document_title: Microsoft SQL Server

question_text: what is the latest version of sql server

text: Microsoft SQL Server

text: History[edit]

text: The history of Microsoft SQL Server begins with the first Microsoft SQL Server product – SQL Server 1.0, a 16-bit server for the OS/2 operating system in 1989 - and extends to the current day.

text: As of December 2016[update] the following versions are supported by Microsoft:

text:
SQL Server 2008
SQL Server 2008 R2
SQL Server 2012
SQL Server 2014
SQL Server 2016

text: The current version is Microsoft SQL Server 2016, released June 1, 2016. The RTM version is 13.0.1601.5.

text: SQL Server 2016 is supported on x64 processors only.[4]

text: Editions[edit]

text: Microsoft makes SQL Server available in multiple editions, with different feature sets and targeting different users. These editions are:[5][6]

text: Mainstream editions[edit]

text: Specialized editions[edit]

text: Discontinued editions[edit]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The protocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that can be invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via a Microsoft-defined format, called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer data between a database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their Sybase SQL Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server, TDS packets can be encased in other physical transport dependent protocols, including TCP/IP, named pipes, and shared memory. Consequently, access to SQL Server is available over these protocols. In addition, the SQL Server API is also exposed over web services.[6]

text: Data storage[edit]

text: Data storage is a database, which is a collection of tables with typed columns. SQL Server supports different data types, including primary types such as Integer, Float, Decimal, Char (including character strings), Varchar (variable length character strings), binary (for unstructured blobs of data), Text (for textual data) among others. The rounding of floats to integers uses either Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric Round Down (fix) depending on arguments: SELECT Round(2.5, 0) gives 3.

text: Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types (UDTs) to be defined and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and views (called Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables, a database can also contain other objects including views, stored procedures, indexes and constraints, along with a transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 231 objects, and can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 260 bytes (1 exabyte).[6] The data in the database are stored in primary data files with an extension .mdf. Secondary data files, identified with a .ndf extension, are used to allow the data of a single database to be spread across more than one file, and optionally across more than one file system. Log files are identified with the .ldf extension.[6]

text: Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered pages, each 8 KB in size. A page is the basic unit of I/O for SQL Server operations. A page is marked with a 96-byte header which stores metadata about the page including the page number, page type, free space on the page and the ID of the object that owns it. Page type defines the data contained in the page: data stored in the database, index, allocation map which holds information about how pages are allocated to tables and indexes, change map which holds information about the changes made to other pages since last backup or logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While page is the basic unit of an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an extent which consists of 8 pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent") or share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table cannot span more than one page, so is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data exceeds 8 KB and the row contains varchar or varbinary data, the data in those columns are moved to a new page (or possibly a sequence of pages, called an allocation unit) and replaced with a pointer to the data.[20]

text: For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered 1 to n). The partition size is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A table is split into multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a computer cluster. Rows in each partition are stored in either B-tree or heap structure. If the table has an associated, clustered index to allow fast retrieval of rows, the rows are stored in-order according to their index values, with a B-tree providing the index. The data is in the leaf node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the leaf data reachable from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not sorted according to the index keys. An indexed view has the same storage structure as an indexed table. A table without a clustered index is stored in an unordered heap structure. However, the table may have non-clustered indices to allow fast retrieval of rows. In some situations the heap structure has performance advantages over the clustered structure. Both heaps and B-trees can span multiple allocation units.[21]

text: Buffer management[edit]

text: SQL Server buffers pages in RAM to minimize disk I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-memory, and the set of all pages currently buffered is called the buffer cache. The amount of memory available to SQL Server decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer cache is managed by the Buffer Manager. Either reading from or writing to any page copies it to the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirected to the in-memory copy, rather than the on-disc version. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to disc, asynchronous I/O is used whereby the I/O operation is done in a background thread so that other operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written along with its checksum when it is written. When reading the page back, its checksum is computed again and matched with the stored version to ensure the page has not been damaged or tampered with in the meantime.[22]

text: Concurrency and locking[edit]

text: SQL Server allows multiple clients to use the same database concurrently. As such, it needs to control concurrent access to shared data, to ensure data integrity—when multiple clients update the same data, or clients attempt to read data that is in the process of being changed by another client. SQL Server provides two modes of concurrency control: pessimistic concurrency and optimistic concurrency. When pessimistic concurrency control is being used, SQL Server controls concurrent access by using locks. Locks can be either shared or exclusive. Exclusive lock grants the user exclusive access to the data—no other user can access the data as long as the lock is held. Shared locks are used when some data is being read—multiple users can read from data locked with a shared lock, but not acquire an exclusive lock. The latter would have to wait for all shared locks to be released.

text: Locks can be applied on different levels of granularity—on entire tables, pages, or even on a per-row basis on tables. For indexes, it can either be on the entire index or on index leaves. The level of granularity to be used is defined on a per-database basis by the database administrator. While a fine-grained locking system allows more users to use the table or index simultaneously, it requires more resources, so it does not automatically yield higher performance. SQL Server also includes two more lightweight mutual exclusion solutions—latches and spinlocks—which are less robust than locks but are less resource intensive. SQL Server uses them for DMVs and other resources that are usually not busy. SQL Server also monitors all worker threads that acquire locks to ensure that they do not end up in deadlocks—in case they do, SQL Server takes remedial measures, which in many cases are to kill one of the threads entangled in a deadlock and roll back the transaction it started.[6] To implement locking, SQL Server contains the Lock Manager. The Lock Manager maintains an in-memory table that manages the database objects and locks, if any, on them along with other metadata about the lock. Access to any shared object is mediated by the lock manager, which either grants access to the resource or blocks it.

text: SQL Server also provides the optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the multiversion concurrency control used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row. Both the old as well as the new versions of the row are stored and maintained, though the old versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as Tempdb. When a row is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result in two different versions of the rows—both of them will be stored by the database, identified by their respective transaction IDs.[6]

text: Data retrieval and programmability[edit]

text: The main mode of retrieving data from a SQL Server database is querying for it. The query is expressed using a variant of SQL called T-SQL, a dialect Microsoft SQL Server shares with Sybase SQL Server due to its legacy. The query declaratively specifies what is to be retrieved. It is processed by the query processor, which figures out the sequence of steps that will be necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to execute a query is called a query plan. There might be multiple ways to process the same query. For example, for a query that contains a join statement and a select statement, executing join on both the tables and then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting from each table and then executing the join, but result in different execution plans. In such case, SQL Server chooses the plan that is expected to yield the results in the shortest possible time. This is called query optimization and is performed by the query processor itself.[6]

text: SQL Server includes a cost-based query optimizer which tries to optimize on the cost, in terms of the resources it will take to execute the query. Given a query, then the query optimizer looks at the database schema, the database statistics and the system load at that time. It then decides which sequence to access the tables referred in the query, which sequence to execute the operations and what access method to be used to access the tables. For example, if the table has an associated index, whether the index should be used or not: if the index is on a column which is not unique for most of the columns (low "selectivity"), it might not be worthwhile to use the index to access the data. Finally, it decides whether to execute the query concurrently or not. While a concurrent execution is more costly in terms of total processor time, because the execution is actually split to different processors might mean it will execute faster. Once a query plan is generated for a query, it is temporarily cached. For further invocations of the same query, the cached plan is used. Unused plans are discarded after some time.[6][23]

text: SQL Server also allows stored procedures to be defined. Stored procedures are parameterized T-SQL queries, that are stored in the server itself (and not issued by the client application as is the case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by the client as input parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined functions, and other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of times). They can be selectively provided access to. Unlike other queries, stored procedures have an associated name, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the code need not be sent from the client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces network traffic and somewhat improves performance.[24] Execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as necessary.

text: T-SQL[edit]

text: T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is the secondary means of programming and managing SQL Server. It exposes keywords for the operations that can be performed on SQL Server, including creating and altering database schemas, entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring and managing the server itself. Client applications that consume data or manage the server will leverage SQL Server functionality by sending T-SQL queries and statements which are then processed by the server and results (or errors) returned to the client application. SQL Server allows it to be managed using T-SQL. For this it exposes read-only tables from which server statistics can be read. Management functionality is exposed via system-defined stored procedures which can be invoked from T-SQL queries to perform the management operation. It is also possible to create linked Servers using T-SQL. Linked servers allow a single query to process operations performed on multiple servers.[25]

text: SQL Native Client (a.k.a. SNAC)[edit]

text: SQL Native Client is the native client side data access library for Microsoft SQL Server, version 2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the Tabular Data Stream implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, encryption support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session. SQL Native Client is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, including ADO or OLE DB. The SQL Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data access layers.[26]

text: On November 28, 2011, a preview release of the SQL Server ODBC driver for Linux was released.[27]

text: SQL CLR[edit]

text: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes a component named SQL CLR ("Common Language Runtime") via which it integrates with .NET Framework. Unlike most other applications that use .NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework runtime, i.e., memory, threading and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself, rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, stored procedures and triggers can be written in any managed .NET language, including C# and VB.NET. Managed code can also be used to define UDT's (user defined types), which can persist in the database. Managed code is compiled to CLI assemblies and after being verified for type safety, registered at the database. After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure.[28] However, only a subset of the Base Class Library is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to user interface functionality are not available.[28]

text: When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using the ADO.NET APIs like any other managed application that accesses SQL Server data. However, doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing. To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code. Such connections are called context connections and are set by setting context connection parameter to true in the connection string. SQL Server also provides several other enhancements to the ADO.NET API, including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database. It also provides access to the XML features in SQL Server, including XQuery support. These enhancements are also available in T-SQL Procedures in consequence of the introduction of the new XML Datatype (query,value,nodes functions).[29]

text: Services[edit]

text: SQL Server also includes an assortment of add-on services. While these are not essential for the operation of the database system, they provide value added services on top of the core database management system. These services either run as a part of some SQL Server component or out-of-process as Windows Service and presents their own API to control and interact with them.

text: Service Broker[edit]

text: Used inside an instance, programming environment. For cross-instance applications, Service Broker communicates over TCP/IP and allows the different components to be synchronized, via exchange of messages. The Service Broker, which runs as a part of the database engine, provides a reliable messaging and message queuing platform for SQL Server applications.[30]

text: Replication Services[edit]

text: SQL Server Replication Services are used by SQL Server to replicate and synchronize database objects, either in entirety or a subset of the objects present, across replication agents, which might be other database servers across the network, or database caches on the client side. Lulla follows a publisher/subscriber model, i.e., the changes are sent out by one database server ("publisher") and are received by others ("subscribers"). SQL Server supports three different types of replication:[31]

text: Analysis Services[edit]

text: SQL Server Analysis Services adds OLAP and data mining capabilities for SQL Server databases. The OLAP engine supports MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP storage modes for data. Analysis Services supports the XML for Analysis standard as the underlying communication protocol. The cube data can be accessed using MDX and LINQ[35] queries.[36] Data mining specific functionality is exposed via the DMX query language. Analysis Services includes various algorithms—Decision trees, clustering algorithm, Naive Bayes algorithm, time series analysis, sequence clustering algorithm, linear and logistic regression analysis, and neural networks—for use in data mining.[37]

text: Reporting Services[edit]

text: SQL Server Reporting Services is a report generation environment for data gathered from SQL Server databases. It is administered via a web interface. Reporting services features a web services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications. Reports are created as RDL files.[38]

text: Reports can be designed using recent versions of Microsoft Visual Studio (Visual Studio.NET 2003, 2005, and 2008)[39] with Business Intelligence Development Studio, installed or with the included Report Builder. Once created, RDL files can be rendered in a variety of formats,[40][41] including Excel, PDF, CSV, XML, BMP, EMF, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF,[42] and HTML Web Archive.

text: Notification Services[edit]

text: Originally introduced as a post-release add-on for SQL Server 2000,[43] Notification Services was bundled as part of the Microsoft SQL Server platform for the first and only time with SQL Server 2005.[44][45] SQL Server Notification Services is a mechanism for generating data-driven notifications, which are sent to Notification Services subscribers. A subscriber registers for a specific event or transaction (which is registered on the database server as a trigger); when the event occurs, Notification Services can use one of three methods to send a message to the subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event. These methods include SMTP, SOAP, or by writing to a file in the filesystem.[46] Notification Services was discontinued by Microsoft with the release of SQL Server 2008 in August 2008, and is no longer an officially supported component of the SQL Server database platform.

text: Integration Services[edit]

text: SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) provides ETL capabilities for SQL Server for data import, data integration and data warehousing needs. Integration Services includes GUI tools to build workflows such as extracting data from various sources, querying data, transforming data—including aggregation, de-duplication, de-/normalization and merging of data—and then exporting the transformed data into destination databases or files.[47]

text: Full Text Search Service[edit]

text: SQL Server Full Text Search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for unstructured text stored in SQL Server databases. The full text search index can be created on any column with character based text data. It allows for words to be searched for in the text columns. While it can be performed with the SQL LIKE operator, using SQL Server Full Text Search service can be more efficient. Full allows for inexact matching of the source string, indicated by a Rank value which can range from 0 to 1000—a higher rank means a more accurate match. It also allows linguistic matching ("inflectional search"), i.e., linguistic variants of a word (such as a verb in a different tense) will also be a match for a given word (but with a lower rank than an exact match). Proximity searches are also supported, i.e., if the words searched for do not occur in the sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other, they are also considered a match. T-SQL exposes special operators that can be used to access the FTS capabilities.[48][49]

text: The Full Text Search engine is divided into two processes: the Filter Daemon process (msftefd.exe) and the Search process (msftesql.exe). These processes interact with the SQL Server. The Search process includes the indexer (that creates the full text indexes) and the full text query processor. The indexer scans through text columns in the database. It can also index through binary columns, and use iFilters to extract meaningful text from the binary blob (for example, when a Microsoft Word document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a database). The iFilters are hosted by the Filter Daemon process. Once the text is extracted, the Filter Daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer. The indexer filters out noise words, i.e., words like A, And etc., which occur frequently and are not useful for search. With the remaining words, an inverted index is created, associating each word with the columns they were found in. SQL Server itself includes a Gatherer component that monitors changes to tables and invokes the indexer in case of updates.[50]

text: When a full text query is received by the SQL Server query processor, it is handed over to the FTS query processor in the Search process. The FTS query processor breaks up the query into the constituent words, filters out the noise words, and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the linguistic variants for each word. The words are then queried against the inverted index and a rank of their accurateness is computed. The results are returned to the client via the SQL Server process.[50]

text: SQLCMD[edit]

text: SQLCMD is a command line application that comes with Microsoft SQL Server, and exposes the management features of SQL Server. It allows SQL queries to be written and executed from the command prompt. It can also act as a scripting language to create and run a set of SQL statements as a script. Such scripts are stored as a .sql file, and are used either for management of databases or to create the database schema during the deployment of a database.

text: SQLCMD was introduced with SQL Server 2005 and this continues with SQL Server 2012, 2014 and 2016. Its predecessor for earlier versions was OSQL and ISQL, which is functionally equivalent as it pertains to TSQL execution, and many of the command line parameters are identical, although SQLCMD adds extra versatility.

text: Visual Studio[edit]

text: Microsoft Visual Studio includes native support for data programming with Microsoft SQL Server. It can be used to write and debug code to be executed by SQL CLR. It also includes a data designer that can be used to graphically create, view or edit database schemas. Queries can be created either visually or using code. SSMS 2008 onwards, provides intellisense for SQL queries as well.

text: SQL Server Management Studio[edit]

text: SQL Server Management Studio is a GUI tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server.[51] SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server Management Studio is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE).[52]

text: A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server.[53] It can be used to visually observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others.[54] SQL Server Management Studio can also be used to create a new database, alter any existing database schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries.[6]

text: Business Intelligence Development Studio[edit]

text: Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) is the IDE from Microsoft used for developing data analysis and Business Intelligence solutions utilizing the Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services, Reporting Services and Integration Services. It is based on the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment but is customized with the SQL Server services-specific extensions and project types, including tools, controls and projects for reports (using Reporting Services), Cubes and data mining structures (using Analysis Services).[55] For SQL Server 2012 and later, this IDE has been renamed SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT).


document_title: List of books of the King James Version

question_text: what's the second book of the bible

question_tokens: what 's the second book of the bible

root

text: List of books of the King James Version

text: Old Testament[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

Genesis
Genesis
Genesis
The First Book of Moses, called Genesis

Exodus
Exodus
Exodus
The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus

Leviticus
Leviticus
Leviticus
The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus

Numbers
Numeri
Numbers
The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers

Deuteronomy
Deuteronomium
Deuteronomy
The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy

Joshua
Josue
Josue
The Book of Joshua

Judges
Judices
Judges
The Book of Judges

Ruth
Ruth
Ruth
The Book of Ruth

1 Samuel
1 Samuelis also known as 1 Regum
1 Kings
The First Book of Samuel, otherwise called the First Book of the Kings

2 Samuel
2 Samuelis also known as 2 Regum
2 Kings
The Second Book of Samuel, otherwise called the Second Book of the Kings

1 Kings
3 Regum
3 Kings
The First Book of the Kings, commonly called the Third Book of the Kings

2 Kings
4 Regum
4 Kings
The Second Book of the Kings, commonly called the Fourth Book of the Kings

1 Chronicles
1 Paralipomenon
1 Paralipomenon
The First Book of the Chronicles

2 Chronicles
2 Paralipomenon
2 Paralipomenon
The Second Book of the Chronicles

Ezra
1 Esdrae
1 Esdras
Ezra

Nehemiah
Nehemiae also known as 2 Esdrae
2 Esdras
The Book of Nehemiah

Esther
Esther 1,1 – 10,3
Esther 1:1 – 10:3
The Book of Esther

Job
Job
Job
The Book of Job

Psalms
Psalmi
Psalms
The Book of Psalms

Proverbs
Proverbia
Sentences
The Proverbs

Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes, or, The Preacher

Song of Solomon
Canticum Canticorum
Canticle of Canticles
The Song of Solomon

Isaiah
Isaiae
Isaias
The Book of the Prophet Isaiah

Jeremiah
Jeremiae
Jeremias
The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah

Lamentations
Lamentationes
Lamentations
The Lamentations of Jeremiah

Ezekiel
Ezechielis
Ezechiel
The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel

Daniel
Danielis 1,1 – 3,23; 3,91 – 12,13
Daniel 1:1 – 3:23; 3:91 – 12:13
The Book of Daniel

Hosea
Osee
Osee
Hosea

Joel
Joel
Joel
Joel

Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos

Obadiah
Adiae
Adias
Obadiah

Jonah
Jonae
Jonas
Jonah

Micah
Michaeae
Michaeas
Micah

Nahum
Nahum
Nahum
Nahum

Habakkuk
Habacuc
Habacuc
Habakkuk

Zephaniah
Sophoniae
Sophonias
Zephaniah

Haggai
Aggaei
Aggaeus
Haggai

Zechariah
Zachariae
Zacharias
Zechariah

Malachi
Malachiae
Malachias
Malachi

tag: table

text: Apocrypha[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

1 Esdras
3 Esdrae
3 Esdras
The First Book of Esdras

2 Esdras
4 Esdrae
4 Esdras
The Second Book of Esdras

Tobit
Tobiae
Tobias
Tobit

Judith
Judith
Judith
Judith

Rest of Esther
Esther 10,4 – 16,24
Esther 10:4 – 16:24
The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther, which are found neither in the Hebrew nor the Chaldee

Wisdom
Sapientiae
Wisdom
The Wisdom of Solomon

Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus
The Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus

Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy
Baruch
Baruch
Baruch

Song of the Three Children
Danielis 3,24 – 90
Daniel 3:24 – 90
The Song of the Three Holy Children

Story of Susanna
Danielis caput 13
Daniel chapter 13
The History of Susanna

The Idol Bel and the Dragon
Danielis caput 14
Daniel chapter 14
The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon

Prayer of Manasses
Oratio Manassae regis
Prayer of Manasses
The Prayer of Manasses King of Juda when he was holden captive in Babylon

1 Maccabees
1 Machabaeorum
1 Machabees
The First Book of the Maccabees

2 Maccabees
2 Machabaeorum
2 Machabees
The Second Book of the Maccabees

text: New Testament[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

St. Matthew
secundum Matthaeum
Matthew
The Gospel According to St. Matthew

St. Mark
secundum Marcum
Mark
The Gospel According to St. Mark

St. Luke
secundum Lucam
Luke
The Gospel According to St. Luke

St. John
secundum Ioannem
John
The Gospel According to St. John

The Acts
Actus
Acts
The Acts of the Apostles

Romans
ad Romanos
Romans
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans

1 Corinthians
1 ad Corinthios
1 Corinthians
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians

2 Corinthians
2 ad Corinthios
2 Corinthians
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians

Galatians
ad Galatas
Galatians
The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians

Ephesians
ad Ephesios
Ephesians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians

Philippians
ad Philippenses
Philippians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians

Colossians
ad Colossenses
Colossians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians

1 Thessalonians
1 ad Thessalonicenses
1 Thessalonians
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians

2 Thessalonians
2 ad Thessalonicenses
2 Thessalonians
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians

1 Timothy
1 ad Timotheum
1 Timothy
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy

2 Timothy
2 ad Timotheum
2 Timothy
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy

Titus
ad Titum
Titus
The Epistle of Paul to Titus

Philemon
ad Philemonem
Philemon
The Epistle of Paul to Philemon

Hebrews
ad Hebraeos
Hebrews
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews

James
Jacobi
James
The General Epistle of James

1 Peter
1 Petri
1 Peter
The First Epistle General of Peter

2 Peter
2 Petri
2 Peter
The Second Epistle General of Peter

1 John
1 Ioannis
1 John
The First Epistle General of John

2 John
2 Ioannis
2 John
The Second Epistle of John

3 John
3 Ioannis
3 John
The Third Epistle of John

Jude
Judae
Jude
The General Epistle of Jude

Revelation
Apocalypsis
Apocalypse
The Revelation of St. John the Divine

text: Notes[edit]

text: There are 80 books in the King James Bible—39 in the Old Testament, 14 in the Apocrypha, and 27 in the New Testament. Most modern editions omit the Apocrypha; in those editions the number of books totals 66. The reasons for the omission of the Apocrypha can be found in the article "Biblical canon". The names of those books found in the Apocrypha section of their respective versions are in italics.

tag: p

text: In the Latin Vulgate, it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a comma, for example, "Ioannem 3,16". But in English bibles it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a colon, for example, "John 3:16".

text: The Psalms of the two versions are numbered differently. The Vulgate follows the Septuagint numbering, while the King James Version follows the numbering of the Masoretic Text. This generally results in the Psalms of the former being one number behind the latter. See the article on Psalms for more details.

text: Editions[edit]

text: Early editions of the King James Bible, made before the standardization of English spelling, contain variations in the spelling of the names of the books. The spellings shown here are from the Oxford World's Classics edition (ISBN 978-0199535941). Early editions often make greater use of the silent e in their spelling, e.g. "Deuteronomie" for Deuteronomy, "Booke" for book, and "Wisedom" for Wisdom.

text: Books of the BibleKing James Version

tag: ul


document_title: Divorce in the United States

question_text: what is the divorce percentage in the united states

text: Divorce in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The women's rights movement extensively debated the issue of whether to allow divorce, with Jane Swisshelm and Elizabeth Cady Stanton as early voices in favor, and Horace Greeley and Antoinette Brown Blackwell opposed. Unlike other issues, the movement was unable to achieve agreement on this issue.[1]:477 Stanton eventually coming to the view that the reform of marriage laws was more important than women's voting rights.[2][3]:156 Lucy Stone changed her position on the issue over time. Against Stanton, she sought to remove the formal advocacy of divorce from any proposed women's platform. Stone wished to keep the subject separate, to prevent the appearance of moral laxity.[3]:72 In government, Robert Dale Owen proposed laws granting greater freedom of divorce.[4] Owen's efforts influenced later laws on divorce.[5] The National Woman Suffrage Association, founded in 1869, advocated for divorce reform among other issues.[1]:488 The concept of "free divorce" developed during the 19th century in conjunction with the concept of free love.[citation needed]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Prior to the latter decades of the 20th century, a spouse seeking divorce in most states had to show a "fault" such as abandonment, cruelty, incurable mental illness, or adultery. Even in such cases, a divorce was barred in cases such as the suing spouse's procurement or connivance (contributing to the fault, such as by arranging for adultery), condonation (forgiving the fault either explicitly or by continuing to cohabit after knowing of it), or recrimination (the suing spouse also being guilty).

text: Because divorce was considered to be against the public interest, civil courts refused to grant a divorce if evidence revealed any hint of complicity between the husband and wife to divorce, or if they attempted to manufacture grounds for a divorce. Divorce was granted only because one party to the marriage had violated a sacred vow to the "innocent spouse." If both husband and wife were guilty, "neither would be allowed to escape the bonds of marriage."[6]

text: A number of strategems were devised to make divorce easier to obtain. "[T]here were numerous ‘divorce mill’ states or places such as Indiana, Utah, and the Dakotas where you could go and get a divorce. Many towns provided accommodation, restaurants, bars and events centered on this trade."[7] By 1909, however, Reno, Nevada was, and was happy to be, "the divorce capital of the world." At that time, only six months in Nevada were sufficient to establish Nevada residency, and the Nevada courts, well aware of the contribution of divorce seekers to Nevada's hospitality industry, accepted the resident's uncorrobated statement that grounds for divorce, usually "extreme cruelty," existed. In 1927, the Nevada Legislature, "in response to a perceived threat to Reno’s divorce supremacy from France and Mexico and a divorce-trade war that had been going on since the end of World War I between Nevada, Idaho, and Arkansas," changed the residency period to three months, and in 1931, the same Legislature that voted in "wide-open gambling" dropped it to six weeks.[8] The U.S. Supreme Court, in Williams v. North Carolina (1942), ruled that other states had to recognize these divorces, under the "full faith and credit" clause of the U.S. Constitution.

text: By 1916, the U.S. led the world in number of divorces.[9] In populous New York State, where adultery was the easiest grounds for divorce, attorneys would provide a package consisting of a prostitute and a photographer, with whose product divorce could be obtained.[10] Significant numbers of divorce seekers went to the cities on the Mexican side of the Mexico-U.S. border, or to Haiti,[11] where they found welcoming attorneys, who sometimes advertised in the U.S. The prevalence of the practice is reflected in the song "Haitian Divorce," by Steely Dan.

text: By the 1960s, due to[citation needed] the emergence of second wave feminism, the use of collusive or deceptive practices to bypass the fault system had become a widespread concern, if not actually a widespread practice, and there was widespread agreement that something had to change. The National Association of Women Lawyers was instrumental in convincing the American Bar Association to help create a Family Law section in many state courts, and pushed strongly for no-fault divorce law around 1960 (cf. Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act). In 1969, California became the first U.S. state to pass a no-fault divorce law.[12]

text: The National Center for Health Statistics reports that from 1975 to 1988 in the US, in families with children present, wives file for divorce in approximately two-thirds of cases. In 1975, 71.4% of the cases were filed by women, and in 1988, 65% were filed by women.[13]

text: Lenore Weitzman's 1985 book, The Divorce Revolution, reported a one-year post-divorce decline in standard of living for women of 73% compared with a 42% one-year post-divorce increase in standard of living for men. Richard Peterson later calculated a 27% decrease in standard of living for women and a 10% increase of standard of living for men, using the same data, which were gathered in California in 1977 and 1978.[14]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The median length for a marriage in the US today is 11 years with 90% of all divorces being settled out of court. However, studies have shown that lower-income couples are currently more likely to get a divorce than higher-income couples. The divorce rate among highly educated couples is 11%, while the divorce rate for lower income couples is 17%.[15]

text: In 2015, the Manhattan Supreme Court ruled that Ellanora Baidoo could serve her husband divorce papers through a Facebook message, and she became the first woman to legally serve her husband divorce papers via Facebook.[16][17]

text: Law[edit]

text: Divorce in the U.S. is governed by state rather than federal law. The laws of the state(s) of residence at the time of divorce govern, not those of the location where the couple was married. All states recognize divorces granted by any other state. All states impose a minimum time of residence to file for a divorce,[18] Nevada and Idaho currently being the shortest at 6 weeks.[19][20]

text: All states allow no-fault divorce on grounds such as irreconcilable differences, irremediable breakdown, and loss of affection. Some states mandate a separation period before no-fault divorce. Mississippi, South Dakota and Tennessee are the only states that require mutual consent for no-fault divorce. The rest of the states permit unilateral no-fault divorce.[12][21][22]

text: Since the mid-1990s, a few states have enacted covenant marriage laws, which allow couples to voluntarily make a divorce more difficult for themselves to obtain than usual. For example, couples who choose to undertake a covenant marriage may be required to undergo counseling before a divorce can be granted, or to submit their conflicts to mediation. In states lacking such provisions, some couples sign contracts undertaking the same obligations.[citation needed]

text: A summary (or simple) divorce, available in some jurisdictions, is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements, or can agree on key issues beforehand. For example, in order to qualify for summary divorce in California, a couple must meet all of the following requirements:

text:
Have been married less than five years,
Have no children together,
Do not own any real property,
Do not rent any real property other than current dwelling,
Do not owe more than $6,000 for debts since date of marriage,
Own less than $41,000 in community property (property acquired during marriage), not counting vehicles,
Do not own more than $41,000 in separate property (property acquired before marriage), not counting vehicles,
Agree to forgo spousal support,
Have a signed agreement which divides property (including cars) and debts, and
Meet residency requirement, if applicable.[23]

text: Grounds for divorce[edit]

text: Though divorce laws vary between jurisdiction,[18] there are two basic approaches to divorce: fault-based and no-fault. Fault grounds, when available, are sometimes still sought. This may be done where it reduces the waiting period otherwise required, or possibly in hopes of affecting decisions related to a divorce, such as child custody, child support, alimony, and so on. A court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property, debts, evaluating custody, and support. States vary in the admissibility of such evidence for those decisions.

text: No-fault divorce[edit]

text: Under a no-fault divorce system the dissolution of a marriage does not require an allegation or proof of fault of either party. Only three states (Mississippi, South Dakota and Tennessee) require mutual consent (in Tennessee it is needed only in certain circumstances) for a no-fault divorce to be granted.[12][21][22] No-fault grounds for divorce include incompatibility, irreconcilable differences, and irremediable breakdown of the marriage.

text: At-fault divorce[edit]

text: Fault divorces used to be the only way to break a marriage, and people who had differences, but did not qualify as "at fault", only had the option to separate (and were prevented from legally remarrying).

text: However, there are ways (defenses) to prevent a fault divorce:

text:
Collusion
Condonation
Connivance
Provocation
Recrimination

text: A defense is expensive, and not usually practical as eventually most divorces are granted.

text: Comparative rectitude is a doctrine used to determine which spouse is more at fault when both spouses are guilty of breaches.

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: In the United States, the Federal Government does not have the authority to issue a divorce. The state has the only authority over issuing accepting a marriage, and issuing a divorce. This creates the question of which state can you get divorced in? All states have rules for jurisdiction, which is typically a time frame the person filing the divorce has lived in the state.[24] Most states require the person filing for a divorce to be a physical resident of the state for six months. Some states require twelve months and some states, like Nevada, only require six weeks. Without proper jurisdiction a state cannot issue a divorce.

text: Property division and spousal support[edit]

text: States vary in their rules for division of assets in a divorce. The major difference is between states that use a community property system and states that do not. In community property states, community property belongs to the spouses equally.[25] The following states use community property regimes: Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Alaskan law gives couples the option to create community property by written agreement.[26]

text: Most community property states start with the presumption that community assets will be divided equally, whereas "equitable distribution" states presume fairness may dictate more or less than half of the assets will be awarded to one spouse or the other. Commonly, assets acquired before marriage are considered individual, and assets acquired after, marital. Depending on the state, an equitable or equal division of assets is then sought.[27]

text: In some states, educational degrees earned during the marriage may be considered marital property. In such states, a resolution of the divorce will often entail payment from the educated spouse to the other spouse a share of their expected future earnings that are due to a degree they earned during the marriage,[28] and may require the expertise of labor economists or other statistical and financial experts.

text: Alimony, also known as 'maintenance' or 'spousal support' is still being granted in many cases, especially in longer term marriages. Alimony is more likely in cases where a spouse has remedial needs that must be met in order for the spouse to become fully employable, for example that one spouse gave up career opportunities or development in order to devote themselves to the family.

text: Child support and custody[edit]

text: In cases involving children, governments have a pressing interest in ensuring that disputes between parents do not spill over into the family courts. All states now require parents to file a parenting plan, or to decide on custody and visitation either by reaching a written agreement or in a court hearing, when they legally separate or divorce.

text: The spouse given custody (or the spouse with the greater share of residence time in the case of joint custody), may receive assets to compensate their greater child-care expenses.

text: Alternatives to litigation[edit]

text: Collaborative divorce[edit]

text: Collaborative divorce is becoming a popular method for divorcing couples to come to agreement on divorce issues. In a collaborative divorce, the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the assistance of attorneys who are trained in the collaborative divorce process and in mediation, and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist and/or divorce coach(es). The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests, but with complete information and full professional support. Once the collaborative divorce starts, the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding, should the collaborative law process end prematurely. Most attorneys who practice collaborative divorce claim that it can be substantially less expensive than other divorce methods (regular divorce or mediation). However, should the parties not reach any agreements, any documents or information exchanged during the collaborative process cannot later be used in further legal proceedings, as the collaborative process is confidential proceedings. Furthermore, there are no set enforceable time lines for completion of a divorce using collaborative divorce.

text: Mediated divorce[edit]

text: Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation.[29] In a divorce mediation session, a mediator facilitates the discussion between the husband and wife by assisting with communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences. At the end of the mediation process, the separating parties will have typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that they can submit to the court. Parties to mediation do not need to retain attorneys. However, if the parties choose to retain attorneys their attorneys may be included in the mediation session. The mediator can provide both parties with information but will not offer advice to either. Divorce mediators may be attorneys, mental health professionals, or financial experts who have experience in divorce cases. Divorce mediation can be significantly less expensive than litigation. The adherence rate to mediated agreements is much higher than that of adherence to court orders.

text: Summary Divorce[edit]

text: Many states allow for couples to file for a summary divorce based upon a jointly filed divorce petition. A summary divorce means the spouses have discussed the terms required by state law to issue a divorce and they have reached an mutual agreement. Almost, every state allow for this type of "uncontested" divorce.[30][31] An uncontested joint divorce petition will often save a divorcing couple both time and money.

text: Federal laws relating to divorce[edit]

text: Since the 1980s, federal legislation has been enacted affecting the rights and responsibilities of divorcing spouses. For example, federal welfare reform mandated the creation of child support guidelines in all 50 states in the 1980s. ERISA includes provisions for the division of qualified retirement accounts between divorcing spouses. The IRS established rules on ignoring alimony as a source of taxable income. Federal bankruptcy laws prohibit discharging in bankruptcy of alimony and child support obligations. COBRA allows a divorced spouse to obtain and maintain health insurance.

text: Qualified Domestic Relations Orders[edit]

text: A “qualified domestic relations order” (QDRO) is an order that creates or recognizes the existence of an alternate payee’s right to receive, or assigns to an alternate payee the right to receive, all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to a participant under a retirement plan, and that includes certain information and meets certain other requirements.[32]

text: A domestic relations order is a judgment, decree, or order (including the approval of a property settlement) that is made pursuant to state domestic relations law (including community property law) and that relates to the provision of child support, alimony payments, or marital property rights for the benefit of a spouse, former spouse, child, or other dependent of a participant.

text: A state authority, generally a court, must actually issue a judgment, order, or decree or otherwise formally approve a property settlement agreement before it can be a domestic relations order under ERISA. The mere fact that a property settlement is agreed to and signed by the parties will not, in and of itself, cause the agreement to be a domestic relations order.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Initiation[edit]

text: According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review, women file slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the US.[33] There is some variation among states, and the numbers have also varied over time, with about 60% of filings by women in most of the 20th century, and over 70% by women in some states just after no-fault divorce was introduced, according to the paper.

text: Custody[edit]

text: In their 1997 study titled "Child Custody Policies and Divorce Rates in the US," Kuhn and Guidubaldi find it reasonable to conclude that women anticipate advantages to being single, rather than remaining married.[34] In their detailed analysis of divorce rates, Kuhn and Guidubaldi conclude that acceptance of joint physical custody may reduce divorce. States whose family law policies, statutes, or judicial practice encourage joint custody have shown a greater decline in their divorce rates than those that favor sole custody.

text: Rates of divorce[edit]

text: "Rate of divorce" usually refers to the number of divorces that occur in the population during a given period. However it is also used in common parlance to refer to the likelihood of a given marriage ending in divorce (as opposed to the death of a spouse).

text: In 2002 (latest survey data as of 2012),[35] 29% of first marriages among women aged 15–44 were disrupted (ended in separation, divorce or annulment) within 10 years.[36] Beyond the 10-year window, population survey data is lacking, but forecasts and estimates provide some understanding. It is commonly claimed that half of all marriages in the United States eventually end in divorce, an estimate possibly based on the fact that in any given year, the number of marriages is about twice the number of divorces.[37] Amato outlined in his study on divorce that in the late of 1990s, about 43% to 46% of marriages were predicted to end in dissolution. According to his research, there is only a small percentage of marriages end in permanent separation rather than divorce[38]. Using 1995 data, National Survey of Family Growth forecast in 2002 a 43% chance that first marriages among women aged 15–44 would be disrupted within 15 years.[35] More recently, having spoken with academics and National Survey of Family Growth representatives, PolitiFact.com estimated in 2012 that the lifelong probability of a marriage ending in divorce is 40%–50%.[39]

text: Variables that may affect rates of divorce include:[40]

text:
race/ethnicity
importance of religion to the couple
divorce in family of origin
timing of the first birth of any children (before marriage, within 7 months, after 7 months, or never)
if one spouse has Generalized Anxiety Disorder

text: A 2008 study by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce.[41] Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (Cycle VI), the likelihood of divorce for interracial couples to that of same-race couples was compared. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s.[41] The authors found that gender plays a significant role in interracial divorce dynamics: According to the adjusted models predicting divorce as of the 10th year of marriage, interracial marriages that are the most vulnerable involve White females and non-White males (with the exception of White females/Hispanic White males) relative to White/White couples.[41] White wife/Black husband marriages are twice as likely to divorce by the 10th year of marriage compared to White/White couples.[41] Conversely, White men/non-White women couples show either very little or no differences in divorce rates.[41] Asian wife/White husband marriages show only 4% greater likelihood of divorce by the 10th year of marriage than White/White couples.[41] In the case of Black wife/White husband marriages, divorce by the 10th year of marriage is 44% less likely than among White/White unions.[41] Intermarriages that did not cross a racial barrier, which was the case for White/Hispanic White couples, showed statistically similar likelihoods of divorcing as White/White marriages.[41]

text: A 2011 study at the University of Iowa found that a woman's loss of virginity before age 18 was correlated with a greater number of occurrences of divorce within the first 10 years of marriage.[42]

text: A 2012 study cited by Pew Research center found that an estimated 78% of women with bachelor's degrees, and 65% of men with bachelor's degrees who married between 2006-2010 can expect their marriages to last at least two decades. Women with a high school degree or less, on the other hand, face a meager 40% probability of their marriages surviving the same period.[43]

text: Studies have shown that men who "earn high incomes have a decreased probability of getting a divorce". However, higher income makes a woman's chances of marriage less likely and it has no connection to possible divorces.[44] In recent years, divorce rates have gone down due to education rates going up. This is because educated individuals make higher incomes in most cases, which result in less financial stress when couples set down to get married.[45] Lower income couples value and respect marriage just as much as higher income couples, however lower income couples are more likely to get a divorce because of financial strains on their marriage.[46] Having low income is not the only factor that can potentially lead to divorce. Religious beliefs, morals and compatibility all come into play when it comes to long term marital statuses.[47]

text: Divorce rate by state[edit]

text: The following lists the number of divorces annually per 1,000 population in each state:

text:
State
Marriage rate
Divorce rate[1]

1999
2000
2006
2008
2010
2011
1999
2000
2006
2008
2010
2011[48]
2012

Alabama
10.6
9.8
10.8
10.1
9.4
9.8
6.1
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.4
4.3
5.4

Alaska
10.2
9.0
8.6
8.9
8.1
8.3
5.5
5.0
5.0
3.9
4.3
4.8
4.6

Arizona
10.0
8.8
8.2
7.5
7.5
6.6
6.9
6.2
4.6
4.6
4.0
3.9
4.7

Arkansas
15.3
14.4
14.8
15.4
14.3
14.3
6.9
6.3
6.2
6.4
6.2
5.3
6.2

California[2]
7.9
6.3
6.4
5.8
6.5
6.2
4.3
–
–
–
–
-
–

Colorado
9.8
9.0
8.2
8.3
8.2
7.9
5.5
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.4
–

Connecticut
7.9
6.6
5.8
5.7
5.4
5.7
3.2
2.9
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.3

Delaware
8.4
7.3
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.4
4.4
5.0
4.5
3.9
3.9
3.6
3.5

District of Columbia
8.2
6.1
6.6
4.9
6.2
5.1
4.5
3.2
3.6
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.4

Florida
10.9
9.9
8.7
8.9
9.2
9.4
6.3
5.5
5.1
5.1
5.2
4.5
5.1

Georgia
10.3
8.4
7.8
6.8
6.1
6.5
5.5
5.1
4.1
3.3
3.1
-
2.5

Hawaii
16.4
15.7
18.9
20.6
19.6
20.7
4.6
4.6
3.8
3.9
4.0
-
3.7

Idaho
13.9
13.1
12.1
10.8
11.2
10.9
6.5
5.8
5.4
5.5
5.3
4.9
5.3

Illinois
8.8
6.9
7.0
6.9
7.2
6.6
3.8
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.2
2.6
2.9

Indiana
9.6
8.6
8.1
7.9
7.9
7.8
–
–
–
–
–
-
–

Iowa
9.0
7.7
7.9
6.9
7.1
6.9
3.9
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.4
3.1

Kansas
9.2
8.5
7.1
8.3
7.5
7.3
5.0
4.1
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.9
3.6

Kentucky
13.5
12.2
10.9
9.8
9.0
9.0
5.8
5.9
5.5
5.1
5.1
4.4
5.2

Louisiana
9.6
9.3
9.1
9.1
8.4
8.2
–
–
–
–
–
-
–

Maine
9.7
8.7
8.
8.8
8.6
8.4
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.0
4.7
4.2
4.6

Maryland
9.7
8.4
7.5
7.5
7.0
7.1
3.4
3.0
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.9
3.4

Massachusetts
7.9
7.1
6.2
5.8
6.2
5.9
2.8
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.7
2.5

Michigan
8.2
7.3
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
4.3
4.1
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.4
3.8

Minnesota
7.7
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.5
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.2
-
3.1

Mississippi
9.4
7.9
7.8
6.9
6.5
6.4
5.5
4.8
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.9

Missouri
9.6
8.3
8.1
7.8
7.5
7.3
5.1
5.0
4.4
4.5
4.2
3.9
4.0

Montana
8.6
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.1
7.2
5.1
4.8
2.8
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.0

Nebraska
8.0
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.9
7.5
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.6

Nevada
9.9
8.5
8.2
7.2
6.9
6.7
11.4
7.8
7.8
9.9
6.3
5.6
7.1

New Hampshire
9.5
8.3
7.9
9.4
8.4
8.3
4.7
4.2
5.1
4.8
4.4
2.9
4.3

New Jersey
7.6
6.5
5.9
6.0
6.4
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.9
3.4

New Mexico
8.8
8.8
8.0
8.0
7.6
7.9
4.9
6.6
4.6
5.1
4.9
3.3
4.4

New York
8.6
8.0
7.3
7.1
7.6
7.3
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.5
2.9
3.4

North Carolina
7.8
8.4
8.5
8.2
7.5
7.7
5.1
5.0
4.6
4.5
4.6
3.7
4.5

North Dakota
7.5
7.1
6.6
7.2
6.5
6.8
3.6
3.4
4.4
3.4
2.9
2.7
3.0

Ohio
9.0
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.2
7.0
4.7
4.3
3.9
4.2
4.0
3.4
4.0

Oklahoma
10.6
8.6
6.8
7.7
6.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
5.2
–

Oregon
8.9
8.1
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.1
5.5
4.7
4.6
4.8
4.8
3.8
4.6

Pennsylvania
7.1
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.8
3.1

Rhode Island
8.1
7.3
7.5
7.6
8.1
7.7
3.7
3.6
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.2

South Carolina
15.9
11.9
10.2
10.6
9.9
9.3
4.5
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.2
3.4

South Dakota
11.1
9.9
9.1
9.4
8.9
8.8
3.7
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.3

Tennessee
13.9
15.5
14.7
15.5
13.5
13.1
6.5
6.2
5.8
5.9
5.2
4.3
5.1

Texas
10.5
9.9
9.1
9.4
9.1
8.4
5.5
5.2
3.8
4.0
4.0
3.2
3.9

Utah
11.2
10.7
9.6
10.8
10.2
10.4
5.1
4.4
4.0
4.3
4.2
3.7
4.1

Vermont
10.9
10.3
10.0
10.0
9.8
9.7
4.5
4.7
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.6
4.2

Virginia
11.4
10.2
9.2
8.8
8.8
8.6
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.2
3.8
4.2

Washington
9.5
7.7
7.2
6.9
7.0
6.5
5.9
5.4
5.0
4.6
4.5
4.1
4.6

West Virginia
7.2
6.1
7.5
8.7
7.9
8.1
5.3
5.2
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.2

Wisconsin
7.9
7.0
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.3
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.9
3.2

Wyoming
10.7
10.6
9.9
10.0
10.1
9.5
6.6
6.6
5.7
5.8
5.8
4.8
5.4


document_title: Public Provident Fund (India)

question_text: what is the current interest rate in ppf

text: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Individuals who are residents of India are eligible to open their account under the Public Provident Fund, and are entitled to tax-free return later.

text: Investment and returns[edit]

text: A minimum yearly deposit of Rs. 500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. A PPF account holder can deposit a maximum of Rs 1.5 lacs in his/her PPF account (including those accounts where he is the guardian) per financial year. There must be a guardian for PPF accounts opened in the name of minor children. Parents can act as guardians in such PPF accounts of minor children. Any amount deposited in excess of Rs 1.5 lacs in a financial year won't earn any interest. The amount can be deposited in lump sum or in a maximum of 12 installments per year. However, this does not mean a single deposit once in a month.

text: The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually). Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month.

text: Interest rates[edit]

text:
Period
Interest Rate

2014 - March 2016
8.7%

text:
Quarter
Interest Rate

April 2016 - June 2016[3]
8.1%

July 2016 - September 2016[4]
8.1%

October 2016 - December 2016[5]
8.0%

January 2017 - March 2017
8.0%

text:
Quarter
Interest Rate

April 2017 - June 2017[6]
7.9%

July 2017 - September 2017[7]
7.8%

October 2017 - December 2017
7.8%

January 2018 - March 2018
7.6%

text:
Quarter
Interest Rate

April 2018 - June 2018[8]
7.6%

text: Duration of scheme[edit]

text: Original duration is 15 years. Thereafter, on application by the subscriber, it can be extended for 1 or more blocks of 5 years each.

text: PPF maturity options[edit]

text: Subscriber has 3 options once the maturity period is over.[9]

text:
Complete withdrawal'
Extend the PPF account with no contribution – PPF account can be extended after the completion of 15 years, subscriber doesn’t need to put any amount after the maturity. This is the default option meaning if subscriber doesn't take any action within one year of his PPF account maturity this option activates automatically. Any amount can be withdrawn from the PPF account if the option of extension with no contribution is chosen. Only restriction is only one withdrawal is permitted in a financial year. Rest of the amount keeps earning interest.
Extend the PPF account with contribution - With this option subscriber can put money in his PPF account after extension. If subscriber wants to choose this option then he needs to submit Form H in the bank where he is having a PPF account within one year from the date of maturity (before the completion of 16 yrs in PPF). With this option subscriber can only withdraw maximum 60% of his PPF amount (amount which was there in the PPF account at the beginning of the extended period) within the entire 5 yrs block. Every year only a single withdrawal is permitted.

tag: ol

text: Loans[edit]

text: Loan facility available from 3rd financial year up to 5th financial year. The rate of interest charged on loan taken by the subscriber of a PPF account on or after 01.12.2011 shall be 2% more than the prevailing interest on PPF. However, the rate of interest of 1% more than PPF interest p.a. shall continue to be charged on the loans already taken or taken up to 30.11.2013.

text: Up to a maximum of 25 per cent of the balance at the end of the 2nd immediately preceding year would be allowed as loan. Such withdrawals are to be repaid within 36 months.

text: A second loan could be availed as long as you are within the 3rd and before the 6th year, and only if the first one is fully repaid. Also note that once you become eligible for withdrawals, no loans would be permitted. Inactive accounts or discontinued accounts are not eligible for loan.

text: Features[edit]

text: The public provident fund is established by the central government. One can voluntarily open an account with any nationalized bank,selected authorized private bank or post office. The account can be opened in the name of individuals including minor.

text: The minimum amount is Rs.500 which can be deposited. The rate of interest at present is 7.6% per annum, which is also tax-free. The entire balance can be withdrawn on maturity. Interest received is tax free. The maximum amount which can be deposited every year is Rs. 1,50,000 in an account at present. The interest earned on the PPF subscription is compounded annually. All the balance that accumulates over time is exempted from wealth tax. Moreover, it has low risk – risk attached is Government risk. PPF is available at post offices and banks.

text: Withdrawals from PPF account[edit]

text: There is a lock-in period of 15 years and the money can be withdrawn in full after its maturity period. However, pre-mature withdrawals can be made from the start of the seventh financial year. The maximum amount that can be withdrawn pre-maturely is equal to 50% of the amount that stood in the account at the end of 4th year preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or the end of the preceding year whichever is lower.

text: After 15 years of maturity, full PPF amount can be withdrawn and all is tax free, including the interest amount as well.

text: Nomination[edit]

text: Nomination facility is available in the name of one or more persons. The shares of nominees may also be defined by the subscriber.

text: PPF defaults and revival[edit]

text: If any contribution of minimum amount in any year is not invested, then the account will be deactivated. To activate the bearer needs to pay Rs.50 as penalty for each inactive year. He/she also needs to deposit Rs.500 each as each inactive year’s contribution.

text: In case death of account holder then the balance amount will be paid to his nominee or legal heir even before 15 years. Nominees or legal heirs are not eligible to continue the account of the deceased.

text: If balance amount in the account of a deceased is higher than Rs.1,50,000 then the nominee or legal heir has to prove the identity to claim the amount

text: Premature closure of PPF account[edit]

text: The Public Provident Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2016 made changes in Paragraph 9, for sub-rule 3(C) of Public Provident Fund Scheme, 1968 to facilitate the premature closure of PPF Account.[10] Premature closure of PPF account is permitted after completion of 5 years for medical treatment of family members and for higher education of PPF account holder. However, premature closure comes with an interest rate penalty of 1%.

text: Transfer of account[edit]

text: The account can be transferred to other branches/ other banks or Post Offices and vice versa upon request by the subscriber. The service is free of charges.

text: Step 1 – Approach the bank or post office branch where the PPF account is held and ask for the form for making the transfer. The bank or post office will provide you with a form which is to be filled.

text: Step 2 – The existing bank will then forward the certified copy of the account, the account opening application, nomination form, and specimen signature. It will also forward the cheque/dd for the outstanding amount in the PPF account to the new bank at the branch specified by the customer.

text: Step 3 – Once your bank receives these documents, the bank will inform you and ask you to submit a new PPF account opening form along with the old PPF passbook. You can also provide nominations for this new account. You will also be required to submit the KYC documents.

text: Step 4 – If you hold an internet banking facility with your bank, after a few weeks, check that the transferred PPF account now shows up under the PPF account tab/link in your login. If that is not the case, inquire the local bank branch.

text: PPF tax concessions[edit]

text: Annual contributions qualify for tax deduction under Section 80C of income tax. The tax benefit is capped at Rs 1.5 lacs per financial year. Contributions to PPF accounts of the spouse and children are also eligible for tax deduction.

text: PPF falls under EEE (Exempt,Exempt,Exempt) tax basket. Contribution to PPF account is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Interest earned is exempt from income tax and maturity proceeds are also exempt from tax.


document_title: Green Brigade

question_text: where does the green brigade sit at parkhead

text: Green Brigade

text: Controversy[edit]

text: At a match against Dundee United in November 2010, there was serious disorder in the section occupied by the Green Brigade when a supporter was being ejected by stewards.[4] Supporters charged at the security guards and one was left with a bloody lip after a coin was reportedly thrown.[4]

text: In April 2011 at the Scottish Cup semi-final against Aberdeen, police officers attempted to remove a supporter who had set off a flare inside the stadium.[5][6] Police were unable to remove the supporter because other fans held onto him.[5] Four supporters were later held by police in connection with the incident.[5] More than 100 Green Brigade members walked out of the stadium in protest at the arrests.[5][6]

text: In April 2011 some members of the Green Brigade were not sent season ticket renewal forms after the club threatened to disperse the group around other sections of the stadium.[5][7]

text: UEFA head of communications William Gaillard, when talking about the matter in 2006, said that chants related to the IRA were not sectarian, and was a nationalist issue – similar to fans of other clubs, such as FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, who support nationalist movements in their own countries. He also stated that only in Balkan countries, where some fans show support for organisations that had engaged in ethnic cleansing, was the situation different because these organisations were by their nature discriminatory. He said that this did not apply to the Irish Republican Army (IRA).[8] Former Celtic manager David Hay has called for singing of IRA anthems to be banned,[9] while former Celtic manager Neil Lennon has also said that the chants "embarrass" the club.[10]

text: Poppy protest[edit]

text: At a match against Aberdeen in November 2010, the Green Brigade unfurled two banners with the words "Your deeds would shame all the devils in Hell. Ireland, Iraq, Afghanistan. No bloostained [sic] poppy on our Hoops."[11][12][13] This protest was against the placing of the remembrance poppy on Celtic's shirt for the match against St Mirren on 11 November 2010.

text: The Green Brigade cited civilian deaths caused by the Armed Forces in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as Bloody Sunday, highlighting the fact that the Saville Inquiry report "confirmed that 14 unarmed civilians were murdered in Derry in 1972 by the Paratroop Regiment".[14]

text: The Glasgow Herald reported that in the weeks leading up to the incident, the Green Brigade had stepped up pro-IRA chants.[15] Celtic has been investigated by UEFA in the past for alleged sectarian behaviour, including pro-IRA chants.[16]

text: Palestinian hunger strike solidarity display[edit]

text: On Celtic's last game of the 2011–12 season, the Green Brigade organised a display of solidarity with Palestinian prisoners on hunger strike. This featured a banner reading "Dignity is More Precious than Food" alongside Palestinian flags. A spokesman for the Brigade stated: "We did this in solidarity, to raise awareness and because it's the right thing to do. We want Palestinians to know we are thinking about them and encourage Scottish civil society to look at the injustice in Palestine."[17]

text: Appreciation from Neil Lennon[edit]

text: After this last match of the 2011–12 season, Celtic manager Neil Lennon 'presented' the Scottish Premier League trophy to the Green Brigade by placing it in front of the section where they sit. He later said, "I just wanted to say thank you to them because they have, week in, week out, created a great atmosphere. They sing non-stop. They add colour. Sometimes they are a little bit controversial but in the main they have behaved themselves impeccably and they have changed the culture of the stadium. It's a fun place to come for the supporters and the atmosphere in the big games has been fantastic. They are the catalyst for all of that."[18]

text: 125th anniversary display[edit]

text: In November 2012, the Green Brigade organised a full stadium pre-match card display against Barcelona to celebrate Celtic's 125th anniversary.[19] The display featured a Celtic cross, green and white hoops and 125 Celtic in written form, with supporters earning the praise of club chairman Peter Lawwell.[20]

text: Fans Against Criminalisation Protests[edit]

text: On 6 April 2013, the Green Brigade took part in a demonstration comprising 3,000 Celtic supporters as part of Fans Against Criminalisation, a body comprising the Green Brigade, the Celtic Trust, Celtic Supporters Association, the Affiliation of Registered Celtic Supporters Clubs and the Association of Irish Celtic Supporters Clubs. Although the march to Celtic Park after the demonstration had not been granted permission, raising concerns about dispersal amongst police, after the event Police Scotland said they were "delighted" by the conduct of the protesters.[21] The protest was organised after a previous march that had not received council permission was broken up by police on 16 March.[22] This initial protest had been called over supporters receiving bans and what was described as "harassment by the police". The Green Brigade announced on its website that it would be holding a "corteo to Celtic Park to raise awareness and show support for the growing list of Celtic supporters receiving and facing bans from both the Club and the PF. It is no secret the level of harassment many fans receive at the hands of Strathclyde Police nor is Celtic PLCs complicity able to be ignored. As such there is an ever growing list of fans being denied their passion of following their team."[23] Fans took to social media after the initial protest, posting pictures of mounted police and a group of supporters surrounded by police with batons being prevented from leaving the area.[23] Celtic fans felt that the initial demonstration had been improperly policed and turned out to show their support for those demonstrators.[21]

text: Celtic move to disband Green Brigade[edit]

text: Celtic made moves to disband the Green Brigade section at Parkhead after trouble at a match against Motherwell at Fir Park on 9 December 2013, where fans damaged the stadium seating and threw flares onto the pitch, causing around £10,000 worth of damage. Celtic had already issued a warning to the group after safety breaches in August 2013, and following the incident at Fir Park, Celtic issued "precautionary" suspensions to 128 supporters. 250 season-ticket holders in the group's adopted section of the Celtic Park, section 111, were moved to other parts of the ground, or given the option of a refund for the rest of the season. However, Neil Lennon advocated the return of the Green Brigade.[3]

text: "We will not allow the great name of Celtic to be damaged in this way – our supporters deserve more than this," said Celtic in a statement. The Green Brigade disputed the decision of the club and argued that its members were not responsible for the damage, but added it should have been more effective in self-policing.[3]

text: UEFA sanctions[edit]

text: Between 2011 and 2017, Celtic were punished by UEFA ten times for "misconduct from supporters during European ties".[24]

text: In December 2013 UEFA issued the club with a €50,000 (£42,000) fine as a result of a banner unveiled by the Green Brigade at a UEFA Champions League match against AC Milan which displayed a political message (UEFA rules prohibit the display of banners of a political or ideological nature). The banner attracted further controversy for the use of the image of IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands.

text: During the 2017–18 season, the second qualifying round draw set up an all-United Kingdom clash with Belfast club Linfield. In the leg held at Windsor Park, some Linfield supporters threw bottles and coins at Celtic players and sang sectarian songs.[25] During the return fixture, "illicit banner" displays were produced and UEFA charged Celtic again.[24] The banner "showed a paramilitary-type figure" next to an image of Brendan Rodgers, the Northern Irish manager of Celtic, under the words "Brendan's undefeated army"; the Daily Record accused the Green Brigade of designing the flags, and also claimed that the "undertones of the imagery were also clearly referring to the politics of Ireland while a section of Celtic fans were also heard singing pro-IRA songs during the powderkeg tie with the Belfast side. Linfield are seen as a Unionist club in Northern Ireland and fans of both sides had earlier hurled abuse at each other as they made their way into the stadium".[26] Celtic elected to close off the zone that holds the Green Bridge for the following two matches.[27]


document_title: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

question_text: what are the 2 most common elements in earth's crust

question_tokens: what are the 2 most common elements in earth 's crust

text: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

text: The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).

text:
Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources

Rank
Z, element & symbol
Abundance in crust (ppm) by source
Annual production

Darling[1]
Barbalace[2]
WebElements[3]
Israel Science and Technology[4]
Jefferson Lab[5]
(2016, tonnes)[6]

1
8
oxygen
O
466,000
474,000
460,000
467,100
461,000

2
14
silicon [A]
Si
277,200
277,100
270,000
276,900
282,000
7,200,000

3
13
aluminium
Al
81,300
82,000
82,000
80,700
82,300
57,600,000

4
26
iron
Fe
50,000
41,000
63,000
50,500
56,300
1,150,000,000

5
20
calcium
Ca
36,300
41,000
50,000
36,500
41,500

6
11
sodium
Na
28,300
23,000
23,000
27,500
23,600
255,000,000

7
12
magnesium
Mg
20,900
23,000
29,000
20,800
23,300
1,010,000

8
19
potassium
K
25,900
21,000
15,000
25,800
20,900

9
22
titanium
Ti
4,400
5,600
6,600
6,200
5,600
6,600,000

10
1
hydrogen
H
1,400

1,500
1,400
1,400

11
15
phosphorus
P
1,200
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,050

12
25
manganese
Mn
1,000
950
1,100
900
950
16,000,000

13
9
fluorine
F
800
950
540
290
585

14
56
barium
Ba
500
340
340
500
425

15
6
carbon
C
300
480
1,800
940
200

16
38
strontium
Sr

370
360

370
350,000

17
16
sulfur
S
500
260
420
520
350
69,300,000

18
40
zirconium
Zr

190
130
250
165
1,460,000

19
74
tungsten
W

160.6
1.1

1.25
86,400

20
23
vanadium
V
100
160
190

120
76,000

21
17
chlorine
Cl
500
130
170
450
145

22
24
chromium
Cr
100
100
140
350
102
26,000,000

23
37
rubidium
Rb
300
90
60

90

24
28
nickel
Ni

80
90
190
84
2,250,000

25
30
zinc
Zn

75
79

70
11,900,000

26
29
copper
Cu
100
50
68

60
19,400,000

27
58
cerium
Ce

68
60

66.5

28
60
neodymium
Nd

38
33

41.5

29
57
lanthanum
La

32
34

39

30
39
yttrium
Y

30
29

33
6,000

31
7
nitrogen
N
50
25
20

19
140,000,000

32
27
cobalt
Co

20
30

25
123,000

33
3
lithium
Li

20
17

20
35,000

34
41
niobium
Nb

20
17

20
64,000

35
31
gallium
Ga

18
19

19

36
21
scandium
Sc

16
26

22

37
82
lead
Pb

14
10

14
4,820,000

38
62
samarium
Sm

7.9
6

7.05

39
90
thorium
Th

12
6

9.6

40
59
praseodymium
Pr

9.5
8.7

9.2

41
5
boron
B

950
8.7

10
9,400,000

42
64
gadolinium
Gd

7.7
5.2

6.2

43
66
dysprosium
Dy

6
6.2

5.2

44
72
hafnium
Hf

5.3
3.3

3.0

45
68
erbium
Er

3.8
3.0

3.5

46
70
ytterbium
Yb

3.3
2.8

3.2

47
55
caesium
Cs

3
1.9

3

48
4
beryllium
Be

2.6
1.9

2.8
220

49
50
tin
Sn
0
2.2
2.2

2.3
280,000

50
63
europium
Eu

2.1
1.8

2.0

51
92
uranium
U

0
1.8

2.7
74,119

52
73
tantalum
Ta

2
1.7

2.0
1,100

53
32
germanium
Ge

1.8
1.4

1.5
155

54
42
molybdenum
Mo

1.5
1.1

1.2
227,000

55
33
arsenic
As

1.5
2.1

1.8
36,500

56
67
holmium
Ho

1.4
1.2

1.3

57
65
terbium
Tb

1.1
0.94

1.2

58
69
thulium
Tm

0.48
0.45

0.52

59
35
bromine
Br

0.37
3

2.4
391,000

60
81
thallium
Tl

0.6
0.530

0.850
10

61
71
lutetium[7]
Lu

0.5

62
51
antimony
Sb

0.2
0.2

0.2
130,000

63
53
iodine
I

0.14
0.490

0.450
31,600

64
48
cadmium
Cd

0.11
0.15

0.15
23,000

65
47
silver
Ag

0.070
0.080

0.075
27,000

66
80
mercury
Hg

0.05
0.067

0.085
4,500

67
34
selenium
Se

0.05
0.05

0.05
2,200

68
49
indium
In

0.049
0.160

0.250
655

69
83
bismuth
Bi

0.048
0.025

0.0085
10,200

70
52
tellurium
Te

0.005
0.001

0.001
2,200

71
78
platinum
Pt

0.003
0.0037

0.005
172

72
79
gold
Au

0.0011
0.0031

0.004
3,100

73
44
ruthenium
Ru

0.001
0.001

0.001

74
46
palladium
Pd

0.0006
0.0063

0.015
208

75
75
rhenium
Re

0.0004
0.0026

0.0007
47.2

76
77
iridium
Ir

0.0003
0.0004

0.001

77
45
rhodium
Rh

0.0002
0.0007

0.001

78
76
osmium
Os

0.0001
0.0018

0.0015

text: Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade