document_title: Blood In Blood Out

question_text: where was blood in and blood out filmed

question_tokens: where was blood in and blood out filmed

text: Blood In Blood Out

text: Plot[edit]

text: Miklo is a man of Mexican and White American ethnicity who grew up in El Pico Aliso barrio in east Los Angeles. Upon moving back home from Las Vegas, Nevada, Miklo goes to stay with his two cousins Paco and Cruz. Miklo tells Cruz that he wants to join their gang Vatos Locos. While Paco is initially skeptical, Miklo later proves himself when he performs an attack on a rival gang, Tres Puntos. Afterwards he is made a member of Vatos Locos.

text: However, the Tres Puntos gang soon takes revenge by brutally attacking Cruz who is a budding artist, and damages his back for life. When Vatos Locos learn of the attack, they perform a well-planned counterattack. However, things go wrong when Miklo ends up getting shot by their rival gang's leader, "Spider". Miklo is able to shoot and kill Spider, but has to be rushed to the hospital by Paco while being chased by police. Paco crashes into another car at the El Pino tree and they are both arrested.

text: From here, the trio's paths diverges: Miklo is sent to San Quentin State Prison for murder, Paco volunteers for military service in the United States Marine Corps as an alternative choice to prison, and Cruz continues his passion for art. He also becomes a heroin addict due to the recurring back pain. His addiction leads to him being disowned by his family after his 12-year-old brother, Juanito, dies from injecting air into his veins thinking it's Cruz's heroin supply. Paco becomes an L.A.P.D. narcotics detective after leaving the Marine Corps.

text: Miklo finds trouble adapting to prison life. The prison is run by three prison gangs, all of whom are based on their racial backgrounds. The Black Guerrilla Army (B.G.A.) is led by "Bonafide", the Aryan Vanguard is led by "Red Ryder", and La Onda is led by Montana Segura. La Onda's members do not initially accept Miklo and one of them, Popeye, tries to rape Miklo at knife-point, but is stopped by Montana. After meeting Montana, he is told the only way into La Onda is killing an enemy inmate, in Miklo's case a white inmate named Big Al who runs the gambling in San Quentin. After gaining Big Al's trust, Miklo stabs him to death during a sexual encounter in the prison kitchen. Miklo is initiated into La Onda, is later promoted to its Ruling Council, and is granted parole after serving nine years in prison.

text: On the outside, Miklo is disgusted by his menial job on which his supervisor is extorting money from him, so he joins in an armed robbery. The heist goes poorly and Miklo is intercepted by Paco, now a decorated cop. Miklo tries to run away, but Paco shoots him in the leg, which later has to be amputated. Miklo is sent back to prison where he notices the cocaine addictions of several inmates. Onda Council Member Carlos has entered the cocaine trade and is competing with the B.G.A. for customers. The Aryan Vanguard want to partner with Carlos in the cocaine business by becoming his new supplier. In return, Carlos moves on the B.G.A. and take them out of the cocaine business. Montana, however, is fiercely against allowing La Onda to enter the drug trade, saying that drugs will destroy La Onda and that the Aryan Vanguard want to start a war between the Black and Chicano inmates. The other Council members agree with Montana and vote against it. This causes Carlos to leave La Onda to work with the Aryan Vanguard, causing other members to follow him. Carlos murders a B.G.A. soldier named "Pockets" who is running the B.G.A.'s cocaine operation. He also contacts his brother, Smokey, outside of prison to bomb a B.G.A. hangout where they move their drugs. After all of this happens, Carlos' usefulness has come to an end and the Aryan Vanguard drops their protection of him. The B.G.A. then takes the opportunity to murder Carlos. Despite his death, Miklo agrees with Carlos's outlook after being convinced by Carlos's old drug supplier.

text: With hostility high between the Black and Hispanic inmates, Montana and Bonafide meet in the prison yard. Montana convinces Bonafide to agree to a truce if Montana reaches out to La Onda leaders in the Folsom and Chino prisons to end the violence. The warden grants Montana special permission to visit the Chino and Folsom prisons and Miklo is left in charge during his absence. Montana is granted a special request, and he gets to stay overnight at Delano penitentiary where he can see his daughter. On the morning of the visit, Montana is stabbed to death outside his cell by a member of the B.G.A.. Believing that the Aryan Vanguard sent forged orders to the hitman, Paco arranges a peace conference between La Onda and the B.G.A. However, Miklo, La Onda's new leader, manipulates the peace talks in order to build an alliance with the B.G.A. and they agree to kill the Aryan Vanguard leaders.

text: Later, enforcers for La Onda and the B.G.A. sweep through the walls of San Quentin, killing the leaders of the Aryan Vanguard. After the killings are done, however, Miklo's men promptly exterminate the B.G.A. leaders as well. Paco is enraged that his own cousin has played him for a fool and angrily confronts Miklo in the prison visiting room. Paco leaves his cousin in disgust, disowning him forever.

text: The members of La Onda hold a final gathering after the warden vows to split the council up transporting some members to their home states. Miklo plans on using this to expand La Onda to other states in the South West. Later, Miklo and his cellmate "Magic" destroy the mold which they used to send the forged orders to the B.G.A. hit man to kill Montana. Magic says "We both loved him, but we did what we had to do for La Onda." Back in East Los Angeles, Paco visits one of Cruz's murals after the family re-accepts him to see a portrait of his former life. In a pep talk with Cruz, Paco realizes that by ordering Miklo to go after Spider, Paco is responsible for all of the things that have happened to Miklo. This causes Paco to feel guilty for his actions and ultimately forgive Miklo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka
Jesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria
Benjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar
Enrique Castillo as Montana Segura
Delroy Lindo as Bonafide
Victor Rivers as Magic
Geoffrey Rivas as Carlos
Tom Towles as Red Ryder
Carlos Carrasco as Popeye
Theodore Wilson as Wallace
Raymond Cruz as Chuey
Valente Rodriguez as Frankie
Lanny Flaherty as Big Al
Billy Bob Thornton as Lightning
Danny Trejo as Geronimo
Victor Mohica as Mano
Luis Contreras as Realthing
Paulo Tocha as Apache
Ving Rhames as Ivan
Richard Masur (uncredited) as Prison librarian
Thomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann
Lupe Ontiveros as Carmen
Ashley Judd as Paco's Girlfriend ("deleted scene")
Peter Mark Vasquez as Chivo
Mark Rich as Miklo's Stunt Double

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three prison gangs in the film are fictional creations of screenwriter Jimmy Santiago Baca and director Taylor Hackford. However, they were all loosely based on actual prison gangs, with the Aryan Vanguard, Black Guerrilla Army and La Onda representing the Aryan Brotherhood, Black Guerrilla Family, and the Mexican Mafia, respectively.

text: Actor Theodore Wilson died shortly after filming his scenes in the film.

text: Artist Adan Hernandez was hired to create the paintings the character of Cruz Candelaria was supposed to have painted. All of the paintings that were used in the film were created by him. The mural in the reservoir seen in the film's climax has unfortunately been painted over. Hernandez made a cameo appearance in the film as the drug dealer Gilbert in the art gallery scene.

text: The film was shot in and around Los Angeles and East Los Angeles and inside the walls of San Quentin State Prison. The main character Miklo is sent to San Quentin, where much of the film's plot takes place. Several of the then-inmates appear in the film as extras. In addition, several of the prison staff members also appear as others and some facilitated the production of the film by serving as technical advisors. Many members of the staff were given small lines in the film, with the warden giving an extended cameo in a part that is somewhat integral to the plot. In addition, actor Danny Trejo, who appears in the film as Geronimo, had served time in San Quentin before deciding to become an actor.

text: In addition to prison inmates and staff and artist Hernandez, screenwriter and barrio poet Jimmy Santiago Baca cameos as a prison inmate and member of the La Onda council.

text: The film was initially entitled Blood in Blood Out but was retitled Bound by Honor before the film's release. Blood in blood out refers to the initiation ritual of having to kill someone to enter a gang and, on the reverse end, not being able to leave the gang unless killed. This is a common initiation in many gangs, including prison gangs, and is also the motto of La Onda in the film. Hollywood Pictures insisted on the name change as the studio felt that it would incite violence in East Los Angeles. In addition, executives at Hollywood Pictures, a subsidiary of Disney, were cautious about the potential effect the film would have following the 1992 LA Riots and the attribution given to Boyz N the Hood as a partial cause/inspiration of the riots. Director Taylor Hackford has stated that he was very unhappy with this decision as the film's message was the exact opposite of the one that the studio feared would be transmitted.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.[2] On IMDb it holds an 8/10. The TV Guide review stated "similarity to Edward James Olmos' American Me, in which a tormented drug dealer travels the same route through prison society as Miklo. The principal difference between the two films is that Bound By Honor is by far the glossier effort, relentlessly picturesque in the seamlessly anesthetized manner of mainstream Hollywood films."[3] Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum for the Chicago Reader wrote that this "ugly three-hour snoozefest is apparently supposed to do for East Los Angeles Chicanos what the Godfather movies did for New York mafiosi…"[4] Roger Ebert wrote "The East Los Angeles milieu and some of the characters seem familiar, because some of the same ground was covered by American Me... Bound by Honor covers similar material in a less passionate and finally less meaningful way."[5] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4. A critic from Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman gave Bound By Honor a B-, falling on the high end of the movie spectrum. He states "Bound By Honor comes fully alive when it moves behind bars. There's an exploitative thrill built into the genre…"[6] This film critic was definitely more interested in the second half of the movie once Miklo was in jail running La Onda. Vincent Canby from the New York Times wrote "The film is big and long, passionate and flat. It's full of heroic and tragic incident, but skimpy about the details of quotidian lives."[7] Giving a very detailed review on the plot of the story he later exalts some of the characters in the movie one in particular, Enrique Castillo. Although Vincent Canby does not give an official rating for the film, he concludes "Though it's not the epic it means to be, it is not a failure."[8]


document_title: All Is Fair in Love and War

question_text: where did all is fair in love and war come from

root

text: All Is Fair in Love and War

text: All Is Fair in Love and War may refer to:

tag: p

text:
"All is fair in love and war", a proverb attributed to John Lyly's Euphues
All Is Fair in Love and War (album), an album by Blessed by a Broken Heart
"All Is Fair in Love and War" (song), a song by Ronnie Milsap

tag: ul

text: Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titlesThis disambiguation page lists  articles associated with the title All Is Fair in Love and War.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Golden Arches

question_text: what color are the arches at the sedona arizona mcdonald's

question_tokens: what color are the arches at the sedona arizona mcdonald 's

text: Golden Arches

text: History[edit]

text: In 1952, brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald decided they needed a new building to house their hamburger restaurant in San Bernardino, California. They wanted this building to have an entirely new design which would achieve two goals: even greater efficiency, and an eye-catching appearance. They interviewed at least four architects altogether, finally choosing Stanley Clark Meston, an architect practicing in nearby Fontana, in late 1952. The arches had a direct bearing on the interviewing process and their choice of Meston: the first architect they interviewed objected to the arches the brothers wanted; a second wanted to change the arches; a third, prominent Los Angeles architect Douglas Honnold, said that if the brothers were going to tell him what to do they would be better off doing it themselves.[1]

text: Along with their practical knowledge, the brothers brought Meston a rough sketch of two half-circle arches drawn by Richard. The idea of an arch had struck Richard as a memorable shape to make their stand more visible. After considering one arch parallel to the front of the building, he had sketched two half-circles on either side of the stand.[1] Meston, together with his assistant Charles Fish, responded with a design which included two 25-foot (7.6 m) yellow sheet-metal arches trimmed in neon, called "golden arches" even at the design stage. His design also included a third, smaller arch sign at the roadside with a pudgy character in a chef's hat, known as Speedee, striding across the top, trimmed in animated neon.

text: According to architectural historian Alan Hess, "Meston and Fish turned the crude half-circle suggested by Richard McDonald's sketch into a tapered, sophisticated parabola, with tense, springing lines conveying movement and energy."[1] In the same article Hess added this footnote: "Who first suggested the parabola is unclear. Richard McDonald and George Dexter, the sign contractor who fabricated the first arches, recalled that Dexter came up with the idea and added them to the plans. Charles Fish, who did the working drawings and aided Meston in the design, attributes the idea to his familiarity with the form from a school project in which he used structural parabolas for a hangar. The form was one of many advanced engineering solutions, including folded plate roofs, that were in common currency."[1]

text: The first franchised outlet bearing Meston's design opened in May 1953 in Phoenix, Arizona. Subsequent franchisees of the McDonald brothers were also required to use Meston's design, although Meston adapted the plans for each to the conditions and building codes of each site.[1]

text: In 1962, seeking to upgrade its image, the company sought a new logo. Fred Turner sketched a stylized "V", but the company's head of engineering and design, Jim Schindler, extended the "V" into an "M" resembling a McDonald's store viewed from an angle, with a red isosceles trapezoid "roof" serving as background for lettering.[2]

text: While McDonald's dropped the physical arches from nearly all of its restaurants in the 1960s[citation needed], the Golden Arches have remained in the logo, and as a commonly understood term for the company. This was partially due to Louis Cheskin's argument that the arches, which he likened to "mother McDonald's breasts", had "Freudian applications to the subconscious mind of the consumer and were great assets in marketing McDonald's food."[3] In Canada, all McDonald's stores and commercials have a maple leaf in the middle of the Golden Arches.

text: Alan Hess summarized the arch's origin in Googie architecture and ultimate significance as follows:

text: The arch was conceived by businessman Richard McDonald, an untrained designer with no knowledge of erudite architectural examples. His intent was pragmatic: to be noticed. This determined its scale, position, and simple shape visible over long distances following the precedent of earlier drive-ins with which he was familiar. To McDonald, the arch was an arbitrary form, without symbolic or historic associations, which he hoped would come to symbolize McDonald's. The arches' position implies no traditional use of the arch as an entry, nor are they structural. The architect delineated this formal concept determined by the client in the energetic lines and machine-like surfaces of a popular commercial vernacular style current in the 1940s and 1950s ... Meston's design proved successful as design and icon because of, not in spite of, its commercialism.[1]

text: The term "Golden Arches" is sometimes used as metonym, symbolizing capitalism or globalization in phrases such as the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention", since McDonald's is one of the more prominent American corporations that have become global in their reach (along with Coca-Cola and Nike).

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: The McDonald's arches in Sedona, Arizona were made turquoise when the yellow colour had been deemed by government officials to be contrasting too much against the scenic red rock.[4]

text: The arches in the restaurant at 610 Del Monte Ave., Monterey, California, are in black.[5]

text: The restaurant at Champs-Elysées in Paris, France, includes a neon McDonald's sign with white arches. Also the new McDonald's in Bruges, Belgium, has the white arches.[6]


document_title: Menstrual cycle

question_text: what hormone is most important in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

text: Menstrual cycle

text: Onset and frequency[edit]

text: The average age of menarche is 12–15.[5][11] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[6] This first period often occurs later in the developing world than the developed world.[7]

text: The average age of menarche is approximately 12.5 years in the United States,[12] 12.7 in Canada,[13] 12.9 in the UK[14] and 13.1 years in Iceland.[15] Factors such as genetics, diet and overall health can affect timing.[16]

text: The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive period is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, with anywhere between 45 and 55 being common. Menopause before age 45 is considered premature in industrialised countries.[17] Like the age of menarche, the age of menopause is largely a result of cultural and biological factors;[18] however, illnesses, certain surgeries, or medical treatments may cause menopause to occur earlier than it might have otherwise.[19]

text: The length of a woman's menstrual cycle typically varies somewhat, with some shorter cycles and some longer cycles. A woman who experiences variations of less than eight days between her longest cycles and shortest cycles is considered to have regular menstrual cycles. It is unusual for a woman to experience cycle length variations of more than four days. Length variation between eight and 20 days is considered as moderately irregular cycles. Variation of 21 days or more between a woman's shortest and longest cycle lengths is considered very irregular. [20]

text: The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. The variability of menstrual cycle lengths is highest for women under 25 years of age and is lowest, that is, most regular, for ages 25 to 39.[21] Subsequently, the variability increases slightly for women aged 40 to 44.[21]

text: The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is about the same length in most individuals (mean 14.13 days, standard deviation 1.41 days)[22] whereas the follicular phase tends to show much more variability (log-normally distributed with 95% of individuals having follicular phases between 10.3 and 16.3 days).[23] The follicular phase also seems to get significantly shorter with age (geometric mean 14.2 days in women aged 18–24 vs. 10.4 days in women aged 40–44).[23]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Some women with neurological conditions experience increased activity of their conditions at about the same time during each menstrual cycle. For example, drops in estrogen levels have been known to trigger migraines,[24] especially when the woman who suffers migraines is also taking the birth control pill. Many women with epilepsy have more seizures in a pattern linked to the menstrual cycle; this is called "catamenial epilepsy".[25] Different patterns seem to exist (such as seizures coinciding with the time of menstruation, or coinciding with the time of ovulation), and the frequency with which they occur has not been firmly established. Using one particular definition, one group of scientists found that around one-third of women with intractable partial epilepsy has catamenial epilepsy.[25][26][27] An effect of hormones has been proposed, in which progesterone declines and estrogen increases would trigger seizures.[28] Recently, studies have shown that high doses of estrogen can cause or worsen seizures, whereas high doses of progesterone can act like an antiepileptic drug.[29] Studies by medical journals have found that women experiencing menses are 1.68 times more likely to commit suicide.[30]

text: Mice have been used as an experimental system to investigate possible mechanisms by which levels of sex steroid hormones might regulate nervous system function. During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when progesterone is highest, the level of nerve-cell GABA receptor subtype delta was high. Since these GABA receptors are inhibitory, nerve cells with more delta receptors are less likely to fire than cells with lower numbers of delta receptors. During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when estrogen levels are higher than progesterone levels, the number of delta receptors decrease, increasing nerve cell activity, in turn increasing anxiety and seizure susceptibility.[31]

text: Estrogen levels may affect thyroid behavior.[32] For example, during the luteal phase (when estrogen levels are lower), the velocity of blood flow in the thyroid is lower than during the follicular phase (when estrogen levels are higher).[33]

text: Among women living closely together, it was once thought that the onsets of menstruation tend to synchronize. This effect was first described in 1971, and possibly explained by the action of pheromones in 1998.[34] Subsequent research has called this hypothesis into question.[35]

text: Research indicates that women have a significantly higher likelihood of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the pre-ovulatory stage, than post-ovulatory stage.[36]

text: Fertility[edit]

text: The most fertile period (the time with the highest likelihood of pregnancy resulting from sexual intercourse) covers the time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation.[38] In a 28‑day cycle with a 14‑day luteal phase, this corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week. A variety of methods have been developed to help individual women estimate the relatively fertile and the relatively infertile days in the cycle; these systems are called fertility awareness.

text: There are many fertility testing methods, including urine test kits that detect the LH surge that occurs 24 to 36 hours before ovulation; these are known as ovulation predictor kits (OPKs).[39] Computerized devices that interpret basal body temperatures, urinary test results, or changes in saliva are called fertility monitors. Fertility awareness methods that rely on cycle length records alone are called calendar-based methods.[40] Methods that require observation of one or more of the three primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cervical position)[41] are known as symptoms-based methods.[40]

text: A woman's fertility is also affected by her age.[42] As a woman's total egg supply is formed in fetal life,[43] to be ovulated decades later, it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems, breakage, and mutation than the chromatin of sperm, which are produced continuously during a man's reproductive life. However, despite this hypothesis, a similar paternal age effect has also been observed.

text: As measured on women undergoing in vitro fertilization, a longer menstrual cycle length is associated with higher pregnancy and delivery rates, even after age adjustment.[44] Delivery rates after IVF have been estimated to be almost doubled for women with a menstrual cycle length of more than 34 days compared with women with a menstrual cycle length shorter than 26 days.[44] A longer menstrual cycle length is also significantly associated with better ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation and embryo quality.[44]

text: Mood and behavior[edit]

text: The different phases of the menstrual cycle correlate with women's moods. In some cases, hormones released during the menstrual cycle can cause behavioral changes in females; mild to severe mood changes can occur.[45] The menstrual cycle phase and ovarian hormones may contribute to increased empathy in women. The natural shift of hormone levels during the different phases of the menstrual cycle has been studied in conjunction with test scores. When completing empathy exercises, women in the follicular stage of their menstrual cycle performed better than women in their midluteal phase. A significant correlation between progesterone levels and the ability to accurately recognize emotion was found. Performances on emotion recognition tasks were better when women had lower progesterone levels. Women in the follicular stage showed higher emotion recognition accuracy than their midluteal phase counterparts. Women were found to react more to negative stimuli when in midluteal stage over the women in the follicular stage, perhaps indicating more reactivity to social stress during that menstrual cycle phase.[46] Overall, it has been found that women in the follicular phase demonstrated better performance in tasks that contain empathetic traits.

text: Fear response in women during two different points in the menstrual cycle has been examined. When estrogen is highest in the preovulatory stage, women are significantly better at identifying expressions of fear than women who were menstruating, which is when estrogen levels are lowest. The women were equally able to identify happy faces, demonstrating that the fear response was a more powerful response. To summarize, menstrual cycle phase and the estrogen levels correlates with women’s fear processing.[47]

text: However, the examination of daily moods in women with measuring ovarian hormones may indicate a less powerful connection. In comparison to levels of stress or physical health, the ovarian hormones had less of an impact on overall mood.[48] This indicates that while changes of ovarian hormones may influence mood, on a day-to-day level it does not influence mood more than other stressors do.

text: Sexual feelings and behaviors change during the menstrual cycle. Before and during ovulation, high levels of estrogen and androgens result in women having an increased interest in sexual activity.[49] Unlike other animal species, women show interest in sex across all days of the menstrual cycle, regardless of fertility.[50] It appears that when women are most fertile, they tend to avoid situations that may result in sexual harassment or sexual assault.[51]

text: Mate choice[edit]

text: Behavior towards potential mating partners changes during different phases of the menstrual cycle.[52][53][54] Near ovulation, women may have increased physical attraction and interest in attending social gatherings with men.[51] During the fertile phase of the cycle, women appear to prefer males who are more masculine.[55] The intensity of mate guarding differs across the phases of the cycle, with increased mate guarding occurring when woman are fertile.[54][56][57]

text: During the fertile phase, many women experience more attraction, fantasies and sexual interest for extra pair men but not for the primary partner.[51][54][58] They also engage in extra-pair flirtations and demonstrate a preference for extra pair copulation.[51][58]

text: Voice[edit]

text: Preferences for voice pitch change across the cycle.[58] When seeking a short term mating partner, women may prefer a male with a low voice pitch, particularly during the fertile phase.[58] During the late follicular phase, it is common for women demonstrate a preference for mates with a masculine, deep voice.[59] Research has also been conducted on the attractiveness of the female voice throughout the cycle.[60] During their most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, there is some evidence that female voices are rated as significantly more attractive.[60] This effect is not found with women on the birth control pill.[60]

text: Smell[edit]

text: Women's preference for male's body odor can change across the menstrual cycle.[61] Males who score highly on dominance have been rated as sexier by females during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Additionally, during their most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, women may show preference for the odor of symmetrical men.[54] This effect is not found for women on the birth control pill.[62] Also, during the late follicular and ovulatory phases, women prefer the scent of masculine men.[58] The scent of androsterone (responsible for testosterone levels) is highly preferred by women during the peak of their fertility in the menstrual cycle.[58] Moreover, women may demonstrate preference for men with a scent that indicates developmental stability.[58]

text: With regard to women's smell across the cycle, some evidence indicates that men use olfactory cues in order to know if a woman is ovulating.[61] Using a rating of women's odors, women who are ovulating have been rated as more attractive by men.[61] Men demonstrate preferences for the scent of fertile women.[61]

text: Body[edit]

text: Preferences for facial features in mates can also change across the cycle.[58] There has been no difference found in preference for long-term mating partners during the menstrual cycle; however, those seeking a short-term relationship were more likely to choose a partner with more masculine features than usual.[51][59] This was found to be the case especially during the woman's high conception risk stage and when salivary testosterone was high.[63] However, when women are in the luteal (non-fertile) phase, they tend to prefer men (and females) with more feminine faces.[59] A preference is also shown for self-resembling faces and apparent health in faces during the luteal phase of the cycle.[64] Apparent health preferences were found to be strongest when progesterone levels were high.[64] Additionally, during the fertile phase, many women show a preference for men with darker skin pigmentation.[58] Research on facial symmetry is mixed.[65]

text: Preferences for body features can change during the fertile phase of the cycle. Women seeking a short-term partner demonstrate a preference for taller and muscular males.[58] Women also show preferences of males with masculine bodies at peak fertility.[58][63] Mixed research has been found regarding body symmetry preferences throughout different phases of the cycle.[58]

text: Personality[edit]

text: In short term mates, during the fertile phase, women may show more attraction to dominant men who display social presence.[58] For long-term mates, shifts in desired trait preferences do not occur throughout the cycle.[58]

text: Eating behavior[edit]

text: Females have been found to experience different eating habits at different stages of their menstrual cycle, with food intake being higher during the luteal phase than the follicular phase.[66][67] Food intake increases by approximately 10% during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase.[67]

text: Various studies have shown that during the luteal phase woman consume more carbohydrates, proteins and fats and that 24-hour energy expenditure shows increases between 2.5-11.5%.[68] The increasing intake during the luteal phase may be related to higher preferences for sweet and fatty foods, which occurs naturally and is enhanced during the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.[68] This is due to the higher metabolic demand during this phase.[69] In particular, women tend to show a cravings for chocolate, with higher cravings during the luteal phase.[68]

text: Females with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) report changes in appetite across the menstrual cycle more than non-sufferers of PMS, possibly due to their oversensitivity to changes in hormone levels.[67] In women with PMS, food intake is higher in the luteal phase than follicular.[70] The remaining symptoms of PMS, including mood changes and physical symptoms, also occur during the luteal phase. No difference for preference of food types has been found between PMS sufferers and non-sufferers.[66]

text: The different levels of ovarian hormones at different stages of the cycle have been used to explain eating behaviour changes. Progesterone has been shown to promote fat storage, causing a higher intake of fatty foods during the luteal phase when progesterone levels are higher.[67] Additionally, with a high estrogen level dopamine is ineffective in converting to noradrenaline, a hormone which promotes eating, therefore decreasing appetite.[67] In humans, the level of these ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle have been found to influence binge eating.[71]

text: It is theorized that the use of birth control pills should affect eating behaviour as they minimise or remove the fluctuations in hormone levels.[66] The neurotransmitter serotonin is also thought to play a role in food intake. Serotonin is responsible for inhibiting eating and controlling meal size,[72] among other things, and is modulated in part by ovarian hormones.[73]

text: A number of factors affect whether dieting will affect these menstrual processes: age, weight loss and the diet itself. First, younger women are likely to experience menstrual irregularities due to their diet. Second, menstrual abnormalities are more likely with more weight loss. For example, anovulatory cycles can occur as a result of adopting a restricted diet, as well as engaging in a high amount of exercise.[67] Finally, the cycle is affected more by a vegetarian diet compared to a non-vegetarian diet.[74]

text: Substance abuse[edit]

text: Studies investigating effects of the menstrual cycle on alcohol consumption have found mixed evidence.[75] However, some evidence suggests that individuals consume more alcohol during the luteal stage, especially if these individuals are heavy drinkers or have a family history of alcohol abuse.[69]

text: The level of substance abuse increases with PMS, mostly with addictive substances such as nicotine, tobacco and cocaine.[69] One theory behind this suggests this higher level of substance abuse is due to decreased self-control as a result of the higher metabolic demands during the luteal phase.[69]

text: Menstrual disorders[edit]

text: Infrequent or irregular ovulation is called oligoovulation.[76] The absence of ovulation is called anovulation. Normal menstrual flow can occur without ovulation preceding it: an anovulatory cycle. In some cycles, follicular development may start but not be completed; nevertheless, estrogens will be formed and stimulate the uterine lining. Anovulatory flow resulting from a very thick endometrium caused by prolonged, continued high estrogen levels is called estrogen breakthrough bleeding. Anovulatory bleeding triggered by a sudden drop in estrogen levels is called withdrawal bleeding.[77] Anovulatory cycles commonly occur before menopause (perimenopause) and in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.[78]

text: Very little flow (less than 10 ml) is called hypomenorrhea. Regular cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer are polymenorrhea; frequent but irregular menstruation is known as metrorrhagia. Sudden heavy flows or amounts greater than 80 ml are termed menorrhagia.[79] Heavy menstruation that occurs frequently and irregularly is menometrorrhagia. The term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is oligomenorrhea.[80] Amenorrhea refers to more than three[79] to six[80] months without menses (while not being pregnant) during a woman's reproductive years.

text: Cycles and phases[edit]

text: The menstrual cycle can be described by the ovarian or uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into three phases. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase, whereas the uterine cycle consists of menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.[1]

text: Ovarian cycle[edit]

text: Follicular phase[edit]

text: The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle. During this phase, the ovarian follicles mature and get ready to release an egg.[1] The latter part of this phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle.

text: Through the influence of a rise in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian follicles are stimulated.[81] These follicles, which were present at birth[81] and have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as folliculogenesis, compete with each other for dominance. Under the influence of several hormones, all but one of these follicles will stop growing, while one dominant follicle in the ovary will continue to maturity. The follicle that reaches maturity is called a tertiary, or Graafian, follicle, and it contains the ovum.[81]

text: Ovulation[edit]

text: Ovulation is the second phase of the ovarian cycle in which a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the oviduct.[82] During the follicular phase, estradiol suppresses release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. When the egg has nearly matured, levels of estradiol reach a threshold above which this effect is reversed and estrogen stimulates the production of a large amount of LH. This process, known as the LH surge, starts around day 12 of the average cycle and may last 48 hours.[83]

text: The exact mechanism of these opposite responses of LH levels to estradiol is not well understood.[84] In animals, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge has been shown to precede the LH surge, suggesting that estrogen's main effect is on the hypothalamus, which controls GnRH secretion.[84] This may be enabled by the presence of two different estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus: estrogen receptor alpha, which is responsible for the negative feedback estradiol-LH loop, and estrogen receptor beta, which is responsible for the positive estradiol-LH relationship.[85] However, in humans it has been shown that high levels of estradiol can provoke abrupt increases in LH, even when GnRH levels and pulse frequencies are held constant,[84] suggesting that estrogen acts directly on the pituitary to provoke the LH surge.

text: The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte.[81] The secondary oocyte promptly matures into an ootid and then becomes a mature ovum. The mature ovum has a diameter of about 0.2 mm.[86]

text: Which of the two ovaries—left or right—ovulates appears essentially random; no known left and right co-ordination exists.[87] Occasionally, both ovaries will release an egg;[87] if both eggs are fertilized, the result is fraternal twins.[88]

text: After being released from the ovary, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria, which is a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg will disintegrate or dissolve in the fallopian tube.[81]

text: Fertilization by a spermatozoon, when it occurs, usually takes place in the ampulla, the widest section of the fallopian tubes. A fertilized egg immediately begins the process of embryogenesis, or development. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus and another three days to implant into the endometrium.[81] It has usually reached the blastocyst stage at the time of implantation.

text: In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called mittelschmerz (German term meaning middle pain).[89] The sudden change in hormones at the time of ovulation sometimes also causes light mid-cycle blood flow.[90]

text: Luteal phase[edit]

text: The luteal phase is the final phase of the ovarian cycle and it corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. During the luteal phase, the pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. The increased progesterone in the adrenals starts to induce the production of estrogen. The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself. Consequently, the level of FSH and LH fall quickly over time, and the corpus luteum subsequently atrophies.[81] Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle. From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin, the process typically takes about two weeks, with 14 days considered normal. For an individual woman, the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle; by contrast, the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle.[91]

text: The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg. The syncytiotrophoblast, which is the outer layer of the resulting embryo-containing structure (the blastocyst) and later also becomes the outer layer of the placenta, produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is very similar to LH and which preserves the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum can then continue to secrete progesterone to maintain the new pregnancy. Most pregnancy tests look for the presence of hCG.[81]

text: Uterine cycle[edit]

text: The uterine cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative, secretory.[92]

text: Menstruation[edit]

text: Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, catamenia or a period) is the first phase of the uterine cycle. The flow of menses normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant. (However, this cannot be taken as certainty, as a number of factors can cause bleeding during pregnancy; some factors are specific to early pregnancy, and some can cause heavy flow.)[93][94][95]

text: Eumenorrhea denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days (usually 3 to 5 days, but anywhere from 2 to 7 days is considered normal).[89][96] The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 milliliters with 10–80 ml considered normal.[97] Women who experience Menorrhagia are more susceptible to iron deficiency than the average person.[98] An enzyme called plasmin inhibits clotting in the menstrual fluid.[99]

text: Painful cramping in the abdomen, back, or upper thighs is common during the first few days of menstruation. Severe uterine pain during menstruation is known as dysmenorrhea, and it is most common among adolescents and younger women (affecting about 67.2% of adolescent females).[100] When menstruation begins, symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as breast tenderness and irritability generally decrease.[89] Many sanitary products are marketed to women for use during their menstruation.

text: Proliferative phase[edit]

text: The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow, or proliferate, during this time.[81] As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts of estradiol, and estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus, histologically identified as the proliferative endometrium. The estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus, which may be noticed by women practicing fertility awareness.[101]

text: Secretory phase[edit]

text: The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst and supportive of the early pregnancy, by increasing blood flow and uterine secretions and reducing the contractility of the smooth muscle in the uterus;[102] it also has the side effect of raising the woman's basal body temperature.[103]

text: Ovulation suppression[edit]

text: Birth control[edit]

text: While some forms of birth control do not affect the menstrual cycle, hormonal contraceptives work by disrupting it. Progestogen negative feedback decreases the pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by the hypothalamus, which decreases the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary. Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development, preventing an increase in estradiol levels. Progestogen negative feedback and the lack of estrogen positive feedback on LH release prevent a mid-cycle LH surge. Inhibition of follicular development and the absence of a LH surge prevent ovulation.[104][105][106]

text: The degree of ovulation suppression in progestogen-only contraceptives depends on the progestogen activity and dose. Low dose progestogen-only contraceptives—traditional progestogen only pills, subdermal implants Norplant and Jadelle, and intrauterine system Mirena—inhibit ovulation in about 50% of cycles and rely mainly on other effects, such as thickening of cervical mucus, for their contraceptive effectiveness.[107] Intermediate dose progestogen-only contraceptives—the progestogen-only pill Cerazette and the subdermal implant Nexplanon—allow some follicular development but more consistently inhibit ovulation in 97–99% of cycles. The same cervical mucus changes occur as with very low-dose progestogens. High-dose, progestogen-only contraceptives—the injectables Depo-Provera and Noristerat—completely inhibit follicular development and ovulation.[107]

text: Combined hormonal contraceptives include both an estrogen and a progestogen. Estrogen negative feedback on the anterior pituitary greatly decreases the release of FSH, which makes combined hormonal contraceptives more effective at inhibiting follicular development and preventing ovulation. Estrogen also reduces the incidence of irregular breakthrough bleeding.[104][105][106] Several combined hormonal contraceptives—the pill, NuvaRing, and the contraceptive patch—are usually used in a way that causes regular withdrawal bleeding. In a normal cycle, menstruation occurs when estrogen and progesterone levels drop rapidly.[103] Temporarily discontinuing use of combined hormonal contraceptives (a placebo week, not using patch or ring for a week) has a similar effect of causing the uterine lining to shed. If withdrawal bleeding is not desired, combined hormonal contraceptives may be taken continuously, although this increases the risk of breakthrough bleeding.

text: Breastfeeding[edit]

text: Breastfeeding causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Depending on the strength of the negative feedback, breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development, but no ovulation, or normal menstrual cycle may resume.[108] Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently.[109] The production of prolactin in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea.[110] On average, women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum. There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding women, however, with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum.[111]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Etymological[edit]

text: The word "menstruation" is etymologically related to "moon". The terms "menstruation" and "menses" are derived from the Latin mensis (month), which in turn relates to the Greek mene (moon) and to the roots of the English words month and moon.[112]

text: The Moon[edit]

text: Even though the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the lunar cycle, in modern humans there is no relation between the two.[113] The relationship is believed to be a coincidence.[114][115] Light exposure does not appear to affect the menstrual cycle in humans.[10] A meta-analysis of studies from 1996 showed no correlation between the human menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle.[116][117][118]

text: Dogon villagers did not have electric lighting and spent most nights outdoors, talking and sleeping; so they were apparently an ideal population for detecting a lunar influence; none was found.[119]

text: Work[edit]

text: In a number of countries, mainly in Asia, legislation or corporate practice has introduced formal menstrual leave to provide women with either paid or unpaid leave of absence from their employment while they are menstruating.[120] Countries with policies include Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and South Korea.[120] The practice is controversial due to concerns that it bolsters the perception of women as weak, inefficient workers,[120] as well as concerns that it is unfair to men.[121][122]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who is the youngest person to be elected president

text: Age of U.S. presidents

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months. This is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days. The nation's oldest president-elect was Donald Trump, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days. The oldest person to begin a new 4-year term was Ronald Reagan, who was 7004270120000000000♠73 years, 349 days at the time of his second inauguration.

text: Assassinated three years into his term, John Kennedy became the youngest at the time of leaving office (7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office in the course of standard transition was Theodore Roosevelt (7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days).

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 7004341520000000000♠93 years, 184 days). The second oldest, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 7004134760000000000♠36 years, 327 days. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 7004205850000000000♠56 years, 131 days). On November 25, 2017, Bush also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days on December 26, 2006. The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):

text:
John Adams
(1735–1826)

Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)

Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)

Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)

George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)

Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)

text:
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

1
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a]
000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days
01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days)
000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)

2
Adams, John A.John Adams
000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a]
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days
09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)

3
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a]
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days
06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)

4
Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a]
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days
07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days)
000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)

5
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days
02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days)
000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831
7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)

6
Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams
000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days
06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days)
000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)

7
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days
03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days)
000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)

8
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days
07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days)
000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)

9
Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison
000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b]
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
00,0000 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)

10
Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler
000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days
06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days)
000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862
7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)

11
Polk, James K.James K. Polk
000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days
00,103103 days
000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849
7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)

12
Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b]
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
00,0000 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)

13
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days
07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days)
000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)

14
Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce
000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days
04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days)
000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869
7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)

15
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days
02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days)
000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)

16
Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b]
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
00,0000 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)

17
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days
02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days)
000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)

18
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days
03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days)
000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)

19
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days
04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days)
000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)

20
Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield
000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b]
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
00,0000 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)

21
Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur
000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days
00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886
7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)

22
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

23
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days
02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days)
000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)

24
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

25
McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b]
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
00,0000 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)

26
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days)
000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919
7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)

27
Taft, William H.William H. Taft
000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days)
000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)

28
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days
01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days)
000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)

29
Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b]
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
00,0000 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)

30
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days
01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days)
000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)

31
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days
11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days)
000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)

32
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b]
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
00,0000 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)

33
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days
07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days)
000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)

34
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days
02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days)
000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969
7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)

35
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b]
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
00,0000 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)

36
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days
01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days)
000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)

37
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d]
7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days
07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days)
000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994
7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)

38
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974
7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days
10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days)
000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)

39
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days
13,47613,476 days[e]
(7004134760000000000♠36 years, 327 days)
2017-12-13
7004340410000000000♠93 years, 73 days(34,041 days)

40
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days)
000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)

41
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days
09,0939,093 days[e]
(7003909300000000000♠24 years, 327 days)
2017-12-13
7004341520000000000♠93 years, 184 days(34,152 days)

42
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days
06,1716,171 days[e]
(7003617100000000000♠16 years, 327 days)
2017-12-13
7004260490000000000♠71 years, 116 days(26,049 days)

43
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days
03,2493,249 days[e]
(7003324900000000000♠8 years, 327 days)
2017-12-13
7004260930000000000♠71 years, 160 days(26,093 days)

44
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days
00,134327327 days[e]
2017-12-13
7004205850000000000♠56 years, 131 days(20,585 days)

45
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days
2017-12-13
7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days
24,818
2017-12-13
7004261150000000000♠71 years, 182 days(26,115 days)

#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ongoing.

tag: ol

text: Oldest living U.S. presidents

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 50) and a former president (at age 51), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively).

text:
President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration (days)

Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
03,8803,880 days

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
09,6989,698 days

Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
03,6473,647 days

Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
03,2673,267 days

Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
00,990990 days

Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
05,2655,265 days

Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
02,1392,139 days

Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
02,1062,106 days

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
00,510510 days

Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
03,6453,645 days

Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
02,7352,735 days

Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
02,9762,976 days

Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
02,6602,660 days

Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
7002253000000000000♠253 days
00,253253 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
01,4611,461 days

Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
03,9883,988 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
02,2252,225 days

Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
01,0341,034 days

Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
11,61111,611 days

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
02,9892,989 days

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
7001270000000000000♠27 days
00,02727 days

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days
7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days
7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
02,9202,920 days

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
08,5378,537 days

Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
00,934934 days

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
Current
7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days
Current
7003400500000000000♠10 years, 352 days
04,0054,005 days

President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration
(days)

text: Fewest and most living presidents

text: Since 1797, when George Washington's service as the nation's first president ended, there have been five time periods during which the only living president was the incumbent president.

text:
Dates
Length
(in days)
Events
(starting and ending)
Living president

December 14, 1799 – March 4, 1801
445
Death of George Washington and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
John Adams

July 31, 1875 – March 4, 1877
582
Death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Ulysses S. Grant

June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909
253
Death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt

January 5, 1933 – March 4, 1933
58
Death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Herbert Hoover

January 22, 1973 – August 9, 1974
564
Death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford
Richard Nixon

text: Since the U.S. presidency was established in 1789, the greatest number of presidents—former presidents plus the incumbent—alive at any given time is six, which has happened four times.

text:
Dates
Length
(in days)
Events
(starting and ending)
Living presidents
(incumbant president in bold)

March 4, 1861 – January 18, 1862
320
First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln to death of John Tyler
Martin Van Buren, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln

January 20, 1993 – April 22, 1994
457
First inauguration of Bill Clinton to death of Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton

January 20, 2001 – June 5, 2004
7003123200000000000♠1,232
First inauguration of George W. Bush to death of Ronald Reagan
Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush

Since January 20, 2017
327
Inauguration of Donald Trump and ongoing
Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump

text: Sources

text:
Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States

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actors

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US Government Portal • Biography Portal •  Presidents of the United States

text: Lists of political office-holders by ageLists relating to the United States presidency

text: Wikipedia semi-protected pagesArticles with hCards


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders

question_text: most points scored by michael jordan in a playoff game

text: This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 50 or more points in a playoff game.

text: It has occurred 35 times in playoff history by 23 players. Only four players have scored 50 or more points on more than one occasion: Michael Jordan (eight times), Wilt Chamberlain (four times), Allen Iverson (three times) and Jerry West (twice).

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

FG%
Field goal percentage
3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts

3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

FT%
Free throw percentage

text:
Points

Player

Team

Date

Opponent

Series

Score

MP

FGM

FGA

3PM

3PA

FTM

FTA

Notes

63

Michael Jordan*

Chicago Bulls

April 20, 1986

Boston Celtics

1986 Eastern Conference First Round

131–135

53

22

41

0

0

19

21

[a]

61

Elgin Baylor*

Los Angeles Lakers

April 14, 1962

Boston Celtics

1962 NBA Finals

126–121

48

22

46

–

–

17

19

[b]

56

Wilt Chamberlain*

Philadelphia Warriors

March 22, 1962

Syracuse Nationals

1962 Eastern Division Semifinals

121–104

48

22

48

–

–

12

22

[c]

56

Michael Jordan* (2)

Chicago Bulls

April 29, 1992

Miami Heat

1992 Eastern Conference First Round

119–114

43

20

30

0

0

16

18

[d]

56

Charles Barkley*

Phoenix Suns

May 4, 1994

Golden State Warriors

1994 Western Conference First Round

140–133

41

23

31

3

4

7

9

[e]

55

Rick Barry*

San Francisco Warriors

April 18, 1967

Philadelphia 76ers

1967 NBA Finals

130–124

22

48

–

–

11

19

[f]

55

Michael Jordan* (3)

Chicago Bulls

May 1, 1988

Cleveland Cavaliers

1988 Eastern Conference First Round

106–101

44

24

45

0

0

7

7

[g]

55

Michael Jordan* (4)

Chicago Bulls

June 16, 1993

Phoenix Suns

1993 NBA Finals

111–105

46

21

37

0

1

13

18

[h]

55

Michael Jordan* (5)

Chicago Bulls

April 27, 1997

Washington Bullets

1997 Eastern Conference First Round

109–104

44:13

22

35

1

2

10

10

55

Allen Iverson*

Philadelphia 76ers

April 20, 2003

New Orleans Hornets

2003 Eastern Conference First Round

98–90

46:40

21

32

3

5

10

11

54

John Havlicek*

Boston Celtics

April 1, 1973

Atlanta Hawks

1973 Eastern Conference Semifinals

134–109

48

24

36

–

–

6

6

[i]

54

Michael Jordan* (6)

Chicago Bulls

May 31, 1993

New York Knicks

1993 Eastern Conference Finals

105–95

39

18

30

6

9

12

14

[j]

54

Allen Iverson* (2)

Philadelphia 76ers

May 9, 2001

Toronto Raptors

2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals

97–92

47:46

21

39

3

5

9

9

53

Wilt Chamberlain* (2)

Philadelphia Warriors

March 14, 1960

Syracuse Nationals

1960 Eastern Division Semifinals

132–112

47

24

42

–

–

5

16

[k]

53

Jerry West*

Los Angeles Lakers

April 23, 1969

Boston Celtics

1969 NBA Finals

120–118

21

41

–

–

11

13

[l]

53

Isaiah Thomas^

Boston Celtics

May 2, 2017

Washington Wizards

2017 Eastern Conference Semifinals

129-119

45

18

33

5

12

12

13

[1]

52

Jerry West* (2)

Los Angeles Lakers

April 5, 1965

Baltimore Bullets

1965 Western Division Finals

118–115

16

38

–

–

20

21

[m]

52

Allen Iverson* (3)

Philadelphia 76ers

May 16, 2001

Toronto Raptors

2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals

121–88

43:29

21

32

8

14

2

2

51

Sam Jones*

Boston Celtics

March 28, 1967

New York Knicks

1967 Eastern Division Semifinals

118–109

43

19

30

–

–

13

17

51

Eric "Sleepy" Floyd

Golden State Warriors

May 10, 1987

Los Angeles Lakers

1987 Western Conference Semifinals

129–121

44

18

26

2

3

13

14

[n]

51

Ray Allen*

Boston Celtics

April 30, 2009

Chicago Bulls

2009 Eastern Conference First Round

127–128

58:45

18

32

9

18

6

7

[o]

51

Russell Westbrook^

Oklahoma City Thunder

April 19, 2017

Houston Rockets

2017 Western Conference Quarterfinals

111–115

41:22

17

43

1

7

15

18

51

LeBron James^

Cleveland Cavaliers

May 31, 2018

Golden State Warriors

2018 NBA Finals

114–124

51

19

32

3

7

10

11

50

Bob Cousy*

Boston Celtics

March 21, 1953

Syracuse Nationals

1953 Eastern Division Semifinals

111–105

66

10

22

–

–

30

32

[p]

50

Bob Pettit*

St. Louis Hawks

April 12, 1958

Boston Celtics

1958 NBA Finals

110–109

19

34

–

–

12

15

[q]

50

Wilt Chamberlain* (3)

Philadelphia Warriors

March 22, 1960

Boston Celtics

1960 Eastern Division Finals

128–107

45

22

42

–

–

6

18

50

Wilt Chamberlain* (4)

San Francisco Warriors

April 10, 1964

St. Louis Hawks

1964 Western Division Finals

121–97

22

32

–

–

6

10

50

Billy Cunningham*

Philadelphia 76ers

April 1, 1970

Milwaukee Bucks

1970 Eastern Division Semifinals

111–118

48

22

39

–

–

6

8

50

Bob McAdoo*

Buffalo Braves

April 18, 1975

Washington Bullets

1975 Eastern Conference Semifinals

108–102

45

20

32

–

–

10

14

[r]

50

Dominique Wilkins*

Atlanta Hawks

April 19, 1986

Detroit Pistons

1986 Eastern Conference First Round

137–125

33

19

28

0

0

12

15

50

Michael Jordan* (7)

Chicago Bulls

April 28, 1988

Cleveland Cavaliers

1988 Eastern Conference First Round

104–93

44

19

35

0

0

12

12

[s]

50

Michael Jordan* (8)

Chicago Bulls

May 5, 1989

Cleveland Cavaliers

1989 Eastern Conference First Round

105–108

43

14

28

0

1

22

27

[t]

50

Karl Malone*

Utah Jazz

April 22, 2000

Seattle SuperSonics

2000 Western Conference First Round

104–93

43:16

18

32

1

1

13

14

[u]

50

Vince Carter^

Toronto Raptors

May 11, 2001

Philadelphia 76ers

2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals

102–78

44:44

19

29

9

13

3

3

[v]

50

Kobe Bryant

Los Angeles Lakers

May 4, 2006

Phoenix Suns

2006 Western Conference First Round

118–126

52:06

20

35

5

8

5

6

[w]

50

Dirk Nowitzki^

Dallas Mavericks

June 1, 2006

Phoenix Suns

2006 Western Conference Finals

117–101

43:29

14

26

5

6

17

18


question_text: who is singing the 2018 world cup song

question_tokens: who is singing the 2018 world cup song

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: FIFA World Cup official anthems and songs[1] are tunes and songs adopted officially to be used as warm-ups to the event, to accompany the championships during the event and as a souvenir reminder of the events as well as for advertising campaigns leading for the World Cup, giving the singers exceptional universal world coverage and notoriety.

text: The songs chosen are usually multilingual using English, the official language of the organising country, as well as other world languages, most notably Spanish. The official versions also results in cover versions in many other languages by the original artist or by local artists.[2]

text: Official anthems and songs[edit]

text:
World
Cup
Country
Official Anthems / Songs
Language
Performer(s)
Writer(s) /
Producer(s)
Audios / Videos

1962
 Chile
"El Rock del Mundial"
Spanish
Los Ramblers
Jorge Rojas Astorga
Audio

1966
 England
"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)"
English
Lonnie Donegan

Audio

1970
 Mexico
"Fútbol México 70"
Spanish
Los Hermanos Zavala
Roberto do Nascimento
Audio

1974
 Germany
"Futbol"
Polish, English, German, Russian, Spanish
Maryla Rodowicz
Jonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

1978
 Argentina
"El Mudial" (Official Anthem)

Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony
Ennio Morricone
Audio

1982
 Spain
"Mundial '82"
Spanish

Plácido Domingo
Audio

1986
 Mexico
"A Special Kind of Hero"[3]
English
Stephanie Lawrence
Rick Wakeman
1986 World Cup Official Film

"Hot Hot Hot"[4]
English
Arrow
Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]
Music Video

"El mundo unido por un balón"
Spanish
Juan Carlos Abara
Spanish

1990
 Italy
"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)"
Italian, English
Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)
Giorgio Moroder Project (English)
Edoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (English)
Official Music Video (Italian-1)
Official Music Video (Italian-2)
Official Music Video (English-1)
Official Music Video (English-2)

1994
 United States
"Gloryland"
English
Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness
Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Official Music Video-1
Official Music Video-2
Music Video (Instrumental-1)
Music Video (Instrumental-2)
Audio

"We Are the Champions"
English
Queen

1998
 France
"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)"
(Official Anthem)
French, English
Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Official Music Video

"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Ricky Martin
Desmond Child and Robi Rosa
Official Music Video (English)
Official Music Video (Spanish)

"Carnaval de Paris"

Dario G
Dario G
[1]

"Together Now"
English, Spanish
Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro
Jean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin
Official Music Video

2002
 South Korea
 Japan
(Jointly Hosted)
"Anthem" (Official Anthem)

Vangelis
Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino
Music Video
Audio (Synthesized)
Music Video (Remixed)

"Boom" (Official Song)
English
Anastacia
Anastacia, Glen Ballard
Official Music Video

"Let's Get Together Now" (Official Local Song)
Japanese, Korean
Voices of KOREA/JAPAN

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Live Performance - Closing Ceremony

"Vamos Al Mundial" (Univision Version)
Spanish
Jennifer Peña
Claudia Garcia
Official Music Video

2006
 Germany
"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)" (Official Anthem)
German, French, Bambara, English
Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam
Herbert Grönemeyer
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"The Time of Our Lives" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton
Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac|-
Official Music Video

"Arriba, Arriba"
Spanish
Ana Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero

"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)"
English, Spanish
Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean
Jerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker

2010
 South Africa
"Sign of a Victory" (Official Anthem)
English
R. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers
R. Kelly
Official Music Video

"Waka Waka" (Official Song)
English, Spanish, Fang
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
Shakira, Freshlyground
Live Performance - Closing Ceremony
Official Music Video

"Wavin' Flag" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem)
English
K'Naan
K'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval
Official Music Video

"Wavin' Flag" (Spanish Celebration Mix)
English, Spanish
K'Naan, David Bisbal

Official Music Video

2014
 Brazil
"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)" (Official Anthem)
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Carlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires
Alexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk
Tim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean
Official Music Video

"We Are One (Ole Ola)" (Official Song)
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte
Jennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen
Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony
Official Music Video

"Tatu Bom de Bola" (The Official Mascot Song)
Portuguese
Arlindo Cruz
Arlindo Cruz

"La La La (Brasil 2014)"
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown
Shakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz Gottwald
Mathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin
Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.
Live Performance - Closing Ceremony
Official Music Video

"Magic in the Air"
French
Magic System and Chawki
Magic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki

"Adrenalina" (Univision version)
Spanish
Wisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO
Juan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz

"Time of Our Lives" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)
Arabic, French, English
Ahmed Chawki
RedOne

"The World Is Ours"[6] (Coca-Cola promotional anthem)
English
David Correy, Monobloco

Official Music Video

"La Copa de Todos" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)
Spanish, English
David Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco

Official Music Video

2018
 Russia
"Live It Up" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi
Nicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi
Diplo

Official Music Video

"Colors" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem)
English
Jason Derulo
Jason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley
Sermstyle, ISM

Official Music Video

"Positivo" (Telemundo Version)
Spanish
J Balvin and Michael Brun
J Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo
Official Promo
Official Music Video

"United by Love"
English, Spanish
Natalia Oreiro
Diego Córdoba, Ettore Grenci, Sonia Molina
Official Lyrics Video

text: Official albums[edit]

text:
1994 – Gloryland World Cup USA 94
1998 – Music of the World Cup: Allez! Ola! Ole!
2002 – The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup
2006 – Voices from the FIFA World Cup
2010 – Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album
2014 – One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album
2018 – The Official Album of the 2018 FIFA World Cup