document_title: List of South Park cast members

question_text: who does the voice of stan on south park

root

text: List of South Park cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters.[2][14][15] Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her suicide on November 11, 1999. Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman in 2000, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003). She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters. Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters.[16] Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar,[17] while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl.[18]

tag: p

text: Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters; supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens,[15] co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices the school's only black student, Token Black,[19] writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie,[15] and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison.[20] Animation director and producer Eric Stough also voices Kenny McCormick "un-muffled," in the few episodes where the character does not wear his trademark parka that normally muffles his voice.[21] Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff.[22]

text: When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.[23][24][25]

text: Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, a black, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted.[26][27] Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White.[28] Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with South Park, would record his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a respective episode's director would give directions over the phone, then the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California.[29] After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef".

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Celebrities who appear on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities lend their voice to their characters. Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer,[30][31] Brent Musburger,[32] Jay Leno,[33] Robert Smith,[34] and the bands Radiohead and Korn.[35][36] Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years.[4] Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip".[37]

text: Jennifer Aniston,[38] Richard Belzer,[39] Natasha Henstridge,[34] Norman Lear,[40] and Peter Serafinowicz[41] have guest starred as other speaking characters. During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show. As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride",[42] Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut",[42] and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode "City on the Edge of Forever".[43] Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode "Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #2".[44]

text: Trey Parker[edit]

text: Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr. Garrison. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr. Hankey, Mr. Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip.

text: Matt Stone[edit]

text: Matt Stone voices three of the main characters: Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick and Butters Stotch. He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Gerald Broflovski, Stuart McCormick, Craig Tucker, Jimbo Kern, Terrance, Saddam Hussein, Tweek Tweak, Mr. Adler and Jesus.

text: Mona Marshall[edit]

text: Mona Marshall voices Sheila Broflovski and Linda Stotch.

text: April Stewart[edit]

text: April Stewart voices Liane Cartman, Sharon Marsh, Carol McCormick, Shelley Marsh, Mayor McDaniels, Principal Victoria and Wendy Testaburger.

text: List[edit]

text:
Actor
Character(s)

Trey Parker
Stan Marsh
Eric Cartman

Randy Marsh
Mr. Garrison

Grampa Marsh
Clyde Donovan

Ned Gerblansky
Dr. Alphonse Mephesto and Kevin

Mr. Hankey
Santa Claus

Mr. Mackey
Stephen Stotch

Officer Barbrady
Ms. Choksondik (2000–2002)

Timmy
Jimmy Valmer

Tuong Lu Kim
Phillip

PC Principal
Skeeter

Satan
Richard Tweak

Matt Stone
Kyle Broflovski
Kenny McCormick

Butters Stotch
Craig Tucker

Stuart McCormick
Gerald Broflovski

Jimbo Kern
Pip Pirrup (1997–2010)

Terrance
Saddam Hussein (1998–2003)

Kevin Stoley
Father Maxi

Tweek Tweak
Mr. Adler

Jesus
David

Mona Marshall
Sheila Broflovski
Linda Stotch

April Stewart
Liane Cartman
Sharon Marsh

Carol McCormick
Shelley Marsh

Mayor McDaniels
Principal Victoria

Wendy Testaburger
Mrs. Tweak

tag: table

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include John Hansen, Vernon Chatman, Adrien Beard and Jennifer Howell.

text:
Actor
Character(s)
Notes

John Hansen
Mr. Slave[20]
Guest starred in several episodes during the series

Vernon Chatman
Towelie
Guest starred as Towelie in "Towelie" and "Crippled Summer"[15]

Adrien Beard
Token Black[19][45]
Guest starred in several episodes during the series

Jennifer Howell
Bebe Stevens
Guest starred in several episodes during the series[15]

Jessica Makinson
Heidi Turner
Guest starred in several episodes during the series[46]

text: Casting changes[edit]

text: Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her suicide on November 11, 1999. Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman in 2000, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003). She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters. Isaac Hayes, who voiced the character Chef, left the show after Parker and Stone's depiction of his religion Scientology in the episode "Trapped in the Closet".

text:
Actor
Character(s)
Notes

Mary Kay Bergman
Liane Cartman, Sheila Broflovski, Shelly Marsh, Sharon Marsh, Mayor McDaniels, Mrs. McCormick, Wendy Testaburger, Principal Victoria and Ms. Crabtree
Replaced after her suicide in 1999. The last episode to feature her voice was Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics.

Eliza Schneider
Liane Cartman, Shelly Marsh, Sharon Marsh, Mayor McDaniels, Mrs. McCormick, Wendy Testaburger, Principal Victoria and Ms. Crabtree
Schneider and Mona Marshall replaced Mary Kay Bergman after her suicide in 1999. Schneider left after the show's seventh season.[47]

Isaac Hayes
Chef
Left after the episode "Trapped in the Closet", which mocked his religion Scientology.[13] The character appeared again in the first episode of Season 10, but only through archived recordings of Hayes' voice.


document_title: They Call Us Monsters

question_text: they call us monsters where are they from

text: They Call Us Monsters

text: They Call Us Monsters is a 2016 American documentary directed and produced by Ben Lear. The film follows three juveniles: Juan Gamez, Antonio Hernandez and Jarad Nava.[1] The teenagers participate in a screenwriting class at Barry J. Nidorf Juvenile Hall in Los Angeles, California with producer Gabriel Cowan.[2][3]

text: Plot[edit]

text: The documentary follows three young juvenile offenders who signed up for a screenwriting class with producer Gabriel Cowan as they await their respective trials in Los Angeles County. Arrested at 16, Jarad faces 200 years-to-life for four attempted murders; Juan, also arrested at 16, faces 90-to-life for first-degree murder; Antonio was arrested at 14 and faces 90-to-life for two attempted murders.[4]


document_title: Racewalking

question_text: who has the power to disqualify the athlete in race walking during the competition

text: Racewalking

text: Rules[edit]

text: There are two rules that govern racewalking.[3][4] The first dictates that the athlete's back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact. The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the unaided human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye.[citation needed]

text: Athletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips.  If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward, and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion.  Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground.  World-class racewalkers (male and female) can average under four and five minutes per kilometre in a 20-km racewalk.[5]

text: Distances[edit]

text: Races have been walked at distances as short as 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)—at the 1920 Summer Olympics—and as long as 100 km (62.1 mi). The men's world record for the 50-mile race walk is held by Israeli Shaul Ladany, whose time of 7:23:50 in 1972 beat the world record that had stood since 1935.[6] The modern Olympic events are the 20 km (12.4 mi) race walk (men and women) and 50 km (31 mi) race walk (men only). One example of a longer racewalking competition is the annual Paris-Colmar which is 450 to 500 km.

text: Judges[edit]

text: There are judges on the course to monitor form. Three judges submitting "red cards" for violations results in disqualification. There is a scoreboard placed on the course so competitors can see their violation status. If the third violation is received, the chief judge removes the competitor from the course by showing a red paddle. For monitoring reasons, races are held on a looped course or on a track so judges get to see competitors several times during a race. A judge could also "caution" a competitor that he or she is in danger of losing form by showing a paddle that indicates either losing contact or bent knees. No judge may submit more than one card for each walker and the chief judge may not submit any cards; it is his or her job only to disqualify the offending walker. Disqualifications are routine at the elite level, such as the famous case of Jane Saville, disqualified within sight of a gold medal in front of her home crowd in the 2000 Summer Olympics, or Yet Lyu, disqualified 20 meters before the finish line at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Racewalking developed as one of the original track and field events of the first meeting of the English Amateur Athletics Association in 1880. The first racewalking codes came from an attempt to regulate rules for popular 19th century long distance competitive walking events, called pedestrianism. Pedestrianism had developed, like footraces and horse racing, as a popular working class British and American pastime, and a venue for wagering. Walkers organised the first English amateur walking championship in 1866, which was won by John Chambers, and judged by the "fair heel and toe" rule. This rather vague code was the basis for the rules codified at the first Championships Meeting in 1880 of the Amateur Athletics Association in England, the birth of modern athletics. With football (soccer), cricket, and other sports codified in the 19th century, the transition from professional pedestrianism to amateur racewalking was, while relatively late, part of a process of regularisation occurring in most modern sports at this time.

text: Olympics[edit]

text: Racewalking is an Olympic athletics (track and field) event with distances of 20 kilometres for both men and women and 50 kilometres for men only. Racewalking first appeared in the modern Olympics in 1904 as a half-mile walk in the 'all-rounder,' the precursor to the 10-event decathlon. In 1908, stand-alone 1,500m and 3,000m racewalks were added, and—excluding 1924—there has been at least one racewalk (for men) in every Olympics since.  The women's racewalk became an Olympic event only in 1992, following years of active lobbying by female internationals.  A World Cup in racewalking is held biennially, and racewalk events appear in the IAAF Athletics World Championships, the Commonwealth Games and the Pan American Games, among others.

text: World Race Walking Challenge[edit]

text: Since 2003, the IAAF has organised the IAAF Race Walking Challenge, an annual worldwide competition series in which elite athletes accumulate points for the right to compete in the IAAF Race Walking Challenge Final and to share over 200,000 USD of prize money. The series of televised events takes place in several countries each year including Mexico, Spain, Russia and China.[7]

text: High school[edit]

text: Racewalking is sometimes included in high school indoor and outdoor track meets, the rules often more relaxed. The distances walked tend to be relatively short, with the 1500 m being the most commonly held event. Racing also occurs at 3 km, 5 km and 10 km, with records kept and annual rankings published.[8]

text: Top performers[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text: 20 km[edit]

text:
Mark
Athlete
Nationality
Venue
Date
Ref

1:16:36
Yusuke Suzuki
 Japan
Nomi, Ishikawa
March 15, 2015

1:16:43 # [9]
Sergey Morozov
 Russia
Saransk
June 8, 2008

1:17:02
Yohann Diniz
 France
Arles, France
March 8, 2015

1:17:16
Vladimir Kanaykin
 Russia
Saransk
September 28, 2007

1:17:21
Jefferson Pérez
 Ecuador
Paris
August 23, 2003

1:17:22
Paquillo Fernández
 Spain
Turku
April 28, 2002

1:17:23
Vladimir Stankin
 Russia
Adler
February 8, 2004

1:17:25
Bernardo Segura
 Mexico
Bergen
May 7, 1994

1:17:30
Alex Schwazer
 Italy
Lugano
March 18, 2012

1:17:33
Nathan Deakes
 Australia
Cixi City
April 23, 2005

1:17:36
Zhen Wang
 China
Taicang
March 30, 2012

1:17:38
Valeriy Borchin
 Russia
Adler
February 28, 2009

text: 50 km[edit]

text:
Mark
Athlete
Nationality
Venue
Date
Ref

3:32:33
Yohann Diniz
 France
Zurich
15 August 2014
[10]

3:34:14
Denis Nizhegorodov
 Russia
Cheboksary
11 May 2008
[11]

3:34:38
Matej Tóth
 Slovakia
Dudince
21 March 2015
[12]

3:35:47
Nathan Deakes
 Australia
Geelong
2 December 2006

3:35:59
Sergey Kirdyapkin
 Russia
London
11 August 2012

3:36:03
Robert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Paris
27 August 2003

3:36:04
Alex Schwazer
 Italy
Rosignano Solvay
11 February 2007

3:36:06
Yu Chaohong
 China
Nanjing
22 October 2005

3:36:13
Zhao Chengliang
 China
Nanjing
22 October 2005

3:36:20
Han Yucheng
 China
Nanjing
27 February 2005

text: Women[edit]

text: 20 km[edit]

text: As of August 2016

text:
Rank

Time

Athlete

Nationality

Date

Place

Ref

1

1:24:38

Liu Hong

 China

6 June 2015

A Coruña

[13]

2

1:24:47

Elmira Alembekova

 Russia

27 February 2015

Sochi

3

1:24:501
Olimpiada Ivanova
 Russia

4 March 2001

Adler

4

1:24:56
Olga Kaniskina
 Russia

28 February 2009

Adler

5

1:25:02
Elena Lashmanova
 Russia

11 August 2012
London

6

1:25:08
Vera Sokolova
 Russia

26 February 2011

Sochi

7

1:25:09
Anisya Kirdyapkina
 Russia

26 February 2011

Sochi

8

1:25:12
Lü Xiuzhi
 China

20 March 2015

Beijing

9

1:25:16
Shenjie Qieyang
 China

11 August 2012

London

10

1:25:181
Tatyana Gudkova
 Russia

19 May 2000

Moscow

text: 1 : These times were achieved without the presence of international judges to officiate the competition or post-race doping tests, thus making them invalid for world record status. However, they are accepted as personal best marks for those athletes.

tag: ul

text: 50 km[edit]

text: The women's 50 km walk is a new event, having been controversially added to the IAAF World Championships for the first time in 2017.[14]

text: As of August 2017:

text:
Rank

Time

Athlete

Nationality

Date

Place

Ref

1

4:05:56

Inês Henriques

 Portugal

13 August 2017

London

[15]

2

4:08:58

Yin Hang

 China

13 August 2017

London

[15]

3

4:10:59

Monica Svensson

 Sweden

21 October 2007

Scanzorosciate

4

4:12:16

Yelena Ginko

 Belarus

17 October 2004

Scanzorosciate

5

4:16:27

Jolanta Dukure

 Latvia

9 September 2006

Paralepa

6

4:20:49

Yang Shuqing

 China

13 August 2017

London

[15]

7

4:21:51

Katie Burnett

 United States

13 August 2017

London

[15]

8

4:25:22

Brigita Virbalytė-Dimšienė

 Lithuania

17 October 2010

Villa di Serio

9

4:28:13

Evaggelía Xinoú

 Greece

17 October 2004

Scanzorosciate

10

4:28:53

Neringa Aidietytė

 Lithuania

1 October 2006

Ivano-Frankivsk

text: 1 : These times were achieved without the presence of international judges to officiate the competition and/or post-race doping tests, thus making them invalid for world record status. However, they are accepted as personal best marks for those athletes.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Racewalking is sometimes derided as a contrived or "artificial" sport.[1]

text: In the 1966 film “Walk Don’t Run,” Jim Hutton plays a racewalker competing in the Tokyo Olympics. Cary Grant and Samantha Eggar co-star. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk,_Don%27t_Run

text: In 1992 long-time Olympic commentator Bob Costas compared it to "a contest to see who can whisper the loudest."[16]

text: The film Doctor Detroit (1983) uses racewalking as a vehicle to emphasize the "nerdy" character of the professor played by Dan Aykroyd.

text: In When Harry Met Sally (1989) Billy Crystal race walks in Central Park.

text: The television show Almost Live! features a regular sketch of the Speed Walker, played by Bill Nye as a super hero who fights crime while adhering to the competitive rules.[17]

text: A 2008 Snickers commercial featuring Mr. T, whose character derided a speed walking athlete, firing Snickers bars at him with a custom-made machine gun from a military vehicle (reminiscent of the 1980s series The A-Team in which he played B.A. Baracus) and calling him “a disgrace to the man's race” (a pun based on the two possible meanings of the word “race”), was cancelled after complaints from a North American association (even though the commercial had only been broadcast in the United Kingdom), on the basis that it was deemed offensive to homosexual men (even though no mention of homosexuality was made in the film).[18] · [19]


document_title: Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)

question_text: who was the last jockey to win the triple crown

text: Development[edit]

text: The three Triple Crown races had been run for decades before the series received its name; the Belmont Stakes was first run in 1867; the Preakness, in 1873;[2] and the Kentucky Derby, in 1875. The term was in use at least by 1923, although Daily Racing Form writer Charles Hatton is commonly credited with originating the term in 1930.[3]

text: Their order has varied. Before 1931, the Preakness was run before the Kentucky Derby eleven times. On May 12, 1917, and May 13, 1922, the Kentucky Derby and Preakness were run on the same day. Since 1931, the Kentucky Derby has been run first, followed by the Preakness, and then the Belmont.[4]

text: Each Triple Crown race is open to both colts and fillies. Although fillies have won each of the individual Triple Crown races, none has won the Triple Crown itself.[5] Despite attempts to develop a "Filly Triple Crown" or a "Triple Tiara" for fillies only, no set series of three races has consistently remained in the public eye, and at least four different configurations of races have been used. Two fillies won the series of the Kentucky Oaks, the Pimlico Oaks (now the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes), and the Coaching Club American Oaks, in 1949 and 1952, but the racing press did not designate either accomplishment as a "triple crown". In 1961, the New York Racing Association created a filly triple crown of in-state races only, but the races changed over the years. Eight fillies won the NYRA Triple Tiara between 1968 and 1993.[6]

text: Gelded colts may run in any of the three races today, but they were prohibited from entering the Belmont between 1919 and 1957. Geldings have won each of the individual races,[7][8] but like fillies, no gelding has ever won the Triple Crown. The closest was Funny Cide, who won the Derby and the Preakness in 2003.[9]

text: All the races are held on dirt tracks, rather than the turf commonly used for important races in Europe.[citation needed]

text:
Triple Crown races

Race
Date
Current Track
Location
Distance
Background
Cite
Trophy

Kentucky Derby
"The Run for the Roses"
First Saturday in May
Churchill Downs
Louisville, Kentucky
1 1⁄4 miles (2,000 m)
Inaugurated in 1875, the race was originally 1 1⁄2 miles (2,400 m) until 1896 when it was shortened to its current distance. It is the only one of the three races to have been continuously run from its inception. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (55 kg). The field has been limited to 20 horses since 1975.
[10]

The Kentucky Derby Trophy

Preakness Stakes
"The Run for the Black-Eyed Susans"
Third Saturday in May
Pimlico Race Course
Baltimore, Maryland
1 3⁄16 miles (1,900 m)
Started in 1873 and continuously run since 1894, it is the shortest of the three races. Pimlico was the home of the race from 1873 to 1889 and again from 1908 until the present. The Preakness was not run from 1891 to 1893. Weights are the same as for the Derby. Field is limited to 14 horses.
[11][12]

The Woodlawn Vase

Belmont Stakes
"The Test of the Champion"
Third Saturday following the Preakness
(first or second Saturday in June)
Belmont Park
Elmont, New York
1 1⁄2 miles (2,400 m)
Begun in 1867, it is the oldest of the three races and the longest, though not held in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-gambling legislation in New York. Race was held at various New York tracks until 1905 when Belmont Park became the permanent location. Distance varied from 1 5⁄8 to 1 1⁄8 miles (2,600 to 1,800 m) until set at 1 1⁄2 miles (2,400 m) in 1926. Weight assignments are the same as the other two races. Field is limited to 16 horses.
[13][14][15]

The August Belmont Trophy

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Triple Crown winners[16]

Year
Winner
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Breeder
Colors

1919
Sir Barton
Johnny Loftus
H. Guy Bedwell
J. K. L. Ross
John E. Madden

1930
Gallant Fox
Earl Sande
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
Belair Stud

1935
Omaha
Willie "Smokey" Saunders
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
Belair Stud

1937
War Admiral
Charles Kurtsinger
George Conway
Samuel D. Riddle
Samuel D. Riddle

1941
Whirlaway
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
Calumet Farm

1943
Count Fleet
Johnny Longden
Don Cameron
Fannie Hertz
Fannie Hertz

1946
Assault
Warren Mehrtens
Max Hirsch
King Ranch
King Ranch

1948
Citation
Eddie Arcaro
Horace A. "Jimmy" Jones
Calumet Farm
Calumet Farm

1973
Secretariat
Ron Turcotte
Lucien Laurin
Meadow Stable
Meadow Stable

1977
Seattle Slew
Jean Cruguet
William H. Turner, Jr.
Mickey and Karen L. Taylor,
Tayhill Stable/Jim Hill, et al.
Ben S. Castleman

1978
Affirmed
Steve Cauthen
Laz Barrera
Harbor View Farm
Harbor View Farm

2015
American Pharoah
Victor Espinoza
Bob Baffert
Ahmed Zayat
Ahmed Zayat

2018
Justify
Mike Smith
Bob Baffert
China Horse Club
Head of Plains Partners
Starlight Racing
WinStar Farm
John D. Gunther
 and  †

† During his 2018 bid for the Triple Crown, Justify used the colors of WinStar Farms (white, green and black star) for the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. The colors of China Horse Club (red, yellow stars and sleeves) were used in the Belmont Stakes.

text: At completion of the 2016 season, the three Triple Crown races have attracted 4,224 entrants. Of these, 292 horses have won a single leg of the Triple Crown, 52 horses have won two of the races (23 the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, 18 the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes, and 11 the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes), and 13 horses have won all three races. Pillory won both the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in 1922, a year when it was impossible to win the Triple Crown because the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were run on the same day.

text: 10 of the 13 winners have been "homebreds", owned at the time of their win by their breeders.[17]

text: Jim Fitzsimmons and Bob Baffert are the only two trainers to have two horses win the Triple Crown, with Fitzsimmons training the sire/son combination of 1930 winner Gallant Fox and 1935 winner Omaha and Baffert training 2015 winner American Pharoah and 2018 winner Justify. The wins by Fitzsimmons were also the first time that an owner and the first time that a breeder, Belair Stud holding both duties, had a repeat win of the Triple Crown. Calumet Farm is the only other owner with two Triple Crown horses, 1941 winner Whirlaway and 1948 winner Citation. Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown, both for Calumet, Whirlaway and Citation. Those two horses' trainers, Ben Jones and Jimmy Jones, were father and son.

text: All 13 horses, and most owners, trainers, and jockeys were born in the United States. The exceptions were jockey Johnny Longden, born in England and raised in Canada; French-born jockey Jean Cruguet; trainer Laz Barrera, from Cuba; and jockey Victor Espinoza, from Mexico. Secretariat's trainer, Lucien Laurin and jockey, Ron Turcotte were both Canadians. Owner Fannie Hertz was married to John D. Hertz, who was born in Slovakia; owner Ahmed Zayat was born in Egypt. Jockey Willie Saunders is considered a Canadian jockey because he grew up and established his career there, but was born in Montana. The horse Sir Barton was foaled in the United States but had a Canadian owner, J. K. L. Ross, at the time of his Triple Crown win, while Justify's owners were from both the United States and China.

text: Records[edit]

text: Secretariat holds the stakes record for each of the Triple Crown races, the Kentucky Derby (1:59 2/5), the Preakness Stakes (1:53), and the Belmont Stakes (2:24).[18][19]

text: At 18, Steve Cauthen became the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding Affirmed in 1978. At 52, Mike Smith became the oldest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding Justify in 2018.

text: Other notable achievements[edit]

text: Only one horse, Alydar, has placed (finished second) in all three races. He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths. His trainer John Veitch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse. In 1995, D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure (owner, jockey, or trainer) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses, Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont, Timber Country in the Preakness. Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races, adding his 1995 wins, having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone.[20]

text: Like Veitch, only with two different horses, Bob Baffert also had second-place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown, both owned by Ahmed Zayat: in 2012, Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I'll Have Another, then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags.[21] Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah.

text: Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner, Omaha. Affirmed sired Peteski, winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown.[22]

text: Whirlaway, in addition to winning the 1941 Triple Crown, also won the Travers Stakes that year, becoming the first and only horse to date to accomplish that feat.

text: American Pharoah, in addition to winning the 2015 Triple Crown, also won the Breeders' Cup Classic that year. As the Breeders' Cup was not established until 1984, American Pharoah was the first (and, as of 2018, only) horse to sweep all four races, a feat that came to be known as the Grand Slam.[23][24]

text: Gaps between wins[edit]

text: After the first Triple Crown winner, Sir Barton, in 1919, there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930, a gap of 11 years. Between 1930 and 1948, seven horses won the Triple Crown, with five years being the longest gap between winners. However, following the 1948 win of Citation, there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973. Between 1973 and 1978, there were three Triple Crown winners.

text: After Affirmed's Triple Crown in 1978, the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid's failed Triple Crown attempt at the Belmont Stakes, and lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015. Between 1979 and 2014 thirteen horses won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, but either failed to win the Belmont Stakes or could not start in the race. Of those, Real Quiet came the closest to winning the Triple Crown, losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998. Spectacular Bid finished 3rd in 1979. Pleasant Colony finished 3rd in 1981. Alysheba finished 4th in 1987. Sunday Silence finished 2nd in 1989. Real Quiet finished 2nd in 1998. Charismatic finished 3rd in 1999. War Emblem finished 8th in 2002. Funny Cide finished 3rd in 2003. Smarty Jones finished 2nd in 2004. Big Brown did not finish in 2008. I'll Have Another did not start (injury) 2012. California Chrome finished 4th in 2014.

text: In the 1979-2015 period, horses who contested all three races, losing the Kentucky Derby but winning the Preakness and the Belmont were Risen Star in 1988, Hansel in 1991, Tabasco Cat in 1994, Point Given in 2001, and Afleet Alex in 2005. In 1984, Swale and in 1995, Thunder Gulch ran all three races, winning the Derby and the Belmont, but not the Preakness.

text: The 37-year gap between the Triple Crown wins of Affirmed and American Pharoah drew criticism of the system. As far back as 1986, reporters noted that horses who were fresh for the Belmont had an advantage.[25] In 2003, Gary Stevens stated in an interview with Charlie Rose that he did not believe there would be another Triple Crown winner because of the tendency for owners to put fresh horses in the Preakness and Belmont Stakes.[26] California Chrome co-owner Steve Coburn was particularly critical of the Triple Crown system in post-Belmont remarks in 2014; he considered the system to be unfair, arguing that there would never be another Triple Crown winner in his lifetime unless only horses that competed in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness competed at the Belmont. By 2014, six of the previous eight Belmont winners had not competed in either of the first two legs of the Triple Crown.[27] Additionally, from 2006 to 2014, the Belmont winner was a horse who had not competed in the Preakness.[28] American Pharoah was the first Belmont winner since Afleet Alex in 2005 to have run all three Triple Crown races.[29]

text: Unsuccessful bids[edit]

text: Since all three races were inaugurated, as of 2017[update], 23 horses have won the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont:

text:
1932: Burgoo King did not enter the Belmont due to lameness.[30]:78, 182
1936: Bold Venture did not enter the Belmont due to lameness.[30]:78, 182
1944: Pensive was the first horse to contest but lose the Belmont after winning the first two legs. He placed second to Bounding Home,[30]:78 who had neither run in the Derby nor the Preakness.[2]
1958: Tim Tam, defeated by six lengths by Cavan, who had neither contested the Derby nor Preakness.[2]
1961: Carry Back, "sore" after the race, was seventh of nine entries, 14 1⁄2 lengths behind the winner, a longshot named Sherluck.[2]
1964: Northern Dancer, defeated by Quadrangle.[2]
1966: Kauai King, defeated by Amberoid.[2]
1968: Forward Pass, defeated by Stage Door Johnny by 1 1⁄4 lengths.[2]
1969: Majestic Prince, second by 5 1⁄2 lengths to Arts and Letters. Loss attributed to fatigue and lameness.[2][31]
1971: Cañonero II, fourth in the Belmont to 34–1 longshot Pass Catcher,[2] the loss attributed to a hoof problem.[32]
1979: Spectacular Bid, third in Belmont, was alleged to have stepped on a safety pin the morning of the race, though another theory blamed rider error by an inexperienced young jockey moving him too soon.[33] He finished 3 1⁄4 lengths behind Coastal and a neck behind the second-place horse, Golden Act.[34]
1981: Pleasant Colony, third in Belmont, 1 1⁄2 lengths behind Summing and the second-place horse, Highland Blade.[35]
1987: Alysheba finished fourth in Belmont behind Bet Twice, Cryptoclearance, and Gulch.[33][36]
1989: Sunday Silence, second in Belmont, eight lengths behind Easy Goer.[33]
1997: Silver Charm, second in Belmont, 3⁄4 length behind Touch Gold.[37]
1998: Real Quiet, second in Belmont after a photo finish, a nose behind Victory Gallop.[38]
1999: Charismatic, third in Belmont, 1 1⁄2 lengths behind Lemon Drop Kid and second-place Vision and Verse. Charismatic was pulled up soon after the finish, vanned off with a bone fracture. He survived and was retired to stud.[39]
2002: War Emblem stumbled at gate in Belmont, finished eighth out of 11. Winner Sarava scored upset at record odds of 70-1.[40]
2003: Funny Cide, third in Belmont, five lengths behind Empire Maker, and 4 1⁄4 lengths behind second-place horse, Ten Most Wanted.[41]
2004: Smarty Jones, second in Belmont, one length behind Birdstone.[42]
2008: Big Brown was pulled up in the home stretch of the Belmont, eased to a last-place finish. Winner was Da' Tara. A hoof problem had limited Big Brown's training, and may have been a factor in his defeat.[43]
2012: I'll Have Another was scratched from the Belmont the day before the race due to a tendon injury.[33]
2014: California Chrome finished in a dead heat for 4th in the Belmont after being stepped on by another horse leaving the gate and running the race with an injury to his heel and a scrape on his tendon.[44]

text: Sponsorship and broadcasting[edit]

text: Originally, the three races largely organized their own nominations procedure, marketing and television broadcast rights. In 1985, Triple Crown Productions was created when the owner of Spend a Buck chose not to run in the other two Triple Crown races because of a financial incentive offered to any Kentucky Derby winner who could win a set of competing races in New Jersey. The organizers of the three races realized that they needed to work together.[45]

text: Efforts to unify the sponsorship and marketing of all three Triple Crown races began in 1987 when ABC Sports negotiated a deal with Chrysler to pay $5 million to any horse that swept all three races, and $1 million each year there was no Triple Crown sweep to the horse with the highest combined Triple Crown finish.[46] This sponsorship lasted until 1993. The end of the $1 million participation bonus was linked to the breakdown of Prairie Bayou at the Belmont Stakes that year and the uncomfortable situation that arose when the Kentucky Derby winner, Sea Hero, was given the bonus following a seventh-place finish.[45]

text: In 1995, Visa USA took over the sponsorship with a 10-year contract, naming the series the Visa Triple Crown and offering only the $5 million bonus to a horse that could sweep the Triple Crown.[47] Along with sponsorship by VISA, NBC Sports paid $51.5 million for broadcast rights to all three races, with the revenue split giving 50% of the total to Churchill Downs and 25% each to Pimlico and to the New York Racing Association (NYRA).[45]

text: The Visa deal—and the cooperative effort—ended after 2005. The NYRA felt that they did not get a fair share of the revenue, particularly when the Belmont had the highest ratings of all three races in the years where a Triple Crown was on the line.[45] From 2001 through 2013, average viewership for the Belmont was 7 million when the Triple Crown was not at stake, whereas viewership averaged 13 million when it was.[a][48] With the contract term ending, the NYRA went to ESPN on ABC for the 2006 Belmont, while the broadcasts of the Derby and Preakness remained with NBC.[45] Visa chose to remain as a sponsor of only Kentucky Derby for the next five years.[47] As a result of the divided broadcast, Triple Crown Productions was unable to obtain a new sponsor.[45]

text:
Years
Sponsor
Bonuses

1987–1993
Chrysler Corporation
$1 million (best overall record)
$5 million (three wins)

1995–2005
Visa USA
$5 million (three wins)

2006–present
Triple Crown Productions
None

text: In February 2011, ABC/ESPN dropped out of the negotiations to renew broadcast rights to the Belmont Stakes. NBC obtained the contract through 2015, once again uniting all three races on the same network.[49][50][51] In 2014, NBC extended their contract for the Kentucky Derby through 2025.[52] As of August 2015[update], NBC obtained a broadcast contract for the Belmont through 2020 and the Preakness through 2022.[53]

text: Individual race winners[edit]

text:
Key for full list of race winners

Denotes winners of the Triple Crown

*
Denotes winners of the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont

#
Denotes other winners of any other combination of 2 out of the 3 Triple Crown races

text:
Full list of race winners

Year
Kentucky Derby
Preakness Stakes
Belmont Stakes

1867

Ruthless[Fy]

1868

General Duke

1869

Fenian

1870

Kingfisher

1871

Harry Bassett

1872

Joe Daniels

1873

Survivor
Springbok

1874

Culpepper
Saxon

1875
Aristides
Tom Ochiltree
Calvin

1876
Vagrant
Shirley
Algerine

1877
Baden-Baden
# Cloverbrook
# Cloverbrook

1878
Day Star
# Duke of Magenta
# Duke of Magenta

1879
Lord Murphy
Harold
Spendthrift

1880
Fonso
# Grenada
# Grenada

1881
Hindoo
# Saunterer
# Saunterer

1882
Apollo
Vanguard
Forester

1883
Leonatus
Jacobus
George Kinney

1884
Buchanan
Knight of Ellerslie
Panique

1885
Joe Cotton
Tecumseh
Tyrant

1886
Ben Ali
The Bard
Inspector B

1887
Montrose
Dunboyne
Hanover

1888
Macbeth II
Refund
Sir Dixon

1889
Spokane
Buddhist
Eric

1890
Riley
Montague[b]
Burlington

1891
Kingman
RNR
Foxford

1892
Azra
RNR
Patron

1893
Lookout
RNR
Commanche

1894
Chant
Assignee[c]
Henry of Navarre

1895
Halma
# Belmar[c]
# Belmar

1896
Ben Brush
Margrave[c]
Hastings

1897
Typhoon II
Paul Kauvar[c]
Scottish Chieftain

1898
Plaudit
Sly Fox[c]
Bowling Brook

1899
Manuel
Half Time[c]
Jean Bereaud

1900
Lieut. Gibson
Hindus[c]
Ildrim

1901
His Eminence
The Parader[c]
Commando

1902
Alan-a-Dale
Old England[c]
Masterman

1903
Judge Himes
Flocarline[Fy][c]
Africander

1904
Elwood
Bryn Mawr[c]
Delhi

1905
Agile
Cairngorm[c]
Tanya[Fy]

1906
Sir Huon
Whimsical[Fy][c]
Burgomaster

1907
Pink Star
Don Enrique[c]
Peter Pan I

1908
Stone Street
Royal Tourist[c]
Colin

1909
Wintergreen
Effendi
Joe Madden

1910
Donau
Layminster
Sweep

1911
Meridian
Watervale
RNR

1912
Worth
Colonel Holloway
RNR

1913
Donerail
Buskin
Prince Eugene

1914
Old Rosebud
Holiday
Luke McLuke

1915
Regret[Fy]
Rhine Maiden[Fy]
The Finn

1916
George Smith
Damrosch
Friar Rock

1917
Omar Khayyam[d]
Kalitan[d]
Hourless

1918
Exterminator
War Cloud[e]
Jack Hare, Jr.[e]
Johren

1919
 Sir Barton
 Sir Barton
 Sir Barton

1920
Paul Jones
# Man o' War
# Man o' War

1921
Behave Yourself
Broomspun
Grey Lag

1922
Morvich[d]
# Pillory[d]
# Pillory

1923
# Zev
Vigil
# Zev

1924
Black Gold
Nellie Morse[Fy]
Mad Play

1925
Flying Ebony
Coventry
American Flag

1926
Bubbling Over
Display
Crusader

1927
Whiskery
Bostonian
Chance Shot

1928
Reigh Count
Victorian
Vito

1929
Clyde Van Dusen
Dr. Freeland
Blue Larkspur

1930
 Gallant Fox
 Gallant Fox
 Gallant Fox

1931
# Twenty Grand
Mate
# Twenty Grand

1932
* Burgoo King
* Burgoo King
Faireno

1933
Brokers Tip
Head Play
Hurryoff

1934
Cavalcade
High Quest
Peace Chance

1935
 Omaha
 Omaha
 Omaha

1936
* Bold Venture
* Bold Venture
Granville

1937
 War Admiral
 War Admiral
 War Admiral

1938
Lawrin
Dauber
Pasteurized

1939
# Johnstown
Challedon
# Johnstown

1940
Gallahadion
# Bimelech
# Bimelech

1941
 Whirlaway
 Whirlaway
 Whirlaway

1942
# Shut Out
Alsab
# Shut Out

1943
 Count Fleet
 Count Fleet
 Count Fleet

1944
* Pensive
* Pensive
Bounding Home

1945
Hoop Jr.
Polynesian
Pavot

1946
 Assault
 Assault
 Assault

1947
Jet Pilot
Faultless
Phalanx

1948
 Citation
 Citation
 Citation

1949
Ponder
# Capot
# Capot

1950
# Middleground
Hill Prince
# Middleground

1951
Count Turf
Bold
Counterpoint

1952
Hill Gail
Blue Man
One Count

1953
Dark Star
# Native Dancer
# Native Dancer

1954
Determine
Hasty Road
High Gun

1955
Swaps
# Nashua
# Nashua

1956
# Needles
Fabius
# Needles

1957
Iron Liege
Bold Ruler
Gallant Man

1958
* Tim Tam
* Tim Tam
Cavan

1959
Tomy Lee
Royal Orbit
Sword Dancer

1960
Venetian Way
Bally Ache
Celtic Ash

1961
* Carry Back
* Carry Back
Sherluck

1962
Decidedly
Greek Money
Jaipur

1963
# Chateaugay
Candy Spots
# Chateaugay[f]

1964
* Northern Dancer
* Northern Dancer
Quadrangle[f]

1965
Lucky Debonair
Tom Rolfe
Hail To All[f]

1966
* Kauai King
* Kauai King
Amberoid[f]

1967
Proud Clarion
# Damascus
# Damascus[f]

1968
* Forward Pass[g]
* Forward Pass
Stage Door Johnny

1969
* Majestic Prince
* Majestic Prince
Arts and Letters

1970
Dust Commander
Personality
High Echelon

1971
* Canonero II
* Canonero II
Pass Catcher

1972
# Riva Ridge
Bee Bee Bee
# Riva Ridge

1973
 Secretariat
 Secretariat
 Secretariat

1974
Cannonade
# Little Current
# Little Current

1975
Foolish Pleasure
Master Derby
Avatar

1976
# Bold Forbes
Elocutionist
# Bold Forbes

1977
 Seattle Slew
 Seattle Slew
 Seattle Slew

1978
 Affirmed
 Affirmed
 Affirmed

1979
* Spectacular Bid
* Spectacular Bid
Coastal

1980
Genuine Risk[Fy]
Codex
Temperence Hill

1981
* Pleasant Colony
* Pleasant Colony
Summing

1982
Gato Del Sol
Aloma's Ruler
Conquistador Cielo

1983
Sunny's Halo
Deputed Testamony
Caveat

1984
# Swale
Gate Dancer
# Swale

1985
Spend A Buck
Tank's Prospect
Creme Fraiche

1986
Ferdinand
Snow Chief
Danzig Connection

1987
* Alysheba
* Alysheba
Bet Twice

1988
Winning Colors[Fy]
# Risen Star
# Risen Star

1989
* Sunday Silence
* Sunday Silence
Easy Goer

1990
Unbridled
Summer Squall
Go And Go

1991
Strike the Gold
# Hansel
# Hansel

1992
Lil E. Tee
Pine Bluff
A.P. Indy

1993
Sea Hero
Prairie Bayou
Colonial Affair

1994
Go for Gin
# Tabasco Cat
# Tabasco Cat

1995
# Thunder Gulch
Timber Country
# Thunder Gulch

1996
Grindstone
Louis Quatorze
Editor's Note

1997
* Silver Charm
* Silver Charm
Touch Gold

1998
* Real Quiet
* Real Quiet
Victory Gallop

1999
* Charismatic
* Charismatic
Lemon Drop Kid

2000
Fusaichi Pegasus
Red Bullet
Commendable

2001
Monarchos
# Point Given
# Point Given

2002
* War Emblem
* War Emblem
Sarava

2003
* Funny Cide
* Funny Cide
Empire Maker

2004
* Smarty Jones
* Smarty Jones
Birdstone

2005
Giacomo
# Afleet Alex
# Afleet Alex

2006
Barbaro
Bernardini
Jazil

2007
Street Sense
Curlin
Rags to Riches[Fy]

2008
* Big Brown
* Big Brown
Da' Tara

2009
Mine That Bird
Rachel Alexandra[Fy]
Summer Bird

2010
Super Saver
Lookin at Lucky
Drosselmeyer

2011
Animal Kingdom
Shackleford
Ruler on Ice

2012
* I'll Have Another
* I'll Have Another
Union Rags[h]

2013
Orb
Oxbow
Palace Malice

2014
* California Chrome
* California Chrome
Tonalist

2015
 American Pharoah
 American Pharoah
 American Pharoah

2016
Nyquist
Exaggerator
Creator

2017
Always Dreaming
Cloud Computing
Tapwrit

2018
 Justify
 Justify
 Justify

2019

text:
Jump up ^ These were 2002 for War Emblem, 2003 for Funny Cide and 2004 for Smarty Jones.[45]
Jump up ^ The 1890 Preakness Stakes was held at Morris Park Racecourse in The Bronx, New York.[54]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o From 1894 to 1908, the Preakness Stakes were held at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island, New York.[54]
^ Jump up to: a b c d In 1917 and 1922, the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were held on the same day.
^ Jump up to: a b The 1918 Preakness Stakes was held in two divisions due to a large field. War Cloud won one and Jack Hare, Jr. the other.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to reconstruction at Belmont Park, the Belmont Stakes were held at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens, New York from 1963 to 1967.
Jump up ^ Dancer's Image was disqualified as the winner of the 1968 Kentucky Derby due to a post-race failed drug test.
Jump up ^ I'll Have Another was scratched the afternoon prior to the Belmont due to tendonitis and was unable to attempt to win the race.

tag: ol

text:
[Fy] Denotes a filly. Fillies won the Kentucky Derby in 1915, 1980, and 1988, Preakness Stakes in 1903, 1906, 1915, 1924, and 2009, and Belmont Stakes in 1867, 1905, and 2007.
RNR Race not run. The Belmont was not run in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-betting legislation passed in New York State. The Preakness did not run 1891–1893.


document_title: Joe DiMaggio

question_text: how many home runs did joe dimaggio hit in his rookie season

text: Joe DiMaggio

text: Early life[edit]

text: DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914 in Martinez, California, the eighth of nine children born to Italian immigrants Giuseppe (1872–1949) and Rosalia (Mercurio) (1878–1951) DiMaggio, from Sicily. He was named Paolo after his father Giuseppe's favorite saint, Saint Paul. The family moved to nearby San Francisco when Joe was a year old.

text: Giuseppe was a fisherman, as were generations of DiMaggios before him. According to statements from Joe's brother Tom to biographer Maury Allen, Rosalia's father wrote to her with the advice that Giuseppe could earn a better living in California than in their native Isola delle Femmine, a northwestern Sicilian village in the province of Palermo.

text: After being processed on Ellis Island, Giuseppe worked his way across America, eventually settling near Rosalia's father in Pittsburg, California, on the east side of the San Francisco Bay Area. After four years, he earned enough money to send to Italy for Rosalia and their daughter, who was born after he had left for the United States.

text: Giuseppe hoped that his five sons would become fishermen.[3] DiMaggio recalled that he would do anything to get out of cleaning his father's boat, as the smell of dead fish nauseated him. Giuseppe called him "lazy" and "good-for-nothing." DiMaggio did not finish his education at Galileo High School and instead worked odd jobs including hawking newspapers, stacking boxes at a warehouse and working at an orange juice plant.[4]

text: DiMaggio was playing semi-pro ball when older brother Vince DiMaggio, playing for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), talked his manager into letting DiMaggio fill in at shortstop. Joe DiMaggio made his professional debut on October 1, 1932. From May 27 to July 25, 1933, he hit safely in 61 consecutive games, a PCL-record,[5] and second-longest in all of Minor League Baseball history.[6] "Baseball didn't really get into my blood until I knocked off that hitting streak," he said. "Getting a daily hit became more important to me than eating, drinking or sleeping."

text: In 1934, DiMaggio suffered a career-threatening knee injury when he tore ligaments while stepping out of a jitney. Scout Bill Essick of the New York Yankees, convinced that the injury would heal, pestered his club to give him another look. After DiMaggio passed a physical examination in November, the Yankees purchased his contract for $50,000[7] and five players. He remained with the Seals for the 1935 season and batted .398 with 154 runs batted in (RBIs) and 34 home runs. His team won the 1935 PCL title, and DiMaggio was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

text: Major league career[edit]

text: DiMaggio made his major league debut on May 3, 1936, batting ahead of Lou Gehrig. The Yankees had not been to the World Series since 1932, but they won the next four Fall Classics. Over the course of his 13-year Major League career, DiMaggio led the Yankees to 9 World Series championships.[8]

text: DiMaggio set a franchise record in 1936 by hitting 29 home runs in his rookie season. DiMaggio accomplished the feat in 138 games.[9] His record stood for over 80 years until it was broken by Aaron Judge, who hit the 30th home run in his rookie season in his 84th game in 2017.[9]

text: In 1939, DiMaggio was nicknamed the "Yankee Clipper" by Yankee's stadium announcer Arch McDonald, when he likened DiMaggio's speed and range in the outfield to the then-new Pan American airliner.[10]

text: DiMaggio was pictured with his son on the cover of the inaugural issue of SPORT magazine in September 1946.[11]

text: In 1947, Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Ted Williams, but MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra.[12]

text: In the September 1949 issue of SPORT, Hank Greenberg said that DiMaggio covered so much ground in center field that the only way to get a hit against the Yankees was "to hit 'em where Joe wasn't." DiMaggio also stole home five times in his career.

text: On February 7, 1949, DiMaggio signed a contract worth $100,000 ($1,007,000 in current dollar terms) ($70,000 plus bonuses), and became the first baseball player to break $100,000 in earnings. By 1950, he was ranked the second-best center fielder by the Sporting News, after Larry Doby.[13] After a poor 1951 season, a scouting report by the Brooklyn Dodgers that was turned over to the New York Giants and leaked to the press, and various injuries, DiMaggio announced his retirement at age 37 on December 11, 1951.[14] When remarking on his retirement to the Sporting News on December 19, 1951, he said:

text: I feel like I have reached the stage where I can no longer produce for my club, my manager, and my teammates. I had a poor year, but even if I had hit .350, this would have been my last year. I was full of aches and pains and it had become a chore for me to play. When baseball is no longer fun, it's no longer a game, and so, I've played my last game.

text: Joe DiMaggio's number 5 was retired by the New York Yankees in 1952.

text: Through May 2009, DiMaggio was tied with Mark McGwire for third place all-time in home runs over the first two calendar years in the major leagues (77), behind Phillies Hall of Famer Chuck Klein (83), and Milwaukee Brewers' Ryan Braun (79).[15] Through 2011, he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-homer, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Ted Williams, Ralph Kiner, Mark Teixeira, Albert Pujols, and Ryan Braun.[16] DiMaggio holds the record for most seasons with more home runs than strikeouts (minimum 20 home runs), a feat he accomplished seven times, and five times consecutively from 1937 to 1941.[17] DiMaggio would likely have exceeded 500 home runs and 2,000 RBIs had he not served in the military.[18]

text: DiMaggio might have had better power-hitting statistics had his home park not been Yankee Stadium. As "The House That Ruth Built", its nearby right field favored the Babe's left-handed power. For right-handed hitters, its deep left and center fields made home runs almost impossible. Mickey Mantle recalled that he and Whitey Ford witnessed many DiMaggio blasts that would have been home runs anywhere other than Yankee Stadium (Ruth himself fell victim to that problem, as he also hit many long flyouts to center). Bill James calculated that DiMaggio lost more home runs due to his home park than any other player in history. Left-center field went as far back as 457 ft [139 m], where left-center rarely reaches 380 ft [116 m] in today's ballparks. Al Gionfriddo's famous catch in the 1947 World Series, which was close to the 415-foot mark [126 m] in left-center, would have been a home run in the Yankees' current ballpark. DiMaggio hit 148 home runs in 3,360 at-bats at home versus 213 home runs in 3,461 at-bats on the road. His slugging percentage at home was .546, and on the road, it was .610. Expert statistician Bill Jenkinson made a statement on these statistics:

text: For example, Joe DiMaggio was acutely handicapped by playing at Yankee Stadium. Every time he batted in his home field during his entire career, he did so knowing that it was physically impossible for him to hit a home run to the half of the field directly in front of him. If you look at a baseball field from foul line to foul line, it has a 90-degree radius. From the power alley in left center field (430 in Joe's time) to the fence in deep right center field (407 ft), it is 45-degrees. And Joe DiMaggio never hit a single home run over the fences at Yankee Stadium in that 45-degree graveyard. It was just too far. Joe was plenty strong; he routinely hit balls in the 425-foot range. But that just wasn't good enough in cavernous Yankee Stadium. Like Ruth, he benefited from a few easy homers each season due to the short foul line distances. But he lost many more than he gained by constantly hitting long fly outs toward center field. Whereas most sluggers perform better on their home fields, DiMaggio hit only 41 percent of his career home runs in the Bronx. He hit 148 homers at Yankee Stadium. If he had hit the same exact pattern of batted balls with a typical modern stadium as his home, he would have belted about 225 homers during his home field career.

text: Joe became eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 but he was not elected until 1955. The Hall of Fame rules on the post-retirement induction waiting period had been revised in the interim, extending the waiting period from one to five years, but DiMaggio and Ted Lyons were exempted from the rule. DiMaggio told Baseball Digest in 1963 that the Brooklyn Dodgers had offered him their managerial job in 1953, but he turned it down. After being out of baseball since his retirement as a player, Joe became the first hitting instructor of the newly relocated Oakland Athletics from 1968 to 1970.

text: Hitting streak[edit]

text: DiMaggio's most famous achievement is his MLB record-breaking 56-game hitting streak in 1941. The streak began on May 15, 1941, a couple of weeks before the death of Lou Gehrig, when DiMaggio went one-for-four against Chicago White Sox pitcher Eddie Smith.[19] Major newspapers began to write about DiMaggio's streak early on, but as he approached George Sisler's modern era record of 41 games, it became a national phenomenon. Initially, DiMaggio showed little interest in breaking Sisler's record, saying "I'm not thinking a whole lot about it... I'll either break it or I won't."[20] As he approached Sisler's record, DiMaggio showed more interest, saying, "At the start I didn't think much about it... but naturally I'd like to get the record since I am this close."[21] On June 29, 1941, DiMaggio doubled in the first game of a doubleheader against the Washington Senators at Griffith Stadium to tie Sisler's record and then singled in the nightcap to extend his streak to 42.[22][23]

text: A Yankee Stadium crowd of 52,832 fans watched DiMaggio tie the all-time hitting streak record (44 games, Wee Willie Keeler in 1897) on July 1.[24] The next day against the Boston Red Sox, he homered into Yankee Stadium's left field stands to extend his streak to 45, setting a new record. DiMaggio recorded 67 hits in 179 at-bats during the first 45 games of his streak, while Keeler recorded 88 hits in 201 at-bats.[25] DiMaggio continued hitting after breaking Keeler's record, reaching 50 straight games on July 11 against the St. Louis Browns.[26] On July 17 at Cleveland Stadium, DiMaggio's streak was finally snapped at 56 games, thanks in part to two backhand stops by Indians third baseman Ken Keltner.[27] DiMaggio batted .408 during the streak with 15 home runs and 55 RBI.[28] The day after the streak ended, DiMaggio started another streak that lasted 16 games. The distinction of hitting safely in 72 of 73 games is also a record.[29][30] The closest anyone has come to equaling DiMaggio since 1941 is Pete Rose, who hit safely in 44 straight games in 1978.[31][32] During the streak, DiMaggio played in seven doubleheaders. The Yankees' record during the streak was 41–13–2.

text:
“
DiMaggio's streak is the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports.
”

— Stephen Jay Gould[33]

text: Some consider DiMaggio's streak a uniquely outstanding and unbreakable record and a statistical near-impossibility. Nobel Prize-winning physicist and sabermetrician Edward Mills Purcell calculated that, to have the likelihood of a hitting streak of 50 games occurring in the history of baseball up to the late 1980s be greater than 50%, fifty-two .350 lifetime hitters would have to have existed instead of the actual three (Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, and Shoeless Joe Jackson). His Harvard colleague Stephen Jay Gould, citing Purcell's work, called DiMaggio's 56-game achievement "the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports".[33] Samuel Arbesman and Steven Strogatz of Cornell University disagree; they conducted 10,000 computer simulations of Major League Baseball from 1871 to 2005, 42% of which produced streaks as long or longer, with record streaks ranging from 39 to 109 games and typical record streaks between 50 and 64 games.[34]

text: Wartime[edit]

text: DiMaggio enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces on February 17, 1943, rising to the rank of sergeant. He was stationed at Santa Ana, California, Hawaii, and Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a physical education instructor. He was released on medical discharge in September 1945, due to chronic stomach ulcers.[35] Other than now being paid $21 a month, DiMaggio's service was as comfortable as a soldier's life could be. He spent most of his career playing for baseball teams and in exhibition games against fellow Major Leaguers and minor league players, and superiors gave him special privileges due to his prewar fame. DiMaggio ate so well from an athlete-only diet that he gained 10 pounds, and while in Hawaii he and other players mostly tanned on the beach and drank. Embarrassed by his lifestyle, DiMaggio requested that he be given a combat assignment but was turned down.[18]

text: Parents as "enemy aliens"[edit]

text: Giuseppe and Rosalia DiMaggio, both from Isola delle Femmine, were among the thousands of German, Japanese, and Italian immigrants classified as "enemy aliens" by the government after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Each was required to carry photo ID booklets at all times and were not allowed to travel outside a five-mile radius from their home without a permit. Giuseppe was barred from the San Francisco Bay, where he had fished for decades, and his boat was seized. Rosalia became an American citizen in 1944, followed by Giuseppe in 1945.[35]

text: Married life[edit]

text: Dorothy Arnold[edit]

text: In January 1937, DiMaggio met actress Dorothy Arnold on the set of Manhattan Merry-Go-Round, in which he had a minor role, and she was an extra. They married at San Francisco's St. Peter and Paul Church on November 19, 1939, as 20,000 well-wishers jammed the streets. Their son, Joseph Paul DiMaggio III, was born at Doctors Hospital on October 23, 1941.[36] The couple divorced in 1944.

text: Marilyn Monroe[edit]

text: According to her autobiography My Story, ghostwritten by Ben Hecht,[37] Marilyn Monroe did not want to meet DiMaggio, fearing that he was a stereotypical arrogant athlete. They eloped at San Francisco City Hall on January 14, 1954.

text: The marriage ran into trouble within a few weeks as DiMaggio, the product of a strict Roman Catholic upbringing, became upset by Monroe's personal habits, including her disdain for bathing and her tendency to relax around the house nude.[citation needed] Although she suffered from endometriosis,[38] Monroe and DiMaggio each expressed to reporters their desire to start a family.

text: An incident between the couple is supposed to have occurred immediately after the skirt-blowing scene in The Seven Year Itch that was filmed on September 14, 1954, in front of Manhattan's Trans-Lux 52nd Street Theater. Then 20th Century Fox's East Coast correspondent Bill Kobrin told the Palm Springs Desert Sun that it was director Billy Wilder's idea to turn the shoot into a media circus. The couple then had a "yelling battle" in the theater lobby.[39] A month later, she contracted the services of celebrity attorney Jerry Giesler and filed for divorce on grounds of mental cruelty nine months after the wedding.[citation needed] After the failure of their marriage, DiMaggio underwent therapy, stopped drinking alcohol, and expanded his interests beyond baseball; he and Monroe read poetry together in their later years.[40]

text: On August 1, 1956, an International News wire photo of DiMaggio with Lee Meriwether gave rise to speculation that the couple was engaged, but Cramer wrote that it was a rumor started by Walter Winchell. Monroe biographer Donald Spoto claimed that DiMaggio was "very close to marrying" 1957 Miss America Marian McKnight, who won the crown with a Marilyn Monroe act, but McKnight denied it.[41] He was also linked to Liz Renay, Cleo Moore, Rita Gam, Marlene Dietrich, and Gloria DeHaven during this period and to Elizabeth Ray and Morgan Fairchild years later, but he never publicly confirmed any involvement with any woman.

text: DiMaggio reentered Monroe's life as her marriage to Arthur Miller was ending. On February 10, 1961, he secured her release from Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic. She joined him in Florida where he was a batting coach for the Yankees. Their "just friends" claim did not stop remarriage rumors from flying. Reporters staked out her Manhattan apartment building. Bob Hope "dedicated" Best Song nominee "The Second Time Around" to them at the 33rd Academy Awards.

text: According to Maury Allen's biography, DiMaggio was alarmed at how Monroe had fallen in with people he felt were detrimental to her well-being. Val Monette, owner of a military post-exchange supply company, told Allen that DiMaggio left his employ on August 1, 1962, because he had decided to ask Monroe to remarry him.

text: She was found dead in her Brentwood, Los Angeles, home on August 5 after housekeeper Eunice Murray telephoned Monroe's psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson. DiMaggio's son had spoken to Monroe on the phone the night of her death and claimed that she seemed fine.[42] Her death was deemed a probable suicide by "Coroner to the Stars" Thomas Noguchi. It has also been the subject of conspiracy theories.

text: Devastated, DiMaggio claimed her body and arranged for her funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, barring Hollywood's elite as well as members of the Kennedy family from attending. He had a half-dozen red roses delivered three times a week to her crypt for 20 years.[43] He refused to talk about her publicly or otherwise exploit their relationship. He never married again. According to DiMaggio's attorney Morris Engleberg, DiMaggio's last words were: "I'll finally get to see Marilyn." [44] However, Joe's brother Dominic challenged both Engelberg's version of Joe's final moments as well as his motives.[45][46]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: In the 1970s, DiMaggio became a spokesman for Mr. Coffee and would be the face of the electric drip coffee makers for over 20 years. Vincent Marotta, the CEO of North American Systems, which manufactured Mr. Coffee at the time, recruited DiMaggio for the advertising campaign.[47] DiMaggio's spots proved successful with consumers. In a 2007 interview with the Columbus Dispatch", Marotta joked that "millions of kids grew up thinking Joe DiMaggio was a famous appliance salesman."[47] Despite his commercials for Mr. Coffee, Joe DiMaggio rarely drank coffee due to ulcers.[47] However, when he did drink coffee, DiMaggio preferred Sanka instant coffee rather than the coffee brewed by Mr. Coffee machines.[47]

text: In 1972, DiMaggio became a spokesman for The Bowery Savings Bank. With the exception of a five-year hiatus in the 1980s, DiMaggio regularly made commercials for the financial institution until 1992.[48]

text: Death[edit]

text: DiMaggio, a heavy smoker for much of his adult life, was admitted to Memorial Regional Hospital in Hollywood, Florida, on October 12, 1998, for lung cancer surgery and remained there for 99 days.[49] He returned to his Hollywood, Florida, home on January 19, 1999, where he died on March 8.

text: DiMaggio's funeral was held on March 11, 1999, at Sts. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church in San Francisco;[50] he was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. DiMaggio's son died the following August at age 57.[51] A highway running alongside the Hudson River in Manhattan, New York, from the end of Lower Manhattan is named the Joe DiMaggio Highway. It runs for the entire way.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: At his death, The New York Times called DiMaggio's 1941 56-game hitting streak "perhaps the most enduring record in sports".[43]

text: In an article in 1976 in Esquire magazine, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter," consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Joe DiMaggio was the center fielder on Stein's Italian team.

text: On September 17, 1992, the doors were opened at Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital at Memorial Regional Hospital in Hollywood, Florida, for which he raised over $4,000,000.[43]

text: On April 13, 1998, DiMaggio was given the Sports Legend Award at the 13th annual American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame Awards Dinner in New York City. Dr. Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State and a longtime fan of DiMaggio's, made the presentation to the Yankee great. The event was one of DiMaggio's last public appearances before taking ill.

text: Yankee Stadium's fifth monument was dedicated to DiMaggio on April 25, 1999, and the West Side Highway was officially renamed in his honor. The Yankees wore DiMaggio's number 5 on the left sleeves of their uniforms for the 1999 season. He is ranked No. 11 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and he was elected by fans to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In addition to his number 5 being retired by the New York Yankees, DiMaggio's number was also retired by the Florida Marlins, who retired it in honor of their first team president, Carl Barger, who died five months before the team took the field for the first time in 1993. DiMaggio had been his favorite player.

text: An auction of DiMaggio's personal items was held by the adopted daughters of DiMaggio's son in May 2006. Highlights included the ball hit to break Wee Willie Keeler's hitting-streak record ($63,250); his 2,000th career hit ball ($29,900); his 1947 Most Valuable Player Award ($281,750); the uniform worn in the 1951 World Series ($195,500); his Hall of Fame ring ($69,000); a photograph Marilyn autographed "I love you Joe" ($80,500); her passport ($115,000); and their marriage certificate ($23,000). Lot 758, DiMaggio's white 1991 Mercedes 420 SEL sedan, which was a gift from the New York Yankees commemorating the 50th anniversary of DiMaggio's 1941 season, sold for $18,000. The event netted a total of $4.1 million.

text: On August 8, 2011, the United States Postal Service announced that DiMaggio would appear on a stamp for the first time. It was issued as part of the "Major League Baseball All-Star Stamp Series," which came out in July 2012.[52]

text: According to American geneticist Mary-Claire King in the spring of 1981, DiMaggio babysat her daughter at the San Francisco airport so Dr. King could drop her mother off to her flight to Chicago. According to Dr. King, if it were not for DiMaggio's kindness, she would have almost certainly missed her own flight that was taking her and her daughter to Washington, D.C., a trip that eventually resulted in Dr. King's getting her first major grant from the National Institutes of Health and the discovery of the breast and ovarian cancer-causing gene, BRCA1.[53]

text: DiMaggio insisted on being introduced as the "Greatest Living Ballplayer" at events, including Yankee Old-Timers Day. Billy Crystal was once punched in the stomach for not introducing him as such.[54]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: DiMaggio's popularity during his career was such that he was referenced in film, television, literature, art, and music both during his career and decades after he retired.

text: Art[edit]

text:
Pierre Bellocq: "Canvas of Stars" mural for Gallagher's Steak House (2006)[55]
Robert Casilla: "The Continuity of Greatness"[56]
Devon Dikeou: "Marilyn Monroe Wanted to be Buried in Pucci" installation (2008)[57]
Harvey Dinnerstein: "The Wide Swing" (1979) sold at auction for $95,000[58]
Curt Flood: painting of DiMaggio sold at auction for $9,500[59]
Bart Forbes: illustration of DiMaggio for the July 1999 Boy's Life
Zenos Frudakis: bronze sculpture of DiMaggio for the Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital [60]
Bill Gallo: caricature of DiMaggio and Ted Williams sold at auction for $750 [61]
Red Grooms: "Joltin' Joe Takes a Swing" installation (1985–1988)[62]
Stephen Holland: "Joe DiMaggio" (2005)
Armand LaMontagne: 1991 giclee of DiMaggio sold at auction for $325 [63]
Tommy McDonald: paintings of DiMaggio sold at auction for $4,000,[64] and $2,300 [58]
Willard Mullin: 1936 drawing of DiMaggio sold at auction for $2,600 [61]
LeRoy Neiman: "Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees" (1969), "Joe DiMaggio, San Francisco Seals" (1989), and "The DiMaggio Cut" (1998)
Bruce Stark: caricature of DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle sold at auction for $700 [65]
Mark Ulriksen: illustration of DiMaggio for the cover of the April 12, 1999 The New Yorker
Susan Dorothea White: "The Crowning with Sexism" (1994), DiMaggio appears behind Marilyn Monroe

text: Comics/graphic novels[edit]

text:
DC Comics' 100 Bullets by Brian Azzarello and Eduardo Risso:

"The Counterfifth Detective", DiMaggio is recruited by Graves for the Minutemen[66]
"Idol Chatter", the former baseball player befriended by Graves is based on DiMaggio[67]

DC Comics' "Sandman Mystery Theater" Issue #1 (also collected in Sandman Mystery Theatre Book 1: The Tarantula, which contains issues 1-4).
Harvey Comics' Babe Ruth Sports Comics (August 1949)[68]
Parents' Magazine's True Comics #71 (May 1948)[69]
Revolutionary Comics' "Baseball Legends: Joe DiMaggio" (July 1992)[70]

text: Literature[edit]

text:
"Buck Wischnewski" is based on him in Alvah Bessie's novel The Symbol
"The Athlete" is based on him in Joyce Carol Oates's novel Blonde
The Old Man And The Sea by Ernest Hemingway makes repeated references to "the great DiMaggio"
"The Silent Season of a Hero" by Gay Talese, is a celebrated 1966 piece for Esquire magazine

text: Music[edit]

text:
Tori Amos: "Father Lucifer" references DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe
Asia: "Joe DiMaggio's Glove" [71]
Dan Bern: "Wasteland" references DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe
Billy Bragg and Woody Guthrie: "DiMaggio Done It Again"
Les Brown & His Band of Renown's "Joltin' Joe DiMaggio" [72]
Tim Curry: "I Do the Rock" references DiMaggio
John Fogerty: "Centerfield"
Billy Joel: "We Didn't Start The Fire"
Bon Jovi: "Captain Crash & the Beauty Queen From Mars" references DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe
Jennifer Lopez, featuring Nas: "I'm Gonna Be Alright" references DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe
Kinky Friedman: "Marilyn and Joe"
Demi Lovato: "Without the Love" references DiMaggio
Madonna: "Vogue" references DiMaggio
Man From Delmonte: "Beautiful People" references DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe
Mike Plume: "DiMaggio"
Rodgers and Hammerstein: "Bloody Mary" from South Pacific references DiMaggio
Abie Rotenberg: "The Great Joe DiMaggio's Card"
Carla Bley & Paul Haines: The final lyric of "Smalltown Agonist" from Escalator over the Hill is "Selling nude photographs of Joe DiMaggio"
Simon & Garfunkel: "Mrs. Robinson" [73]
Sleeper: "Romeo Me" references DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe
Vulfpeck: "1 for 1, Dimaggio"

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Diminished Capacity: a vendor at a baseball card show tries to sell cleat laces he claims were used by DiMaggio
Farewell, My Lovely: Marlowe follows DiMaggio's hitting streak
The Goddess: "Dutch Seymour" is based on DiMaggio
Insignificance: "The Ballplayer" is based on DiMaggio
Murder in the First: Young follows DiMaggio's hitting streak
Wonder Boys: James steals the jacket Marilyn Monroe wore the day she married DiMaggio from Gaskell, who is obsessed with the DiMaggio-Monroe marriage

text: TV movies[edit]

text:
61*, played by Michael Nouri
Marilyn & Me, portrayed by Sal Landi
Marilyn: The Untold Story, portrayed by Frank Converse
Norma Jean & Marilyn, portrayed by Peter Dobson
The Rat Pack, portrayed by John Diehl
The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe, portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan

text: Theater[edit]

text:
Insignificance (1982) by Terry Johnson: The Ballplayer is based on DiMaggio
Marilyn: An American Fable (1983): DiMaggio is a character
Arthur and Joe (2012) by Allan Havis: DiMaggio is a character [74]
Bronx Bombers (2013) by Eric Simonson: DiMaggio is a character [75]

text: Television[edit]

text:
The Bronx Is Burning, played by Christopher McDonald
Blonde, "The Baseball Player" is based on DiMaggio
The Carol Burnett Show: (Season 8, Episode 23), Harvey Korman plays DiMaggio in a mock Mr. Coffee commercial
The Flintstones: "Kleptomaniac Pebbles", Fred tells Wilma that Bamm-Bamm "could be another Joe DiRockio"
Frasier: "Room Full of Heroes", Martin dresses as DiMaggio, his boyhood hero
I Love Lucy: "Lucy is Enceinte", Fred gives Lucy a baseball signed by DiMaggio
Mad Men: "Six Month Leave", Hollis tells Peggy and Don that he is thinking of DiMaggio in the wake of Monroe's death
M*A*S*H: "Pressure Points", Potter references DiMaggio while talking to Freedman

"Bombshells", in an attempt to reach Marilyn Monroe, Hawkeye claims to a 20th Century-Fox switchboard operator that he is a friend of DiMaggio's; when she asks his name, he replies "Ted Williams"

McMillan: "Philip's Game", Sgt. DiMaggio must tell the people he and McMillan meet that he is not related to DiMaggio
The Name's the Same: "January 12, 1954", two contestants' actual names are Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio
Saturday Night Live: (Season 26, Episode 4), Jimmy Fallon as DiMaggio and Charlize Theron as Monroe
Second City Television: (Series 4, Cycle 3–9), Bill Murray plays DiMaggio in faux commercial "DiMaggio's on the Wharf" with Eugene Levy as Dom DiMaggio, and Martin Short as Vince DiMaggio
Seinfeld: "The Note", Kramer insists to Jerry, George, and Elaine that DiMaggio patronizes Dinky Donuts and dunks them in his coffee. Jerry doesn't believe Kramer until the end when they all see DiMaggio do so.[76]
The Simpsons: "'Tis the Fifteenth Season", Mr. Burns gives Homer a DiMaggio rookie card
Smash: DiMaggio is a character in a Broadway musical about Marilyn Monroe
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: "If Wishes Were Horses", Sisko's favorite player breaks DiMaggio's hitting streak record [77]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, mentioned among the bulletin board notes.
Neko Atsume, one of the rare cats is named "Joe DiMeowgio."


document_title: Waldseemüller map

question_text: who published the first map that showed the new world as separate from asia

text: Waldseemüller map

text: Wall map[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: The wall map consists of twelve sections printed from woodcuts measuring 18 by 24.5 inches (46 cm × 62 cm). Each section is one of four horizontally and three vertically, when assembled. The map uses a modified Ptolemaic map projection with curved meridians to depict the entire surface of the Earth. In the upper-mid part of the main map there is inset another, miniature world map representing to some extent an alternative view of the world.

text: Longitudes, which were difficult to determine at the time, are given in terms of degrees east from the Fortunate Islands (considered by Claudius Ptolemy as the westernmost known land) which Waldseemüller locates at the Canary Islands. The longitudes of eastern Asian places are too great. Latitudes, which were easy to determine, are also quite far off. For example, "Serraleona" (Sierra Leone, true latitude about 9°N) is placed south of the equator, and the Cape of Good Hope (true latitude 35°S) is placed at 50°S.

text: The full title of the map is Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes (The Universal Cosmography according to the Tradition of Ptolemy and the Discoveries of Amerigo Vespucci and others[2]). One of the "others" was Christopher Columbus. The title signalled his intention to combine or harmonize in a unified cosmographic depiction the traditional Ptolemaic geography of Europe, Asia and Africa with the new geographical information provided by Amerigo Vespucci and his fellow discoverers of lands in the western hemisphere. He explained: "In designing the sheets of our world-map we have not followed Ptolemy in every respect, particularly as regards the new lands ... We have therefore followed, on the flat map, Ptolemy, except for the new lands and some other things, but on the solid globe, which accompanies the flat map, the description of Amerigo that is appended hereto."[3]

text: Several earlier maps are believed to be sources, chiefly those based on the Geography (Ptolemy) and the Caveri planisphere and others similar to those of Henricus Martellus or Martin Behaim. The Caribbean and what appears to be Florida were depicted on two earlier charts, the Cantino map, smuggled from Portugal to Italy in 1502 showing details known in 1500, and the Caverio map, drawn circa 1503–1504 and showing the Gulf of Mexico.

text: While some maps after 1500 show, with ambiguity, an eastern coastline for Asia distinct from the Americas, the Waldseemüller map apparently indicates the existence of a new ocean between the trans-Atlantic regions of the Spanish discoveries and the Asia of Ptolemy and Marco Polo as exhibited on the 1492 Behaim globe. The first historical records of Europeans to set eyes on this ocean, the Pacific, are recorded as Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. That is five to six years after Waldseemüller made his map. In addition, the map apparently predicts the width of South America at certain latitudes to within 70 miles.[4] However, as pointed out by E.G. Ravenstein, this is an illusory effect of the cordiform projection used by Waldseemüller, for when the map is laid out on a more familiar equirectangular projection and compared with others of the period also set out on that same projection there is little difference between them: this is particularly evident when the comparison is made with Johannes Schöner's 1515 globe.[5]

text: Apparently among most map-makers until that time, it was still erroneously believed that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus, Vespucci, and others formed part of the Indies of Asia. Thus some believe that it is impossible that Waldseemüller could have known about the Pacific, which is depicted on his map. The historian Peter Whitfield has theorized that Waldseemüller incorporated the ocean into his map because Vespucci's accounts of the Americas, with their so-called "savage" peoples, could not be reconciled with contemporary knowledge of India, China, and the islands of Indies. Thus, in the view of Whitfield, Waldseemüller reasoned that the newly discovered lands could not be part of Asia, but must be separate from it, a leap of intuition that was later proved uncannily precise.[6] An alternative explanation is that of George E. Nunn (see below).

text: Mundus Novus, a book attributed to Vespucci (who had himself explored the extensive eastern coast of South America), was widely published throughout Europe after 1504, including by Waldseemüller's group in 1507. It had first introduced to Europeans the idea that this was a new continent and not Asia. It is theorized that this led to Waldseemüller's separating the Americas from Asia, depicting the Pacific Ocean, and the use of the first name of Vespucci on his map.[2]

text: An explanatory text, the Cosmographiae Introductio, widely believed to have been written by Waldseemüller's colleague Matthias Ringmann, accompanied the map.  It was said in Chapter IX of that text that the earth was now known to be divided into four parts, of which Europe, Asia and Africa, being contiguous with each other, were continents, while the fourth part, America, was "an island, inasmuch as it is found to be surrounded on all sides by the seas".[7]

text: The inscription on the top left corner of the map proclaims that the discovery of America by Columbus and Vespucci fulfilled a prophecy of the Roman poet, Virgil, made in the Aeneid (VI. 795–797), of a land to be found in the southern hemisphere, to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn:

text: Many have thought to be an invention what the famous Poet said, that "a land lies beyond the stars, beyond the paths of the year and the sun, where Atlas the heaven-bearer turns on his shoulder the axis of the world set with blazing stars"; but now, at last, it proves clearly to have been true. It is, in fact, the land discovered by the King of Castile's captain, Columbus, and by Americus Vesputius, men of great and excellent talent, of which the greater part lies under the path of the year and sun, and between the tropics but extending nonetheless to about nineteen degrees beyond Capricorn toward the Antarctic pole beyond the paths of the year and the sun. Wherein, indeed, a greater amount of gold is to be found than of any other metal.

text: The "path" referred to is the ecliptic, which marks the sun's yearly movement along the constellations of the zodiac, so that to go beyond it meant crossing the southernmost extent of the ecliptic, the Tropic of Capricorn. 19° beyond Capricorn is latitude 42° South, the southernmost extent of America shown on Waldseemüller's map. The map legend shows how Waldseemüller strove to reconcile the new geographic information with the knowledge inherited from antiquity.[8][9]

text: The most southerly feature named on the coast of America on the Waldseemüller map is Rio decananorum, the "River of the Cananoreans". This was taken from Vespucci, who in 1501 during his voyage along this coast reached the port which he called Cananor (now Cananéia). Cananor was the port of Kannur in southern India, the farthest port reached in India during the 1500–1501 voyage of the Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil, two of whose ships were encountered returning from India by Vespucci.[10] This may be an indication Waldseemüller thought that the "River of the Cananoreans" could have actually been in the territory of Cananor in India and that America was, therefore, part of India.

text: The name for the northern land mass, Parias, is derived from a passage in the Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, in which, after several stops, the expedition arrives at a region that was "situated in the torrid zone directly under the parallel which describes the Tropic of Cancer. And this province is called by them [the inhabitants] Parias."[11][12] Parias was described by Waldseemüller’s follower, Johannes Schöner as: "The island of Parias, which is not a part or portion of the foregoing [America] but a large, special part of the fourth part of the world", indicating uncertainty as to its situation.[13][14]

text: PARIAS and AMERICA, corresponding to North and South America, are separated by a strait in the region of the present Panama on the main map but on the miniature map inset into the upper-mid part of the main map the isthmus joining the two is unbroken, apparently demonstrating Waldseemüller's willingness to represent alternative solutions to a question yet unanswered.

text: The map shows the cities of Catigara (near longitude 180° and latitude 10°S) and Mallaqua (Malacca, near longitude 170° and latitude 20°S) on the western coast of the great peninsula that projects from the southeastern part of Asia, or INDIA MERIDIONALIS (Southern India) as Waldseemüller called it. This peninsula forms the eastern side of the SINUS MAGNUS ("Great Gulf"), the Gulf of Thailand.[15][16] Amerigo Vespucci, writing of his 1499 voyage, said he had hoped to sail westward from Spain across the Western Ocean (the Atlantic) around the Cape of Cattigara mentioned by Ptolemy into the Sinus Magnus.[17]  Ptolemy understood Cattigara, or Kattigara, to be the most eastern port reached by shipping trading from the Graeco-Roman world to the lands of the Far East. Vespucci failed to find the Cape of Cattigara on his 1499 voyage: he sailed along the coast of Venezuela but not far enough to resolve the question of whether there was a sea passage beyond leading to Ptolemy's Sinus Magnus. The object of his voyage of 1503–1504 was to reach the fabulous spice emporium of "Melaccha in India" (that is, Malacca, or Melaka, on the Malay Peninsula).[18] He had learned of Malacca from one Guaspare (or Gaspard), a pilot with Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet on its voyage to India in 1500–1501, whom Vespucci had encountered in the Atlantic on his return from India in May 1501.[19] Christopher Columbus, in his fourth and last voyage of 1502–1503, planned to follow the coast of Champa southward around the Cape of Cattigara and sail through the strait separating Cattigara from the New World, into the Sinus Magnus to Malacca. This was the route he understood Marco Polo to have gone from China to India in 1292 (although Malacca had not yet been founded in Polo’s time).[20]:15[21][22] Columbus anticipated that he would meet up with the expedition sent at the same time from Portugal to Malacca around the Cape of Good Hope under Vasco da Gama, and carried letters of credence from the Spanish monarchs to present to da Gama.[23][24] The map therefore shows the two cities that were the initial destinations of Amerigo Vespucci and Christopher Columbus in their voyages that led to the unexpected discovery of a New World.[19][25]

text: Just to the south of Mallaqua (Malacca) is the inscription:  hic occisus est S. thomas (Here St. Thomas was killed), referring to the legend that Saint Thomas the Apostle went to India in 52 AD and was killed there in 72 AD. Waldseemüller had confused Malacca (Melaka) with Mylapore in India.[26][13] The contemporary understanding of the nature of Columbus' discoveries is demonstrated in the letter written to him by the Aragonese cosmographer and Royal counsellor, Jaume Ferrer, dated 5 August 1495, saying: Divine and infallible Providence sent the great Thomas from the Occident into the Orient in order to declare in India our Holy and Catholic Law; and you, Sir, it has sent to this opposite part of the Orient by way of the Ponient [West] so that by the Divine Will you might arrive in the Orient, and in the farthest parts of India Superior in order that the descendants might hear that which their ancestors neglected concerning the teaching of Thomas ... and very soon you will be by the Divine Grace in the Sinus Magnus, near which the glorious Thomas left his sacred body".[27][28]

text: History[edit]

text: At the time this wall map was drawn, Waldseemüller was working as part of the group of scholars of the Vosgean Gymnasium at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in Lorraine, which in that time belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. The maps were accompanied by the book Cosmographiae Introductio produced by the Vosgean Gymnasium.

text: Of the one thousand copies of the wall map Waldseemüller stated were printed, only one complete copy is known.[29] It was originally owned by Johannes Schöner (1477–1547), a Nuremberg astronomer, geographer, and cartographer. Its existence was unknown for a long time until its rediscovery in 1901 in the library of Prince Johannes zu Waldburg-Wolfegg in Schloss Wolfegg in Württemberg, Germany by the Jesuit historian and cartographer Joseph Fischer. It remained there until 2001 when the United States Library of Congress purchased it from Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee for ten million dollars.[30][31]

text: Chancellor Angela Merkel of the Federal Republic of Germany symbolically turned over the Waldseemüller map on April 30, 2007, within the context of a formal ceremony at the Library of Congress, in Washington, DC. In her remarks, the chancellor stressed that the US contributions to the development of Germany in the postwar period tipped the scales in the decision to turn over the Waldseemüller map to the Library of Congress as a sign of transatlantic affinity and as an indication of the numerous German roots to the United States. Today another facsimile of the map is exhibited for the public by the House of Waldburg in their museum on Waldburg Castle in Upper Swabia.

text: Since 2007, to the celebration of the 500 year jubilee of the first edition, the original map has been permanently displayed in the Library of Congress, within a specially-designed microclimate case. An argon atmosphere fills the case to give an anoxic environment. Prior to display, the entire map was the subject of a scientific analysis project using hyperspectral imaging with an advanced LED camera and illumination system[32] to address preservation storage and display issues.[33][34]

text: In 2005 the Waldseemüller map was nominated by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington for inscription on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register and was inscribed on the register that same year.[35]

text: Nunn's analysis[edit]

text: The geographers of Italy and Germany, like Martin Waldseemüller and his colleagues, were exponents of a theoretical geography, or cosmography. This means they appealed to theory where their knowledge of the American and Asiatic geography was lacking. That practice differed from the official Portuguese and Spanish cartographers, who omitted from their maps all unexplored coastlines.[36]:5-7,12-13,49-51

text: The second century Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy had believed that the known world extended over 180 degrees of longitude from the prime meridian of the Fortunate Isles (possibly the Canary Islands) to the city of Cattigara in southeastern Asia.[37] (In fact, the difference in longitude between the Canaries, at 16°W, and Cattigara, at 105°E, is just 121°.) He had also thought that the Indian Ocean was completely surrounded by land. Marco Polo demonstrated that an ocean lay east of Asia and was connected with the Indian Ocean. Hence, on the globe made by Martin Behaim in 1492, which combined the geography of Ptolemy with that of Marco Polo, the Indian Ocean was shown as merging with the Western Ocean to the east. Ptolemy’s lands to the east of the Indian Ocean, however, were retained in the form of a great promontory projecting far south from the southeastern corner of Asia—the peninsula of Upper India (India Superior) upon which the city of Cattigara was situated.

text: Another result of Marco Polo's travels was also shown on Behaim's globe—the addition of 60 degrees to the longitude of Asia. Columbus had not actually seen Behaim’s globe in 1492 (which apparently owed much to the ideas of Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli); but the globe, except for one important point, reflects the geographical theory on which he apparently based his plan for his first voyage. The exception is that Columbus shortened the length of the degree, thus reducing the distance from the Canaries to Zipangu (Japan), to about 62 degrees or only 775 leagues. Consequently, it seemed to Columbus a relatively simple matter to reach Asia by sailing west.

text: In the early 16th century, two theories prevailed with regard to America (the present South America). According to one theory, that continent was identified with the southeastern promontory of Asia that figures on Behaim's globe, India Superior or the Cape of Cattigara. The other view was that America (South America) was a huge island wholly unconnected with Asia.[36]:12-13,49-51

text: It should be noted that Balboa called the Pacific the Mar del Sur and referred to it as "la otra mar", the other sea, by contrast with the Atlantic, evidently with Behaim's concept of only two oceans in mind.[38] The Mar del Sur, the South Sea, was the part of the Indian Ocean to the south of Asia: the Indian Ocean was the Oceanus Orientalis, the Eastern Ocean, as opposed to the Atlantic or Western Ocean, the Oceanus Occidentalis in Behaim’s two ocean world.[36]:57

text: According to George E. Nunn, the key to Waldseemüller's apparent new ocean is found on the three sketch maps made by Bartolomé Colon (that is, Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher’s brother) and Alessandro Zorzi in 1504 to demonstrate the geographical concepts of Christopher Columbus. One of the Columbus/Zorzi sketch maps bears an inscription saying that: "According to Marinus of Tyre and Columbus, from Cape St. Vincent to Cattigara is 225 degrees, which is 15 hours; according to Ptolemy as far as Cattigara 180 degrees, which is 12 hours".[39][40][20] This shows that Christopher Columbus overestimated the distance eastward between Portugal and Cattigara as being 225 degrees instead of Ptolemy's estimate of 180 degrees, permitting him to believe the distance westward was only 135 degrees and therefore that the land he found was the East Indies. As noted by Nunn, in accordance with this calculation, the Colon/Zorzi maps employ the longitude estimate of Claudius Ptolemy from Cape St. Vincent eastward to Cattigara, but the longitude calculation of Marinus and Columbus is employed for the space between Cape St. Vincent westward to Cattigara.

text: Nunn pointed out that Martin Waldseemüller devised a scheme that showed both the Columbus and the Ptolemy-Behaim concept on the same map. On the right hand side of the Waldseemüller 1507 map is shown the Ptolemy-Behaim concept with the Ptolemy longitudes: this shows the huge peninsula of India Superior extending to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn. On the left side of the Waldseemüller map the discoveries of Columbus, Vespucci and others are represented as a long strip of land extending from about latitude 50 degree North to latitude 40 degrees South. The western coasts of these trans-Atlantic lands discovered under the Spanish crown are simply described by Waldseemüller as Terra Incognita (Unknown Land) or Terra Ulterior Incognita (Unknown Land Beyond), with a conjectural sea to the west, making these lands apparently a distinct continent. America's (that is, South America’s) status as a separate island or a part of Asia, specifically, the peninsula of India Superior upon which Cattigara was situated, is left unresolved. As the question of which of the two alternative concepts was correct had not been resolved at the time, both were represented on the same map. Both extremities of the map represent the eastern extremity of Asia, according to the two alternative theories. As Nunn said, "This was a very plausible way of presenting a problem at the time insoluble."[41]:479–480[42]:8-9,25

text: As noted by Nunn, the distance between the meridians on the map is different going eastward and westward from the prime meridian which passes through the Fortunate Isles (Canary Islands). This has the effect of representing the eastern coast of Asia twice: once in accordance with Ptolemy's longitudes to show it as Martin Behaim had done on his 1492 globe; and again in accordance with Columbus' calculation of longitudes to show his and the other Spanish navigators' discoveries across the Western Ocean, which Columbus and his followers considered to be part of India Superior.[41]:479[43]:2-7

text: On his 1516 world map, the Carta Marina, Waldseemüller identified the land he had called Parias on his 1507 map as Terra de Cuba and said it was part of Asia (Asie partis), that is, he explicitly idendified the land discovered by Columbus as the eastern part of Asia.[42]:8

text: Gores[edit]

text: Besides Universalis Cosmographia, Waldseemüller published a set of gores for constructing globes. The gores, also containing the inscription America, are believed to have been printed in the same year as the wall map, since Waldseemüller mentions them in the introduction to his Cosmographiæ Introductio.[44] On the globe gores, the sea to the west of the notional American west coast is named the Occeanus Occidentalis, that is, the Western or Atlantic Ocean, and where it merges with the Oceanus Orientalis (the Eastern, or Indian Ocean) is hidden by the latitude staff. This appears to indicate uncertainty as to America's location, whether it was an island continent in the Atlantic (Western Ocean) or in fact the great peninsula of India Superior shown on earlier maps, such as the 1489 map of the world by Martellus or the 1492 globe of Behaim.[36]:12-13,49-51

text:
Only few copies of the globe gores are extant. The first to be rediscovered was found in 1871 and is now in the James Ford Bell Library of the University of Minnesota.[45] Another copy was found inside a Ptolemy atlas and had been in the Bavarian State Library in Munich since 1990. The Library recognized in February 2018, after reviewing its authenticity, that this map is not an original copy - it was printed in the 20th century.
[46]
A third copy was discovered in 1992 bound into an edition of Aristotle in the Stadtbücherei Offenburg, a public library in Germany. A fourth copy came to light in 2003 when its European owner read a newspaper article about the Waldseemüller map. It was sold at auction to Charles Frodsham & Co. for $1,002,267, a world record price for a single sheet map.[47]
In July 2012, a statement was released from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich that a fifth copy of the gore had been found in the LMU Library's collection which is somewhat different from the other copies, perhaps because of a later date of printing.[48]
LMU Library has made an electronic version of their copy of the map available online.[49]