document_title: I Know What You Did Last Summer

question_text: who was killed in i know what you did last summer

root

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Fourth of July 1996 in Southport, North Carolina, recent high school graduates Julie James, her boyfriend Ray Bronson, Julie's best friend Helen Shivers, and Helen's boyfriend Barry Cox, drive to the beach to celebrate after Helen wins the annual Croaker Beauty Pageant. After a night of partying, while driving along a coastal byway, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. Max, who has a crush on Julie, passes by them on the road. Julie reassures Max that everything is all right, and he leaves. After some arguing, the group decides to dispose of the body, dumping it in the water. They agree to never again discuss what had happened.

tag: p

text: The following year, Julie returns home from her college in Boston for the summer. Since the incident, the friends have gone their separate ways. Julie receives a letter with no return address, stating, "I know what you did last summer!" Disturbed, Julie tracks down Helen, who has returned to Southport to work at her family's department store after a failed attempt at an acting career in New York City. The girls take the note to Barry, who immediately thinks Max is responsible. They confront Max on the docks, and Barry threatens him with a hook. Julie meets Ray, who is now working as a fisherman; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her. Later, Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying, "I know." He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry's car.

text: Meanwhile, Julie researches newspaper articles which lead her to believe the man they ran over was a local named David Egan. Helen and Julie go to visit with David's sister Missy at her home, posing as stranded motorists. Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David's death; she also mentions that a friend of David's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects. Later that night, the killer sneaks into Helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "Soon" on her mirror.

text: The following morning, Julie finds Max's corpse wearing Barry's stolen jacket in the trunk of her car. When she calls the others, the body is missing. Ray claims to have received a threatening letter, too. Julie goes back to visit Missy, who reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in a car accident. Missy shows David's suicide note to Julie. As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie realizes it was not a suicide note, but a death threat.

text: Meanwhile, Helen attends the Croaker Pageant to confer the title to the upcoming queen. During the ceremony, Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony. She rushes upstairs with a police officer, but finds no sign of the killer or Barry. An officer escorts Helen home, and stops to help a stalled truck; the motorist is in fact the killer, who kills him. Helen flees to her nearby family store, where her sister Elsa is closing for the night. The killer enters the store, and murders Elsa. Helen is chased to the third floor of the building, and leaps from a window to escape, falling to a long alleyway. She manages to runs toward the street, but the killer stops her, killing her by repeatedly thrashing her with the hook; her screams are drowned out by the sound of the parade.

text: Julie finds an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis, and realizes it is Ben they ran over, moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter. She then goes to the docks to tell Ray, but he refuses to believe her. Julie notices Ray's boat is called Billy Blue and runs away. Ben appears, knocking Ray unconscious, and invites Julie to hide on his boat. On the boat, she finds photos and articles about her friends and her, and pictures of Susie. Ben's boat leaves the docks, and he begins tormenting Julie, chasing her below deck; there, she uncovers the bodies of Helen and Barry in the boat's ice box. Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie. He ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben's hand and send him overboard. When the police question them, they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them, but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.

text: A year later, Julie is in college in Boston. As she enters the shower, she notices the words "I still know" on the mirror. Moments later, a dark figure crashes through it.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers
Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox
Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson
Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers
Anne Heche as Missy Egan
Muse Watson as Ben Willis
Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick
Stuart Greer as Officer Caporizo

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer was a screenplay penned by Kevin Williamson several years beforehand, which was then rushed into production by Columbia Pictures upon the success of the Williamson-written Scream (1996).[9] It was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan,[10] a youth-oriented suspense novel about four young people who are involved in a hit-and-run accident involving a young boy.[11] Producer Erik Feig pitched the idea of a screen adaptation to Mandalay Entertainment, and subsequently appointed Williamson to retool the core elements of Duncan's novel, rendering a screenplay more akin to a 1980s slasher film.[4][11] Inspired by his father, who had been a commercial fisherman, Williamson changed the setting of the novel to a small fishing village, and made the villain a hook-wielding fisherman.[5]

text: The killer's arming of himself with a hook is a reference to the urban legend "The Hook," which the four main characters recount at the beginning of the film around a campfire.[11] According to Williamson, he wrote the scene as a way of indicating what was to come: "Basically what I was doing was I was setting the framework to say, 'Alright, audience: That's that legend. Now here's a new one.'"[11] Unlike Williamson's screenplay for the film's contemporary, Scream (1996), which incorporated satire of the slasher film, I Know What You Did Last Summer was written more as a straightforward slasher film.[11] Gillespie commented in 2008: "The joy of this film for me as a filmmaker was in taking [the] elements that we've seen before, and saying to the audience: 'Here's something you've seen before'—knowing that they're saying 'We've seen this before'—and still getting them to jump."[11] Gillespie also claimed that he felt Williamson's screenplay did not resemble a "slasher horror movie," and that he saw it rather as simply "a really good story" with a morality tale embedded within it.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: According to producer Stokely Chaffin, the producers sought out actors who were "beautiful, but likable."[11] Director Gillespie recalled that, though he had been unfamiliar with the screenplay's source material, that "roughly 60 to 65%" of the young women auditioning had read the novel as children.[12] Jennifer Love Hewitt, who at the time was mainly known for her role on the television series Party of Five, was cast in the lead of Julie James based on her "ability to project vulnerability," which the producers, director Gillespie, and writer Williamson unanimously agreed upon.[11] Initially, Hewitt was considered for the role of Helen.[11] For the role of Barry, the crew had envisioned an actor with a "6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) quarterback" appearance, as the character had been written as an intimidating figure.[11] Ryan Phillipe was ultimately cast in the part based on his audition, despite the fact that he was not as physically tall as the script had called for.[11] Director Gillespie chose Freddie Prinze, Jr. for the role of Ray, because he felt Prinze himself had an "everyman" quality much like the character.[11]

text: Sarah Michelle Gellar was the last of the lead performers to be cast in the role of Helen.[11] Like Hewitt, Gellar was also known to American audiences at the time for her roles in television, primarily as the titular Buffy Summers on Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[11] Gillespie commented on casting Gellar: "I wanted an actress that had a warmth to her, but could still come off as being a bitch."[11] For the supporting role of Missy, Gillespie sought an actress with significant screen presence, as the character, despite appearing in only two scenes, is central to several major plot points.[11] Anne Heche was cast in the role, which she recalled as being two days' worth of work that required her to "be scary."[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Scottish director Jim Gillespie was hired to direct the film after being suggested by writer Williamson.[11] Star Hewitt would later state in 2008 that Gillespie was to date her "favorite director [she's] ever worked with."[11] Principal photography began on March 31, 1997[13] and took place over a period of ten weeks[14] throughout the late spring-early summer of 1997.[i] Approximately seven weeks of the ten-week shoot took place at night, which Gillespie says was difficult for the cast and crew, and also created commotion in primary small-town locations in which they shot.[13] Gillespie devised a color scheme with cinematographer Denis Crossan which was marked by heavy blues throughout, and a notable lack of bright colors.[16]

text: For the beginning of the film, coastal areas of Sonoma County, California stood in for North Carolina, where the film is set. The opening shots of the sun setting on a rugged coast were filmed at Kolmer Gulch, just north of the town of Jenner, on Highway 1.[17] The car crash scene was also filmed on Highway 1 in the same area. The scene in which the four friends are seated around a campfire on the beach next to a wrecked boat was inspired by a painting Gillespie had seen in a reference book; to achieve the image, the art department purchased an old boat in Bodega Bay, cut it in half, and placed it at the beach location.[18]

text: The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the town of Southport, North Carolina.[17] Specific sites included the Amuzu Theater, where the beauty pageant is held, the Old Yacht Basin and Southport Fish Company.[19] Julie's house is on Short Street just north of Southport Marina.[20] The daytime sequences shot on the marina show multiple vessels traversing the water; though real vessels, the boat traffic was orchestrated by a marine traffic coordinator to make the waterway appear lively.[21] The Shivers Department Store setting in the film was discovered on location in Southport by director Gillespie, who was so impressed by the location that he reworked elements of the script in order to incorporate it into the film; it eventually became the primary setting for Helen's extended chase sequence with the killer.[11] The exterior sequences of Julie's Boston college campus were in fact shot at Duke University,[22] while the hospital sequence was filmed at Southport's Dosher Memorial Hospital in an unused wing of the hospital.[23]

text: The final sequence on the boat was shot on an actual water-bound vessel on the Cape Fear River, which proved difficult for the actors and crew.[11] According to Gillespie, the filmmakers nearly lost the boat while attempting to dock it due to the volatile waters, after which they were forced to leave and shoot other footage until the following day.[11]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Gillespie chose to film virtually no onscreen blood as he did not want the film to be overly gratuitous in terms of violence.[13][11] The scene in which Elsa has her throat slashed while standing against a glass door had originally been shot from behind without any blood appearing on the glass; however, producer Feig worried that the scene appeared "medically impossible," after which Gillespie re-shot it (post-principal photography) with a visual effect of blood spattering across the glass.[11] Upon test screenings of the film, Gillespie and the producers decided that a death sequence needed to occur earlier in the film to establish a sense of legitimate danger for the main characters.[11] The scene in which Max is murdered in the crab factory was subsequently filmed and implemented into the final cut to achieve this (in the original script, his character was not killed).[11]

text: The original ending of the film featured a sequence in which Julie receives an email reading: "I Still Know."[13] This ending was scrapped for the more dramatic ending featured in the final cut of the film, in which Julie finds the same message scrawled on a shower stall just before the killer comes crashing through the glass.[13] This footage was also shot after principal photography, on a soundstage next-door to where Hewitt was filming Party of Five.[24]

text: Release[edit]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In anticipation of the film's release, distributor Columbia Pictures began a summer marketing campaign that presented the film as being "From the creator of Scream."[13] Miramax Pictures subsequently filed a lawsuit against Columbia, arguing the claim was inaccurate as the director of Scream was Wes Craven, not Williamson.[13] The week following the film's theatrical release, a federal judge awarded Miramax an injunction requiring that Columbia remove the claim from their advertising campaign.[25] Williamson had requested its removal prior after seeing it on a theater poster.[26]

text: Miramax won a subsequent lawsuit against Columbia during a March 1998 hearing; in a press release, executive Bob Weinstein noted plans to "vigorously pursue" damage claims against Columbia Pictures for their use of the claim.[26]

text: Box office[edit]

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer opened theatrically in North America on October 17, 1997.[27] In its opening weekend, it grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking number one; it remained in the number one position for an additional two weekends.[27] By the end of its theatrical run in December 1997, it had grossed $72,586,134 domestically[4] and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million.[3][27]

text: According to data compiled by Box Office Mojo, I Know What You Did Last Summer is the sixth highest-grossing slasher film of all time.[27]

text:
Release date
(United States)
Budget
(estimated)
Box office revenue[27]
Box office ranking[27]

United States
Foreign
Worldwide
Release year
All time U.S.
Worldwide (1997)

October 17, 1997
$17,000,000[4]
$72,586,134
$53,000,000
$125,586,134
#20
#1,043
#33

Note(s)

Box office ranking accurate as of April 2018.

tag: table

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews upon release, inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream, also written by Williamson. Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to Scream,[28] but Richard Harrington compared it favorably, stating that it was "...a smart, sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it."[29] Variety was also enthusiastic, calling it a "polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels."[30] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film one of four stars and wrote in his review, "The best shot in this film is the first one. Not a good sign."[31] An Entertainment Weekly columnist praised Hewitt's performance, noting that Hewitt knows how to "scream with soul."[32]

text: Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote of the film: "This isn't real life. It's the Grand Guignol of I Know What You Did Last Summer, laying its claim to succeed Scream as a high-grossing, blood-drenched date-night crowd-pleaser. And why shouldn't it?"[33] James Kendrick of the Q Network wrote that 'Williamson's characters are all generic types, but they're still believable as people and they react realistically according to the situations," adding that the film was "head and shoulders above earlier "dead teenager movies.""[34] TV Guide's Maitland McDonagh awarded the film two out of five stars, noting: "Scream screenwriter Kevin Williamson takes a step back and writes the kind of movie Scream mocks. You can see him now, soaking up videos of Friday the 13th and Halloween—not to mention the lesser likes of He Knows You're Alone, Terror Train, and My Bloody Valentine—and saying, "I can do that!" And he can."[35]

text: Critic James Berardinelli credited the film (along with Scream) as igniting a new boom of slasher films, adding: "There is one minor aspect of the plot that elevates I Know What You Did Last Summer above the level of a typical '80s slasher flick -- it has an interesting subtext. I'm referring to the way the lives and friendships of these four individuals crumble in the wake of their accident. Guilt, confusion, and doubt build in them until they can no longer stand to be with each other or look at themselves in the mirror. Sadly, this potentially-fascinating element of the movie is dismissed quickly to facilitate a higher body count. And, as I said before, a few extra deaths can only make a slasher movie better, right?"[36]

text: Film scholar Adam Rockoff notes in his book Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986 that at the time of its release, many critics branded I Know What You Did Last Summer as an imitation of Scream; however, he contends that it is a "much different film," even in spite of the fact that their respective screenplays were penned by the same writer:

text: Whereas Scream relied heavily on self-conscious references and its pop culture veneer, Last Summer was a throwback to the slasher films of the early '80s. While, like Scream, it employed the services of a group of young, sexy and almost impossibly good-looking actors, Last Summer played its horror straight. Those looking for a good old-fashioned slasher film were pleasantly surprised.[2]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 35% approval rating.[37] Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews.[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.[39]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1997
ASCAP Award
Top Box Office Films
John Debney
Won

1998
Saturn Award
Best Horror Film
I Know What You Did Last Summer
Nominated

Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Favorite Female Newcomer
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Won

Favorite Actress

Favorite Supporting Actress – Horror
Sarah Michelle Gellar

Favorite Actor – Horror
Freddie Prinze Jr.
Nominated

Favorite Actress – Horror
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Favorite Supporting Actor
Ryan Phillippe

International Horror Guild Award
Best Movie
I Know What You Did Last Summer

MTV Movie Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Sarah Michelle Gellar

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress
Jennifer Love Hewitt

text: Music[edit]

text: The film produced two soundtracks. One of them featured the score composed by John Debney, while the other contained various rock songs found in the film.

text:
I Know What You Did Last Summer (Original Motion Picture Score)

Film score (Digital download)/Audio CD by John Debney

Released
October 7, 1997

Genre
Film score

Length
50:44

Label
Super Tracks Music Group

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
I Know What You Did Last Summer (The Album)

Soundtrack album (Digital download)/Audio CD by Various

Released
October 7, 1997

Genre
Alternative rock, alternative metal[40]

Length
51:14

Label
Columbia Records

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Hush"
Kula Shaker
2:55

2.
"Summer Breeze"
Type O Negative
4:57

3.
"D.U.I."
The Offspring
2:26

4.
"Kid"
Green Apple Quick Step
3:17

5.
"This Ain't the Summer of Love""
L7
3:09

6.
"Losin' It"
Soul Asylum
3:01

7.
"Hey Bulldog"
Toad the Wet Sprocket
2:31

8.
"My Baby's Got the Strangest Ways"
Southern Culture on the Skids
3:59

9.
"Waterfall"
The Din Pedals
3:47

10.
"Clumsy"
Our Lady Peace
4:27

11.
"One Hundred Days"
Flick
3:40

12.
"Great Life"
Goatboy
3:50

13.
"2Wicky"
Hooverphonic
4:44

14.
"Don't Mean Anything"
Adam Cohen
3:43

15.
"Proud"
Korn
3:17

text: Additional songs featured in the film (but not on a soundtrack):[41]

text:
"Forgotten Too" by Ugly Beauty
"Wake Up Call" by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" by Lead Belly
"You're a Grand Old Flag" by George M. Cohan
"Beautiful Girl" by Bing Crosby
"Free" by Ultra Naté

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16, 1998. Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary.[42]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray for the first time on July 22, 2008, with additional special features including the director's short film, Joyride.[43] On September 30, 2014, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the film on Blu-ray as a budget disc, featuring the film alone with no bonus materials.[44]

text: Related works[edit]

text: The film was followed by two sequels: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) and I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer (2006), which went direct-to-video. Both were critically panned. In the first sequel, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr., and Muse Watson reprise their roles. The second sequel has very little relation to the first two, other than the premise, the villain, and the producers. It featured new characters and a different setting.

text: On September 14, 2014, Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script. In a June 1, 2016, Blumhouse.com "Shockwaves" podcast, writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and reimagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel (the antagonist being a central character) nor the 1997 feature (the fisherman Ben Willis and four primary protagonists Julie James, Helen Shivers, Barry Cox, and Ray Bronson). Further, the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15–20 million. Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017 and 2020.[45]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer has been referenced in various films and television series, and its central plot was parodied at length in the spoof film Scary Movie (2000).[46]

text: It was also spoofed in The Simpsons' "Treehouse of Horror X."[47]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Gillespie notes in his 1998 audio commentary for the film that the California-shot scenes were filmed in June 1997.[15] In the same commentary, he states that the shoot lasted ten weeks.[14] According to Adam Rockoff, principal photography commenced on March 31, 1997.[13]

tag: ol


document_title: Safety coffin

question_text: where did the term saved by the bell originate

text: Safety coffin

text: History[edit]

text: The fear of being buried alive peaked during the cholera epidemics of the 18th and 19th centuries but accounts of live burial have been recorded even further back. When his tomb was reopened, the philosopher John Duns Scotus (1266 – 1308) was reportedly found outside his coffin with his hands torn and bloody after attempting to escape. The fears of being buried alive were heightened by reports of doctors and accounts in literature and the newspapers. As well as dealing with the subject in "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Cask of Amontillado", Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Premature Burial", which was published in 1844. It contained accounts of supposedly genuine cases of premature burial as well as detailing the narrator's own (perceived) interment while still alive.

text: The general fear of premature burial led to the invention of many safety devices which could be incorporated into coffins. Most consisted of some type of device for communication to the outside world such as a cord attached to a bell that the interred person could ring should they revive after the burial. A safety coffin of this type appears in the 1979 film The First Great Train Robbery.[1] Other variations on the bell included flags and pyrotechnics. Some designs included ladders, escape hatches, and even feeding tubes, but many forgot a method for providing air.

text: Robert Robinson died in Manchester in 1791. A movable glass pane was inserted in his coffin, and the mausoleum had a door for purposes of inspection by a watchman, who was to see if he breathed on the glass. He instructed his relatives to visit his grave periodically to check that he was still dead.[2]

text: The first recorded safety coffin was constructed on the orders of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792. He had a window installed to allow light in, an air tube to provide a supply of fresh air, and instead of having the lid nailed down he had a lock fitted. In a special pocket of his shroud he had two keys, one for the coffin lid and a second for the tomb door.

text: P.G. Pessler, a German priest, suggested in 1798 that all coffins have a tube inserted from which a cord would run to the church bells. If an individual had been buried alive they could draw attention to themself by ringing the bells. This idea, while highly impractical, led to the first designs of safety coffins equipped with signalling systems. Pessler's colleague, Pastor Beck, suggested that coffins should have a small trumpet-like tube attached. Each day the local priest could check the state of putrefaction of the corpse by sniffing the odours emanating from the tube. If no odour was detected or the priest heard cries for help the coffin could be dug up and the occupant rescued.

text: Dr. Adolf Gutsmuth was buried alive several times to demonstrate a safety coffin of his own design, and in 1822 he stayed underground for several hours and even ate a meal of soup, bratwurst, marzipan, sauerkraut, spätzle, beer, and for dessert, prinzregententorte, delivered to him through the coffin's feeding tube.

text: The 1820s also saw the use of "portable death chambers" in Germany. A small chamber, equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body, was constructed over an empty grave. Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers. If the bell was rung the "body" could be immediately removed, but if the watchman observed signs of putrefaction in the corpse, a door in the floor of the chamber could be opened and the body would drop down into the grave. A panel could then be slid in to cover the grave and the upper chamber removed and reused.

text: In 1829, Dr. Johann Gottfried Taberger designed a system using a bell which would alert the cemetery nightwatchman. The corpse would have strings attached to its hands, head and feet. A housing around the bell above ground prevented it ringing accidentally. An improvement over previous designs, the housing prevented rainwater from running down the tube and netting prevented insects from entering the coffin. If the bell rang the watchman had to insert a second tube and pump air into the coffin with a bellows to allow the occupant to survive until the casket could be dug up.

text: The systems using cords tied to the body suffered from the drawback that the natural processes of decay often caused the body to swell or shift position, causing accidental tension on the cords and a "false positive". Franz Vester's 1868 "Burial Case" overcame this problem by adding a tube through which the face of the "corpse" could be viewed. If the interred person came to, they could ring the bell (if not strong enough to ascend the tube by means of a supplied ladder) and the watchmen could check to see if the person had genuinely returned to life or whether it was merely a movement of the corpse. Vester's design allowed the viewing tube to be removed and reused once death was assured.

text: Count Michel de Karnice-Karnicki, a chamberlain to the Tsar of Russia, patented his own safety coffin, called Le Karnice, in 1897 and demonstrated it at the Sorbonne the following year. His design detected movement in the coffin and opened a tube to supply air while simultaneously raising a flag and ringing a bell. Le Karnice never caught on: it was too sensitive to allow for even a slight movement in a decaying corpse, and a demonstration in which one of Karnice-Karnicki's assistants had been buried alive ended badly when the signalling systems failed. Luckily, the breathing tube had activated and the assistant was disinterred unharmed, but the reputation of Le Karnice was damaged beyond repair.

text: In 1995 a modern safety coffin was patented by Fabrizio Caselli. His design included an emergency alarm, intercom system, a torch (flashlight), breathing apparatus, and both a heart monitor and stimulator.[3]

text: Despite the fear of burial while still alive, there are no documented cases of anybody being saved by a safety coffin.[citation needed]

text: "Saved by the bell" expression[edit]

text: Folk etymology has suggested that perhaps the phrases "saved by the bell", "dead ringer" and "graveyard shift" come from the use of safety coffins in the Victorian era; however, these have been dispelled as urban myth, attributed to a linguistic e-mail hoax Life in the 1500s.[4][5] The "saved by the bell" expression is actually well established to have come from boxing, where a boxer who is still on their feet but close to being knocked down can be saved from losing by the bell ringing to indicate the end of the round.[6]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The 2009 song The Tale of Solomon Snell by Duncan Sheik from his album Whisper House tells the story of a man who for his burial gives instructions to be buried in a safety coffin with a bell mechanism attached but ultimately fails to be saved due to the person in charge of listening to the bell getting drunk.


document_title: Marina Bay Sands

question_text: how many floors in marina bay sands singapore

text: Marina Bay Sands

text: Background[edit]

text:
Marina Bay Sands is one of two winning proposals for Singapore's first integrated resorts, the other being the Resorts World Sentosa, which incorporates a family-friendly Universal Studios Theme Park (Universal Studios Singapore). The two large-scale resorts were conceived to meet Singapore's economic and tourism objectives for the next decade and will have 30-year casino licenses, exclusive for the first ten years.
Bidders were assessed based on four criteria: tourism appeal and contribution, architectural concept and design, development investment, and strength of the consortium and partners

text: On 27 May 2006, Las Vegas Sands (LVS) was declared the winner with its business-oriented resort.[13] LVS submitted its winning bid on its own. Its original partner City Developments Limited (CDL), with a proposed 15% equity stake, pulled out of the partnership in the second phase of the tender process. CDL's CEO, Kwek Leng Beng said his company's pullout was a combination of factors—such as difficulties in getting numerous companies he owns to comply in time, as well as reluctance of some parties to disclose certain private information in probity checks required by the Singapore government.[14] However, Kwek was retained as an advisor for Sands' bid.

text: Investment[edit]

text: Las Vegas Sands initially committed to invest S$3.85 billion in the project, not including the fixed S$1.2 billion cost of the 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) site itself.[15] With the escalating costs of materials, such as sand and steel, and labour shortages owing to other major infrastructure and property development in the country, Sheldon Adelson placed the total cost of the development at S$8.0 billion as of July 2009.[2][16]

text: Las Vegas Sands declared the undertaking as "one of the world's most challenging construction projects and certainly the most expensive stand-alone integrated resort property ever built".[17] It expects the casino to generate at least $1 billion in annual profit.[18] Two months after the initial phased opening, the casino attracts around 25,000 visitors daily, about a third being Singaporeans and permanent residents who pay a $100 daily entry levy or $2,000 for annual unlimited access.[19] Half a million gamblers passed through the casino in June 2010.[20] In the third quarter of 2012, the revenues of the Marina Bay Sands fell almost 28 per cent from a year earlier.[21]

text: For the economy, Marina Bay Sands is projected to stimulate an addition of $2.7 billion or 0.8% to Singapore's Gross Domestic Product by 2015, employing 10,000 people directly and 20,000 jobs being created in other industries.[14]

text: Design and construction[edit]

text: The resort is designed by Moshe Safdie, who says it was initially inspired by card decks.[6][8] The prominent feature of the design is the three hotel towers, which has 2,500 rooms and suites, and a continuous lobby at the base linked the three towers. The casino has a four-storey central atrium with four levels of gaming and entertainment in one space.[22] In addition to the hotel and the casino, other buildings include a 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft) ArtScience Museum,[7] and a convention centre with 110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft) of space, capable of accommodating up to 45,000 people. The resort's architecture and major design changes along the way were also approved by its feng shui consultants, the late Chong Swan Lek and Louisa Ong-Lee.[23][24] Aedas[25] were responsible for employing all consultants and for developing, co-ordinating and implementing the design. The structural engineering for the project was handled by Arup  with Parsons Brinckerhoff the MEP engineers. The main contractor was Ssangyong Engineering and Construction.[26][27]

text: A distinctive feature of the hotel is the SkyPark, a three-acre park on top of the building with swimming pools, gardens, and jogging paths. The structure bridges all three towers with a segment cantilevered off the north tower. The hull of the SkyPark was pre-fabricated off-site in 14 separate steel sections and then assembled on top of the towers.[28] There are four movement joints beneath the main pools, designed to help them withstand the natural motion of the towers, and each joint has a unique range of motion. The total range of motion is 500 millimetres (20 inches). In addition to wind, the hotel towers are also subject to settlement in the earth over time, so engineers built and installed custom jack legs to allow for future adjustment at more than 500 points beneath the pool system. This jacking system is important primarily to ensure the infinity edge of the pool continues to function properly.[29]

text: The three towers are broader at the base and narrow as they rise. Each tower has two asymmetric legs, with a curved eastern leg leaning against the other, creating a significant technical challenge in its construction. Substantial temporary structures were necessary to support the legs of the tower while they were under construction, and required real-time monitoring for continual assessment and analyses in the course of their erection.[30]

text: Opening[edit]

text: Marina Bay Sands was originally planned to be completed in a single phase in 2009,[16] but rising construction costs and the financial crisis forced the company to open it in phases. The first phase's preview opening was further delayed until 27 April 2010, and the official opening was pushed back to 23 June 2010. The rest of the complex remained under construction and was opened after a grand opening on 17 February 2011.

text: On 27 April 2010, Marina Bay Sands had the first of a planned 3 to 4 phase openings. The casino, parts of the conference hall, a segment of the Shoppes, 963 hotel rooms and the event plaza were opened at the auspicious time of 3:18 p.m as part of the "preview opening".[31]

text: The Inter-Pacific Bar Association (IPBA) held the first conference at Marina Bay Sands Convention Centre on 2–5 May 2010, but the event was marred by uncompleted facilities and power failure during a speech. IPBA withheld payment of S$300,000 and was consequently sued by Marina Bay Sands.[32] In June IPBA counter-sued, describing the venue as a "complete disaster" and that its earlier payments had been imposed by "duress, fear and force".[32] An "amicable settlement" with undisclosed terms was announced in August.

text: On 23 June 2010, the resort had its official opening with a "2-day celebration"; this includes the Sands SkyPark, the Event Plaza along Marina Bay, more shops, additional dining options and nightlife offerings, and the rest of the hotel rooms. First day events included—a "World Championship Climb" on the glass facade of the building to the SkyPark, with seven teams of 21 top rock climbers from around the world competing, and an evening concert for 4,000 invited guests and customers, featuring Jacintha Abisheganaden, Sylvia Ratonel, Tabitha Nauser and Toni Braxton among others. The SkyPark was opened on the second day at 2 p.m.,[17] with about 2,000 adult tickets costing S$20 each sold.[33]

text: The two Sands theatres were completed in time for the first performance by Riverdance on 30 November 2010. The ArtScience Museum opened its doors to the public at 10 am on 19 February 2011. The highly anticipated musical The Lion King made its debut on 3 March 2011. The floating pavilions were opened when the tenants Louis Vuitton and Pangaea Club finished their refurbishment and opened on 18 September 2011 and 22 September 2011, respectively. The Lion King musical ran till its last show on 30 October 2011.[34]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: Marina Bay Sands has three 55-storey hotel towers which were topped out in July 2009. The three towers are connected by a 1 hectare roof terrace, Sands SkyPark.[35] The observation deck provides panoramic views across the bay.[36]

text: In front of the three towers include a Theatre Block, a Convention and Exhibition Facilities Block, as well as the Casino Block, which have up to 1,000 gaming tables and 1,400 slot machines. The ArtScience Museum is constructed next to the three blocks and has the shape of a lotus. Its roof is retractable, providing a waterfall through the roof of collected rainwater when closed in the day and laser shows when opened at night. In front of the Event Plaza is Wonder Full, a light and water show that is the largest in Southeast Asia and was produced by Laservision.[37] The ArtScience Museum and Wonder Full show opened on 17 February 2011.

text: The SkyPark has the world's longest elevated swimming pool,[38][29] with a 146-metre (479 ft) vanishing edge (a concept called as infinity pool) located 191 metres (627 ft) above ground. The pools are made up of 422,000 pounds (191,000 kg) of stainless steel and can hold 376,500 US gallons (1,425 cubic metres) of water. The SkyPark also has rooftop nightclubs such as Lavo (New York, Vegas) and Ce La Vie,[39] gardens, hundreds of trees and plants, and a public observatory deck on the cantilever with 360-degree views of the Singapore skyline. The SkyPark is accessible only to the hotel guests for security reasons.

text: The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands have close to 93,000 m2 (1,000,000 sq ft) of retail space with over 300 stores and F&B outlets, featuring boutiques such as Ralph Lauren, Chanel, Cartier, Prada, Gucci, Hermès, Emporio Armani, Chopard, REDValentino, Dior, Dunhill, Vertu, Miu Miu, Saint Laurent Paris, Salvatore Ferragamo, Montblanc, Blancpain, Vera Wang Bride, a Hermès watch boutique, and Herve Leger.

text: A canal runs through the length of the Shoppes, in the same style as The Venetian in Las Vegas. Sampan rides on the canal are available for guests and shoppers at the shopping mall, similar to the gondola rides available in the Venetian. Also housed within the Shoppes are six of the ten Celebrity Chef restaurants—Bread Street Kitchen (by Gordon Ramsay), Cut (by Wolfgang Puck), Waku Ghin (by Tetsuya Wakuda), Pizzeria and Osteria Mozza (by Mario Batali), Long Chim (by David Thompson) and DB Bistro & Oyster Bar (by Daniel Boulud).

text: There are two Crystal Pavilions. Despite a brief legal dispute in June 2011, it was decided that one of the Pavilions will house two nightclubs—Avalon and Pangaea. In addition, the second Pavilion houses the world's largest Louis Vuitton boutique, in addition to being on a floating island, at 1,900 m2 (20,000 sq ft), which is connected to the portion of the boutique in the Shoppes via an underwater tunnel. Both Pavilions opened in 2011 just before the 2011 Formula One season came to the Marina Bay Street Circuit.

text: The Sands Theatre and Grand Theatre seat 1,680 people and 2,155 people, respectively, with The Lion King showing, and international acts, such as Cirque Éloize and A. R. Rahman's Jai Ho, located in the latter during their world tours. The musical, Wicked, is set to run for a limited season which started 7 December 2011. Next to the theatres is a skating rink (synthetic ice) measuring 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft).

text: Dragonfire boxing is another regular event, which started on 5 May 2012 with the boxers Chris John with Daud Yordan.

text: Moshe Safdie designed an Art Path within the resort, incorporating installations by five artists including Zheng Chongbin, Antony Gormley and Sol LeWitt. The pieces are meant to play on environmental influences including light, water and wind, integrating art with architecture.[6][7][8][40]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: By Mass Rapid Transit (MRT):

text:
Bayfront and Promenade on both the Circle Line and Downtown Line
Marina Bay on the Circle Line and North South Line

text: By public bus:

text: Services 97/97e, 106, 133, 502/502A, 518/518A, NR1, NR6

text: By water taxi:

text: From Grand Copthorne Water Front, Raffles Landing Side, Boat Quay, River Side Point and Robertson Quay

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The trailer of the 2016 movie Independence Day: Resurgence has a scene depicting the destruction of the property after being caught in the gravitational pull of a hovering alien spacecraft.[41]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Construction area taken from The Float at Marina Bay on 18 August 2007

Part of the parcel of land for Marina Bay Sands in the foreground prior to development. The parcel overlooks Singapore's financial district in the background.

Marina Bay Sands with Singapore Merlion

View of Marina Bay Sands in the background with Custom House located at the foreground

Aerial of the roof top pool Marina Bay Sands

Aerial of Marina Bay Sands Hotel, Singapore

Venetian gondolas in Mandalay Bay shopping mall

Rooftop Pool Marina bay, Singapore


document_title: State of the art

question_text: where did the term state of the art come from

text: State of the art

text: Origin and history[edit]

text: The origin of the concept of "state of the art" took place in the beginning of the twentieth century.[3] The earliest use of the term "state of the art" documented by the Oxford English Dictionary dates back to 1910, from an engineering manual by Henry Harrison Suplee (1856-post 1943), an engineering graduate (University of Pennsylvania, 1876), titled Gas Turbine: progress in the design and construction of turbines operated by gases of combustion. The relevant passage reads: "In the present state of the art this is all that can be done". The term, "art", itself refers to the useful arts, skills and methods relating to practical subjects such as manufacture and craftsmanship, rather than in the sense of the performing arts and the fine arts.[4]

text: Over time, use of the term increased in all fields where this kind of art has a significant role.[5] In this relation it has been quoted by the author that "Although eighteenth century writers did not use the term, there was indeed in existence a collection of scientific and engineering knowledge and expertise that can be identified as the state of the art for that time".[5]

text: Despite its actual meaning, which does not convey technology that is ahead of the industry, the phrase became so widely used in advertising that a 1985 article described it as "overused", stating that "[i]t has no punch left and actually sounds like a lie".[6] A 1994 essay listed it among "the same old tired clichés" that should be avoided in advertising.[7]

text: Legal importance[edit]

text: Patent law[edit]

text: In the context of European and Australian patent law, the term "state of the art" is a concept used in the process of assessing and asserting novelty and inventive step,[8] and is a synonym of the expression "prior art".[9] In the European Patent Convention (EPC), "[the] state of the art shall be held to comprise everything made available to the public by means of a written or oral description, by use, or in any other way, before the date of filing of the European patent application" according to Article 54(2) EPC. Due account should be taken of Article 54(3) EPC as well, but merely for the examination of novelty.

text: The expression "background art" is also used in certain legal provisions, such as Rule 42(1)(b) and(c) EPC (previously Rule 27(1)(b) and (c) EPC 1973), and has the same meaning.[10]

text: Tort liability[edit]

text: The state of the art is important in the law of tort liability, specifically in the areas of negligence and products liability. With respect to negligence, "an engineer may defend against a claim of negligence by contending that he met the standards of his profession and the state of the art".[11] With respect to products liability, manufacturers generally have strict liability for any injury caused by defects in their products. However, in some jurisdictions a manufacturer may raise as a legal defense the assertion that their product represents the "state of the art", and that the manufacturer therefore could not have made the product any safer in light of the knowledge available at the time.[12] For example, "[u]nder German law, the producer can also raise the state of the art defense: general tort law does not hold him liable if he could not know or discover the defect for lack of fault, and the Product Liability Statute expressly provides for this defense".[13] This defense is available throughout the European Community under the Product Liability Directive, art. 7(e). Pursuant to this article:

text: The state-of-the-art defense allows a defendant to be absolved of liability if he can prove that the state of technical and scientific knowledge, at the time when he put the product into circulation, was not such as to enable the existence of the defect to be discovered. The Directive allows Member States to eliminate the state- of-the-art defense, but only Luxembourg, which has little manufacturing industry, has done so.[14]

text: In the United States, in those states that follow the common law, the state of an industry is "merely evidence of due care rather than a controlling factor",[15] but a number of states have State-of-the-Art statutes that "make a manufacturer's compliance with technological feasibility an absolute defense to a products liability suit".[15] Because the state of the art is constantly advancing, the ability of manufacturers to claim that their products are "state-of-the-art" tracks their potential liability when these products are defective. As an industry journal explained in the 1980s:

text: Remote control rear view mirrors, disc brakes, automatic slack adjusters for drum brakes and sealed lighting systems are just a few examples of products that have advanced the state of the art. When one of these gains a degree of industry acceptance, it begins to bridge a legal gap between what is state of the art from a design standpoint, and what is state of the art from a usage standpoint. This could place a carrier in a vulnerable position in the not too distant future.[16]


document_title: Wikipedia:Taking the road less traveled

question_text: the road less traveled what does it mean

text: Wikipedia:Taking the road less traveled

text: The road less traveled[edit]

text: Metaphorically speaking, someone who takes 'the road less traveled' is acting independently, freeing themselves from the conformity of others (who choose to take 'the road more often traveled'), generally making their own choices, and perhaps leaving a new trail that will become the road more often traveled (until, of course, someone takes the road less traveled from there, and happens upon something even better than the first improvement; in that way, the cycle always repeats itself, and Wikipedia is continually made better).

text: This idea of taking the road less traveled, or doing things a separate way from the way they are usually done, while applicable to many aspects of life, is in particular applicable to Wikipedia. If one, as an editor, or even as a reader, happens across a way to do something, anything, more easily or in a better fashion that it is commonly or is always done, then one should probably take the road less traveled and give it a shot. If this is done, the person in question might leave a trail that will become the road more often traveled. However, this is not the general meaning of the whole poem. One could possibly pick out the meaning based on what he/she may already know or by using simple context clues to figure out the meaning.

text: The road more often traveled[edit]

text: Despite the obvious advantages of taking the road less traveled, there are certain times when taking this path is not always the best choice, and it might be better just to stick with the road more often traveled. Taking another road just to circumvent the road more often traveled, the road that policy is built on, is not constructive. Making the choice of which road to take can sometimes be hard, and is very dependent on the situation.

text: One must assess the possible advantages, disadvantages and risks of taking either road, just as any real-life explorer or traveler would.

text: Another school of thought suggests that the "road less traveled" is the harder, less attractive road. Most people will take the easier road. Most people search for the easier paths through life; however, the easier paths are often the less eventful. Overcoming adversity generally advances us the most in our awareness and understanding of the world. It is very rare that a person would ever say they were willing to "undo" an experience, regardless of how difficult it was. The road less traveled brings us more experience, and more experience enables us to live more. The road less traveled can make all the difference. We ought not aspire to be as enlightened as a flea.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The phrase itself is a famous few lines extracted from "The Road Not Taken" by poet Robert Frost:

text:
“
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.

”

text: Ironically, the meaning of "Taking the road less traveled" is a misinterpretation of the poem which in the second and third stanzas describe the two roads being equally attractive. The poem therefore is reflecting on how we reconcile our decisions over time often giving more weight to the wisdom of our decisions than was true of the original circumstances.


document_title: This Is Us (TV series)

question_text: who's the dad on this is us

question_tokens: who 's the dad on this is us

text: This Is Us (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin, Kate, and Randall (known as the "Big Three"), and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson. It takes place in the present and using flashbacks, at various times in the past. Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy, born six weeks premature on Jack's 36th birthday in 1980; their brother is stillborn. Believing they were meant to have three children, Jack and Rebecca, who are white, decide to adopt Randall, a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station. Jack dies when his children are 17.

text: Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016–2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c.1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8–10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised.  Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, and Randall's father.
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson: Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, and Randall's mother.
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's adopted son, and Kate and Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (ages 15–17) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8–10).
Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin and Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (ages 15–17) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8–10).
Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's son, and Kate and Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (ages 15–17) and Parker Bates (ages 8–10).
Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie.
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's husband.
Ron Cephas Jones as William "Shakespeare" Hill: Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult.
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[6]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (ages 15–17) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[6]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Melanie Liburd as Zoe: Kevin’s new girlfriend (guest season 2; main season 3-present)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAvg. viewership (inc. DVR)(in millions)118September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)614.70[7]218September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)417.43[8]

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"John Requa & Glenn FicarraDan FogelmanSeptember 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)1AZC0110.07[9]
22"The Big Three"Ken OlinDan FogelmanSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)1AZC028.75[10]
33"Kyle"John Requa & Glenn FicarraDan FogelmanOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)1AZC039.87[11]
44"The Pool"John Requa & Glenn FicarraDan Fogelman & Donald ToddOctober 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)1AZC049.71[12]
55"The Game Plan"George TillmanJoe LawsonOctober 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)1AZC058.68[13]
66"Career Days"Craig ZiskBekah BrunstetterNovember 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)1AZC068.48[14]
77"The Best Washing Machine in the World"Silas HowardK.J. SteinbergNovember 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)1AZC079.50[15]
88"Pilgrim Rick"Sarah Pia AndersonIsaac Aptaker & Elizabeth BergerNovember 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)1AZC089.00[16]
99"The Trip"Uta BriesewitzVera HerbertNovember 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)1AZC0910.53[17]
1010"Last Christmas"Helen HuntDonald ToddDecember 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)1AZC1010.95[18]
1111"The Right Thing to Do"Timothy BusfieldAurin SquireJanuary 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)1AZC1110.48[19]
1212"The Big Day"Ken OlinDan Fogelman & Laura KenarJanuary 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)1AZC129.59[20]
1313"Three Sentences"Chris KochJoe Lawson & Bekah BrunstetterJanuary 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)1AZC139.63[21]
1414"I Call Marriage"George Tillman Jr.Kay OyegunFebruary 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)1AZC149.57[22]
1515"Jack Pearson's Son"Ken OlinIsaac Aptaker & Elizabeth BergerFebruary 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)1AZC159.03[23]
1616"Memphis"John Requa & Glenn FicarraDan FogelmanFebruary 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)1AZC169.35[24]
1717"What Now?"Wendey StanzlerK.J. Steinberg & Vera HerbertMarch 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)1AZC1711.15[25]
1818"Moonshadow"Ken OlinDan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth BergerMarch 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)1AZC1812.84[26]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)191"A Father's Advice"Ken OlinDan FogelmanSeptember 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)2AZC0112.94[27]
202"A Manny-Splendored Thing"John FortenberryDan Fogelman & Bekah BrunstetterOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)2AZC0211.06[28]
213"Déjà Vu"John Requa & Glenn FicarraIsaac Aptaker & Elizabeth BergerOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)2AZC0311.02[29]
224"Still There"Ken OlinVera HerbertOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)2AZC0410.65[30]
235"Brothers"John Requa & Glenn FicarraTyler BensingerOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)2AZC0510.60[31]
246"The 20's"Regina KingDon RoosOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)2AZC068.43[32]
257"The Most Disappointed Man"Chris KochKay OyegunNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)2AZC079.89[33]
268"Number One"Ken OlinK.J. SteinbergNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)2AZC0810.05[34]
279"Number Two"Ken OlinK.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan TilghmanNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)2AZC099.34[35]
2810"Number Three"Ken OlinShukree Hassan TilghmanNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)2AZC1010.94[36]
2911"The Fifth Wheel"Chris KochVera HerbertJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)2AZC119.65[37]
3012"Clooney"Zetna FuentesBekah BrunstetterJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)2AZC129.82[38]
3113"That'll Be the Day"Uta BriesewitzKay Oyegun & Don RoosJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)2AZC139.37[39]
3214"Super Bowl Sunday"John Requa & Glenn FicarraDan FogelmanFebruary 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)2AZC1426.97[40]
3315"The Car"Ken OlinIsaac Aptaker & Elizabeth BergerFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)2AZC1510.13[41]
3416"Vegas, Baby"Joanna KernsLaura KenarFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)2AZC169.74[42]
3517"This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life"Rebecca AsherKay OyegunMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)2AZC178.90[43]
3618"The Wedding"Ken OlinIsaac Aptaker & Elizabeth BergerMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)2AZC1810.94[44]

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text: Commitment to diversity[edit]

text: Fogelman intentionally recruited behind-the-scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast, with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines.  These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman, Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters (part of a 30% black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5%).[45][46] In addition, Fogelman's sister Deborah, whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show, serves as a consultant.[47]

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app.[48]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.72/10 based on 63 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air."[49] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[50] Season 2 received a 94% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.[51]

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it "a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness". Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown, for being able to navigate "his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma".[52]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)
18–49 rating(average)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Tuesday 10:00 pm (1–2, 11)Tuesday 9:00 pm (3–10, 12–18)

18

September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)

10.07[9]

March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)

12.84[53]
2016–17
6
14.70
4.6/16[7]

2
Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–13, 15–18)Sunday 10:30 pm (14)

18[4]

September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)

12.94[27]

March 13, 2018

10.94[54]
2017–18
4
17.43
5.4[55]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2016

African-American Critics Association Awards

Top Ten TV Show

This Is Us

Won

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

This Is Us

Won

[57]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

[58]

Most Exciting New Series

This Is Us

Won

[58]

2017

ACE Eddie Awards

Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television

David L. Bertman (for "Pilot")

Won

[59]

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

This Is Us

Won

[60]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

Dan Fogelman, Jess Rosenthal, John Requa, Glenn Ficarra, Ken Olin, Donald Todd, Charles Gogolak, KJ Steinberg, Isaac Aptaker, Elizabeth Berger, Joe Lawson, Steve Beers, Vera Herbert, and Bekah Brunstetter

Nominated

[61]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown (for "Memphis")

Won

Milo Ventimiglia (for "Moonshadow")

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

Ron Cephas Jones (for "Memphis")

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Chrissy Metz (for "Pilot")

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[a]

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Brian Tyree Henry (for "Memphis")

Nominated

Gerald McRaney (for "The Big Day")

Won

Denis O'Hare (for "Last Christmas")

Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series

Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield

Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)

Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, Judith Lynn Staats, and John Damiani (for "I Call Marriage")

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

[63]

Mandy Moore

Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Outstanding Music Supervision – Television

Jennifer Pyken

Nominated

[64]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Actor in a Show

Mandy Moore

Nominated

[65]

Show of the Year

This Is Us

Nominated

Tearjerker

Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis (Jack and Randall at Karate)

Won

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

[66]

Outstanding Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth

Lonnie Chavis

Nominated

Peabody Awards

Entertainment and Children's programs

This Is Us

Nominated

[67]

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Actor in a New TV Series

Milo Ventimiglia

Nominated

[68]

Favorite Actress in a New TV Series

Mandy Moore

Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama

This Is Us

Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

[69]

Seoul International Drama Awards

Best Director

Dan Fogelman

Nominated

[70]

Grand Prize

This Is Us

Won

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Breakout Star

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

Milo Ventimiglia

Nominated

Choice TV Show: Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards

Individual Achievement in Drama

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

[71]

Outstanding Achievement in Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding New Program

This Is Us

Won

Program of the Year

This Is Us

Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards

Episodic Drama

Vera Herbert (for "The Trip")

Won

[72][73]

New Series

This Is Us

Nominated

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

[74]

Best Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Drama

Sterling K. Brown

Won

[75]

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama

Jennifer Pyken

Nominated

[76]

Best Song/Recording Created for Television

"We Can Always Come Back To This"

Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Musical Moment

Kate sings "Landslide"

Nominated

[77]

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

[78]

Outstanding Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth

Lonnie Chavis

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Susan Kelechi Watson

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series

Vera Herbert (for "Still Here")

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Contemporary Costumes

Hala Bahmet and Elinor Bardach

Pending

[79]

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Ron Cephas Jones

Pending

Gerald McRaney

Pending

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)

Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Luis Garcia, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, and Tania McComas

Pending

Outstanding Music Supervision

Jennifer Pyken

Pending

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

This Is Us

Pending

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Pending

Milo Ventimiglia

Pending

Satellite Awards

Best Musical Or Comedy Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Eris Baker, Alexandra Breckenridge, Sterling K. Brown, Lonnie Chavis, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Justin Hartley, Faithe Herman, Ron Cephas Jones, Chrissy Metz, Mandy Moore, Chris Sullivan, Milo Ventimiglia, Susan Kelechi Watson, Hannah Zeile

Won

[80]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In 2017, Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie. The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode "Moonshadow" was primarily set in the 1970s, violating the TV Academy's rule that "more than 50 percent" of the episode must be contemporary (within 25 years of the air date).[62]


document_title: The Longest Yard (2005 film)

question_text: who was the running back in the longest yard

text: The Longest Yard (2005 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Paul Crewe (Adam Sandler) is a former NFL player who, one night, gets drunk and goes joyriding in the Bentley of his girlfriend (Courteney Cox in an uncredited role), crashing it. It is revealed that he was arrested for shaving points in a big game, although it was never proven.

text: In prison, Warden Rudolph Hazen (James Cromwell), wishing to boost his prison's reputation for future elections as State Governor, uses threats and confinement in a hot box to coerce Crewe into helping the prison guards' football team, led by the hostile Captain Knauer (William Fichtner). Crewe informs Hazen that what Hazen's team needs is a tune-up game to boost the guards' confidence, and is therefore coerced to form an inmate team to play against the guards. He does so with the help of a newfound friend, Caretaker (Chris Rock). They start off with a poorly organized team, before being noticed by another prisoner, former college football star Nate Scarborough (Burt Reynolds), who decides to help coach the team by gathering several intimidating inmates as a boost to the team's strength.

text: Caretaker tells Crewe that they need more "brothers" on the team. When Crewe goes to the basketball court to ask the black inmates to join the team, their leader, Deacon Moss (Michael Irvin) rebuffs him. Crewe challenges Deacon to a one-on-one basketball game, saying that if he wins, the brothers will join the team, and if Deacon wins, Crewe will leave them alone. Deacon accepts, and despite Deacon's undisguised personal fouls in which he elbows, punches or grabs Crewe, Crewe continues without complaint, because the match is a question of pride and respect. On the game-winning shot, Crewe cleanly steals the ball from Deacon and scores, but Deacon calls a foul. Realizing he wouldn't be allowed to win, Crewe lets Deacon score the final shot. Although Deacon beats Crewe, one of the brothers, a fast runner named Earl Megget (Nelly), impressed with Crewe's decision to take the beating, joins the football team as its running back. When the guards learn of this, they confront Earl in an attempt to provoke an assault by him by saying the racial epithet "nigger", but Earl does not allow himself to be provoked despite intimidation and minor abuse. Having witnessed this, the other "brothers", including Deacon, decide to join the team too.

text: Hazen and the guards continue attempts to hinder Crewe's team by flooding their field, but the team decides to practice in the mud anyway.

text: Inmate Unger (David Patrick Kelly) spies on the activities of the inmates and after being pressured by the guards, rigs Crewe’s radio with an explosive. Caretaker unknowingly enters the cell to give a photo gift to Crewe, but is killed when he tries to turn the dial on the radio.

text: On game day, the inmates are revitalized in the wake of Caretaker's murder when Crewe reveals Caretaker's last gift to the team, quality gear and uniforms from his cousin at Reebok with the team name "Mean Machine" on the uniforms. The Mean Machine overcomes a rough start, due to individual inmates' attempts to retaliate against guards for the abuse they've suffered. Crewe angrily tells the inmates that winning the game is more important and will damage the guards more than their personal grudges, and gets them to play as a team. The first half ends with the score tied. The angered Hazen informs Crewe in private that if he does not lose he will be charged for Caretaker's murder. Crewe acquiesces to Hazen's threat, asking that the guards refrain from using excessive force on the field after getting a comfortable lead, to which Hazen agrees to do so after they obtain a two touchdown lead. After Crewe fakes an injury in order to leave the field, his teammates voice their displeasure over his obvious deserting over the team.

text: After seeing that Hazen has broken his promise and two members of the Mean Machine are injured, Crewe asks Skitchy if the time spent in jail for punching the warden was worth it. Skitchy replies, "It was worth every goddamn second," and inspired Crewe returns to the field. The team initially doubts Crewe’s resolve and allows him to be sacked twice. After running for a first down on 4th and Long, Crewe, realizing that his inmates are still not protecting him due to his prior actions, calls a huddle, and admits to the point shaving that disgraced him, and to the injury that he faked as a result of Hazen's threat, and sabotage to the other inmates, and asks for their forgiveness, putting his hands in the middle of all of them. Moss puts his hand in, followed by the rest of the team.

text: The Mean Machine, united again as a team, quickly scores two touchdowns to cut the guards' lead to 35-28. After Megget is injured after a long run, Scarborough comes in for one play as replacement and scores a touchdown off a trick play involving a fumble called a Fumblerooski. Mean Machine decides to go for the two-point conversion and the win. As they get up to the line they seem to be confused, and Crewe and Scarborough start arguing in order to trick the guards. Moss gets the snap and passes it to Crewe, who scores the winning conversion, winning the game. Knauer, with a newfound respect for Crewe, tells him that he showed extraordinary nerve, and lets him know that he will vouch that Crewe had nothing to do with Caretaker's death.

text: Hazen admonishes Knauer for losing a fixed game and notices that Crewe is heading towards the exit. Eagerly implying Crewe is trying to escape, Hazen orders that Crewe be shot for attempting to escape. Knauer hesitates and at the last moment realizes (and scornfully tells Hazen) that Crewe is only picking up the game football, losing a lot of respect for Hazen as he's left with a shocked look on his face. Crewe returns it to Hazen, telling him to "stick it in [his] trophy case." Moss (Michael Irvin) and Joey Battle (Bill Goldberg) give Hazen a Gatorade shower, and when he tells them that this has earned them a week in the hot box, Battle defiantly yells "Who gives a shit?!"

text: Cast[edit]

text: Cons[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Paul "Wrecking" Crewe
Chris Rock as James "Caretaker" Farrell
Nelly as Earl Megget
David Patrick Kelly as Unger
Terry Crews as "Cheeseburger Eddy"
Nicholas Turturro as Brucie
Bill Goldberg as Joey "Battle" Battaglio
Bob Sapp as Switowski
Steve Reevis as Billy "Baby Face Bob" Rainwater
Lobo Sebastian as Torres
Dalip Singh as Turley
Joey "Coco" Diaz as Anthony "Big Tony" Cobianco
Eddie Bunker as "Skitchy" Rivers
Tracy Morgan as Miss Tucker
Cloris Leachman as Lynette Grey
Burt Reynolds as Coach Nate Scarborough
Michael Irvin as Deacon Moss
D12 as Basketball Convicts

text: Guards[edit]

text:
James Cromwell as Warden Rudolph Hazen
Bill Romanowski as Guard Lambert
Brian Bosworth as Guard Garner
Kevin Nash as Sgt. Engleheart
Steve Austin as Guard Dunham
Michael Papajohn as Guard Papajohn
Conrad Goode as Guard Webster
Brandon Molale as Guard Malloy
Todd Holland as Guard Holland
Walter Williamson as Errol Dandridge
William Fichtner as Cpt. Brian Knauer
John Hockridge as Guard Hock

text: Others[edit]

text:
Allen Covert as Referee
Rob Schneider as Punky
Chris Berman as Himself
Jim Rome as Himself
Patrick Bristow as Walt
Lauren Sanchez as Herself
Dan Patrick as Officer Jack Pugh
Christopher Neiman as Big Ear Cop
Ed Lauter as Duane
Sean Salisbury as Vic
Rob "Revolution" Moore as Gavin
Big Boy as Jesse
Marc S. Ganis as Lorenzo
Shane Ralston as Bradlee
Courteney Cox as Lena (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The movie was filmed at the New Mexico State Penitentiary on Route 14, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The football game at the end of the film was filmed at Murdock Stadium at the El Camino College in Torrance, California. The car chase scene was filmed whereabouts in Long Beach, California. Other parts of the film were filmed in Los Angeles and New Mexico.[citation needed] The golf course scene was filmed at Lost Canyons Golf Club in Simi Valley, California.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film did well at the box office. Its $47.6 million opening weekend was the largest of Sandler's career and only second to The Day After Tomorrow as the largest opening by a movie that was not #1. The film would go on to gross $158.1 million in the United States and Canada and $190 million worldwide. It was the highest-grossing film produced by MTV Films, until it was surpassed by Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters. Despite the large number of remakes released at the theaters, it's worth noting that The Longest Yard is the highest grossing comedy remake of the modern box office era (from 1980 on).[2]

text: Critical response [edit]

text: The overall critical response was mixed. It received a 31% Freshness rating on Rotten Tomatoes, though users, who rated it 62%, generally agreed that it was a play-by-play remake; the greatest complaint from critics was that it replaced the original's uncompromising violence, dark comedy and grit with juvenile humor and visual gags. Roger Ebert, in the critical minority with this title, gave it a "Thumbs Up", defending it later in his Chicago Sun-Times review as a film that "...more or less achieves what most of the people attending it will expect." In the print review, Ebert beseeches his readers to "...seek out a movie you could have an interesting conversation about", citing films not in wide release such as Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist and Kontroll, until finally encouraging his readers to "drop any thought of seeing anything else instead" if they can see Crash.[3] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[4]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film earned Chris Rock a BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Theatrical Film.[citation needed]

text: Burt Reynolds earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The official soundtrack, which consisted entirely of hip-hop music, was released on May 24, 2005 by Universal Records. It peaked at 11 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

text: The film itself contains a mixture of hip hop and rock music, featuring music by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Norman Greenbaum and AC/DC among others.