open, potassium ions as well as calcium ions flow into the top of the hair cell. With this influx of positive ions the IHC becomes depolarized, opening voltage-gated calcium channels at the basolateral region of the hair cells and triggering the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. An electrical signal is then sent through the auditory nerve and into the auditory cortex of the brain as a neural message.

text: Cochlear amplification[edit]

text: The organ of Corti is also capable of modulating the auditory signal.[7] The OHCs can amplify the signal through a process called electromotility where they increase movement of the basilar membrane and therefore increase deflection of stereocilia in the IHCs.[8] Through its association with the tectorial membrane, motion of the basilar membrane can enhance vibrations in the cochlea.[8]

text: A crucial piece to this cochlear amplification is the motor protein prestin, which changes shape based on the voltage potential inside of the hair cell. When the cell is depolarized prestin shortens, and because it is located on the membrane of OHCs it then pulls on the basilar membrane and increasing how much the membrane is deflected, creating a more intense effect on the IHCs. When the cell hyperpolarizes prestin lengthens and eases tension on the IHCs, which decreases the neural impulses to the brain. In this way, the hair cell itself is able to modify the auditory signal before it even reaches the brain.

text: Development[edit]

text: The organ of Corti, in between the scala tympani and the scala media, develops after the formation and growth of the cochlear duct.[7] The inner and outer hair cells then differentiate into their appropriate positions and are followed by the organization of the supporting cells. The topology of the supporting cells lends itself to the actual mechanical properties that are needed for the highly specialized sound-induced movements within the organ of Corti.[7]

text: Development and growth of the organ of Corti relies on specific genes, many of which have been identified in previous research (SOX2, GATA3, EYA1, FOXG1, BMP4, RAC1 and more),[7] to undergo such differentiation. Specifically, the cochlear duct growth and the formation of hair cells within the organ of Corti.

text: Mutations in the genes expressed in or near the organ of Corti before the differentiation of hair cells will result in a disruption in the differentiation, and potential malfunction of, the organ of Corti.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Hearing loss[edit]

text: The organ of Corti can be damaged by excessive sound levels, leading to noise-induced impairment.

text: The most common kind of hearing impairment, sensorineural hearing loss, includes as one major cause the reduction of function in the organ of Corti. Specifically, the active amplification function of the outer hair cells is very sensitive to damage from exposure to trauma from overly-loud sounds or to certain ototoxic drugs. Once outer hair cells are damaged, they do not regenerate, and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness (known as recruitment) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve.[9]

text: While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals, fish and birds routinely repair such damage. A 2013 study has shown that the use of particular drugs may reactivate genes normally expressed only during hair cell development. The research was carried out at Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the Keio University School of Medicine in Japan.[10]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat.

Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea.

Floor of ductus cochlearis.

Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris.

Section through the spiral organ of Corti. Magnified.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Hudspeth, A (2014). "Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15: 600–614. PMID 25096182. doi:10.1038/nrn3786.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Ear Pujol,R., Irving, S., 2013
Jump up ^ Betlejewski, S (2008). "Science and life – the history of Marquis Alfonso Corti". Otolaryngologia Polska. 62 (3): 344–347. PMID 18652163. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70268-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Malgrange, B; Van de Water,T.R; Nguyen,L; Moonen,G; Lefebvre,P.P (2002). "Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters’ cells in the cultured organ of Corti". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59 (10): 1744–1757. PMID 12475185. doi:10.1007/pl00012502.
Jump up ^ Lim, D (1986). "Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review". Hearing Research. 22: 117–146. PMID 3525482. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90089-4.
Jump up ^ Miller, J. D. (2007). "Sex differences in the length of the organ of Corti in humans". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (4): EL151–5. PMID 17471760. doi:10.1121/1.2710746.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fritzsch, B; Jahan, I; Pan,N; Kers,J; Duncan,J; Kopecky,B (2012). "Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development: where are we now?". Hearing Research. 276 (1–2): 16–26. PMC 3097286 . PMID 21256948. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nichols, J.G; Martin, A.R.; Fuchs, P.A; Brown, D.A; Diamond, M.E; Weisblat, D.A (2012). From Neuron to Brain, 5th Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 456–459. ISBN 978-0-87893-609-0.
Jump up ^ Robert A. Dobie (2001). Medical-Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7693-0052-9.
Jump up ^ "Cochlear hair cells - Beyond the Dish". wordpress.com.

tag: ol


document_title: England at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: how many times did england win the world cup

text: England at the FIFA World Cup

text: Records[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA

 1930 to  1938
Did not enter

 1950
Group Stage
8th
3
1
0
2
2
2

 1954
Quarter-finals
7th
3
1
1
1
8
8

 1958
Group stage
11th
4
0
3
1
4
5

 1962
Quarter-finals
8th
4
1
1
2
5
6

 1966
Champions
1st
6
5
1
0
11
3

 1970
Quarter-finals
8th
4
2
0
2
4
4

 1974 to  1978
Did not qualify

 1982
Second group stage
6th
5
3
2
0
6
1

 1986
Quarter-finals
8th
5
2
1
2
7
3

 1990
Fourth place
4th
7
3
3
1
8
6

 1994
Did not qualify

 1998
Round of 16
9th
4
2
1
1
7
4

  2002
Quarter-finals
6th
5
2
2
1
6
3

 2006
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
2
0
6
2

 2010
Round of 16
13th
4
1
2
1
3
5

 2014
Group stage
26th
3
0
1
2
2
4

 2018
Qualified
TBD

 2022
TBD
TBD

Total
15/21
1 Title
62
26
20
16
79
56

tag: table

text: Results[edit]

text: Brazil 1950[edit]

text: England's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship. The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park, Cardiff, against Wales. Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes, and just seven minutes later, Jackie Milburn doubled the lead. This was the first goal of Milburn's hat trick, which left England 4–0 up with 20 minutes to play. Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time, but England held on for a comfortable victory.

text: A month later, England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road, and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes. England were already 6–0 up, thanks to Jack Froggatt, two for Stan Pearson, Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley, by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes. Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth's goal, however, leaving the score at 8–1 at the hour mark. The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that, with only one apeice before the final whistle, with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England's ninth, and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland.

text: It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland, who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales. With the top two from the group qualifying, both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals, and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship, and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil. A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory, the title and the top spot in the group.

text: England were seeded in pot one for the finals, which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2, which also contained Spain, Chile and the United States. England's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro, and, as was expected, England cruised to a 2–0 victory, courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion.

text: Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time. Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory, which has gone down as one of the World Cup's greatest upsets. The English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back, they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10–1 in England's favour.

text: This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match, against Spain in Rio. They needed to win, and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through, and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour. As it turned out, no such calculations were necessary, as Spain's Zarra scored the only goal of the game, eliminating England from the competition. The team returned to England with their tails between their legs.

text:
Player
Club
Qualifying
Goals
Finals
Goals
Total
Goals

Stan Mortensen
 Blackpool
3
1
4

Jack Rowley
 Manchester United
4
0
4

Jackie Milburn
 Newcastle United
3
0
3

Stan Pearson
 Manchester United
2
0
2

Wilf Mannion
 Middlesbrough
0
1
1

Roy Bentley
 Chelsea
1
0
1

Jack Froggatt
 Portsmouth
1
0
1

text: Switzerland 1954[edit]

text: As with their first World Cup, England's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1954 British Home Championship. They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again, and the 4–1 result was the same. However, unlike four years earlier, it was the home side that went into the lead, after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch. Despite being 1–0 down at half time, England scored four within eight minutes of the restart; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse.

text: Goodison Park was the venue for England's home clash against Ireland, who were newly renamed Northern Ireland in FIFA's eyes. Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes. Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark, but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later. Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3–1 win for England.

text: With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals, the final game between England and Scotland, at Hampden Park, settled nothing except the placings within the group, despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3–3 draw at home to Wales. Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes, but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later. Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time, and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen's 68th-minute goal. Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time, and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play, England topped the competition for the second time in a row.

text: England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals, with hosts Switzerland, Italy and Belgium. In an odd twist, unique to the 1954 cup, England, as one of the two seeded teams, would not have to play Italy, the other, in the group.

text: Equally, Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other. England's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel, and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes. Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later, and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later, it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians.

text: Broadis scored his second just after the hour, but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3–2 down. Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again. In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup, games which were drawn in the groups would go into extra time, and as such the teams played on with the score at 3–3.

text: Just one minute into the added period, Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it, but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4–4. It stayed this way until the extra period was up, and as penalty shootouts were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group, the match was put down as a draw.

text: England's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern. This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions, and they scored one goal in each half (from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively) to give them a comfortable win of 2–0. As Switzerland (against England), Italy (against Switzerland) and Belgium (against Italy) had all lost one game, England progressed as group winners, along with Switzerland, who won a play off against Italy.

text: England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter-finals. Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes, but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later. England were clearly struggling, but held on until just before half time, when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay.

text: Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break, but Tom Finney kept England's foot in the door with his sixty seventh-minute goal. However, it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play. The score remained at 4–2, and England were out.

text:
Player
Club
Qualifying
Goals
Finals
Goals
Total
Goals

Nat Lofthouse
 Bolton Wanderers
3
3
6

Ivor Broadis
 Newcastle United
1
2
3

Dennis Wilshaw
 Wolverhampton Wanderers
2
1
3

Jimmy Mullen
 Wolverhampton Wanderers
1
1
2

Harold Hassall
 Bolton Wanderers
2
0
2

Tom Finney
 Preston North End
0
1
1

Ronnie Allen
 West Bromwich Albion
1
0
1

Johnny Nicholls
 West Bromwich Albion
1
0
1

text: Sweden 1958[edit]

text: For the first time, England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden. They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark. In the qualifying round, England won three out of the four games and drew the other. Four months before the World Cup, Roger Byrne, Duncan Edwards, David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United. At the finals, which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part, the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups.

text: England were drawn against the Soviet Union (2–2), Brazil (0–0) and Austria (2–2), who finished third in the 1954 World Cup. At the end of the group stage, Soviet Union and England each had three points, and had scored four goals and conceded four goals. This meant there was a play-off to decide the second-placed team in the group, the winner to qualify. England lost the play off 1–0 and were thus knocked out. The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose.

text: Chile 1962[edit]

text: The third World Cup which took place in South America, saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group, which contained Portugal and Luxembourg, with three wins and a draw. England were drawn in a group with Hungary (1–2), Argentina (3–1) and Bulgaria (0–0). England finished in second place behind Hungary and played holders Brazil in the quarter finals. England lost 3–1, this defeat being Walter Winterbottom's last game in charge. Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals. From May 1963, Alf Ramsey was the manager of England.

text: England 1966[edit]

text: In the 1966 World Cup Finals, England used their home advantage and, under Ramsey, won their first, and only, World Cup title. England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London, which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege. After drawing 0–0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay, which started a run of four games all ending goalless. England then beat both France and Mexico 2–0 and qualified for the quarter finals.

text: The quarter finals saw England play Argentina, which ended in a 1–0 win to England. This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina, when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game. A 2–1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed. Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament. The final saw England play West Germany, with the result finishing in a 4–2 win for England.

text: Mexico 1970[edit]

text: 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in Central America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania (1–0), former world champions Brazil (0–1) and Czechoslovakia (1–0). The quarter final saw a repeat of the 1966 Final, with England playing West Germany. England led 2–0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but in the 70th minute, Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany.

text: After Beckenbauer's goal, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton, who overtook Billy Wright as England's most capped player ever, with caps totalling 106. Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute, thereby taking the game into extra time. During extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side qualify with a win of 3–2. This turned out to be Charlton's last game for England. As for Alf Ramsey, he still continued to be England's manager.

text: West Germany 1974[edit]

text: For the first time, England did not qualify for a World Cup. In a group with Olympic Winners Poland and Wales, England could not overtake Poland. After only drawing at home to Wales 1–1 and losing the first leg 2–0 to Poland, meant that England had to beat Poland at home, whilst Poland only needed to draw. Poland managed to withstand England's attacks in the first half, who had Martin Peters playing for them. Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski.

text: England equalised six minutes later, with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke. England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay. Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a "clown".[7] The commentator of the game then said "it's all over".[8] Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place. After failing to qualify, Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time, where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years, no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years. This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager.

text: Argentina 1978[edit]

text: England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America. This time, England were denied by Italy, who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points. Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head-to-head record between the two sides finished the same, following a 2–0 home win for each team.

text: The other teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg, who were the whipping boys of the group, but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive. Nevertheless, Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England, after taking the role in 1977.

text: Spain 1982[edit]

text: 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams, where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup. Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania, Switzerland and Norway. There, England reached the next round by beating France (3–1), Czechoslovakia (2–0) and World Cup newcomers Kuwait (1–0).

text: The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams, a first time event at the World Cup. England drew with West Germany 0–0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2–1, England then had to beat Spain with a two-goal difference to progress to the next round. England, however, only managed a 0–0 draw against the Spanish. England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament. After the World Cup, Ron Greenwood's time as England manager ended, and he was replaced by Bobby Robson.

text: Mexico 1986[edit]

text: 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico. England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland, who qualified in second place, Romania, Finland and Turkey. In Mexico, England lost their opening game to Portugal 1–0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco. The final group game, however, saw England beat Poland 3–0, which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat-trick.

text: This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco. England then also beat Paraguay 3–0 in the Round of 16. In the quarter-finals, England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the so-called goal, known as the Hand of God. England lost 2–1. Nevertheless, Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England's first Golden Boot winner.

text: Italy 1990[edit]

text: By winning three and drawing three, England qualified for Italia '90, the second World Cup to be held in Italy, scoring ten goals and conceding none. They finished second to Sweden. England profited from Romania’s 3–1 win over Denmark, who, had they won, would have qualified as the third-best second-placed team. West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia '90 as the best second-placed teams in the groups with four teams.

text: Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European Competition matches, England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily. In England's group was the European champions Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt. After opening the tournament with a 1–1 draw against Ireland and a 0–0 draw against the Dutch, England then beat Egypt 1–0. This was Egypt's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup.

text: In the next round, England had to play Belgium. The game went to extra time, and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute, David Platt scored the winning goal. England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter-finals. Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter finals. Lineker won and scored a penalty in the eighty-third minute to ensure the game went to extra time. He also scored a second penalty, to see England reach the semi-finals.

text: In the semi-finals, England met West Germany. There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes, which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games. There was also no separating the two teams after extra time, thereby taking the game to penalties.

text: Although goalkeeper Peter Shilton guessed right on every occasion, he was unable to save a single penalty. Meanwhile, two of the England team missed their penalties, England being thereby knocked out of the competition.[9] The third-place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament. Even though this was England's best finish since the 1966 World Cup, Bobby Robson's time as England manager had come to an end.

text: United States 1994[edit]

text: For the 1994 World Cup in the United States, under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor, England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament. In a group with six teams, England surprisingly lost out to Norway and the Netherlands, finishing third above Poland, Turkey and San Marino.

text: In the game against San Marino, Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds, taking the lead for the outsiders. England went on to win 7–1, but because of the game between the Dutch and the Poles, with the Netherlands winning 3–1, England's win was immaterial. Taylor's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables, who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996, hosted in England.

text: France 1998[edit]

text: After missing out on the World Cup in 1994, England, under Glenn Hoddle, qualified for the World Cup in France. England qualified alongside Italy and finished above Poland, Georgia and Moldova. England's only blemish was a 1–0 home defeat by Italy. In France, England beat Tunisia 2–0, lost 2–1 to Romania and beat Colombia 2–0 in the decisive match, where England finished second and managed to reach the second round. England then met arch-rivals Argentina for a third time. England again lost on penalties.

text: In a fiery game containing six yellow cards, David Beckham was sent off in the 47th minute. Both teams scored twice in the first half and the game eventually went to extra time. Neither team were able to find a winner, which meant that penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round. While David Seaman did save one penalty, Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two, thereby knocking England out of the World Cup.

text: South Korea/Japan 2002[edit]

text: 2002 saw the first World Cup to take place in Asia. England, under its first ever foreign manager in Sven-Göran Eriksson, were able to qualify for the tournament. He took over partway through qualification, after England had lost to Germany, in the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium, which closed down after the match. By beating Germany 5–1 in Munich, England's qualifying campaign was revitalised, and they qualified automatically, by drawing 2–2 with Greece.

text: Germany, who could only draw 0–0 with Finland, had to play a play off game against Ukraine. In Japan, England had to play against Eriksson's homeland, Sweden, and both settled out for a 1–1 draw. Then, in the following games against Argentina and Nigeria, England won 1–0 against Argentina and drew with Nigeria. With these results, England were able to qualify for the second round, where they played Denmark.

text: England beat Denmark 3–0, and met then four-time World Cup winners Brazil in the quarter-finals. After a mistake by David Seaman, England lost 2–1, and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England, and went on to win the tournament.

text: Germany 2006[edit]

text: The second World Cup to take place in Germany saw England qualify. By winning eight times, among which was a 2–1 win against Poland, the team that knocked England out the last time the World Cup took place in Germany, drawing once and losing once, England qualified alongside Poland, who automatically qualified as the second placed team. Austria, Northern Ireland, Wales and Azerbaijan were the whipping boys of the group.

text: In Germany, however, England were less than convincing. A 1–0 win against Paraguay was won because of an own goal. The game against new boys Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead, with Peter Crouch opened the scoring and the second goal of the game coming in added time.

text: The last group game saw England play against Sweden, with both teams again settling for a draw (2–2) to see them qualify for the next round. A free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1–0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter-finals, where they met Portugal. England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot-out. The game had finished 0–0 before the penalty shoot-out. This game also saw Eriksson's final match as England manager.

text: South Africa 2010[edit]

text: Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello, after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008. By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine, England qualified ahead of Croatia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Andorra. After drawing 1–1 against the United States and 0–0 against Algeria, England qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1–0.

text: The second round saw England play against Germany. Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer booted the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose, who opened the scoring. The score became 2–0 to Germany after 32 minutes. Shortly after, England defender Matthew Upson scored a header. A few minutes later, Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed after crossing the line. The media reported it was a "Revenge for Wembley" and "Wembley Reloaded". As England tried to equalise, Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals. This became Germany's biggest win against England in an World Cup.

text: Brazil 2014[edit]

text: Under Roy Hodgson, who replaced Fabio Capello before Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA, England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil. Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds. The other opponents included Montenegro, Poland, Moldova and San Marino. After winning six games and drawing four, England qualified unbeaten.

text: The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay, both former world champions, which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group. The last team Costa Rica were seen as the whipping boys of the group. England lost to Italy and Uruguay, and were thus knocked out after two games. The final game against Costa Rica ended 0–0, and had only a statistical value.

text: List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups

1
Peter Shilton
17
1982, 1986, 1990

2
Terry Butcher
14
1982, 1986, 1990

Bobby Charlton
14
1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

Ashley Cole
14
2002, 2006, 2010

Bobby Moore
14
1962, 1966, 1970

6
David Beckham
13
1998, 2002, 2006

7
Steven Gerrard
12
2002, 2006, 2010, 2014

Gary Lineker
12
1986, 1990

text: List of England goals by tournament[edit]

text:
Gary Lineker – ten goals
Geoff Hurst – five goals
Bobby Charlton and Michael Owen – four goals

text:
World Cup
Goalscorer(s)

1950
Wilf Mannion, Stan Mortensen

1954
Nat Lofthouse(3), Ivor Broadis(2), Tom Finney, Jimmy Mullen, Dennis Wilshaw

1958
Derek Kevan(2), Tom Finney, Johnny Haynes

1962
Ron Flowers(2), Bobby Charlton, Jimmy Greaves, Gerry Hitchens

1966
Geoff Hurst(4), Roger Hunt(3), Bobby Charlton(3), Martin Peters

1970
Allan Clarke, Geoff Hurst, Alan Mullery, Martin Peters

1982
Trevor Francis(2), Bryan Robson(2), Paul Mariner, Own Goal

1986
Gary Lineker(6), Peter Beardsley

1990
Gary Lineker(4), David Platt(3), Mark Wright

1998
Michael Owen(2), Alan Shearer(2), Darren Anderton, David Beckham, Paul Scholes

2002
Michael Owen(2), David Beckham, Sol Campbell, Rio Ferdinand, Emile Heskey

2006
Steven Gerrard(2), David Beckham, Joe Cole, Peter Crouch, Own Goal

2010
Jermain Defoe, Steven Gerrard, Matthew Upson

2014
Wayne Rooney, Daniel Sturridge

text: List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup[edit]

text: England first used a "legionary" of players who were playing abroad in 1962.

text:
Year
Number (Country)
Players (Apps)

1950–1958
0

1962
1 (Italy)
Gerry Hitchens (2)

1966–1970
0

1982
1 (West Germany)
Tony Woodcock (2)

1986
2 (Italy)
Mark Hateley (3), Ray Wilkins

1990
5 (4 in Scotland, 1 in France)
Terry Butcher (5), Trevor Steven (3), Gary Stevens (2), Chris Woods (0); Chris Waddle (7)

1998
0

2002
1 (Germany)
Owen Hargreaves (2)

2006
2 (1 Spain, 1 Germany)
David Beckham (5); Owen Hargreaves (4)

2010
0

2014
1 (Scotland)
Fraser Forster (0)


document_title: The Jacksons: An American Dream

question_text: who played michael jackson in the jackson 5 movie

text: The Jacksons: An American Dream

text: Plot[edit]

text: The miniseries stars Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs as the Jacksons' patriarch Joseph Jackson, Angela Bassett as the family matriarch Katherine Jackson, Alex Burrall, Jason Weaver and Wylie Draper played Michael Jackson in different eras, while Bumper Robinson and Terrence Howard played Jackie Jackson in different eras, Shakiem Jamar Evans and Angel Vargas played Tito Jackson, Margaret Avery as Katherine's mother Martha Scruse, Holly Robinson Peete as Diana Ross, Billy Dee Williams as Berry Gordy and Vanessa L. Williams as Suzanne de Passe. The opening titles of the film shows footage of the real Jacksons rehearsing, performing on stage, a few clips from the "Can You Feel It" music video, album covers, magazine covers and pictures of the family. The film is mostly based on the autobiography written by Katherine Jackson, who issued the 1990 autobiography, My Family. Part one of the film was based on how Joseph and Katherine managed to raise their children, first in Gary, Indiana, then later dealing with The Jackson 5's early fame and its consequences. Part two of the film is based on the struggles of young Michael Jackson as he deals with his brothers marrying early into The Jackson 5 success, his problems with acne as a teenager, his eventual solo superstardom based on the success of his albums Off the Wall and Thriller and his legendary Motown 25 performance of "Billie Jean" as well as his difficult relationship with his father.

text: Michael Jackson’s voice is heard on: "Beat It," "Human Nature," "Billie Jean," "I Want You Back," "I Wanna Be Where You Are," "I'll Be There," "Rockin' Robin," "ABC," and "Dancing Machine." On all other songs, the Michael Jackson vocal part is performed by Anthony Harrell, Jason Weaver or Kipp Lennon.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs - Joseph Jackson
Angela Bassett - Katherine Jackson
Holly Robinson Peete - Diana Ross
Margaret Avery - Martha Scruse
Billy Dee Williams - Berry Gordy
Vanessa Williams - Suzanne de Passe
Wylie Draper - Michael Jackson

Abolade David Olatunde - Michael Jackson (baby)
Alex Burrall - Michael Jackson (ages 6–8)
Jason Weaver - Michael Jackson (ages 9–14)

Colin Steele - Jermaine Jackson

Jermaine Jackson II - Jermaine Jackson (ages 10–17)

Terrence Howard - Jackie Jackson

Bumper Robinson - Jackie Jackson (ages 12–16)

Monica Calhoun - Rebbie Jackson
Ebonie Smith - La Toya Jackson

Kelli Martin - La Toya Jackson (ages 8–10)

Angel Vargas - Tito Jackson

Shakiem Jamar Evans - Tito Jackson (ages 11–15)

Maya Nicole Johnson - Janet Jackson
Monica Allison - Hazel Gordy
Robert Redcross - Randy Jackson

Nicolas Phillips - Randy Jackson (age 7-9)

Marcus Maurice - Marlon Jackson

Floyd Myers, Jr. - Marlon Jackson (age 7-9)
Jacen Wilkerson - Marlon Jackson (ages 10–15)

text: Historical inaccuracies[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)

text:
The group is shown making a record of Wilbert Harrison's "Kansas City". "Kansas City" was never covered by the Jackson 5, although the band did multiple covers of early hits.
In the Motown audition scene, Berry Gordy was not actually in attendance. Instead, the audition was videotaped and shown to Gordy at a later time.[2]
The Jacksons are shown getting an audition for Motown due to winning a talent show at the Apollo Theatre, and Joseph is touting it as their first signing. In actuality, the group's first recording contract was offered by Steeltown Records, a smaller agency based in their native Gary, Indiana, in 1967. The group had done one audition for Motown and was rejected. Following their moderate success with a couple of single tracks in Steeltown, the Jackson 5 felt confident enough to audition a second time for Motown, after which they were signed. In the film, prior to the Motown debut, Michael is seen in a recording studio, which may have been reference to their early career with Steeltown Records.
In the scene where Michael is seen shooting for the Pepsi commercial which caused his scalp to catch fire, it shows his body rolling down the stairs. In fact he actually walked down the stairs with his hair on fire and later realized and did a one rotation spin (not the usual spin move he did) and shaking his head wildly from the pain.
The film's depiction of Michael performing "Billie Jean" at the Motown 25 television special, has Jackson wearing his trademark white glove on his right hand. In reality, Michael wore it on his left hand that night. The style of the film's glove is also notably different, compared to the factual one.
The film lists 1959 as Michael's birth. Michael was actually born in 1958.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Jacksons: An American Dream became one of the most popular and successful music-biography miniseries of the 1990s. Part 1 of the miniseries was the third highest-rated program broadcast during the week of November 9–15 with a 21.1 rating.[3] Part 2 of the miniseries was watched by 38.4 million viewers[4] in 22.3 million households[5] becoming the highest-rated program broadcast during the week of November 16–22[5] posting a 23.9 rating, and 36 share.[4] Overall, the miniseries was watched in 38.3 million households and posted a 22.3 rating and 33 share.[6]

text: The series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography, and was also nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Special, Outstanding Miniseries, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Miniseries or a Special.

text: Bumper Robinson won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Television Movie, and Alex Burrall and Jason Weaver both won a special award for Outstanding Young Performers Starring in a Mini-Series. The miniseries was later rebroadcast on VH1 and released to VHS and DVD. The DVD version of the miniseries was released as a two-disc set. The first disc was named "The Early Years" and the second disc was named "The Success Years". In 2004, VH1 would produce Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story, which picked up Michael's life from the end of The Jacksons to the present, which at the time included him standing trial on charges of child molestation.

text: The miniseries aired frequently after the death of Michael Jackson. It has been shown on TV One, BET, Centric and VH1.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Jacksons: An American Dream

Soundtrack album by The Jackson 5

Released
September 29, 1992

Recorded
1992

Genre
Soul, Funk

Length
37:51

Label
Motown

The Jackson 5 chronology

2300 Jackson Street
(1989)2300 Jackson Street1989
"The Jacksons: An American Dream"
(1992)
Soulsation!
(1995)Soulsation!1995

Singles from The Jacksons: An American Dream

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All songs performed by the Jackson 5 except where noted

text:
"Who's Lovin' You" [Live] - 5:39

Recorded live in Gary, Indiana, May 29, 1971

"Kansas City" (Jason Weaver) - 2:19
"I'll Be There" (Originally on Third Album)- 3:56
"In the Still of the Night" (Boyz II Men) - 2:51
"Walk on/The Love You Save" [Live] - 6:05

Recorded live in Gary, Indiana, May 29, 1971

"I Wanna Be Where You Are" (Jason Weaver) - 4:21
"Dancing Machine" (Originally on G.I.T.: Get It Together) - 3:17
"The Dream Goes On" (Jermaine Jackson) - 3:50
"I Want You Back/ABC" [Live] - 3:23

Recorded live at the Forum, Los Angeles. August 26, 1972 (Later issued in its entirety on Live at the Forum in 2010)

"Stay With Love" (Jermaine Jackson and Syreeta) - 4:19
"Never Can Say Goodbye" (Originally on Maybe Tomorrow)- 2:59
"You Are the Ones (Interlude)" (3T) - 1:51
"Dancing Machine [Remix]" - 3:43

text: Other songs done in the film but not put on the track:

text:
"Climb Every Mountain"
"Money (That's What I Want)"
"Baby I Need Your Loving"
"Where Did Our Love Go"
"Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit"
"Beat It"