document_title: Nicene Creed

question_text: who sponsored a council of bishops which reaffirmed the nicene creed

question_tokens: who sponsored a council of bishops which reaffirmed the nicene creed

text: Nicene Creed

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: There are several designations for the two forms of the Nicene creed, some with overlapping meanings:

text:
Nicene Creed or the Creed of Nicaea is used to refer to the original version adopted at the First Council of Nicaea (325), to the revised version adopted by the First Council of Constantinople (381), to the Latin version that includes the phrase "Deum de Deo" and "Filioque",[9] and to the Armenian version, which does not include "and from the Son", but does include "God from God" and many other phrases.[10]
Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed can stand for the revised version of Constantinople (381) or the later Latin version[11] or various other versions.[12]
Icon/Symbol of the Faith is the usual designation for the revised version of Constantinople 381 in the Orthodox churches, where this is the only creed used in the liturgy.
Profession of Faith of the 318 Fathers refers specifically to the version of Nicaea 325 (traditionally, 318 bishops took part at the First Council of Nicaea).
Profession of Faith of the 150 Fathers refers specifically to the version of Constantinople 381 (traditionally, 150 bishops took part at the First Council of Constantinople).

tag: ul

text: In musical settings, particularly when sung in Latin, this Creed is usually referred to by its first word, Credo.

text: History[edit]

text: The purpose of a creed is to provide a doctrinal statement of correct belief or orthodoxy. The creeds of Christianity have been drawn up at times of conflict about doctrine: acceptance or rejection of a creed served to distinguish believers and deniers of a particular doctrine or set of doctrines. For that reason a creed was called in Greek a σύμβολον (Eng. symbolon), a word that meant half of a broken object which, when placed together with the other half, verified the bearer's identity. The Greek word passed through Latin "symbolum" into English "symbol", which only later took on the meaning of an outward sign of something.[13]

text: The Nicene Creed was adopted in the face of the Arian controversy, whose leader, Arius, was a member of the clergy of Alexandria. "Arius objected to Alexander's (the bishop of the time) apparent carelessness in blurring the distinction of nature between the Father and the Son by his emphasis on eternal generation".[14] Alexander accused Arius of denying the divinity of the Son and also of being too "Jewish" and "Greek" in his thought. Both Arius and Alexander rejected Gnosticism, Manichaeism and Sabellian formulae. The Nicene Creed was created as a result of the extensive adoption of the doctrine of Arius far outside Alexandria, in order to clarify the key tenets of the Christian faith.

text: The Nicene Creed of 325 explicitly affirms the co-essential divinity of the Son, applying to him the term "consubstantial". The 381 version speaks of the Holy Spirit as worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son. The Athanasian Creed (not used in Eastern Christianity) describes in much greater detail the relationship between Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The Apostles' Creed makes no explicit statements about the divinity of the Son and the Holy Spirit, but, in the view of many who use it, the doctrine is implicit in it.

text: Original Nicene Creed of 325[edit]

text: The original Nicene Creed was first adopted in 325 at the First Council of Nicaea. At that time, the text ended with the words "We believe in the Holy Spirit", after which various anathemas against Arian propositions were added.[15] (For other differences, see Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381, below.)

text: F. J. A. Hort and Adolf Harnack argued that the Nicene creed was the local creed of Caesarea[16] (an important center of Early Christianity) recited in the council by Eusebius of Caesarea. Their case relied largely on a very specific interpretation of Eusebius' own account of the Council's proceedings.[17] More recent scholarship has not been convinced by their arguments.[18] The large number of secondary divergences from the text of the creed quoted by Eusebius make it unlikely that it was used as a starting point by those who drafted the conciliar creed.[19] Their initial text was probably a local creed from a Syro–Palestinian source into which they awkwardly inserted phrases to define the Nicene theology.[20] The Eusebian Creed may thus have been either a second or one of many nominations for the Nicene Creed.

text: Soon after the Council of Nicaea, new formulae of faith were composed, most of them variations of the Nicene Symbol, to counter new phases of Arianism. The Catholic Encyclopedia identifies at least four before the Council of Sardica (341), where a new form was presented and inserted in the Acts of the Council, though it was not agreed on.

text: Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed[edit]

text: What is known as the "Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed" or the "Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed"[21] received this name because of a belief that it was adopted at the Second Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople in 381 as a modification of the original Nicene Creed of 325. In that light, it also came to be very commonly known simply as the "Nicene Creed". It is the only authoritative ecumenical statement of the Christian faith accepted by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and the major Protestant denominations.[22][23] (The Apostles' and Athanasian creeds are not as widely accepted.)[24]

text: It differs in a number of respects, both by addition and omission, from the creed adopted at the First Council of Nicaea. The most notable difference is the additional section "And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver-of-Life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spake by the prophets. And [we believe] in one, holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. We acknowledge one Baptism for the remission of sins, [and] we look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come. Amen."[25]

text: Since the end of the 19th century,[26] scholars have questioned the traditional explanation of the origin of this creed, which has been passed down in the name of the council, whose official acts have been lost over time. A local council of Constantinople in 382 and the third ecumenical council (Ephesus, 431) made no mention of it,[27] with the latter affirming the 325 creed of Nicaea as a valid statement of the faith and using it to denounce Nestorianism. Though some scholarship claims that hints of the later creed's existence are discernible in some writings,[28] no extant document gives its text or makes explicit mention of it earlier than the fourth ecumenical council at Chalcedon in 451.[26][27][29] Many of the bishops of the 451 council themselves had never heard of it and initially greeted it skeptically, but it was then produced from the episcopal archives of Constantinople, and the council accepted it "not as supplying any omission but as an authentic interpretation of the faith of Nicaea".[27] In spite of the questions raised, it is considered most likely that this creed was in fact adopted at the 381 second ecumenical council.[24]

text: On the basis of evidence both internal and external to the text, it has been argued that this creed originated not as an editing of the original Creed proposed at Nicaea in 325, but as an independent creed (probably an older baptismal creed) modified to make it more like the Nicene Creed.[30] Some scholars have argued that the creed may have been presented at Chalcedon as "a precedent for drawing up new creeds and definitions to supplement the Creed of Nicaea, as a way of getting round the ban on new creeds in Canon 7 of Ephesus".[29] It is generally agreed that the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is not simply an expansion of the Creed of Nicaea, and was probably based on another traditional creed independent of the one from Nicaea.[24][26]

text: The third Ecumenical Council (Council of Ephesus of 431) reaffirmed the original 325 version[31] of the Nicene Creed and declared that "it is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicaea" (i.e., the 325 creed). The word ἑτέραν is more accurately translated as used by the Council to mean "different", "contradictory", rather than "another".[32][32] This statement has been interpreted as a prohibition against changing this creed or composing others, but not all accept this interpretation.[32] This question is connected with the controversy whether a creed proclaimed by an Ecumenical Council is definitive in excluding not only excisions from its text but also additions to it.

text: In one respect, the Eastern Orthodox Church's received text[33] of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed differs from the earliest text, which is included in the acts of the Council of Chalcedon of 451: The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the singular forms of verbs such as "I believe", in place of the plural form ("we believe") used by the council. Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches use exactly the same form of the Creed, since the Catholic Church teaches that it is wrong to add "and the Son" to the Greek verb "ἐκπορευόμενον", though correct to add it to the Latin "qui procedit", which does not have precisely the same meaning.[34] The form generally used in Western churches does add "and the Son" and also the phrase "God from God", which is found in the original 325 Creed.[35]

text: Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381[edit]

text: The following table, which indicates by [square brackets] the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, and uses italics to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381, juxtaposes the earlier (AD 325) and later (AD 381) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Philip Schaff's compilation The Creeds of Christendom (1877).[36]

text:
First Council of Nicaea (325)
First Council of Constantinople (381)

We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible.
We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.

And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father [the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God,] Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;

By whom all things were made [both in heaven and on earth];
by whom all things were made;

Who for us men, and for our salvation, came down and was incarnate and was made man;
who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost and of the Virgin Mary, and was made man;

He suffered, and the third day he rose again, ascended into heaven;
he was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered, and was buried, and the third day he rose again, according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father;

From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
from thence he shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead. ;

whose kingdom shall have no end.

And in the Holy Ghost.
And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets.

In one holy catholic and apostolic Church; we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

[But those who say: 'There was a time when he was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable'— they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.]

tag: table

text: The differences between the actual wordings (in Greek) adopted in 325[37] and in 381[38] can be presented in a similar way, as follows:

text:
First Council of Nicaea (325)
First Council of Constantinople (381)

Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα Θεὸν Πατέρα παντοκράτορα, πάντων ὁρατῶν τε και ἀοράτων ποιητήν.
Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα Θεὸν Πατέρα παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁρατῶν τε πάντων καὶ ἀοράτων.

Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, γεννηθέντα ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς [μονογενῆ, τοὐτέστιν ἐκ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ Πατρός, Θεὸν ἐκ Θεοῦ,] φῶς ἐκ φωτός, θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα, οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί
Καὶ εἰς ἕνα Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς γεννηθέντα πρὸ πάντων τῶν αἰώνων, φῶς ἐκ φωτός, Θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί·

δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο, [τά τε ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς]
δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο·

τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα καὶ σαρκωθέντα καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα,
τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα,

παθόντα, καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς,

σταυρωθέντα τε ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, καὶ παθόντα καὶ ταφέντα, καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρα κατὰ τὰς γραφάς, καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καὶ καθεζόμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Πατρός,

καὶ ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς.
καὶ πάλιν ἐρχόμενον μετὰ δόξης κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς·

οὗ τῆς βασιλείας οὐκ ἔσται τέλος.

Καὶ εἰς τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα.
Καὶ εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, τὸ Κύριον, τὸ ζῳοποιόν, τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον, τὸ σὺν Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον, τὸ λαλῆσαν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν. Εἰς μίαν, ἁγίαν, καθολικὴν καὶ ἀποστολικὴν Ἐκκλησίαν· ὁμολογοῦμεν ἓν βάπτισμα εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν· προσδοκοῦμεν ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν, καὶ ζωὴν τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος. Ἀμήν.

[Τοὺς δὲ λέγοντας, Ἦν ποτε ὅτε οὐκ ἦν, καὶ Πρὶν γεννηθῆναι οὐκ ἦν, καὶ ὅτι Ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εγένετο, ἢ Ἐξ ἑτέρας ὑποστάσεως ἢ οὐσιάς φάσκοντας εἶναι, ἢ κτιστόν, ἢ τρεπτόν, ἢ ἀλλοιωτὸν τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, τούτους ἀναθεματίζει ἡ ἁγία καθολικὴ καὶ ἀποστολικὴ ἐκκλησία].

text: Filioque controversy[edit]

text: In the late 6th century, some Latin-speaking churches added the words "and from the Son" (Filioque) to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, in what many Eastern Orthodox Christians have at a later stage argued is a violation of Canon VII of the Third Ecumenical Council, since the words were not included in the text by either the Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople.[39] This was incorporated into the liturgical practice of Rome in 1014.[34] Filioque eventually became one of the main causes for the East-West Schism in 1054, and the failures of the repeated union attempts.

text: The Vatican stated in 1995 that, while the words καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ("and the Son") would indeed be heretical if used with the Greek verb ἐκπορεύομαι[40]—which is one of the terms used by St. Gregory of Nazianzus and the one adopted by the Council of Constantinople[34][41][42]—the word Filioque is not heretical when associated with the Latin verb procedo and the related word processio. Whereas the verb ἐκπορεύομαι (from ἐκ, "out of" and πορεύομαι "to come or go") in Gregory and other Fathers necessarily means "to originate from a cause or principle," the Latin term procedo (from pro, "forward;" and cedo, "to go") has no such connotation and simply denotes the communication of the Divine Essence or Substance. In this sense, processio is similar in meaning to the Greek term προϊέναι, used by the Fathers from Alexandria (especially Cyril of Alexandria) as well as others.[34][43] Partly due to the influence of the Latin translations of the New Testament (especially of John 15:26), the term ἐκπορευόμενον (the present participle of ἐκπορεύομαι) in the creed was translated into Latin as procedentem. In time, the Latin version of the Creed came to be interpreted in the West in the light of the Western concept of processio, which required the affirmation of the Filioque to avoid the heresy of Arianism.[34][44]

text: Views on the importance of this creed[edit]

text: The view that the Nicene Creed can serve as a touchstone of true Christian faith is reflected in the name "symbol of faith", which was given to it in Greek and Latin, when in those languages the word "symbol" meant a "token for identification (by comparison with a counterpart)",[45] and which continues in use even in languages in which "symbol" no longer has that meaning.

text: In the Roman Rite Mass, the Latin text of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, with "Deum de Deo" (God from God) and "Filioque" (and from the Son), phrases absent in the original text, was previously the only form used for the "profession of faith". The Roman Missal now refers to it jointly with the Apostles' Creed as "the Symbol or Profession of Faith or Creed", describing the second as "the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed".[46]

text: The liturgies of the ancient Churches of Eastern Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, Church of the East and the Eastern Catholic Churches), use the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, never the Western Apostles' Creed.

text: While in certain places where the Byzantine Rite is used, the choir or congregation sings the Creed at the Divine Liturgy, in many places the Creed is typically recited by the cantor, who in this capacity represents the whole congregation although many, and sometimes all, members of the congregation may join in rhythmic recitation. Where the latter is the practice, it is customary to invite, as a token of honor, any prominent lay member of the congregation who happens to be present, e.g., royalty, a visiting dignitary, the Mayor, etc., to recite the Creed in lieu of the cantor. This practice stems from the tradition that the prerogative to recite the Creed belonged to the Emperor, speaking for his populace.

text: Some evangelical and other Christians consider the Nicene Creed helpful and to a certain extent authoritative, but not infallibly so in view of their belief that only Scripture is truly authoritative.[47][48] Non-Trinitarian groups, such as the Church of the New Jerusalem, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Jehovah's Witnesses, explicitly reject some of the statements in the Nicene Creed.[49][50][51][52]

text: Ancient liturgical versions[edit]

text: This section is not meant to collect the texts of all liturgical versions of the Nicene Creed, and provides only three, the Greek, the Latin, and the Armenian, of special interest. Others are mentioned separately, but without the texts. All ancient liturgical versions, even the Greek, differ at least to some small extent from the text adopted by the First Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople. The Creed was originally written in Greek, owing to the location of the two councils.[10]

text: But though the councils' texts have "Πιστεύομεν ... ὁμολογοῦμεν ... προσδοκοῦμεν" (we believe ... confess ... await), the Creed that the Churches of Byzantine tradition use in their liturgy has "Πιστεύω ... ὁμολογῶ ... προσδοκῶ" (I believe ... confess ... await), accentuating the personal nature of recitation of the Creed. The Latin text, as well as using the singular, has two additions: "Deum de Deo" (God from God) and "Filioque" (and from the Son). The Armenian text has many more additions, and is included as showing how that ancient church has chosen to recite the Creed with these numerous elaborations of its contents.[10]

text: An English translation of the Armenian text is added; English translations of the Greek and Latin liturgical texts are given at English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use.

text: Greek liturgical text[edit]

text: Πιστεύω εἰς ἕνα Θεόν, Πατέρα, Παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁρατῶν τε πάντων καὶ ἀοράτων.

text: Καὶ εἰς ἕνα Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς γεννηθέντα πρὸ πάντων τῶν αἰώνων·

text: φῶς ἐκ φωτός, Θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί, δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο.

text: Τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ σαρκωθέντα

text: ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα.

text: Σταυρωθέντα τε ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, καὶ παθόντα καὶ ταφέντα.

text: Καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ κατὰ τὰς Γραφάς.

text: Καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ καθεζόμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Πατρός.

text: Καὶ πάλιν ἐρχόμενον μετὰ δόξης κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς, οὗ τῆς βασιλείας οὐκ ἔσται τέλος.

text: Καὶ εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, τὸ κύριον, τὸ ζῳοποιόν,

text: τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον,

text: τὸ σὺν Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον,

text: τὸ λαλῆσαν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν.

text: Εἰς μίαν, Ἁγίαν, Καθολικὴν καὶ Ἀποστολικὴν Ἐκκλησίαν.

text: Ὁμολογῶ ἓν βάπτισμα εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν.

text: Προσδοκῶ ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν.

text: Καὶ ζωὴν τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος.

text: Latin liturgical version[edit]

text: Credo in unum Deum,

text: Patrem omnipoténtem,

text: Factórem cæli et terræ,

text: Visibílium ómnium et invisibílium.

text: Et in unum Dóminum Iesum Christum,

text: Fílium Dei Unigénitum,

text: Et ex Patre natum ante ómnia sǽcula.

text: Deum de Deo, lumen de lúmine, Deum verum de Deo vero,

text: Génitum, non factum, consubstantiálem Patri:

text: Per quem ómnia facta sunt.

text: Qui propter nos hómines et propter nostram salútem

text: Descéndit de cælis.

text: Et incarnátus est de Spíritu Sancto

text: Ex María Vírgine, et homo factus est.

text: Crucifíxus étiam pro nobis sub Póntio Piláto;

text: Passus, et sepúltus est,

text: Et resurréxit tértia die, secúndum Scriptúras,

text: Et ascéndit in cælum, sedet ad déxteram Patris.

text: Et íterum ventúrus est cum glória,

text: Iudicáre vivos et mórtuos,

text: Cuius regni non erit finis.

text: Et in Spíritum Sanctum, Dóminum et vivificántem:

text: Qui ex Patre Filióque procédit.

text: Qui cum Patre et Fílio simul adorátur et conglorificátur:

text: Qui locútus est per prophétas.

text: Et unam, sanctam, cathólicam et apostólicam Ecclésiam.

text: Confíteor unum baptísma in remissiónem peccatórum.

text: Et expécto resurrectiónem mortuórum,

text: Et vitam ventúri sǽculi. Amen.[55]

text: The Latin text adds "Deum de Deo" and "Filioque" to the Greek. On the latter see The Filioque Controversy above. Inevitably also, the overtones of the terms used, such as "παντοκράτορα" (pantokratora) and "omnipotentem" differ ("pantokratora" meaning Ruler of all; "omnipotentem" meaning omnipotent, Almighty). The implications of this for the interpretation of "ἐκπορευόμενον" and "qui ... procedit" was the object of the study The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit published by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in 1996.

text: Again, the terms "ὁμοούσιον" and "consubstantialem", translated as "of one being" or "consubstantial", have different overtones, being based respectively on Greek οὐσία (stable being, immutable reality, substance, essence, true nature),[3] and Latin substantia (that of which a thing consists, the being, essence, contents, material, substance).[56]

text: "Credo", which in classical Latin is used with the accusative case of the thing held to be true (and with the dative of the person to whom credence is given),[57] is here used three times with the preposition "in", a literal translation of the Greek "εἰς" (in unum Deum ..., in unum Dominum ..., in Spiritum Sanctum ...), and once in the classical preposition-less construction (unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam).

text: Armenian liturgical text[edit]

text: Հաւատամք ի մի Աստուած, ի Հայրն ամենակալ, յարարիչն երկնի եւ երկրի, երեւելեաց եւ աներեւութից։

text: Եւ ի մի Տէր Յիսուս Քրիստոս, յՈրդին Աստուծոյ, ծնեալն յԱստուծոյ Հօրէ, միածին՝ այսինքն յէութենէ Հօր։

text: Աստուած յԱստուծոյ, լոյս ի լուսոյ, Աստուած ճշմարիտ յԱստուծոյ ճշմարտէ, ծնունդ եւ ոչ արարած։ Նոյն ինքն ի բնութենէ Հօր, որով ամենայն ինչ եղեւ յերկինս եւ ի վերայ երկրի, երեւելիք եւ աներեւոյթք։

text: Որ յաղագս մեր մարդկան եւ վասն մերոյ փրկութեան իջեալ ի յերկնից՝ մարմնացաւ, մարդացաւ, ծնաւ կատարելապէս ի Մարիամայ սրբոյ կուսէն Հոգւովն Սրբով։

text: Որով էառ զմարմին, զհոգի եւ զմիտ, եւ զամենայն որ ինչ է ի մարդ, ճշմարտապէս եւ ոչ կարծեօք։

text: Չարչարեալ, խաչեալ, թաղեալ, յերրորդ աւուր յարուցեալ, ելեալ ի յերկինս նովին մարմնով, նստաւ ընդ աջմէ Հօր։

text: Գալոց է նովին մարմնովն եւ փառօք Հօր ի դատել զկենդանիս եւ զմեռեալս, որոյ թագաւորութեանն ոչ գոյ վախճան։

text: Հաւատամք եւ ի սուրբ Հոգին, յանեղն եւ ի կատարեալն․ Որ խօսեցաւ յօրէնս եւ ի մարգարէս եւ յաւետարանս․ Որ էջն ի Յորդանան, քարոզեաց զառաքեալսն, եւ բնակեցաւ ի սուրբսն։

text: Հաւատամք եւ ի մի միայն, ընդհանրական, եւ առաքելական, Սուրբ Եկեղեցի․ ի մի մկրտութիւն, յապաշխարհութիւն, ի քաւութիւն եւ ի թողութիւն մեղաց․ ի յարութիւնն մեռելոց․ ի դատաստանն յաւիտենից հոգւոց եւ մարմնոց․ յարքայութիւնն երկնից, եւ ի կեանսն յաւիտենականս։

text: English translation of the Armenian version

text: We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, the maker of heaven and earth, of things visible and invisible.

text: And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the begotten of God the Father, the Only-begotten, that is of the essence of the Father.

text: God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten and not made; of the very same nature of the Father, by Whom all things came into being, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible.

text: Who for us humanity and for our salvation came down from heaven, was incarnate, was made human, was born perfectly of the holy virgin Mary by the Holy Spirit.

text: By whom He took body, soul, and mind, and everything that is in man, truly and not in semblance.

text: He suffered, was crucified, was buried, rose again on the third day, ascended into heaven with the same body, [and] sat at the right hand of the Father.

text: He is to come with the same body and with the glory of the Father, to judge the living and the dead; of His kingdom there is no end.

text: We believe in the Holy Spirit, in the uncreated and the perfect; Who spoke through the Law, prophets, and Gospels; Who came down upon the Jordan, preached through the apostles, and lived in the saints.

text: We believe also in only One, Universal, Apostolic, and [Holy] Church; in one baptism in repentance, for the remission, and forgiveness of sins; and in the resurrection of the dead, in the everlasting judgement of souls and bodies, and the Kingdom of Heaven and in the everlasting life.[58]

text: Other ancient liturgical versions[edit]

text: The version in the Church Slavonic language, used by several Eastern Orthodox Churches is practically identical with the Greek liturgical version.

text: This version is used also by some Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches. Although the Union of Brest excluded addition of the Filioque, this was sometimes added by Ruthenian Catholics,[59] whose liturgical books now give the phrase in brackets, and by Ukrainian Catholics. Writing in 1971, the Ruthenian Scholar Fr. Casimir Kucharek noted, "In Eastern Catholic Churches, the Filioque may be omitted except when scandal would ensue. Most of the Eastern Catholic Rites use it."[60] However, in the decades that followed 1971 it has come to be used more rarely.[61][62][63]

text: The versions used by Oriental Orthodoxy and the Church of the East[64] differ from the Greek liturgical version in having "We believe", as in the original text, instead of "I believe".[65]

text: English translations[edit]

text: The version found in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer is still commonly used by some English speakers, but more modern translations are now more common.

text: The International Consultation on English Texts published an English translation of the Nicene Creed, first in 1970 and then in successive revisions in 1971 and 1975. These texts were adopted by several churches. The Roman Catholic Church in the United States, which adopted the 1971 version in 1973, and the Catholic Church in other English-speaking countries, which in 1975 adopted the version published in that year, continued to use them until 2011 upon the introduction of the Roman Missal third edition. The 1975 version was included in the 1979 Episcopal Church (United States) Book of Common Prayer, though with one variation: in the line "For us men and for our salvation", it omitted the word "men".

text: For the text of the Nicene Creed published in 1988 by the English Language Liturgical Consultation, the successor body of the International Consultation on English Texts, see their website. For the text as recited in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, see the website of the Australian National Catholic Education Commission or Youcat, section 29.


document_title: Population density

question_text: the number of persons per square kilometer in a country is called

root

text: Population density

text: Biological population densities[edit]

text: Population density is population divided by total land area or water volume, as appropriate.[1]

tag: p

text: Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes in low population densities include:[2]

text:
Increased problems with locating sexual mates
Increased inbreeding

text: For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile (which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers). Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory or the entire world.

text: The world's population is around 7,500,000,000[3] and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 square kilometers (197,000,000 sq. mi.).[4] Therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,500,000,000 ÷ 510,000,000 = 14.7 per km2 (38 per sq. mi). If only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km2 (58,000,000 sq. mi.) is taken into account, then human population density increases to 50 per km2 (129 per sq. mile). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 55 people per km2 (over 142 per sq. mile).[1] However, over half[citation needed] of the Earth's land mass consists of areas inhospitable to human habitation, such as deserts and high mountains, and population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh-water sources. Thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density.

text: Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates and dependencies.[5][6] These territories have a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.

text: Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources.[7] Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo and Lagos in Africa also fall into this category.[8]

text: City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on the definition of "urban area" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the central city area than when suburban settlements and the intervening rural areas are included, as in the areas of agglomeration or metropolitan area, the latter sometimes including neighboring cities. For instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded.[9]

text: In comparison, based on a world population of seven billion, the world's inhabitants, as a loose crowd taking up ten square feet (one square metre) per person (Jacobs Method), would occupy a space a little larger than Delaware's land area.[citation needed]

text: By political boundaries[edit]

text:
With population above 1,000,000

Rank
Country/Region
Population
Area (km2)
Density
(Pop. per km2)

1
 Singapore
5,535,000
719
7698

2
 Hong Kong
7,234,800
1,104
6553

3
 Gaza Strip
1,816,379
360
5045

4
 Bahrain
1,404,900
750
1873

5
 Bangladesh
161,609,000
147,570
1095

6
 Taiwan
23,361,147
36,190
646

7
 Mauritius
1,288,000
2,040
631

8
 Lebanon
6,237,738
10,452
597

9
 South Korea
51,529,338
99,720
517

10
 Rwanda
11,262,564
26,338
428

text:
With population above 10,000,000

Rank
Country/Region
Population
Area (km2)
Density
(Pop. per km2)

1
 Bangladesh
161,609,000
147,570
1095

2
 Taiwan
23,361,147
36,190
646

3
 South Korea
51,529,338
99,720
517

4
 Rwanda
11,262,564
26,338
428

5
 Netherlands
17,071,100
41,526
411

6
 India
1,326,801,576
3,287,263
404

7
 Haiti
10,413,211
27,750
375

8
 Belgium
11,239,755
30,528
368

9
 Burundi
10,114,505
27,834
363

10
 Philippines
102,078,300
300,076
340

text: Other methods of measurement[edit]

text: Although arithmetic density is the most common way of measuring population density, several other methods have been developed to provide a more accurate measure of population density over a specific area.

text:
Arithmetic density: The total number of people / area of land (measured in square miles or square kilometers)
Physiological density: The total population / area of arable land
Agricultural density: The total rural population / area of arable land
Residential density: The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land
Urban density: The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land
Ecological optimum: The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources


document_title: List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members

question_text: who played the voice of aslan in narnia

question_tokens: who played the voice of aslan in narnia

text: Characters[edit]

text:
(voice) indicates a vocal/voice performance.
A dark grey cell indicates the character is not in the film.

text:
Character
Film

The Chronicles of Narnia:
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
The Chronicles of Narnia:
Prince Caspian
The Chronicles of Narnia:
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
The Chronicles of Narnia:
The Silver Chair

2005[1]
2008[2]
2010[3]
TBA

Aslan
Liam Neeson (voice)

Lucy Pevensie
Georgie Henley

Rachel Henley (older)
Georgie Henley
TBA

Edmund Pevensie
Skandar Keynes

Mark Wells (older)
Skandar Keynes

Peter Pevensie
William Moseley

Noah Huntley (older)
William Moseley

Susan Pevensie
Anna Popplewell

Sophie Winkleman (older)
Anna Popplewell

Jadis, the White Witch
Tilda Swinton

King Caspian X

Ben Barnes

Reepicheep

Eddie Izzard (voice)
Simon Pegg (voice)

Eustace Scrubb

Will Poulter

Jill Pole

Mentioned
TBA

Mr. Tumnus
James McAvoy

Mr. Beaver
Ray Winstone (voice)

Mrs. Beaver
Dawn French (voice)

Digory Kirke
Jim Broadbent

Ginarrbrik
Kiran Shah

Father Christmas
James Cosmo

Oreius
Patrick Kake

Maugrim
Michael Madsen (voice)

General Otmin
Shane Rangi

Trumpkin

Peter Dinklage

Trufflehunter

Ken Stott (voice)

Glenstorm

Cornell S John

Bulgy Bear

David Walliams (voice)

Nikabrik

Warwick Davis

Miraz

Sergio Castellitto

Doctor Cornelius

Vincent Grass

Glozelle

Pierfrancesco Favino

Prunaprismia

Alicia Borrachero

Sopespian

Damián Alcázar

Scythley

Simon Andreu

Donnon

Predrag Bjelac

Tavros

Shane Rangi

Jemain

Tamati

Caprius

Ryan Ettridge

Randy

Morgan Evans

Nausus

Steven Rooke

Drinian

Gary Sweet

Queen Lilliandil

Laura Brent

Lady of the Green Kirtle

TBC[4]


document_title: M

question_text: what is the letter m in roman numerals

question_tokens: what is the letter m in roman numerals

text: M

text: History

text:
Egyptian hieroglyph "n"
-Phoenician
Mem
Etruscan M
Greek
Mu
Roman M

text: The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a "Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the "water" ideogram in Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value /n/, from the Egyptian word for "water", nt; the adoption as the Semitic letter for /m/ was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic word for "water", *mā(y)-.[2]

text: Use in writing systems

text: The letter ⟨m⟩ represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound [m] in the orthography of Latin as well as in that of many modern languages, and also in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In English, the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that ⟨m⟩ is sometimes a vowel in words like spasm and in the suffix -ism. In modern terminology, this is described as a syllabic consonant (IPA [m̩]).

text: Other uses

text: The Roman numeral Ⅿ represents the number 1000, though it was not used in Roman times. There is, however, scant evidence that the letter was later introduced in the early centuries by the Romans. [3]

text: Related characters

text: Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

text:
M with diacritics: Ḿ ḿ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ M̃ m̃ ᵯ[4]
IPA-specific symbols related to M: ɱ ɰ
Ɱ : Capital M with hook
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to M:[5]

U+1D0D ᴍ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M
U+1D1F ᴟ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS TURNED M
U+1D39 ᴹ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL M
U+1D50 ᵐ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL M
U+1D5A ᵚ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED M

Some symbols related to M were used by the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902:[6]

U+2098 ₘ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER M
U+A7FA ꟺ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED M

The Teuthonista phonetic transcription system uses U+AB3A ꬺ LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH CROSSED-TAIL[7]
Other variations used for phonetic transcription:[8] ᶆ ᶬ ᶭ
Ɯ ɯ : Turned M
ꟽ : Inverted M was used in ancient Roman texts to stand for mulier (woman)[9]
ꟿ : Archaic M was used in ancient Roman texts to abbreviate the personal name 'Manius' (A regular capital M was used for the more common personal name 'Marcus')[9]

text: Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

text:
𐤌 : Semitic letter Mem, from which the following symbols originally derive

Μ μ : Greek letter Mu, from which M derives

Ⲙ ⲙ : Coptic letter Me, which derives from Greek Mu
М м : Cyrillic letter Em, also derived from Mu
𐌌 : Old Italic M, which derives from Greek Mu, and is the ancestor of modern Latin M

ᛗ : Runic letter Mannaz, which derives from old Italic M

𐌼 : Gothic letter manna, which derives from Greek Mu

text: Ligatures and abbreviations

text:
₥ : Mill (currency)
™ : Trademark symbol
℠ : Service mark symbol

text: Computing codes

text:
Character
M
m

Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M
    LATIN SMALL LETTER M

Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex

Unicode
77
U+004D
109
U+006D

UTF-8
77
4D
109
6D

Numeric character reference
M
M
m
m

EBCDIC family
212
D4
148
94

ASCII 1
77
4D
109
6D

text: Other representations

text:
NATO phonetic
Morse code

Mike
––

text:
Signal flag
Flag semaphore
American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)
Braille
dots-134


document_title: Morgan Hill, California

question_text: what is the population of morgan hill ca

text: Morgan Hill, California

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the arrival of Spanish colonists, the area of the Santa Clara Valley was inhabited by the Ohlone people for more than 6,000 years. In the area of what is now Morgan Hill, the Matalan tribe lived in a hunter-gatherer society.[16]

text: Before the area was colonized as part of the Alta California province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the 1772 Spanish expedition, led by Pedro Fages and Father Juan Crespí, camped in what is now Morgan Hill, alongside Llagas Creek. The location of their camp subsequently became a popular campsite for Spanish soldiers on their way from New Spain to Alta California. With the founding of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, in 1777, the lands of present-day Morgan Hill were granted to the Roman Catholic Church.[16]

text: Following Mexico's independence from Spain, land was redistributed to Mexican citizens across California and the land encompassing modern-day Morgan Hill was granted to Juan Maria Hernandez, in 1835.[16] In 1845, Martin Murphy, Sr., an Irish-born American pioneer, acquired the area and named it Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche.[17]

text: In 1850, Martin Murphy, Sr.'s youngest son, Daniel Murphy, married Maria Fisher, heiress of the neighboring 19,000-acre (7,700 ha) Rancho Laguna Seca, thus combining the two estates. In 1853, Martin Murphy, Sr.'s father, Bernard Murphy, died leaving the majority of the estate to Martin Murphy, Sr., but a substantial portion to a Martin Murphy, Sr.'s mother, Catherine, who then married James Dunne. By 1870, the Murphy family had acquired around 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) of the Morgan Hill area.[16] In the history of Morgan Hill, the Murphy, Dunne, and Hill families are of the most prominent significance.

text: In 1882, Daniel and Maria Murphy's favorite daughter, Diana Murphy, fell in love with Missouri businessman Hiram Morgan Hill. They married in secret, on account of his being a Quaker and her being from a prominent Roman Catholic family. When Daniel Murphy died, Diana and Hiram Morgan Hill inherited the 4,500 acres (1,800 ha) surrounding the original Murphy estate, near Murphy's Peak (now known as El Toro). In 1884, the Hills built their weekend estate, as the family primarily lived in San Francisco and in Nevada, dubbed Villa Mira-Monte (Italian for Mountain-View Estate).[18]

text: By 1886, the family chose to live primarily at the Ojo del Agua estate, as they jointly inherited 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) around the estate. However, the move was temporary, as scandal caused by the marital complications of Hiram Morgan Hill's prominent socialite sister, Sarah Althea Hill, and her husband, Senator William Sharon, made the Hills a source of social ridicule, thus causing them to start spending the majority of their time between San Francisco and Washington, D.C., thus leaving their Ojo del Agua estate untouched for long periods of time.[16]

text: In 1892, Hiram Morgan Hill contracted land developer C. H. Phillips to divide and liquidate the Ojo del Agua estate, only retaining the Villa Mira Monte estate and the surrounding 200 acres (81 ha), which the Hill family would hold until 1916. By 1898, a significant community had built around what was then known as Morgan Hill's Ranch, and a Southern Pacific Railroad station was built in the Huntington area. Rather than ask to stop at Huntington station, passengers would ask to stop at "Morgan Hill's Ranch", which eventually shortened to "Morgan Hill".[16]

text: On November 10, 1906, the planned community, a result of the divisions of C. H. Phillips, was incorporated as the Town of Morgan Hill. Hiram Morgan and Diana Hill's only child, Diana Murphy Hill, married the French nobleman, Baron Hadouin de Reinach-Werth, and thus Baron Hadouin started to help manage Hiram Morgan Hill's properties between California and Nevada. However, the baron was called back to France to serve in the military and never returned. In 1913, Hiram Morgan Hill died at his Elko estate in Nevada, thus leaving his properties to his daughter. Diana Murphy Hill later remarried, in 1916, to Sir George Rhodes, thus causing the Murphy heiress of the Morgan Hill estate to relocate to the United Kingdom, taking her and Hiram Morgan Hill's daughter, Diana Murphy Hill, thus finally selling off the Villa Mira Monte and ending the Hill family presence in the community named after them.[16]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Morgan Hill is approximately 39 km (24 mi) south of downtown San Jose, 21 km (13 mi) north of Gilroy, and 24 km (15 mi) inland from the Pacific coast. Lying in a roughly 6 km-wide (4-mi-wide) southern extension of the Santa Clara Valley, it is bounded by the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west and the Diablo Range to the east. At the valley floor, Morgan Hill lies at an elevation of about 107 m (350 ft) above MSL.

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses an area of 12.9 square miles (33 km2), all land. Although there are no natural lakes or ponds within the city limits, there are several flood-control and water storage reservoirs in the adjacent hills which are operated by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, with recreational activities such as boating, etc., administered by the Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation.[19]

text: Morgan Hill is located within the seismically active San Francisco Bay region. The significant earthquakes in the region are generally associated with crustal movements along well-defined, active fault zones. The nearest known active faults are the San Andreas Fault, approximately 19 km (12 mi) southwest, and the Calaveras Fault, approximately 1.6 km (0.99 mi) northeast. Both faults have produced major earthquakes in the past, and have estimated maximum credible Richter magnitudes of 8.3 and 7.3 respectively. The 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake registered at a 6.2 magnitude.

text: The Sargent-Berrocal Fault, a potentially active fault, lies 16 km (9.9 mi) away from the sites and has an estimated maximum credible Richter magnitude of 7.4. The Coyote Creek Fault is located in Morgan Hill and is classified as potentially active as well. In addition, several unnamed faults traverse the western slopes of the upland areas. Geomorphic evidence suggests that these faults were active during recent geologic time. However, these fault-related geomorphic features are not as fresh as those of the active Calaveras Fault and are considered to be somewhat older.[20]

text: Morgan Hill is one of very few sources for a type of semi-precious gemstone marketed under the name "Morgan Hill poppy jasper".[21] According to geologists, this local variety of orbicular jasper formed through a combination of volcanic and seismic activity on the slopes of El Toro. Known extant deposits of the mineral are located on private lands, not accessible to the public. A local business, El Toro Brewing Company, has a collection of poppy jasper on display at their rural Morgan Hill brewery and on a large bar top inlaid with the stone at their brewpub in downtown Morgan Hill. Examples are also on display at the Morgan Hill Museum and at the Morgan Hill Community and Cultural Center.[22] The local Poppy Jasper Film Festival is also named after the mineral.[23]

text: The highlight of local geography is El Toro. According to a local legend of the early 1900s, author Bret Harte named the hill when he climbed it and discovered two bulls fighting near the summit (they subsequently chased him back down). The official name shown on the U.S. Geological Survey's maps is simply "El Toro", although locals may refer to the hill as "Murphy's Peak". Visitors, not aware of the origin of the town's name, often mistakenly assume that El Toro is "Morgan" Hill. It is USGS Feature ID# 223063 in the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), maintained by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Elevation at the summit is about 435 m (1427 ft).[24] The iconic hill overshadowing the town to the west, has been incorporated into the city's seal and official logo.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Due to the moderating influence of the Pacific Ocean, Morgan Hill enjoys a mild, Mediterranean climate. Temperatures range from an average midsummer maximum of 32.3°C (90.2°F) to an average midwinter low of 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). Average annual precipitation is 480 mm (18.9 in), and the summer months are typically dry. Snowfall is rare, about once every 20 years, and is light and short-lived when it occurs. Summer months are characterized by coastal fog which arrives from the ocean around 10 p.m. and dissipates the next morning by 10 a.m. Winter months have many sunny and partly cloudy days, with frequent breaks between rainstorms. The local terrain is inconducive to tornadoes, severe windstorms and thunderstorms. The local climate supports chaparral and grassland biomes, with stands of live oak at higher elevations.

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1910
607

—

1920
646

6.4%

1930
908

40.6%

1940
1,014

11.7%

1950
1,627

60.5%

1960
3,151

93.7%

1970
5,579

77.1%

1980
17,060

205.8%

1990
23,928

40.3%

2000
33,556

40.2%

2010
37,882

12.9%

Est. 2016
44,155
[7]
16.6%

U.S. Decennial Census[25]

text: The 2000 U.S. Census[6] reported there were 33,556 people, 10,846 households, and 8,633 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,875.4 people per square mile (1,110.2/km2). There were 11,091 housing units at an average density of 950.3/sq mi (366.9/km2). The ethnic makeup of the city was 72.40% White, 1.71% African American, 1.08% Native American, 6.02% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 13.43% from other races, and 5.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.50% of the population.

text: There were 10,846 households out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.38.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.

text: According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $99,243, and the median income for a family was $108,611.[26] Males had a median income of $61,999 versus $42,003 for females. The per capita income for the city was $33,047. About 3.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

text: Substantial expansion of the population of Morgan Hill occurred from the late 1980s onward. This population expansion was enabled by the removal of a growth constraint in the form of sewage treatment capacity.[27]

text: The 2010 U.S. Census[28] reported that Morgan Hill had a population of 37,882. The population density was 2,940.8 people per square mile (1,135.4/km²). The ethnic makeup of Morgan Hill was 24,713 (65.2%) White, 746 (2.0%) African American, 335 (0.9%) Native American, 3,852 (10.2%) Asian, 125 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 5,779 (15.3%) from other races, and 2,332 (6.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,863 persons (34.0%).

text: The Census reported that 37,496 people (99.0% of the population) lived in households, 164 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 222 (0.6%) were institutionalized.

text: There were 12,326 households, out of which 5,538 (44.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,581 (61.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,469 (11.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 646 (5.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 660 (5.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 89 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,998 households (16.2%) were made up of individuals and 757 (6.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04. There were 9,696 families (78.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.39.

text: The population was spread out with 10,838 people (28.6%) under the age of 18, 2,909 people (7.7%) aged 18 to 24, 10,000 people (26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 10,537 people (27.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,598 people (9.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.8 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.

text: There were 12,859 housing units at an average density of 998.2 per square mile (385.4/km²), of which 8,793 (71.3%) were owner-occupied, and 3,533 (28.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 2.6%. 26,148 people (69.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 11,348 people (30.0%) lived in rental housing units.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Morgan Hill's economy can be defined by its place within Silicon Valley, which characterizes the economy into two main categories: its status as an upscale leisure and residential community for Silicon Valley, which drives Morgan Hill's real estate, recreation, hospitality, and entertainment industries, and its participation in the high-technology industries of Silicon Valley, which drive Morgan Hill's technology companies, start-ups, and research & development firms.

text: Numerous companies of other industries are based in Morgan Hill as well, such as the Gryphon Financial Group (finance), Specialized Bicycle Components, (major global manufacturer of high performance bicycles), and the Paramit Corporation (high tech medical device manufacturer).

text: Morgan Hill is served by the weekly Morgan Hill Times, founded in 1894 and published by New SV Media.[29] The biweekly Morgan Hill Life,[30] lifestyle publication, founded in 2013, is published by Morgan Hill Life, LLC.

text: Technology[edit]

text: Notable high tech companies that are headquartered or have their American headquarters in Morgan Hill include Anritsu (Japanese telecommunications company), Flextronics (the world's 2nd largest electronics-manufacturing service provider), Velodyne (sensor and laser developer), TenCate Advanced Composites (Dutch advanced composite materials manufacturer), and the Paramit Corporation (high tech medical device manufacturer).

text: High tech companies that have research & development or manufacturing facilities in Morgan Hill include the Harris Corporation (information & defense contractor), Infineon Technologies (semiconductor & chip manufacturer), and NxEdge Inc. (semiconductor & business solutions company).

text: Top employers[edit]

text: According to the City's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[31] the top employers in the city are:

text:
No.
Employer
No. of Employees

1
Morgan Hill Unified School District
730

2
Anritsu
529

3
Specialized Bicycle Components
400

4
Flextronics
357

5
Paramit
310

6
Lusamerica Foods
240

7
Safeway
240

8
Mission Bell Manufacturing
193

9
Del Monaco Foods
161

10
Young's Market
159

11
The Home Depot
147

12
TenCate Advanced Composites
141

13
Walmart
140

text: Parks and recreation[edit]

text:
Anderson Lake County Park,[32] immediately east of Morgan Hill
Coyote Creek Parkway,[33] north of Morgan Hill, extending to San Jose
Henry W. Coe State Park, the second-largest state park in California
Uvas Canyon County Park, located a few miles west of Morgan Hill in the Santa Cruz Mountains
Galvan Park
Morgan Hill Community Park, including a skate park and off-leash dog park[34]
Centennial Recreation Center,[35] with gymnasium, indoor swimming pool, senior center, youth center and computer facility
Morgan Hill Community and Cultural Center,[36] amphitheater and satellite campus of Gavilan College
Morgan Hill Aquatic Center[37]
Morgan Hill Outdoor Sports Center[38]

text: Government[edit]

text: Morgan Hill's government is composed of the Morgan Hill City Council, its legislative branch, the Mayor of Morgan Hill, its semi-executive branch, and the departments of Morgan Hill City Hall. The current Mayor of Morgan Hill is Steve Tate, who has served as such since 2006.[39] The current Morgan Hill City Manager is Steve Rymer.

text: In the California State Legislature, Morgan Hill is represented through the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Monning, and in the 30th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Anna Caballero.

text: Federally, Morgan Hill is in California's 19th congressional district, represented by Democrat Zoe Lofgren.[40]

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary & secondary schools[edit]

text: The Morgan Hill Unified School District serves the community.

text: Morgan Hill's public high schools are Live Oak High School, south Santa Clara County's oldest secondary school (est. 1904), Ann Sobrato High School, and Central High School.

text: In addition, it is also the home of Oakwood School and Stratford School, private non-sectarian schools.

text: Higher education[edit]

text: Morgan Hill's location in southern Silicon Valley makes it very accessible to the numerous, world-known universities and institutions located throughout the Silicon Valley/South Bay Area region, such as Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley, Santa Clara University, and Saint Mary's College of California.

text: Morgan Hill also hosts a campus of Gavilan College.

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Airports[edit]

text: Small general aviation aircraft are served by the uncontrolled San Martin Airport (E16), located at San Martin, about 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Morgan Hill. Commercial flights are served by San Jose International Airport, about 39 km (24 mi) away in San Jose.

text: Public transportation[edit]

text:
The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority provides local buses and express buses to Gilroy, San Martin, San Jose, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale.[41]
Caltrain provides weekday rush-hour commuter rail service to the Santa Clara Valley, the San Francisco Peninsula and San Francisco from the Morgan Hill station.[42]
Monterey-Salinas Transit runs a rush-hour San Jose-Monterey express bus, Line 55, that also serves as an Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connection.[43]

text: Public libraries[edit]

text: Santa Clara County Library District operates the Morgan Hill Library.[44]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Culture[edit]

text:
Charles Kellog, famed Californian naturalist and actor[45]
Wade Dominguez, actor, model, and performer, known for his role in Dangerous Minds
Don Argue, former President of the National Association of Evangelicals
Tom R. Ferguson, world champion and inductee into the Rodeo Hall of Fame

text: Athletics[edit]

text:
Zhang Jinjing, former Chinese Olympic gymnast
Marina Klimova, former Soviet Olympic ice dancer
Alatini Saulala, former Tongan rugby player for the American National Team
Scott Clark, former BMX world champion
Jared Allen, former football player for the Chicago Bears
Bob Stoddard, former football player for the Seattle Mariners and the Kansas City Royals
Bill Berry, former basketball coach for the Chicago Bulls
Ricky Berry, former basketball player for the Sacramento Kings
Ron Caragher, former football coach for the San Jose State Spartans
Rhett Hall, former football player for the Philadelphia Eagles
Daniel Holloway, cyclist and multiple National Criterium champion
James Hibbard, cycling champion
Ryan Neufeld, former football player for the Dallas Cowboys
Jeff Ulbrich, football coach for the Atlanta Falcons, former player for the San Francisco 49ers
Dave Salzwedel, former soccer player for the San Jose Clash
Jimmy Vasser, champion IndyCar racer

text: Business[edit]

text:
Helder Antunes, Portuguese-born Silicon Valley executive, former racecar driver
Ole Fahlin, Swedish-born aviator and developer for Lockheed Martin

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Morgan Hill has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

text:
Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey[46]
 San Casciano in Val di Pesa, Italy
 San Martín de Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico
 Mizuho, Tokyo, Japan
 Headford, County Galway, Ireland

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Hiram Morgan Hill family statue at the Morgan Hill Caltrain station

Orchards with the Diablo Range behind, in east Morgan Hill

Upper Falls in Uvas Canyon County Park

The Granada Theatre and Votaw Building, in downtown Morgan Hill

The historic Votaw House, in western Morgan Hill

Anderson Lake County Park, in the Diablo Range of eastern Morgan Hill

El Toro Mountain is a Morgan Hill landmark

The 3rd St Plaza, in downtown Morgan Hill

Villa Mira Monte, now the seat of the Morgan Hill Historical Society

Henry W. Coe State Park in the Diablo Range

The Votaw Building is a landmark of Downtown Morgan Hill

Downtown Morgan Hill at 2nd & Monterrey Streets