document_title: The English Patient (film)

question_text: where was the movie the english patient filmed

root

text: The English Patient (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the final days of the Italian Campaign of World War II, Hana, a French-Canadian nurse working and living in a bombed-out Italian monastery, looks after a critically burned man who speaks English but cannot remember his name. They are joined by Kip, a Sikh sapper in the British Army who defuses bombs and has a love affair with Hana before leaving for Florence, and David Caravaggio, a Canadian Intelligence Corps operative who was questioned by Germans and has had his thumbs cut off during a German interrogation. Caravaggio questions the patient, who gradually reveals his past.

tag: p

text: The patient tells Hana and Caravaggio that, in the late 1930s, he was exploring the desert of Libya. He is revealed to be Hungarian cartographer Count László de Almásy, who was mapping the Sahara as part of a Royal Geographical Society archeological and surveying expedition in Egypt and Libya with Englishman Peter Madox and others. Their expedition is joined by a British couple, Geoffrey and Katharine Clifton. Almásy falls in love with Katharine and writes about her in his book which Katharine reads. The two thereafter begin an affair which eventually Katharine ends. Almásy declares that he has found the Cave of Swimmers. An archaeological survey is conducted on it and the surrounding area until they are stopped due to the onset of the war. Madox leaves his Tiger Moth plane at Kufra oasis before his intended return to Britain.

text: While Almásy is packing up their base camp, Geoffrey, in attempted murder-suicide after apparently deducing Almásy and Katharine were in an affair, deliberately crashes the plane, narrowly missing Almásy. Geoffrey is killed instantly, Katharine is seriously injured. Almásy carries her to the Cave of Swimmers, leaving her with provisions, and begins a three-day walk to get help. At British-held El Tag he attempts to explain the situation, but is detained as a possible German spy and transported on a train. He escapes from the train and trades the Geographical Society maps to the Germans for gasoline. He finds Madox's Tiger Moth and flies back to the cave, but Katharine has died. As he flies himself and Katharine's body away, they are shot down by German anti-aircraft guns. Almásy is badly burned and is rescued by the Bedouin.

text: After he has related the story, Almásy indicates to Hana that he wants a lethal dose of morphine; she complies and reads Katharine's final journal entries to him as he dies. She and Caravaggio leave the monastery for Florence.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ralph Fiennes as Count László Almásy
Kristin Scott Thomas as Katharine Clifton
Willem Dafoe as David Caravaggio
Juliette Binoche as Hana
Naveen Andrews as Kip
Colin Firth as Geoffrey Clifton
Julian Wadham as Peter Madox
Jürgen Prochnow as Major Müller
Kevin Whately as Sgt. Hardy
Clive Merrison as Fenelon-Barnes
Nino Castelnuovo as D'Agostino
Hichem Rostom as Fouad
Peter Rühring as Bermann
Geordie Johnson as Oliver
Torri Higginson as Mary
Liisa Repo-Martell as Jan
Raymond Coulthard as Rupert Douglas
Philip Whitchurch as Corporal Dade
Lee Ross as Spalding
Anthony Smee as Beach Interrogation Officer
Matthew Ferguson as Young Canadian Soldier
Jason Done as Kiss Me soldier
Roger Morlidge as Desert Train Sergeant

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Saul Zaentz was interested in working with Anthony Minghella after he saw the director's film Truly, Madly, Deeply (1990); Minghella brought this project to the producer's attention. Michael Ondaatje, the Sri Lankan-born Canadian author of the novel, worked closely with the filmmakers.[7] During the development of the project with 20th Century Fox, according to Minghella, the "studio wanted the insurance policy of so-called bigger" actors.[8] Zaentz recalled, "they'd look at you and say, 'Could we cast Demi Moore in the role'?"[9] Not until Miramax Films took over was the director's preference for Scott Thomas accepted.[8]

text: The film was shot on location in Tunisia and Italy.[10] with a production budget of $31 million.[5]

text: The Conversations: Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film (2002)[11] by Michael Ondaatje is based on the conversations between the author and film editor. Murch, with a career that already included complex works like the Godfather trilogy, The Conversation, and Apocalypse Now, dreaded the task of editing the film with multiple flashbacks and time frames. Once he began, the possibilities became apparent, some of which took him away from the order of the original script. A reel without sound was made so scene change visuals would be consistent with the quality of the aural aspect between the two. The final cut features over 40 temporal transitions. It was during this time that Murch met Ondaatje and they were able to exchange thoughts about editing the film.[12]

text: Two types of aircraft are used in the film,[13] a De Havilland D.H.82 Tiger Moth and a Boeing-Stearman Model 75. Both are biplanes.[14][15] The camp crash scene was made with a 1⁄2-size scale model.

text: The Hungarian folk song, "Szerelem, Szerelem", performed by Muzsikas featuring Márta Sebestyén, featured in the film.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received widespread critical acclaim, was a box office success and a major award winner: victorious in 9 out of 12 nominated Academy Awards categories; 2 out of 7 nominated Golden Globe Awards categories; and 6 out of 13 nominated BAFTA Award categories.

text: The film has a "Certified Fresh" rating of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 75 reviews with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10, with the consensus concluding, "Though it suffers from excessive length and ambition, director Minghella's adaptation of the Michael Ondaatje novel is complex, powerful, and moving."[16] The film also has a rating of 87% on Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".[17] Chicago Sun Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film a 4/4 rating, saying "it's the kind of movie you can see twice – first for the questions, the second time for the answers".[18] In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin rated the film 3 1⁄2 out of 4, calling it "a mesmerizing adaptation" of Ondaatje's novel, saying "Fiennes and Scott Thomas are perfectly matched", and he concluded by calling the film "an exceptional achievement all around".[19]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Organization/Association
Award
Actor/Crew
Outcome
Remarks

69th Academy Awards[20][21]
Best Picture
Saul Zaentz
Won

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Juliette Binoche
Won
In her acceptance speech, Binoche said she had expected Lauren Bacall to win for The Mirror Has Two Faces, which would have been her first Oscar.

Best Art Direction
Art Direction: Stuart Craig; Set Decoration: Stephanie McMillan
Won

Best Cinematography
John Seale
Won

Best Costume Design
Ann Roth
Won

Best Director
Anthony Minghella
Won

Best Film Editing
Walter Murch
Won

Best Original Dramatic Score
Gabriel Yared
Won
See The English Patient (soundtrack). As he accepted the Academy Award for Best Song, for "You Must Love Me" in Evita, Andrew Lloyd Webber joked, "Thank heavens there wasn't a song in The English Patient is all I can say." since it had such a strong presence.

Best Sound
Walter Murch, Mark Berger, David Parker, and Christopher Newman
Won

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Ralph Fiennes
Nominated

Best Actress in a Leading Role
Kristin Scott Thomas
Nominated

Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published
Anthony Minghella
Nominated

54th Golden Globe Awards[20][21]
Best Motion Picture – Drama
Saul Zaentz
Won

Best Original Score
Gabriel Yared
Won

Best Director
Anthony Minghella
Nominated

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama
Ralph Fiennes
Nominated

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Kristin Scott Thomas
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Juliette Binoche
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Anthony Minghella
Nominated

50th British Academy Film Awards
Best Film
Saul Zaentz
Won

Best Cinematography
John Seale
Won

Best Editing
Walter Murch
Won

Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role
Juliette Binoche
Won

Best Screenplay – Adapted
Anthony Minghella
Won

Best Music
Gabriel Yared
Won

Best Direction
Anthony Minghella
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Ralph Fiennes
Nominated

Best Actress in a Leading Role
Kristin Scott Thomas
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Ann Roth
Nominated

Best Production Design
Stuart Craig
Nominated

Best Sound

Nominated

Best Makeup/Hair
Nigel Booth
Nominated

47th Berlin International Film Festival (1997)[22]
Silver Bear for Best Actress
Juliette Binoche
Won

Golden Bear
Anthony Minghella
Nominated

tag: table

text:
Year
Category
Distinction
Date Checked
Remarks

2002
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions
#56

1999
BFI Top 100 British films
#55[23]


document_title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

question_text: where was the tv series hamish macbeth filmed

text: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Hamish Macbeth, a police constable in the Northern Constabulary, accompanied by his dog, a West Highland Terrier named Wee Jock, keeps the peace in the small town of Lochdubh (pronounced with the guttural 'ch' sound, LoCH-DOO). Macbeth does this in his own way, without undue reliance on the letter of the law and with every intention of avoiding being promoted out of what is his ideal job. He strongly dislikes involvement from Inverness police, and sometimes his main work doesn't seem to be the capture of local very petty criminals, but to keep them away from prison and penalties.

text: The major running theme of the series is the tension caused by Hamish's attraction to both the journalist of the local newspaper, Isobel Sutherland (Shirley Henderson) and the aristocratic author Alexandra Maclean (Valerie Gogan). Other themes include the clairvoyance of Hamish's friend and co-worker "TV John", John McIver (Ralph Riach), the not-so-secret romance between the school-teacher Esme Murray and the shopkeeper Rory Campbell, the volatile marriage of the publican Barney Meldrum and his wife Agnes, the schemes of the two Lachie MacCraes, father and son, the laid-back, pipe smoking Doc Brown (Duncan Duff), and Major Peregrine Mclean (David Ashton), father of Alexandra and aristocratic penniless bachelor.

text: The series was accompanied by the Gaelic music of John Lunn.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was filmed on location in the village of Plockton, the town of Kyle of Lochalsh and the surrounding area. A map of the Lochdubh area shown in the episode "In Search of a Rose" places Lochdubh close to Toscaig, just to the north of Kyle of Lochalsh, with Lochdubh Island being part of the Crowlin Islands.

text: The series was directed mainly by Nicholas Renton, with Mandie Fletcher directing four episodes and Jonas Grimas directing two episodes in 1997.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Carlyle as PC Hamish Macbeth; A policeman in the village of Lochdubh, laid-back in dealing with the inhabitants' quirky ways. He works to avoid promotion or transfer, and is clearly more interested in keeping the peace than enforcing the letter of the law.
Ralph Riach as John James McIver, AKA "TV John"; Hamish's friend and confidant who got his nickname because he was the first man in Lochdubh to have a television set. He manned the station when Hamish was away and was gifted with the sight.
Shirley Henderson as Isobel Sutherland; A reporter on The Lochdubh Listener who is in love with Hamish. Hamish later realises his love for her, but their relationship remains largely unrequited. She temporarily left Lochdubh for a job in Glasgow, but later returns and starts a relationship with Hamish.
Valerie Gogan as Alexandra "Alex" Maclean (Series 1—2); Major Maclean's daughter, a novelist who has an on/off relationship with Hamish. She breaks up with Hamish after discovering that he no longer has feelings for her, and is actually in love with Isobel. She then attempts to leave Lochdubh, but falls down a muddy cliff and dies.
Barbara Rafferty as Agnes Meldrum; a landlady who runs the local pub with her husband, Barney. It is later revealed that when she was 16, she had a son named Gavin, whom she gave up for adoption. He later reunites with her.
Stuart McGugan as Bernard Keir Hardy "Barney" Meldrum; the local publican, an "incomer" from Glasgow.
Anne Lacey as Esme Murray; The local teacher and owner of the boarding house.
Brian Pettifer as Rory Duncan Campbell; Owner of the local grocery shop, and a very close friend of Esme.
Duncan Duff as Dougal Alexander Fleming Brown, AKA "Doc"; The kilt-wearing, pipe-smoking village doctor.
Jimmy Yuill/Billy Riddoch as Lachlan McCrae, Sr.; A local schemer who fills his days makes unlicensed sausages.
Stuart Davids as Lachlan McCrae, Jr; Son of Lachlan Sr., who starts out in the sausage business and ends up the local undertaker.
David Ashton as Major Roderick Peregrine ("Roddy") Maclean; Alex's father, local land-owner and former army officer.
Zippy as Wee Jock; Hamish's dog. After Wee Jock dies, he is replaced by another dog named simply "Jock".

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Jon Croft as Malkie Clunie (Series 1); The Major's groundsman and gamekeeper.
Mona Bruce as Edith ("Edie") (Series 1); The Major's housekeeper.
Dolina MacLennan as Flora (Series 1—2); The secretary and receptionist at the local newspaper office, and prolific knitter.
Iain McColl as Neil (Series 2—3); Operator of the local omnibus and the small, unstaffed local railway station.
Ronnie Letham as Peter (Series 2—3); Station Officer at the local fire station, which is run by trained locals.
Ron Donachie as Zoot McPherrin (Series 1—2); Leader of a hippie colony, with various Lochdubh associations.
Laurie Ventry as Reverend Alan Snow (Series 2); Local clergyman of undisclosed denomination.
Bill Leadbitter as D.I. Willie Bruce (Series 1); Hamish's superior from the Inverness police force.
Alex Norton as Duncan Soutar (Series 1—2); Local farmer.
Rab Christie as Jimmy Soutar (Series 1—2); Duncan Soutar's son.
Sandy McDade as Jean Foley (Series 3); A friend of Isobel's, who along with her nephew, Frankie, leaves Glasgow to stay in Lochdubh.
Stephen Henderson as Frankie Bryce (Series 3); Jean's nephew, who comes with her and Isobel to stay in Lochdubh.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (1995)[edit]

text:
Episode
Series
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)
Airdate

1
1
"The Great Lochdubh Salt Robbery"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
26 March 1995 (1995-03-26)

Hamish has his hands full dealing with two cases - a salt theft from a local grocery store, and the disappearance of the local wife abuser, Geordie Robb.

2
2
"A Pillar of the Community"
Nicholas Renton
Stuart Hepburn
TBA
2 April 1995 (1995-04-02)

Hamish is asked to keep the peace when tensions arise as a newcomer, Vicky Jeffreys, tries to teach the villagers about their own "traditional" heritage and takes over events at the Lochdubh day celebrations.

3
3
"The Big Freeze"
Patrick Lau
Dominic Minghella
TBA
9 April 1995 (1995-04-09)

Hamish investigates a burglary at Major Maclean's residence, but suspects he is faking the incident to claim the insurance money. However, DI Bruce is determined to catch a gang he suspects are responsible.

4
4
"West Coast Story"
Ian Knox
Brian Elsley
TBA
16 April 1995 (1995-04-16)

Hamish sets out to expose the poor dealings of local bank manager Cameron Dicks, who seeks to bankrupt Duncan Soutar. When Hamish's cheques also bounce, he joins the village production of West Side Story.

5
5
"Wee Jock's Lament"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
23 April 1995 (1995-04-23)

Hamish tries to track down two escaped convicts who he believes ran over and killed his dog Wee Jock. Suspecting this actions may result in murder, the townsfolk set out to find him before he reaches boiling point.

6
6
"A Bit of an Epic"
Sid Roberson
Julian Spilsbury
TBA
30 April 1995 (1995-04-30)

Hamish decides to join a famous tour guide on a mountain trek through the steep Scottish hillsides, suspecting that trouble may arise. When he is lead into a dangerous situation, his fears are proven to be correct.

text: Series 2 (1996)[edit]

text:
Episode
Series
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)
Airdate

7
1
"A Perfectly Simple Explanation"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
24 March 1996 (1996-03-24)

Hamish is branded a devil by a religious group who claim that Lochdubh is the new Gomorrah. His initial disdain turns to concern for head of the Church, Path Malachi MacBean, whose behaviour continues to become more erratic.

8
2
"In Search of a Rose"
Mandie Fletcher
Stuart Hepburn
TBA
31 March 1996 (1996-03-31)

Hamish investigates the disappearance of a local seafarer, Barney Meldon, who recently opened a new visitor attraction - a whale-watching expedition - in the village.

9
3
"Isobel Pulls it Off"
Mandie Fletcher
Dominic Minghella
TBA
7 April 1996 (1996-04-07)

Hamish becomes jealous when Isobel breaks a big story with the local newspaper, and finds a new boyfriend, Gary. Hamish's jealously turns to fear when he suspects that Gary may be leading Isobel into the path of some serious trouble.

10
4
"Radio Lochdubh"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
14 April 1996 (1996-04-14)

Hamish is ordered to close down a popular local pirate radio station by two radio detection officers, but faces backlash from the locals. Meanwhile, his personal life takes a turn from the worse when he breaks up with Alex, but his decision soon turns into tragedy.

11
5
"No Man is an Island"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
21 April 1996 (1996-04-21)

Hamish takes off to a remote island following Alex's death, but ends up having to rescue an elderly woman, Belle, who discovers the remains of an unexploded landmine. Meanwhile, Hamish's replacement, PC Duggan, begins to offend the locals.

12
6
"The Lochdubh Deluxe"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
28 April 1996 (1996-04-28)

Hamish has to intervene in a family feud, and investigates the disappearance of a body from the local burial ground. Lachie Jr. is asked to become the new undertaker's assistant, who has become tired of his nephew's behaviour.

text: Series 3 (1997)[edit]

text:
Episode
Series
Episode
Title[1]
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)
Airdate

13
1
"The Honourable Policeman"
Jonas Grimas
Daniel Boyle
TBA
16 March 1997 (1997-03-16)

Hamish is invited to be the best man at the local laird's wedding, but suspects the laird's fiancé may be harbouring an ulterior motive for wanting to marry. Meanwhile, Hamish is forced to train a new woman police constable, Anne Patterson.

14
2
"Deferred Sentence"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
23 March 1997 (1997-03-23)

Hamish investigates a twenty-year-old mystery which has divided the island of Lagga-Laggas, whilst trying to avoid becoming embroiled in the rivalry between Father McPhail and his adversary, Enoch McDuff.

15
3
"The Lochdubh Assassin"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
30 March 1997 (1997-03-30)

Hamish must protect the village from a gang of ruthless villains who follow Isobel back from Glasgow, but he has a particularly difficult time keeping them under control - as they have yet to commit a crime.

16
4
"The Good Thief"
Jonas Grimas
Daniel Boyle
TBA
6 April 1997 (1997-04-06)

Hamish has to uncover the secret of Frankie's best friend from Glasgow, Tusker Gray, who threatens to ruin the annual singing contest between Lochdubh Stag Bar and the Dunbracken Arms.

17
5
"The Trouble with Rory"
Mandie Fletcher
Stuart Hepburn
TBA
13 April 1997 (1997-04-13)

Hamish investigates a fire at the local primary school, which destroys part of the building. Esme is shocked when the council decide not to rebuild, but is even more disgusted when she discovers her boyfriend Rory may be connected.

18
6
"More Than a Game"
Mandie Fletcher
Stuart Hepburn
TBA
20 April 1997 (1997-04-20)

Hamish suspects that there may be cheating at the annual shinty match against Dunbracken, but the relationship breakdown between Lachie Jr. and his father threatens to overshadow the entire game.

19
7
"Destiny - Part 1"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
27 April 1997 (1997-04-27)

Hamish is forced to uncover the location of the Stone of Destiny after John's criminal brother, Kenneth McIver, is sprung from an American jail, and returns to Lochdubh in search of the priceless artifact.

20
8
"Destiny - Part 2"
Nicholas Renton
Daniel Boyle
TBA
4 May 1997 (1997-05-04)

Hamish and friends trek across the mountains to rescue John after Ava and Kenneth manage to steal the Stone of Destiny. But while Hamish and Isobel's relationship begins to blossom, John's fate proves to be much darker.


document_title: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character)

question_text: where was dr. jekyll when he first transformed into mr. hyde without drinking the potion

text: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character)

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Dr. Henry Jekyll feels he is battling between the good and bad within himself, thus leading to the struggle with his alter ego, Edward Hyde. He spends his life trying to repress evil urges that are not fitting for a man of his stature. He develops a serum in an attempt to mask this hidden evil. However, in doing so, Jekyll transforms into Hyde, a hideous creature without compassion or remorse. Jekyll has a friendly personality, but as Hyde, he becomes mysterious and violent. As time goes by, Hyde grows in power and eventually manifests whenever Jekyll shows signs of physical or moral weakness, no longer needing the serum to be released.

text: Stevenson never says exactly what Hyde does on his nightly forays, generally saying that it is something of an evil and lustful nature. Thus, in the context of the times, it is abhorrent to Victorian religious morality. Hyde may have been reveling in activities such as engaging with prostitutes or burglary. However, it is Hyde's violent activities that seem to give him the most thrills, driving him to attack and murder Sir Danvers Carew without apparent reason, making him a hunted outlaw throughout England.

text: A lawyer named Gabriel Utterson and Jekyll's butler, Mr. Poole, end up breaking into Jekyll's lab. Inside, they find the body of Hyde wearing Jekyll's clothes and apparently dead from suicide. They find also a letter from Jekyll to Utterson promising to explain the entire mystery. Utterson takes the document home where he first reads Lanyon’s letter and then Jekyll's. The first reveals that Lanyon’s deterioration and eventual death resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drinking a serum or potion and as a result of doing so, turning into Jekyll. The second letter explains that Jekyll, having previously indulged unstated vices (and with it the fear that discovery would lead to his losing his social position) found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection. But Jekyll's transformed personality, Hyde, was effectively a sociopath — evil, self-indulgent, and utterly uncaring to anyone but himself. Initially, Jekyll was able to control the transformations, but eventually he would become Hyde involuntarily in his sleep.

text: At this point, Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde. One night, however, the urge gripped him too strongly, and after the transformation he immediately rushed out and violently killed Carew. Horrified, Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations, and for a time he proved successful by engaging in philanthropic work. One day, at a park, he considered how good a person that he had become as a result of his deeds (in comparison to others), believing himself redeemed. However, before he completed his line of thought, he looked down at his hands and realized that he had suddenly transformed once again into Hyde. This was the first time that an involuntary metamorphosis had happened in waking hours. Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer, Hyde needed help to avoid being caught. He wrote to Lanyon (in Jekyll's hand), asking his friend to retrieve the contents of a cabinet in his laboratory and to meet him at midnight at Lanyon's home in Cavendish Square. In Lanyon's presence, Hyde mixed the potion and transformed back to Jekyll. The shock of the sight instigated Lanyon's deterioration and death. Meanwhile, Jekyll returned to his home only to find himself ever more helpless and trapped as the transformations increased in frequency and necessitated even larger doses of potion in order to reverse them. It was the onset of one of these spontaneous metamorphoses that caused Jekyll to slam his laboratory window shut in the middle of his conversation with Enfield and Utterson.

text: Eventually, the stock of ingredients from which Jekyll had been preparing the potion ran low, and subsequent batches prepared by Dr. Jekyll from renewed stocks failed to produce the transformation. Jekyll speculated that the one essential ingredient that made the original potion work (a salt) must have itself been contaminated. After sending Poole to one chemist after another to purchase the salt that was running low only to find it wouldn't work, he assumed that subsequent supplies all lacked the essential ingredient that made the potion successful for his experiments. His ability to change back from Hyde into Jekyll had slowly vanished in consequence. Jekyll wrote that even as he composed his letter, he knew that he would soon become Hyde permanently, having used the last of this salt and he wondered if Hyde would face execution for his crimes or choose to kill himself. Jekyll noted that, in either case, the end of his letter marked the end of his life. He ended the letter saying, "I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end". With these words, both the document and the novella come to a close.

text: The original pronunciation of Jekyll was "Jeekul", which was the pronunciation used in Stevenson's native Scotland. This is also the pronunciation of Gertrude Jekyll.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: While there are adaptations of the book, the section depicts the different portrayals in different media appearances:

text: Television[edit]

text:
Dr. Jekyll appeared  in some of Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated shorts.
In Hyde and Hare, Dr. Jekyll (voiced by Mel Blanc) brings Bugs Bunny to his apartment. When Dr. Jekyll drinks his formula, he becomes Mr. Hyde who is depicted with green skin and red eyes. Around the end of the cartoon, Bugs Bunny drinks the formula and starts to turn into a Hyde-like rabbit.
In Hyde and Go Tweet, Dr. Jekyll drinks a formula that turns himself into Mr. Hyde with the commotion waking Sylvester up until he sees Dr. Jekyll back to his normal self. Tweety later exposes himself to Dr. Jekyll's formula where he becomes a Hyde-like canary.
The episode Dr. Jerkyl's Hide features Sylvester turning into a Hyde-like cat upon ingesting the formula which he mistook for soda pop where he attacks Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in Climax! episode "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde". Hosted by Bill Lundigan, this episode was originally aired on 28 July 1955 (Season 1 Episode 34). The story was adapted for television by Gore Vidal.[1]
The Scooby-Doo, Where are You! episode "Nowhere to Hyde" features the Ghost of Mr. Hyde, who is committing jewelry store robberies and one of the suspects is a descendant of Dr. Jekyll. The Ghost of Mr. Hyde later made a cameo in Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King as a patron in a monster bar.
In the Dynomutt, Dog Wonder episode "Everyone Hyde!", the criminal Willie the Weasel (voiced by Henry Corden) creates a similar formula (which is related to Dr. Jekyll's formula) that turns him into Mr. Hyde.
In the Gravedale High episode "Fear of Flying", there is a medical version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (voiced by Frank Welker) that works as a doctor for the monsters. Mr. Hyde serves as Dr. Jekyll's "partner" where Dr. Jekyll would turn into him for any second opinions of anyone's medical problems.
In the All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series episode "Dr. Beagle and Mangy Hyde", Charlie turns into a Mr. Hyde-like monster (voiced by Brad Garrett) when eating dog food tainted with a dangerous substance Carface had.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in the Animaniacs episode "Brain Meets Brawn", voiced by Jeff Bennett. Dr. Jekyll was seen taking a serum that turns him into Mr. Hyde where is then attacked by the police. They take a break in the conflict when tea time occurs. Afterwards, the police subdue Mr. Hyde and take him away to the police station. Dr. Jekyll's serum inspires Brain to take it so that he can break Big Ben in this monster form whenever Brain gets angered.
The 2007 TV serial Jekyll starred James Nesbitt as Tom Jackman, a modern Jekyll whose Hyde persona wreaks havoc in modern London. In the course of the series, it is revealed that the original Jekyll's transformation into Hyde was a 'natural' process, triggered by Jekyll's love for his maid rather than any kind of potion, and Jackman is the descendant of one of Hyde's bastard sons, while his wife is a clone of Jekyll's maid created by a corporation to try and duplicate the Hyde process. As with most modern adaptations, Hyde is depicted as possessing superhuman strength, able to tear a lion apart with his bare hands, and is depicted as being impulsive and childish rather than explicitly evil, although the physical changes are fairly subtle, such as Hyde having darker eyes and a different hairstyle. At the series' conclusion, Hyde apparently sacrifices himself to save Jackman, 'dying' when he is shot but somehow able to stop Jackman 'sharing the damage', with the result that the bullets remain in Jackman but he has no injuries to demonstrate where they entered his body.
NBC's Do No Harm is a modern retelling of the Jekyll and Hyde story featuring a renamed Jekyll-like character named Dr. Jason Cole (played by Steven Pasquale) trying to stop his drug-addicted, sociopathic, Hyde-like counterpart named Ian Price from ruining his professional and private life. Unlike the original story, the main character is a highly respected neurosurgeon who is able to keep his alter-ego in check through the use of an experimental sedative. Also, Jason suffers from dissociative identity disorder instead of developing a serum that separates the good and evil in a person.
The Phineas and Ferb episode "The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein" features the villain Dr. Jekyll Doofenshmirtz drinking a potion to turn himself into a monster.
The Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero episode "Rip-Penn" features Penn as Dr. Barzelby (inspired by Dr. Jekyll), who accidentally drinks a potion that turns him into a monster version of Penn's nemesis Rippen.
SBS's Hyde, Jekyll, Me portrays a man, Goo Seo Jin, who is in line as a successor of the conglomerate group his family owns but has dissociative identity disorder. His other personality, Robin, is the opposite of his usual cold, cynical self; Robin is kind, gentle and has a savior complex.
Shazad Latif portrays an Anglo-Indian Dr. Henry Jekyll on the third season of Penny Dreadful. In the show, Jekyll is the illegitimate child of an English nobleman and an Indian woman. His father abandoned Jekyll and his mother in India, and after Jekyll's mother dies from leprosy, he goes to the University of Cambridge, where he befriends Victor Frankenstein but is ultimately expelled from Cambridge after getting into a fight with a professor due to the professor's racist comments. He then works at Bedlam Hospital, developing a serum to pacify patients and bring out a calm, tame nature. In the last episode of the show, Jekyll's father dies and he inherits his title: Lord Hyde.
The 2015 TV series Jekyll & Hyde focuses on the illegitimate grandson of Henry Jekyll, Doctor Robert Jekyll, who has inherited his grandfather's Hyde personality. While Robert is initially able to control his transformation with pills, as the series unfolds, he learns about various demonic threats to the world, and is forced to harness the superhuman strength he possesses as Hyde to oppose these forces. In the course of the series, Robert Jekyll works with Henry Jekyll's old assistant and even meets Henry Jekyll's lover (and hence his grandmother), although his Hyde persona never gains a first name.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in Once Upon a Time, with Dr. Jekyll portrayed by Hank Harris and Mr. Hyde portrayed by Samuel Witwer.[2] They first appear in the season five finale "Only You" and "An Untold Story". Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are shown as inhabitants of the Land of Untold Stories, who follow the heroes to Storybrooke. In season six, it's revealed that Jekyll's serum failed to remove his capacity for evil and he is killed by Captain Hook which causes Hyde to die as well as a side effect of the serum.

text: Film[edit]

text:
John Barrymore played Jekyll and Hyde in the 1920 silent movie adaptation of the novel.
Fredric March played Jekyll and Hyde in the 1931 film adaptation of the novel, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor.
Spencer Tracy played Jekyll and Hyde in the 1941 film adaptation of the novel.
Jack Palance played the two characters in the 1968 TV movie.
David Hemmings played the characters in the 1980 version, but instead of transforming into a hideous being, he becomes younger and very physically attractive. And even though he still does evil things, he seems to be more of a gentlemen at times and less remorseless than other versions of this character. The movie was only made for TV.
John Hannah played Jekyll and Hyde in the 2003 television film adaptation of the novel.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, played by Boris Karloff.
In the Hammer Horror film Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde, Dr. Jekyll (Ralph Bates), rather than transforming into an ugly, deformed monster, transforms into a beautiful yet malicious femme fatale (Martin Beswick).
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in Mad Monster Party?, voiced by Allen Swift. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear as guests at a party thrown by Baron Boris von Frankenstein at his castle on the Isle of Evil. Dr. Jekyll keeps his elixir in his cane whenever he wants to turn into Mr. Hyde. Also, Dr. Jekyll's cane doubles as an umbrella as seen when Mr. Hyde uses it to keep the sleeping Creature from spewing water onto him at night.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters (a "prequel of sorts" to Mad Monster Party?), voiced again by Allen Swift. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are among the monsters invited by Baron Henry von Frankenstein to attend the wedding of Frankenstein's Monster and its mate at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel.
Mr. Hyde appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas, voiced by Randy Crenshaw. He appears as one of the citizens of Halloween Town. Only seen in his "Hyde" form, he keeps two smaller versions of himself underneath his hat.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in the 1994 film The Pagemaster, voiced by Leonard Nimoy.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in the 1996 film Mary Reilly, portrayed by John Malkovich.
The film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (adapted from the comic book series) features Jason Flemyng as both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (the latter using prosthetic makeup). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are employed by The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen to combat the ruthless criminal known as the Fantom, who is revealed in the course of the film to be "M", the man who recruited them, and also Professor Moriarty, who intends to acquire the power of the League for use in his plans to trigger a world war and sell his weapons for profit. His mole in the League, Dorian Gray, manages to acquire a sample of the Hyde serum, which he is able to duplicate, one of Moriarty's men drinking a massive overdose of the Hyde serum to become an even larger version of Hyde. Despite the other Hyde's size and raw power, he is defeated when he burns through the formula at an accelerated rate, resulting in Moriarty's fortress collapsing on top of him.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appear in Van Helsing, with Dr. Jekyll portrayed by Stephen Fisher while Robbie Coltrane provides the voice of the CGI animated Mr. Hyde. Like the version that was seen in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Mr. Hyde is also portrayed as a large, hulking brute. Van Helsing has pursued Hyde to Paris, France after having failed to capture him in an earlier confrontation in London, England. He is superhumanly strong and displays agility comparable to that of a great ape. While not invulnerable, he's extremely tough and sustains severe injuries that ultimately do little to impede or slow him down to any appreciable degree. Upon exchanging banter, they begin fighting in the bell tower of Notre Dame Cathedral with Van Helsing initially gaining the advantage by severing Hyde's left arm at the biceps, which regresses to a normal form after landing on the floor. Hyde rallies and assaults Van Helsing, using his right arm to hurl him through the roof of the cathedral. He then gloats before tossing Van Helsing off the roof only for Van Helsing to fire a grappling gun that sends the hook & line through the center of Hyde's body, which Van Helsing uses to stop his fall. He attempts to pull Hyde off the roof, only for Hyde to begin pulling him upward, seemingly unfazed by the large hole in his body. Hyde trips over the edge of the roof, his falling weight pulling Van Helsing up to the roof before the line breaks. As it breaks, the momentum swings Hyde through the Rose Window of the cathedral and, while he falls, Hyde transforms back into the form of Henry Jekyll and dies from the fall. A police officer spots Van Helsing on top of the cathedral and holds him accountable for Dr. Jekyll's death. The novelization of the film portrays Hyde as not only a murderer, but a cannibal as well. The novel says the body of the murdered woman Van Helsing discovers on the streets of Paris as partially devoured while the same scene in the film shows the woman's body intact. However, the film does suggest that Hyde is cannibalistic when he encounters Van Helsing in Notre Dame and tells him "You're a big one. You'll be hard to digest."
A creature that might be Mr. Hyde appears in Hotel Transylvania. He is seen around the end of the movie, when everyone is singing "The Zing".
The Dynomutt version of Mr. Hyde appeared in Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon, voiced by John DiMaggio.
Russell Crowe played Dr. Jekyll in The Mummy, which is the first installment in Universal's Dark Universe and is a role which will be elaborated on in further films within the series. It is suggested that Jekyll's transformation into Hyde was a 'natural' condition, as he reflects on how someone- implied to be him- realized that he was succumbing to evil but was able to find a cure as a physician, requiring regular injections of an unspecified compound to prevent himself becoming Hyde, an aggressive and sadistic persona. Despite the personality transformation, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde have the same appearance, with the exception of their skins and eyes, although they also have a different palmprint with the result that palm scanners that will allow Jekyll access but will  prohibit Hyde from using the door. As Hyde, he exhibits greater levels of physical strength, endurance and aggression as well as improved combat abilities.

text: Comics[edit]

text:
In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One and Volume Two by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill, Henry Jekyll is a scientist who is the lesser half of Edward Hyde and member of the Victorian League. This incarnation of Jekyll and Hyde reveals that eventually Jekyll found that he would transform into Hyde under stress, not unlike Hulk. Likewise, Hyde has become progressively taller and bulkier than Jekyll, while Jekyll has become shorter and withered. During a dinner scene, Hyde explains that this is because splitting himself and Jekyll into separate identities resulted in him losing his restraints and growing beyond his original limits, while Jekyll withered away without anything to drive him. During the Martian invasion, he developed a strong respect for Mina Murray and sacrificed himself to stop Martian tripods from crossing London Bridge. His self-sacrifice was honored in having Serpentine Park named into Hyde Park and a statue of Mr. Hyde is seen in the park in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier and throughout The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century.
The Marvel Comics superhero Hulk is loosely based on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein's Monster. The supervillain Mister Hyde is more directly inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
The DC Comics supervillain Two-Face was inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde due to their split personality.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Who recorded the song "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" on their album Magic Bus: The Who on Tour.
Renaissance (band) recorded the song "Jekyll and Hyde" on their album Azure d'Or.
The Damned recorded a song titled "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" on their 1980 release The Black Album.
The split personality theme - I am to myself what Jekyll must have been to Hyde - is featured in ABBA song Me and I (1980).
South Korean boy band VIXX released their first mini-album, Hyde, and first repackaged mini album, Jekyll, based on the novel.
Heavy metal band Judas Priest released a song entitled "Jekyll and Hyde" on their 2001 album "Demolition."
Another heavy metal band, Iced Earth, released a song entitled "Jekyll & Hyde" on their 2001 album, "Horror Show."
American Christian Rock band Petra recorded a song Jekyll & Hyde for their 2003 album with the same name.
American rock band Halestorm released an album  in 2012 called The Strange Case Of..., with a track called "Mz. Hyde". The title of the album and song is referencing singer Lzzy Hale's on stage and off stage sides to her life.
In 2015, Five Finger Death Punch released a single named "Jekyll & Hyde".
Ice Nine Kills released the single "Me, Myself & Hyde" in February 2015.
Zac Brown Band released the album Jekyll + Hyde in 2015.

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
The Lego Minifigures theme has a character in Series 9 named Mr. Good and Evil, who is based on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
In Monster High, there are characters named Jackson Jekyll and Holt Hyde who are the descendants of Dr. Jekyll. They are voiced by Cindy Robinson in the webisodes and TV specials.
In Fate/Prototype: Fragments of Blue & Silver, a light novel series based on the original drafts of Fate/stay night, Dr. Jekyll appears as the Servant of the Berserker class, portrayed as a gentle and good looking young man. His Noble Phantasm allows him to transform into Mr. Hyde.
In "Servamp", a manga written and illustrated by Strike Tanaka, there are two characters known as Licht Jekylland Todoroki and Lawless of Greed (later given the name of Hyde by the former). They have no direct correlation with Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in personality traits from the original novel, but their names, as well as their roles as opposites to each other (Licht as an Angel and Hyde as a Demon) nod to the original story. Their combined special attack is titled "Jekyll and Hyde".
In "Fate/Grand Order", a mobile video game based on the "Fate/stay night" visual novel and franchise from Type-Moon, a Servant under the classes Assassin and Berserker appears, named "Henry Jekyll & Hyde." In most of his appearance during battle sequences, he is the Assassin-class Servant Henry Jekyll, however when using his Noble Phantasm, or special ability, he becomes the Berserker-class Servant Hyde.


document_title: The Light Between Oceans (film)

question_text: where is the light between two oceans set

text: The Light Between Oceans (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Tom Sherbourne, a traumatised and withdrawn hero of World War I, is hired as a lightkeeper at Janus Rock, a lighthouse off the coast of Western Australia. He falls in love with a local girl, Isabel Graysmark, and they marry in 1921. Isabel loses two pregnancies in three years, and fears she may never become a mother.

text: Shortly after Isabel's second miscarriage, a rowboat containing a dead man and a newborn baby girl washes up on the shore near the lighthouse. Tom knows that regulations require him to report the discovery. However, Isabel fears that the baby will almost certainly be sent to an orphanage, and persuades Tom to pass the baby off as their own. Tom grudgingly agrees. He buries the man on the island and they name the girl Lucy.

text: As Tom and Isabel are about to have Lucy christened on the mainland, Tom sees a woman, Hannah Roennfeldt, kneeling in front of a grave, bearing the names of Frank Roennfeldt and his baby daughter Grace Ellen, who were lost at sea on the day they found Lucy, 26 April 1923. Tom fears that Lucy might very well be Hannah's missing daughter. He writes anonymously to her to tell her that her husband is dead but that her baby is safe and well cared-for.

text: Four years later, Tom, Isabel, and Lucy, who have enjoyed an idyllic life together, attend a ceremony for the anniversary of Tom's lighthouse, and they strike up a conversation with Hannah and her sister, Gwen Potts. They learn that Frank was a German native, and had been accosted in the street by a drunken crowd. He jumped into a rowboat and fled along with his baby daughter. Tormented by his conscience, Tom sends Hannah a small rattle that was found with Lucy on the boat. One of Tom's co-workers recognizes the rattle on a reward poster, and reports him to the police.

text: Tom takes full responsibility, claiming he bullied Isabel into complying. Isabel is enraged that Tom is willing to give Lucy away, and breaks off contact with him after his arrest. Lucy is returned to her birth family, but initially rejects and hates them, having no memory of them. She refuses to answer to "Grace", and even runs away in an effort to go back to the lighthouse.

text: The police accuse Tom of murdering Frank, and are unable to draw an answer from the distraught Isabel as to whether he was dead when they discovered him. Just as Tom is about to be taken to Albany for trial, Isabel reads a letter which Tom had sent her, writing of how he had not deserved his happiness with her and how carrying the blame will assuage his guilt for surviving the war. She jumps on the boat and confesses everything. Moved by their gesture, Hannah offers to speak on their behalf at trial. Lucy has at last begun to bond with her natural mother and grandfather, who agrees to call her "Lucy-Grace" as a compromise.

text: In 1950, an adult Lucy-Grace Rutherford, accompanied by her baby son Christopher, tracks Tom down. She has not been in contact with the Sherbournes for over twenty years, as they had agreed not to contact her for the rest of her childhood. Isabel has recently died, still tormented with guilt for her actions, and Tom gives Lucy-Grace a letter that she wrote for her in case she ever made contact. An emotional Lucy-Grace thanks Tom, the only father she knew, for rescuing and raising her for the few years on Janus, and they promise to stay in touch.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael Fassbender as Tom Sherbourne
Alicia Vikander as Isabel Graysmark Sherbourne
Rachel Weisz as Hannah Roennfeldt
Bryan Brown as Septimus Potts
Jack Thompson as Ralph Addicott
Caren Pistorius as Lucy-Grace Rutherford (Adult Lucy-Grace)

Florence Clery as Lucy Sherbourne / Grace Roennfeldt / Lucy-Grace
Georgie Jean Gascoigne as 1-year-old Baby Lucy / Grace
Elliot and Evangeline Newbery as Baby Lucy / Grace

Anthony Hayes as Vernon Knuckey
Emily Barclay as Gwen Potts
Leon Ford as Frank Roennfeldt
Thomas Unger as Bluey
Benedict Hardie as Harry Garstone
Jane Menelaus as Violet Graysmark
Garry McDonald as Bill Graysmark

text: Production[edit]

text: DreamWorks acquired the rights to the novel on November 27, 2012, with David Heyman and Jeffrey Clifford producing through Heyday Films.[9] DreamWorks approached Derek Cianfrance at the behest of Steven Spielberg, who was impressed by Cianfrance's Blue Valentine.[10] In September 2013, Cianfrance was announced to direct the film.[11] In May 2014, Michael Fassbender was announced in the film.[12] In June 2014, Alicia Vikander joined the cast of the film, [13] followed by Rachel Weisz in July 2014.[13][14][15] Participant Media joined the production in August 2014.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography started in September 2014, with filming locations in New Zealand and Australia.[17][18][19] Filming took place in Dunedin, Port Chalmers[20] and on the Otago Peninsula, Saint Bathans in Central Otago and at the Cape Campbell Lighthouse in Marlborough.[21] Filming sites included the former Dunedin Prison in Dunedin[22] and Stuart Street at the former King Edward Technical College building.[23]

text: Footage aboard a steam train was filmed in October inside a refurbished wooden "bird cage" passenger carriage from the Pleasant Point Railway in South Canterbury. Mainline Steam Heritage Trust used Ja 1240 "Jessica" for the movie and it was transferred from the trust's Christchurch depot to Dunedin for filming to take place.[22][23] While the scene in which the locomotive is used was set in 1918, locomotive Ja 1240 was built in 1947 and was the second New Zealand Railways JA class locomotive to be built. Built at New Zealand Railways Hillside workshops in Dunedin it ran exclusively in the South Island of New Zealand from 1947 until 1971.

text: In November the production moved to Australia and filming began in Stanley, Tasmania[24] where the crews transformed some locations in the town including the pier, which was refurbished, and the road, which was covered in gravel.[25][26] Production wrapped on November 24, 2014.[27]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Cianfrance spent a year editing the film, with little breaks in between[28] with the first cut of the film ending up at 2 hours and 20 minutes.[29]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Light Between Oceans held its world premiere at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival on September 1, 2016.[30][31] The film was distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the Touchstone Pictures banner, being the last DreamWorks film to be released under the original agreement with Walt Disney Studios.[32][33][34] Disney released the film in the United States on September 2, 2016.[35] Disney opted not to give the film a limited release, a method often used by studios for adult dramas, and instead issued the film in general wide release at 1,500 locations with focus on upscale venues.[36]

text: Disney also distributed The Light Between Oceans overseas, except for territories in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, where distribution was handled by Mister Smith Entertainment through other third-party film distributors;[37] Entertainment One Films in the United Kingdom,[38] Reliance in India, Arthouse in Russia,[39] Eagle Pictures in Italy,[40] and Phantom Film in Japan.

text: The Light Between Oceans was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on January 24, 2017.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Light Between Oceans grossed $12.5 million in North America and $13.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26 million, against a budget of $20 million.[2]

text: In the United States, the film was released on September 2, 2016, alongside Morgan, and was projected to gross $6–9 million from around 1,500 theaters in its opening weekend.[42][43] It grossed $1.4 million on its first day and $4.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office.[44]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Light Between Oceans received mixed reviews from critics.[8] On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 59%, based on 184 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Light Between Oceans presents a well-acted and handsomely mounted adaptation of its bestselling source material, but ultimately tugs on the heartstrings too often to be effective."[45] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 60 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+", on an A+ to F scale.[47]


document_title: Interleague play

question_text: who hit the first mlb interleague home run in 1997

text: Interleague play

text: History[edit]

text: Early discussions[edit]

text: Regular season interleague play was discussed for baseball's major leagues as early as 1903, when the two major leagues made peace and formed the National Commission as governing body. The first National Commission Chairman, Cincinnati president August Herrmann (who had already been a proponent of interleague play), proposed an ambitious scheme in late-1904. Herrmann's plan would have seen the two leagues ending their seasons earlier, after approximately 116 games, "and then have every National League team play two games in every American League city, and have every American League team play two games in every National League city."[1][2] Another interleague play idea was floated around the same time by Boston Americans owner John Taylor, whose plan was for each league to play its full 154-game schedule, to be followed by not just a championship series between the two league winners, but also by series' between the two second-place finishers, the two third-place teams, and all other corresponding finishers.[2]

text: In August 1933, several owners reacted favorably to a proposal by Chicago Cubs president William Veeck to have teams play four interleague games in the middle of the season, beginning in 1934.[3] In December 1956, Major League owners considered a proposal by Cleveland general manager and minority-owner Hank Greenberg to implement limited interleague play beginning in 1958. Under Greenberg's proposal, each team would continue to play a 154-game season, with 126 within that team's league, and 28 against the eight clubs in the other league. The interleague games would be played immediately following the All-Star Game. Notably, under Greenberg's proposal, all results would count in regular season game standings and league statistics.[4] While this proposal was not adopted, the current system shares many elements. Bill Veeck predicted in 1963 that Major League Baseball would someday have interleague play.[5] While the concept was again considered in the 1970s,[6] it was not implemented until the 1990s, at least in part as an effort to renew the public's interest in MLB following the 1994 players' strike.[7]

text: Interleague play introduced[edit]

text: MLB's first regular-season interleague game took place on June 12, 1997, as the Texas Rangers hosted the San Francisco Giants at The Ballpark in Arlington. There were four interleague games on the schedule that night, but the other three were played on the West Coast, so the Giants–Rangers matchup started a few hours earlier than the others. Texas's Darren Oliver threw the game's first pitch and San Francisco outfielder Glenallen Hill was the first designated hitter used in a regular-season game by a National League team. San Francisco's Darryl Hamilton got the first base hit in interleague play, while Stan Javier hit the first home run, leading the Giants to a 4–3 victory over the Rangers.

text: From 1997 to 2001, teams from the American League West played teams from the National League West, teams from the American League Central played teams from the National League Central, and so on, typically scheduled to alternate between home and away in consecutive years. In 2002, however, the league began alternating which divisions played which divisions, and thus in 2002 the American League East played the National League West, the American League Central played the National League East, and the American League West played the National League Central. Matchups which had been of particular interest prior to this format — mainly geographic rivals — were preserved. This is expected to be the continuing format of the interleague schedule. Corresponding divisions were skipped once when this rotation began, but were put back in the rotation in 2006.

text: From 2002 to 2012, all interleague games were played prior to the All-Star Game (with the exception of games postponed by weather that were made up after the All-Star Game). Most games were played in June and early July, although beginning in 2005, interleague games were played during one weekend in mid-May.

text: The designated hitter (DH) rule is applied in the same manner as in the World Series (and the All-Star Game prior to 2010). In an American League ballpark, both teams have the option to use a DH. In a National League ballpark, both teams' pitchers must bat. Some baseball observers[who?] feel it might be of better interest to reverse this (in other words, always follow the DH rule of the visiting team instead of the home team). This would expose the fans of the home team to the other league's rules. Fans of AL teams could see the strategy involved in having the pitchers bat, while fans of NL teams could see career-designated hitters such as Travis Hafner bat more than once a game in a pinch-hitting role. Teams from both leagues have both benefited and have been at a disadvantage when it comes to the DH rule in interleague play. For instance, Barry Bonds, who spent his entire career in the National League and actually won eight Gold Gloves earlier in his career, was used strictly as a DH later in his career when the San Francisco Giants played away interleague games due to his poor fielding.[8] Conversely, Boston Red Sox slugger David Ortiz, who spent his entire career in the American League and was the Red Sox's regular DH, was forced to play first base when the Red Sox had away interleague games, forcing the Sox to give up good defensive fielding in favor of retaining Ortiz's power hitting.[9]

text: After the 2010 interleague play, the American League holds an all-time series advantage of 1,808–1,652 and has finished with the better record in interleague play for 7 straight seasons, dating back to 2004.[10] 2006 was the most lopsided season in interleague history, with American League teams posting a 154–98 record against their National League counterparts.[10] The team with the best all-time record in interleague play is the New York Yankees of the AL at 144–102 (.585), followed by the Chicago White Sox at 143–104 (.579). The Miami Marlins holds the NL's best interleague record at 127–107 (.543), followed by the St. Louis Cardinals at 109–96 (.532).[10]

text: In 2007, two teams — the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Baltimore Orioles — played six games with more than one interleague opponent. The Dodgers played both the Toronto Blue Jays and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim while the Orioles played both the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Washington Nationals. This happened again in 2012 as the New York Yankees played both the New York Mets and the Atlanta Braves for six games. The Miami Marlins also did this, playing both the Tampa Bay Rays and Boston Red Sox for six games each.

text: The first Civil Rights Game was an exhibition interleague game between the Cleveland Indians and St. Louis Cardinals at AutoZone Park in Memphis on March 31, 2007. The first regular season Civil Rights Game was an interleague game between the Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds at Great American Ball Park on June 20, 2009.

text: Since the introduction of interleague play, two teams have shifted leagues: the Milwaukee Brewers from the American League to the National League in 1998, and the Houston Astros from the National League to the American League in 2013. As a result, a 2013 interleague series between the two teams made it the first time that two teams faced each other in an interleague series after both teams previously faced each other in an interleague series representing opposite leagues: the two teams met from September 1–3, 1997 (Houston in NL, Milwaukee in AL), then again from June 18–20, 2013 (Houston in AL, Milwaukee in NL). In both instances, the series took place in Houston, with the team representing the American League winning 2-1.[11][12] From 1998 to 2012, both teams were division opponents in the National League Central.

text: Records[edit]

text: Wins by league[edit]

text:
Year
Best record
Total games
American League
National League
Winning pct.*

1997
National
214
97
117
.547

1998
American
224
114
110
.509

1999
National
251
116
135
.538

2000
American
251
136
115
.542

2001
American
252
132
120
.524

2002
National
252
123
129
.512

2003
National
252
115
137
.544

2004
American
252
127
125
.504

2005
American
252
136
116
.540

2006
American
252
154
98
.611

2007
American
252
137
115
.544

2008
American
252
149
103
.591

2009
American
252
138
114
.548

2010
American
252
134
118
.532

2011
American
252
131
121
.520

2012
American
252
142
110
.563

2013
American
300
154
146
.513

2014
American
300
163
137
.543

2015
American
300
167
133
.557

2016
American
300
165
135
.550

2017
American
300
160
140
.533

Overall
American
5,464
2,890
2,574
.529

text: All-time Interleague Records by Team (as of conclusion of 2014 season)[edit]

text:
Team
Record

Arizona Diamondbacks
.464

Atlanta Braves
.529

Baltimore Orioles
.445

Boston Red Sox
.569

Chicago Cubs
.460

Chicago White Sox
.576

Cincinnati Reds
.443

Cleveland Indians
.484

Colorado Rockies
.475

Detroit Tigers
.537

Houston Astros
.465

Kansas City Royals
.452

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
.577

Los Angeles Dodgers
.453

Miami Marlins
.519

Milwaukee Brewers
.459

Minnesota Twins
.557

New York Mets
.515

New York Yankees
.603

Oakland Athletics
.542

Philadelphia Phillies
.453

Pittsburgh Pirates
.397

St. Louis Cardinals
.532

San Diego Padres
.437

San Francisco Giants
.512

Seattle Mariners
.539

Tampa Bay Rays
.474

Texas Rangers
.525

Toronto Blue Jays
.466

Washington Nationals
.482

text: Interleague statistics[edit]

text: The following is the text of Major League Baseball's policy regarding the compilation of statistics as a result of Interleague Play:

text: "For the first time in the history of Major League Baseball, Interleague games are to be played during the regular season. Breaking tradition always brings about controversy and the matter of baseball records is no exception."

text: "It is the opinion of Major League Baseball that there is no justification for compiling a new volume of records based on Interleague Play. On the contrary, the sovereignty of each league's records will be retained, and if a player or a team breaks a record against an Interleague opponent it will be considered a record in that league. In cases where two teams – as Interleague opponents – break a league or Major League record, that record will be annotated with the phrase 'Interleague game.' Streaks by both teams and individual will continue (or be halted) when playing Interleague opponents in the same manner as if playing against an intraleague opponent. In essence, records will be defined by who made them rather than against whom they were made."

text: "The official statistics of both leagues will be kept separately as they have in the past. This means statistics for each team and their individual players will reflect their performance in games within the league and also in Interleague games without differentiation."[13]

text: Interleague-play leaders[edit]

text: A list of leaders in the following categories is available on the MLB.com website.[14]

text:
Batting average (min. 300 at-bats)
Hits
Home Runs
Runs Batted In
Wins (by pitcher)
ERA (min. 100 innings)
Saves
Year-by-year Stats

text: Geographical matchups and natural rivals[edit]

text: Certain interleague matchups are highly anticipated each year, due to the geographic proximity of the teams involved. Many cities, metropolitan areas and states contain at least one team in each league. In of each of these "rivalry" matchups, the two teams meet annually for four games, two in each ballpark. Prior to 2013, and in 2015, there were six games between the two teams, three per ballpark:

text:
Arizona Diamondbacks v. Houston Astros — This interleague rivalry was introduced in 2017, replacing the Houston Astros v. Texas Rangers rivalry.
Baltimore Orioles v. Washington Nationals — Beltway Series, Battle of the Beltways, Parkway Series, or MARC Madness[15] Introduced in 2006, the Nationals′ second season in Washington, D.C., after their move from Montreal.
Chicago Cubs v. Chicago White Sox — Windy City Series, Crosstown Classic or Red Line Series. The two teams played in the 1906 World Series.
Cincinnati Reds v. Cleveland Indians — Ohio Cup
Detroit Tigers v. Pittsburgh Pirates — While this series only became a rivalry because the other AL and NL Central teams were already paired up, it has become popular with fans of both teams, possibly due to the rivalry between the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins. The two teams have several other connections as well. The Tigers' AA Minor League affiliate, the Erie SeaWolves, located near Pittsburgh, is a former affiliate of the Buccos, and has retained the logo of a wolf wearing a pirate bandanna and eye patch. Additionally, Jim Leyland, former manager of both the Pirates (1986–1996) and the Tigers (2005–2013), remains popular in Pittsburgh where he continues to reside. The two teams played in the 1909 World Series.
Kansas City Royals v. St. Louis Cardinals — I-70 Series or Show-Me Series, and named so because the cities of Kansas City and St. Louis are both in Missouri, and connected by Interstate 70. The two teams played in the 1985 World Series.
Los Angeles Angels v. Los Angeles Dodgers — Freeway Series
Miami Marlins v. Tampa Bay Rays — Citrus Series
Milwaukee Brewers v. Minnesota Twins — The Twins and the Brewers were formerly regional rivals in the American League. The two metro areas are connected by Interstate 94. However, the term "I-94 Series" is used almost exclusively to refer to the games played between the Milwaukee Brewers and the Chicago Cubs, and interleague contests with the also-former-rival Chicago White Sox.
New York Mets v. New York Yankees — Subway Series The two teams played in the 2000 World Series. The addition of the Mets in 1962 renewed the Subway Series after the Dodgers and Giants both moved west in 1958.
Oakland Athletics v. San Francisco Giants — Bay Bridge Series or Battle of the Bay. The two teams played in the 1989 World Series as well as the 1905 World Series, 1911 World Series, and 1913 World Series when they were located in Philadelphia and New York, respectively.

text: In 2014, the five AL teams that qualified for the postseason (Angels, Athletics, Orioles, Royals, and Tigers) all had geographical rivals among the five NL teams who qualified for the postseason (Dodgers, Giants, Nationals, Cardinals, and Pirates, respectively).

text: Split rivalries[edit]

text: Four teams in the East and West form a "split rivalry" where the rivalry pairings alternate in odd- and even-numbered years.

text: In the East:

text:
Odd-numbered years:

Boston Red Sox v. Philadelphia Phillies
Toronto Blue Jays v. Atlanta Braves

Even-numbered years:

Boston Red Sox v. Atlanta Braves (the Braves played in Boston as the Boston Red Stockings, Red Caps, Beaneaters, Doves, Rustlers, and Braves from 1871 through 1952)
Toronto Blue Jays v. Philadelphia Phillies

text: In the West:

text:
Odd-numbered years:

Seattle Mariners v. Colorado Rockies
Texas Rangers v. San Diego Padres

Even-numbered years:

Seattle Mariners v. San Diego Padres
Texas Rangers v. Colorado Rockies

text: In years in which the AL East plays the NL East and the AL West plays the NL West (2015, 2018, etc.), the teams play their assigned "rival" for the year six times and the other "rival" either three or four times.

text: Former interleague rivalries[edit]

text:
Baltimore Orioles v. Philadelphia Phillies – Played from 1997 to 2005. In 2006, the Washington Nationals replaced the Phillies as the Orioles' rival. Although the Nationals moved to Washington in 2005, the schedule for that season was already established, so the Washington-Baltimore rivalry series could not start until the next season. Therefore, in 2005 the Orioles played the Phillies as their rival for the last time, while Washington played Montreal′s planned 2005 schedule, which included what would have been the Expos′s interleague rivalry games with the Toronto Blue Jays.
Houston Astros v. Texas Rangers (Lone Star Series) – Played from 1997 to 2012. In 2013, the Astros moved to the American League West, and the two teams began play against each other 19 times a year as divisional rivals.
Montreal Expos v. Toronto Blue Jays (Pearson Cup or The All-Canadian Series) – Played from 1997 to 2004 (and by Washington against Toronto in 2005). By the time the Expos moved to Washington, D.C., to become the Washington Nationals for the 2005 season, the 2005 schedule already had been set, so the Nationals played what had been intended as Montreal′s rivalry series with the Blue Jays that season. In 2006, the Nationals began playing the Baltimore Orioles annually as their interleague rival.
San Diego Padres v. Seattle Mariners (Vedder Cup) - Played from 1997 to 2016. Often cited as a counterargument against "rivalry" series in general, due to the seemingly haphazard juxtaposition of this matchup, as a result of the teams sharing a Cactus League complex in Peoria and their locations on opposite ends of the Pacific Coast; as well as both teams' general underachievement throughout their time as "rivals" (never made playoffs together during that span).

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: From 1997 through 2012, each team in the American League played 18 interleague games a year, but because the National League had two more teams than the American, only four NL teams would play a full 18-game interleague schedule, with the remaining twelve teams playing only 15. With the exception of the two NL teams playing each other, all teams were involved in interleague play at the same time (originally in June and July), playing only interleague opponents until the interleague schedule was complete for the year. The schedule was later changed to occur only in June; in 2005, it was changed again to allow for more weekend interleague games, with each team playing one series during the third weekend in May and the rest in mid-to-late June (occasionally stretching into early July).

text: Effect of Astros joining AL on scheduling[edit]

text: In 2013, the Houston Astros joined the American League, giving each league 15 teams and thereby necessitating that interleague games be played throughout the season, including on Opening Day and during key division races all the way to the end of the season. This did not require expanding the total number of interleague games, because the probability of an interleague game during the era in which the Astros played in the NL was 252/2430 or about 1 in 9.6 games (this number is not an integer because not all teams had the same number of interleague games). With an odd number of teams in each league, one team in each league would be the "odd man out" and have to play an interleague game to fill out the schedule, meaning as few as 1 in 15 games could be interleague (14 AL teams in 7 AL games, 14 NL teams in 7 NL games and 1 AL and 1 NL team in an interleague game). Despite this, there have been proposals to increase interleague play to 30 games.[16] While the increase to 30 games is highly unlikely for the foreseeable future, a smaller increase took place immediately, having every team to play 20 interleague games.[17]

text: Since the 2013 season, the 20 interleague games are played in eight series. Each team plays one three-game series against four teams from one division in the other league, and two two-game series (one home, one away) against the remaining team in that division. Since 2002, this has been on a rotating basis. The remaining four games are played against a team's "natural rival" in two back-to-back two-game series. Should a team's natural rival be a member of the division they are scheduled to play as part of the yearly rotation (this first occurred for all teams in 2015), the team will play home-and-home three game series against the natural rival, home-and-home two game series against two other opponents, and single three game series against the last two (one home, one away). For 2013, the natural rivalry games were played from May 27–30. Teams played in one city on May 27 and 28, then traveled to the other city for games on May 29 and 30. This dynamic was repeated from June 15–18, 2015, except that no pairs of natural rivals played each other during this time. For 2014, however, these natural rivalry games were spread out over the season, between early May and early August. They were spread out even further in 2016, ranging from the second week of the season in April through late August. Because the requirement for nearly daily interleague play (the only exception being if not all teams are playing) spreads out interleague play throughout the year, not every team will be in interleague play on the same day. Due to the new CBA lengthening the schedule by four days, 2018 was the first year during which no team was required to play back-to-back home-and-home two game series against any other team.

text: Most days, there will be either one or three interleague games as the average number of interleague games per day will be 1.68 [(20 interleague games per team x 30 teams in MLB)/(179 total days in baseball season (including off days and excluding the All-Star break))/2 teams per game]. With 15 teams in each league, the number of interleague games is almost always odd, with exceptions based on when teams from each of the AL and NL have the same off day. Doubleheaders and make-up games also apply should a rainout or other extended delay requires a game (or games) to be postponed.

text: Match-ups[edit]

text: On April 1, 2013, for the first time in major league baseball history, an interleague game was played on Opening Day, between the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Cincinnati Reds at Great American Ball Park, with the Angels claiming the distinction of winning that game 3-1 in 13 innings. The Reds, however, would win the next two contests by scores of 5-4.[18] Also, on September 29, 2013, for the first time in major league baseball history, an interleague game was played on the last day of the regular season, between the Miami Marlins and the Detroit Tigers at Marlins Park. The Marlins not only claimed the distinction of winning that game 1-0 in walk-off fashion, but also saw their pitcher Henderson Álvarez pitch a no-hitter, marking just the 7th time a no-hitter was tossed in an interleague contest.

text: On April 3, 2016, for the first time in MLB history, the previous year's World Series participants faced off on Opening Day the following year. The Kansas City Royals hosted the New York Mets at Kauffman Stadium in a nationally televised game and won 4-3. The Mets would not only return the favor two days later with a 2-0 win to split the two game series, but also sweep two more from the Royals in Citi Field on June 21-22 that year.

text: By 2012, every major league team had had at least one interleague series with each team in the opposing league. By 2013, every major league team had at least one victory against each team in the opposing league; the Pittsburgh Pirates′ 5-0 victory over the Oakland Athletics on July 10, 2013 marked the first time the Pirates defeated the A's.[19] Entering that game, A's-Pirates had been the only interleague series (and subsequently, the only MLB series overall) in which one team had won every game.[20]

text: Every team has also hosted and visited every other team at least once. The last such series occurred in July 2016 when the San Diego Padres made their first trip to Toronto. The two teams had previously played in San Diego in 2004, 2010, and 2013.

text: Division rotation[edit]

text:
Seasons
NL East vs.
NL Central vs.
NL West vs.
AL East vs.
AL Central vs.
AL West vs.

1997–2001, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018
AL East
AL Central
AL West
NL East
NL Central
NL West

2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019
AL Central
AL West
AL East
NL West
NL East
NL Central

2003, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2020
AL West
AL East
AL Central
NL Central
NL West
NL East

text: Arguments[edit]

text: Since its introduction, regular-season interleague play has continued to be a source of controversy among baseball fans and others involved with the sport. Among the arguments used in favor of and in opposition to interleague play are the following:

text: Pros[edit]

text:
Interleague matchplay increases attendance; however, these numbers may be skewed, as interleague games are primarily played on weekends, when attendance is higher across the board, and in June, when school is not in session and temperatures are higher than some of the other months of the season.[21]

Season-long interleague play should remove the statistical issue of having every interleague game during months when school is not in session.

Fans can see players they might not otherwise get to see, especially those who have only ever played in one league.
Certain geographic rivalries are played out during the regular season that otherwise might not happen for years at a time. The Yankees now play four games against the Mets each season whereas they would only have gone head to head in the 2000 World Series if not for interleague play. From 1962 until interleague play, the Mets and the Yankees played each other in a single game, the annual Mayor's Trophy Game, which was an exhibition game even though it was played during the regular season.
It creates matchups that might not have been seen in generations. For example:

During the 2004 season, the Giants and Red Sox played each other for the first time since meeting in the 1912 World Series.
The Red Sox had never played at Wrigley Field (an NL park since 1916) until 2005.
In 2004, the Yankees and Dodgers met for the first time since the 1981 World Series at Dodger Stadium.
In 2008, the New York Yankees visited the Pittsburgh Pirates for the first time since the 1960 World Series.
In 2011, the Chicago Cubs traveled to Fenway Park for a series with the Boston Red Sox in what was the Cubs' first visit to the ballpark since the 1918 World Series.

It allows for a rematch of the previous World Series. This has occurred in 11 of the 22 seasons of interleague play:

2000 (1999 World Series, New York Yankees at Atlanta Braves)
2001 (2000 World Series, New York Mets at New York Yankees)
2002 (2001 World Series, Arizona Diamondbacks at New York Yankees)
2005 (2004 World Series, Boston Red Sox at St. Louis Cardinals)
2006 (2005 World Series, Houston Astros at Chicago White Sox)
2007 (2006 World Series, St. Louis Cardinals at Detroit Tigers)
2009 (2008 World Series, Philadelphia Phillies at Tampa Bay Rays)
2010 (2009 World Series, Philadelphia Phillies at New York Yankees)
2014 (2013 World Series, Boston Red Sox at St. Louis Cardinals)
2016 (2015 World Series, home-and-home between New York Mets and Kansas City Royals).
2018 (2017 World Series, Houston Astros at Los Angeles Dodgers)

It allows the relative strength of the two leagues to be measured against each other over 300 games per year, rather than just in the World Series once per year.

text: Cons[edit]

text:
Most American League pitchers do not like taking batting practice for the opportunity to bat in one or two games (unless they've played in the National League before.) These pitchers are also unaccustomed to running the bases, which can lead to injury and premature fatigue. (For example, Chien-Ming Wang of the New York Yankees suffered a season-ending lisfranc sprain on his right foot when running the bases during an interleague game against the Houston Astros in 2008.)
The World Series and All-Star Game are robbed of the mystique that used to result from the two leagues playing completely exclusive schedules during the regular season: in the case of the World Series, the "best in the American League" playing the "best in the National League" for the only time that season.
More games against interleague opponents means fewer games against same-league and division rivals – the latter of which may be more compelling. However, the leagues currently play an unbalanced schedule that favors divisional opponents rather than teams from other divisions (which is important due to the postseason qualifying structure – only the best team from a given division is guaranteed a berth in the postseason). Now, each divisional opponent meets each other 19 times as opposed to 18 in previous years, and each natural rivalry sees only 4 games as opposed to 6 in previous years.
Some have argued that the AL possesses an unfair advantage over the NL because of the designated hitter rule in the AL. When NL teams are on the road, they are forced to find a DH in place of their pitcher, who would normally bat ninth. Sometimes, the NL team will use one of their star hitters as the DH and use a bench player to fill in for the appointed DH, and other times, the NL team will simply use a bench player as the DH and have him bat later. In either case, however, the benefits of using a DH in place of the pitcher are minimal, especially considering that the AL designated hitters have seen more action in their positions and that AL teams still possess their full 9-man batting lineup. Even when the NL team is hosting, arguments have been made that there is no real benefit for the NL team either. For the most part, designated hitters are also passable fielders, meaning that they can still be used in the game. And although AL pitchers see less action than NL pitchers, stats have showed that AL pitcher batting average is not much lower than NL pitcher batting average, in large part due to the fact that several AL pitchers have played in the NL. For these reasons, some have argued that the NL should adopt the DH, while others have argued that the AL should drop the DH.
These cons applied primarily to the 1997–2001 and/or 2002–2012 formats and not necessarily to the current format:

The "rivalry" series that consist of six games a year for some teams leads to further scheduling inequities
Some teams play a certain opposite-league team more than a certain same-league team. For example, the San Diego Padres played the Seattle Mariners (an American League team) six times during the 2012 season. However, the Padres only played the Washington Nationals (a National League team) 5 times in the 2012 season.
Most notably, teams no longer play identical opponents as their divisional rivals, and even where they do, they don't always play them an identical number of times. This can lead to "strength of schedule" disparities like those the NFL has to deal with on a yearly basis. For example, in any given season, one NL Central team might play every AL East team except the (strong) first place team, while another NL Central team plays all but the (weak) last place team.


document_title: London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)

question_text: who built the london bridge in lake havasu

text: London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The 1831 London Bridge was the last project of engineer John Rennie and was completed by his son, John Rennie the Younger.[3] By 1962, the bridge was not sound enough to support the increased load of modern traffic, and it was sold by the City of London.

text: The purchaser, Robert P. McCulloch, the chairman of McCulloch Oil Corporation, was the founder of Lake Havasu City, his retirement real estate development on the east shore of Lake Havasu, a large reservoir on the Colorado River. McCulloch purchased the bridge as a tourist attraction for Lake Havasu, which was then far from the usual tourist track. The idea was successful, bringing interested tourists and retirement home buyers to the area.

text: Originally, the deserted Lake Havasu vacant land was given to the state of Arizona by the U.S. Federal Government. The federal property was an abandoned military landing strip. McCulloch made a deal with the state government and received the property for free with a promise to develop the land. But the real estate agents could not bring in prospective buyers, because the land was far from centers of population and had a very hot, arid climate. McCulloch's real estate agent, Robert Plumer, learned that London Bridge was for sale and convinced McCulloch to buy it and bring it to the area to attract potential land buyers. The initial response from McCulloch was, "That's the craziest idea I have ever heard," but after consideration, he decided to go ahead and purchased it for $2.46m (£1.78m). Plumer then arranged with a cargo shipping company that was going to sail a newly-built ship from Great Britain to the United States without any cargo. Plumer said they would pay for all operating costs of the sailing, which was far less than the going rate shipping costs. The bridge's facing stones were disassembled, and each was numbered. After the bridge was dismantled, it was transported to Merrivale Quarry where 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 inches) were sliced off many of the original stones. The bridge arrived in pieces at the Port of Long Beach, California and was transported overland to Lake Havasu City, where re-assembly began in 1968. On 23 September 1968, the foundation stone was relaid by Sir Gilbert Inglefield, Lord Mayor of London.[4]

text: The original stonework was used to clad a new concrete structure.[1] The reconstruction took slightly over three years and was completed in late 1971. The bridge was not reconstructed over a river, but rather it was rebuilt on land in a position between the main part of the city and Pittsburgh Point, at that time a peninsula jutting into Lake Havasu. Once completed, the Bridgewater Channel Canal was dredged under the bridge and flooded, separating Pittsburgh Point from the city, creating an island. As a result, the bridge now traverses a navigable shortcut between the Thompson Bay part of Lake Havasu south of Pittsburgh Point, and the remainder of Lake Havasu to the north.[5]

text: After the bridge was reconstructed, prospective buyers of land were attracted to visit the bridge and take a tour of properties for sale. Land sales improved, and McCulloch recouped all his expenses on the purchase and shipping of the bridge. Since he had obtained the land at no cost, the sale of the properties paid for the bridge and more. Recent years have seen much development in the area of the bridge to increase tourist interest. The original "English Village", a quaint English-style open-air mall with hedge maze and historical museum deteriorated, with sections leveled.  A revitalization of the English Village was undertaken by the Lake Havasu City Convention & Visitors Bureau.[6] Condos were proposed in 2011 by the owner, Virtual Realty Enterprises.[7]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
It is a popular rumor that the bridge was bought in the belief that it was London's more recognizable Tower Bridge,[8][9][10] but this was ardently denied by McCulloch himself and by Ivan Luckin, who sold the bridge.[11]
American soft rock band Bread recorded a song called "London Bridge" on their first album, Bread, in 1969, when lead singer David Gates learned that London Bridge was sold and to be relocated in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.  His thought at the time, according to the liner notes on Bread's album Retrospective, was, "is nothing sacred anymore?"[12]
The live country-western album Viva Terlingua, by Jerry Jeff Walker, includes an amusing song written by Gary P. Nunn entitled "London Homesick Blues." It is the lament of a Texan trapped in London and quite out of his element. A line in the song is "and even London Bridge has fallen down and moved to Arizona".
In the 1970 song "P.F. Sloan"[13] from the album Words and Music by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb,[14][better source needed] he refers to the relocation of London Bridge in the lines "The London Bridge was finally found, they moved it to another town, and now all the people gather 'round to watch the bridge fall down, but I don't think it will no more."
In the 1983 psychological horror film Olivia (directed by Ulli Lommel), the male lead character is depicted as one of the architects responsible for transferring the bridge to Lake Havasu.
In the 1985 TV movie "Terror at London Bridge" (aka Bridge Across Time), starring David Hasselhoff, Jack the Ripper is revived as the last original stone of the relocated London Bridge is laid.[15]
The London Bridge appears in the 1987 TV movie The Return of Sherlock Holmes, where it is mistaken by a lost and heat-stricken Sherlock Holmes (Michael Pennington) as a heavenly facsimile of his native London.[16]
London Bridge was also featured in the 1987 caper film Million Dollar Mystery as one of the bridges where a million dollars were hidden.
In the 1993 movie Falling Down, starring Michael Douglas and Robert Duvall, the relocation of the bridge is mentioned[citation needed] and the lyrics and music of "London Bridge Is Falling Down" are heard.[citation needed]

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
London Bridge in the early 1890s

London Bridge around 1900 with traffic

Bridge reconstruction at Lake Havasu in March 1971

The rebuilt London Bridge in 2003

Sign on the bridge

Labelled stone still visible

Aerial photo of the bridge in 2011