document_title: Hidden Figures

question_text: when did the book hidden figures take place

text: Hidden Figures

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1961, mathematician Katherine Goble works as a human computer in the segregated division West Area Computers of the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, alongside her colleagues, aspiring engineer Mary Jackson and their unofficial acting-supervisor Dorothy Vaughan.

text: Following a successful Soviet satellite launch, pressure to send American astronauts into space increases. Supervisor Vivian Mitchell assigns Katherine to assist Al Harrison's Space Task Group, given her skills in analytic geometry. She becomes the first black woman on the team; and in the building, which has no bathrooms for non-white people.

text: Katherine's new colleagues are initially dismissive and demeaning, especially head engineer Paul Stafford. Meanwhile, Mitchell informs Dorothy that she will not be promoted as the bureaucracy is not planning to assign a "permanent supervisor for the colored group". Mary is assigned to the space capsule heat shield team, and immediately identifies a flaw in the experimental space capsule's heat shields. With encouragement from the team lead, she submits an application for an official NASA engineer position and begins to pursue an engineering degree more assertively.

text: At a church barbecue, widow Katherine meets National Guard Colonel Jim Johnson, and they are attracted to each other, but she is disappointed when he voices skepticism about women's mathematical abilities. He later apologizes, and begins spending time with Katherine and her three daughters.

text: When Harrison invites his subordinates to solve a complex mathematical equation, Katherine develops the solution, leaving him impressed. The Mercury 7 astronauts visit Langley and astronaut John Glenn is cordial to the West Area Computers.

text: Katherine becomes better acquainted with her colleagues. Harrison finds Katherine not at her desk one day, and is enraged when she explains that she must walk a half-mile (800 meters) away to another building to use the colored people's bathroom. Harrison abolishes bathroom segregation, personally knocking down the "Colored Bathroom" sign. Regardless of Stafford's objections, Harrison allows Katherine to be included in their meetings, in which she creates an elaborate equation to guide the space capsule into a safe re-entry. Despite this, Katherine is forced to remove her name from all the reports, which are credited solely to Stafford. Meanwhile, Mary goes to court and convinces the judge to grant her permission to attend night classes in an all-white school to obtain her engineering degree.

text: Dorothy learns of the impending installation of an IBM 7090 electronic computer that will replace her co-workers. She visits the computer room to learn about it and successfully starts the machine. Later, she visits a public library, where the librarian scolds her for visiting the whites-only section, to borrow a book about FORTRAN. While congratulating Dorothy on her work, Mitchell assures her that she never treated her differently due to the color of her skin; Dorothy is unconvinced. After teaching herself FORTRAN and training her West Area co-workers, she is officially promoted to supervise the Programming Department for the IBM, bringing 30 of her co-workers to do the programming. Mitchell eventually addresses Dorothy as "Mrs. Vaughan," indicating her new-found respect.

text: As the final arrangements for John Glenn's launch are made, Katherine is informed she is no longer needed at Space Task Group and is being reassigned back to West Area Computers. As a wedding and farewell gift from her colleagues (Katherine is now married to Jim Johnson), Harrison buys her a pearl necklace, the only jewelry allowed under the dress code.

text: The day of the launch, discrepancies arise in the IBM 7090 calculations for the capsule's landing coordinates, and Astronaut Glenn requests that Katherine be called in to check the calculations. Katherine quickly does so, only to have the door slammed in her face after delivering the results to the control room. However, Harrison gives her a security pass to the control room so they can relay the results to Glenn together.

text: After a successful launch and orbit, the space capsule has a warning light indicating a heat shield problem. Mission control decides to land it after three orbits instead of seven. Katherine understands the situation and concurs that they should leave the retro-rocket attached to heat shield for reentry to which Harrison agrees immediately. Their instructions prove correct and Friendship 7 successfully lands in the ocean.

text: Following the mission, the mathematicians are laid off and ultimately replaced by electronic computers. Katherine is reassigned to the Analysis and Computation Division, Dorothy continues to supervise the Programming Department, and Mary obtains her engineering degree and gains employment at NASA as an engineer.

text: An epilogue reveals that Katherine calculated the trajectories for the Apollo 11 and Space Shuttle missions. In 2015 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The following year, NASA dedicated the Langley Research Center's Katherine G. Johnson Computational Building in her honor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Taraji P. Henson as Katherine Goble Johnson mathematician
Octavia Spencer as Dorothy Vaughan, mathematician and supervisor
Janelle Monáe as Mary Jackson, who becomes an engineer
Kevin Costner as Al Harrison, director of the Space Task Group
Kirsten Dunst as Vivian Mitchell, supervisor
Jim Parsons as Paul Stafford, head engineer in STG
Glen Powell as John Glenn, astronaut
Mahershala Ali as Jim Johnson, military officer who romances and eventually marries Katherine
Karan Kendrick as Young Joylette Coleman, mother of Young Katherine Goble Johnson
Donna Biscoe as Joylette Coleman, Katherine's mother, who helps care for her children
Rhoda Griffis as White Librarian
Maria Howell as Ms. Summer
Aldis Hodge as Levi Jackson
Paige Nicollette as Eunice Smith
Gary Weeks as Reporter at Press Conference
Saniyya Sidney as Constance Johnson
Zani Jones Mbayise as Kathy Johnson
Kimberly Quinn as Ruth
Olek Krupa as Karl Zielinski, engineer who encourages Mary Jackson

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 9, 2015, it was announced that producer Donna Gigliotti had acquired Margot Lee Shetterly's nonfiction book Hidden Figures, about a group of black female mathematicians that helped NASA win the Space Race.[5] Allison Schroeder wrote the script, which was developed by Gigliotti through Levantine Films. Schroeder grew up by Cape Canaveral and her grandparents worked at NASA, where she also interned as a teenager, and as a result saw the project as a perfect fit for herself.[6] Levantine Films produced the film with Peter Chernin's Chernin Entertainment. Fox 2000 Pictures acquired the film rights, and Theodore Melfi signed on to direct.[5] After coming aboard, Melfi revised Schroeder's script, and in particular focused on balancing the home lives of the three protagonists with their careers at NASA.[6] After the film's development was announced, actresses considered to play the black female roles included Oprah Winfrey, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, and Taraji P. Henson.[5]

text: Chernin and Jenno Topping produced, along with Gigliotti and Melfi.[7] On February 10, 2016, Fox cast Henson to play the lead role of mathematician Katherine Goble Johnson. On February 17, Spencer was selected to play Dorothy Vaughan, one of the three lead mathematicians at NASA.[8] On March 1, 2016, Kevin Costner was cast in the film to play the fictional head of the space program.[9] Singer Janelle Monáe signed on to play the third lead mathematician, Mary Jackson.[10] Later the same month, Kirsten Dunst, Glen Powell, and Mahershala Ali were cast in the film: Powell to play astronaut John Glenn,[11] and Ali as Johnson's love interest.[12][13]

text: Principal photography began in March 2016 on the campus of Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.[14] Filming also took place at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics at Dobbins Air Reserve Base.[15] On April 1, 2016, Jim Parsons was cast in the film to play the head engineer of the Space Task Group at NASA, Paul Stafford.[11] In April 2016, Pharrell Williams came on board as a producer on the film. He also wrote original songs and handled the music department and soundtrack of the film, with Hans Zimmer and Benjamin Wallfisch.[16]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film, set at NASA in 1961, depicts segregated facilities such as the West Area Computing unit, where an all-black group of female mathematicians were originally required to use separate dining and bathroom facilities. However, in reality, Dorothy Vaughan was promoted to supervisor of West Computing in 1949, becoming the first black supervisor at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and one of the few female supervisors. In 1958, when NACA made the transition to NASA, segregated facilities, including the West Computing office, were abolished. Dorothy Vaughan and many of the former West Computers transferred to the new Analysis and Computation Division (ACD), a racially and gender-integrated group.[17]

text: Mary Jackson was the one who had to find her own way to a colored bathroom, which did exist on the East Side.[18] Katherine (then Goble) was originally unaware that the East Side bathrooms were segregated, and used the unlabeled "whites-only" bathrooms for years before anyone complained.[19] She ignored the complaint, and the issue was dropped.[20] In an interview with WHRO-TV, Katherine Johnson played down the feeling of segregation. "I didn't feel the segregation at NASA, because everybody there was doing research. You had a mission and you worked on it, and it was important to you to do your job...and play bridge at lunch. I didn't feel any segregation. I knew it was there, but I didn't feel it."[21]

text: Mary Jackson did not have to get a court order to attend night classes at the whites-only high school. She asked the city of Hampton for an exception, and it was granted. The school turned out to be run down and dilapidated, a hidden cost of running two parallel school systems.[22] She completed her engineering courses and earned a promotion to engineer in 1958.[23]

text: Katherine Goble/Johnson carpooled with Eunice Smith, a nine-year West End computer veteran at the time Katherine joined NACA. Smith was her neighbor and friend from sorority and church choir.[24] The three Goble children were teenagers at the time of Katherine's marriage to Jim Johnson.[25]

text: Katherine Goble/Johnson was assigned to the Flight Research Division in 1953, a move that soon became permanent. When the Space Task Group was created in 1958, engineers from the Flight Research Division formed the core of the Group, and Katherine moved along with them. She coauthored a research report in 1960, the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division had received credit as an author of a research report.[26]

text: Katherine gained access to editorial meetings as of 1958 simply through persistence, not because one particular meeting was critical.[27][28]

text: The Space Task Group was led by Robert Gilruth, not the fictional character Al Harrison, who was created to simplify a more complex management structure.

text: The scene where Harrison smashes the Colored Ladies Room sign never happened, as in real life Katherine refused to walk the extra distance to use the colored bathroom and, in her words, "just went to the White one".[29] Harrison also lets her into Mission Control to witness the launch. Neither scene happened in real life, and screenwriter Theodore Melfi said he saw no problem with adding the scenes, "There needs to be white people who do the right thing, there needs to be black people who do the right thing, and someone does the right thing. And so who cares who does the right thing, as long as the right thing is achieved?" Dexter Thomas of Vice News criticized Melfi's additions as creating the white savior trope, "In this case, it means that a white person doesn't have to think about the possibility that, were they around back in the 1960s South, they might have been one of the bad ones."[30] The Atlantic's Megan Garber said that the film's "narrative trajectory" involved "thematic elements of the white savior".[31] Melfi said he was "hurtful" in reaction to "accusations of a 'white savior' storyline", saying, "It was very upsetting to me because I am at a place where I've lived my life colorless and I grew up in Brooklyn. I walked to school with people of all shapes, sizes, and colors, and that’s how I've lived my life. So it's very upsetting that we still have to have this conversation. I get upset when I hear 'black film,' and so does Taraji P. Henson... It's just a film. And if we keep labeling something 'a black film,' or 'a white film'— basically it's modern day segregation. We're all humans. Any human can tell any human’s story. I don't want to have this conversation about black film or white film anymore. I wanna have conversations about film."

text: The Huffington Post's Zeba Blay said of Melfi's frustration, "His frustration is also a perfect example of how, when it comes to open dialogue about depictions of people of color on screen, it behooves white people (especially those who position themselves as 'allies') to listen... the inclusion of the bathroom scene doesn’t make Melfi a bad filmmaker, or a bad person, or a racist. But his suggestion that a feel-good scene like that was needed for the marketability and overall appeal of the film speaks to the fact that Hollywood at large still has a long way to go in telling black stories, no matter how many strides have been made."[32]

text: The fictional characters Vivian Mitchell and Paul Stafford are composites of several team members, and reflect common social views and attitudes of the time. Karl Zielinski is based on Mary Jackson's mentor, Kazimierz "Kaz" Czarnecki.[33]

text: John Glenn, who was about a decade older than depicted at the time of launch, did ask specifically for Johnson[34] to verify the IBM calculations, although she had several days before the launch date to complete the process.[35]

text: The author Margot Lee Shetterly has agreed that there are differences between her book and the movie, but found that to be understandable.

text: For better or for worse, there is history, there is the book and then there's the movie. Timelines had to be conflated and [there were] composite characters, and for most people [who have seen the movie] have already taken that as the literal fact. ... You might get the indication in the movie that these were the only people doing those jobs, when in reality we know they worked in teams, and those teams had other teams. There were sections, branches, divisions, and they all went up to a director. There were so many people required to make this happen. ... It would be great for people to understand that there were so many more people. Even though Katherine Johnson, in this role, was a hero, there were so many others that were required to do other kinds of tests and checks to make [Glenn's] mission come to fruition. But I understand you can't make a movie with 300 characters. It is simply not possible.[36]

text: John Glenn's flight was not terminated early as stated in the movie's subtitle. The MA-6 mission was planned for three orbits and landed at the expected time. The press kit published before launch states that "The Mercury Operations Director may elect a one, two or three orbit mission." [37] The post mission report also shows that retrofire was scheduled to occur on the third orbit. [38] Scott Carpenter's subsequent flight in May was also scheduled and flew for three orbits, and Walter Schirra's planned six orbit flight in October required extensive modifications to the Mercury capsule's life support system to allow him to stay up that long. [39] The phrase "go for at least seven orbits" that is in the mission transcript refers to the fact that the Atlas booster had placed Glenn's capsule into an orbit that would be stable for at least seven orbits, not that he had permission to stay up that long.

text: The Mercury Control Center was located at Cape Canaveral, Florida, not at the Langley Research Center in Virginia.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film began a limited release on December 25, 2016, before a wide release on January 6, 2017.[40][41]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hidden Figures grossed $169.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $64 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $233.4 million, against a production budget of $25 million.[2] Domestically, Hidden Figures was the highest-grossing Best Picture nominee at the 89th Academy Awards.[42] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $95.55 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it one of the top twenty most profitable release of 2016.[43]

text: During its limited release in 25 theaters from December 25, 2016 to January 5, 2017, the film grossed $3 million.[44] In North America, Hidden Figures had its expansion alongside the opening of Underworld: Blood Wars and the wide expansions of Lion and A Monster Calls. It was expected to gross around $20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend, with the studio projecting a more conservative $15–17 million debut.[45] It made $1.2 million from Thursday night previews and $7.6 million on its first day. Initially, projections had the film grossing $21.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing second behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story ($22 million). Final figures revealed the film tallied a weekend total of $22.8 million, beating Rogue One's $21.9 million.[46] In its second weekend, the film grossed $20.5 million (for a four-day MLK Weekend total of $27.5 million), again topping the box office.[47]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Hidden Figures received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92%, based on 234 reviews, with an average score of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "In heartwarming, crowd-pleasing fashion, Hidden Figures celebrates overlooked—and crucial—contributions from a pivotal moment in American history."[48] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[49] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale,[50] one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to receive such a score.

text: Simon Thompson of IGN gave the film a rating of 9/10, writing, "Hidden Figures fills in an all too forgotten, or simply too widely unknown, blank in US history in a classy, engaging, entertaining and hugely fulfilling way. Superb performances across the board and a fascinating story alone make Hidden Figures a solid, an accomplished and deftly executed movie that entertains, engages and earns your time, money and attention."[51] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe wrote, "the film’s made with more heart than art and more skill than subtlety, and it works primarily because of the women that it portrays and the actresses who portray them. Best of all, you come out of the movie knowing who Katherine Johnson and Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson are, and so do your daughters and sons."[52]

text: Clayton Davis of Awards Circuit gave the film 3.5 stars, saying "Precisely marketed as terrific adult entertainment for the Christmas season, Hidden Figures is a faithful and truly beautiful portrait of our country’s consistent gloss over the racial tensions that have divided and continue to plague the fabric our existence. Lavishly engaging from start to finish, Hidden Figures may be able to catch the most inopportune movie-goer off guard and cause them to fall for its undeniable and classic storytelling. The film is not to be missed."[53]

text: Notwithstanding Katherine Johnson's opinion that the "three leading ladies did an excellent job portraying us"[19], and that all the distortions to the facts "make the film more entertaining and less truthful", one critic wrote: "When a film purports to be selling history, we're entitled to ask where the history went, even if it offers a good time instead."[54][improper synthesis?]

text: Charity screenings[edit]

text: After Hidden Figures was released on December 25, 2016, certain charities, institutions and independent businesses who regard the film as relevant to the cause of improving youth awareness in education and careers in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, organized free screenings of the film in order to spread the message of the film's subject matter.[55][56] A collaborative effort between Western New York STEM Hub, AT&T and the Girl Scouts of the USA allowed more than 200 Buffalo Public School students, Girls Scouts and teachers to see the film. WBFO's Senior Reporter Eileen Buckley stated the event was designed to help encourage a new generation of women to consider STEM careers. Research indicates that by the year 2020, there will be 2.4 millon unfilled STEM jobs.[57]

text: Also, the film's principal actors (Henson, Spencer, Monáe and Parsons), director (Melfi), producer/musical creator (Williams), and other non-profit outside groups have offered free screenings to Hidden Figures at several cinema locations around the world. Some of the screenings were open to all-comers, while others were arranged to benefit girls, women and the underprivileged. The campaign began as individual activism by Spencer, and made a total of more than 1,500 seats for Hidden Figures available, free of charge, to poor individuals and families. The end result was seven more screenings for people who otherwise might not have been able to afford to see the 20th Century Fox film - in Atlanta (sponsored by Monáe), in Washington, D.C. (sponsored by Henson), in Chicago (also Henson), in Houston (by Parsons), in Hazelwood, Missouri (by Melfi and actress/co-producer Kimberly Quinn), and in Norfolk and Virginia Beach, Virginia (both sponsored by Williams).[58]

text: In February 2017, AMC Theatres and 21st Century Fox announced that free screenings of Hidden Figures would take place in celebration of Black History Month in up to 14 select U.S. cities (including Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles and Miami). The statement described the February charity screenings as building broader awareness of the film's true story of black women mathematicians who worked at NASA during the Space Race.[59] 21st Century Fox and AMC Theatres also invited schools, community groups and non-profit organizations to apply for additional special screenings to be held in their towns. "As we celebrate Black History Month and look ahead to Women's History Month in March, this story of empowerment and perseverance is more relevant than ever," said Liba Rubenstein, 21st Century Fox's Senior Vice President of Social Impact, "We at 21CF were inspired by the grassroots movement to bring this film to audiences that wouldn't otherwise be able to see it - audiences that might include future innovators and barrier-breakers - and we wanted to support and extend that movement".[60]

text: Philanthropic non-profit outside groups and other local efforts by individuals have offered free screenings to Hidden Figures by using crowdfunding platforms on the Internet, that allow people to raise money for free film screening events.[61][62] Dozens of other GoFundMe free screening campaigns have appeared since the film's general release, all by people wanting to raise money to pay for students to see the film.[61]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Hidden Figures was released on Digital HD on March 28, 2017 and Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD, and DVD on April 11, 2017.[63] The film debuted at No. 3 on the home video sales chart.[64]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Following the 2017 Lego Ideas Contest, Denmark-based toy maker The Lego Group announced that will manufacture a fan-designed Women of NASA figurine set of five female scientists, engineers and astronauts, as based on real women who have worked for the NASA Space Agency. The minifigures set includes Katherine Johnson; as well as computer scientist Margaret Hamilton; astronaut, physicist and educator Sally Ride; astronomer Nancy Grace Roman; and astronaut and physician Mae Jemison (who is also African American). The Women of NASA set is scheduled to be available by late 2017 or early 2018.[65][66]


document_title: NBA G League

question_text: g league what does the g stand for

question_tokens: g league what does the g stand for

root

text: NBA G League

text: History[edit]

text: National Basketball Development League (2001–2005)[edit]

text: The league began its play as the National Basketball Development League (NBDL) in the 2001–02 season; the original eight franchises[1][2] were all located in the southeastern United States (specifically in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia).

tag: p

text: NBA Development League (2005–2017)[edit]

text: In 2005, the league's name was changed to NBA Development League (NBA D-League)[1] as part of the new collective bargaining agreement with the NBA and a bid to appeal to more fans by showing their connection to the major league.[3] In the same offseason, Southwest Basketball, LLC lead by David Kahn was granted permission by the league to operate four new teams.[4] Southwest Basketball then purchased three existing franchises and one expansion team: the Albuquerque Thunderbirds, Austin Toros, Fort Worth Flyers[5] and the Tulsa 66ers.[6] The Arkansas RimRockers were also added from the ABA for the 2005–06 season. In February 2006, the D-League expanded to California for the first time with the addition of the Bakersfield Jam. Two months later, the league announced that four teams from the Continental Basketball Association were joining the league: the Dakota Wizards, Sioux Falls Skyforce, Idaho Stampede, and a team originally slated for CBA expansion, the Colorado 14ers.[7] Shortly after, the league announced expansion teams in the Anaheim Arsenal[8] and the Los Angeles D-Fenders. The D-Fenders became the first D-League team to be directly owned by an NBA parent team, the Los Angeles Lakers.[9]

text: However, the westward expansion contributed to the contraction of the NBA-owned Roanoke Dazzle[10] and Fayetteville Patriots for that season.[11] The Florida Flame suspended operations due to arena scheduling difficulties.[12] After the 2006–07 season, there would be no more teams in the southeastern United States until the 2016 expansion team, the Greensboro Swarm.

text: After the 2006 to 2009 expansions, the league membership was fairly consistent with only a few relocations and suspensions. In 2009, the Houston Rockets entered into the first single-affiliation partnership, called the hybrid model, with the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. This began a wave of NBA and D-League teams entering into single-affiliation agreements of both the hybrid and parent-team owned varieties. With more NBA involvement, the league once again began to expand and spread its footprint.

text: By 2015, the last multiple-affiliate team, the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, was purchased by the Indiana Pacers leading to the first season where all D-League teams were affiliated with only one NBA team. As there were no longer any unaffiliated D-League teams left, the remaining NBA teams began purchasing expansion franchises or hybrid partnership teams and placing them near the parent team. In 2015, the Toronto Raptors placed their own team, Raptors 905, in the Greater Toronto Area in Mississauga, Ontario.[13][14] In 2016, the D-League expanded by three more NBA parent club-owned teams for the largest D-League expansion since 2007. The Charlotte Hornets created the Greensboro Swarm, the Brooklyn Nets created the Long Island Nets, and the Chicago Bulls created the Windy City Bulls.

text: NBA G League (2017–present)[edit]

text: In the 2017–18 season, the D-League entered into a multi-year partnership with Gatorade and announced it would be rebranded as the NBA Gatorade League.[2] When the league completed the change over to the new branding, it had changed to referring to itself as simply the "NBA G League".[15][16] It also continued its membership changes with the relocation of the Erie BayHawks to Lakeland, Florida, as the Lakeland Magic, a new Erie BayHawks franchise; and expansions in the Agua Caliente Clippers in Ontario, California; the Memphis Hustle in Southaven, Mississippi; and the Wisconsin Herd in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The Los Angeles D-Fenders would also re-brand to the South Bay Lakers to reflect the league name change.

text: Teams[edit]

text: Current teams[edit]

text:
Eastern Conference

Division
Team
City
Arena
Capacity
Founded
Joined
Head coach
NBA affiliate
Ownership

Atlantic
Long Island Nets
Uniondale, New York
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
13,500
2016
Ronald Nored
Brooklyn Nets
Parent club

Maine Red Claws
Portland, Maine
Portland Exposition Building
3,100
2009
Brandon Bailey
Boston Celtics
Hybrid

Raptors 905
Mississauga, Ontario
Hershey Centre
5,000
2015
Jerry Stackhouse
Toronto Raptors[14]
Parent club

Westchester Knicks
White Plains, New York
Westchester County Center
5,000
2014
Mike Miller
New York Knicks
Parent club

Central
Canton Charge
Canton, Ohio
Canton Memorial Civic Center
5,200
2001[a]
Nate Reinking
Cleveland Cavaliers
Parent club

Fort Wayne Mad Ants
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
13,000
2007
Steve Gansey
Indiana Pacers
Parent club

Grand Rapids Drive
Walker, Michigan
DeltaPlex Arena
4,500
2006[b]
Rob Werdann
Detroit Pistons
Hybrid

Windy City Bulls
Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Sears Centre
10,000
2016
Charlie Henry
Chicago Bulls
Parent club

Wisconsin Herd
Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Oshkosh Arena
3,500
2017
Jordan Brady
Milwaukee Bucks
Parent club

Southeast
Delaware 87ers
Newark, Delaware
Bob Carpenter Center
5,100
2007[c]
Eugene Burroughs
Philadelphia 76ers
Parent club

Erie BayHawks
Erie, Pennsylvania
Erie Insurance Arena
6,750
2017[d]
Josh Longstaff
Atlanta Hawks[17]
Parent club

Greensboro Swarm
Greensboro, North Carolina
Greensboro Coliseum Fieldhouse
2,500
2016
Noel Gillespie
Charlotte Hornets
Parent club

Lakeland Magic[d]
Lakeland, Florida
RP Funding Center
8,178
2008
2017
Stan Heath
Orlando Magic
Parent club

Western Conference

Division
Team
City
Arena
Capacity
Founded
Joined
Head coach
NBA affiliate
Ownership

Midwest
Iowa Wolves
Des Moines, Iowa
Wells Fargo Arena
16,110
2007
Scott Roth
Minnesota Timberwolves
Parent club

Memphis Hustle
Southaven, Mississippi
Landers Center
8,362
2017
Glynn Cyprien
Memphis Grizzlies
Parent club

Oklahoma City Blue
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Cox Convention Center
13,846
2001[e]
Mark Daigneault
Oklahoma City Thunder
Parent club

Sioux Falls Skyforce
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Sanford Pentagon
3,250
1989[f]
2006
Nevada Smith
Miami Heat
Parent club

Southwest
Austin Spurs
Cedar Park, Texas
H-E-B Center at Cedar Park
7,200
2001[g]
Blake Ahearn
San Antonio Spurs
Parent club

Rio Grande Valley Vipers
Hidalgo, Texas
State Farm Arena
5,500
2007
Matt Brase
Houston Rockets
Hybrid

Salt Lake City Stars
Taylorsville, Utah
Lifetime Activities Center-Bruin Arena
5,000
1997[h]
2006
Martin Schiller
Utah Jazz[18]
Parent club

Texas Legends
Frisco, Texas
Dr Pepper Arena
4,500
2006[i]
Bob MacKinnon Jr.
Dallas Mavericks
Hybrid

Pacific
Agua Caliente Clippers
Ontario, California
Citizens Business Bank Arena
10,832
2017
Casey Hill
Los Angeles Clippers
Parent club

Northern Arizona Suns
Prescott Valley, Arizona
Prescott Valley Event Center
5,100
2006[j]
Tyrone Ellis
Phoenix Suns[19]
Parent club

Reno Bighorns
Reno, Nevada
Reno Events Center
7,000
2008
Darrick Martin
Sacramento Kings
Parent club

Santa Cruz Warriors
Santa Cruz, California
Kaiser Permanente Arena
2,505
1995[k]
2006
Aaron Miles
Golden State Warriors
Parent club

South Bay Lakers
El Segundo, California
UCLA Health Training Center
750
2006[l]
Coby Karl
Los Angeles Lakers
Parent club

tag: table

text:
Announced future teams

Team
City
Arena
Capacity
Founded
Joining
Head coach
NBA affiliate
Ownership

College Park[d]
College Park, Georgia
Georgia International Convention Center
3,500
2017[d]
2019
TBA
Atlanta Hawks
Parent club

Washington
Washington, D.C.
St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena
4,200[20]
2018
TBA
Washington Wizards
Parent club

text:
Jump up ^ As the Huntsville Flight.
Jump up ^ As the Anaheim Arsenal.
Jump up ^ As the Utah Flash.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The original Erie BayHawks, at the time an affiliate of the Orlando Magic, were fully purchased and moved to Lakeland as the Lakeland Magic starting with the 2017 season. However, the Atlanta Hawks began operating their new development franchise in Erie, intending to move it to College Park, Georgia, once a new arena at Georgia International Convention Center is completed.
Jump up ^ As the Asheville Altitude.
Jump up ^ Played in the Continental Basketball Association and the International Basketball League (1999–2001) before joining the NBA D-League in 2006.
Jump up ^ As the Columbus Riverdragons.
Jump up ^ Played as the Idaho Stampede in the Continental Basketball Association before joining the NBA D-League in 2006.
Jump up ^ As the Colorado 14ers.
Jump up ^ As the Bakersfield Jam.
Jump up ^ As the Dakota Wizards; Played in the International Basketball Association and the Continental Basketball Association before joining the NBA D-League in 2006.
Jump up ^ As the Los Angeles D-Fenders; did not field a team for the 2010–11 season.

tag: ol

text: Team ownership and NBA affiliations[edit]

text: Ownership models vary across the NBA G League. Growing willingness among NBA organizations to invest in the G League has led to two main models: direct ownership of G League teams by parent NBA clubs and single-affiliate partnerships in which the G League team remains independently owned while the parent club runs and finances basketball operations.

text: Parent club direct ownership began in 2006 when the Los Angeles Lakers bought their own NBA D-League franchise, originally known as the Los Angeles D-Fenders and since 2017–18 as the South Bay Lakers, followed by the San Antonio Spurs purchasing the Austin Toros in 2007 and the Oklahoma City Thunder purchasing the Tulsa 66ers in 2008. This led to more NBA teams to either purchase existing franchises or create expansion teams in order to have their own single-affiliation teams. In 2011, the Cleveland Cavaliers purchased the New Mexico Thunderbirds to become the Canton Charge and the Golden State Warriors purchased the Dakota Wizards. In 2013, the Philadelphia 76ers purchased the inactive Utah Flash and moved them to Newark, Delaware, as the Delaware 87ers. In 2014, the New York Knicks became the seventh team to fully own and operate their own NBA D-League affiliate in the Westchester Knicks.[21] In 2015, the Toronto Raptors created their own expansion franchise, the Raptors 905. In 2017, the Timberwolves purchased the Iowa Energy and renamed the team the Iowa Wolves.[22]

text: In 2009, the Houston Rockets and Rio Grande Valley Vipers pioneered the single-affiliate partnership, also known as the hybrid model. In November 2010, the New Jersey Nets and Springfield Armor announced they would enter into a single-affiliate partnership that began in 2011–12. In June 2011, the New York Knicks and Erie BayHawks announced they would be singly-affiliated. In May 2012, the Portland Trail Blazers entered into a single-affiliation partnership with the Idaho Stampede. The following month, the Boston Celtics and Maine Red Claws announced a single-affiliation partnership. In June 2013, the Miami Heat announced that they had entered into a single-affiliated partnership with the Sioux Falls Skyforce. In July 2013, the Sacramento Kings and Reno Bighorns entered into a single-affiliation. The Stampede ended their affiliation with the Trail Blazers after the 2013–14 season and in June 2014 announced their affiliation with the Utah Jazz. The Armor moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, after the 2013–14 season and affiliated with the Detroit Pistons. From 2014 to 2017, the Memphis Grizzlies had a single-affiliation with the Iowa Energy. In 2015, the last multiple affiliate team, the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, was purchased by the Indiana Pacers making the 2015–16 season the first with all teams having single-affiliations.

text: In some cases, the hybrid affiliation led to the parent team buying their affiliate's franchise outright. On March 24, 2015, the Utah Jazz purchased their affiliate, the Idaho Stampede, and after one more season in Boise relocated the team to Salt Lake City. On April 11, 2016, the Phoenix Suns purchased their affiliate, the Bakersfield Jam, and announced the immediate relocation of the team to Prescott Valley, Arizona, as the Northern Arizona Suns beginning with the 2016–17 season.[19] On October 20, 2016, the Sacramento Kings bought the majority ownership of their affiliate of the previous eight seasons, the Reno Bighorns.[23] On December 14, 2016, the Magic purchased their affiliate, the Erie BayHawks, with the intention to relocate the team to Lakeland, Florida, in 2017.[24] In 2017, the Miami Heat purchased the controlling interest in the Sioux Falls Skyforce after being its primary affiliate since 2013.

text: Parent club ownership: Agua Caliente Clippers (by the Los Angeles Clippers), Austin Spurs (by the San Antonio Spurs), Canton Charge (by the Cleveland Cavaliers), Delaware 87ers (by the Philadelphia 76ers), Erie BayHawks (by the Atlanta Hawks), Fort Wayne Mad Ants (by the Indiana Pacers), Greensboro Swarm (by the Charlotte Hornets), Iowa Wolves (by the Minnesota Timberwolves), Lakeland Magic (by the Orlando Magic), Long Island Nets (by the Brooklyn Nets), Memphis Hustle (by the Memphis Grizzlies), Northern Arizona Suns (by the Phoenix Suns), Oklahoma City Blue (by the Oklahoma City Thunder), Raptors 905 (by the Toronto Raptors), Reno Bighorns (by the Sacramento Kings), Salt Lake City Stars (by the Utah Jazz), Santa Cruz Warriors (by the Golden State Warriors), Sioux Falls Skyforce (with the Miami Heat), South Bay Lakers (by the Los Angeles Lakers), Westchester Knicks (by the New York Knicks), the Windy City Bulls (by the Chicago Bulls), and the Wisconsin Herd (by the Milwaukee Bucks).

text: Single affiliation/hybrid model: Grand Rapids Drive (with the Detroit Pistons), Maine Red Claws (with the Boston Celtics), Rio Grande Valley Vipers (with the Houston Rockets), and the Texas Legends (with the Dallas Mavericks).

text: NBA teams with announced future affiliation: Washington Wizards (with Washington by parent club ownership in 2018).

text: NBA teams without an exclusive affiliate: Denver Nuggets, New Orleans Pelicans, and Portland Trail Blazers.

text: Future expansion teams and locations[edit]

text: Expansion in the league was slow for the first years, but has rapidly increased since the movement towards single-affiliate teams has become the norm.

text: Confirmed expansion and relocations[edit]

text: On January 6, 2016, the Orlando Magic announced that they had begun the process of bringing an NBA D-League team to Central Florida or Northern Florida and sent RFPs to eight possible homes and venues for the team: Daytona Beach (Ocean Center), Estero (Germain Arena), Fort Myers (Lee County Civic Center), Jacksonville (Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena), Kissimmee (Silver Spurs Arena), Lakeland (Lakeland Center), and two venues in Orlando (HP Field House and CFE Arena). The team would begin to play in the 2017–18 season and would be directly owned and operated by the Magic and would not be a relocation of their then hybrid affiliate, the Erie BayHawks.[25] On June 30, the Magic had narrowed the list down to two cities: Kissimmee and Lakeland.[26] On December 14, 2016, the Magic purchased the BayHawks and will relocate the team to Lakeland for the 2017–18 season.[24]

text: On November 10, 2016, the Atlanta Hawks announced that they had bought and established a new D-League team that will play in a new arena in nearby College Park beginning with the 2019–20 season.[27] Beginning in 2017–18, the Hawks' G League franchise will play as the Erie BayHawks, following the Magic's purchase of the original franchise, until the arena in College Park is completed.[28]

text: On January 23, 2017, the Minnesota Timberwolves purchased the majority ownership of the Iowa Energy, which had a hybrid affiliation with the Memphis Grizzlies.[29] That same day, the Memphis Grizzlies announced they would be purchasing a new expansion team based in the Memphis suburb of Southaven, Mississippi, and playing at the Landers Center.[30]

text: On February 8, 2017, the Milwaukee Bucks announced it will place an expansion franchise in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, for the 2017–18 season.[31]

text: In 2015, Doc Rivers, head coach of the Los Angeles Clippers, had previously mentioned the need for the Clippers to own a NBA Development League team.[32] In April 2017, the Clippers began looking to add D-League affiliate either in nearby Ontario or Bakersfield for the 2017–18 season.[33][34] The Clippers reportedly have settled on the Ontario location and possibly be calling the team the Agua Caliente Clippers.[35][36] On May 15, the expansion team was confirmed.[37]

text: On September 17, 2015, Washington Wizards owner Ted Leonsis said that the team's planned practice facility, to be located in the Congress Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C., would be the full-time home of the WNBA's Washington Mystics. Leonsis also revealed at the time that there is a "serious discussion" about also having a D-League team play at the facility when it opens in 2018.[38] On June 21, 2017, Wizards general manager Ernie Grunfeld confirmed that the team had acquired the right to own and operate a G League team beginning with the 2018–19 season and that the team would play in the 4,200-seat facility.[39]

text: Expansion candidate locations[edit]

text: On October 12, 2015, it was announced that Omaha, Nebraska, was pursuing a D-League franchise. Gary Green, the owner of the Omaha Storm Chasers, said the NBA approved the idea of a franchise while also mentioning the Minnesota Timberwolves and Denver Nuggets as possible affiliates. Green said, "We've had talks with the NBA and the guys in the D-League and they absolutely want to have a team in Omaha... We have a deal with the D-League in place, we just gotta find a franchise now." The potential home for an Omaha team could be CenturyLink Center Omaha, Ralston Arena, or Baxter Arena.[40][41]

text: On March 30, 2017, the New Orleans Pelicans announced their intentions to have an owned-and-operated development team by the 2018–19 season located in the Gulf South region.[42] The organization then announced they were looking at 11 different locations: Mobile in Alabama; Alexandria, Baton Rouge, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Monroe, Shreveport, St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana; Gulfport-Biloxi and Jackson in Mississippi; and Pensacola, Florida.[43] The list was narrowed when the Pelicans' received six proposals their April 25 deadline: Baton Rouge, Jackson, Mobile, Pensacola, Shreveport, and St. Tammany Parish.[44] By August 2017, the only two cities still in contention were Pensacola and Shreveport.[45] On September 12, the city council in Shreveport unanimously voted against building a new arena for the G League.[46]

text: Defunct / relocated teams[edit]

text:
Team
City
Year(s)
Former NBA affiliates
Notes

Albuquerque / New Mexico Thunderbirds
Albuquerque, New Mexico
2005–2011
Cleveland Cavaliers, Dallas Mavericks, Indiana Pacers, Miami Heat, New Orleans Hornets, Orlando Magic, Philadelphia 76ers, Phoenix Suns, Sacramento Kings, Seattle SuperSonics, Utah Jazz
Became the Canton Charge

Anaheim Arsenal
Anaheim, California
2006–2009
Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Clippers, Orlando Magic, Portland Trail Blazers
Became the Springfield Armor

Arkansas RimRockers
North Little Rock, Arkansas
2004–2007
Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Toronto Raptors
Suspended by owners

Asheville Altitude
Asheville, North Carolina
2001–2005
None
Became the Tulsa 66ers

Bakersfield Jam
Bakersfield, California
2006–2016
Atlanta Hawks, Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Lakers, Orlando Magic, Phoenix Suns, Sacramento Kings, Toronto Raptors, Utah Jazz
Became the Northern Arizona Suns

(North) Charleston Lowgators
Charleston, South Carolina
2001–2004
None
Became the Florida Flame

Colorado 14ers
Broomfield, Colorado
2006–2009
Denver Nuggets, New Jersey Nets, Toronto Raptors
Became the Texas Legends

Columbus Riverdragons
Columbus, Georgia
2001–2005
None
Became the Austin Toros

Dakota Wizards
Bismarck, North Dakota
2006–2012
Chicago Bulls, Golden State Warriors, Memphis Grizzlies, Washington Wizards
Became the Santa Cruz Warriors

Erie BayHawks
Erie, Pennsylvania
2008–2017
Cleveland Cavaliers, New York Knicks, Orlando Magic, Philadelphia 76ers, Toronto Raptors
Became the Lakeland Magic

Fayetteville Patriots
Fayetteville, North Carolina
2001–2006
Charlotte Bobcats, Detroit Pistons, New York Knicks
Folded by league

Florida Flame
Fort Myers, Florida
2004–2006
Boston Celtics, Miami Heat, Minnesota Timberwolves, Orlando Magic
Folded by owners

Fort Worth Flyers
Fort Worth, Texas
2005–2007
Charlotte Bobcats, Dallas Mavericks, Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Lakers, Philadelphia 76ers, Portland Trail Blazers
Suspended by owners

Greenville Groove
Greenville, South Carolina
2001–2003
None
Folded by league

Huntsville Flight
Huntsville, Alabama
2001–2005
None
Became the Albuquerque Thunderbirds

Idaho Stampede
Boise, Idaho
2006–2016
Denver Nuggets, Portland Trail Blazers, Seattle SuperSonics, Toronto Raptors, Utah Jazz
Became the Salt Lake City Stars

Mobile Revelers
Mobile, Alabama
2001–2003
None
Folded by league

Roanoke Dazzle
Roanoke, Virginia
2001–2006
New Jersey Nets, Philadelphia 76ers, Washington Wizards
Folded by league

Springfield Armor
Springfield, Massachusetts
2009–2014
New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets, New York Knicks, Philadelphia 76ers
Became the Grand Rapids Drive

Tulsa 66ers
Tulsa, Oklahoma
2005–2014
Oklahoma City Thunder, Milwaukee Bucks, New York Knicks
Became the Oklahoma City Blue

Utah Flash
Orem, Utah
2007–2011
Atlanta Hawks, Boston Celtics, Utah Jazz
Became the Delaware 87ers

text: Team timeline[edit]

text:
Current teams in tan
Former teams or former names in blue
Announced future teams in green

text: Player allocations[edit]

text: With the exception of players under two-way contracts (explained below), players for NBA G League teams do not sign contracts with the individual teams, but with the league itself. G League team rosters consist of a total of 12 players, 10 (or fewer) being G League players and two (or more) NBA players. The rosters are made up in a number of ways: the previous years' players, players taken in the G League draft, allocation players (meaning players who are assigned to a team with which they have a local connection, such as a University of Texas player being assigned to the Austin Spurs), NBA team assignments, and local tryouts.

text: Each NBA team can assign two first-year or second-year players to its affiliated G League team. If more than two NBA players are assigned to a team, the team must reduce the number of G League players to keep the total roster size to 12. An NBA player will continue to be paid his NBA salary and will continue to be included on his NBA team's roster on the inactive list while playing in the G League.[47] Each team also has local tryouts, and one player from the tryouts is assigned to the team.

text: The minimum age to play in the G League is 18,[48] unlike the NBA which requires players to be 19 years old and one year out of high school in order to sign an NBA contract or be eligible for the draft. The tallest player ever to be assigned was Hasheem Thabeet at 7'3", the second player selected in the 2009 NBA draft. The tallest player to ever play in the G League was England's Paul Sturgess at 7'8", who played with the Texas Legends during the 2013–14 season.

text: NBA teams can call up players as many times as they choose, and there is no limit to the number of times an NBA player with three years or less experience can be assigned to the G League. Starting in 2011–12, veteran NBA players could be assigned with their consent.[49] The first example of such was with Yi Jianlian, who the Dallas Mavericks assigned to the Texas Legends for two games.

text: The 2017 Collective Bargaining Agreement for the NBA, which took effect with the 2017–18 season, includes changes to G League allocation rules. While most G League players continue to be under contract to the league, each NBA team is allowed to sign two players to two-way contracts with the players still primarily being a part of a team's G League roster, but can freely move to their respective NBA team for up to 45 days in the regular season, as well as be a part of the team's roster before the start of the season (including NBA training camps) and after the conclusion of the G League's regular season (though they are not allowed to be on a team's playoff roster or play in a playoff game).[50] Unlike other G League players, who can be called up by any NBA team, two-way players can only be called up by their contracted NBA team. Players under two-way contracts are not counted against the NBA team's regular roster limit, and can be assigned to a G League affiliate for development while also getting a larger salary whenever they are called up to the parent team. For teams that do not have a one-to-one affiliation with a G League team, a process similar to the "flexible assignment" rule is being used to determine the placement for their own two-way contracts in the G League until every team has their proper affiliation underway. In addition, salaries for two-way players are much higher than those for regular G League players. As of the 2017–18 season, G League players who are not on two-way contracts earn either $19,500 or $26,000 during the league's season.[1] By contrast, two-way players' salaries while in the G League, which are pro-rated according to the number of days the player is with his G League team, are based on an annual salary between $50,000 and $75,000,[51] and while these players are with their NBA team, they will earn a pro-rated portion of the NBA minimum rookie salary (which will be $815,615 in the 2017–18 season).[52]

text: Draft[edit]

text: The NBA G League Draft occurs each season and is the major source from which teams build their rosters. Team rosters are made up of returning players (players who were on the team during the previous season), allocated players (players who have local significance), and drafted players. The 8 round draft utilizes a "serpentine" format, meaning the order alternates in each round; Team A who selected first in Round 1 will select last in Round 2, while Team B who selected last in Round 1 will get the first pick in Round 2. Round 3 was added in 2014,

text: The league holds an annual Player Invitational, where prospects hope to earn eligibility for the upcoming draft.[53]

text: Successful NBA call-ups[edit]

text: Many former NBA draftees, waived players and undrafted players have played in the NBA D-League. Bobby Simmons and Aaron Brooks are the only former D-League players to win an NBA end-of-season award; both won the Most Improved Player Award with Simmons getting it with the Los Angeles Clippers in 2004–05 and Brooks earning it with the Houston Rockets in 2009–10.[54][55]

text: In the 2008 NBA draft, the Idaho Stampede's Mike Taylor was drafted 55th by the Portland Trail Blazers. He became the first player from the NBA D-League to be drafted by an NBA team. He was subsequently traded and signed a rookie contract with the Los Angeles Clippers.[56] In the 2014 draft, two D-League players were selected for the first time: P. J. Hairston was drafted 26th (which was also the first time a D–League player was drafted in the first round in the NBA) and Thanasis Antetokounmpo was the 51st pick.

text: Other noteworthy D-League call-ups include Jeremy Lin, Hassan Whiteside, 2011 NBA champion J. J. Barea, 2014 NBA champion Danny Green, 2015 and 2017 NBA champion Shaun Livingston, and 2017 NBA champion Matt Barnes.[57][58]

text: Annual events[edit]

text: All-Star Game[edit]

text: The league held its first All-Star game February 17, 2007, at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was part of the NBA All-Star Weekend in Las Vegas. As with the NBA's showcase game, a fan vote determined the starting lineup for each team. The East won, 114 to 100, with Pops Mensah-Bonsu named the game's MVP.[59]

text: The second annual All-Star game was held on February 16, 2008, at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans. The Blue team beat the Red team, 117–99, and Jeremy Richardson was named the MVP. In addition to the NBA D-League All-Star Game, the league debuted its first Dream Factory Friday Night events, which modeled after the NBA All-Star Saturday Night events. The events consists of Three-Point Shootout (won by Adam Harrington), Slam Dunk Contest (won by Brent Petway) and game of H-O-R-S-E (won by Lance Allred).[60]

text: The 2009 D-League All-Star game was held on February 14, 2009, at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona. The Red Team defeated the Blue Team, 113–103, and Blake Ahearn and Courtney Sims were named co-MVPs.[61] Along with the All-Star game, the NBA D-League ran their second annual Dream Factory Friday Night events. H-O-R-S-E, which debuted last year, was won by Will Conroy of the Albuquerque Thunderbirds. The Three-Point Shootout was won by Blake Ahearn of the Dakota Wizards, and the Slam Dunk Contest was won by James White of the Bakersfield Jam.[62]

text: The 2010 D-League All-Star game was held on February 13, 2010, at the Dallas Convention Center in Dallas. The Western Conference team defeated the Eastern Conference Team, 98–81. Bakersfield Jam center Brian Butch, who scored 18 points and grabbed 13 rebounds, was named as the MVP of the game.[63] The NBA D-League also ran their third annual Dream Factory Friday Night events. The inaugural Shooting Stars Competition was won by a team of Pat Carroll, Trey Gilder and Carlos Powell. The Three-Point Shootout was won by Andre Ingram of the Utah Flash, and the Slam Dunk Contest was won by Dar Tucker of the Los Angeles D-Fenders.[64]

text: NBA G League Showcase[edit]

text: The league stages an annual NBA G League Showcase in which all of the league's teams play each other in a "carnival" format. The showcase was first played in 2005 was originally intended solely as a scouting event for NBA general managers and scouts, but has evolved into a fan-friendly four-day event in which each team plays two games apiece. Since the inception of the event in 2005, there have been 15 players called-up or recalled during or immediately following the Showcase. The showcase has been hosted in Columbus, Georgia (2005), Fayetteville, North Carolina (2006), Sioux Falls, South Dakota (2007), Boise, Idaho (2008), Orem, Utah (2009), Boise, Idaho (2010), South Padre Island, Texas (2011), Reno, Nevada in 2012 and 2013, Santa Cruz, California in 2015, and Mississauga, Ontario in 2017.

text: Honors[edit]

text: List of champions[edit]

text:
Year
Champion

2002
Greenville Groove

2003
Mobile Revelers

2004
Asheville Altitude

2005
Asheville Altitude

2006
Albuquerque Thunderbirds

2007
Dakota Wizards

2008
Idaho Stampede

2009
Colorado 14ers

2010
Rio Grande Valley Vipers

2011
Iowa Energy

2012
Austin Toros

2013
Rio Grande Valley Vipers

2014
Fort Wayne Mad Ants

2015
Santa Cruz Warriors

2016
Sioux Falls Skyforce

2017
Raptors 905

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Most Valuable Player
Finals MVP
All-Star Game MVP
Defensive Player of the Year
Impact Player of the Year
Most Improved Player
Rookie of the Year
Coach of the Year
Sportsmanship Award
Team Executive of the Year
Basketball Executive of the Year
All-D-League Team
All-Defensive Team
All-Rookie Team
Development Champion

tag: ul


document_title: Fried Green Tomatoes

question_text: where did they film the movie fried green tomatoes

text: Fried Green Tomatoes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Evelyn Couch, a timid, unhappy housewife in her forties, meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson, Alabama, nursing home. Over several encounters with Evelyn, Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop, and the people who lived there. The film's subplot concerns Evelyn's dissatisfaction with her marriage, her life, her growing confidence, and her developing friendship with Ninny. The narrative switches several times between Ninny's story, which is set between World War I and World War II, and Evelyn's life in 1980s Birmingham.

text: Ninny's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode, the youngest of the Threadgoode children, whom Ninny describes as her sister-in-law. Idgie's close relationship with her charming older brother, Buddy, is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed. Devastated, she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy's former girlfriend, the straitlaced Ruth Jamison, intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family.

text: Idgie initially resists Ruth's attempts at friendship, but gradually a deep attachment develops between them. Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta, Georgia. Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank. Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her, she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie, where her baby, a boy whom she names Buddy, Jr., is born. Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy, Jr. She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe, employing the family cook, Sipsey, and her son, Big George, who excels with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons.

text: Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy, Jr., but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant, and he is later reported missing. Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner, Idgie is immediately a suspect, as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth. She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore, the local sheriff, who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George; she refuses to sacrifice him. During the subsequent trial, the local minister, Reverend Scroggins, has no problem lying, providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank's disappearance. Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk, the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case. Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges.

text: After the trial, Ruth is diagnosed with cancer, becomes very ill, and eventually dies. Following her death, the café closes. Over time, many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away, bringing Ninny to the end of her story, but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank. Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy, Jr. Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank's body, which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him. The investigator ate with gusto, proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he'd ever tasted.

text: Evelyn discovers that during Ninny's temporary stay at the nursing home, her house was condemned and torn down. Evelyn, having become friends with her, offers her a room in her house which she accepts. As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be, they pass Ruth's grave, freshly adorned with a jar of honey, a honeycomb, and a card which reads, "I'll always love you, the Bee Charmer". The Bee Charmer is Ruth's old nickname for Idgie, and the note reveals that she is still alive.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch
Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene "Idgie" Threadgoode
Mary-Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison
Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode
Cicely Tyson as Sipsey
Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode
Stan Shaw as Big George
Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch
Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome
Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore
Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode
Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode
Jo Harvey Allen as Women's Awareness Teacher
Macon McCalman as Prosecutor
Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins
Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot
Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates
Reid Binion as Young Julian
Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett
Constance Shulman as Missy

text: Differences between the film and novel[edit]

text: Unlike the novel, the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit, instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous.[2] The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love-making. At the time of the film's debut, it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as "glossing over" the lesbian relationship.[2][3] However, it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content.[4] It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans, women, and the disabled, but the novel's examination of sexuality-based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot, is made more ambiguous.[5]

text: Though in the book, Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters, at the end of the film it's largely hinted that they are one and the same[citation needed], although this runs counter to Ninny's earlier comment that "I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes; I married her [Idgie's] brother, Cleo".

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and casting[edit]

text: Avnet first read the novel in 1987.[6] He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom, with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point. Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story, she insisted he read the book and like her, he loved it. He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear's company, Act III Communications, who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter.[7] He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982's Annie. She wrote a draft for it as a musical, which he was unhappy with.[7] Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg, who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film, to develop the script. Although she had some screenwriting experience, she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one. The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured, but she found it difficult and also left the project, after writing 70 pages of the screenplay. With no money left to hire another writer, Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2–3 years developing it. Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft.[7]

text: Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind; she expressed excitement about making the film.[7] He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Don't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively.[6] When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy.[6] Mary-Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison. She read for the part several times, initially unhappy with her own tests. When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson, they – and the producers – agreed that they had good chemistry.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer. Scouting for a location, she found Juliette, Georgia, a town that was, according to Avnet, nearly deserted.[7][8] The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store. It was redesigned as a cafe, with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles.[7]

text: After the release of the film, Juliette saw an influx of tourists and, with Jon Avnet's encouragement, locals opened the Whistle Stop Café, recreated to mirror the film set.[9] Although "Whistle Stop Café" is now a registered trademark, other establishments have appeared using that name.[10] While writing the novel, Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale, Alabama, and the café on a real-life restaurant, the Irondale Café.[8] She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great-aunt.[11]

text: The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double. However, after the latter backed out at the last minute, Masterson volunteered to do it herself. The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film.[6]

text: The steam locomotive used in the film is A&WP 290, then in use pulling steam excursions for the New Georgia Railroad.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27, 1991, opening in five theaters.[12] It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24, 1992, in 673 theaters. It ran for 19 weeks in total, with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone, and took in $37,000,000 outside the US, bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide.[12] In its opening weekend it earned $105,317, and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940, which was 6.4 percent of its total gross.[12] According to Box Office Mojo, it ranked at no. 11 for all films released in the US in 1991, and no. 5 for PG‑13 rated films released that year.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was generally well received by critics. Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a "fresh" score of 73% based on 41 reviews.[13]

text: Critics enjoyed the narrative, but found it conventional and predictable.[3][14] The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as "clumsy", Roger Ebert praised the performances, Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score.[3][15] The cast drew praise for their performances, particularly Masterson and Tandy.[3][15]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jessica Tandy) and for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski).[16]

text: At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992, Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award, and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work, and the film got a Best Picture (Comedy or Musical) nomination.[16] At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden, it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award.[17]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Evelyn Couch: "Face it girls, I'm older and I have more insurance." – Nominated[18]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Fried Green Tomatoes

Studio album by Various Artists

Released
December 31, 1991

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
39:24

Label
MCA

text: Fried Green Tomatoes: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film, and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle. For the original score, composed by Thomas Newman, see Fried Green Tomatoes (score).

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"I'll Remember You" (Grayson Hugh) – 5:08
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" (Paul Young) – 4:34
"Cherish" (Hip Hop Version) (Jodeci) – 3:58
"Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead" (Taylor Dayne) – 3:20
"Rooster Blues" (Peter Wolf) – 3:15
"Barbecue Bess" (Patti LaBelle) – 2:54
"If I Can Help Somebody" (Aaron Hall) – 3:49
"Cool Down Yonder" (Marion Williams) – 3:10
"Cherish" (Movie Version) (Jodeci) – 2:29
"Ghost Train" (Main Title) (Thomas Newman) – 3:11
"Visiting Ruth" (Newman) – 1:46
"A Charge To Keep I Have" (Newman) – 1:50


document_title: J.T. Hellstrom

question_text: who was jt married to on young and the restless

text: J.T. Hellstrom

text: This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
J.T. Hellstrom

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Thad Luckinbill

Duration

1999–2010
2017–

First appearance
August 27, 1999

Created by
Kay Alden

Introduced by

William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott (1999)
Mal Young (2017)

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Other names
Jeffrey Todd Hellstrom

Occupation

Business executive
Private investigator

Residence
Genoa City, Wisconsin

[show]Family

Parents

Tom Hellstrom
Martha Hellstrom

Spouse

Victoria Newman (2008–10)
Mackenzie Browning (2010–)

Children

Reed Hellstrom
Dylan Hellstrom
Becca Hellstrom[1][2]

text: J.T. Hellstrom is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. The role was portrayed by actor Thad Luckinbill from August 27, 1999, to November 5, 2010.[3][4] Luckinbill originally appeared on a recurring basis until he was put on contract in November 2002.[5] On November 3, 2017, it was announced that Luckinbill would reprise the role of J.T., beginning December 12, 2017.[6]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: J.T. Hellstrom is introduced in 1999 as a high school friend of Billy Abbott, Raul Guittierez, Mackenzie Browning, Brittany Hodges and Rianna Miner. He has a reputation as a ladies' man. He dates Rianna, who he treats poorly and cheats on with Brittany. They break up and Rianna moves on with Raul.

text: J.T. begins a relationship with Billy's niece, Colleen Carlton. Colleen is heartbroken when J.T. has a one night stand with Brittany's mother, Anita, but they eventually reconcile. When Colleen feels she is getting in the way of J.T.'s budding music career, she leaves Genoa City and a heartbroken J.T.

text: J.T. develops unrequited feelings for Brittany. After she marries, he begins dating Mackenzie. Though he falls in love with her, he pretends to be the father of Brittany's baby in order to protect Brittany from her husband's enemies. The truth comes out, and he reunites with Mackenzie. Colleen returns to town wanting to reconcile with J.T. He is not interested in her because he is still devoted to Mac. He finds out Mac became pregnant with his baby, yet she did not tell him until she miscarried. He is angry that she confided in Kevin Fisher instead. Angry, he cheats on Mac with Victoria Newman. A broken-hearted Mac leaves town when he tells her. Colleen romantically pursues J.T. and is angry when she finds out he had sex with Victoria, who had recently become Colleen's stepmother. J.T. soon reconciles with Colleen. Their relationship is strained when his work as a private investigator forces him to keep secrets from her. J.T. breaks up with her after she has an affair with Adrian Korbel. He still harbors affection toward Colleen and investigates her disappearance, including breaking into Korbel's apartment where he finds one of Colleen's earrings. J.T. and Korbel save Colleen from a fire, which they falsely believe was started by Kevin Fisher, who previously tried to kill Colleen. They refuse to believe Kevin when he says the fire was started by Jana, his ex-girlfriend, who set him up. Colleen is put on a respirator due to her oxygen level, and J.T. sits with her many times, admitting to her how much he loves her and how he will never stop.

text: He becomes engaged to Victoria. At the time, Victoria was expecting a baby that may be either J.T.'s child or the child of her estranged husband, and Colleen's father, Brad Carlton. J.T. assures her that the paternity of Victoria's child will make no difference for him and his plans for their life together. When Victoria is hit by a fallen rock during the Clear Springs explosion, she is left comatose. The doctors suggest that they do an emergency C-section to save Victoria, leaving the baby's chances slim. Victor wants to save Victoria and her mother Nikki Newman wants to save the baby. J.T. is left frustrated, as he does not have a say in what happens to his fiance or "his" son. The decision is made after Victoria's condition takes a turn for the worse, and the baby is delivered via C-section while she is still comatose. A paternity test done when blood is removed for medical tests proved that J.T. is the father of Victoria's son. With Victoria still comatose, J.T. decides that their son needs a name. He names the baby Reed, after Victoria's mother's maiden name, and because a reed is strong and bends with the wind.

text: Victoria's father, Victor Newman, hires J.T. to investigate Nikki's fiance David Chow. When J.T. inadvertently tips Nikki off by the way he is questioning her, Victor fires J.T. He has some unease about the strong role Victor plays in the lives of the Newman family, but when Victor offers him a job as head of Newman Enterprises security, J.T. accepts. Victoria wakes up and reunites with J.T. and Reed. He and Victoria are married several days later. Victor then asks J.T. to investigate Colleen in order to take away her seat on the Newman Board. J.T quits his job at Newman and begins working with Paul. Colleen dies in October 2009 from drowning. J.T. is heartbroken and admits to Colleen that he loves her, which ultimately brings the end to his marriage with Victoria as they decide to divorce. During this time, he relies more and more on the pregnant Mackenzie, his former high school girlfriend for support. He seeks and receives full custody of his son, Reed. He especially does not want Reed to be around his maternal grandfather, Victor. Victoria has vowed to fight and overturn the judge's ruling, with the help of her family. J.T. reunites with Mac, however, J.T.'s current job, spying on Newman Enterprises and gaining information on it for Tucker McCall, puts a strain on their relationship. In September, Mac tells J.T. that she may be pregnant with their second child, the first ending in a miscarriage.

text: When a powerful storm/tornado hits the Genoa City area, J.T. gets into an accident, as his car hits a tree when he tries to get to Cane Ashby and Lily Winters at the lake retreat. After he regains consciousness, J.T. tries to get moving again but gets electrocuted when a power pole hits his car, causing him to fall back into his car. Mac and Reed are at the Athletic Club waiting for him to return. Lily and Cane discover him on the side of the road when they are returning to Genoa City. Lily goes to call for help, and Cane performs CPR. Earlier in the day, J.T. had proposed to Mac, but she had turned him down. When the tornado was over, while J.T. was hospitalized for electrocution, she realized life's unpredictability. After pleading with him to wake up, she whispers, "I love you," in his ear, and then accepts his proposal. J.T. and Mac move to Washington, D.C., taking Reed with them. In 2011, it's revealed that J.T. and Mackenzie welcomed a son, Dylan Hellstrom. The couple gets well wishes and congratulations from Victoria, Billy and Kevin.

text: In 2017, J.T. returns to Genoa City to investigate Victor's personal bank accounts, following some "sizable" transfers to off-shore accounts.

text: J.T. and Colleen[edit]

text: J.T.'s relationship with Colleen Carlton is regarded as one of the show's super couples. They were immensely popular despite their controversial age difference. J.T. was most popular when paired with Colleen, the tough yet innately sweet young sophomore.

text: In August 2009, J.T. and Colleen admit to still having feelings for each other and eventually kiss, leading J.T.'s wife at the time Victoria Newman to sleep with Deacon Sharpe.


document_title: Crayola

question_text: in what city and state is the crayola factory located

text: Crayola

text: History[edit]

text: The company was founded as Binney and Smith by cousins Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith in New York City on March 31, 1885. Initial products were colorants for industrial use, including red iron oxide pigments used in barn paint and carbon black chemicals used for making tires black and extending their useful lifespan.[6] Binney & Smith's new process of creating inexpensive black colorants was entered into the chemistry industries competition at the 1900 Paris Exposition under the title "carbon gas blacks, lamp or oil blacks, 'Peerless' black" and earned the company a gold medal award in chemical and pharmaceutical arts.[7][8] Also in 1900, the company added production of slate school pencils. Binney's experimentation with industrial materials, including slate waste, cement, and talc, led to the invention of the first dustless white chalk, for which the company won a gold medal at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.[8]

text: Initially formed as a partnership, Binney & Smith incorporated in 1902, and in that year Binney & Smith developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. Then Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, developed his own famous product line of wax crayons beginning on 10 June 1903,[9] which it sold under the brand name Crayola. The Crayola name was coined by Alice Binney who was a former schoolteacher. It comes from craie (French for "chalk") and ola for "oleaginous" or "oily."[8][10] The suffix "-ola" was also popular in commercial use at the time, lending itself to products such as granola (1886),[11] pianola (1901),[12] Victrola (1905),[13] Shinola (1907)[14] and Mazola (1911).[15] Crayola introduced its crayons not with one box, but with a full product line. By 1905, the line had expanded to offering 18 different-sized crayon boxes[16] with five different-sized crayons, only two of which survive today—the "standard size" (a standard sized Crayola crayon is 3 5⁄8 in × 5⁄16 in (92.1 mm × 7.9 mm)) and the "large size" (large sized Crayola crayons are 4 in × 7⁄16 in (102 mm × 11 mm)). The product line offered crayon boxes containing 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 28, or 30 different color crayons. Some of these boxes were targeted for artists and contained crayons with no wrappers, while others had a color number printed on the wrapper that corresponded to a number on a list of color names printed inside the box lid, but some boxes contained crayons with their color names printed on their wrappers.

text: The Rubens Crayola line, started in 1903 (not in the 1920s, as claimed by some sources[by whom?]),[17] was directly targeted at artists and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons from Europe. The crayon boxes sold from five cents for a No.6 Rubens box containing six different-colored crayons to $1.50 for the No. 500 Rubens Special Artists and Designers Crayon box containing 24 different-colored, larger (4 1⁄4 in × 1⁄2 in (108 mm × 13 mm)) crayons.[18]

text: In April 1904 at the St. Louis World's Fair, Binney & Smith won the Gold Medal for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk.[19] Subsequently, Crayola used the opportunity to develop a new packaging strategy by emphasizing their gold medal on the front of many of their products and crayon boxes. This strategy turned out to be so successful and recognizable to their brand that they phased out nearly all of their other Crayola line box designs to adapt to the gold medal format, which appeared on their packaging for the next 50-plus years.

text: In 1905, the prototype offering of their new No. 8 crayon box (with eight crayons) featured a copy from the side of the medal with an eagle on it. This was changed to the other side of the medal with the 1904 date on it in Roman numerals.

text: Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company crayon product line in 1926, and inherited 22 new colors, 11 in the maximum and 11 in the middle hue ranges.[20][21] They retained the Munsell name on products such as “Munsell-Crayola” and “Munsell-Perma” until 1934, and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes.[22]

text: In 1939, Crayola, by combining its existing crayon colors with the Munsell colors, introduced its largest color assortment product to date; a "No. 52 Drawing Crayon 52 Color Assortment", which was retired by the 1944 price list.

text: In 1949, Crayola introduced the "Crayola No. 48" containing 48 color crayons in a non-peggable floor box.

text:
Further expansion took place in 1958 with the introduction of the 64-color pack that included the company's first crayon sharpener built into the box.[23] The 64-color box was called "a watershed" moment in the history of the Crayola crayon by Smithsonian National Museum of American History curator David Shayt.[24]
[25]

text: The corporation became a publicly traded company under the symbol BYS on the American Stock Exchange in 1963, and later moved to the New York Stock Exchange under the same symbol in 1978.[6]

text: In 1977, Binney & Smith acquired the rights to Silly Putty, a stretchy bouncy toy.[26] Crayola markers were introduced in 1978 to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Crayola crayons. In 1984, the company was acquired by Hallmark Cards, a privately held corporation. Colored pencils and a line of washable markers were added in 1987.[6]

text: In August 1997, Crayola collaborated with Alliance Atlantis and the entertainment arm of Hallmark Cards to release three direct-to-video adaptations of famous children's novels under the name Crayola Kids Adventures.

text: Crayola Crayons were inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1998. In the same year, the Crayola Factory opened.

text: On January 1, 2007, Binney & Smith became Crayola LLC, to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark.[1][5]

text: In 2011, My First Crayola was launched. Products include triangular crayons and flat-tipped markers.

text: In 2015, Crayola announced "Color Escapes" for adults to help them relieve stress. The kit will include four collections, such as geometric, garden, natural, and kaleidoscope.[27]

text:
This Crayola advertisement from March 1905 is one of its earliest, and shows it offered a variety of boxes and colors early on.

Inside the Rubens Crayola No. 500 crayon box

An original Munsell crayons box and later Binney & Smith boxes

The first two Gold Medal line 8-count boxes

The Crayola No. 52 box 1939–1944

text: Crayons[edit]

text: Crayola crayon packs vary in package counts of just a few crayons sold to establishments such as hotels and restaurants, to hand out to their young guests[28] to 832-crayon "Classpack" bulk boxes marketed to schools.[29] The colors contained in a package have ranged from two to 200 (although a 200-color package includes "special effect" crayons such as glitters, neons, etc.). The most common retail packages are multiples of eight, with 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 64, 96, and 120 packs being marketed today.[30][31][32] A 150-crayon pack featuring a plastic telescope-like case was introduced in 2006, and includes 118 regular color crayons, 16 glitter crayons, and 16 "Metallic FX" crayons, as well as a built-in sharpener at the apex of the tower.[33] This was succeeded by a 152-crayon set in a plastic yellow carrying case in 2013, with all the colors from the 150-crayon set plus the standard colors Piggy Pink and Blue Bell.

text: Colors[edit]

text: As the size of Crayola crayon packs increased from the original 1903 crayon packs, the variety of colors available has also increased—reaching 120 colors by 1998. Since 1998, new colors have been added, but always replacing existing colors. In all, 50 colors have been retired, bringing the total number of regular colors produced to 170. On March 31, 2017, Crayola announced that Dandelion would be retired. On September 14, 2017, the replacement color "Bluetiful" was announced.[34] The colour is reportedly a new hue realized after experiments done at Oregon State University. It was discovered while scientists were experimenting with electronics.[35]

text: According to Crayola, they currently manufacture 120 standard crayon colors[36] being included in the regular 120-count box. This does not include specialty crayons like the Metallic FX, Gel FX and the glitter crayons.

text: The colors in the box below come in the packs of 8, 16, and 24:

text:
8 pack (as of 1903)

+8 = 16 pack (as of 1930)

+8 = 24 pack (until October 2017)

Red

Orange

Carnation Pink

Red Orange

Violet Red

Scarlet

Yellow

Green

Yellow Orange

Yellow Green

Green Yellow

Cerulean

Blue

Violet (Purple)

Blue Green

Blue Violet

Dandelion

Indigo

Brown

Black

Red Violet

White

Apricot

Gray

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The Smithsonian National Museum of American History maintains a collection of Crayola crayons founded by an original 64-color box donated by Binney & Smith in 1998. The collection now includes more than 300 boxes of crayons.[24]

text: The Crayola crayon was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame as a founding member at its inception.

text: Crayola has been featured in segments from the popular children's shows Sesame Street[37] and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, with the official 100 billionth crayon molded by Fred Rogers himself in February 1996 at the plant in Easton.[38]

text: Commemorative postage stamp[edit]

text: In 1998, the United States Postal Service issued a 32-cent postage stamp to commemorate the cultural impact the product has had on almost all Americans.[39]

text: The stamp is part of the 1900s decade sheet of the Celebrate the Century souvenir sheet series, and was designed by Carl Herrman, illustrated by Richard Waldrep and printed by Ashton-Potter USA using the offset/intaglio process.[40]

text: Crayola color census 2000[edit]

text: In 2000, Crayola held the "Crayola Color Census 2000" promotion in which Americans were asked to vote for their favorite Crayola crayon color. Celebrity entrants George W. Bush chose "Blue Bell", Tiger Woods chose "Wild Strawberry", and Courteney Cox chose "Red".[41] Overall, "Blue" came in first, with "Cerulean" second and "Purple Heart" third.[42]

text: The Crayola Experience[edit]

text: Originally opening as the Crayola Factory, the Crayola Experience is located at 30 Centre Square, Easton, Pennsylvania, at Two Rivers Landing,[43] separate from the main manufacturing plant in Forks Township, Pennsylvania. The Crayola Experience is open to the public. The Crayola Experience is a museum and visitor center geared toward familiarizing guests with Crayola's history and products.[44]

text: A "discovery center" was built that showcases the manufacturing process of crayons. There is also a "Crayola Hall of Fame" in which the retired crayon colors are displayed.[45]

text: The Crayola Experience was featured in a Food Network episode of Dinner: Impossible. A dinner was held for 150 employees of the Crayola Experience to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 64-box of crayons. Chef Michael Symon's mission was to create an eight-course tasting menu for this event, where all eight items of the menu had to match eight randomly chosen Crayola crayon colors.[47]

text: In October 2003, the Experience unveiled "The World's Largest Crayon," a 15-foot-long crayon weighing 1,500 lb as part of its celebration of 100 years of Crayola crayons. The giant crayon, 16 inches in diameter, is blue, and was made of leftover crayon bits sent in by children across the United States.[48]

text: It opened its second location in The Florida Mall, Orlando, Florida in 2015, its third location in Mall of America, Bloomington, Minnesota in 2016, and its fourth location in The Shops at Willow Bend, Plano, Texas in 2018.

text: Fine art[edit]

text: Although marketed to children and amateur artists, several professional artists have specialized in using Crayola crayons as their primary medium. Don Marco, who works with Crayola crayons and construction paper, is one of the better known crayon artists—having sold over one million prints of his original artworks.[49]

text: Other products[edit]

text: Crayola LLC produces a broad range of products other than their famous crayons under the Crayola brand name. These include colored pencils, markers, inks and paints, modeling clays, coloring books, and artists' tools. As with all Crayola products, these are all marketed as non-toxic and safe for use by children.[50]

text: Other brands[edit]

text: Silly Putty[edit]

text: Silly Putty is a silicone polymer children's toy used for various purposes. Silly Putty was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2001.

text: Portfolio Series[edit]

text: The Portfolio Series is a line of water-soluble oil pastels, watercolors, drawing pencils, colored pencils, and acrylic paints marketed to artists and educators.[51]

text: Liquitex[edit]

text: Binney & Smith acquired the Liquitex corporation, a producer of fine art supply products, in 1964, but sold it to the Colart company in 2000.[52]

text: Staonal[edit]

text: Marketed as a general (non-coloring)-use crayon for industrial purposes, Staonal was developed in 1902 and still continues as of  2018[update].

text: Licensing[edit]

text: Numerous products, ranging from bath and personal care items to bedding and electronics, are produced by other companies using the Crayola brand name under license.[53] Crave Entertainment developed a Crayola-themed video game, titled Crayola Treasure Adventures, which was published by Nintendo in 2007.[54]

text: Christmas lights[edit]

text: In the 1996–1997 season, Crayola produced Christmas lights using its name with colors such as pink, orange, blue, gold, and red, and more.

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: Crayola has manufacturing plants in Forks Township, Pennsylvania, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Lindsay, Ontario, and Mexico City. The colored pencils are made by Faber-Castell Brazilian plants.