document_title: Micrometer

question_text: the value of one thimble scale division in a micrometer is

text: Micrometer

text: History of the device and its name[edit]

text: The word micrometer is a neoclassical coinage from Greek micros, meaning 'small', and metron, meaning 'measure'. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary[2] says that English got it from French and that its first known appearance in English writing was in 1670. Neither the metre nor the micrometre (μm) nor the micrometer (device) as we know them today existed at that time. However, the people of that time did have much need for, and interest in, the ability to measure small things and small differences. The word was no doubt coined in reference to this endeavor, even if it did not refer specifically to its present-day senses.

text: The first ever micrometric screw was invented by William Gascoigne in the 17th century, as an enhancement of the vernier; it was used in a telescope to measure angular distances between stars and the relative sizes of celestial objects.

text: Henry Maudslay built a bench micrometer in the early 19th century that was jocularly nicknamed "the Lord Chancellor" among his staff because it was the final judge on measurement accuracy and precision in the firm's work. In 1844 details of Whitworth's workshop micrometer were published.[3] This was described as having a strong frame of cast iron, the opposite ends of which were two highly finished steel cylinders, which traversed longitudinally by action of screws. The ends of the cylinders where they met was of hemispherical shape. One screw was fitted with a wheel graduated to measure to the ten thousandth of an inch. His object was to furnish ordinary mechanics with an instrument which, while it afforded very accurate indications, was yet not very liable to be deranged by the rough handling of the workshop.

text: The first documented development of handheld micrometer-screw calipers was by Jean Laurent Palmer of Paris in 1848;[4] the device is therefore often called palmer in French, tornillo de Palmer ("Palmer screw") in Spanish, and calibro Palmer ("Palmer caliper") in Italian. (Those languages also use the micrometer cognates: micromètre, micrómetro, micrometro.) The micrometer caliper was introduced to the mass market in anglophone countries by Brown & Sharpe in 1867,[5] allowing the penetration of the instrument's use into the average machine shop. Brown & Sharpe were inspired by several earlier devices, one of them being Palmer's design. In 1888 Edward W. Morley added to the precision of micrometric measurements and proved their accuracy in a complex series of experiments.

text: The culture of toolroom accuracy and precision, which started with interchangeability pioneers including Gribeauval, Tousard, North, Hall, Whitney, and Colt, and continued through leaders such as Maudslay, Palmer, Whitworth, Brown, Sharpe, Pratt, Whitney, Leland, and others, grew during the Machine Age to become an important part of combining applied science with technology. Beginning in the early 20th century, one could no longer truly master tool and die making, machine tool building, or engineering without some knowledge of the science of metrology, as well as the sciences of chemistry and physics (for metallurgy, kinematics/dynamics, and quality).

text: Types[edit]

text: Basic types[edit]

text: Specialized types[edit]

text: Each type of micrometer caliper can be fitted with specialized anvils and spindle tips for particular measuring tasks. For example, the anvil may be shaped in the form of a segment of screw thread, in the form of a v-block, or in the form of a large disc.

text:
Universal micrometer sets come with interchangeable anvils, such as flat, spherical, spline, disk, blade, point, and knife-edge. The term universal micrometer may also refer to a type of micrometer whose frame has modular components, allowing one micrometer to function as outside mic, depth mic, step mic, etc. (often known by the brand names Mul-T-Anvil and Uni-Mike).
Blade micrometers have a matching set of narrow tips (blades). They allow, for example, the measuring of a narrow o-ring groove.
Pitch-diameter micrometers (aka thread mics) have a matching set of thread-shaped tips for measuring the pitch diameter of screw threads.
Limit mics have two anvils and two spindles, and are used like a snap gauge. The part being checked must pass through the first gap and must stop at the second gap in order to be within specification. The two gaps accurately reflect the top and bottom of th e tolerance range.
Bore micrometer, typically a three-anvil head on a micrometer base used to accurately measure inside diameters.
Tube micrometers have a cylindrical anvil positioned perpendicularly to a spindle and is used to measure the thickness of tubes.
Micrometer stops are micrometer heads that are mounted on the table of a manual milling machine, bedways of a lathe, or other machine tool, in place of simple stops. They help the operator to position the table or carriage precisely. Stops can also be used to actuate kickout mechanisms or limit switches to halt an automatic feed system.
Ball micrometers have ball-shaped (spherical) anvils. They may have one flat and one ball anvil, in which case they are used for measuring tube wall thickness, distance of a hole to an edge, and other distances where one anvil must be placed against a rounded surface. They differ in application from tube micrometers in that they may be used to measure against rounded surfaces which are not tubes, but the ball anvil may also not be able to fit into smaller tubes as easily as a tube micrometer. Ball micrometers with a pair of balls can be used when single-tangential-point contact is desired on both sides. The most common example is in measuring the pitch diameter of screw threads (which is also done with conical anvils or the 3-wire method, the latter of which uses similar geometry as the pair-of-balls approach).
Bench micrometers are tools for inspection use whose accuracy and precision are around half a micrometre (20 millionths of an inch, "a fifth of a tenth" in machinist jargon) and whose repeatability is around a quarter micrometre ("a tenth of a tenth"). An example is the Pratt & Whitney Supermicrometer brand.
Digit mics are the type with mechanical digits that roll over.
Digital mics are the type that uses an encoder to detect the distance and displays the result on a digital screen.
V mics are outside mics with a small V-block for an anvil. They are useful for measuring the diameter of a circle from three points evenly spaced around it (versus the two points of a standard outside micrometer). An example of when this is necessary is measuring the diameter of 3-flute endmills and twist drills.

text: Operating principles[edit]

text: Micrometers use the principle of a screw to amplify small distances[6] (that are too small to measure directly) into large rotations of the screw that are big enough to read from a scale. The accuracy of a micrometer derives from the accuracy of the thread-forms that are central to the core of its design. In some cases it is a differential screw. The basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows:

text:
The amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement (and vice versa), through the constant known as the screw's lead (/ˈliːd/). A screw's lead is the distance it moves forward axially with one complete turn (360°). (In most threads [that is, in all single-start threads], lead and pitch refer to essentially the same concept.)
With an appropriate lead and major diameter of the screw, a given amount of axial movement will be amplified in the resulting circumferential movement.

tag: ol

text: For example, if the lead of a screw is 1 mm, but the major diameter (here, outer diameter) is 10 mm, then the circumference of the screw is 10π, or about 31.4 mm. Therefore, an axial movement of 1 mm is amplified (magnified) to a circumferential movement of 31.4 mm. This amplification allows a small difference in the sizes of two similar measured objects to correlate to a larger difference in the position of a micrometer's thimble. In some micrometers, even greater accuracy is obtained by using a differential screw adjuster to move the thimble in much smaller increments than a single thread would allow.[7][8][9]

text: In classic-style analog micrometers, the position of the thimble is read directly from scale markings on the thimble and sleeve (for names of parts see next section). A vernier scale is often included, which allows the position to be read to a fraction of the smallest scale mark. In digital micrometers, an electronic readout displays the length digitally on an LCD on the instrument. There also exist mechanical-digit versions, like the style of car odometers where the numbers "roll over".

text: Parts[edit]

text: A micrometer is composed of:

text: Reading[edit]

text: Customary/Imperial system[edit]

text: The spindle of a micrometer graduated for the Imperial and US customary measurement systems has 40 threads per inch, so that one turn moves the spindle axially 0.025 inch (1 ÷ 40 = 0.025), equal to the distance between adjacent graduations on the sleeve. The 25 graduations on the thimble allow the 0.025 inch to be further divided, so that turning the thimble through one division moves the spindle axially 0.001 inch (0.025 ÷ 25 = 0.001). Thus, the reading is given by the number of whole divisions that are visible on the scale of the sleeve, multiplied by 25 (the number of thousandths of an inch that each division represents), plus the number of that division on the thimble which coincides with the axial zero line on the sleeve. The result will be the diameter expressed in thousandths of an inch. As the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., appear below every fourth sub-division on the sleeve, indicating hundreds of thousandths, the reading can easily be taken.

text: Suppose the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 2, and three additional sub-divisions, were visible on the sleeve (as shown in the image), and that graduation 1 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve. The reading would then be 0.2000 + 0.075 + 0.001, or .276 inch.

text: Metric system[edit]

text: The spindle of an ordinary metric micrometer has 2 threads per millimetre, and thus one complete revolution moves the spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter. The longitudinal line on the sleeve is graduated with 1 millimetre divisions and 0.5 millimetre subdivisions. The thimble has 50 graduations, each being 0.01 millimetre (one-hundredth of a millimetre). Thus, the reading is given by the number of millimetre divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the particular division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve.

text: Suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5, and one additional 0.5 subdivision were visible on the sleeve (as shown in the image), and that graduation 28 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve. The reading then would be 5.00 + 0.5 + 0.28 = 5.78 mm.

text: Vernier[edit]

text: Some micrometers are provided with a vernier scale on the sleeve in addition to the regular graduations. These permit measurements within 0.001 millimetre to be made on metric micrometers, or 0.0001 inches on inch-system micrometers.

text: The additional digit of these micrometers is obtained by finding the line on the sleeve vernier scale which exactly coincides with one on the thimble. The number of this coinciding vernier line represents the additional digit.

text: Thus, the reading for metric micrometers of this type is the number of whole millimeters (if any) and the number of hundredths of a millimeter, as with an ordinary micrometer, and the number of thousandths of a millimeter given by the coinciding vernier line on the sleeve vernier scale.

text: For example, a measurement of 5.783 millimetres would be obtained by reading 5.5 millimetres on the sleeve, and then adding 0.28 millimetre as determined by the thimble. The vernier would then be used to read the 0.003 (as shown in the image).

text: Inch micrometers are read in a similar fashion.

text: Note: 0.01 millimetre = 0.000393 inch, and 0.002 millimetre = 0.000078 inch (78 millionths) or alternatively, 0.0001 inch = 0.00254 millimetres. Therefore, metric micrometers provide smaller measuring increments than comparable inch unit micrometers—the smallest graduation of an ordinary inch reading micrometer is 0.001 inch; the vernier type has graduations down to 0.0001 inch (0.00254 mm). When using either a metric or inch micrometer, without a vernier, smaller readings than those graduated may of course be obtained by visual interpolation between graduations.

text: Torque repeatability via torque-limiting ratchets or sleeves[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A micrometer reading is not accurate if the thimble is over- or under-torqued. A useful feature of many micrometers is the inclusion of a torque-limiting device on the thimble—either a spring-loaded ratchet or a friction sleeve. Without this device, workers may overtighten the micrometer on the work, causing the mechanical advantage of the screw to tighten the screw threads or squeeze the material, giving an inaccurate measurement. However, with a thimble that will ratchet or friction slip at a certain torque, the micrometer will not continue to advance once sufficient resistance is encountered. This results in greater accuracy and repeatability of measurements—most especially for low-skilled or semi-skilled workers, who may not have developed the light, consistent touch of a skilled user.

text: It might seem that there would be no such thing as too little torque on the thimble, because if zero tightening of the threads is the goal, then the less torque, the better. However, there is a practical limit on this ideal. Some tiny amount of torque, although very slight, is involved in the normal hand movements of well-practiced micrometer use. It is light but not truly zero, because zero is impractical for a skillful feel of how the contact is being made. And the calibration reflects this amount, as tiny as it is. If one then changes to an "afraid to even touch it" sort of gingerliness, one is being inconsistent with the norm that the calibration reflects, resulting in a reading that is 1 to 3 tenths too big (on a typical metal part).

text: Related to this torque topic is interuser variation in what is normal. It is important to try not to have an idiosyncratic touch, because although it works perfectly well for intrauser consistency, it interferes with interuser consistency. Some people use a rather heavy touch as a matter of habit, and this is fine in that they can get highly accurate readings as long as they calibrate their micrometer accordingly. The problem arises when they use someone else's micrometer, or when someone uses theirs. The heavy-touch user gets false-small readings, and the normal-touch user gets false-big readings. This may not arise in one-person shops, but teams of workers sharing company-owned instruments must be capable of interpersonal consistency to do close-tolerance work successfully. There is a good and easy way to synchronize on this topic: it is simply to get used to the "feel" of how much torque it takes to slip the typical friction sleeve or click the typical ratchet thimble—and then incorporate that same feel into every use of a micrometer, even those that have no sleeve or ratchet. This is proper training for the machining trade, although it is not uncommon to encounter coworkers who were not well trained on this point. In many cases it seems that in drilling the "don't overtorque" idea into trainees' heads, an opposite extreme is mistakenly taught, where the user thinks the goal is to compete with everyone else on who can generate the lightest touch. Individuals naturally differ in their touch, so such a competition is not as effective at generating interuser consistency as is "imagining that every thimble has a sleeve to slip."

text: Bench micrometers of the "super-mic" class entirely obviate this interuser variation by having the user dial the handwheel until a needle reads zero on a gauge, producing the same pressure on every reading.

text: Calibration: testing and adjusting[edit]

text: Zeroing[edit]

text: On most micrometers, a small pin spanner is used to turn the sleeve relative to the barrel, so that its zero line is repositioned relative to the markings on the thimble. There is usually a small hole in the sleeve to accept the spanner's pin. This calibration procedure will cancel a zero error: the problem that the micrometer reads nonzero when its jaws are closed.

text: Testing[edit]

text: A standard one-inch micrometer has readout divisions of .001 inch and a rated accuracy of +/- .0001 inch[12] ("one tenth", in machinist parlance). Both the measuring instrument and the object being measured should be at room temperature for an accurate measurement; dirt, abuse, and low operator skill are the main sources of error.[13]

text: The accuracy of micrometers is checked by using them to measure gauge blocks,[14] rods, or similar standards whose lengths are precisely and accurately known. If the gauge block is known to be 0.7500" ± .00005" ("seven-fifty plus or minus fifty millionths", that is, "seven hundred fifty thou plus or minus half a tenth"), then the micrometer should measure it as 0.7500". If the micrometer measures 0.7503", then it is out of calibration. Cleanliness and low (but consistent) torque are especially important when calibrating—each tenth (that is, ten-thousandth of an inch), or hundredth of a millimeter, "counts"; each is important. A mere spec of dirt, or a mere bit too much squeeze, obscure the truth of whether the instrument is able to read correctly. The solution is simply conscientiousness—cleaning, patience, due care and attention, and repeated measurements (good repeatability assures the calibrator that his/her technique is working correctly).

text: Calibration typically checks the error at 3 to 5 points along the range. Only one can be adjusted to zero. If the micrometer is in good condition, then they are all so near to zero that the instrument seems to read essentially "-on" all along its range; no noticeable error is seen at any locale. In contrast, on a worn-out micrometer (or one that was poorly made to begin with), one can "chase the error up and down the range", that is, move it up or down to any of various locales along the range, by adjusting the sleeve, but one cannot eliminate it from all locales at once.

text: Calibration can also include the condition of the tips (flat and parallel), any ratchet, and linearity of the scale.[15] Flatness and parallelism are typically measured with a gauge called an optical flat, a disc of glass or plastic ground with extreme accuracy to have flat, parallel faces, which allows light bands to be counted when the micrometer's anvil and spindle are against it, revealing their amount of geometric inaccuracy.

text: Commercial machine shops, especially those that do certain categories of work (military or commercial aerospace, nuclear power industry, and others), are required by various standards organizations (such as ISO, ANSI, ASME,[16] ASTM, SAE, AIA, the U.S. military, and others) to calibrate micrometers and other gauges on a schedule (often annually), to affix a label to each gauge that gives it an ID number and a calibration expiration date, to keep a record of all the gauges by ID number, and to specify in inspection reports which gauge was used for a particular measurement.

text: Not all calibration is an affair for metrology labs. A micrometer can be calibrated on-site anytime, at least in the most basic and important way (if not comprehensively), by measuring a high-grade gauge block and adjusting to match. Even gauges that are calibrated annually and within their expiration timeframe should be checked this way every month or two, if they are used daily. They usually will check out OK as needing no adjustment.

text: The accuracy of the gauge blocks themselves is traceable through a chain of comparisons back to a master standard such as the international prototype meter. This bar of metal, like the international prototype kilogram, is maintained under controlled conditions at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures headquarters in France, which is one of the principal measurement standards laboratories of the world. These master standards have extreme-accuracy regional copies (kept in the national laboratories of various countries, such as NIST), and metrological equipment makes the chain of comparisons. Because the definition of the meter is now based on a light wavelength, the international prototype meter is not quite as indispensable as it once was. But such master gauges are still important for calibrating and certifying metrological equipment. Equipment described as "NIST traceable" means that its comparison against master gauges, and their comparison against others, can be traced back through a chain of documentation to equipment in the NIST labs. Maintaining this degree of traceability requires some expense, which is why NIST-traceable equipment is more expensive than non-NIST-traceable. But applications needing the highest degree of quality control mandate the cost.

text: Adjustment[edit]

text: A micrometer that has been zeroed and tested and found to be off might be restored to accuracy by further adjustment. If the error originates from the parts of the micrometer being worn out of shape and size, then restoration of accuracy by this means is not possible; rather, repair (grinding, lapping, or replacing of parts) is required. For standard kinds of instruments, in practice it is easier and faster, and often no more expensive, to buy a new one rather than pursue refurbishment


document_title: NHL uniform

question_text: what year did the nhl switch to dark jerseys at home

root

text: NHL uniform

text: Background[edit]

text: Historically, the only standardized piece of the equipment has been the sweater (jersey), which has to be of identical design by the same company for all members of a team. Other elements merely have a number scheme, allowing individual players to select their own brand and model colored to match the uniform but not necessarily identical in appearance. Sticks and other equipment worn under the clothes have no requirements in terms of matching a team's colors; teams will sometimes provide players with team-brand undershirts or other under-clothing, but players are not required or limited to wearing them.

tag: p

text: Goalies often have their pads and gloves and masks colored to match the team's color scheme, but there is no requirement for this equipment to match, and goalies who transfer to a new team often play in their old equipment until new colors can be obtained. Alternatively, players who transfer teams have sometimes had their gloves painted temporarily to match the required colors, and are given new helmets.

text: Each team is currently required to have two sweater designs: One with a white base (or sometimes historically, a light color), and one with a darker-colored base. Between the 1970-71 and 2002-03 seasons, NHL teams wore white uniforms at home and dark uniforms on the road (which is the current convention in some low-level ice hockey leagues). Since the 2003–04 season, NHL teams typically wear the dark color at home and the white for road games; there are occasional single-game exceptions.[1][2][3] The only element allowed by NHL rules to be interchangeable between the two sets of equipment is the pants.

text: Third Sweater Program[edit]

text: Starting in 1995 (excluding a few prior isolated instances), some teams began to design a third sweater, or alternate sweater, which allowed them to experiment with new designs, or throwback to a vintage design. Though they are termed third sweaters, they can actually entail an entirely separate look from the primary equipment, often including alternate socks, and sometimes alternate helmets and other equipment.[4] Some third sweaters have eventually become the bases for new primary sweater designs.

text: Third sweaters are typically worn only a few times a season by special permission of the league, based on a list of requested games. They can also be worn during selected playoff games. The third sweater program, as the NHL came to call it, was temporarily suspended on two occasions: for the 2007–08 season (due to logistics problems with the introduction of the Reebok Edge sweater that was unveiled at the 2007 NHL All-Star Game) and for the 2017–18 season (due to the introduction of the Adidas sweater).

text: A team's desire to wear their third sweater sometimes requires the opposing team to wear their home or road sweater when the opposite would be normally worn, due to the color of the third sweater. This can occur when a road team wishes to wear a colored third sweater, or a home team wishes to wear a white third sweater, as there must be one team each wearing white and colored uniforms in a game. This can require a team to carry two sets of uniforms and equipment on the road, whether they are using their third sweaters, or are playing against a team who is. As of the 2017-18 season, no team wears a white third sweater. The Washington Capitals (2011 Winter Classic sweater modeled after the sweater the team wore from 1974 to 1995) were the only NHL team to have a white third sweater from the 2011-12 season to the 2014-15 season, when they were replaced by red sweaters of the same design. The Philadelphia Flyers used a special white third sweater for their 50th anniversary in the 2016–17 season.

text: Sweaters[edit]

text: As hockey originates as an outdoor winter sport where players wore sweaters, this terminology has been retained to describe what is probably the most recognized element of a team's equipment (which is the only element which is mass marketed to the public).

text: Most NHL sweaters (jerseys) display the team's primary logo in the center of the chest, while some also display secondary logos on the shoulders. Each player in a team's lineup for a game must have a different number displayed on the back of their sweater, as well as the player's surname above their number on the back of their sweater. While not required, teams typically place their numbers on each upper arm as well. Team captains and alternate captains wear the letters "C" and "A" respectively on the front of their sweaters. Sweaters have a loop of fabric sewn into the inside back, called a "fight strap" or "tie-down", which must be secured to the player's pants during a game, to prevent the sweater from being pulled over the player's head in a fight. Players normally get a new jersey every ten or so games, although due to other reasons players may get another jersey sooner.

text: In recent years, teams have sold both "pro" model sweaters, ostensibly identical to those worn by players, and "replica" quality sweaters which are cheaper versions that typically use cheaper production methods and lower-quality materials. Replica versions typically lack the fight strap, and in recent years have an additional brand logo on the left wrist.

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to 2000, different NHL teams had contracts with different manufacturers for their sweaters, although in some years all or most teams had a deal with one supplier. Manufacturers included CCM, Koho, Nike, Starter, and Pro Player.

text: From the 2000–01 season, up to the 2005–06 NHL season, all team sweaters were made by The Hockey Company in an NHL-wide deal, and were branded with subsidiary brands. The Koho brand was on dark sweaters and third sweaters, while the CCM brand was on the white sweaters. The Hockey Company began the practice of putting the manufacturer's logo on the back of the sweater, below the neck, rather than on the back of the waist hem, as had previously been the practice. Jofa, another subsidiary, made the sweaters for referees and linesmen until the 2005–06 season, when they were re-branded CCM which they remain as of 2008–09.

text: Following Reebok's purchase of The Hockey Company, all official NHL team sweaters were switched to the Reebok (Rbk Hockey) brand (which is more familiar to the general public), while cheaper replica sweaters sold to fans retained the CCM branding. Reebok logos are on the side boards in all NHL arenas (for marketing purposes) just above the blue and red lines.

text: 2007-2017: Reebok Edge[edit]

text: The Rbk Edge, or simply Edge, is a newer line of sweaters designed by Reebok. They were announced by Reebok after nearly three years of development.[5] The new sweaters are tighter-fitting, are less water-absorbent, and are more flexible than before.[6] It was intended to make players more maneuverable on the ice. The Edge sweaters were unveiled at the 55th National Hockey League All-Star Game and began to be worn, league-wide, from the 2007–08 NHL season onwards. Almost every team in the league made at least minor changes to their equipment design in conjunction with implementing the new sweater style. The San Jose Sharks, Tampa Bay Lightning, Ottawa Senators, Vancouver Canucks, Dallas Stars, and Washington Capitals redesigned their equipment altogether with a new or updated logo. The Columbus Blue Jackets and Minnesota Wild used their alternate sweater from the previous three seasons as the basis for their new look, complete with the team adopting the alternate logo from their alternates as their primary logo.

text: Five of the Original Six teams (excluding the Boston Bruins) as well as the New Jersey Devils kept their previous styles intact when possible, with the Devils going as far as to issue a press release saying that the team had no plans for an event unveiling the Rbk Edge design, because there was nothing new to see.[7] The Anaheim Ducks and Buffalo Sabres, who both had just redesigned their sweaters the year before the implementation of the Edge sweaters, also left theirs mostly unchanged. But the Sabres made the logo on the front of their sweater smaller and took away the silver outline on their white away sweater, and the Ducks added orange piping to their sweater's neckline.

text: Along with the traditional differences between the replica and authentic versions of NHL sweaters, the replica (billed as "premier") versions of the Edge sweater sold to the public have a "jock tag" on the left side of the front near the waist with the Reebok vector, NHL logo, and sweater size.

text: Citing player complaints, Reebok later modified the Edge sweaters, removing the play-dry material in the front and making the sleeves bigger. The modified sweaters, dubbed the Edge II, made their debut at the 2008 NHL Winter Classic on January 1, 2008.[8]

text: 2017–present: Adidas ADIZERO[edit]

text: In 2015, the NHL and Adidas announced plans for Adidas to begin manufacturing official NHL jerseys starting in the 2017–18 season. On June 20, 2017, the NHL unveiled new ADIZERO sweaters for each of the 31 teams, including the first uniform for the league's newest team, the Vegas Golden Knights. The new sweaters are advertised as being lighter, cooler, and stronger than previous jerseys. [9] Due to the change, there will be no third "alternate" jerseys for any NHL teams for the 2017–18 season.

text: Other equipment[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: A team's gear also includes color requirements for other equipment, while not requiring players to use a specific brand or model, so they may select equipment to their preferences. This includes a player's gloves, pants, and helmet. Socks are also part of the design, historically with some pattern of horizontal stripes. CCM/Reebok has been a frequent supplier of player equipment and skates.

text: There is a sock and pant design by Reebok with similar technological improvements and design intentions.


document_title: Tsurani

question_text: where do the black robes practice magic of the greater path

text: Tsurani

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Empire of Tsuranuanni, spanning three continents on the world of Kelewan, consists of the following provinces: Dustari, Ambolina, Neshka, Szetac, Hokani, Lash, Coltari, Honshoni, and Sweto.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Tsurani culture is based on a feudal hierarchy. Every individual is born into a specific station with the main hereditary classes being slave, freeperson, and lord/lady. Social status is extremely important to the Tsurani culture and there are many fine divisions within these class distinctions. Great Ones, magicians of the Greater Path, can be drawn from any class, even slaves, based on any observed talent towards magic.

text: The Empire of Tsuranuani is divided into provinces, each province divided into many estates, the hereditary homes of Tsurani Lords/Ladies. Lords and Ladies have soldiers, field workers, and household staff who have sworn fealty in return for protection and shelter, as well as slaves who are considered property. A sub-class of Tsurani that falls beneath even a slave is that of the grey warrior, former soldiers and servants of dead or disgraced Lords and Ladies, who as a debt of shame to their former house, are not permitted an honorable death.

text: Lords and Ladies of the Empire are allied by Clan and political party affiliation. Lordship and Ladyship within a family is hereditary via agnatic primogeniture, that is if there are no direct male heirs to become the next ruling Lord, a female heir may become ruling Lady.

text: Tsurani culture places a high value on tradition, family values, and honor. The Tsurani always strive to appear and act honorably, though shady dealings including murder and sabotage are not uncommon and are condoned so long as there is no proof of wrongdoing. However, public revelation of dishonorable behavior, such as discovery of plans to assassinate another Lord/Lady or cowardice on the battlefield, can force a ruling Lord or Lady to commit ritual suicide (or even obliteration of their entire family) to retain their House's honor.

text: Great Ones[edit]

text: Great Ones, or Black Robes, are magicians on Kelewan who practice magic of the Greater Path. They form the Assembly of Magicians, which resides in The City of Magicians in the northern Ambolina province. Great Ones are considered outside the law, allowed to act largely as they see fit in the name of serving the Empire and even the Emperor cannot overrule a decision made by a Great One. Although the Great Ones usually avoid meddling with the day-to-day running of the Empire, there have been certain instances in which their intervention has affected the evolution of the Empire.

text: Only one of every five persons inducted into training to become a Great One makes it to this ultimate goal and takes his place in the Assembly of Magicians, while those who fail die in the process. Women are not permitted to become Great Ones, female children that display any magical ability are abruptly removed from their homes by the Assembly and subsequently murdered, unbeknown to the rest of the Empire.

text: During the Last book of the Empire Series, Mistress of the Empire (Co-written by Janny Wurts), the Great Ones become bound by the Law and are no longer outside it under the taking of the throne of the Light of Heaven by House Acoma. During this final confrontation, Cho-ja spellcasters face off against six of the magicians of the assembly including Hochopepa and Shimone to try to stop the Black Robes from destroying their empire inadvertently.

text: Politics[edit]

text: The High Council, consisting of the lords and ladies of Great and Lesser houses, has ruled Tsuranuanni for thousands of years. The Lords of the Five Great Families, the oldest Houses in the Empire, can be elected Warlord by consensus of the High Council. The Warlord is then the leader of the High Council. Political machinations usually play the biggest part in the nomination of the Warlord, with murder not unheard of during the election.

text: The Emperor, known as the Light Of Heaven, is viewed as a living god, revered by all Tsurani. The Light of Heaven is seen as more of a spiritual leader who rarely enters public sight, let alone exercises his power. He spends most of his time in spiritual contemplation, praying for the welfare of the Empire. The Warlord tends to rule the Empire in the Emperor's stead, commanding supreme political and military authority, like a medieval Prime Minister of sorts.

text: The Warlord is the supreme commander of the Tsurani military as well as leader of the High Council. They are traditionally elected from among the lords of the five Great Families, as those families are descended from the brothers of the first Emperor and thus the founders of Tsuranuanni, a fact not known to many other than imperial scholars. Although the power and influence of each of the five families (and their clans) waxes and wanes with each generation, they are held to be among the most powerful in the Empire.

text: Although political parties exist, houses can join and leave parties as they wish, often using their party affiliations to gain an advantage over a rival or rouse support for a Lord/Ladies's own agenda. Political parties can also join together in alliances, as was the case during the Riftwar. The War Party and the Blue Wheel Party joined forces in the Alliance for War, though the Blue Wheel Party withdrew four years into the Riftwar, greatly weakening the then Warlord's position within the High Council.

text: Clan affiliations are based upon blood relation, though they are often quite loose and usually do not have a huge impact on voting within the High Council. However, if Clan Honor is called, every House in the Clan must support the agenda of the House who has called Clan Honor. As Clan Honor could potentially drag the entire Empire into civil war, the Great Ones can intervene and forbid any fighting between Clans or Houses, even going so far as to use magical powers to enforce their will. All Clans nominate a Warchief, who commands the military forces of a Clan. The Lords of the Five Families can also be elected Warlord, the supreme military commander of Tsuranuanni. The Warlord is second-in-command only to the Emperor, but the Warlord is usually more powerful due to the Light of Heaven rarely engaging in political or military matters.

text: The Riftwar with the Midkemians heralded a sweeping change to the structure of Tsurani politics. Mara of the Acoma became disillusioned with Tsurani politics when a slave in her possession explained the structure of Midkemian society, which was similarly a feudal state but with no slavery and the ruling leadership held more accountable for their actions. Using every political advantage at her disposal, Mara managed to dissolve the position of Warlord, making the Emperor the supreme leader of the council, supported by the Lords of the Five Families. In a twist of fate, Mara was then adopted into the Imperial Family and her son Justin eventually became the 92nd Light of Heaven, though his father was the Midkemian slave Kevin, a fact not known to many outside of Mara's inner circle.

text: Known clans and families[edit]

text: Clans of the five Great Families:

text:
Kanazawai - Keda†, Shinzawai, Omechkel
Omechan - Oaxatucan†
Shonshoni - Minwanabi†, Sajaio
Ionani - Anasati, Bontura, Jadi, Tonmargu†, Ukudabi
Xacala - Xacatecas†, Matawa, Xosai

tag: ul

text: Other clans:

text:
Hadama - Acoma, Chekowara, Sutanta, Cozinchah, Poltapara, Pechta, Jinguai, Lujan
Hunzan - Chichimecha, Chilapaningo, Wedewayo
Nimboni - Hanqu

text: † One of the Five Great Families

text: With the destruction of House Minwanabi, House Acoma became one of the Five Great Families (and Clan Hadama one of the most powerful clans), although Clan Shonshoni continued to exist.

text: House colors[edit]

text:
Acoma - Green (shatra bird sigil)
Anasati - Scarlet and yellow (triangular sigil)
Bontura - Violet and white
Ekamchi - Purple and yellow
Hanqu - Scarlet and brown
Inrodaka - Red
Jinguai - Yellow and red trimmed with black
Keda - Scarlet and grey (alt. - red and black)
Lujan - Grey and green
Minwanabi - Black and orange
Pechta - Orange and blue
Poltapara - Deep blue
Shinzawai - Blue
Tonmargu - Black and green
Tuscalora - Pale blue
Washota - Green and blue
Xacatecas - Purple and gold (alt.- purple and yellow)

text: Known political parties[edit]

text:
Blue Wheel Party
Golden Flower Party
Imperial Party
Jade Eye Party
Party for Peace
Party for Progress
Traditionalists
War Party
Yellow Serpent Party

text: Religion[edit]

text: There are 20 orders (10 higher, 10 lower) that have priests and temples throughout Tsuranuanni. On the occasion of the wedding and coronation of Justin and Jehilia, they are called the "Twenty Higher Gods."[1] The following chapter speaks of the "Twenty Gods of the Higher Heaven and the Twenty Gods of the Lower Heaven." Only a few of the Tsurani gods are listed in Raymond Feist's novels. They are as follows:

text:
Baracan: Lord of Swords. Singer of Battle. God of Honor.
Chochocan: The Good God. The Healer. The Bringer Of Rest.
Fa: The Sleeper. Master of the Night. The Retriever.
Hantukama: Lord of Healers. Bringer of Blessed Health. Cloud Rider.
Hilbantucan: The Architect. The Silent Builder. The Master of Works.
Hilio: The Teacher. Master of Wisdom. Judge of Life.
Jastur: Lord of War. Bringer of Terror. The Revenger.
Juran: The Just. Master of Life. God of the Home. Father of Winds.
Juru: Lord of Sailors. Father of Waves. Lord of Fish.
Lashima: Queen of the Sky. Mother of Birds. Builder of Clouds.
Milianxana: Goddess of Singers. Mother of Happiness. Mistress of Wine. Goddess of Love.
Nictac: Lord of Thieves. Master of Assassins. Protector of Travelers.
Oxalaca: The Master of Oceans. Builder of Ships. Master of Fishers.
Salana: Mistress of Rain. Harvest Mother. Mother of Beasts.
Sibi: Goddess of Death. Lover of All. Dancer in the Darkness.
Thanaxaca: Master of Song. Lord of the Dance. Father of the Arts.
Tomachca: Bringer of Peace. Lover of Children. Protector of Orphans.
Turakamu: Brother to Death. Eater of Hearts. The Silently Waiting One. The Red God.
Tuth: Master of Levels. Hewer of Stone. God of Builders. Lord of Laborers.
Zamach: The Leveler. The Fountain of Knowledge. The Master of Justice.

text: Gods in addition to 20:

text:
Alihama: Goddess of Travelers.[2]
Indiri: No qualities mentioned. The unnamed mother of Hokanu of the Shinzawai is recorded as having taken service in Indiri's temple after her husband Fumita was taken by the Black Robes.[3]
Kelesha: Goddess of brides.[4] Goddess of Mercy[5]
Lulondi: God of Farmers. Obscure priesthood.[6]
Sularmina: Shield of the Weak.[7]
Zurgauli: God of Ill Luck.[8]

text: Army ranks[edit]

text:
Warlord
Clan Warchief
Force Commander
Force Subcommander
Force Leader
Senior Strike Leader
Strike Leader
Patrol Leader

text: Rifts[edit]

text: A rift is a pathway between worlds, often created by magicians. The Black Robes of Tsuranuanni have discovered a method to create rifts, but only Milamber (Pug as he is called on Midkemia), his son Magnus and Macros the Black have thus far mastered the ability to control the size and destination of rifts. The first rift to appear on Midkemia came from Kelewan, which led to the Riftwar.


document_title: 2013 World Series

question_text: when did the red sox last win the world series

text: 2013 World Series

text: Background[edit]

text: St. Louis Cardinals[edit]

text: The Cardinals finished the 2013 regular season at 97–65, earning the best record in the National League. They set a new Major League Baseball record for hitting efficiency with runners in scoring position, hitting .330 (447–for–1,355), the best in baseball since the Boston Red Sox hit .312 in 1950,[10] also beating the 2007 Detroit Tigers, and 1996 Colorado Rockies with a .311 average.[11]

text: Despite losing first baseman Albert Pujols to the Angels and manager Tony La Russa to retirement, the Cardinals under new manager Mike Matheny still came within one game of a return trip to the World Series, but lost the final three games to the eventual World Series champion San Francisco Giants in the 2012 National League Championship Series. However, with the help of Matheny and general manager John Mozeliak, the Cardinals were able to stay in contention even with a roster consisting mostly of rookies, free-agent veteran additions, and a few holdovers from the 2011 World Series championship team.[citation needed]

text: The Cardinals' offense was led by catcher Yadier Molina, second baseman Matt Carpenter, and first baseman Allen Craig, all of whom finished in the top 10 in batting average. They were joined by outfielders Carlos Beltrán and Matt Holliday, third baseman David Freese, and first baseman Matt Adams. The Cardinals' pitching staff were led by Adam Wainwright, who returned to form after posting an NL-leading 19 wins. Wainwright was joined by youngsters Lance Lynn, Joe Kelly, Shelby Miller, and late-season call-up Michael Wacha. Wainwright's return to form, along with the emergence of the young starters, helped fill the void left by star pitcher Chris Carpenter, who missed the entire season due to various injuries. The bullpen were also powered by youngsters, led by closer Trevor Rosenthal, set-up man Carlos Martínez, and middle relievers Seth Maness and Kevin Siegrist.[citation needed]

text: St. Louis opened the playoffs by defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in five games in the Division Series. Then, in their third consecutive National League Championship Series appearance, St. Louis defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers four games to two for their 19th National League pennant.[12]

text: Boston Red Sox[edit]

text: After finishing last in the AL East with a 69–93 record in 2012, the Red Sox fired Bobby Valentine and hired John Farrell as their new manager.[13] Under Farrell, the team finished the 2013 regular season at 97–65, the best record in the American League.[14]

text: In the aftermath of the infamous September collapse in 2011 and the ill-fated Valentine experiment of 2012, general manager Ben Cherington brought in Farrell, a former pitching coach under Terry Francona, and several role players in hopes of turning the Red Sox around. The Boston Marathon bombings on April 15 helped inspire a season-long rally for the Red Sox in support of the victims and the city of Boston. In games after the marathon, the Red Sox hung a jersey on the dugout saying Boston Strong and 617, representing the city's area code. The team also wore "B Strong" patches in their uniforms. In addition, some of the Red Sox players grew beards during the season as a sign of unity. The inspired play of the Red Sox took them from last place the previous season to American League East champions with a 28-game turnaround, helped by Farrell's calming presence and familiarity with some of the players.[15]

text: Boston's offense was powered by designated hitter David Ortiz, who hit .309 during the season. They also relied on the baserunning exploits of center fielder Jacoby Ellsbury, whose 52 stolen bases led the major leagues, while right fielder Shane Victorino, second baseman Dustin Pedroia, first baseman Mike Napoli, catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia, and outfielder Jonny Gomes helped the Red Sox to a league-leading 853 runs scored. The pitching staff was led by Jon Lester, who rebounded from a miserable 2012 campaign to post a 15–8 record and 3.75 ERA. Lester was joined by Clay Buchholz, John Lackey and midseason acquisition Jake Peavy. The bullpen were led by closer Koji Uehara, who unexpectedly took over following injuries to Joel Hanrahan and Andrew Bailey to post 21 saves and a 1.09 ERA. He was joined by compatriot and set-up man Junichi Tazawa, and middle relievers Brandon Workman and Craig Breslow. While Stephen Drew and David Ross were limited offensively, their defense proved to be an asset to the team's success, especially during the postseason.[citation needed]

text: Boston opened the playoffs by defeating the Tampa Bay Rays in four games in the Division Series. Then in the American League Championship Series, the Red Sox defeated the Detroit Tigers four games to two to win their 13th American League pennant.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Boston won the series, 4–2.

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
October 23
St. Louis Cardinals – 1, Boston Red Sox – 8
Fenway Park
3:17
38,345[16]

2
October 24
St. Louis Cardinals – 4, Boston Red Sox – 2
Fenway Park
3:05
38,436[17]

3
October 26
Boston Red Sox – 4, St. Louis Cardinals – 5
Busch Stadium
3:54
47,432[18]

4
October 27
Boston Red Sox – 4, St. Louis Cardinals – 2
Busch Stadium
3:34
47,469[19]

5
October 28
Boston Red Sox – 3, St. Louis Cardinals – 1
Busch Stadium
2:52
47,436[20]

6
October 30
St. Louis Cardinals – 1, Boston Red Sox – 6
Fenway Park
3:13
38,447[21]

text: Matchups[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
October 23, 2013 8:09 pm (EDT) at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, 50 °F (10 °C), cloudy

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
7
3

Boston
3
2
0
0
0
0
2
1
x
8
8
1

WP: Jon Lester (1–0)   LP: Adam Wainwright (0–1)Home runs:STL: Matt Holliday (1)BOS: David Ortiz (1)Attendance: 38,345Boxscore

text: Boston Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski threw the ceremonial first pitch,[22] as he had done before Game 1 in 2004 and 2007. After Boston starter Jon Lester pitched a scoreless top half of the first inning, St. Louis ace Adam Wainwright found trouble in the bottom of the inning. He walked leadoff batter Jacoby Ellsbury and after an out, Dustin Pedroia singled.  Wainwright then got David Ortiz to ground to second base, but Matt Carpenter's flip was mishandled by shortstop Pete Kozma, ending the possibility of a double play.  Initially, the Cardinals had been awarded a force-out at second base, but after conferring, the umpires ruled that Kozma never had control of the ball, and Pedroia was reinstated at second base.  With the bases loaded and one out, Mike Napoli doubled to left-center, scoring Ellsbury, Pedroia and Ortiz, the latter after Shane Robinson misplayed a carom off the wall.  In the bottom of the second inning, Stephen Drew led off with a pop-up in front of the pitcher's mound. Wainwright and catcher Yadier Molina both converged, but both let the ball drop for a leadoff single. David Ross then singled to center field, followed by a flyout by Ellsbury. Shane Victorino then hit a ground ball to deep short, but Kozma again mishandled it, his second error of the game, and once again the bases were loaded with one out.  Pedroia then singled under the glove of a diving David Freese to make the score 4–0.  Ortiz then hit a deep fly to right field, but was robbed of a grand slam by Carlos Beltrán.  Ross did tag and score to give Boston a 5–0 lead.  Beltrán would leave the game, with Robinson moving to right field, and Jon Jay taking over in center.  Meanwhile, Lester was brilliant for the Red Sox, pitching 7 2/3 scoreless innings.  The Red Sox added to their lead in the bottom of the seventh with Ortiz hitting a two-run home run off Kevin Siegrist to give them a 7–0 lead.  After the Red Sox plated another run in the eighth inning, the Cardinals finally got on the board with Matt Holliday leading off the ninth with a home run off Ryan Dempster. Dempster recovered and closed out the 8–1 victory by striking out Matt Adams.[23][24][25] Lester was accused of using a foreign substance on his glove, but he claimed that it was just rosin, which is legal, and the Cardinals organization elected to not file a complaint.[26]

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
October 24, 2013 8:07 pm (EDT) at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, 49 °F (9 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
4
7
1

Boston
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
4
2

WP: Michael Wacha (1–0)   LP: John Lackey (0–1)   Sv: Trevor Rosenthal (1)Home runs:STL: NoneBOS: David Ortiz (2)Attendance: 38,436Boxscore

text: Game 2 pitted the NLCS MVP Michael Wacha against the Red Sox' John Lackey. Several members of the 2004 Red Sox championship team, including Pedro Martínez, threw ceremonial first pitches.[27] After three scoreless innings, Matt Holliday led off the fourth inning for the Cardinals with a triple to center field.  After Matt Adams lined out, catcher Yadier Molina grounded out softly to Dustin Pedroia to score Holliday and give the Cardinals a 1–0 lead.  The Red Sox threatened in the bottom half as the first two batters reached with Pedroia leading off with a double and David Ortiz drawing a walk. Mike Napoli then grounded into a double play to partially kill the threat and Wacha got Jonny Gomes to pop out to Matt Carpenter to end the inning.  In the bottom of the sixth inning, the Red Sox finally got on the scoreboard, as Pedroia walked with one out and Ortiz hit a two-run home run to left center field on a 3–2 changeup to give the Red Sox a 2–1 lead.  In the seventh inning, the Red Sox' defense let them down.  With one out and the bases loaded (David Freese walked, Jon Jay singled and Daniel Descalso walked), Carpenter hit a fly ball to Gomes in left field for the second out.  With Pete Kozma, who pinch-ran for Freese, scoring on the throw, the ball got away from catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia.  Jay and Descalso attempted to advance on the misplay and pitcher Craig Breslow, who was backing up on the play, tried to get Jay at third but his throw was wild and went into the stands.  Jay scored and Descalsco went to third as the Cardinals now led 3–2. Carlos Beltrán then singled to right to score Descalso and give the Cardinals a 4–2 lead.  Things got a little interesting in the bottom of the eighth inning.  With Carlos Martinez on the mound for the Cardinals, the Red Sox had Jacoby Ellsbury reach on an error and after two strikeouts, Ortiz reached on a single.  With two outs, Martinez jammed Napoli and he popped out to short to end the inning.  In the bottom of the ninth with the 4–2 lead, Cardinals closer Trevor Rosenthal entered the game and made quick work of the Red Sox by striking out Gomes, Saltalamacchia and pinch-hitter Daniel Nava on 17 pitches.  The Cardinals evened up the series at one game each as the series shifted to St. Louis for the next three games.

text: With the win, St. Louis snapped Boston's nine-game winning streak in the World Series.

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
October 26, 2013 7:08 pm (CDT) at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, 58 °F (14 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Boston
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
4
6
2

St. Louis
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
5
12
0

WP: Trevor Rosenthal (1–0)   LP: Brandon Workman (0–1)Attendance: 47,432Boxscore

text: The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by 1985 NL MVP Willie McGee.[27] The Cardinals got off to a good start in the bottom of the first inning, putting two on the board from RBI singles by Matt Holliday and Yadier Molina off of Boston starter Jake Peavy. It wasn't until the top of the fifth inning before the Red Sox got on the board themselves, when pinch hitter Mike Carp grounded into a fielder's choice off Cardinals starter Joe Kelly. In the next inning, Boston tied the game at 2–2 on a Daniel Nava single. But in the bottom of the seventh, Matt Holliday hit a line drive off of reliever Junichi Tazawa that just got past a diving Xander Bogaerts that drove in two, and Holliday advanced to third on the throw. Even though this happened with no outs, Holliday was stranded at third. Boston quickly responded in the top of the eighth by loading the bases off Carlos Martínez. Trevor Rosenthal came in to pitch, and the first batter he faced, Daniel Nava, grounded in to a fielder's choice, after a great diving stop by rookie second baseman Kolten Wong. The next batter, Xander Bogaerts, bounced a ball up the middle for an RBI single of his own, knotting the game at 4–4.[28]

text: In the bottom of the ninth inning, Boston reliever Brandon Workman stayed in, having pitched in the eighth inning and having batted in the top of the ninth, striking out in his first professional at bat.[29] He gave up a one out single to Molina. Boston closer Koji Uehara was brought in to face pinch hitter Allen Craig, who doubled on the first pitch. With one out, Jon Jay hit a grounder to second baseman Dustin Pedroia. He made a diving stab and threw home to catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia, who tagged out the sliding Molina. But then Saltalamacchia threw to third trying to get Craig, who was running on the play. Saltalamacchia's throw was wide, and it pulled Middlebrooks toward the second-base side of the bag. Middlebrooks tried to keep the ball on the infield, but it skipped into foul territory. Craig slid into third, popped up and started for home. He made contact with Middlebrooks, who was lying face-first on the dirt, with his feet in the air. Craig fell, got back up and ran home.  Saltalamacchia, receiving the throw from foul territory, applied the tag to the sliding Craig.  However, the third base umpire, Jim Joyce, called obstruction on the play; home plate umpire Dana DeMuth determined that Craig would have scored without the obstruction, giving the Cardinals the win and a 2–1 lead in the World Series. The Red Sox were furious about the call, as manager John Farrell stayed out to argue the call, as did most of the players. They protested that Middlebrooks' feet were in the air as he was getting up when Craig ran over him.[30]

text: The largest paid crowd in the history of Busch Stadium (47,432) saw the game. It was the first time in a World Series game that a winning play was on an obstruction call.[31]

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
October 27, 2013 7:17 pm (CDT) at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, 52 °F (11 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Boston
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
4
6
2

St. Louis
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
6
0

WP: Félix Doubront (1–0)   LP: Lance Lynn (0–1)   Sv: Koji Uehara (1)Home runs:BOS: Jonny Gomes (1)STL: NoneAttendance: 47,469Boxscore

text: The largest paid crowd in the history of Busch Stadium (47,469) saw the game, surpassing the previous night's record attendance. Hall of Famer and two-time World Series MVP Bob Gibson threw the ceremonial first pitch.[27] After Boston starter Clay Buchholz, pitching through a shoulder injury, was removed for a pinch-hitter after four innings, five Red Sox relievers combined to hold St. Louis to one run on three hits the rest of the way.  In the sixth inning, the bases were empty with two outs before Dustin Pedroia singled and David Ortiz walked.  Then, outfielder Jonny Gomes came to bat and the Cardinals brought in Seth Maness to face him.  Gomes worked the count to 2–2 before he broke the tie with a three-run homer that would become the difference in the game.  The game ended when Boston closer Koji Uehara picked off pinch runner Kolten Wong with Carlos Beltrán at the plate, making it the first postseason game in baseball history to end on a pickoff.[32]

text: Felix Doubront pitched 2⅔ innings out of the bullpen to earn his first career postseason win. John Lackey, who pitched a scoreless eighth, made his first relief appearance since 2004 and first in the postseason since 2002.[33]

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
October 28, 2013 7:07 pm (CDT) at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, 61 °F (16 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Boston
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
9
0

St. Louis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0

WP: Jon Lester (2–0)   LP: Adam Wainwright (0–2)   Sv: Koji Uehara (2)Home runs:BOS: NoneSTL: Matt Holliday (2)Attendance: 47,436Boxscore

text:
Hall of Fame inductee Ozzie Smith threw the ceremonial first pitch.[27] In a rematch of the staff who faced off in Game 1, Jon Lester again outdueled Adam Wainwright to give the Red Sox a 3–2 series lead.[34]
Boston scored first for the first time since Game 1 when Dustin Pedroia and David Ortiz hit back-to-back doubles with one out in the first.[35]
Matt Holliday tied the score with a home run to center in the fourth inning, but it would be the only run Lester would allow over strong 7⅔ innings of work. Wainwright matched Lester until the seventh inning, when a ground-rule RBI double by David Ross and RBI single by Jacoby Ellsbury scored Xander Bogaerts and Stephen Drew to give Boston a 3–1 lead.[36]
Koji Uehara relieved Lester with two outs in the eighth and retired all four Cardinals he faced to earn his second save of the series.[37][38][39]

text: Uehara tied John Wetteland, Robb Nen, Troy Percival, and Brad Lidge for most saves in one postseason year, with 7 (since then, Greg Holland matched this record the next year). In addition, Lester joined Babe Ruth as the only Red Sox lefthanders to win three World Series games.[40]

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
October 30, 2013 8:07 pm (EDT) at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, 49 °F (9 °C), partly cloudy

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
1

Boston
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
X
6
8
1

WP: John Lackey (1–1)   LP: Michael Wacha (1–1)Home runs:STL: NoneBOS: Stephen Drew (1)Attendance: 38,447Boxscore

text: Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame members Carlton Fisk and Luis Tiant, both of whom played in historic Game 6 of the 1975 World Series, threw ceremonial first pitches.[27] Boston won Game 6 in a rout, by scoring six runs on the Cardinals rookie Michael Wacha, who had previously been unbeaten in the playoffs.[41]  World Series Most Valuable Player David Ortiz was walked by the Cardinals four times, and scored twice.  Boston's Shane Victorino opened the scoring with a three-run double in the third inning[42] and had four runs batted in.[43]  Red Sox pitcher John Lackey pitched six scoreless innings.  The Cardinals only seriously threatened in the seventh inning when they scored on Carlos Beltrán's single and had the bases loaded with two outs, but Boston reliever Junichi Tazawa got the final out.[41] Koji Uehara came in again to pitch a perfect ninth, striking out Matt Carpenter swinging to end the game, series, baseball season, and clinch their eighth overall title.

text: With this win, Boston won the championship at Fenway Park for the first time since 1918.[44][45][46][47] The win was the third championship in the last ten seasons for the Red Sox.[48][49]

text: The average list price on the resale market for a ticket to Game 6 was $1,860, according to TiqIQ, a ticket tracking company.[50][51] As of the 2018 postseason, this is the most recent World Series in which the home team has won a deciding game and has received the Commissioner's Trophy on their home field.

text: Composite line score[edit]

text: 2013 World Series (4–2): Boston Red Sox (A.L.) beat St. Louis Cardinals (N.L.)

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis Cardinals
2
0
1
2
0
0
7
0
2
14
45
5

Boston Red Sox
4
2
3
3
2
6
4
3
0
27
41
8

Home runs:STL: Matt Holliday (2)BOS: Stephen Drew (1), Jonny Gomes (1), David Ortiz (2)Total attendance: 257,565   Average attendance: 42,928Winning player's share: $307,322.68   Losing player's share: $228,300.17[52]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Fox televised the series in the United States and Canada, with Joe Buck calling play-by-play and Tim McCarver handling color commentary. This was McCarver's 24th and final World Series broadcast (including four with ABC and four with CBS prior to his joining Fox in 1996), as he had announced that he would retire from the network's lead crew following the season.[53][54] Working with Buck and McCarver were field reporters Ken Rosenthal and Erin Andrews.[55]

text: Pregame coverage was handled by host Matt Vasgersian, joined by regular analyst Harold Reynolds.  They were joined by special guest analysts A. J. Pierzynski of the Texas Rangers (his third consecutive World Series as a guest analyst), and Jimmy Rollins of the Philadelphia Phillies.[citation needed]

text: A partnership with Fox Sports featured Pearl Jam as the November artist of month for all entities within the Fox Sports domain and licensed 48 songs from their catalogue to play during the 2013 World Series.  The group's music was included in anything from "opening teases and commercial bumpers to montages, as well as additional promotional inventory across Fox prime-time and cable."[56]

text: Major League Baseball International syndicated the television coverage outside Canada and the U.S., with English-language commentary provided by Baltimore Orioles play-by-play announcer Gary Thorne and ESPN analyst Rick Sutcliffe.[citation needed]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the six-game series on Fox averaged an 8.9 rating and 15 share. The 8.9 rating was, by a large margin, the lowest for a six-game World Series (the 2009 World Series that pulled an 11.7 was the prior lowest) and the fourth lowest overall, behind the 2010, 2008 and 2012 series (the latter holding the record low at 7.6). Game 3, which pulled a 7.4 rating, is the fourth lowest rated MLB World Series game, ahead of just Game 3 of the 2011 World Series (6.6), Game 3 of the 2012 World Series (6.1), and Game 3 of the 2008 World Series (6.1).[57]

text: Some analysts expressed alarm at the low ratings, considering the prestigious franchises involved (a combined 20 World Championships and 32 pennants). Boston, moreover, had a storybook narrative because of the recent Boston Marathon bombing, which, some felt, should have attracted casual audiences.[58]

text:
Game
Ratings(households)
Share(households)
American audience(in millions)

1

8.6
14
14.5

2

8.3
13
13.4

3

7.4
14
12.5

4

9.4
15
16.0

5

8.9
14
14.5

6

11.3
18
19.2

text: Radio[edit]

text: ESPN Radio broadcast the series in the U.S., with commentators Dan Shulman and Orel Hershiser. Locally, the two teams' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their respective announcing crews. Mike Shannon and John Rooney called the games for the Cardinals on KMOX in St. Louis, while Joe Castiglione, Dave O'Brien, and Lou Merloni announced for the Red Sox on WEEI in Boston.[citation needed]

text: Celebration[edit]

text:
Following the team's World Series win, Boston Red Sox fans congregated at the site of the Boston Marathon bombing to celebrate the title.[59]
The white lights of Boston's Prudential Tower displayed "GO SOX." Red Sox owner John Henry said after the game that the parade would take place on Saturday, November 2.[60]
[61][62][63]

text:
On November 2, the Red Sox parade began at Fenway Park and headed down Boylston Street. The 25 duck boats carrying the players and executives paused at the marathon finish where three spectators died during the April bombings.
[64][65][66][67]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Boston failed to maintain the momentum of their World Series championship in the following year, falling back to last place in the American League East with a 71–91 record. This marked the third time in four years that a defending World Series champion failed to make the postseason. Boston returned to the World Series in 2018 and won their 9th title by defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers 4 games to 1.

text: The Cardinals extended their postseason streak to a fourth consecutive season, winning the National League Central title for a second straight year with a 90–72 mark. They also made the NLCS for the fourth time in as many seasons, but like in 2012, they lost to the eventual World Series champions San Francisco Giants, this time in five games.


document_title: Michael (1996 film)

question_text: who played the waitress in the movie michael

text: Michael (1996 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The National Mirror is a tabloid publication that reports primarily on unexplainable phenomena. The editor, Vartan Malt, receives a story tip about an Iowan woman living with an angel in her house in a small town, and decides to send three staff members to investigate. He chooses Frank Quinlan, Huey Driscoll, a photographer and owner of the Mirror star Sparky the Wonder Dog, and Dorothy Winters, hired by Malt to eventually replace Driscoll.

text: At the boarding house of Pansy Milbank, they meet her tenant Michael. While Michael has wings and smells like cookies, he has an unexpected taste for cigarettes and sugar, and does not appear clean. When pressed for the type of angel he is, he replies he is an archangel, with Pansy boasting he triumphed over Lucifer in the War in Heaven.

text: After Pansy unexpectedly dies, Frank and Huey decide to take Michael to Chicago. Michael reveals that this was his plan from the beginning. During the trip it is slowly revealed that Michael's mission on Earth is to get Frank and Dorothy together despite both having had bad experiences with love.

text: After Sparky is hit by a truck and killed, Michael brings him back to life. In the process he uses up his allotment of miracles and begins to weaken. The group reaches Chicago just in time for Michael to see the Sears Tower (which he has always wanted to see) before disappearing. After Frank and Dorothy go their separate ways, Michael returns one more time (this time with Pansy in tow) and successfully gets Frank and Dorothy back together for good.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Travolta as Michael[2]
Andie MacDowell as Dorothy Winters
William Hurt as Frank Quinlan
Bob Hoskins as Vartan Malt
Robert Pastorelli as Huey Driscoll
Jean Stapleton as Pansy Milbank
Teri Garr as Judge Esther Newberg
Wallace Langham as Bruce Craddock
Joey Lauren Adams as Anita, Brown's waitress
Richard Schiff as Italian waiter
Carla Gugino as Bride
Tom Hodges as Groom
Sparky as Himself

text: Themes and interpretations[edit]

text: Contrary to popular depictions of angels, Michael is portrayed as a boozing, smoking slob – yet capable of imparting unexpected wisdom.[2]

text: Professor Christopher R. Miller compared the depiction of angels in Michael to John Milton's in Paradise Lost. Milton presented angels as "six-winged shapeshifters who patrol the galaxy, leaving a vapor trail of heavenly fragrance in their wake". Miller notes Michael is portrayed as warring on Lucifer with shields resembling "two broad suns", and credits Michael with referencing this mythology.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews, currently holding a 36% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 36 reviews.[4][5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The movie was a hit at the box office. Released on Christmas Day, Michael finished number one at the box office that weekend, grossing $17,435,711 (roughly $3.4 million more than 2nd place Jerry Maguire, which was in its 3rd week). The total domestic gross was $95,318,203, ranking Michael #16 for the year 1996.[6][7][8]


document_title: Kabaddi in India

question_text: how many times india won kabbadi world cup

text: Kabaddi in India

text: History and development[edit]

text: Modern kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names. Kabaddi received international exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra. The game was introduced in the Indian Olympic Games at Calcutta in 1938.

text: In 1950 the All India Kabaddi Federation came into existence and compiled standard rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973. After formation of the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the first men's nationals were held in Tamil Nadu(Madras)(renamed Chennai), while the women's were in AKFI has given new shape to the rules.

text: The Asian Kabaddi Federation (AKF) was founded under the chairmanship of kabaddi.

text: In 1979, a return test between Bangladesh and India was held at different places of India including Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Punjab. The Asian Kabaddi Championship was arranged in 1980 and India emerged as champion and Bangladesh runner-up. Bangladesh became runner-up again in 1985 in the Asian Kabaddi Championship held in Jaipur, India. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990. India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh took part. India won the gold medal and has also won gold at the following six Asian Games in Hiroshima in 1994, Bangkok in 1998, Busan in 2002, Doha in 2006 and Guangzhou in 2010.

text: An attempt to popularise kabaddi in Great Britain was carried out by Channel 4, who commissioned a programme dedicated to the sport. The programme, kabaddi in the early 1990s, however, failed to capture viewer attention despite fixtures such as West Bengal Police versus the Punjab. Kabaddi was axed in 1992. Alt-rock band The Cooper Temple Clause formed a kabbadi team in 2001 and were, at one stage, ranked seventh in the British domestic standings.[10] [better source needed]

text: In the 1998 Asian games held at Bangkok (Thailand), the Indian kabaddi team clinched the gold medal. The chief coach of the team was former kabaddi player and coach Flt. Lt. S P Singh.

text: In a major upset, seven-time gold medalist India suffered their first ever loss in 28 years at the 2018 Asian Games to South Korea in the men’s Kabaddi group A game.[1] In the semi-final, Iran sent the seven-time Asiad champions packing with a 27-18 win. India, who took home the bronze for reaching the semi-finals, did not play in the final since the introduction of the Games in the Asiad in 1990 at Beijing.[2]

text: Variation[edit]

text: At first this game is designed and played as simulator version for bull sports Jallikattu, raiders are considered as bulls who play against the defenders. So essence of the game is the holding of the raiders by the defenders. Though variations emerged and rules were framed, the game’s principal objective remained unchanged.[citation needed]

text: Standard style[edit]

text: In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a field of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in case of women. Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20 minute halves, with a 5 minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides. During each raid, a player from the attacking side—known as the "raider"—runs into the opposing team's side of the field and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. For a raid to be eligible for points, the raider must cross the baulk line in the defending team's territory, and return to their half of the field without being tackled. Whilst doing so, the raider must also loudly chant the word "kabaddi", confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without exhaling. A 30-second shot clock is also enforced on each raid.

text: A point is scored for each defender tagged, and a point can also be scored if the raider can step into the area past the territory's bonus line. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of bounds are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once, an "All Out" is scored for two bonus points, and they are automatically revived.

text: Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League; if a team has two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point on their raid or else they will be out ("do-or-die raid"). Additionally, when a defending team has less than four players left on the field, tackles are worth 2 points ("super tackle").[3][4][5][6]

text: Circle style[edit]

text: Four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out – one out. The game is played over 40 min with a 5 min break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent’s side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent’s side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn’t leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched “out”, a team earns a point.[7] Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft).[8]

text: International competitions[edit]

text: Note that all of the following competitions are played in standard style.

text: Kabaddi World Cup[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The second Kabaddi World Cup tournament was held in 2007 with India winning over Iran in the final round.[citation needed] The Punjab government organised a Circle Style 2010 Kabaddi World Cup from 3 to 12 April 2010. On 12 April 2010 Indian team emerged as the winner after beating Pakistan in the finals. The opening match of the tournament was held in Patiala while the closing ceremony took place in Ludhiana. India won the first edition of the Circle Style Kabaddi World Cup, Beating rival Pakistan in a 58–24 victory. The final of this 10-day tournament was played at Guru Nanak Stadium.[citation needed]

text: Pro kabaddi league[edit]

text:
Pro kabaddi league was introduced in 2014 in India based on Indian premier league.The first edition of the tournament had begun at 26 July 2014 with eight franchises based at eight different cities in India consisting of players from all over the world.The Jaipur Pink Panthers is owned by Bollywood star Abhishek Bachchan who said he wants to promote kabaddi. The other teams are the U Mumba based at Mumbai, the Bengaluru Bulls, the Delhi Dabbangs, the Puneri Paltans,the Telugu Titans based at Vizag, the Bengal Warriors based at Kolkata and the Patna Pirates based at Patna, Bihar. Among all seasons, Patna Pirates is the most successful team with three times title winner while U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers shares 1-1 title.
The organisers have added four new teams in the PKL season 5, 2017: the Haryana Steelers, the Tamil Thalaivas from Tamil Nadu, the Gujarat Fortunegiants, and the UP Yoddha.

text: The opening match was held at Mumbai where Amitabh Bachchan was found cheering for his son's team. Aishwarya Rai was also present with Abhishek Bachchan.Together with them Bollywood stars Shahrukh Khan, Aamir khan, Sunil Shetty, Sonali Bendre, Farah Khan, Boman Irani and producer Ronnie Screwvala cheering for his team Jaipur Pink Panthers were present at the stadium.

text: Indian star cricketer Sachin Tendulkar was present with his wife and daughter who said he enjoyed the speed,agility and strength of the players of the sport very much.

text: Rakesh Kumar the captain of the Indian kabaddi team who has received an Arjuna Award and also the captain of Patna Pirates was also present at the inaugural matches who said it is a pleasure to see kabaddi getting recognition through the tournament.

text: Rakesh Kumar was the highest bought player in the auction by patna pirates for 12.80 lakhs held before the tournament.

text: The broadcast rights were won by the star sports network .

text: Domestic Competitions[edit]

text:
Kabaddi nationals
Federation Cup

text: Performance By India national team in International competitions[edit]

text: Men's team[edit]

text: India national kabaddi team represents India in international kabaddi India national kabaddi team competitions.[9] India won Gold medals Asian Games in 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010.and 2014

text: World Cup (Standard Style)[edit]

text: India has won all six Kabaddi world cups played till now. Iran is the three times runner-up of world cups.All the world cups were held in India.[10][11]

text:
Year

India's Position

Last Match played by India

Winner

Runner-up

2004Details

Winner

India vs. Iran (Final match)  55 – 27

India

Iran

2007Details

Winner

India vs. Iran (Final match) 29 – 19

India

Iran

2016Details'

Winner

India vs. Iran (Final match)38-29

India

Iran

text: Asian Games[edit]

text:
Year

Host

Final

Third place match

Winner

Score

Runner-up

3rd place

Score

4th place

1990Details

Beijing

India

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Japan

1994Details

Hiroshima

India

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Japan

1998Details

Bangkok

India

No playoffs

Pakistan

Bangladesh

No playoffs

Sri Lanka

2002Details

Busan

India

No playoffs

Bangladesh

Pakistan

No playoffs

Japan

2006Details

Doha

India

35–23

Pakistan

Bangladesh

37–26

Iran

2010Details

Guangzhou

India

37–20

Iran

Pakistan

No playoffs

Japan

2014Details

Incheon

India

27–25

Iran

Pakistan

No playoffs

South Korea

2018Details

Jakarta–Palembang

Iran

26-16

South Korea

Pakistan

No playoffs

India

text: Asian Indoor games[edit]

text:
Year

Host

Final

Third place

Gold

Score

Silver

Bronze

Bronze

2007Details

Macau

India

35–17

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Iran

2009Details

Hanoi

India

57–33

Iran

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

text: SAF Games[edit]

text: India is very strong in Kabaddi as these results show. India won 7 gold medals out of a possible 8 until the 2006 SAF games.

text:
Year

Winner

Runner-up

3rd Place

Reference

2010Details

India

Pakistan

 Bangladesh   Nepal

2006Details

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

2004Details

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

1999Details

India

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

1995Details

India

Bangladesh

Pakistan

1993Details

Pakistan

India

Bangladesh

1989Details

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

1987Details

India

Bangladesh

Pakistan

1985Details

India

Bangladesh

Pakistan

text: Women's team[edit]

text: India women's national kabaddi team represents India in international women's kabaddi events.[12]

text: Asian Games[edit]

text:
Year

Host

Final

Third place

Winner

Score

Runner-up

2010Details

Guangzhou

India

28–14

Thailand

Iran

Bangladesh

text: South Asian Games[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Runner-up

3rd Place

Reference

2010Details

India

Bangladesh

Nepal
Sri Lanka

text: Federations[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: The Kabaddi Federation of India (KFI) was founded in 1950, and it compiled a standard set of rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973. The AKFI has given new shape to the rules and it has also the rights of modification in the rules. The Asian Kabaddi Federation was founded under the chairmanship of Sharad Pawar.

text:
The Governing body of Kabaddi in Asia is Asian Kabaddi Federation (AKF) headed by Mr. Janardan Singh Gehlot. AKF is affiliated to Olympic Council of Asia.
Parent body to regulate the game at international level is International Kabaddi Federation (IKF). India won the world cup in December 2013 by defeating Pakistan in finals at Punjab.In 2016 India had won world cup finals by defeating Iran.

text: Films about kabaddi[edit]

text:
Okkadu (2003)
Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003)
Ghilli (2004)
Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu (2009)
Bheemli Kabadi Jattu (2010)

text:
Pop culture references
In the 1993 movie Little Buddha in which Keanu Reeves plays the Siddhartha Gautama, a game of kabbadi is depicted.


document_title: Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die

question_text: who sings roll me up and smoke me when i die with willie nelson

text: Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die

text:
"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"

Single by Willie Nelson featuring Snoop Dogg, Kris Kristofferson and Jamey Johnson

from the album Heroes

Released
April 20, 2012

Recorded
2011–12

Genre
Country

Length
3:25

Label
Legacy Recordings

Songwriter(s)
Willie Nelson, Buddy Cannon, Rich Alves, John Colgin and Mike McQuerry

Producer(s)
Buddy Cannon

Willie Nelson singles chronology

"The Scientist"
(2011)
"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"
(2012)
"Just Breathe"
(2012)

"The Scientist"
(2011)
"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"
(2012)
"Just Breathe"
(2012)

Audio sample

"Willie Nelson - Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"

file
help

text: "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die" is a Willie Nelson single from his 2012 album Heroes. The song written by Willie Nelson, Buddy Cannon, Rich Alves, John Colgin and Mike McQuerry, features vocals by Snoop Dogg, Kris Kristofferson and Jamey Johnson.[1]

text: It was released on April 20, 2012 on 420 day, a counterculture holiday in North America related to cannabis culture. It became the first released single from the album. The same day, Nelson performed the song during the unveiling ceremony of his statue in Austin, Texas.[2]

text: Initially, the album was to be named Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die, after the single. The name was later changed to Heroes, after Nelson and his production team decided that the original name could deter some conservative sale outlets to carry the album.[3] Besides its regular release, the single was also made available in a green-colored 7" vinyl, in support of Record Store Day with a special previously unreleased solo version of the song performed by Willie Nelson.

text:
Side A: "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die" - Album version by Willie Nelson featuring Snoop Dogg, Jamey Johnson & Kris Kristofferson
Side B: "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die" - Solo Version by Willie Nelson


document_title: India's Next Top Model

question_text: india's next top model season 3 judges

question_tokens: india 's next top model season 3 judges

text: India's Next Top Model

text: Judges[edit]

text:
Judge

Cycle

1

2

3

Lisa Haydon
Host/Judge

Malaika Arora

Host/Judge

Dabboo Ratnani
Judge

Milind Soman

Judge

Neeraj Gabba
Mentor

Anusha Dandekar
Mentor

text: Cycles[edit]

text:
Cycle

Premiere date

Winner

Runner-up

Other contestants in order of elimination

Number of contestants

Destination(s)

1

19 July 2015

Danielle Canute

Rushali Rai

Vishakha Bharadwaj (quit), Neev Marcel, Sreeradhe Khanduja, Anam Shaikh, Malvika Sitlani, Aditi Shetty, Monica Gill, Gloria Tep

10

none

2

10 July 2016

Pranati Prakash

Jantee Hazarika

Ashmita Jaggi, Minash Ravuthar, Ritija Malvankar, Poulomi Das & Rajashree Singha, Neelam Virwani, Akanksha Sharma & Priya Banerjee, Subhamita Banerjee

11

none

3

21 October 2017

Riya Subodh

Sabita Karki

Bhanu Chaudhary, Madhurima Roy, Tanishq Sharma & Summer Jacobs, Aakriti Singh, Akanksha Corda, Eva Aario & Parina Chopra, Shweta Raj

11

none


document_title: List of heads of government of Ethiopia

question_text: who was the first prime minister of ethiopia

text: List of heads of government of Ethiopia

text: List[edit]

text:
Name

Portrait

Birth–Death

Election

Took office

Left office

Political party(Coalition)

 • Ethiopian Empire (1137–1974) •

1

FitawrariHabte Giyorgis Dinagde

1851–1927

—

1909

1927†(Died in Office)

Independent

2

RasTafari Makonnen[1]

1892–1975

—

1927

1 May 1936(Exiled)

Independent

3

BetwodedWolde Tzaddick

—

—

1 May 1936

14 May 1942

Independent

4

Ras BetwodedMakonnen Endelkachew

1890–1963

—

14 May 1942

27 November 1957

Independent

5

RasAbebe Aregai

1903–1960

1957

27 November 1957

17 December 1960†(Assassinated)

Independent

–

Leul RasImru Haile Selassie[2]

1892–1980

—

14 December 1960

17 December 1960

Vacant (17 December 1960–17 April 1961)

6

Tsehafi TaezazAklilu Habte-Wold

1912–1974

1961196519691973

17 April 1961

1 March 1974(Resigned)

Independent

7

LijEndelkachew Makonnen

1927–1974

—

1 March 1974

22 July 1974(Imprisoned by the Derg)

Independent

Vacant (22 July 1974–3 August 1974)

8

LijMikael Imru

1929–2008

—

3 August 1974

12 September 1974(Deposed by the Derg)

Independent

 • Derg (Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia) (1974–1987) •

Post Abolished (12 September 1974–10 September 1987)

 • People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991) •

9

Fikre Selassie Wogderess

c. 1945–

1987

10 September 1987

8 November 1989(Dismissed)

WPE

10

Hailu YimenuActing Prime Minister

?–1991

—

8 November 1989

26 April 1991

WPE

11

Tesfaye DinkaActing Prime Minister

1939–2016

—

26 April 1991

6 June 1991(Deposed)

WPE

 • Transitional Government of Ethiopia (1991–1995) •

12

Tamrat LayneInterim Prime Minister

1955–

—

6 June 1991

22 August 1995

ANDM(EPRDF)

 • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995–present) •

13

Meles Zenawi

1955–2012

1995200020052010

23 August 1995

20 August 2012†(Died in Office)

TPLF(EPRDF)

14

Hailemariam Desalegn

1965–

2015

20 August 2012(Acting PM20 Aug–21 Sept 2012)

2 April 2018(Caretaker PM15 Feb–2 Apr 2018)

SEPDM(EPRDF)

15

Abiy Ahmed

1976–

—

2 April 2018

Incumbent

ODP(EPRDF)

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ From 2 April 1930, Emperor Haile Selassie I

Jump up ^ In rebellion during the 1960 coup attempt


document_title: Aerial warfare

question_text: when was the first airplane used in war

question_tokens: when was the first airplane used in war

text: Aerial warfare

text: History[edit]

text: The history of aerial warfare began in ancient times, with the use of man-carrying kites in China. In the third century it progressed to balloon warfare.

text: Airplanes were put to use for war starting in 1911, initially for aerial reconnaissance, and then for aerial combat to shoot down the recon planes. Aircraft continued to carry out these roles during World War I, but the use of planes and zeppelins for strategic bombing emerged in World War I.

text: During World War II, the use of strategic bombing increased. Also during World War II, Nazi Germany developed many missile and precision-guided munition systems, including the first cruise missile, the first short-range ballistic missile, the first guided surface-to-air missiles, and the first anti-ship missiles.

text: Ballistic missiles became of key importance during the Cold War, were armed with nuclear warheads, and were stockpiled by the superpowers—the United States and the Soviet Union—to deter each other from using them. The first military satellites were used for reconnaissance in the 1950s, and their use has progressed to worldwide communication and information systems that support globally distributed military users with intelligence from orbit.

text: Aerial reconnaissance[edit]

text: Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance for a military or strategic purpose that is conducted using reconnaissance aircraft. This role can fulfil a variety of requirements, including the collection of imagery intelligence, observation of enemy maneuvers and artillery spotting.

text: Air combat manoeuvring[edit]

text: Air combat manoeuvring (also known as ACM or dogfighting) is the tactical art of moving, turning and situating a fighter aircraft in order to attain a position from which an attack can be made on another aircraft. It relies on offensive and defensive basic fighter manoeuvring (BFM) to gain an advantage over an aerial opponent.

text: Airborne forces[edit]

text: Airborne forces are military units, usually light infantry, set up to be moved by aircraft and "dropped" into battle, typically by parachute. Thus, they can be placed behind enemy lines, and have the capability to deploy almost anywhere with little warning. The formations are limited only by the number and size of their aircraft, so given enough capacity a huge force can appear "out of nowhere" in minutes, an action referred to as vertical envelopment.

text: Conversely, airborne forces typically lack the supplies and equipment for prolonged combat operations, and are therefore more suited for airhead operations than for long-term occupation; furthermore, parachute operations are particularly sensitive to adverse weather conditions. Advances in helicopter technology since World War II have brought increased flexibility to the scope of airborne operations, and air assaults have largely replaced large-scale parachute operations, and (almost) completely replaced combat glider operations.

text: Airstrike[edit]

text: An airstrike or air strike[2] is an offensive operation carried out by attack aircraft. Air strikes are commonly delivered from aircraft such as fighters, bombers, ground attack aircraft, and attack helicopters. The official definition includes all sorts of targets, including enemy air targets, but in popular use the term is usually narrowed to a tactical (small-scale) attack on a ground or naval objective. Weapons used in an airstrike can range from machine gun bullets and missiles to various types of bombs. It is also commonly referred to as an air raid.

text: In close air support, air strikes are usually controlled by trained observers for coordination with friendly ground troops in a manner derived from artillery tactics.

text: Strategic bombing[edit]

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying their morale or their economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Anti-aircraft warfare[edit]

text: Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action."[3] They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

text: Missiles[edit]

text: In modern usage, a missile is a self-propelled precision-guided munition system, as opposed to an unguided self-propelled munition, referred to as a rocket (although these too can also be guided). Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or missile guidance, flight system, engine, and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles (ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, anti-tank, etc.), surface-to-air missiles (and anti-ballistic), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. All known existing missiles are designed to be propelled during powered flight by chemical reactions inside a rocket engine, jet engine, or other type of engine.[citation needed] Non-self-propelled airborne explosive devices are generally referred to as shells and usually have a shorter range than missiles.

text: In ordinary British-English usage predating guided weapons, a missile is "any thrown object", such as objects thrown at players by rowdy spectators at a sporting event.[4]

text: UAVs[edit]

text: The advent of the unmanned aerial vehicle has dramatically revolutionized aerial warfare[5] with multiple nations developing and/or purchasing UAV fleets. Several benchmarks have already occurred, including a UAV-fighter jet dogfight, probes of adversary air defense with UAVs, replacement of an operational flight wing's aircraft with UAVs, control of UAVs qualifying the operator for 'combat' status, UAV-control from the other side of the world, jamming and/or data-hijacking of UAVs in flight, as well as proposals to transfer fire authority to AI aboard a UAV.[6] UAVs have quickly evolved from surveillance to combat roles.

text: The growing capability of UAVs has thrown into question the survivability and capability of manned fighter jets.[7]


document_title: Miles to Go Before I Sleep

question_text: who wrote and miles to go before i sleep

text: Miles to Go Before I Sleep

text: Miles to Go Before I Sleep is a quotation from the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert Frost.

text: It may also refer to:

text:
"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)", a 1998 musical single by Céline Dion, released in Canada in 1998
Miles to go before I sleep, a documentary on the life of P. Govindan Kutty

text:
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