document_title: Captain (ice hockey)

question_text: who is the youngest captain in nhl history

text: Captain (ice hockey)

text: Responsibilities and importance[edit]

text: According to International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and National Hockey League (NHL) rules, the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain, or, if the captain is not on the ice, an alternate captain.[2][3]

text: Although the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and his teammates, the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team, particularly in North American professional hockey. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players' concerns to management.[4]

text: The captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public, and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team's social functions and performing ceremonial on-ice functions, such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs.[4]

text: Selection[edit]

text: NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. For instance, in the 1985–86, when Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired, Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team. Middleton wore the "C" during home games and Bourque for road games during the season's first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain. Some teams name two (such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NHL seasons) or three (such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990–91 season) captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time (the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009–10 season, when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise's inception). During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain.[3]

text: Captains are usually veteran players, though on occasion younger players are chosen. The selection is often seen as an important moment for a team, and one that can affect the team's (and newly appointed captain's) performance. Captains are selected by different means: in some instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions, the choice was made by team management. Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains.[1] Though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. Some selections or removals of NHL captaincies have been controversial, more so than the other North American professional sports leagues. For instance, in Canada men's national ice hockey team, then-General Manager Bobby Clarke selected Eric Lindros for the 1998 Winter Olympics, considered somewhat controversial as Lindros was chosen over longer-tenured NHL captains such as Steve Yzerman, Ray Bourque and Wayne Gretzky, Clarke was also general manager of the Philadelphia Flyers whom Lindros played for professionally. In 2000, when the relationship between Clarke and Lindros deteriorated during contentious contract negotiations and the team's handling of Lindros' injuries, the team captaincy was issued to Eric Desjardins.[5] Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella stripped the captaincy from Vincent Lecavalier for failing to meet on-ice performance expectations. In 1980, Darryl Sittler angrily resigned the captaincy by cutting off the "C" from his jersey with scissors, in protest of Harold Ballard's trade of his best friend Lanny McDonald,[6] Ballard would liken Sittler's actions to burning the Canadian flag.[7]

text: The rules of the IIHF, NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on-ice captains,[2][3] due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season (see § Goaltender captains below). In the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain.[8]

text: Alternate captains[edit]

text: Teams may designate alternate captains, also often erroneously called "assistant captains". Alternate captains wear the letter "A" on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the "C".

text:
In the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and thus no captain.[9] A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game. In the National Hockey League, it is common for three alternate captains if no one is assigned captain or the current captain is absent. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this; they stipulate that "each team must appoint a captain and not more than two alternate captains"[2] In the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), Western Hockey League (WHL) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada, teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains.[10][11][12][13]
If the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain's official role as liaison to the referees.

text: NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season. In North America, alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain. In the 1969–70 season, the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains (Johnny Bucyk, Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall) instead of a captain sporting the "C". However, as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains, he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972.

text: In the NCAA, a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain, should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty.[8]

text: Designation on uniform[edit]

text: The letter "C" or "A" is attached to the jersey of the team's captain and alternate captains (commonly sewn at higher levels of play, though removable insignia exist so the "C" or "A" designation can be easily changed). The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater, though the IIHF, NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a "conspicuous location on the front" of the player's sweater.[2][3][8] Two teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter: the Detroit Red Wings, who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007–08 season, and the Arizona Coyotes, who moved their captains' patches to the right side when they updated their uniforms in 2015–16.

text: NHL captains[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text: Steve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years (1986–87 to 2005–06) and 1,303 games during that time, the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games. The Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque was previously the longest-tenured captain in NHL history from 1985–86 to 1999–00, being co-captain for the first three seasons. Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest-serving European captain serving for 14 years (1999–00 to 2012–13).[14] Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history, serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January 1984 until May 1984. The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid, announced as Captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5, 2016, at the age of 19 years and 266 days.

text:
Youngest NHL captains

Name

Team

Birth date

Captaincy announced

Age at announcement

First game as captain

Age at first game

Type

Brian Bellows

Minnesota North Stars

September 1, 1964

January 10, 1984†

7003707000000000000♠19 years, 131 days

Interim

Connor McDavid

Edmonton Oilers

January 13, 1997

October 5, 2016[15]

7003720500000000000♠19 years, 266 days

October 12, 2016

7003721200000000000♠19 years, 273 days

Permanent

Gabriel Landeskog

Colorado Avalanche

November 23, 1992

September 4, 2012

7003722500000000000♠19 years, 286 days[16]

January 19, 2013

7003736200000000000♠20 years, 57 days

Permanent

Sidney Crosby

Pittsburgh Penguins

August 7, 1987

May 31, 2007[17]

7003723700000000000♠19 years, 297 days[16]

October 5, 2007[18]

7003736400000000000♠20 years, 59 days

Permanent

Vincent Lecavalier

Tampa Bay Lightning

April 21, 1980

March 1, 2000[19]

7003725400000000000♠19 years, 315 days

March 1, 2000[20]

7003725400000000000♠19 years, 315 days

Permanent

Jonathan Toews

Chicago Blackhawks

April 29, 1988

July 18, 2008[21]

7003738500000000000♠20 years, 80 days

October 10, 2008[22][23][24]

7003746900000000000♠20 years, 164 days

Permanent

Steve Yzerman

Detroit Red Wings

May 9, 1965

October 7, 1986[25]

7003782100000000000♠21 years, 151 days

October 9, 1986[26]

7003782300000000000♠21 years, 153 days

Permanent

Jim Schoenfeld

Buffalo Sabres

September 4, 1952

September 1, 1974[27]

7003803200000000000♠21 years, 362 days

October 14, 1974[28]

7003807500000000000♠22 years, 40 days

Permanent

tag: table

text: Table Notes:

text: † An exact date for Brian Bellows' interim captaincy has not yet been determined. The North Stars captain, Craig Hartsburg, was injured on January 3, 1984, and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984.[29]

text: Stanley Cup Finals[edit]

text: Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title (1934). Derian Hatcher became the first American-born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999. Daniel Alfredsson was the first European-born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Final (2007), while Nicklas Lidstrom was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title (2008), followed by Zdeno Chara (2011) and Alexander Ovechkin (2018). Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams: the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994. Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months. The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.[citation needed]

text: Minority captains[edit]

text: Dirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989.[30] Jarome Iginla, who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003, has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history.[31]

text: Goaltender captains[edit]

text: In NHL history, there have been six goaltenders who served as official team captains:

text:
John Ross Roach (Toronto St. Patricks): 1924–25 season
George Hainsworth (Montreal Canadiens): 1932–33 season
Roy Worters (New York Americans): 1932–33 season
Alex Connell (Ottawa Senators): 1932–33 season
Charlie Gardiner (Chicago Black Hawks): 1933–34 season
Bill Durnan (Montreal Canadiens): latter half of 1947–48 season

tag: ul

text: The Hockey Hall of Fame displays a picture of Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender Turk Broda wearing the captain's "C," but he never actually served in that capacity, and he was actually wearing Toronto team Captain Syl Apps' sweater.[citation needed]

text: Prior to the 1948–49 season, the NHL made a change to the rules, prohibiting goaltenders from being captains or alternate captains. This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens, who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games, resulting in unscheduled timeouts. This rule is sometimes referred to as the "Durnan Rule."[32]

text: Although the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as its team captain for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, since he could not be his team's official captain during games, Willie Mitchell was the on-ice captain, serving as liaison to the officials, and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Ohlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs.[33]

text: Japanese goaltender Yutaka Fukufuji is currently designated an alternate captain of an Asia League Ice Hockey team, the Nikkō Ice Bucks.


document_title: Grown Ups (film)

question_text: who plays kevin james wife in the movie grown ups

root

text: Grown Ups (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, whom they nickname "Buzzer" (Blake Clark), encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three children—daughter Becky (Alexys Nicole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, but is disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke "Maize!" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.

tag: p

text: The friends each find out that Buzzer has died, and reunite at their hometown with their families, a first in the three decades. Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral, Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan, forcing Lenny to retreat. While at the lake house, he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors, and pushes them to play outside along with his friend's children. At a local restaurant, Lenny talks to his old nemesis, Dickie (Colin Quinn), who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match, where his shot shouldn't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line. With this, Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch, but he declines when commenting on Dickie's health. The next day, Buzzer's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed, lamenting his failed marriages, and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages. After having to deal with Jasmine, he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing. After joking on Rob, the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time, but the arrow pierces his foot when it flies back down. Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize-covered poultice. That night, Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup-phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the "Tooth Fairy" when Becky listens in. Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had, Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup-phone network in the house.

text: Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. Rob kicks a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters. Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue, and chaos results when the urine is revealed. The spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman, but he is laughed off when revealed to have a high-pitched voice. Later, Lenny and the group go to the zip line and meet Dickie again, this time with his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley (Steve Buscemi), who overshoots the swimming pool sliding down the zip line by his feet, and slams into a shopping kiosk. He is hospitalized as a result. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game-deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and Wiley (who is still paralyzed) gets his foot impaled by the arrow.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder

Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny

Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff

Andrew Bayard as Young Eric

Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie

Jameel McGill as Young Kurt

David Spade as Marcus "Higgy" Higgins

Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus

Rob Schneider as Rob "Carrot" Hilliard

Joshua Matz as Young Rob

text: The Feder family[edit]

text:
Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder
Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder
Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder
Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder

text: The Lamonsoff family[edit]

text:
Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff
Ada-Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff
Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff

text: The McKenzie family[edit]

text:
Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie
Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie
China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie

text: The Hilliard family[edit]

text:
Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard
Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard
Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan
Blake Clark as Coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando
Victoria Cyr, Niece of Coach Buzzer[3]
Di Quon as Rita
Steve Buscemi as Wiley
Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey

Hunter Silva as Young Dickie

Lisa M. (Seitz) Francis as Bailey's wife
Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo
Ebony Jo-Ann as Mama Ronzoni
Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy
Tim Herlihy as Pastor
Norm Macdonald as Geezer
Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux

Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux

Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million.[1] Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars.[5][6] The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9]

text: Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity."[10] Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank." Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it.[11] Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage."[12] On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable."[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost the trophy to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up.[14] Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews[15] but was still a box office hit.[16]


document_title: Chechen–Russian conflict

question_text: where is chechnya and why is it important to russia

text: Chechen–Russian conflict

text: Origins[edit]

text: The North Caucasus, a mountainous region that includes Chechnya, spans or lies close to important trade and communication routes between Russia and the Middle East, control of which have been fought over by various powers for millennia.[3] Russia's entry into the region followed Tsar Ivan the Terrible's conquest of the Golden Horde's Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in 1556, initiating a long struggle for control of the North Caucasus routes with other contemporary powers including Persia, the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate.[4] Internal divisions prevented Russia from effectively projecting its power into the region until the 18th century; however, Russian-allied Cossacks began settling the North Caucasus lowlands following Ivan's conquests, sparking tensions and occasional clashes with Chechens, who at this time were themselves increasingly settling the lowlands due to adverse climatic changes[a] in their traditional mountain strongholds.[5][6]

text: In 1774, Russia gained control of Ossetia, and with it the strategically important Darial Pass, from the Ottomans. A few years later, in 1783, Russia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with Georgia, making Georgia—a Christian enclave surrounded by hostile Muslim states—a Russian protectorate. To fulfill her obligations under the treaty, Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, began construction of the Georgian Military Road through the Darial Pass, along with a series of military forts to protect the route.[7] These activities, however, antagonized the Chechens, who saw the forts both as an encroachment on the traditional territories of the mountaineers and as a potential threat.[8]

text: Chechen conflict with the Russian Empire[edit]

text: Sheikh Mansur uprising and aftermath, 1785–1894[edit]

text: Around this time, Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen imam, began preaching a purified version of Islam and encouraging the various mountain peoples of the North Caucasus to unite under the banner of Islam in order to protect themselves from further foreign encroachments. His activities were seen by the Russians as a threat to their own interests in the region, and in 1785, a force was sent to capture him. Failing to do so, it burned his unoccupied home village instead, but the force was ambushed by Mansur's followers on its return journey and annihilated, beginning the first Chechen–Russian war. The war lasted several years, with Mansur employing mostly guerilla tactics and the Russians conducting further punitive raids on Chechen villages, until Mansur's capture in 1791. Mansur died in captivity in 1794.[9][10]

text: In 1801, Russia formally annexed Georgia, deepening Russia's commitment to the region.[11][verification needed] In subsequent years, a growing number of small-scale raids and ambushes by Chechen fighters on Russian forces moving through the Caucasus prompted the Russians to mount two substantial military expeditions into Chechen territory, both of which were defeated, and Russian leaders began considering more drastic measures. These were postponed however by Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia.[12]

text: Caucasian and Crimean Wars, 1817–64[edit]

text: After Russia's defeat of French Napoleonic forces in the 1812 war, Tsar Alexander I turned his attentions once more to the North Caucasus, assigning one of his most celebrated generals, Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, to the pacification of the region. In 1817, Russian forces under Yermolov's command embarked upon the conquest of the Caucasus.[13] Yermolov's brutal tactics, which included economic warfare, collective punishment and forcible deportations, were initially successful, but have been described as counterproductive since they effectively ended Russian influence on Chechen society and culture and ensured the Chechens' enduring enmity. Yermolov was not relieved of command until 1827.[14][15]

text: A turning point in the conflict was marked in 1828 when the Muridism movement emerged. It was led by Imam Shamil. In 1834 he united the North Caucasus nations under Islam and declared "holy war" on Russia.[16] In 1845 Shamil's forces surrounded and killed thousands of Russian soldiers and several generals in Dargo, forcing them to retreat.[16]

text: During the Crimean War of 1853–6, the Chechens supported the Ottoman Empire against Russia.[16] However, internal tribal conflicts weakened Shamil and he was captured in 1859.[17] The war formally ended in 1862 when Russia promised autonomy for Chechnya and other Caucasian ethnic groups.[17] However, Chechnya and the surrounding region, including northern Dagestan, were incorporated into Russia as the Terek Oblast.

text: Russian Civil War and Soviet period[edit]

text: After the Russian Revolution, the mountain people of the North Caucasus came to establish the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. It existed until 1921, when they were forced to accept Soviet rule. Joseph Stalin personally held negotiations with the Caucasian leaders in 1921 and promised a wide autonomy inside the Soviet state. The Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created that year, but only lasted until 1924 when it was abolished and six republics were created.[18] The Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established in 1934. Confrontations between the Chechens and the Soviet government arose in the late 1920s during collectivization. It declined by the mid-1930s after local leaders were arrested or killed.[19]

text: World War II[edit]

text: Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. According to Soviet sources, Chechens joined the Wehrmacht, although this claim is disputed as little evidence exists.[19] By January 1943, the German retreat started, while the Soviet government began discussing the deportation of Chechen and Ingush people far from the North Caucasus. In February 1944, under the direct command of Lavrentiy Beria, almost half million Chechens and Ingush were removed from their homes and forcibly settled in Central Asia. They were put in forced labor camps in Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya.[20] After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev came to power and soon denounced his predecessor. In 1957, Chechens were allowed to return to their homes. The Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was reestablished.[21]

text: Ethnic clashes (1958-65)[edit]

text: In 1957, Chechens were allowed to return to their homes. The Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was reestablished.[21] The violence began in 1958, upon a conflict between a Russian sailor and an Ingush youngster over a girl, in which the Russian was fatally injured. The incident quickly deteriorated into mass ethnic riots, as Slavic mobs attacked Chechens and Ingushes and looted property throughout the region for 4 days.[22] Ethnic clashes continued through 1960s, and in 1965 some 16 clashes were reported, taking tall of 185 severe injuries, 19 of them fatal.[22] By late 1960, the region calmed down and the Chechen-Russian conflict came to its lowest point until the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the eruption of Chechen Wars in 1990.

text: Post-Soviet era[edit]

text: Chechen Wars[edit]

text: In 1991, Chechnya declared independence and was named the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. According to some sources, from 1991 to 1994, tens of thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity (mostly Russians, Ukrainians and Armenians) left the republic amidst reports of violence and discrimination against the non-Chechen population.[23][24][25] Other sources do not identify displacement as a significant factor in the events of the period, instead focussing on the deteriorating domestic situation within Chechnya, the aggressive politics of the Chechyen President, Dzhokhar Dudayev, and the domestic political ambitions of Russian President Boris Yeltsin.[26][27] Russian army forces invaded Grozny in 1994[28] but, after two years of intense fighting, the Russian troops eventually withdrew from Chechnya under the Khasavyurt Accord.[29] Chechnya preserved its de facto independence until the second war broke out in 1999.[30]

text: In 1999, the Russian government forces again invaded Chechnya, in response to the invasion of Dagestan by Chechen-based Islamic forces.[30] By early 2000 Russia almost completely destroyed the city of Grozny and succeeded in putting Chechnya under direct control of Moscow.[30] According to Norman Naimark, "serious evidence indicates that Russian government developed plans to deport the Chechens once again in the mid-1990s if they had lost the war."[31]

text: Ongoing Chechen insurgency[edit]

text: Since the end of the Second Chechen War in May 2000, low-level insurgency has continued, particularly in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan. Russian security forces have succeeded in eliminating some of their leaders, such as Shamil Basayev, who was killed on July 10, 2006.[32] After Basayev's death, Dokka Umarov took the leadership of the rebel forces in North Caucasus until his death owing to poisoning in 2013.[33]

text: Radical Islamists from Chechnya and other North Caucasian republics have been held responsible for a number of terrorist attacks throughout Russia,[34] most notably the Russian apartment bombings in 1999,[35] the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002,[36] the Beslan school hostage crisis in 2004, the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings[37] and the Domodedovo International Airport bombing in 2011.[38][39]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: The exact casualties of this conflict are difficult to ascertain due to lack of records and the long time period of the clashes. One source indicates that at least 60,000 Chechens were killed in the First and Second Chechen War in the 1990s and 2000s alone. [40] High estimates of these two wars range of up to 150,000 or 160,000 killed, as put by Taus Djabrailov, the head of Chechnya's interim parliament.[41]


document_title: History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and the British and Irish Lions

question_text: when did the british lions beat new zealand

text: List of series[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by New Zealand
Won by Lions
Draw

Overall
12
10
1
1

text:
Series
New Zealand wins
Lions wins
Victor

1904 New Zealand and Australian Tour
1
0
 New Zealand

1908 Australian and New Zealand Tour
2
0
 New Zealand

1930 New Zealand and Australian Tour
3
1
 New Zealand

1950 New Zealand and Australian Tour
3
0
 New Zealand

1959 New Zealand and Australian Tour
3
1
 New Zealand

1966 New Zealand and Australian Tour
4
0
 New Zealand

1971 New Zealand Tour
1
2
Lions

1977 New Zealand Tour
3
1
 New Zealand

1983 New Zealand Tour
4
0
 New Zealand

1993 New Zealand Tour
2
1
 New Zealand

2005 New Zealand Tour
3
0
 New Zealand

2017 New Zealand Tour
1
1
Draw

text: List of matches[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by New Zealand
Won by Lions
Drawn
New Zealand points
British and Irish Lions points

Overall
41
30
7
4
700
399

text:
Date
Venue
Score
Victor
Series

13 August 1904
Athletic Park, Wellington
9 – 3
 New Zealand
1904 New Zealand and Australian Tour

6 June 1908
Carisbrook, Dunedin
32 – 5
 New Zealand
1908 New Zealand and Australian Tour

27 June 1908
Athletic Park, Wellington
3 – 3
Draw

25 July 1908
Potters Park, Auckland
29 – 0
 New Zealand

21 June 1930
Carisbrook, Dunedin
3 – 6
Lions
1930 New Zealand and Australian Tour

5 July 1930
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
13 – 10
 New Zealand

26 July 1930
Eden Park, Auckland
15 – 10
 New Zealand

9 August 1930
Athletic Park, Wellington
22 – 8
 New Zealand

27 May 1950
Carisbrook, Dunedin
9 – 9
Draw
1950 New Zealand and Australian Tour

10 June 1950
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
8 – 0
 New Zealand

1 July 1950
Athletic Park, Wellington
6 – 3
 New Zealand

29 July 1950
Eden Park, Auckland
11 – 8
 New Zealand

18 July 1959
Carisbrook, Dunedin
18 – 17
 New Zealand
1959 New Zealand and Australian Tour

15 August 1959
Athletic Park, Wellington
11 – 8
 New Zealand

29 August 1959
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
22 – 8
 New Zealand

19 September 1959
Eden Park, Auckland
6 – 9
Lions

16 July 1966
Carisbrook, Dunedin
20 – 3
 New Zealand
1966 New Zealand and Australian Tour

6 August 1966
Athletic Park, Wellington
16 – 12
 New Zealand

27 August 1966
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
19 – 6
 New Zealand

10 September 1966
Eden Park, Auckland
24 – 11
 New Zealand

26 June 1971
Carisbrook, Dunedin
3 – 9
Lions
1971 New Zealand Tour

10 July 1971
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
22 – 12
 New Zealand

31 July 1971
Athletic Park, Wellington
3 – 13
Lions

17 August 1971
Eden Park, Auckland
14 – 14
Draw

18 June 1977
Athletic Park, Wellington
16 – 12
 New Zealand
1977 New Zealand Tour

9 July 1977
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
9 – 13
Lions

30 July 1977
Carisbrook, Dunedin
19 – 7
 New Zealand

13 August 1977
Eden Park, Auckland
10 – 9
 New Zealand

4 June 1983
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
16 – 12
 New Zealand
1983 New Zealand Tour

18 June 1983
Athletic Park (Wellington), Wellington
9 – 0
 New Zealand

2 July 1983
Carisbrook, Dunedin
15 – 8
 New Zealand

16 July 1983
Eden Park, Auckland
38 – 6
 New Zealand

12 June 1993
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
20 – 18
 New Zealand
1993 New Zealand Tour

26 June 1993
Athletic Park (Wellington), Wellington
7 – 20
Lions

3 July 1993
Eden Park, Auckland
30 – 13
 New Zealand

25 June 2005
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
21 – 3
 New Zealand
2005 New Zealand Tour

2 July 2005
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
48 – 18
 New Zealand

9 July 2005
Eden Park, Auckland
38 – 19
 New Zealand

24 June 2017
Eden Park, Auckland
30 – 15
 New Zealand
2017 New Zealand Tour

1 July 2017
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
21 – 24
Lions

8 July 2017
Eden Park, Auckland
15 – 15
Draw


document_title: The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)

question_text: who sang the theme tune to robin hood

question_tokens: who sang the theme tune to robin hood

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Robin Hood (Robin of Locksley), a Saxon nobleman returned from the Crusades and forced into outlawry in Sherwood Forest. Played by Richard Greene.
The Sheriff of Nottingham, Robin Hood's enemy who schemes to capture the outlaw. Played by Alan Wheatley.
Little John, Robin Hood's trusted friend and his second in command. Played by Archie Duncan. Duncan was briefly replaced by Rufus Cruikshank for ten episodes after Duncan was injured when a horse bolted toward the spectators, mostly children, watching the location filming of the episode "Checkmate" on 20 April 1955. Archie Duncan grabbed the bridle, stopping the horse, but the cart it was pulling ran him over, causing a fractured kneecap and cuts and bruises. He received the Queen's Commendation for Bravery Award and £1,360 in damages from Sapphire films.
Maid Marian (Lady Marian Fitzwalter), a Norman-Irish noblewoman and Robin Hood's lover. Played in series one and two by Bernadette O'Farrell and in series three and four by Patricia Driscoll.
Friar Tuck, a member of Robin Hood's band. Played by Alexander Gauge.
Will Scarlet, a member of Robin Hood's band. Played by Ronald Howard (2 episodes/Series 1) and Paul Eddington (Series 4).
Derwent, a member of Robin's band. Played by Victor Woolf. Excepting Robin, this character was featured in the most episodes of the show, a total of 112.
Joan, the barmaid at the Blue Boar Inn, a friend of Robin and his band. Played by Simone Lovell.
Sir Richard of the Lea, a friend of Robin and his band. Played by Ian Hunter. Hunter had earlier played King Richard the Lionheart in the 1938 production The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn.
Lady Leonia, wife of Sir Richard of the Lea. Played by Patricia Burke in 5 episodes.
The Deputy Sheriff of Nottingham, (The Sheriff's replacement in series 4), played by John Arnatt.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text:
Alan-a-Dale, a member of Robin Hood's band. Played by John Schlesinger (two episodes), Richard Coleman (3 episodes/Series 4).
Ethel, Derwent's wife played by Paula Byrne

text: Historical characters[edit]

text:
Queen Eleanor, mother of King Richard and Prince John. Played by (Jill Esmond) (2 episodes, series 1)
Richard the Lionheart, the King of England and brother of Prince John. Played by Patrick Barr (2 episodes, series 1)
Prince John, the scheming friend of the Sheriff of Nottingham and brother of King Richard. Played by Donald Pleasence, Hubert Gregg, and Brian Haines.
Princess Avice of Gloucester, the first wife of Prince John played by Helen Cherry before her divorce from John,
Isabella of Angoulême, the second wife of Prince John played by Zena Walker before her marriage to John though not played as a 12-year-old.
Prince Arthur played by Peter Asher (3 episodes series 1 & 2), Richard O'Sullivan (1 episode series 3) and Jonathon Bailey (1 episode series 4)
Constance, Duchess of Brittany (Prince Arthur's mother), played by Dorothy Alison (3 episodes series 1 & 2), Pamela Alan (1 episode series 3), and Patricia Marmont (1 episode series 4)
King William the Lion of Scotland played by Duncan McKintrye.

text: Many soon-to-be-famous faces pop up, including: Lionel Jeffries ("Murder Ahoy" and "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"), Leslie Phillips, Jane Asher, Anne Reid (Coronation Street and Dinnerladies), Edward Mulhare (The Ghost & Mrs. Muir and Knight Rider), Patrick Troughton (the Second Doctor), Irene Handl, Nicholas Parsons , Desmond Llewelyn (Q in the Bond films), Sam Kydd, Sid James, Joan Sims and Bernard Bresslaw (Carry On films), Leo McKern (Rumpole of the Bailey), Alfie Bass (The Army Game), Sylvia Kay (Just Good Friends), Harry H. Corbett and Wilfrid Brambell (Steptoe and Son), Barbara Mullen (Dr Finlay's Casebook), Richard O'Sullivan (Man About the House), Geoffrey Bayldon (Catweazle), Billie Whitelaw, Ronald Allen, Gordon Jackson, Conrad Phillips (William Tell), Martin Benson (Sword of Freedom). John Schlesinger as an actor appeared in three episodes as singing minstrels (Hale and Alan a Dale (2)).

text: A number of actors appeared in supporting roles in most episodes, for series one these include: Victor Woolf, Willoughby Gray, John Drake, John Longden, Charles Stapley, John Dearth, Arthur Skinner, Paul Connell, and Gabriel Toyne. And for later series include: Paul Hansard, Paul Eddington, Michael Lane, Edward Mulhare, Shaun O'Riordan, Morris Barry, Patrick Troughton, Wilfrid Brambell, Nigel Davenport, Harry H. Corbett, Kevin Stoney, Ronald Hines, and Max Faulkner, who also did stunt/double work. Frank Maher later Patrick McGoohan's stunt double played many small non-speaking parts, and stuntman Terry Yorke, who doubled for Richard Greene, played many small roles throughout all four series.

text: Plot and Writing[edit]

text: The series is set in the 12th Century, during the reign of King Richard. Robin of Locksley, a nobleman, is forced into the life of an outlaw, dwelling in Sherwood Forest with a band of men who right the wrongs committed by the rich and powerful against the poor and defenceless. Given the name Robin Hood by the outlaw band's leader, Will Scatlock, who was fatally wounded. Hood's enemy in the series is the Sheriff of Nottingham who, with his cohorts, schemes to capture the outlaw by any means possible. Lady Marian Fitzwalter (Maid Marian), a young noblewoman and Robin Hood's lover, keeps him informed of the Sheriff of Nottingham's whereabouts and intentions. Episodes are punctuated with manly deeds of derring-do, tense escapes and pursuits, princely tournaments, the thundering hoof-beats of powerful steeds, the clattering of flashing swords, and the whizzing of fatally-placed arrows.

text: In "A Year and A Day" (Series 2), a refugee peasant explains that, under English law, a peasant who escapes serfdom and lives in a city for "a year and a day" is a free man, given the man lives openly, not in hiding. When Robin Hood helps the peasant move about the city, the Sheriff invokes "the law of hue and cry", explaining that any man within hearing must drop his chores and help apprehend the felon. In "A Christmas Goose" (Season 3), a boy's goose nips a lord's horse so the lord is thrown. The lord condemns the goose to death – for his Christmas dinner. But Robin Hood counters that under English common law, an accused animal is entitled to a fair trial, the same as a human. While Robin Hood drags out the trial, Friar Tuck gets the cook drunk and switches geese. When the deception is revealed, the lord relents and pardons the goose. Two episodes, "Brother Battle" (#84) and "To Be a Student" (#90) emphasized the Catholic Church's struggle to educate commoners, and even the children of serfs, despite laws forbidding the practice and in the face of opposition from the nobility.

text: The writers created supporting characters who were likable and occasionally resourceful. In "The Goldmaker's Return" (Season 2), Robin Hood is away in France on a mission. Lady Marian, Little John, and the other Merry Men carry the day without the star of the show ever showing his face. Most of the time, however, Robin is required to save the day following the usual comment about "Many men will be noticed. Only one going in will be successful," etc. Despite simplistic plotting required by the 30-minute format, the writing was both professional in its handling of situations, and pointed in its dialog. Anachronisms abound: the lipsticked girl with modern hairdo in the Friar Tuck episode, for instance, wine cups for each occupant at a table in Checkmate when that only became the practice hundreds of years later, the 20th century school implements in Brother Battle, and a "bard" in The Challenge episode who sings a song to the late 17th century tune of Lillibulero, in 13th century England. All this is typical of every series of historical fiction, but the show's producers pointed with pride to their accuracy, courtesy of hired consultants.

text: There was also an element of self-parody at times that sat uneasily on the series. In one episode, The Challenge, the plot-as-such was finished halfway through the show, and during the rest, the hapless Richard of the Lea and his wife worried as their larder and wine cellar were emptied during a siege with Robin, Little John, and Tuck eating and dancing all day and night.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: 143 episodes were filmed in four series.

text: Production details[edit]

text: Blacklisted writers[edit]

text: The Adventures of Robin Hood was produced by Hannah Weinstein, who had left-wing political views. Weinstein hired many blacklisted American writers to script episodes of the series: these included Ring Lardner Jr., Waldo Salt, Robert Lees, and Adrian Scott. Howard Koch, who was also blacklisted, served for a while as the series' script editor. The blacklisted writers were credited under pseudonyms, to avoid the attention of studio executives.[9]

text: (The sponsored prints of the first five episodes of series one, screened by CBS in the US on its first run, had no writer credits on their end title sequences, writers were only credited on sponsored prints from episode 6 onward, only later non-sponsored US re-run prints of series one have writer credits for these episodes, some of which differ from writer credits on UK prints. As an example, Lawrence McClellan is credited as writer of "The Coming of Robin Hood" on US prints, for the UK the pseudonym used is Eric Heath.)[10]

text: After the blacklist collapsed, Lardner said that the series' format allowed him "plenty of opportunities to comment on issues and institutions in Eisenhower-era America;" presumably A Tuck in Time was such an episode, in which a twin of Friar Tuck arrives boasting of his willingness to sell a weapon that could destroy the world. In addition to the redistributive themes of a hero who robs from the rich and gives to the poor, many episodes in the programme's first two seasons included the threat that Robin and his band would be betrayed to the authorities by friends or loved ones, much as the blacklisted writers had been.[9] But the half-hour length episodes and broad-target market precluded any political criticism that went beyond the generalities of 19th century Robin Hood revival books.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Whilst interiors were filmed at Nettlefold Studios, location shooting for the series took place on the nearby Wisley common, Wisley, Surrey, and at the adjoining Foxwarren Park estate, near Cobham, owned by Hannah Weinstein. Horses used for filming were also stabled at Foxwarren house, which had a projection room for viewing daily film rushes and completed films. In 1956 a replica castle exterior, complete with drawbridge, was built in the grounds of the estate for filming of 'The Adventures of Sir Lancelot' series (it features prominently in title sequence for the colour episodes), this was used predominantly for castle scenes in series 3 & 4 of Robin Hood, it first appears as Chateau Marmont in 'The Bandit of Brittany' during series 2, in place of the standing castle and village set on the backlot at Nettlefold studios used in series 1 & most of series 2.

text: As well as this, establishing shots and short film sequences were also shot at various medieval buildings in the UK including: Allington Castle in Kent, this was used to establish Fitzwalter Castle, Marian's home in the series, Painshill Park, near Cobham, Saltwood Castle in Hythe, and Pencoed Castle near Magor in Monmouthshire. Three Northumberland sites were used – Alnwick Castle, Lindisfarne Castle, and Warkworth Castle. Bodiam Castle in East Sussex, Leith Hill near Dorking, Framlingham Castle in Suffolk, Newark Priory near Ripley, Castle Mill in Dorking, and Newark Mill amongst others were used through the series.

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Directors of Photography – Gerald Gibbs (series 1), Ken Hodges (series 1–4), Ernest Palmer (series 2), Michael Reed (series 2–3), Ian Craig (series 4)
Camera Operators – Noel Rowland (series 1–4), Eric Williams (series 4)
Art Directors – Peter Proud (series 1), John Blezard (series 2–4), Peter Mullins (series 2–3)
Production Designer – Peter Proud (series 2)
Art Supervisor – William Kellner (series 2)
Assistant Director – Christopher Noble
Sound – H.P. Pearson
Film Editors – Bill Lewthwaite, Peter Seabourne, Harry Booth, Inman Hunter, and Thelma Connell (series 1), Joan Warwick (series 2–4), David Hawkins (series 2), Lee Doig (series 3–4), Peter Rolfe Johnson (series 4), Richard Sidwell (series 4)
Dubbing Editors – Harry Booth and Michael Deeley (series 1), Freddie Cook (series 2)
Supervising Film Editors – Thelma Connell (series 1–2), Maurice Rootes (series 2)
Continuity – Joanna Busby/Barbara Thomas (series 1) Olga Marshall (series 2)
Make-Up Supervisor – Walter Schneiderman
Hairdressers – Eileen Bates (series 1–2), Bill Griffiths (series 1), Betty Sheriff (series 2)
Wardrobe Supervisor – Brenda Gardner
Script Editors – Albert G. Ruben (series 1–3), Kathryn Dawes (series 2), Peggy Phillips (series 2–3), Raymond Bowers (series 4)
Production Supervisor/Manager – George Mills (series 1), Harold Buck (series 1–4)
Assistant Producer – John C. George
Production Associate – Richard Greene (series 4)
Associate Producer – Thelma Connell (series 2–4)
Producer – Sidney Cole (series 1–4) (credited as Associate Producer on series 1)
Executive Producer – Hannah Weinstein

text: Music[edit]

text: Each episode in the first two series started with a country scene of faux-normal life in Olde England during which an introductory poem in rhymed cadence to the tune of the English folksong "Early One Morning," which derived from a much later period than the series. The poem was a humorous summary vignette of what could be expected in the episode. An actor portraying the Minstrel would use the same melody at the final fade to black before the end credits for 1st run CBS sponsored screenings in the USA, letting viewers know that the sponsor "now begs a word with you."

text: "Sumer Is Icumen In" is featured throughout the series. At times it is heard as background music at parties. In "The Betrothal," Sir Richard's son plays it on his flute while his betrothed sings it. In the episode "Carlotta," Little John sings it to his sweetheart. In "The Path of True Love," Marian sings it to stall Sir Charles. In one of its most prominent uses, Robin forces a group of soldiers to sing it.

text: The Merry Men perform the soul cake song in "The Thorkil Ghost," with Derwent singing a solo.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James. The song is still fondly remembered:

text:
Robin Hood, Robin Hood, Riding through the glen
Robin Hood, Robin Hood, With his band of men
Feared by the bad, Loved by the good
Robin Hood, Robin Hood, Robin Hood

He called the greatest archers to a tavern on the green
They vowed to help the people of the king
They handled all the trouble on the English country scene
And still found plenty of time to sing

text: [Chorus (1st paragraph) repeat]

text: In 1956 the theme song was released on Parlophone records by Dick James with Stephen James and his chums and Ron Goodwin's Orchestra and reached number 14 in the UK charts (78rpm single:R.4117/45rpm single:MSP6199), and by PYE records as a 78rpm single by Gary Miller with Tony Osbourne orchestra and the Beryl Stott chorus (PYE N.15020) and reached number 10 on the UK charts. Versions by Frankie Laine (CBS Coronet), Nelson Riddle and his Orchestra (Capitol), Alan Dale (Coral), Joe Reisman's orchestra and chorus (RCA Victor), and Ronnie Ronaldo (Colombia) were also issued. These versions had the extended song with fives verses and the chorus six times. The sound effect at the atart of the theme tune, of the arrow being fired into a tree, was produced by record producer Joe Meek, who was also the recording engineer on the Gary Miller version. [11]

text: This song was parodied by Monty Python's Flying Circus in their Dennis Moore sketch, which depicted a masked highwayman from the 18th century (more like the Scarlet Pimpernel) stealing lupins from the rich to give to the poor. It is also played at every Nottingham Forest home match.

text: "Robin des Bois" was the theme recorded for the French TV market, sung in French, it can be heard on the 3rd series episode "Farewell To Tuck" released by Network on DVD. The series was first broadcast in France as "Aventures dans la Foret de Sherwood" in 1965 on ORTF. Other countries to broadcast the series include Canada 1955–1958 on CBOT, Toronto, and CKCO, Kitchener, Ontario, Australia 1956–1961 on HSV7 (The Seven Network), Finland in 1964 on NORDEEZE, Holland in 1965/66 on AVRO and Germany between 1971 and 1974 on ARD.

text: First series episodes also exist with a variant downbeat instrumental end theme by Edwin Astley, it can be heard on the episode "The Highlander" released by Network DVD.

text: Artistic details[edit]

text: Art director Peter Proud, an expert at wartime camouflage, hit on the idea of putting many props on wheels to facilitate quick set changes, since one 26-minute episode was shot every four and a half days. The show boasted "140 set pieces (baronial fireplaces, staircases, stone walls, entrance halls, and the like)". There was some outdoor location filming, mainly involving horse-riding doubles and stuntmen, and without dialogue recording. Sets were designed from parchments and sketches from the British Museum, and modeled on castles of Harlech, Farleigh, and Framlingham. Some of the 100 soldiers who manned the battlements of Nottingham Castle were miniature toy soldiers.[12]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: In the US the original CBS syndication prints had a few variants to the original UK prints, after the brief title sequence the US prints would repeat this sequence but with "Brought to You By" and after the arrow strikes the tree the sponsors name "Wildroot Cream-Oil" superimposed, "Johnson & Johnson" sponsored episodes had a voice-over over the opening titles "Richard Greene in The Adventures of Robin Hood" and over the repeated sequence "presented by" followed by the names of two Johnson & Johnson products, images of which would appear over the shot of the arrow in the tree, a commercial featuring one of the products would then be shown, the Wildroot Cream-Oil sponsored episodes would then feature an animated commercial showing a Robin Hood–type figure with lank hair and a dinosaur. A Minstrel song would then be sung at the beginning of each episode, over the episode title, providing a playful poetic synopsis in short prose of what could be expected to be seen. After the final fade to black a sequence featuring an actor playing the Minstrel would be shown as he sang these lyrics to the tune of "Early One Morning": "We'll have the merry time again with Robin and his Merry Men and the folk who'll bring him to you then now beg a word with you." followed by a commercial for the next week's sponsor before the end titles would be shown, (Wildroot Cream Oil and Johnson & Johnson sponsored alternate episodes) the end credits start with the opening sequence, with Sandy Becker mentioning the sponsors name again, and the sponsors product appearing on screen through the end titles which are shown over the shot of the tree. This caption also appeared: "This film was flown to the USA via Pan American World Airways". The opening minstrel tunes were also sung to the tune of 'Early One Morning'. There were two sponsors of the CBS syndicated screenings, Wildroot Cream-Oil (a hair tonic company), and Johnson & Johnson (known in the UK and US for its baby powder). The commercials involved "within" the episodes appeared originally on all three Seasons broadcast at 7.30pm (eastern standard time) /6.30pm (central standard time) Monday nights on CBS (not series 4).[10]

text: Alternative title captions appear over the opening sequence on some US prints. Instead of "Richard Greene in The Adventures of Robin Hood" they state "Richard Greene plays Robin Hood – Adventures in Sherwood Forest". This practice occurred because of an FCC rule demanding that reruns of a series be retitled for syndication packaging if aired while first-run episodes of the series were still being shown on one of the three major networks. Five years of "Gunsmoke" episodes, for instance, were retitled "Marshall Dillon" for syndicated run because "Gunsmoke" was still going strong on CBS.

text: Alternate US end credit titles crediting the series as "A Hannah Weinstein Production for Sapphire Films Limited",(and for later episodes from 1958 credited as "A Hannah Fisher Production") also exist.

text: In the UK, at the time, sponsorship of programmes was not allowed and each episode had one commercial break in the middle.

text: Influence[edit]

text: The series was an immediate hit on both sides of the Atlantic, drawing 32,000,000 viewers per week.[12] Sapphire films were commissioned to make four other series by Lew Grade: The Adventures of Sir Lancelot (1956/57) (broadcast by NBC on Monday nights at 8.00 pm), The Buccaneers (1956/57) (broadcast by CBS on Saturday nights at 7.30 pm), Sword of Freedom (1957/58), and The Four Just Men (1958/59). ITC continued to make and sell TV series to the US until the late 1970s, including The Saint, The Prisoner, Thunderbirds, Space 1999, The Muppet Show and many more.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Products[edit]

text: Many licensed products and knockoffs were sold, including books, jigsaw puzzles, iron-on patches, toy bows and arrows, a series of bubble gum cards, and more. The "Robin Hood" shoe brand sporting Richard Green's likeness on the interior heel lasted long after the series stopped production. Magazine Enterprises featured Richard Greene photos on three Robin Hood comic books. Robin and Marian made the cover of TV Guide in the Week of 12–18 May 1956.

text: DVD[edit]

text: In Region 1, Mill Creek Entertainment has released all 4 seasons on DVD. They have also released a complete series set featuring all 143 episodes of the series.[13]

text: Alpha Video has released 22 single volume collections of the series, featuring various episodes.[14]

text: In Region 2, Network DVD has released all 4 seasons on DVD in the UK.

text: Three DVD boxsets of the series have also been released in Germany by KNM Home Entertainment as "Die Abenteuer Von Robin Hood" with German language soundtracks in 2009.

text:
DVD Name
Ep#
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2

The Complete First Season
39
18 March 2008[15]
3 March 2008[16]

The Complete Second Season
39
14 October 2008[17]
1 December 2008[18]

The Complete Third Season
39
31 March 2009[19]
1 November 2008[20]

The Complete Fourth Season
26
25 August 2009[21]
24 January 2005[22]

The Complete Series
143
25 August 2009[23]
12 December 2011

text: Compilation Episodes[edit]

text: In the 1990s, three movie-length compilation features (approx. 90 min. each) were created from the series by producers Philip May & Joseph Shields, through editing parts of the various episodes, though not necessarily in chronological order. These were as follows:

text:
Robin Hood: The Movie (1991) – featuring edited material from episodes: 1,2,3,5,8 & 27. Notably, Will Scatlock who dies at the end of episode 2 in the series (thereby transferring the outlaw leadership to Robin Hood), is not killed until the end of the 90 min feature.
Robin Hood's Greatest Adventures (1991)
Robin Hood: Quest for the Crown (1991)

text: Film[edit]

text: In 1960, Sydney Cole and Richard Greene produced the feature film Sword of Sherwood Forest for Hammer Film Productions (in association with Yeoman Films), directed by Terence Fisher, written by Alan Hackney, director of photography was Ken Hodges, and the film editor was Lee Doig, all TV series alumni. Richard Greene starred as Robin Hood with Peter Cushing as The Sheriff of Nottingham, blonde haired Sarah Branch played Maid Marian with Nigel Green as Little John, Jack Gwillim as Archbishop Hubert Walter, and Richard Pasco as Edward, Earl of Newark. Oliver Reed also had a small role. It was filmed in colour and in a widescreen process referred to as 'Megascope' on the opening titles. The film itself was a retelling of how Robin first met Marion.


document_title: Cereal

question_text: what are the three main cereal crops in the world

text: Cereal

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Agriculture allowed for the support of an increased population, leading to larger societies and eventually the development of cities. It also created the need for greater organization of political power (and the creation of social stratification), as decisions had to be made regarding labor and harvest allocation and access rights to water and land. Agriculture bred immobility, as populations settled down for long periods of time, which led to the accumulation of material goods.[2]

text: Early Neolithic villages show evidence of the development of processing grain. The Levant is the ancient home of the ancestors of wheat, barley and peas, in which many of these villages were based. There is evidence of the cultivation of figs in the Jordan Valley as long as 11,300 years ago, and cereal (grain) production in Syria approximately 9,000 years ago. During the same period, farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using man-made floods and fires as part of their cultivation regimen.[3] Fiber crops were domesticated as early as food crops, with China domesticating hemp, cotton being developed independently in Africa and South America, and Western Asia domesticating flax.[4] The use of soil amendments, including manure, fish, compost and ashes, appears to have begun early, and developed independently in several areas of the world, including Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley and Eastern Asia.[5]

text: The first cereal grains were domesticated by early primitive humans.[6] About 8,000 years ago, they were domesticated by ancient farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region. Emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley were three of the so-called Neolithic founder crops in the development of agriculture. Around the same time, millets and rices were starting to become domesticated in East Asia. Sorghum and millets were also being domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa.

text: The Green Revolution[edit]

text: During the second half of the 20th century there was a significant increase in the production of high-yield cereal crops worldwide, especially wheat and rice, due to an initiative known as the Green Revolution.[7] The strategies developed by the Green Revolution focused on fending off starvation and were very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains, but did not give sufficient relevance to nutritional quality.[8] These modern high yield-cereal crops have low quality proteins, with essential amino acid deficiencies, are high in carbohydrates, and lack balanced essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and other quality factors.[8]

text: Farming[edit]

text: While each individual species has its own peculiarities, the cultivation of all cereal crops is similar. Most are annual plants; consequently one planting yields one harvest. Wheat, rye, triticale, oats, barley, and spelt are the "cool-season" cereals.[citation needed] These are hardy plants that grow well in moderate weather and cease to grow in hot weather (approximately 30 °C [86 °F], but this varies by species and variety). The "warm-season" cereals are tender and prefer hot weather. Barley and rye are the hardiest cereals, able to overwinter in the subarctic and Siberia. Many cool-season cereals are grown in the tropics. However, some are only grown in cooler highlands, where it may be possible to grow multiple crops per year.

text: For the past few decades, there has also been increasing interest in perennial grain plants. This interest developed due to advantages in erosion control, reduced need for fertiliser, and potential lowered costs to the farmer. Though research is still in early stages, The Land Institute in Salina, Kansas has been able to create a few cultivars that produce a fairly good crop yield.[9]

text: Planting[edit]

text: The warm-season cereals are grown in tropical lowlands year-round and in temperate climates during the frost-free season. Rice is commonly grown in flooded fields, though some strains are grown on dry land. Other warm climate cereals, such as sorghum, are adapted to arid conditions.

text: Cool-season cereals are well-adapted to temperate climates. Most varieties of a particular species are either winter or spring types. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn, germinate and grow vegetatively, then become dormant during winter. They resume growing in the springtime and mature in late spring or early summer. This cultivation system makes optimal use of water and frees the land for another crop early in the growing season.

text: Winter varieties do not flower until springtime because they require vernalization: exposure to low temperatures for a genetically determined length of time. Where winters are too warm for vernalization or exceed the hardiness of the crop (which varies by species and variety), farmers grow spring varieties. Spring cereals are planted in early springtime and mature later that same summer, without vernalization. Spring cereals typically require more irrigation and yield less than winter cereals.

text: Harvesting[edit]

text: Once the cereal plants have grown their seeds, they have completed their life cycle. The plants die, become brown, and dry. As soon as the parent plants and their seed kernels are reasonably dry, harvest can begin.

text: In developed countries, cereal crops are universally machine-harvested, typically using a combine harvester, which cuts, threshes, and winnows the grain during a single pass across the field. In developing countries, a variety of harvesting methods are in use, depending on the cost of labor, from combines to hand tools such as the scythe or grain cradle.

text: If a crop is harvested during humid weather, the grain may not dry adequately in the field to prevent spoilage during its storage. In this case, the grain is sent to a dehydrating facility, where artificial heat dries it.

text: In North America, farmers commonly deliver their newly harvested grain to a grain elevator, a large storage facility that consolidates the crops of many farmers. The farmer may sell the grain at the time of delivery or maintain ownership of a share of grain in the pool for later sale. Storage facilities should be protected from small grain pests, rodents and birds.

text: Production[edit]

text: The following table shows the annual production of cereals in 1961,[10] 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 ranked by 2013 production.[11]

text:
Grain

Worldwide production  (millions of metric tons)

Notes

1961
2010
2011
2012
2013

Maize (corn)

205

851

888

872

1016

A staple food of people in the Americas, Africa, and of livestock worldwide; often called corn in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. A large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption.

Rice[12]

285

703

725

720

745

The primary cereal of tropical and some temperate regions. Staple food in most of Brazil (both maize and manioc/cassava were once more important and their presence is still stronger in some areas), other parts of Latin America and some other Portuguese-descended cultures, parts of Africa (even more before the Columbian exchange), most of South Asia and the Far East. Largely overridden by breadfruit (a dicot tree) during the South Pacific's part of the Austronesian expansion.

Wheat

222

650

699

671

713

The primary cereal of temperate regions. It has a worldwide consumption but it is a staple food of North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, most of the Southern Cone and much of the Greater Middle East. Wheat gluten-based meat substitutes are important in the Far East (albeit less than tofu) and said to resemble meat texture more than others.

Barley

72

124

133

133

144

Grown for malting and livestock on land too poor or too cold for wheat.

Sorghum

41

60

58

57

61

Important staple food in Asia and Africa and popular worldwide for livestock.

Millet

26

33

27

30

30

A group of similar but distinct cereals that form an important staple food in Asia and Africa.

Oats

50

20

22

21

23

Popular worldwide as a breakfast food and livestock feed. In human consumption, oats can be served as porridge as oatmeal,[13] although oats could be eaten in various different forms other than rolled oats, including unprocessed oats.[13][14]

Rye

12

12

13

15

16

Important in cold climates.

Triticale

35

14

13

14

14.5

Hybrid of wheat and rye, grown similarly to rye.

Fonio

0.18

0.57

0.59

0.59

0.6

Several varieties are grown as food crops in Africa.

text: Maize, wheat, and rice together accounted for 89% of all cereal production worldwide in 2012, and 43% of all food calories in 2009,[11] while the production of oats and triticale have drastically fallen from their 1960s levels.

text: Other cereals worthy of notice, but not included in FAO statistics, include:

text:
Teff, an ancient grain that is a staple in Ethiopia. It is high in fiber and protein. Its flour is often used to make injera. It can also be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal similar to farina with a chocolate or nutty flavor. Its flour and whole grain products can usually be found in natural foods stores.
Wild rice, grown in small amounts in North America.

text: Several other species of wheat have also been domesticated, some very early in the history of agriculture:

text:
Spelt, a close relative of common wheat.
Einkorn, a wheat species with a single grain.
Emmer, one of the first crops domesticated in the Fertile Crescent.
Durum, the only tetraploid species of wheat currently cultivated, used to make semolina.
Kamut, an ancient relative of durum with an unknown history.

text: In 2013 global cereal production reached a record 2,521 million tonnes. A slight dip to 2,498 million tonnes was forecasted for 2014 by the FAO in July 2014.

text: Nutritional facts[edit]

text: Some grains are deficient in the essential amino acid, lysine. That is why many vegetarian cultures, in order to get a balanced diet, combine their diet of grains with legumes.

text: Many legumes, however, are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine, which grains contain. Thus, a combination of legumes with grains forms a well-balanced diet for vegetarians. Common examples of such combinations are dal (lentils) with rice by South Indians and Bengalis, dal with wheat in Pakistan and North India, and beans with corn tortillas, tofu with rice, and peanut butter with wheat bread (as sandwiches) in several other cultures, including Americans.[15] The amount of crude protein found in grain is measured as the grain crude protein concentration.[16]

text: Cereals contain exogenous opioid peptides called exorphins and include opioid food peptides like Gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides. They mimic the actions of endorphines because they bind to the same opioid receptors in the brain.

text: Standardization[edit]

text: The ISO has published a series of standards regarding cereal products which are covered by ICS 67.060.[17]