document_title: List of South American countries by population

question_text: which two countries have the lowest population density in latin america

text: This is a list of the countries of South American countries and dependent territories by population, which is sorted by the 2015 mid-year normalized demographic projections.

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank
Country
(or dependent territory)
July 1, 2015
projection[1]
% of
pop.
Average
relative
annual
growth
(%)[2]
Average
absolute
annual
growth
[3]
Estimated
doubling
time
(years)[4]
Official
figure
(where
available)
Date of
last figure
Source

1
 Brazil
204,519,000
49.36
0.86
1,750,000
81
209,039,000
April 3, 2018
Official population clock

2
 Colombia
48,549,000
11.64
1.16
555,000
60
49,678,000
April 3, 2018
Official population clock

3
 Argentina
43,132,000
10.41
1.09
463,000
64
43,590,368
July 1, 2016
Official estimate

4
 Peru
31,153,000
7.52
1.10
338,000
64
31,488,625
June 30, 2016
Official estimate

5
 Venezuela
30,620,000
7.39
1.37
414,000
51
31,028,637
2016
Official estimate

6
 Chile
18,006,000
4.35
1.05
187,000
66
18,191,884
2016
Official estimate

7
 Ecuador
16,279,000
3.93
1.57
252,000
44
16,983,800
April 3, 2018
Official population clock

8
 Bolivia
10,520,000
2.54
1.73
179,000
40
10,985,059
2016
Official estimate

9
 Paraguay
7,003,000
1.69
1.58
109,000
44
6,854,536
2016
Official estimate

10
 Uruguay
3,310,000
0.80
0.18
6,000
382
3,480,222
June 30, 2016
Official estimate

11
 Guyana
747,000
0.18
0.00
0
-
747,884
September 15, 2012
Preliminary 2012 census result

12
 Suriname
560,000
0.14
1.08
6,000
64
541,638
August 13, 2012
Final 2012 census result

13
 French Guiana (France)
262,000
0.06
2.75
7,000
26
239,648
January 1, 2012
Official estimate

14
 Falkland Islands (UK)[5]
3,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
2,563
April 15, 2012
Final 2012 census result

Total
414,663,000
100.00
1.04
4,266,000
67

text: South American population by country (top 8).


document_title: Hexagon

question_text: how many lines of symmetry does hexagon have

root

text: Hexagon

text: Regular hexagon[edit]

text: A regular hexagon has Schläfli symbol {6}[1] and can also be constructed as a truncated equilateral triangle, t{3}, which alternates two types of edges.

tag: p

text: A regular hexagon is defined as a hexagon that is both equilateral and equiangular. It is bicentric, meaning that it is both cyclic (has a circumscribed circle) and tangential (has an inscribed circle).

text:
The common length of the sides equals the radius of the circumscribed circle, which equals

2

3

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}

 times the apothem (radius of the inscribed circle). All internal angles are 120 degrees. A regular hexagon has 6 rotational symmetries (rotational symmetry of order six) and 6 reflection symmetries (six lines of symmetry), making up the dihedral group D6. The longest diagonals of a regular hexagon, connecting diametrically opposite vertices, are twice the length of one side. From this it can be seen that a triangle with a vertex at the center of the regular hexagon and sharing one side with the hexagon is equilateral, and that the regular hexagon can be partitioned into six equilateral triangles.

text: Like squares and equilateral triangles, regular hexagons fit together without any gaps to tile the plane (three hexagons meeting at every vertex), and so are useful for constructing tessellations. The cells of a beehive honeycomb are hexagonal for this reason and because the shape makes efficient use of space and building materials. The Voronoi diagram of a regular triangular lattice is the honeycomb tessellation of hexagons. It is not usually considered a triambus, although it is equilateral.

text: Parameters[edit]

text: The maximal diameter (which corresponds to the long diagonal of the hexagon), D, is twice the maximal radius or circumradius, R, which equals the side length, t. The minimal diameter or the diameter of the inscribed circle (separation of parallel sides, flat-to-flat distance, short diagonal or height when resting on a flat base), d, is twice the minimal radius or inradius, r. The maxima and minima are related by the same factor:

text: The area of a regular hexagon

text:
For any regular polygon, the area can also be expressed in terms of the apothem, a = r, and perimeter, p

=
6
R
=
4
r

3

{\displaystyle {}=6R=4r{\sqrt {3}}}

:

text:
The regular hexagon fills the fraction

3

3

2
π

≈
0.8270

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{2\pi }}\approx 0.8270}

 of its circumscribed circle.

text: If a regular hexagon has successive vertices A, B, C, D, E, F and if P is any point on the circumscribing circle between B and C, then PE + PF = PA + PB + PC + PD.

text: Symmetry[edit]

text: The regular hexagon has Dih6 symmetry, order 12. There are 3 dihedral subgroups: Dih3, Dih2, and Dih1, and 4 cyclic subgroups: Z6, Z3, Z2, and Z1.

text: These symmetries express 9 distinct symmetries of a regular hexagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order.[2] r12 is full symmetry, and a1 is no symmetry. d6, a isogonal hexagon constructed by four mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and p6, an isotoxal hexagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular hexagon. The i4 forms are regular hexagons flattened or stretched along one symmetry direction. It can be seen as an elongated rhombus, while d2 and p2 can be seen as horizontally and vertically elongated kites. g2 hexagons, with opposite sides parallel are also called hexagonal parallelogons.

text: Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g6 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.

text:
[show]Example hexagons by symmetry

r12
regular

i4

d6
isotoxal

g6
directed

p6
isogonal

d2

g2
general
parallelogon

p2

g3

a1

tag: table

text: Hexagons of symmetry g2, i4, and r12, as parallelogons can tessellate the Euclidean plane by translation. Other hexagon shapes can tile the plane with different orientations.

text:
p6m (*632)
cmm (2*22)
p2 (2222)
p31m (3*3)
pmg (22*)
pg (××)

r12

i4

g2

d2

d2

p2

a1

text: A2 and G2 groups[edit]

text:
A2 group roots

G2 group roots

text: The 6 roots of the simple Lie group A2, represented by a Dynkin diagram , are in a regular hexagonal pattern. The two simple roots have a 120° angle between them.

text: The 12 roots of the Exceptional Lie group G2, represented by a Dynkin diagram  are also in a hexagonal pattern. The two simple roots of two lengths have a 150° angle between them.

text: Dissection[edit]

text:
6-cube projection
10 rhomb dissection

text: Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms.[3] In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. This decomposition of a regular hexagon is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a cube, with 3 of 6 square faces. Other parallelogons and projective directions of the cube are dissected within rectangular cuboids.

text:
[show]Dissection of hexagons into 3 rhombs and parallelograms

2D
Rhombs
Parallelograms

Regular {6}
Hexagonal parallelogons

3D
Square faces
Rectangular faces

Cube
Rectangular cuboid

text: Related polygons and tilings[edit]

text: A regular hexagon has Schläfli symbol {6}. A regular hexagon is a part the regular hexagonal tiling, {6,3}, with 3 hexagonal around each vertex.

text: A regular hexagon can also be created as a truncated equilateral triangle, with Schläfli symbol t{3}. Seen with two types (colors) of edges, this form only has D3 symmetry.

text: A truncated hexagon, t{6}, is a dodecagon, {12}, alternating 2 types (colors) of edges. An alternated hexagon, h{6}, is a equilateral triangle, {3}. A regular hexagon can be stellated with equilateral triangles on its edges, creating a hexagram. A regular hexagon can be dissected into 6 equilateral triangles by adding a center point. This pattern repeats within the regular triangular tiling.

text: A regular hexagon can be extended into a regular dodecagon by adding alternating squares and equilateral triangles around it. This pattern repeats within the rhombitrihexagonal tiling.

text:
Regular
{6}
Truncated
t{3} = {6}
Hypertruncated triangles
Stellated
Star figure 2{3}
Truncated
t{6} = {12}
Alternated
h{6} = {3}

text:
A concave hexagon
A self-intersecting hexagon (star polygon)
Dissected {6}
Extended
Central {6} in {12}
A skew hexagon, within cube

text: Hexagonal structures[edit]

text: From bees' honeycombs to the Giant's Causeway, hexagonal patterns are prevalent in nature due to their efficiency. In a hexagonal grid each line is as short as it can possibly be if a large area is to be filled with the fewest number of hexagons. This means that honeycombs require less wax to construct and gain lots of strength under compression.

text: Irregular hexagons with parallel opposite edges are called parallelogons and can also tile the plane by translation. In three dimensions, hexagonal prisms with parallel opposite faces are called parallelohedrons and these can tessellate 3-space by translation.

text:
Hexagonal prism tessellations

Form
Hexagonal tiling
Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb

Regular

Parallelogonal

text: Tesselations by hexagons[edit]

text: In addition to the regular hexagon, which determines a unique tessellation of the plane, any irregular hexagon which satisfies the Conway criterion will tile the plane.

text: Hexagon inscribed in a conic section[edit]

text: Pascal's theorem (also known as the "Hexagrammum Mysticum Theorem") states that if an arbitrary hexagon is inscribed in any conic section, and pairs of opposite sides are extended until they meet, the three intersection points will lie on a straight line, the "Pascal line" of that configuration.

text: Cyclic hexagon[edit]

text: The Lemoine hexagon is a cyclic hexagon (one inscribed in a circle) with vertices given by the six intersections of the edges of a triangle and the three lines that are parallel to the edges that pass through its symmedian point.

text: If the successive sides of a cyclic hexagon are a, b, c, d, e, f, then the three main diagonals intersect in a single point if and only if ace = bdf.[4]

text: If, for each side of a cyclic hexagon, the adjacent sides are extended to their intersection, forming a triangle exterior to the given side, then the segments connecting the circumcenters of opposite triangles are concurrent.[5]

text: If a hexagon has vertices on the circumcircle of an acute triangle at the six points (including three triangle vertices) where the extended altitudes of the triangle meet the circumcircle, then the area of the hexagon is twice the area of the triangle.[6]:p. 179

text: Hexagon tangential to a conic section[edit]

text: Let ABCDEF be a hexagon formed by six tangent lines of a conic section. Then Brianchon's theorem states that the three main diagonals AD, BE, and CF intersect at a single point.

text: In a hexagon that is tangential to a circle and that has consecutive sides a, b, c, d, e, and f,[7]

text: Equilateral triangles on the sides of an arbitrary hexagon[edit]

text: If an equilateral triangle is constructed externally on each side of any hexagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centroids of opposite triangles form another equilateral triangle.[8]:Thm. 1

text: Skew hexagon[edit]

text: A skew hexagon is a skew polygon with 6 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an hexagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag hexagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

text: A regular skew hexagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew hexagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a triangular antiprism with the same D3d, [2+,6] symmetry, order 12.

text: The cube and octahedron (same as triangular antiprism) have regular skew hexagons as petrie polygons.

text:
Skew hexagons on 3-fold axes

Cube

Octahedron

text: Petrie polygons[edit]

text: The regular skew hexagon is the Petrie polygon for these higher dimensional regular, uniform and dual polyhedra and polytopes, shown in these skew orthogonal projections:

text:
4D
5D

3-3 duoprism

3-3 duopyramid

5-simplex

text: Convex equilateral hexagon[edit]

text: A principal diagonal of a hexagon is a diagonal which divides the hexagon into quadrilaterals. In any convex equilateral hexagon (one with all sides equal) with common side a, there exists[9]:p.184,#286.3 a principal diagonal d1 such that

text: and a principal diagonal d2 such that

text: Polyhedra with hexagons[edit]

text: There is no Platonic solid made of only regular hexagons, because the hexagons tessellate, not allowing the result to "fold up". The Archimedean solids with some hexagonal faces are the truncated tetrahedron, truncated octahedron, truncated icosahedron (of soccer ball and fullerene fame), truncated cuboctahedron and the truncated icosidodecahedron. These hexagons can be considered truncated triangles, with Coxeter diagrams of the form  and .

text:
[show]Hexagons in Archimedean solids

Tetrahedral
Octahedral
Icosahedral

truncated tetrahedron

truncated octahedron

truncated cuboctahedron

truncated icosahedron

truncated icosidodecahedron

text: There are other symmetry polyhedra with stretched or flattened hexagons, like these Goldberg polyhedron G(2,0):

text:
[show]Hexagons in Goldberg polyhedra

Tetrahedral
Octahedral
Icosahedral

Chamfered tetrahedron

Chamfered cube

Chamfered dodecahedron

text: There are also 9 Johnson solids with regular hexagons:

text:
[show]Johnson solids and near-misses with hexagons

triangular cupola

elongated triangular cupola

gyroelongated triangular cupola

augmented hexagonal prism

parabiaugmented hexagonal prism

metabiaugmented hexagonal prism

triaugmented hexagonal prism

augmented truncated tetrahedron

triangular hebesphenorotunda

Truncated triakis tetrahedron

text:
[show]Prismoids with hexagons

Hexagonal prism

Hexagonal antiprism

Hexagonal pyramid

text:
[show]Tilings with regular hexagons

Regular
1-uniform

{6,3}

r{6,3}

rr{6,3}

tr{6,3}

2-uniform tilings

text: Hexagons: natural and human-made[edit]

text:
The ideal crystalline structure of graphene is a hexagonal grid.

Assembled E-ELT mirror segments

A beehive honeycomb

The scutes of a turtle's carapace

North polar hexagonal cloud feature on Saturn, discovered by Voyager 1 and confirmed in 2006 by Cassini [1] [2] [3]

Micrograph of a snowflake

Benzene, the simplest aromatic compound with hexagonal shape.

Hexagonal order of bubbles in a foam.

Crystal structure of a molecular hexagon composed of hexagonal aromatic rings reported by Müllen and coworkers in Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 1834-1839.

Naturally formed basalt columns from Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland; large masses must cool slowly to form a polygonal fracture pattern

An aerial view of Fort Jefferson in Dry Tortugas National Park

The James Webb Space Telescope mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments.

Metropolitan France has a vaguely hexagonal shape. In French, l'Hexagone refers to the European mainland of France aka the "métropole" as opposed to the overseas territories such as Guadeloupe, Martinique or French Guiana.

Hexagonal Hanksite crystal, one of many hexagonal crystal system minerals

Hexagonal barn

The Hexagon, a hexagonal theatre in Reading, Berkshire

Władysław Gliński's hexagonal chess

Pavilion in the Taiwan Botanical Gardens

Hexagonal window

tag: ul


document_title: Food Network Star

question_text: who is left on next food network star

question_tokens: who is left on next food network star

text: Food Network Star

text: Season one[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The first season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in February 2005, and was composed of five episodes in June 2005.[1] Chicago area caterers Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh emerged as the winners, and went on to host a show called Party Line with Dan & Steve, now titled Party Line with The Hearty Boys, which premiered on September 18, 2005.

text: The runner-up, Deborah Fewell, was chosen to host a special on food at beaches, Surf N Turf, which aired in June 2006. Michael Thomas was the recurring chef on The Tyra Banks Show. Susannah Locketti made an appearance on The Tony Danza Show, and is also an on-air chef for Publix grocery stores in the southern United States.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Place

Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh
42 and 40
Bellmore, NY and Wayne, NJ
Winners

Deborah Fewell
32
Los Angeles
Runner-up

Hans Rueffert
32
Jasper, GA
3rd

Susannah Locketti
33
Plymouth, MA
4th

Eric Warren
52
Los Angeles
5th

Michael Thomas
36
Venice, CA
6th

Harmony Marceau
30
New York City, NY
7th

Brook Harlan
24
Columbia, MO
8th

text: Season two[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The second season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in December 2005 and began airing in March 2006. Guy Fieri was announced as the winner on April 23, 2006, beating Reggie Southerland.[2]

text: Fieri has achieved considerable success at Food Network since his victory, and is still regularly on air as of July 2017. Guy's Big Bite premiered in June 2006 and was picked up for a second season in 2008 and remains in production. Originally intended as a one-hour special, Fieri's second series, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, premiered April 23, 2007. He went on to the series, Ultimate Recipe Showdown, premiering February 17, 2008, and Guy Off The Hook on September 14, 2008. He has also started a new successful show called Guy's Grocery Games.

text: Fourth-place contestant Nathan Lyon began hosting his own series, A Lyon In the Kitchen,[3] on the Discovery Health Channel in March 2007.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Guy Fieri
38
Ferndale, CA
"Off the Hook" California Cuisine
Winner

Reggie Southerland
39
Los Angeles
Modern Soul Food
Runner-up

Carissa Seward
33
San Diego, CA
Simple Food for Entertaining
Week 6

Nathan Lyon
35
Los Angeles
Healthy and Seasonal Food
Week 5

Andrew Schumacher
26
Brooklyn, NY
Cooking Techniques
Week 4

Evette Rodriguez
35
Port St. Lucie, FL
Latin Cuisine
Week 3

Elizabeth Raynor
32
Sausalito, CA
Simple Mediterranean Cuisine
Week 2

Jess Dang
24
Menlo Park, CA
Asian Cuisine
Week 1

text: Season three[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The third season began on June 3, 2007, and the winner was announced on Sunday, July 22. In season 3, judges sent 1 or 2 contestants home weekly. Once the field was down to 2 final contestants, the viewers picked the winner. Marc Summers (host of the first 2 seasons) only returned for this season's finale. Bobby Flay would host subsequent season finales.[4]

text: During the season, the contestants lived in a shared house in New York City. The contestants' challenges included cooking concession food for an NBA game (with guest Darryl Dawkins) to a mini version of Food Network's Iron Chef America (with guest judges Bobby Flay and Cat Cora). The Selection Committee consisted of Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson along with one guest. Guest judges included Alton Brown, Giada De Laurentiis, Duff Goldman, season two winner Guy Fieri, and Robert Irvine.

text: Paula Deen and Rachael Ray participated in contestant challenges, and Bobby Flay also played a role in the guidance and selection process. Amy Finley was chosen by America as The Next Food Network Star on July 22, 2007. Her new show The Gourmet Next Door premiered on October 14, 2007 and ran for six episodes. Finley later declined to continue with the series, citing relocation to France for family reasons.[4]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Amy Finley
33
San Diego, CA
Stay-at-Home Mom
Winner1

Rory Schepisi
31
Vega, TX
Restaurateur
Runner-Up

Joshua Adam "JAG" Garcia
25
Havelock, NC
Chef-de-Cuisine
Withdrew1

Paul McCullough
36
Los Angeles
Caterer
Week 6

Adrien Sharp
29
Jackson, MI
Local Cooking Show Host
Week 5

Michael Salmon
53
Brooklyn, NY
Director of Operations for Macy's
Week 4

Tommy Grella, Jr.
34
Methuen, MA
Self-Taught Chef
Week 3

Colombe Jacobsen-Derstine
29
New York, NY
Former Child Actress
Week 3

Nikki Shaw
38
Oakland, CA
Caterer
Week 2

Patrick Rolfe
33
Seattle, WA
Chef
Week 1

Vivien Cunha
40
Hermosa Beach, CA
Caterer
Week 1

text: ^Note 1 : Amy Finley was eliminated Week 7, and the original finalists were Rory Schepisi and Joshua "JAG" Garcia. After the final elimination episode was aired, evidence came to light that JAG had lied about both his culinary training and his military service, representing both as more extensive than they actually were.[5][6] Food Network allowed him to withdraw from the competition and reinstated Amy Finley, who was voted The Next Food Network Star.

text: Season four[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season four of The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday, June 1, 2008. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson are joined by Bobby Flay as the selection committee for this season. Each new episode aired on Sundays at 10:00 PM EDT. For this season, the viewers no longer received the chance to vote for the winner; producers instead made the final decision. This led to an error by FoodNetwork.com, which briefly posted the winning moment video on their website three days before the finale aired.[7] The winner for the fourth season was Aaron McCargo, Jr. His winning show idea, Big Daddy's House, first aired August 3, 2008.[8]

text: Finalist Adam Gertler was hired to host a Food Network show called Will Work for Food, which debuted on January 19, 2009 and was cancelled after one season. He hosted the Food Network show Kid in a Candy Store, which two aired seasons.

text: Kelsey Nixon co-hosted a web show on food2.com (a Food Network sister site aka Cooking Channel) and also appeared in the premiere of Chefs vs. City in 2009. In 2010, Gertler and Nixon became co-hosts of The Next Food Network Star After Party, a half-hour recap/interview show following that night's episode of Star, on Cooking Channel. Nixon stars in Kelsey's Essentials, a program on kitchen and cooking basics for The Cooking Channel that ran November, 2010-2013.[9]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Aaron McCargo, Jr.
36
Camden, NJ
Chef
Winner

Adam Gertler
30
Philadelphia, PA
Food Server
Runner-Up

Lisa Garza
32
Dallas, TX
Restaurateur/Designer
Runner-Up

Kelsey Nixon
23
North Ogden, UT
Assistant Culinary Director
Week 7

Shane Lyons
20
Colorado Springs, CO
Private Chef and actor
Week 6

Jennifer Cochrane
32
Woonsocket, RI
Chef
Week 5

Nipa Bhatt
35
Victoria, MN
Marketing Manager
Week 4

Jeffrey Vaden
43
White Plains, NY
Food Service Management
Week 3

Kevin Roberts
39
San Diego, CA
Radio Talk Show Host/Restaurant Owner/Author
Week 2

Cory Kahaney
45
New York, NY
Stand-up Comedian
Week 1

text: Season five[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season five of The Next Food Network Star premiered on June 7, 2009. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season, which was filmed early 2009 in New York, New York and Miami, Florida. Melissa D'Arabian was declared the winner on August 2, 2009 with the title for her show being Ten Dollar Dinners. Her show premiered on August 9, 2009.[1]

text: On August 17, 2009, Food Network announced Jeffrey Saad would return in a series of online videos based on his pilot, now called "The Spice Smuggler."[10] The program premiered with four 4-1/2 minute videos featuring one spice and a recipe incorporating it.[11] Saad was named the national representative for the American Egg Board. In November, 2010, Saad debuted in a new show for The Cooking Channel titled United Tastes of America, which explores multiple aspects of traditional American food.[9]

text: Finalist Debbie Lee has carried her "Seoul to Soul" concept to the streets of L.A., opening a lunch truck, Ahn-Joo, featuring a range of Korean food.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Melissa d'Arabian
40
Keller, TX
Stay-At-Home Mom
"Kitchen Survival Guide"
Winner

Jeffrey Saad
42
Los Angeles, California
Restaurateur/Food Consultant/Recipe Developer/Chef
"Ingredient Smuggler"
Runner-Up

Debbie Lee
39
West Hollywood, California
Restaurant Consultant
"From Seoul to Soul"
Week 8

Jamika Pessoa
30
Atlanta, Georgia
Personal Chef/Businesswoman
Caribbean Cuisine
Week 7

Michael Proietti
28
City Island, NY
Executive Chef
"Global A Go-Go"
Week 6

Katie Cavuto
30
Philadelphia, PA
Personal Chef & Dietician
Healthy and Green Cuisine
Week 5

Teddy Folkman
33
Alexandria, VA
Restaurant Owner/Executive Chef
"Gourmet Bar Food"
Week 4

Eddie Gilbert
30
Los Angeles
Apprentice Chef
"Modernized Traditional Food"
Week 3

Brett Oxenforth
33
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Executive Sous Chef
Italian-American Cuisine
Week 2

Jen Isham
30
Orlando, FL
Sales Manager
"Housewife 2.0"
Week 1

text: Season six[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The sixth season of the series premiered on Sunday, June 6, 2010. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were again joined by Bobby Flay as judges; in addition, Giada De Laurentiis served as an on-set mentor. On July 17, 2010, a post-competition recap and discussion show premiered on The Cooking Channel. Shows were filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.[12]

text: On August 15, 2010, Aarti Sequeira was declared the winner, and her new show Aarti Party[13] premiered on Sunday, August 22, 2010 and features American style cuisine with unique Indian flair. Season 2 of Aarti Party[13] premiered that December.

text: The Food Network also signed runner-up Tom Pizzica to host a new show called Outrageous Food, which premiered in November 2010.[14] The last new episodes of Aarti Party aired in mid-2013.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Aarti Sequeira
31
Los Angeles, California
Food Blogger
"Aarti Paarti"
Winner

Herb Mesa
41
Atlanta, Georgia
Personal Trainer/Personal Chef
"Cooking Con Sabor"
Runner-Up

Tom Pizzica
32
San Francisco, CA
Unemployed Chef
"Big Chef"
Runner-Up

Aria Kagan
30
Hollywood, FL
Private Chef
"Family Style"
Week 9

Brad Sorenson
25
Austin, Texas
Professional Chef
"Pro"/"Culinary Quest"
Week 8

Serena Palumbo
31
New York, New York
Attorney
"Serena's Trattoria"
Week 7

Brianna Jenkins
30
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
"Sexy and Fabulous Flavors"
Week 6

Paul Young
32
Chicago, IL
Waiter
"Blue-Collar Dollar"
Week 5

Darrell "DAS" Smith
28
Los Angeles
High School Culinary Teacher
"Food is the Life of the Party"
Week 4

Dzintra Dzenis
44
Austin, TX
Private Cooking Instructor

Week 3

Doreen Fang
38
Los Angeles
Caterer/Cooking Instructor
"Simply Complex"
Week 2

Alexis Hernandez
40
Clarksville, IN
Part-time food Writer

Week 1

text: Season seven[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: For the seventh season, the reality television series was renamed, after the first episode, Food Network Star, dropping the word "Next". It premiered Sunday, June 5, 2011. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season. The series was filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.[15]

text: Season seven winner Jeff Mauro's show "Sandwich King" premiered on Sunday, August 21, 2011. In spring 2013, Jeff hosted $24 in 24, a show in which he went to several cities and ate an entire day's worth of meals on 24 dollars.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Jeff Mauro
32
Chicago, IL
Corporate Chef
"Sandwich King"
Winner

Susie Jimenez
31
Carbondale, CO
Catering Company Owner
"Spice It Up"
Runner-Up

Vic "Vegas" Moea
36
Brooklyn, NY
Executive Chef
"Mama's Boy"
Week 11

Mary Beth Albright
38
Washington, DC
Food Writer and Blogger
"Sunday Supper"
Week 10

Whitney Chen
28
New York, NY
Chef
"Four Star Flair"
Week 9

Jyll Everman
31
Glendora, CA
Caterer
"Jyllicious Bites"
Week 8

Penny Davidi
39
Los Angeles
Restaurant Owner
"Stilettos in the Kitchen"/"Middle Eastern Mama"
Week 7

Chris Nirschel
28
Hoboken, NJ
Sous Chef
"On the Line"
Week 7

Orchid Paulmeier
38
Bluffton, SC
Restaurant Owner
"Asian Persuasion"
Week 6

Justin Davis
31
Minneapolis, MN
Food Blogger
"The Flavor Factory"
Week 5

Justin Balmes
32
Marietta, GA
Fishmonger/ Butcher
"Kitchen Workshop"
Week 4

Alicia Sanchez
33
New York, NY
Young Adult Culinary Teacher
"Alicia's Guilty Pleasures"
Week 3

Katy Clark
34
Long Beach, CA
Food and Fitness Company Operator
"Simply Fabulous"
Week 2

Juba Kali
29
New Orleans, LA
Research Chef
"Cuisine Made Simply"
Week 2

Howie Drummond
40
Highlands Ranch, CO
Radio Host
"Basic and Delicious"
Week 1

text: Season eight[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season 8 started May 13, 2012. For season 8, the format changed, with the contestants divided into three five-member teams, each coached by a Food Network host, either Bobby Flay, Alton Brown, or Giada De Laurentiis. Coaches worked with the teams as they prepared for and completed their tasks. The winner's coach would also be the producer of the winner's show.

text: Each week, a winning team was selected, and one member of the teams that did not win was up for elimination in a new feature called Producers' Challenge. Each challenge was hosted by current Food Network personalities.

text: The final winner was decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com between July 15–17, 2012 and the winner was announced on July 22, 2012. The winner was Justin Warner, who hosted a one-hour special on The Food Network, but did not have a series produced. He has become a blogger on foodnetwork.com, makes appearances at Food Network events, and is an active Twitter presence.[16]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Alton Brown – host of Good Eats, Iron Chef America, The Next Iron Chef, and Cutthroat Kitchen.
Bobby Flay – host of Grill It! with Bobby Flay, Throwdown! with Bobby Flay. Co-host of season 3 of Worst Cooks in America and Iron Chef on Iron Chef America
Giada De Laurentiis – host of Everyday Italian , Giada at Home and Giada in Italy

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Team
Eliminated

Justin Warner
27
Brooklyn, NY
Chef and Restaurant Owner
"Rebel with a Culinary Cause"
Team Alton
Winner

Michele Ragussis
42
Brooklyn, NY[17]
Executive Chef
"My New England"
Team Bobby
Runner-Up

Yvan Lemoine
30
New York City
Bartender and Cook for the French Consulate
"Family Style"
Team Giada
Runner-Up

Martie Duncan
50[18]
Birmingham, AL
Blogger and Party Planner
"Martie with the Party"
Team Alton
Runner-Up

Philip "Ippy" Aiona
23
Kamuela, HI
Executive Chef
"Voyage to Paradise"
Team Giada
Week 10

Nikki Martin
31
West Hollywood, CA
Private Chef, Food and Beverage Consultant
"The Grill Next Door"
Team Bobby
Week 10

Martita Jara
35
San Diego, CA
Self-Taught Chef
"Martita's Mesa"
Team Giada
Week 9

Malcolm Mitchell
41
Washington, DC
Private Chef
"Simple and Soulful"
Team Bobby
Week 8

Emily Ellyn
29
Orlando, FL
College Student
"Cooking Retro Rad"
Team Alton
Week 7

Linkie Marais
28
North Attleborough, MA
Cake Baker
"Dessert Queen"
Team Giada
Week 6

Judson Allen
30
Chicago, IL
Catering Company Owner
"Weight Loss Journey"
Team Alton
Week 5

Eric Lee
44
Petaluma, CA
Winery Executive Chef
"Handcrafted in Wine Country"
Team Bobby
Week 4

Josh Lyons
42
Jupiter, FL
Restaurant Consultant and Sushi Chef
"Wok and Roll"
Team Giada
Week 3

Kara Sigle
31
Chicago, IL
Catering Company Owner
"Nostalgic Cooking with a Twist"
Team Bobby
Week 2

Cristie Schoen
35
New Orleans, LA
Caterer
"Healthy and Delicious"
Team Alton
Week 1

text: Season nine[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season 9 started on June 2, 2013.[19] For season 9, Alton Brown, Bobby Flay, and Giada De Laurentiis mentored and judged twelve Food Network Star competitors, although the contestants were not divided into teams as in season 8. Many of this season's contestants had previously appeared on other Food Network shows.[20] The winner was Damaris Phillips, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 11, 2013.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Damaris Phillips
31
Louisville, KY
Culinary Teacher
"Modern Southern Food"
Winner

Rodney Henry
47
Baltimore, MD
Pie Shop Owner
"Pie Style"
Runner-up

Russell Jackson
49
San Francisco, CA
Underground Chef
"Seven Culinary Sins"
Runner-up

Stacey Poon-Kinney
34
San Diego, CA
Restaurant Owner
"Vintage with a Modern Twist"
Week 10

Nikki Dinki
29
New York, NY
Food Blogger/Online Host
"Semi-Vegetarian" / "Meat on the Side"
Week 9

Connie "Lovely" Jackson
27
Los Angeles
Caterer
"Party on a Plate"
Week 4 & Week 8 (Winner of Star Salvation)

Chad Rosenthal
37
Ambler, PA
Restaurant Owner
"Jewish BBQ Guy"
Week 7

Chris Hodgson
26
Cleveland, OH
Chef/Restaurateur
"Compassion for Food"
Week 6

Viet Pham
33
Salt Lake City, UT
Chef/Restaurant Owner
"The American Dream"
Week 5

Danushka Lysek
37
New York, NY
Private Chef/Model
"Your Private Chef"
Week 3

Andres Guillama
26
Waynesville, NC
Childhood Obesity Prevention Coach
"Teaching Men to Cook"
Week 2

Daniela Perez-Reyes
28
Haleiwa, HI
Bartender/Caterer
"Peruvian Princess"
Week 1

text: Season ten[edit]

text: The winner was Lenny McNab, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 10, 2014. It is the last season to date where the finale aired live—all subsequent season finales would be filmed months in advance prior to airing.[21]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Lenny McNab
42
De Beque, CO
Executive Chef
Gourmet Cowboy
Winner

Luca Della Casa
38
San Antonio, TX (Originally from Turin, Italy)
Restaurateur
Luca's Feast
Episode 2 (Winner of Star Salvation) Runner-up

Nicole Gaffney
29
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Private Chef
Coastal Cuisine
Runner-up

Sarah Penrod
30
League City, TX
Private Chef
Devoted to Date Night/Texas Cuisine
Episode 10

Loreal Gavin
26
Indianapolis, IN
Butcher
Butcher Babe
Episode 9

Emma Frisch
30
Ithaca, NY
Farmer
Farm-to-Table
Episode 8

Chris Kyler
32
Stafford, VA
Caterer
elevating classics
Episode 7

Reuben Ruiz
27
Miami, FL
Restaurant Owner
Flavors of Miami
Episode 6

Christopher Lynch
39
New Orleans, LA
Executive Chef
New Orleans Inspired
Episode 5

Aryen Moore-Alston
31
Memphis, TN
Home Cook
International Cuisine Made Easy
Episode 4

Kenny Lao
36
New York, NY
Food Truck Chef
Fast-Casual
Episode 3

Donna Sonkin Shaw
42
New York, NY
Nutritionist
Healthy Comfort Food
Episode 1

text: Season eleven[edit]

text: Beginning with this season, Alton Brown no longer appeared as a judge. The winner was Eddie Jackson.[22]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Eddie Jackson
34
Houston, TX
Food Truck Owner
Caribbean
Winner

Jay Ducote
33
Baton Rouge, LA
Radio Host
Louisiana
Runner up

Dominick "Dom" Tesoriero
31
Staten Island, NY
Food Truck Owner
Italian
Week 8 (Winner of Star Salvation; returned for semi-final) Runner up

Arnold Myint
38
Nashville, TN
Restaurant Owner
Effortless Home Entertainment
Week 10

Alex McCoy
31
Washington, D.C.
Chef, Restaurant Owner
Fusion Sandwiches
Week 9

Michelle Karam
39
Santa Barbara, CA
Food Blogger
Mediterranean
Week 7 (Withdrew)

Emilia Cirker
36
Reston, VA
Culinary Instructor
Spice Class
Week 6

Rue Rusike
26
Brooklyn, NY
Private Chef
South African
Week 5

Rosa Graziano
38
Los Angeles
Food Truck Owner
Southern Italian
Week 4

Sita Lewis
47
New York, NY
Culinary Instructor
Italian Soul
Week 3

Matthew Grunwald
22
Scottsdale, AZ
Restaurant Chef
Hashtag
Week 2

Christina Fitzgerald
29
St. Louis, MO
Executive Chef
Around The World
Week 1

text: Season twelve[edit]

text: Martita Jara originally competed in the eighth season of the series; she returned after winning the pre-season competition Comeback Kitchen.[23]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Tregaye Fraser
31
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
Winner

Jernard Wells
37
Executive chef
Runner-up

Damiano Carrara
30
Moorpark, California
Pastry chef

Yaku Moton-Spruill[A]
33
San Francisco, California
Basketball player, sous chef
Week 4 /
Week 10

Ana Quincoces
49
Coral Gables, Florida
Cookbook writer, attorney
Week 9

Erin Campbell
24
Woodbury, Minnesota
Baker
Week 8

Joy Thompson
40
Thomasville, North Carolina
Baker, restaurateur
Week 7

Rob Burmeister
45
Staten Island, New York
School lunch administrator
Week 6

Monterey Salka
26
Nashville, Tennessee
Caterer
Week 5

Martita Jara
39
San Diego, California
Home cook
Week 3

Aaron Crumbaugh
36
Spokane, Washington
Caterer
Week 2

Melissa Pfeister
34
Los Angeles, California
Basketball player

Havird Usry
28

Restaurateur
Week 1

text: Season thirteen[edit]

text: Matthew Grunwald originally competed in season 11. He returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Jason Smith
39
Grayson, Kentucky
Cafeteria manager
Winner

Rusty Hamlin
42
Atlanta, Georgia
Executive chef
Runner-up

Cory Bahr
40
Monroe, Louisiana
Chef[B]

Matthew Grunwald
24
Scottsdale, Arizona
Restaurant chef
Week 10

Amy Pottinger
32
Honolulu, Hawaii
Food blogger
Week 9

David Rose
35
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
Week 7

Addie Gundry
30
Lake Forest, Illinois
Cookbook author; chef
Week 6

Caodan Tran
29
Dallas, Texas
Personal chef
Week 5

Trace Barnett
27
Brilliant, Alabama
Food blogger
Week 4

Suzanne Lossia
42
Detroit, Michigan
Personal chef
Week 3

Toya Boudy
34
New Orleans, Louisiana
Week 2

Nancy Manlove
65
Texas City, Texas
Chef

Blake Baldwin
30
Flemington, New Jersey
Marketing manager; home cook
Week 1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Yaku Moton-Spruill returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 12 after winning Star Salvation, but was again eliminated midway through the latter episode.
Jump up ^ Cory Bahr returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 13 after winning Star Salvation.

tag: ol


document_title: Chip Away the Stone

question_text: what album is chip away at the stone on

question_tokens: what album is chip away at the stone on

text: Chip Away the Stone

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Chip Away the Stone"

Single by Aerosmith

from the album Live! Bootleg

B-side
1. "S.O.S. (Too Bad)" (Live version)
2. "Chip Away The Stone" (Live version)

Released
1978
1989 (re-issue)

Format
[]7" single]]

Recorded
April 8, 1978 at Santa Monica
June 4, 1978 at Long View Farms

Length
4:12

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Richard Supa

Producer(s)
Jack Douglas

Aerosmith singles chronology

"Come Together"
(1978)
"Chip Away the Stone"
(1978)
"Remember (Walking in the Sand)"
(1980)

"Come Together"
(1978)
"Chip Away the Stone"
(1978)
"Remember (Walking in the Sand)"
(1980)

text: "Chip Away the Stone" is a song performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith. Written by Richie Supa, a friend and sometime collaborator with the band, it was released in 1978 as the only single to support the band's live album Live! Bootleg. It also appeared on the Cal Jam II live album, despite being the same recording from Live! Bootleg at Santa Monica.[1]

text: The live version that appears on Live! Bootleg was recorded in Santa Monica on April 8, 1978. The single also featured a studio version of the track, which was recorded at Long View Farm studio in Massachusetts on June 4, 1978, with the single's B-side being live versions of both "Chip Away the Stone" and "S.O.S. (Too Bad)" from their 1974 album Get Your Wings. The front and back cover of Night in the Ruts come from a photoshoot originally intended for the cover of this single.[2] "Chip Away the Stone" peaked at #77 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978, breaking the band's run of Top-40 charting singles in the United States at the time.

text: The song was also included on the albums Gems in 1988 (studio version - its first appearance on an Aerosmith album), Pandora's Box in 1991 (alternate studio version), and Greatest Hits 1973–1988 in 2004. Live video is also featured on Aerosmith Video Scrapbook. The song re-charted in 1988 at #13 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, when it was included on the collection Gems, 10 years after its initial release. The 1989 single contains the original studio version of "S.O.S (Too Bad)" as the B side.

text: The song was a regular part of the setlist in Aerosmith concerts in 1978, but only occasionally played live after that year.

text: Although rumored not to be played at Cal Jam II, listening to their entire set from that night reveals that they did in fact play "Chip Away the Stone".

text: 35 years after its release, Steven Tyler and Joe Perry performed this song with Randy Jackson and members of the house band on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on January 20, 2012.

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video was produced to promote the single. The video was directed by Arnold Levine.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Humble Pie covered the song on their 1981 album Go for the Throat.

text: New Bomb Turks covered the song on their 2003 album Switchblade Tongues, Butterknife Brains.

text: Vince Neil, Blues Saraceno, Ricky Phillips, Pat Torpey and Paul Taylor covered the song for the Aerosmith tribute album Not the Same Old Song and Dance (Eagle Records, 1999). Backing vocals were by David Glen Eisley.

text: The Hot Club of Cowtown did a tongue-in-cheek country-style version on their 2002 album Ghost Train.

text: Guns N' Roses covered part of the song during their Up Close and Personal Tour.[3]


document_title: 1962 FIFA World Cup

question_text: where did england finish in the 1962 world cup

question_tokens: where did england finish in the 1962 world cup

text: 1962 FIFA World Cup

text: Host selection[edit]

text: After Europe hosted two consecutive World Cups, the American federations claimed the 1962 edition must be held in South America or face a complete boycott of the tournament, similar to 1938.[2] Argentina, after previously failed candidacies, was the favorite. Magallanes' chairman, Ernesto Alvear, attended a FIFA Congress held in Helsinki while the Finnish city was hosting the 1952 Summer Olympics. He considered that Chile was able to organise the World Cup. Several sources also say that FIFA did not want Argentina to run alone, requesting the participation of Chile as almost symbolic. Chile registered its candidacy in 1954 alongside Argentina and West Germany, the latter withdrawing at the request of FIFA.[2]

text: Chile's football federation committee, led by Carlos Dittborn and Juan Pinto Durán, toured many countries convincing various football associations about the country's ability to organise the tournament in comparison to Argentina's superior sports infrastructure and prestige. The FIFA Congress met in Lisbon, Portugal on 10 June 1956. That day, Raul Colombo, representing Argentina's candidacy, ended his speech with the phrase "We can start the World Cup tomorrow. We have it all." The next day, Dittborn presented four arguments that supported Chile's candidacy: Chile's continued participations at FIFA-organised conferences and tournaments, sports climate, tolerance of race and creed and political and institutional stability of the country. In addition, Dittborn invoked Article 2 of the FIFA statutes that addressed the tournament's role in promoting the sport in countries deemed "underdeveloped". Chile won 31 votes to Argentina's 12. Thirteen members abstained from voting.[3]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: 57 teams entered the 1962 World Cup (due to rejected entries and withdrawals, 52 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages). Chile as host nation and Brazil as reigning World Cup champions were granted automatic qualification, with the remaining 14 finals places divided among the continental confederations.

text: Eight places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe) and three by CONMEBOL teams (South America). CAF teams (Africa), AFC teams (Asia), NAFC teams (North America), and CCCF teams (Central America and Caribbean) contested three play-offs slots. The three winners would then face a European or South American team for entry into the World Cup. The 1962 tournament was the last one for which only nations from Europe or the Americas qualified.

text: Two teams qualified for the first time ever: Colombia and Bulgaria. Colombia would not qualify for another World Cup until 1990.

text: Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1958 runners up Sweden and 1958 third-place finishers France. Austria withdrew during the qualification tournament.

text: List of qualified teams[edit]

text: The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.

text:
AFC (0)
None qualified
CAF (0)
None qualified

CONCACAF (1)
 Mexico
CONMEBOL (5)
 Argentina
 Brazil
 Chile (hosts)
 Colombia
 Uruguay

UEFA (10)
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia
 England
 Hungary
 Italy
 Soviet Union
 Spain
  Switzerland
 West Germany
 Yugoslavia

text: Venues[edit]

text: Originally, eight stadiums were selected to host the World Cup matches in eight cities: Santiago, Viña del Mar, Rancagua, Arica, Talca, Concepción, Talcahuano and Valdivia.

text: The Valdivia earthquake, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, occurred on 22 May 1960. With over 50,000 casualties and more than 2 million people affected, the earthquake forced the organising committee to completely modify the World Cup's calendar. Talca, Concepción, Talcahuano and Valdivia were severely damaged and discarded as venues. Antofagasta and Valparaíso declined to host any matches as their venues were not financially self-sustainable. Viña del Mar and Arica managed to rebuild their stadiums while Braden Copper Company, then an American company that controlled the El Teniente copper mine, allowed the use of its stadium in Rancagua. The most used stadium was the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, with 10 matches; the Estadio Sausalito in Viña del Mar hosted 8 matches, and the stadiums in Rancagua and far-away Arica (the only location that was not close to the other cities) both hosted 7 matches.

text: Being largely concerned with the build-up of the country after the 1960 earthquake, government support for the tournament was minimal.[4]

text:
SantiagoViña del MarRancaguaArica1962 FIFA World Cup (Chile)

Santiago

Viña del Mar

Estadio Nacional

Estadio Sausalito

33°27′52″S 70°36′38″W / 33.46444°S 70.61056°W / -33.46444; -70.61056 (Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos)

33°00′51.83″S 71°32′6.84″W / 33.0143972°S 71.5352333°W / -33.0143972; -71.5352333 (Estadio Sausalito)

Capacity: 66,660

Capacity: 18,037

Rancagua

Arica

Estadio Braden Copper Co.

Estadio Carlos Dittborn

34°10′39.95″S 70°44′15.79″W / 34.1777639°S 70.7377194°W / -34.1777639; -70.7377194 (Estadio El Teniente)

18°29′15.47″S 70°17′56.96″W / 18.4876306°S 70.2991556°W / -18.4876306; -70.2991556 (Estadio Carlos Dittborn)

Capacity: 18,000

Capacity: 17,786

text: Team bases[edit]

text:
Team

Site

City

 Argentina

Hostería El Sauzal

Rancagua

 Brazil

Villa Retiro

Quilpué

 Bulgaria

Parque Municipal

Machalí

 Chile

Villa del Seleccionado

Santiago

 Colombia

Hotel El Morro

Arica

 Czechoslovakia

Posada Quebrada Verde

Valparaíso

 England

Staff House Braden Copper Co.

Coya

 Hungary

Hotel Turismo

Rengo

 Italy

Escuela de Aviación Cap. Ávalos

Santiago

 Mexico

Hotel O'Higgins

Viña del Mar

 Soviet Union

Hostería Arica

Arica

 Spain

Hotel Miramar Caleta Abarca

Viña del Mar

  Switzerland

Club Suizo

Santiago

 Uruguay

Hotel Azapa

Arica

 West Germany

Escuela Militar Bernardo O'Higgins

Santiago

 Yugoslavia

Hotel El Paso

Arica

text: Squads[edit]

text: Squads for the 1962 World Cup consisted of 22 players, as for the previous tournament in 1958.

text: After Attilio Demaría and Luis Monti, who both represented Argentina in 1930 and Italy in 1934, Ferenc Puskás (Hungary in 1954, then Spain), José Santamaría (Uruguay in 1954, then Spain) and José Altafini (Brazil in 1958, then Italy) became the third, fourth and fifth players to play for two national teams in the World Cup. In light of this, FIFA created stipulations describing that once a player represents a nation during a World Cup or its qualifying rounds the player cannot switch to another national team.[citation needed] Robert Prosinečki and Robert Jarni would later become the sixth and seventh such players, playing for Yugoslavia in 1990, then for Croatia in 1998; Davor Šuker was also selected in both squads, but did not play in 1990. This was accepted by FIFA because Croatia was a newly independent former republic of Yugoslavia.

text: Match officials[edit]

text: Eighteen match officials from 17 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees.

text:
Europe
 Albert Dusch
 Andor Dorogi
 Arthur Blavier
 Branko Tesanić
 Cesare Jonni
 Erich Steiner
 Gottfried Dienst
 Juan Gardeazábal
 Karol Galba

 Ken Aston
 Leo Horn
 Nikolay Latyshev
 Pierre Schwinte
 Robert Holley Davidson
South America
 Arturo Yamasaki
 Carlos Robles
 João Etzel Filho
 Sergio Bustamante

text: Seeding[edit]

text:
Pot 1: South America

Pot 2: Europe I

Pot 3: Europe II

Pot 4: Rest of the World

 Chile (host nation)
 Brazil (defending champions)
 Argentina
 Uruguay

 Czechoslovakia
 England
 Soviet Union
 West Germany

 Italy
 Hungary
 Spain
 Yugoslavia

 Bulgaria
 Colombia
 Mexico
  Switzerland

text: Format[edit]

text: The format of the competition was similar to that of the 1958 competition: 16 teams qualified, divided into four groups of four. Four teams were seeded in the draw taking place in Santiago de Chile, on 18 January 1962: Brazil, England, Italy and Uruguay.[5] The top two teams in each group advanced to the quarter-finals.

text: Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw. In a change from the 1958 format, goal average was used to separate any teams equal on points.[6] (In 1958, goal average was available, but was only between teams level on points in first place, or if a playoff between teams equal in second place failed to yield a result after extra time). Argentina became the first (and only) team in World Cup history to be eliminated on goal average when England advanced from Group 4 in second place.

text: In the knockout games, if the teams were level after ninety minutes, thirty minutes of extra time were played. For any match other than the final, if the teams were still even after extra time then lots would be drawn to determine the winner. The final would have been replayed if still tied after extra time. In the event, no replays or drawing of lots was necessary.

text: Summary[edit]

text: In May 1960, as the preparations were well under way, Chile suffered the largest earthquake ever recorded (9.5 magnitude), which caused enormous damage to the national infrastructure. In the face of this, Carlos Dittborn, the president of the Organization Committee, coined the phrase "Because we don't have anything, we will do everything in our power to rebuild".[7] Stadia and other infrastructure were rebuilt at record speed and the tournament occurred on schedule with no major organisational flaw. Dittborn did not live to see the success of his efforts, as he died one month before the start of the tournament. The World Cup venue at Arica was named Estadio Carlos Dittborn in his honour and bears his name to this day.[citation needed] Even with these few and low-capacity stadiums Chile was able to meet the demand for seats as international travel to Chile, far-away for Europe, was minimal at the time.[4]

text: President Jorge Alessandri gave an uninspiring inaugural speech before the first match, which was played between Chile and Switzerland. Alessandri left however before the end of the match. While Chilean society was living in a "footballized" atmosphere, Alessandri was criticized for his cold attitude towards the tournament, which forced his ministers to come out and claim he was as "footballized" as everybody else, but was too busy to devote too much attention to the competition.[4]

text: The competition was marred by constant violence on the pitch. This poisonous atmosphere culminated in the first-round match between host Chile and Italy (2–0), known as the Battle of Santiago. Two Italian journalists had written unflattering articles about the host country and its capital city; describing Santiago as a "proudly backwards and poverty-stricken dump full of prostitution and crime".[8] Although only two players (both of them Italian) were sent off by the English referee Ken Aston, the match saw repeated attempts from players on both sides to harm opponents, and the Italian team needed police protection to leave the field in safety.[9] Articles in the Italian papers La Nazione and Corriere della Sera were saying that allowing Chile to host the World Cup was "pure madness"; this was used and magnified by local newspapers to inflame the Chilean population. The British newspaper the Daily Express wrote "The tournament shows every sign of developing into a violent bloodbath. Reports read like battlefront despatches; the Italy vs West Germany match was described as 'wrestling and warfare'".

text: As the competition began, a shift in strategy was imminent. Defensive strategies began to take hold as the average goals per match dropped to 2.78, under 3 for the first time in competition history (the average has never been above 3 since).[10]

text: Pelé was injured in the second group match against Czechoslovakia. The USSR's goalkeeper Lev Yashin, arguably the world's best at the time, was in poor form and his team went out to Chile (1–2) in the quarter-finals. Bright spots included the emergence of the young Brazilians Amarildo (standing in for Pelé) and Garrincha, the heroics of Czechoslovakia goalkeeper Viliam Schrojf against Hungary and Yugoslavia, and the performance of the host nation Chile, who took third place with a squad of relatively unknown players.[citation needed]

text: In the first round, Brazil topped their group with Czechoslovakia finishing second, above Mexico and Spain. USSR and Yugoslavia finished above Uruguay and Colombia. Hungary, along with England progressed to the quarter-finals, while Argentina and Bulgaria were eliminated. England had the same number of points as Argentina but progressed due to a superior goal average; the first time such a requirement had been necessary in a World Cup finals tournament. Switzerland lost all three games while West Germany and Chile both went through over Italy.

text: Chile defeated European champions USSR to earn a semi-final game against the winner of the England – Brazil game. Garrincha scored two goals in a 3–1 win against England. Meanwhile, 1–0 wins for Yugoslavia against West Germany – and another 1–0 win of Czechoslovakia against neighbours Hungary – saw the two Slavic states meet in the semi-finals.

text: Viña del Mar was the original venue for the South American semi-final and Santiago for the Slavic one, but due to Chile's surprise qualification, the organisers prompted FIFA to switch the venues. This irritated crowds in Viña del Mar and only a little under 6,000 spectators came to Estadio Sausalito to watch Czechoslovakia beat Yugoslavia 3–1, whereas a capacity crowd of 76,600 in Santiago watched Brazil beat the hosts 4–2.[11] This game saw Garrincha sent off for Brazil and Honorino Landa sent off for Chile. Chile eventually took third place in a 1–0 victory over Yugoslavia with the very last play of the match. The same player, Eladio Rojas, had also scored the winning goal in Chile's game against USSR.

text: Santiago's Estadio Nacional served as the venue for the final, and after 15 minutes, Brazil again found themselves a goal behind in the World Cup final, as a long ball from Adolf Scherer was latched onto by Josef Masopust: 1–0 Czechoslovakia. As in the previous final in 1958, Brazil soon hit back, equalising two minutes later through Amarildo after an error by Czechoslovak goalkeeper Schroijf. The Brazilians scored goals from Zito and Vavá (another Schrojf error) midway through the second half, and the Czechoslovaks could not get back into the game. The match ended 3–1 to Brazil, a successful defence of the title for only the second time in the history of the competition in spite of the absence of one of their star players of 1958, Pelé, who was replaced by Amarildo.

text: Group stage[edit]

text: Group 1[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Soviet Union

3
2
1
0
8
5
1.60
5

 Yugoslavia

3
2
0
1
8
3
2.67
4

 Uruguay

3
1
0
2
4
6
0.67
2

 Colombia

3
0
1
2
5
11
0.45
1

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 Colombia

Cubilla  56'Sasía  75'

Report

Zuluaga  19' (pen.)

text:
Soviet Union

2–0

 Yugoslavia

Ivanov  51'Ponedelnik  83'

Report

text:
Yugoslavia

3–1

 Uruguay

Skoblar  25' (pen.)Galić  29'Jerković  49'

Report

Cabrera  19'

text:
Soviet Union

4–4

 Colombia

Ivanov  8', 11'Chislenko  10'Ponedelnik  56'

Report

Aceros  21'Coll  68' (cnr.)Rada  72'Klinger  86'

text:
Soviet Union

2–1

 Uruguay

Mamykin  38'Ivanov  89'

Report

Sasía  54'

text:
Yugoslavia

5–0

 Colombia

Galić  20', 61'Jerković  25', 87'Melić  82'

Report

text: Group 2[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 West Germany

3
2
1
0
4
1
4.00
5

 Chile

3
2
0
1
5
3
1.67
4

 Italy

3
1
1
1
3
2
1.50
3

  Switzerland

3
0
0
3
2
8
0.25
0

text:
Chile

3–1

  Switzerland

L. Sánchez  44', 55'Ramírez  51'

Report

Wüthrich  6'

text:
West Germany

0–0

 Italy

Report

text:
Chile

2–0

 Italy

Ramírez  73'Toro  87'

Report

text:
West Germany

2–1

  Switzerland

Brülls  45'Seeler  59'

Report

Schneiter  73'

text:
West Germany

2–0

 Chile

Szymaniak  21' (pen.)Seeler  82'

Report

text:
Italy

3–0

  Switzerland

Mora  1'Bulgarelli  65', 67'

Report

text: Group 3[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Brazil

3
2
1
0
4
1
4.00
5

 Czechoslovakia

3
1
1
1
2
3
0.67
3

 Mexico

3
1
0
2
3
4
0.75
2

 Spain

3
1
0
2
2
3
0.67
2

text:
Brazil

2–0

 Mexico

Zagallo  56'Pelé  73'

Report

text:
Czechoslovakia

1–0

 Spain

Štibrányi  80'

Report

text:
Brazil

0–0

 Czechoslovakia

Report

text:
Spain

1–0

 Mexico

Peiró  90'

Report

text:
Brazil

2–1

 Spain

Amarildo  72', 86'

Report

Adelardo  35'

text:
Mexico

3–1

 Czechoslovakia

Díaz  12'Del Águila  29'Hernández  90' (pen.)

Report

Mašek  1'

text: Group 4[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Hungary

3
2
1
0
8
2
4.00
5

 England

3
1
1
1
4
3
1.33
3

 Argentina

3
1
1
1
2
3
0.67
3

 Bulgaria

3
0
1
2
1
7
0.14
1

text: England finished ahead of Argentina on goal average.

text:
Argentina

1–0

 Bulgaria

Facundo  4'

Report

text:
Hungary

2–1

 England

Tichy  17'Albert  71'

Report

Flowers  60' (pen.)

text:
England

3–1

 Argentina

Flowers  17' (pen.)Charlton  42'Greaves  67'

Report

Sanfilippo  81'

text:
Hungary

6–1

 Bulgaria

Albert  1', 6', 53'Tichy  8', 70'Solymosi  12'

Report

Sokolov  64'[12]

text:
Hungary

0–0

 Argentina

Report

text:
England

0–0

 Bulgaria

Report

text: Knockout stage[edit]

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            10 June – Arica   Soviet Union1 13 June – Santiago  Chile2
  Chile2 10 June – Viña del Mar  Brazil4
  Brazil3 17 June – Santiago  England1
  Brazil3 10 June – Santiago  Czechoslovakia1
  West Germany0 13 June – Viña del Mar  Yugoslavia1
  Yugoslavia1 10 June – Rancagua  Czechoslovakia3
Third place  Hungary0 16 June – Santiago  Czechoslovakia1
  Chile1   Yugoslavia0

text: Quarter-finals[edit]

text:
Chile

2–1

 Soviet Union

L. Sánchez  11'Rojas  29'

Report

Chislenko  26'

text:
Czechoslovakia

1–0

 Hungary

Scherer  13'

Report

text:
Brazil

3–1

 England

Garrincha  31', 59'Vavá  53'

Report

Hitchens  38'

text:
Yugoslavia

1–0

 West Germany

Radaković  85'

Report

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text:
Czechoslovakia

3–1

 Yugoslavia

Kadraba  48'Scherer  80', 84' (pen.)

Report

Jerković  69'

text:
Brazil

4–2

 Chile

Garrincha  9', 32'Vavá  47', 78'

Report

Toro  42'L. Sánchez  61' (pen.)

text: Third place play-off[edit]

text:
Chile

1–0

 Yugoslavia

Rojas  90'

Report

text: Final[edit]

text:
Brazil

3–1

 Czechoslovakia

Amarildo  17'Zito  69'Vavá  78'

Report

Masopust  15'

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: With four goals each, Flórián Albert, Garrincha, Valentin Ivanov, Dražan Jerković, Leonel Sánchez and Vavá are the top scorers in the tournament. In total, 89 goals were scored by 54 players, with none of them credited as own goal.

text:
Garrincha
 Vavá

 Leonel Sánchez
 Flórián Albert

 Valentin Ivanov
 Dražan Jerković

text:
Amarildo
 Adolf Scherer

 Lajos Tichy

 Milan Galić

text:
Jaime Ramírez
 Eladio Rojas
 Jorge Toro

 Ron Flowers
 Giacomo Bulgarelli
 Igor Chislenko

 Viktor Ponedelnik
 José Sasía
 Uwe Seeler

text:
Héctor Facundo
 José Sanfilippo
 Pelé
 Mário Zagallo
 Zito
 Georgi Sokolov
 Germán Aceros
 Marcos Coll
 Marino Klinger
 Antonio Rada
 Francisco Zuluaga
 Josef Kadraba

 Václav Mašek
 Josef Masopust
 Jozef Štibrányi
 Bobby Charlton
 Jimmy Greaves
 Gerry Hitchens
 Ernő Solymosi
 Bruno Mora
 Alfredo del Águila
 Isidoro Díaz
 Héctor Hernández
 Aleksei Mamykin

 Adelardo
 Joaquín Peiró
 Heinz Schneiter
 Rolf Wüthrich
 Ángel Cabrera
 Luis Cubilla
 Albert Brülls
 Horst Szymaniak
 Vojislav Melić
 Petar Radaković
 Josip Skoblar

text: FIFA retrospective ranking[edit]

text: In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.[13][14] The rankings for the 1962 tournament were as follows:

text:
R

Team

G

P

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts.

1
 Brazil
3
6
5
1
0
14
5
+9
11

2
 Czechoslovakia
3
6
3
1
2
7
7
0
7

3
 Chile
2
6
4
0
2
10
8
+2
8

4
 Yugoslavia
1
6
3
0
3
10
7
+3
6

Eliminated in the quarter-finals

5
 Hungary
4
4
2
1
1
8
3
+5
5

6
 Soviet Union
1
4
2
1
1
9
7
+2
5

7
 West Germany
2
4
2
1
1
4
2
+2
5

8
 England
4
4
1
1
2
5
6
−1
3

Eliminated in the group stage

9
 Italy
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
+1
3

10
 Argentina
4
3
1
1
1
2
3
−1
3

11
 Mexico
3
3
1
0
2
3
4
−1
2

12
 Uruguay
1
3
1
0
2
4
6
−2
2

13
 Spain
3
3
1
0
2
2
3
−1
2

14
 Colombia
1
3
0
1
2
5
11
−6
1

15
 Bulgaria
4
3
0
1
2
1
7
−6
1

16
  Switzerland
2
3
0
0
3
2
8
−6
0

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "World Cup Best Players (Golden Ball)". Topend Sports. Retrieved 23 June 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA World Cup 1962 – Historical Football Kits". Historicalkits.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

Jump up ^ Paul (16 December 2012). "Carlos Dittborn Pinto – 1962 FIFA World Cup". DoFooty.com. Retrieved 15 June 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b c Ortega, Luis (2005), "De pasión de multitudes a rito privado",  in Sagredo, Rafael; Gazmuri, Cristián, Historia de la vida privada en Chile (in Spanish), 3: El Chile contemporáneo. De 1925 a nuestros días (4th ed.), Santiago de Chile: Aguilar Chilena de Ediciones, ISBN 956-239-337-2

Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup Final Draw" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2012.

Jump up ^ "for the first time goal average was brought in as a means of separating teams with the same amount of points""Compact book of the World Cup" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2013.

Jump up ^ Brewin, John; Williamson, Martin (30 April 2014). "World Cup History: 1962". ESPN FC. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1976117-italy-world-cup-rewind-infamy-at-the-battle-of-santiago-1962

Jump up ^ Lopresti, Sam (28 February 2014). "Italy World Cup Rewind: Infamy at the Battle of Santiago, 1962". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 15 June 2014.

Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup Record – Organisation". FIFA. Retrieved 15 June 2014.

Jump up ^ Grüne, Hardy (2006). "WM 1962 Chile". Fussball WM Enzyklopädie 1930–2006. Agon Sportverlag. ISBN 978-3-89784-261-8.

Jump up ^ RSSSF credits this goal to Georgi Asparuhov.

Jump up ^ "page 45" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2012.

Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7" (PDF). FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.


document_title: Flag of Chicago

question_text: what do the white stripes on the chicago flag stand for

text: Flag of Chicago

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: Stripes[edit]

text: The three white background areas of the flag represent, from top to bottom, the North, West and South sides of the city. The top blue stripe represents Lake Michigan and the North Branch of the Chicago River. The bottom blue stripe represents the South Branch of the river and the "Great Canal", over the Chicago Portage.[2]  The lighter blue on the flag is variously called sky blue[3] or pale blue;[4] in a 1917 article of a speech by Rice, it was called "the color of water".[5][6]

text: Stars[edit]

text: There are four red six-pointed stars on the center white stripe. Six-pointed stars are used because five-pointed stars represent sovereign states, and because the star as designed was not found on any other known flags as of 1917.[7] From left to right:

text:
The first star represents Fort Dearborn. It was added to the flag in 1939. Its six points symbolize transportation, labor, commerce, finance, populousness, and salubrity.[2]
The second star stands for the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, and is original to the 1917 design of the flag. Its six points represent the virtues of religion, education, aesthetics, justice, beneficence, and civic pride.[2]
The third star symbolizes the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, and is original to the 1917 design. Its six points stand for political entities Chicago has belonged to and the flags that have flown over the area: France, 1693; Great Britain, 1763; Virginia, 1778; the Northwest Territory, 1789; Indiana Territory, 1802; and Illinois (territory, 1809, and state, since 1818).[2]
The fourth star represents the Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34), and was added in 1933. Its points refer to bragging rights: the United States' second largest city (became third largest in a 1990 census when passed by Los Angeles); Chicago's Latin motto, Urbs in horto ("City in a garden"); Chicago's "I Will" motto; the Great Central Marketplace; Wonder City; and Convention City.[2][8]

text: Additional stars have been proposed, with varying degrees of seriousness. The following reasons have been suggested for possible additions of a fifth star:

text:
A fifth star could represent Chicago’s contribution to the nuclear age, an idea first suggested in a 1940s letter published by the Chicago Tribune and later championed by Mayor Daley in the 1960s.[9][10][11]
In the 1980s, a star was proposed in honor of Harold Washington, the first African-American mayor of Chicago.[11][12]
The 1992 Chicago Flood was suggested as an additional natural disaster deserving of a star,[citation needed] in line with the existing star for the 1871 Great Chicago Fire. Another fifth star was in the works from a group of Chicago real estate professionals to represent Chicago's entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s.[citation needed]
When Chicago was bidding to host the 2016 Summer Olympics, the Bid Committee proposed that a fifth star be added to the flag in commemoration,[11][13] but the bid was won instead by Rio de Janeiro.
Anne Burke, Tim Shriver, and others have proposed adding a fifth star to commemorate the Special Olympics, which were founded in Chicago.[14][15]
Other sports-related suggestions include recognizing the Chicago Bulls’ dominance of the NBA in the 1990s[16] and a proposal for a fifth star if the Chicago Cubs should ever win the World Series,[16] which did not happen between their long drought of series wins in 1908, up to 2016.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1915, Mayor William Hale Thompson appointed a municipal flag commission, chaired by Alderman James A. Kearnes. Among the commission members were wealthy industrialist Charles Deering and impressionist painter Lawton S. Parker. Parker asked lecturer and poet Wallace Rice to develop the rules for an open public competition for the best flag design. Over a thousand entries were received.  In the end, the commission chose the design by Wallace Rice himself.  On April 4, 1917, the commission's recommendation was accepted by the city council.