document_title: List of colonial governors of New Jersey

question_text: who was the first governor of new jersey colony

text: Before English control[edit]

text: Directors of New Netherland (1624–64)[edit]

text: New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw-Nederland) was the seventeenth-century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and the Dutch West India Company. It claimed territories along the eastern coast of North America from the Delmarva Peninsula to southwestern Cape Cod. Settled areas of New Netherland now constitute the states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut as well as parts of Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.[14][15] The provincial capital New Amsterdam was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan at Upper New York Bay.[16]

text: New Netherland was conceived as a private business venture to exploit the North American fur trade.[17] By the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a major port for trade in the North Atlantic. The leader of the Dutch colony was known by the title Director or Director-General. On 27 August 1664, four English frigates commanded by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded the surrender of New Netherland.[18][19] This event sparked the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which led to the transfer of the territory to England per the Treaty of Breda.[20][21]

text:
Portrait
Director or
Director-General
Took office
Left office
Notes

—
Cornelius Jacobsen May
(fl. 1600s)
1624
1625

Explored Delaware Bay, New York Bay, North River (Hudson River) [22]:p.40
Planted settlements at Nut Island (Noten Eylant)—now Governor's Island in New York Harbor—and High Island (Hooghe Eylant) on Delaware River [23][24]
Cape May was named in his honour

—
Willem Verhulst
(or van der Hulst)
(fl. 1600s)
1625
1626

Initiated construction of Fort Amsterdam on southern tip of Manhattan Island, and Fort Wilhelmus on the Delaware River [22]:pp.46–55
Unpopular with the colonists, he was quickly replaced [22]:pp.46–55

Peter Minuit
(1580–1638)
1626
1631

Purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on 24 May 1626 [25]
Initiated construction of Fort Nassau on Delaware [23][24]

—
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
(also known as Bastian Krol)
(1595–1674)
1632
1633
—

Wouter van Twiller
(1606–54)
1633
1638

Previously a Dutch West India Company warehouse clerk, used family connections to the Rensselaer family to gain appointment
purchased Nut Island (Noten Eylant)—now Governor's Island—from Canarsee tribe for two axeheads, a string of beads, and iron nails
Lost the colony's claim of the Connecticut River valley to New England settlers
Pushed back encroaching Virginia settlers who tried to settle Delaware River valley [22]:pp.82,85,108,113

—
Willem Kieft
(1597–1647)
1638
1647

Attempted to drive out Lenape tribe [22]:passim.
Attacks on Pavonia and Corlears Hook, led to Kieft's War [22]:pp.121–128[26]
Fired by the Dutch West India Company in 1647 [22]:pp.170–179
Died at sea near Swansea, Wales, on September 27, 1647 while returning to Amsterdam aboard the Princess Amelia [22]:p.179

Peter Stuyvesant
(c.1612–72)
1647
1664

Pavonia, New Amsterdam and other settlements attacked by the Susquehannocks during the brief Peach Tree War (1655)[22]:pp.172–177
Authorized charter for Communipaw and Bergen (now Jersey City) in 1660 [27]
obtained victory in the Esopus Wars against the Lenape and Esopus tribes[28]
Surrendered New Netherland to the British [22]:pp.287–305
Also the Director of Curaçao (1642–64)[22]:pp.146–155

text: Governors of New Sweden (1638–55)[edit]

text: New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige, Finnish: Uusi-Ruotsi) was a Swedish colony along the Delaware River from 1638 to 1655 that included territory in present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.[29][30] After being dismissed as director of New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), Peter Minuit was recruited by Willem Usselincx, Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government to create the first Swedish colony in the New World.[31] The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur-trading colony, and thus bypassing French and English merchants.[32]:pp.43,66

text: The New Sweden Company was chartered and included Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, and German stockholders.[33] Minuit and his company arrived on the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel at Swedes' Landing (now Wilmington, Delaware) in the spring of 1638.[34] Willem Kieft, Director of New Netherland, objected to the Swedish presence, but Minuit ignored his protests knowing that the Dutch were militarily impotent. The colony would establish Fort Nya Elfsborg, near present-day Salem, New Jersey, in 1643.[32]:pp.70–73.

text: In May 1654, Swedish militia captured the Fort Casimir, a Dutch defense located near present-day New Castle, Delaware.[35] As a reprisal, the Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant sent an army to the Delaware River, which compelled the surrender of the Swedish forts and settlements in 1655.[32]:pp.155ff The Swedish settlers continued to enjoy local autonomy, retaining their own militia, religion, court, and lands, however, until the English conquest of the New Netherland colony on 24 June 1664.[32]:pp.155ff

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

Peter Minuit
(1580–1638)
1638
1638

Arrived to settle the colony in March 1638 and embarked on return voyage to Sweden in June to organize a second group of settlers; Minuit died during a hurricane in the Caribbean in August 1638 [30]:p.338

—
Måns Nilsson Kling
(fl. 1600s)
1638
1640

Served as lieutenant, and later captain, until Sweden appointed a new governor [36]

—
Peter Hollander Ridder
(1608–92)
1640
1643

Officer in the Swedish Navy [37]

Johan Björnsson Printz
(1592–1663)
1643
1653

Ordered construction of Fort Nya Elfsborg and Fort Nya Gothenborg on the Delaware River [30]:p.73

—
Johan Papegoja
(d. 1667)
1653
1654

Printz's son-in-law, married to Armegot Printz
was left in charge when Governor Printz returned to Sweden [30]:p.211 n.24

—
Johan Classon Risingh
(1617–72)
1654
1655

Defeated by forces led by Peter Stuyvesant, re-asserting New Netherland's claim to Delaware Valley [30]:pp.80–81[38]

text: The New Albion Colony (1634–49)[edit]

text: In 1634, Charles I of England granted a charter to Sir Edmund Plowden, to establish a colony in North America north of lands granted to Lord Baltimore for the Maryland colony in 1633.[39][40] The charter empowered Plowden to assume the title Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain-General of the Province of New Albion in North America, and poorly defined the boundaries of the New Albion colony.[41] It is believed that the colony would have covered territory within present-day New Jersey, New York, Delaware, and Maryland.[39]

text: Captain Thomas Young and his nephew, Robert Evelyn, explored and charted the valley of the Delaware River (which they called the Charles River) in the 1630s.[42] Plowden took several years to raise funds, and recruit settlers and "adventurers."[43] In 1642, Plowden and several men sailed from England with aim to settle the colony. This attempt ended in an unsuccessful mutiny, and for the next seven years Plowden remained in Virginia managing the affairs of the intended colony, and selling land rights to adventurers and speculators.[44]

text: Plowden returned to England in 1649 to raise funds, and promote the colony as a refuge for Roman Catholics exiled during the English Civil War. Despite further attempts to return to his colony, Plowden was confined in a debtors prison and died a pauper in 1659.[44] A notation on John Farrar’s 1651 map of Virginia references Plowden's patent for the colony, and labels the Delaware River as "this river the Lord Ployden hath a patten of and calls it New Albion but the Swedes are planted in it and have a great trade of Furrs."[45]

text: As an English proprietary colony (1664–1702)[edit]

text: Governors under the Lords Proprietor (1664–73)[edit]

text: With the 1664 surrender of New Netherland by Peter Stuyvesant, and under the authority and instruction James, Duke of York, Richard Nicolls assumed the position as Deputy-Governor of New Netherland (including Dutch settlements in New Jersey).[46][47]:p.46 His first acts were to guarantee the Dutch colonists their property rights and religious freedom. Nicolls implemented the English common law and a legal code.[47]:pp.43–44 Nicholls would remain governor until 1668, but the Duke of York granted part of the New Netherland territory (that between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, present day New Jersey), to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley for their devoted service to the Duke of York and his brother Charles II during the English Civil War.[3]

text: This territory would be called the Province of New Caesaria, or New Jersey after Jersey in the English Channel—one of the last strongholds of the Royalist forces in the English Civil War.[47]:p.60 (see Name of Jersey) As a result of this grant, Carteret and Berkeley became the two English Lords Proprietor of New Jersey. By the 1665 Concession and Agreement, the Lords Proprietor outlined the distribution of power in the province, offered religious freedom to all inhabitants, and established a system of quit-rents, annual fees paid by settlers in return for land.[48] The two Lords Proprietor selected Carteret's brother Philip as the province's first governor.

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

—
Richard Nicolls
(1624–72)
1664
1665

After the Dutch surrender, Nicolls assumed position of Deputy-Governor of New Amsterdam and New Netherland [46][47]:p.46
Issued two land grants—the Elizabethtown Tract and the Monmouth (or Navesink) Tract—to settlers in 1665 [49][50]

—
Philip Carteret
(1639–82)
1665
1672

Appointed by Sir George Carteret (his brother) and Lord Berkeley of Stratton to be the first governor of New Jersey [47]:p.63

—
John Berry
(1635–89/90)
1672
1673

Carteret left for England in 1672 and left his deputy, Captain Berry, to administer the colony [47]:p.68
Term ended with the Dutch capture of "New York" in 1673

text: Restoration of New Netherland (1673–74)[edit]

text: In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were able to recapture New Amsterdam (renamed "New York" by the British) under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Captain Anthony Colve.[51] Evertsen had renamed the city "New Orange".[52] Evertsen returned to the Netherlands in July 1674, and was accused of disobeying his orders. Evertsen had been instructed not to retake New Amsterdam, but instead, to conquer the British colonies of Saint Helena and Cayenne (now French Guiana).[53] In 1674, the Dutch were compelled to relinquish New Amsterdam to the British under the terms of the Second Treaty of Westminster.[54][55]

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

—
Anthony Colve
(fl. 1600s)
1673
1674

Colve's authority ended on 9 February 1674 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, which restored the colony to the English.

text: East and West Jerseys (1674–1702)[edit]

text: After the British regained New Jersey and New York, New Jersey was restored as a proprietary colony and was divided into two provinces—East Jersey and West Jersey. In 1674, Berkeley sold his interest in West Jersey to Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick (1618–83). Fenwick rushed to the colony to establish a settlement, Fenwick's Colony, that would become Salem.[57] Due to Byllynge's financial difficulties encountered in his attempts to assert his title to the colony, he sought investment from William Penn, and others. Title issues were settled in 1676 with the negotiation of the Quintipartite Deed between Carteret, Penn, Byllynge, Nicholas Lucas, and Gawen Lawrie dividing the colony into East and West Jersey.[58] West Jersey was largely a Quaker venture focused on the settlement of the lower Delaware River area, and was associated with William Penn and prominent figures in the colonization of the Pennsylvania.[6] After Carteret's death, his heirs sold his interest in East Jersey to twelve investors, eleven of whom were members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), who asked the Quaker apologist Robert Barclay to serve as governor.[59] The settlement of East Jersey, and its commercial and political development was chiefly connected to New England and New York.[7]

text: This arrangement lasted for approximately thirty years, but because of issues of administration, the proprietors of both colonies surrendered their right to government to Queen Anne. On 17 April 1702, New Jersey was transformed into a crown colony.[11] The proprietors would retain their land rights until the East Jersey proprietors dissolved their corporation (then New Jersey’s oldest) in 1998.[60] The West Jersey Proprietors, currently the second oldest corporation in North America, continues as an activity entity based in Burlington, New Jersey.[60][61]

text: For a brief period beginning in 1688, New York, East Jersey and West Jersey came under the short-lived Dominion of New England.[62] New York and New Jersey were largely overseen by a Lieutenant Governor and army captain, Francis Nicholson.[63] The Proprietors of East Jersey were angered by the revocation of their charters, but retained their property and petitioned Andros, the governor of the dominion, for manorial rights.[64]:p.211 The colony proved too large for a single governor to administer, and Andros was highly unpopular.[64]:pp.180,192–193,197

text: After news of the Glorious Revolution in England reached Boston in 1689, the anti-Catholic Puritans in New England, and Dutch Calvinists in New York launched a revolt against Andros, arresting him and his officers out of fear that Andros sought to impose popery on the colony.[64]:pp.240–250[65] Leisler's Rebellion in New York City deposed Nicholson in what amounted to an ethnic war between English newcomers and the Dutch who were old settlers.[65] After these events, the colonies reverted to their previous forms of governance until 1702.[64]:pp.212–213

text: Governors of East Jersey (1674–1702)[edit]

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

—
Philip Carteret
(1639–82)
1674
1682

Carteret refused to give up his position as governor when demanded by Edmund Andros, Governor of New York [66]
Andros had Carteret beaten and arrested; Carteret was acquitted at trial, but injuries from the attack led to his death [66]

Edmund Andros
(1637–1714)
1674
1681

In 1674, Andros was appointed to oversee the Duke of York's possessions in the Province of New York. Andros assumed that included his possessions in New Jersey as well. Carteret and proprietors in New Jersey resisted Andros's claim. He returned to England in 1678 for instructions.[66][67]
Andros returned with a mandate from the Duke of York to control both colonies and attempted to assert his authority. Governor Carteret continued to resist his claim.[66]
After Sir George Carteret's death in 1680 and Philip Carteret's acquittal, Andros assumed authority over the colony for 10 months.[67]
Andros was recalled to England in January 1681 under the pretense of facing financial corruption charges but more because he was a political liability to the Duke of York.[67]

—
Robert Barclay
(1648–90)
1682
1688

Barclay was leader of the Quaker movement and one of the foremost Quaker apologists.[59]
Despite the brief interlude of the Dominion of New England, Barclay claimed the governorship until his death in 1690.[68]
Deputy Governors included Thomas Rudyard (1682–83), Gawen Lawrie (1683–86), Neill Campbell (1686–87), and Andrew Hamilton (1687–88).

Edmund Andros
(1637–1714)
1688
1689

Governor of the Dominion of New England.[67]
Administration of East Jersey, West Jersey, and New York colonies during this brief period overseen by Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson.[67]

—
Vacant
1690
1692

The East Jersey Proprietors nominated two men, John Tatham and Colonel Joseph Dudley, both of whom were rejected.[69][70]
One historian claims Tatham served briefly as governor.[71]
Tatham may have been rejected because of suspicion of culpability in the death of James Budd; Dudley because of his ties to Andros.[69][70][72]

—
Andrew Hamilton
(d. 1703)
1692
1697

Deposed by the Board of Trade on the instigation of Jeremiah Basse under the claim that "no other than a natural-born subject of England could serve in any public post of trust or profit" (Hamilton was Scottish) in accordance with the Navigation Act of 1696.[73]

—
Jeremiah Basse
(d. 1725)
1698
1699

A former Anabaptist preacher.[74]
Served as agent for the West Jersey Society to the Board of Trade from 1695–98[74]
Basse convinced the Board of Trade to depose Hamilton, and he advocated against the colonial proprietors.[73][74]
Nominated to replace Hamilton by the Board of Trade in 1697.
The administration of the colony suffered under his governorship, he was recalled to England in 1699.[73][74]
He returned to New Jersey in 1703 and later served as secretary for Lord Cornbury and Lord Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.[74]
He would remain involved in provincial politics until his death in 1725.[74]

—
Andrew Hamilton
(d. 1703)
1699
1702[11]

Reappointed in 1699, after the King's attorney general and solicitor general ruled that the Navigation Act of 1696 did not prohibit Scotsmen from holding office.[73][75]
By his death in April 1703, he had not been relieved of his position as governor.[73]

text: Governors of West Jersey (1680–1702)[edit]

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

—
Edward Byllynge
(d. 1687)
1680
1687

Byllynge, a London brewer who never came to West Jersey died in England in 1687.[76]
Deputy Governors included Samuel Jennings (1681–84), Thomas Olive (1684) and John Skene (1684–87).

—
Dr. Daniel Coxe
(1640–1730)
1687
1688

Dr. Coxe never left England and became Governor of West Jersey after purchasing the holdings of Edward Byllynge from his heirs.[77]
Edward Hunloke served as Coxe's deputy governor (1687–88)[78]

Edmund Andros
(1637–1714)
1688
1689

See notes above.

—
Dr. Daniel Coxe
(1640–1730)
1689
1692

After being dissuaded by family and friends not to travel to West Jersey, Coxe sells part of his land holdings and the right to government to the West Jersey Society.[79]
Edward Hunloke served as Dr. Coxe's deputy governor (1690–92) until his sale of the colony to the West Jersey Society, which appointed Hamilton.[78]

—
Andrew Hamilton
(d. 1703)
1692
1697

See notes above.

—
Jeremiah Basse
(d. 1725)
1698
1699

See notes above.

—
Andrew Bowne
(c.1638-c.1708)
1699
1699

Chosen by the Provincial Council to serve as deputy governor during Basse's journey to England, and served until Hamilton's arrival.[73]

—
Andrew Hamilton
(d. 1703)
1699
1702[11]

See notes above.

text: As a British Crown colony (1702–76)[edit]

text: Governors of New York and New Jersey (1702–38)[edit]

text: Shortly after ascending to the British throne, Queen Anne (1665–1714) reunited East Jersey and West Jersey as a royal colony and appointed her cousin Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, as the province's first Royal Governor.[81] In 1702, the governments of the two proprietary colonies had surrendered their authority to the Crown which reorganized New Jersey into a crown colony with a government that consisted of a governor and twelve-member council appointed by the British monarch, and a twenty-four-member assembly whose members were elected by colonists who were qualified to vote by owning at least 1,000 acres of land.[11]

text: For the next four decades, New Jersey and New York shared one royal governor. Because the crown's representatives were generally incompetent or corrupt, and the royal governor often ignored New Jersey and its affairs, the colonists had substantial autonomy, and the proprietors continued to wield considerable power through the retained control of land titles and sales. The relationship between many of the Royal Governors and the provincial assembly was often hostile. The assembly would simply respond to disagreements over legislation by using its appropriation power to withhold the governor's salary. Several historians point towards a factionalism which defined the colonial government, but the factions have been described as inchoate and characterized by shifting alliances between the colony's various ethnic, religious, proprietary, and landowning groups.[82]

text: During this period, the population of the colony began to expand, from 14,000 in 1700 to nearly 52,000 by 1740.[83] It was a diverse colony, as Queen Anne and Royal Governor Hunter began to important Palatine Germans into New York's Hudson Valley in a plan to produce naval stores. Many of these German families eventually settled in New Jersey.[84] West Jersey's colonists included Irish, English, Welsh and Scottish Quakers and the descendants of Swedish and Finnish colonists from the former New Sweden colony. Dutch and Huguenot families from New York settled in the valleys of the Raritan River and Hackensack River, and in the northwestern New Jersey's Minisink region.[85][86][87] New Englanders from Connecticut and Long Island, and English planters from Barbados arrived with African slaves.[88]:p.39 Because of its liberal grant of religious freedom, the colony's diversity was also reflected in its religious plurality, with a strong presence of Dutch Reformed, Lutheran, Huguenot, Quaker, Puritan, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Anglican churches.[88]:p.39

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury
(1661–1723)
1701
1708

Lord Cornbury's tenure was marked with accusations of cross-dressing, corruption, arrogance, and decadence.
Historians claim that he illustrated the worst form of the English aristocracy's "arrogance, joined to intellectual imbecility" and characterise him as a "degenerate and pervert who is said to have spent half of his time dressed in women's clothes", a "fop and a wastrel".
He was recalled by Queen Anne who received several complaints from colonists of "numerous malpractices and misappropriations".[89][90][91]

—
John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace
(1672–1709)
1708
1709

Lord Lovelace died in office, in a short tenure marked by prosecuting Governor Jeremiah Basse and other supporters of Lord Cornbury.[92]

—
Richard Ingoldesby
(d. 1719)
1709
1710

An army officer who served as Lieutenant Governor under Lord Cornbury and Lord Lovelace, and acting governor upon the death of Lovelace.

His commission for governorship was revoked in October 1709, but the news only reached him in April 1710.[93]

Robert Hunter
(1664–1734)
1710
1720

Hunter sailed to America in 1710 with 3,000 Palatine German (Kurpfälzische) refugees who encamped in the Hudson Valley, and then settled in upstate New York and New Jersey.[84]
Hunterdon County was named in his honour.[94]

William Burnet
(1687/88–1729)
1720
1728

Burnet left office after being appointed Governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire.[95]
Son of Gilbert Burnet, Anglican Bishop of Salisbury and fervent supporter of William III and Mary II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.[88]:p.41

—
Colonel John Montgomerie
(d. 1731)
1728
1731

Montgomerie died in office after an epileptic seizure.[96]

Lewis Morris
(1671–1746)
1731
1732

Acting governor after death of Governor Montgomerie, as President of Council.
Morris actively advocated to separate New Jersey from New York control from 1728–38.[97]

Sir William Cosby
(1690–1736)
1732
1736

Assumed office 7 August 1732 when he arrived at Sandy Hook.
He rarely visited New Jersey and only met the provincial council or assembly eight times.
He died in office in 1736 from tuberculosis.
In New York, Cosby prosecuted John Peter Zenger, a newspaper publisher for libel after Zenger's newspaper severely criticized his administration.[98]

—
John Anderson
(1665–1736)
1736
1736

Acting governor after the death of Governor Cosby, in his role as President of Council

—
John Hamilton
1736
1738

Acting governor in his role as President of Council, after the death of acting governor Anderson.
Lewis Morris is said to have served as acting governor during this time, although his authority was disputed.[97]

—
John West, 1st Earl De La Warr
(1693–1766)
1737
1737

West never travelled to America.
Resigned before taking the governorship so that he could continue serving in the military and in the House of Lords.[99]

text: Governors of New Jersey (1738–76)[edit]

text: After tensions were provoked with the Penn's Walking Purchase in 1737, relations between colonists and the region's Native American tribes became increasingly hostile.[102][103] During these years, colonists left the seacoast cities and settled the colony's northwestern wilderness. Much of the provincial government's actions during this time was organizing the wilderness into townships often named after English and colonial political figures. By the 1750s, violent raids against these settlers, and fears that the French were supporting these hostilities led to the French and Indian War.[104]

text: During this time, the colonial government provided generous monetary rewards to colonists who killed Indians, established a line of fortifications in the Minisink (i.e., the upper valley of the Delaware River), and mustered military units (the New Jersey Frontier Guard and 1st New Jersey Regiment) to defend this frontier and carry out punitive raids on Indian villages.[104][105] Hostilities began to subside with the Treaty of Easton in October 1758, negotiated by New Jersey Royal Governor Francis Bernard, Pennsylvania Attorney-General Benjamin Chew, and chiefs of 13 Native American nations, led by Teedyuscung.[103]:pp.102–123

text: New Jersey was the only province to have two colleges established during the colonial period, and the colony's governors were influential in their establishment.[106][107] Governors John Hamilton, John Reading, and Jonathan Belcher aided the establishment of The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) which was founded in 1746 in Elizabethtown by a group of Great Awakening "New Lighters" that included Jonathan Dickinson, Aaron Burr, Sr. and Peter Van Brugh Livingston.[108][109] In 1756, the school moved to Princeton.[110][111] In 1766, Governor William Franklin issued the charters to establish Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Brunswick to "educate the youth in language, liberal, the divinity, and useful arts and sciences" and for the training of future ministers for the Dutch Reformed Church. Franklin issued a second charter in 1770 after the college's trustees requested amendments.[112][113][114]

text: In the last year of William Franklin's tenure, his power was diminished and he became marginalized by the rebellious sentiment rising in the colony's residents. The province was being run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey (1775–76). While colonial militia had put Franklin under house arrest in January 1776, he would not be formally deposed until June 1776 when the colony's Provincial Congress had him imprisoned. Franklin considered the Provincial Congress to be an "illegal assembly."[115] Under the direction of its president Samuel Tucker (1721–89), the Provincial Congress proceeded to adopt a state constitution and reorganize the province into an independent state.[116] The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston as its first governor on 31 August 1776.[117][118]

text:
Portrait
Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes

Lewis Morris
(1671–1746)
1738
1746

Previously served in the Provincial Council, Assembly and as acting governor.[97]
Morris died in office in 1746.[97]
Morris County, Morristown, Morris Plains, and Morris Township are named in his honour.[119]
Morris's tenure was marked with bitter disputes and deadlocks between himself and factions in the colonial legislature—so bitter that after his death when his widow requested the arrears on his salary, the legislature refused citing that the request was "a subject so universally disliked...there is none will say one Word in its Favour."[97]

—
John Hamilton
1746
1747

See notes above.

—
John Reading
(1686–1767)
1747
1747

Acting governor in his role as President of Council.
Readington Village and Readington Township in Hunterdon County was named in his honour.[120]

Jonathan Belcher
(1681/2–1757)
1747
1757

Aided the early development of The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).[111]
Fortified the upper Delaware River valley to prevent Indian attacks during the French and Indian War.[105]
Thomas Pownall was appointed to be Belcher's Lieutenant Governor (1755–57), the first since Richard Ingoldesby served under Lord Cornbury and Lord Lovelace, and the last until the state reinstated the office in 2010.[121] Pownall assumed the governorship of Massachusetts on August 3, 1757.[122]
Belcher died in office on 31 August 1757.[123]

—
John Reading
(1686–1767)
1757
1758

See notes above.

Francis Bernard
(1712–79)
1758
1760

Arrived in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, on 14 June 1758.[124]
In late 1759 was appointed governor of Massachusetts.[125]
Bernardsville, a borough in Somerset County is named in his honour.[126]

—
Thomas Boone
(c.1730–1812)
1760
1761

Appointed in 1759, but did not arrive in New Jersey until 10 May 1760, and did not meet with the colonial assembly until 30 October 1760.[127]
In 1761, Boone was appointed Governor of South Carolina.[128]
Boonton in Morris County was named in his honour.[129][130]

—
Josiah Hardy
(1715–90)
1761
1763

Son of Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Hardy (1680–1744), Lord commissioner of the Admiralty, brother to Sir Charles Hardy (1716–80), Royal Governor of New York.[131]
Hardy gained “a reputation for promptness, attentiveness and openness” as New Jersey's governor.[131]
Replaced in 1763 in an effort to impose greater imperial authority over the colonies following the French and Indian War.[131]
Hardyston Township in Sussex County was named in his honour.[132]

William Franklin
(c.1730–1814)
1763
1776

Despite his reputation for arrogance, stubbornness and a fiery temper, Franklin is considered one of the more popular and successful chief executives in New Jersey history.[133]
Issued charters to found Queen's College (now Rutgers University).[114]
Franklin was placed under house arrest by colonial militia in 1776 by the order of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, an entity he referred to as an "illegal assembly."[115]
Franklin Township and Franklin Lakes in Bergen County,[134] and possibly Franklin Township in Somerset County,[135] were named in his honour.


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: when does boku no hero academia season 2 episode 22 come out

root

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin"
"Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン)
April 3, 2016

In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero, despite not having a Quirk himself, until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by no other than All Might, the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood.

2
"What It Takes to Be a Hero"
"Hiro no Jouken" (ヒーローの条件)
April 10, 2016

Izuku discovers that All Might's true form is that of a frail, emaciated man, who suffered a massive injury years ago. All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream. Disheartened, Izuku makes his way home, only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain. With no heroes around able to fight the villain, Izuku, without any thought given, rushes in.

3
"Roaring Muscles"
"Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉)
April 17, 2016

All Might tells Izuku of his quirk, "One For All", a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person. While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk, bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body. All Might then designs a ten-month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it.

4
"Start Line"
"Sutaatorain" (スタートライン)
April 24, 2016

After receiving All Might's Quirk, the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training. During the practical exam, Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue.

5
"What I Can Do For Now"
"Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを)
May 1, 2016

It's Izuku's first day as a student of U.A. High School. However, his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks. Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion, and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly.

6
"Rage, You Damned Nerd"
"Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード)
May 8, 2016

Now donning their own hero costumes, the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities. Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka, the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy. However, also to his dismay, one of his opponents is Bakugō, who always mocked him for his quirklessness, and is now furious at him.

7
"Deku vs. Kacchan"
(デクvsかっちゃん)
May 15, 2016

The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō's devastating attacks, leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself. As the time limit approaches, Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him, until he comes up with a better idea.

8
"Bakugō's Starting Line"
"Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。)
May 22, 2016

After losing against Izuku in the mock battle, Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers. After recovering from his injuries, Izuku attempts to cheer him up, to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret. Meanwhile, news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt.

9
"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!"
"Ii zo Ganbare Iida-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！)
May 29, 2016

Izuku is chosen as the class president, much to his surprise, but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position. The students are then assigned to another field exercise, but before it begins, a horde of villains suddenly appear before them.

10
"Encounter with the Unknown"
"Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇)
June 5, 2016

The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap. Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta, but after learning more about their powers, he comes up with a plan to turn the tides literally. Elsewhere, Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help.

11
"Game Over"
"Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー)
June 12, 2016

The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends' help. Once it's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them, the Villains' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might's pride before they leave, when All Might himself appears.

12
"All Might"
"Ōrumaito" (オールマイト)
June 19, 2016

Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon, the multi-quirk monster called "Noumu" against All Might, who finds himself in a pinch, until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him, but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school.

13
"In Each of Their Hearts"
"Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に)
June 26, 2016

Although he was able to defeat the Noumu, All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki, but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and forcing him to retreat. As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued, All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life, but elsewhere, Shigaraki confers with his master, implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning.

tag: table

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Series no.
Episode no.
Title[a]
Original air date[9]

13.5
0
"Hero Notebook"
"Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート)
March 25, 2017[11]

A recap of the first season.
Note: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[10]

14
1
"That's the Idea, Ochaco"
"Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん)
April 1, 2017

Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[12]

15
2
"Roaring Sports Festival"
"Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭)
April 8, 2017

Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[13]

16
3
"In Their Own Quirky Ways"
"Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね)
April 15, 2017

During the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round.

17
4
"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy"
"Saku Saku Saku" (策策策)
April 22, 2017

In the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Fumikage and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves.

18
5
"Cavalry Battle Finale"
"Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着)
April 29, 2017

As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together.

19
6
"The Boy Born with Everything"
"Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子)
May 6, 2017

The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[14]

20
7
"Victory or Defeat"
"Kachimake" (勝ち負け)
May 13, 2017

In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[15]

21
8
"Battle on, Challengers!"
"Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー)
May 20, 2017

The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[16]

22
9
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka"
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪)
May 27, 2017

Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki.

23
10
"Shoto Todoroki: Origin"
"Todoroki ase kō: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン)
June 3, 2017

Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[17]

24
11
"Fight on, Iida"
"Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト)
June 10, 2017

Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League.

25
12
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo"
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪)
June 17, 2017

Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his "Howitzer Impact", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years.

26
13
"Time to Pick Some Names"
"Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会)
June 24, 2017

The Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship.

27
14
"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears"
"Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る)
July 8, 2017

The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All.

28
15
"Midoriya and Shigaraki"
"Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木)
July 15, 2017

Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Haso, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[18]

29
16
"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students"
"Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒)
July 22, 2017

Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.
Note: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[19]

30
17
"Climax"
"Ketchaku" (決着)
July 29, 2017

Tenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.
Note: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[20]

31
18
"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain"
"'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波)
August 5, 2017

Following Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself.

32
19
"Everyone's Internships"
"Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験)
August 12, 2017

Anime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.
Note: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[21]

33
20
"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past"
"Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話)
August 19, 2017

Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.
Note: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[22]

34
21
"Gear up for Final Exams"
"Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト)
September 2, 2017

Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.
Note: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[23]

35
22
"Yaoyorozu: Rising"
"Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング)
September 9, 2017

Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[24]

36
23
"Stripping the Varnish"
"Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮)
September 16, 2017

Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.
Note: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25]

37
24
"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin"
"Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン)
September 23, 2017

The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26]

38
25
"Encounter"
"Enkauntā" (エンカウンター)
September 30, 2017

At the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp.

text: OVA[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

OVA 1
"Save! Rescue Training!"
(救え!救助訓練! Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!)
November 27, 2016 (event)
April 4, 2017 (DVD)

OVA 2
"Training Of The Dead"
(トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド)
June 2, 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.

tag: ol


document_title: Field goal percentage

question_text: who has the highest shooting percentage in nba history

text: Field goal percentage

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted. Its abbreviation is FG%. Although three-point field goal percentage is often calculated separately, three-point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage. Instead of using scales of 0 to 100%, the scale .000 to 1.000 is commonly used. A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency. In basketball, a FG% of .500 (50%) or above is considered a good percentage, although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions. Guards usually have lower FG% than forwards and centers. Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player, but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots. In the NBA, Center Shaquille O'Neal has a high career FG% (around .580) because he plays near the basket making many high percentage layups and slam dunks. Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG% (around .420) because he took the bulk of his team's shot attempts, even with high difficulty shots.

tag: p

text: The NBA career record for field goal percentage is held by DeAndre Jordan at 0.677. The highest field goal percentage for a single season was set by Wilt Chamberlain with 0.727 in the 1972–73 season.

text: Field goal percentages were substantially lower in the NBA until the mid-to-late 1960s.[1] For this reason, many early NBA stars have low field goal percentages, such as Bob Cousy at .375, and George Mikan, Bob Pettit, and Bill Russell, whose career field goal percentages of .404, .436, and .440, respectively, are much lower than later post players.[2]

text: Three-point field goal percentage is usually kept as additional statistics. Its abbreviation is 3FG%. A 3FG% of .400 and above is a very good percentage.


document_title: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who played mike's brother on last man standing

question_tokens: who played mike 's brother on last man standing

text: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, grandson, and the young men married to or dating his daughters.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Mike Baxter: Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores. He fervently supports "traditional" American values, is a Protestant and is politically conservative. Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve, the youngest and most athletic daughter, and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own. He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries, including school work, hunting and playing sports. Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man's young slow-witted employee Kyle (who later becomes his son-in-law), and with Ryan, his politically liberal son-in-law married to his oldest daughter, and the father of Mike's grandson, Boyd. The video blog or "vlog" that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views. Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT.[2]
Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter, Mike's wife: Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking". In season four, Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher. After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts, Vanessa begins her own tutoring business.  Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five, when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president, mainly because she thinks it will advance women's causes. She is shown drinking wine frequently, and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it. She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology. Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct, but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races. Despite this, she and her African-American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along. Vanessa's humor includes bad puns, which irritate Mike and the girls no end.
Amanda Fuller (seasons 2–present[3]) and Alexandra Krosney (season 1) as Kristin Beth Baxter, the oldest daughter: Kristin, unlike her father, espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous. During her senior year of high school, Kristin became pregnant with her son, Boyd. She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale. She began to reconcile with Boyd's father, Ryan Vogelson, in season three, and the two get married between seasons four and five. Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two. In season four, she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man. Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism, despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified.  Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show's first season (despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim, playing Kristin's younger sister); Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons.[4]
Molly Ephraim (seasons 1–6) and Molly McCook (recurring, season 7)[5] as Amanda Elaine "Mandy" Baxter-Anderson, the middle daughter: Mandy is not as academic as her sisters (and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework), but she excels in social situations. Interested in fashion (and little else), she was one of the most popular girls at her high school. Mandy is very confident and creative, demonstrating traits found in her father. She can be lazy, conceited, selfish, insulting, and delinquent – she drinks underage, ignores all driving laws, shoplifts from Outdoor Man, there are many implications that she smokes weed, and she has been caught staying out all night – but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring. She started dating Kyle in season 2. As of season three, she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work. Later that same season, she begins an online clothing business, selling her self-designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents' house. Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5, the 100th episode. She marries Kyle in season six, but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home. Up until she turned 21, a running gag on the show was Mike, Vanessa, and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy's hand, usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse.
Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter, (series regular, seasons 1–6; recurring, season 7)[6] the youngest daughter: Eve is intelligent and athletic, and generally has the same interests as Mike, including camping, sports, guns, and the military. She also has conservative views like Mike. She is Mike's favorite daughter, and excels at her hobbies. She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys' football team as their placekicker. She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters. Eve also shares her father's sense of humor, and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy. Eve is an excellent student, whose only weak subject is art, though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher. Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point. Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful, which seriously depresses her, so in season six, Eve decides to take a "personal year" rather than immediately attend college. She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money, but this proves to be unfruitful. During her gap year, Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs, and is accepted.
Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson, a young employee at Outdoor Man: Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy. Kyle idolizes Mike, having grown up without a father figure. Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia, and it is implied he grew up in her home. Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him. Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five, and marrying Mandy in season six.
Héctor Elizondo as Edward "Ed" Alzate, Mike's longtime business partner: Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike, who helped turn the shop into the 20-store Outdoor Man chain.[7] Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike, but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values. Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice. Having been divorced four times, Ed's suggestions are rarely helpful. He also has 5 daughters. Ed is a Vietnam veteran, although he saw no combat in Vietnam, stating that he was a clerk in Saigon. He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork. Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair, most often from Mike. It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia.
Flynn Morrison (regular, seasons 2–6), Jet Jurgensmeyer (recurring, season 7)[5] and Evan and Luke Kruntchev (recurring, season 1) as Boyd Baxter, Kristin's son: Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd, and affectionately views him as the son he never had. Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised. Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather.
Jordan Masterson (regular, seasons 2–present) and Nick Jonas (guest star, season 1) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's Canadian father: Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant, he returned to be involved in Boyd's upbringing, and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged (at the end of season 3). Ryan holds liberal views, both politically and philosophically, and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing. Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion, hunting culture and nationalism, however, neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach. His vegan diet, views on discipline, and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs, but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike's side. On rare occasions, Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd, but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa. Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son-in-law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father.
Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (regular, seasons 4–present; recurring, seasons 2–3), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor: Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man. Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes, and they regularly exchange barbs as if they don't like each other. In reality, they are good friends, despite being unwilling to admit it. Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges, often telling them to "get a room". Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son, Brandon, who is the same age as Eve.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store ("Bud's Buds") after it becomes legal in Colorado.
Christina Moore as April (seasons 1 & 3), Vanessa's air-headed and immature younger sister. She is always asking for money.
Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season 1), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app.
Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (seasons 2–6), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor. She is also Vanessa's best friend. Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open-minded around her, but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol.
Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez (seasons 2–4), the Baxters' Guatemalan-born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business. The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen.
Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris (seasons 2–6), Eve's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (seasons 2–3), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works. Thomas also had a cameo as "Randy" (a nod to his Home Improvement character) in the season 4 episode "Helen Potts", with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson.
Tye Sheridan as Justin (seasons 3–4), Eve's fellow Jr. ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend. The two break up in season 4.
Zachary Gordon as Andrew (season 3), Eve's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend.
Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin (seasons 3–5), Ed's meddling younger girlfriend, whom he meets near the end of season three. Ed routinely has to put her in her place, particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business. Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5, but the two patch things up and reunite.
Jay Leno as Joe Leonard (seasons 5–6), a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike. Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man, servicing ATVs and snowmobiles.
Travis Tope as Rob (season 6), Eve's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder. He's a recovering alcoholic, which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement. (Episode numbers in parentheses)

text:
Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister
Cassandra Peterson as Elvira
Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance
Tony Hawk as himself
Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate, one of Ed's five daughters (not including the war baby)
Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem
Kim Kardashian as herself
Tony Stewart as himself
Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter, Mike's younger brother
Frankie Muniz as Richard, who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan
Melanie Paxson as Liz
Richard Karn as Bill McKendree. Karn portrayed Al Borland, co-worker and friend to Tim Allen's character on Home Improvement
Si Robertson as Uncle Ray
Willie Robertson as Brody
Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin
Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts, the Baxters' widowed neighbor. Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor, the wife of Tim Allen's character in Home Improvement
Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson, Ryan's estranged father
Blake Clark as Clark, the owner of a club in which Eve performed. Clark played Harry Turner, Tim's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement
Robin Roberts as Teresa, a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran
Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy, Mike's mountain-climbing former girlfriend
Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul, the new pastor of the Baxter family's church. Nancy Travis played Bill's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show.
Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork124October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)ABC218November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)322September 20, 2013 (2013-09-20)April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)422October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)522September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)622September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up.[8] In January 2011, ABC green-lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man.[9][10] On February 18, Tim Allen, who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning, officially joined the project in the lead role.[11][12][13] At the end of March, Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen's "smart and loving wife who doesn't miss much".[14][15][16] Soon thereafter, Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen's character.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 13, 2011, ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011–2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing.[18] On May 17, 2011, ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern/7 Central.[19] It debuted on October 11, 2011, with the first two episodes airing in a one-hour premiere.[20]

text: On November 3, 2011, the series was picked up for a full season of twenty-two episodes.[21] On January 12, 2012, the order was increased to twenty-four episodes.[22]

text: On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012–2013 season in November.[23][24]

text: On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[25] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[26]

text: On June 11, 2012, it was announced that Alexandra Krosney (Kristin) was let go from the show for creative reasons.[27] Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2.[28] On June 19, 2012, it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev, who played the role of Boyd in season 1, would not be returning; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2.[29] The character of Boyd was also age-advanced from two years old to five years old.[30] Jordan Masterson plays Ryan, Boyd's father, in a recurring role beginning in season 2.[31] The role was previously played by Nick Jonas, who guest-starred in one episode in season 1.[32]

text: The second season initially received a 13-episode order. ABC announced on November 12, 2012, that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[33] On November 27, five more episodes were ordered to bring the second-season episode total to 18.[34]

text: On May 10, 2013, the series was renewed for a third season,[35] which premiered on September 20, 2013, and ended on April 25, 2014, after 22 episodes.[36]

text: On May 10, 2014, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2014.[37] Allen and Elizondo guest-starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela.[38]

text: On May 10, 2015, ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season. Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC, which with the help of Shark Tank and 20/20 has become the top network among adults 18–49 for the night. Leading off Friday night for ABC, the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 8.2 million viewers overall, according to Nielsen's Live+7 estimates.[39][40]

text: On May 13, 2016, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 23, 2016.[41]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On May 10, 2017, ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons, despite the series being the second-most-watched ABC sitcom during the 2016–17 season (based on Live+7 figures), with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season.[42] A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC. "This was a scheduling decision," wrote Jori Arancio, senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios. ABC and its production partner for the show, 20th Century Fox Television, typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season; however, the network decided to cancel the show without doing so. Also, the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show, in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production, had expired after six seasons. Had the series been renewed for a seventh season, ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing's production costs, which the network was unwilling to do.[43]

text: The cancellation was met with outrage from the show's fans, many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show.[44] It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen (who is also a real-life Republican) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, that being a Republican in Hollywood is "like 1930s Germany. You gotta be real careful around here, you know. You'll get beat up if you don't believe what everybody believes." His comment was widely criticized, especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany.[45]

text: A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23, 2017.[46] In a conference call with reporters earlier in May, ABC president Channing Dungey stated, "Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me, because it was a steady performer. Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday, it was just kind of that's where we landed." Dungey cited studio ownership, future creative direction, ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision.[47] A year later, the petition's signatures had grown to 438,000.[48]

text: Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation, tweeting on May 16, 2017: "Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years."[49]

text: On May 20, 2017, Howard Kurtzman, president of 20th Century Fox Television, reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show. "We're starting to explore that," Kurtzman said.  "...[Fox Co-President] Jonnie [Davis] and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it."[50] Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season;[51] another home was not quickly found, however.

text: In August 2017, Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show's fans to bring it back, and said the talent behind the show had much more to add.[52]

text: Revival on Fox[edit]

text: On May 3, 2018, Allen tweeted that a return "just might be a reality" and prompted the show's supporters to "keep it up".[53] The same day, TVLine reported that Fox was "poised to" resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018–19 TV season, adding that Tim Allen is "officially on board".[54] Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season, but it was "by no means a sure thing", suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed "at reasonable salaries".[55] On May 11, 2018, Fox TV's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season.[56][57][48][58] Dana Walden, chairman of Fox Television Group, later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018: "Obviously, I think everyone took a good, hard look at the performance of Roseanne. It did so well, and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge, iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen."[59]

text: On July 2, Fox announced that, in addition to Allen, series regulars Nancy Travis, Amanda Fuller, Hector Elizondo, Christoph Sanders, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot. Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season.[60] Their roles ("Mandy" and "Boyd", respectively) will be recast ahead of the new season. Kaitlyn Dever, who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable, is in negotiations to return as "Eve" in a recurring role.[61] On August 6, 2018, it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of "Mandy" and "Boyd", respectively.[5]

text: The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season; if it is renewed for an eighth season, it will be forced to move to a new time slot, as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019.[62][63]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, season one holds an approval rating of 15% based on 33 reviews, and an average rating of 4.14/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile. The first season received an 80% from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79%."[64] On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[65]

text: The Hollywood Reporter called the series "a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting."[66] Los Angeles Times: "The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed, but most have no traction; they slide right off you, and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another."[67] Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show: "When I look at the now-rounded softness of Tim Allen, and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes, it's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series."[68]

text: Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40% on Rotten Tomatoes.[69] Entertainment Weekly commented: "I think it's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family, in which the prejudice was built around real jokes."[70] The A.V. Club: "The problem with Last Man Standing's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première, which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that don't need to be pushed, as if it thinks what made [Norman] Lear's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about."[71] Philly.com wrote about season three: "The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen, Last Man Standing on ABC, is a thoroughly traditional, absolutely charming sitcom. [...] Last Man is both economical and efficient, getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players."[72]

text: The series is particularly popular among conservatives, many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family, another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies.[43] A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans.[73]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: ABC's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18–49 rating. That was 9% better than the 3.2 adults 18–49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time-slot the previous year (which was two weeks earlier in the season). Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0, down about 38% from its first-season premiere, but up about 18% from the previous season's finale.[74]

text:
Season

Timeslot (ET)

Network

No. ofepisodes

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Rank

Viewers(million)

Live + DVRviewers

Date

Premiere viewers(million)

Premiere 18–49rating/share

Date

Finale viewers(million)

Finale 18–49rating/share

1

Tuesday 8:00 pm

ABC

24

October 11, 2011

12.93[75]

3.4/10[75]

May 8, 2012

6.62[76]

1.7/5[76]

2011–12

50

9.12[77]

9.76[78]

2

Friday 8:00 pm

18

November 2, 2012

8.07[79]

2.0/7[79]

March 22, 2013

7.85[80]

1.6/6[80]

2012–13

53[81]

7.93[82]

8.34[83]

3

22

September 20, 2013

6.67[84]

1.5/6[84]

April 25, 2014

6.10[85]

1.4/6[85]

2013–14

58

7.17[86]

7.92[87]

4

22

October 3, 2014

6.91[88]

1.3/5[88]

April 17, 2015

6.16[89]

1.1/5[89]

2014–15

60[90]

8.18[90]

8.52[91]

5

22

September 25, 2015

6.26[92]

1.1/5[92]

April 22, 2016

5.94[93]

1.0/4[93]

2015–16

56[94]

7.96[94]

TBA

6

22

September 23, 2016

5.95[95]

1.1/5[95]

March 31, 2017

6.06[96]

1.1/5[96]

2016–17

41[97]

8.06[97]

TBA

7

Fox

TBA

September 28, 2018

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

2018–19

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Comedy", but lost to CBS's 2 Broke Girls.

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominee / episode

Outcome

2011

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[citation needed]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2012

People's Choice Awards

Favorite New TV Comedy

Last Man Standing

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Actor

Tim Allen

Nominated

TV Guide Magazine's Fan Favorites Awards

Favorite Comeback[98]

Won

Young Artist Awards

Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress

Kaitlyn Dever

Nominated

2013

Environmental Media Awards

Television Episodic Comedy[99]

"Mother Fracker"

Won

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[100]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2014

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series

Donald A. Morgan – "Eve's Boyfriend"

Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[101]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2015

ASCAP Screen Music Awards

Top Television Series[102]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

text: Home media[edit]

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

Last Man Standing: The Complete First Season

24

May 13, 2014

Last Man Standing: The Complete Second Season

18

Last Man Standing: The Complete Third Season

22

October 28, 2014

Last Man Standing: The Complete Fourth Season

22

October 5, 2015

Last Man Standing: The Complete Fifth Season

22

June 26, 2018

Last Man Standing: The Complete Sixth Season

22

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On September 3, 2015, it was announced that ABC Family (now Freeform) had obtained syndication rights to the series, which began airing episodes on September 28, 2015.[103] As of 2018, Freeform no longer airs the series. On May 15, 2015, it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom, and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31, 2017.[104] On September 4, 2015, the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes. The series also joined WGN America on April 30, 2018. Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix. Currently, all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S.;[105] on Fox8,
Network Ten and Eleven (previously aired on One) in Australia;[106] City in Canada; and TV3 in New Zealand.[107]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on October 9, 2012 on Sky One,[108] which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings; the show was bought by E4, where it premiered on March 13, 2017;[109] Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017; in 2018, 5STAR acquired the show for reruns.

text: In Israel, it airs on yes Comedy.[citation needed]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Since becoming series regulars in season 4, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear.


document_title: Home care

question_text: what is the purpose of home based care

question_tokens: what is the purpose of home based care

text: Home care

text: United States[edit]

text: Professionals providing care[edit]

text: Professionals providing home health care include licensed practical nurses, registered nurses,  physical therapists, occupational therapists and social workers. Rehabilitation services may be provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech and language pathologists and dietitians.[citation needed] Professionals can be independent practitioners, part of a larger organization, or part of a franchise.

text: Home care aides, Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs), and caregivers are trained to provide non-custodial or non-medical care, such as help with dressing, bathing, getting in and out of bed, and using the toilet. They may also prepare meals, accompany the client to medical visits, grocery shop, provide companionship and do various other errands.

text: Concept[edit]

text: "Home care", "home health care" and "in-home care" are phrases that have been used interchangeably in the United States to mean any type of care - skilled or otherwise - given to a person in their own home. There is, however, a distinction made on a state-by-state basis according to how each state regulates the home care industry. In New York State, for example, "home health care" is used to describe medical services performed at home by a healthcare professional, whereas "home care" describes non-medical, private duty care. Other states do not make the same distinction, but the difference between the two must be accounted for when dealing with Medicare reimbursements.[3]

text: Home care aims to make it possible for people to remain at home rather than use residential, long-term, or institutional-based nursing care. Home health care providers deliver services in the client's own home. These services may include some combination of professional health care services and life assistance services. Professional home health services may include medical or psychological assessment, wound care, medication teaching, pain management, disease education and management, physical therapy, speech therapy, or occupational therapy. Home care services include help with daily tasks such as meal preparation, medication reminders, laundry, light housekeeping, errands, shopping, transportation, and companionship. Home care is often an integral component of the post-hospitalization recovery process, especially during the initial weeks after discharge when the patient still requires some level of regular physical assistance.

text:
Activities of daily living (ADL) refers to activities, including bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, eating, and walking, that reflect the patient's capacity for self-care.
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) refers to daily tasks, including light housework, preparing meals, taking medications, shopping for groceries or clothes, using the telephone, and managing money, that enables the patient to live independently in the community.

text: While there are differences in terms used in describing aspects of home care or home health care in the United States and other areas of the world, for the most part the descriptions are very similar.

text: Estimates for the U.S. indicate that most home care is informal, with families and friends providing a substantial amount of care. For formal care, the health care professionals most often involved are nurses followed by physical therapists and home care aides. Other health care providers include respiratory and occupational therapists, medical social workers and mental health workers. Home health care is generally paid for by Medicaid, Medicare, long term insurance, or paid with the patient's own resources.

text: Home Health Software[edit]

text: Home health care software or home care software falls under the broad category of Health care Information Technology (HIT). HIT is "the application of information processing involving both computer hardware and software that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of health care information, data, and knowledge for communication and decision making"[4]

text: Aide worker qualifications[edit]

text: The state department of health issues requirement for that state. Workers can take an examination to become a state tested Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA). Other requirements in the U.S.A. often include a background check, drug testing, and general references.

text: Licensure and providers by state[edit]

text: California does not have licensure for non medical or custodial care services, and as such there are no entry requirements or minimum standards.

text: Full service agencies do preemployment background checks, including (criminal), department of motor vehicle, and reference checks. Full service agencies also train, monitor and supervise the staff that provide care to clients in their home.

text: There is a certification available for home care companies in California, administered by the California Association for Health Services at Home.[5]

text: Florida is a licensure state which requires different levels of licensing depending upon the services provided. Companion assistance is provided by a home maker companion agency whereas nursing services and assistance with ADLs can be provided by a home health agency or nurse registry. The state licensing authority is the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration.[6]

text: Compensation[edit]

text: Compensation varies according to discipline, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the 2012 median hourly wage for home health aides was $10.01 per hour with the median annual wage of $20,820.[7] There is a fair deal of variance in the compensation offered to Home health aides across different states. For example, Alaska had the highest annual wage of approximately $29,100 and West Virginia on the other end of the spectrum had the average salary of $18,020.[8]

text: Supreme Court case relating to fees[edit]

text: Since 1974 until 2015, home care work was classified as a "companionship service" and exempted from federal overtime and minimum wage rules under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Supreme Court considered arguments on the companionship exemption in a case brought by a home care worker represented by counsel provided by Service Employees International Union. This 2003 case, Evelyn Coke v. Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. and Maryann Osborne, argued that agency-employed home caregivers should be covered under overtime and minimum wage regulations.

text: Evelyn Coke, a home care worker employed by a home care agency that was not paying her overtime, sued the agency in 2003, alleging that the regulation construing the "companionship services" exemption to apply to agency employees and exempt them from the federal minimum wage and overtime law is inconsistent with the law.[9] The Supreme Court heard the case in 2009.

text: In the court decision, the court stated the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1974 exempted from the minimum wage and maximum hours rules of the FSLA persons "employed in domestic service employment to provide companionship services for individuals ... unable to care for themselves." 29 U. S. C. §213(a)(15). The court found that the power of the Department of Labor (DOL)  to administer a congressionally created program necessarily requires the making of rules to fill any 'gap' left, implicitly or explicitly, by Congress, and when that agency fills that gap reasonably, it is binding. In this case, one of the gaps was whether to include workers paid by third parties in the exemption and the DOL had done that. Since the DOL followed public notice procedure, and since there was a gap left in the legislation, the DOLs regulation stood and home health care workers were not covered by either minimum wage or overtime pay requirements (but see below).

text: Department of Labor Rule[edit]

text: A rule issued from the DOL, entitled "Application of the Fair Labor Standards Act to Domestic Service," and meant to be effective from January 1, 2015,  was written to revise "the definition of 'companionship services' to clarify and narrow the duties that fall within the term; in addition third party employers, such  as home care agencies, will not be able to claim either of the exemptions [from federal overtime or minimum wage rules.] The major effect of this Final Rule [would be] that more domestic service workers will be protected by the FLSA's minimum wage, overtime, and recordkeeping provisions."[10] However, Home Care Associates of America, the International Franchise Association (IFA), and the National Association for Home Care & Hospice sued the DOL in regards to the rule, and a federal district court threw out the rule.[11] The Labor Department then appealed.[11] In August 2015, the rule was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.[12]

text: Statistics on consumers[edit]

text: Payment[edit]

text: 710,000 paid by Medicare - Medicare often is the primary billing source, if this is the primary carrier between two types of insurance (like between Medicare and Medicaid). Also, if a patient has Medicare and that patient has a "skilled need" requiring nursing visits, the patient's case is typically billed under Medicare.[citation needed]

text: 235,000 paid by private insurance, or self/family - Private insurance includes VA (Veterans Administration), some Railroad or Steelworkers health plans or other private insurance.  "Self/family" indicates "private pay" status, when the patient or family pays 100% of all home care charges. Home care fees can be quite high; few patients & families can absorb these costs for a long period of time.[13]

text: Types of Services[edit]

text: Home care services are available to individuals who require intermittent or part-time skilled nursing care and/or rehabilitation therapies.[14] The typically services available under the designated term "home care" include nursing care, such as changing dressings, monitoring medications, providing basic daily activities like bathing, short term rehabilitation, occupational and speech therapy.[14] Some home health providers also include non-medical homemaker services including meal preparation, shopping, transportation, and some specific household chores.[14]

text: The types of services available for home care have expanded throughout the history of the United States health care system do to continuous modernization of medical technology, particularly in the 1980s.[14]  Prior to the expansion, specialty services like intravenous antibiotics, oncology therapy, hemodialysis, parenteral and enteral nutrition and ventilator care, were only available in the hospital setting.[14] This newly available technology has proven cost effective and improves the quality of life, increasing independency and flexibility for patients.

text: Hospice care is a method of care that can be included in the home care realm, but is also available as in inpatient service. Hospice is a cluster of comprehensive services for the terminally ill with a medically determined life expectancy of 6 months or less.[14] Whether hospice services are performed at home or in a medical facility, the emphasis of care are the same; pain and symptom management, which is referred to as palliation.[14]

text: The available home care services are provided by mix of physicians, registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, physical therapists, social workers, speech language pathologists, occupational therapists, dietitians, home care aides, homemaker and chore workers, companions and volunteers.[14]

text: The United Kingdom[edit]

text: see also Home care in the United Kingdom

text: Research and program accreditation[edit]

text:
Lotus Shyu & Lee found that providing home nursing care is more suitable for patients rather than in-house nursing-home care for patients that are not seriously ill and who do not need the services after discharge from the hospital.[15]  Modin and Furhoff regard the roles of patients' doctors as more crucial than their nurses and care workers.[16]  However, from an epidemiological standpoint, the risks of some community acquired infections are higher from home nursing than from inpatient nursing home care.[17]  In regards to financial expenditure, home nursing care is more cost effective than inpatient nursing home care.[18]  The quality aspect of home nursing has been reviewed by Riccio.[19]  Christensen & Grönvall study the challenges and opportunities of providing communication technologies supporting the cooperation between home care workers and family members. Although they provide home care for older adults in
cooperation, family members and care workers harbour diverging attitudes and values towards their joint efforts. This state of affairs is a challenge for the design of ICT for home care.[20]