document_title: School-leaving age

question_text: what is the school leaving age in new zealand

text: School-leaving age

text: Leaving age by country[edit]

text: Some countries have different leaving or employment ages, but in certain countries like China and Japan, the average age at which people graduate is 15, depending upon part-time or full-time learning or employment. The table below states the school leaving ages in countries across the world and their respective minimum employment age, showing a comparison of how many countries have synchronised these ages. All information is taken from the Right to Education Project's table unless otherwise indicated.[1]

text: Legend

text:
Color legend
Ages legend

  School leaving age higher

0 denotes education is not compulsory. (13) denotes part-time employment available from 13

  Employment age higher

0 denotes no minimum employment age as children could be, in theory, employed from birth

  Both ages synchronised

― denotes no information available

  No information / No age set

? denotes the age set is unknown

text: Africa[edit]

text:
#
Country
De jure
Education/
Employment gap
Year
Notes

School leaving age
Employment age

 Algeria
16
0
2011

 Angola
12
14
2
2010

 Benin
 ?
14

2005

 Botswana
 ?
15

2004

 Burkina Faso
16
15
-1
2009
.

 Burundi
12
16
4
2010

 Cameroon
14
0
2001

 Cape Verde
16
14
-2
2001

 Chad
15
 ?

2007

 Comoros
14
 ?

1998

 Congo
16
0
2006

 Egypt
14
0
2010

 Eritrea
13
14
1
2007

 Ethiopia
 ?

2005

 Gabon
16
0
2001

 Gambia
 ?

2000

 Ghana
15
12
-3
2005

 Guinea
16
0
2012

 Kenya
 ?

2006

 Libya
15
0
2002

 Madagascar
 ?
14

2010

 Malawi
 ?
14

2008

 Mozambique
 ?
15

2009

 Morocco
13
 ?

2003

 Namibia
16
14
-2
2011

 Niger
16
14
-2
2008

 Nigeria
15
 ?

2009

 Rwanda
16
0
2012

 Senegal
16
15
-1
2006

 Seychelles
15
0
2011

 Sierra Leone
15?
 ?

2006

 South Africa
15
0
2011
A child between the ages of 15 and 18 may only be employed if he or she has completed grade nine.[2]

 Sudan
 ?
14

2010
Includes South Sudan

 Tanzania
13?
14

2005

 Togo
15
14
-1
2010

 Tunisia
16
0
2008

 Uganda
 ?

2004

 Zambia
 ?

2002

 Zimbabwe
 ?

1995

text: Asia[edit]

text:
#
Country
De jure
Education/
Employment gap
Year
Notes

School leaving age
Employment age

 Afghanistan
 ?
15

2010

 Armenia
 ?
14

2011

 Azerbaijan
 ?
15

2005

 Bahrain
15
14
-1
2010

 Bangladesh
10
14
4
2008

 Brunei
 ?
14?

2003
Compulsory Education in Brunei from Primary Education to Secondary Education. Tertiary Education is encouraged.

 Burma
 ?
13

2011
De facto none

 Cambodia
 ?
15

2010

 China
15
16
1
2012
Compulsory education lasts 9 years. School leaving age is calculated under the assumption that pupils will enroll in school at age 6 or graduate high school at age 18.

 Georgia
14
16
2
2007

 India
14
14?

2003
The Government is making a law of compulsory education up to 14 years. Any person who wishes to continue his education can continue to work.

 Hong Kong
15
16
1
2012

 Indonesia
15
14
-1
2010?
The school leaving age varies among provinces with most having a leaving age of 15, but a handful having a leaving age of 18.

 Iran
16
15
-1
2003?

 Iraq
 ?
15

1996

 Israel
18
14
-4
2011?
The age of employment has been lowered, the school leaving age raised.

 Japan
15
0
2009
The vast majority (>90%) of Japanese students complete senior secondary education due to social pressures, despite the leaving age.

 Jordan
16
0
2006

 Lebanon
12
13
1
2005

 Mongolia
17
14
-3
2009

   Nepal
 ?
14

2004

 North Korea
16
0
2008

 South Korea
15
0
2011
The vast majority of Korean students complete senior secondary education due to social pressures as well as self-satisfaction, despite the leaving age. Government assistance is available to families.

 Kuwait
15
14
-1
2012

 Malaysia
17
14
-3
2006?
Primary school is compulsory, followed by secondary school. 17 is the school leaving age; one may leave only after the release of Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia results for admission to the tertiary education. 14 is the minimum employment age. Under-aged people are not allowed to be employed or they risk fines by the Ministry of Human Resources.

 Maldives
 ?
14

2006

 Pakistan
10
14
4
2009?
Although the minimum age for leaving school is 10 years or primary, which means a 7 year education, the minimum age of employment is considered to be 14. The 14 years old can do only light work and not hazardous employment.

 Philippines
18
15
-3
2015
The implementation of the K-12 program (see Education in the Philippines) also signaled the raise of the school leaving age to 18.

 Saudi Arabia
15
0
2010?
A student may leave school after the age of 15 if permission of his/her father is given. Otherwise, the student must complete school until the age of 18. The employment age in a part-time job or during school holidays is 15.

 Singapore
16
15
-1
2010?
Primary school is compulsory, followed by secondary school. 16 is the school leaving age; one may leave only after the release of Singaporean GCE 'O' Level results for admission to polytechnics, junior colleges, Institute of Technical Education, or work. 15 is the minimum employment age. Under-aged people are not allowed to be employed or they risk fines by the Ministry of Manpower.

 Sri Lanka
16
0
2014

For further information http://www.moe.gov.lk/sinhala/images/publications/Education_First_SL/Education_First_SL.pdf

 Syria
15
0
2010

 Taiwan
18
0
2010?

 Tajikistan
16
14
-2
2009

 Thailand
15
0
2011
Students must complete secondary education up to Matthayom 3 and then have the choice of proceeding to upper secondary, vocational schools or dropping out, however due to social pressures most students finish their secondary education and proceed to Matthayom 6, matriculation or other forms of pre-university education.

 United Arab Emirates
18
21
3
2001

 Uzbekistan
18
16
-2
2012

 Vietnam
18
15
-3
2011?
Junior High schools are now compulsory, but in some mountainous regions, many children leave schools earlier to help their parents. The government is trying to reduce that happening. Children must be at least 15 to be legally employed.

 Yemen
 ?
14

2004

text: Europe[edit]

text:
#
Country
De jure
Education/
Employment gap
Year
Notes

School leaving age
Employment age

 Andorra
16
0
2001

 Austria
15
0
2011

 Belarus
15
14
-1
2010

 Belgium
18
15
-3
2009?
Full-time education is compulsory from the age of 6 to 15. From the person's 16th to their 18th birthday, they are obliged to pursue at least part-time education so they have a choice between full-time or part-time education.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 ?
15

2011

 Bulgaria
16
0
2007

 Croatia
15
0
2003

 Cyprus
15
0
2011

 Czech Republic
15
0
2010

 Denmark
16
13
-3
2010

 England
16
13-15 (part time light work) 16+ (full time)

2013[3]
Full-time employment is illegal before the last Friday in June of Year Eleven even if the child is already 16.[4] Part-time employment may be undertaken from 14 and in certain cases, for example delivering newspapers, at 13. Rules coming into application in 2011 require all young people to continue with some kind of education or training until 18. Young people aged 16 or 17 may leave school if they enter training or an apprenticeship.

 Estonia
15
0
2002

 Finland
16
15
-1
2010
Citizens must complete comprehensive school. The age of finishing it varies depending on the age of starting school (mostly 7) and years held back. Most graduate from comprehensive school at the age of 16. Pupils who have not finished comprehensive school by the age of 17 (which is marginal) may quit school. Post-secondary (tertiary) education is voluntary.

 France
16
0
2010
The statutory minimum school leaving age is 16. There are, however, a few specific cases where young people may enter employment before the age of 16, such as employment in the parents' company, sporadic work, or young people who have left school early taking up an apprenticeship at 15, to name a few.[5]

 Germany
18
(15)
-3
2003
The statutory minimum school leaving age is essentially set at 18.[6] The federal Jugendarbeitsschutzgesetz (Youth Employment Protection Act) regulates the minimum employment age, which is set at 15.[7] However, from the person's 15th to their 18th birthday, they are obliged by state law to pursue at least part-time vocational secondary education, usually within the German dual education system. Some germans students leaving school at 17 and 6 months

 Greece
15
0
2011

 Hungary
16
0
2005

 Iceland
16
0
2010

 Ireland
16
(14)
-2
2000
The statutory minimum age is 16, except for those who have completed less than three years of secondary education, for whom it is 18.[8][9] The minimum working ages are: 14 during school holidays; 15 during term time; 16 for working up to 40 hours per week and 8 hours per day; 18 for working with no age-based restrictions.[8][10] Employees under 18 must be registered.[10] Exemptions may be specified by the Minister for Jobs; this has been done for close relatives.[10][11]

 Italy
16
0
2010

 Latvia
15
0
2005

 Liechtenstein
15
0
2005

 Lithuania
16
0
2011

 Luxembourg
18
0
1997

 Macedonia
18
15
-3
2009?
Compulsory secondary education starts year 2008 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 49 from 18 April 2007).

 Malta
16
0
2012
Although the compulsory education ends at 16, an increasing number of children opt to further their studies while taking up part-time employment.

 Moldova
16
15
-1
2008

 Monaco
16
0
2012

 Montenegro
15
0
2010

 Netherlands
18
13
-5
2014
Education is compulsory from the age of 5 to 18. Secondary education is divided in several levels, with vmbo students typically graduating at age 16, havo students at 17 and vwo students at 18. After obtaining a havo or vwo diploma, the student is no longer obligated to go to school regardless of their age. Except those students which have done vmbo, they must have a mbo level 2 or higher diploma before quitting school.
Also, all children between those ages, even if they're refugees or new, have to attend school. Not attending school with-out proper reason for example; sickness or a doctors visit, is illegal and is seen as wagging which is seen as fraud and punishable by law. Until the age of 12 children cannot be punished by law, but as soon as your child or you turn 12 years of age or older, you can be held responsible for wagging. Punishments can be done as a fine, temporary jail time or a community service job done under supervision. Fines can be up to € 3 900 00. These punishments can be given to the student and/or his or her legal parent or guardian.

 Netherlands Antilles
15
12
-3
2010?

 Norway
16
15
-1
2009

 Northern Ireland
16
(15)
-1
2014[12]

 Poland
18
16
-2
2002
After graduating from Gimnazjum (usually at the age of 15 or 16) one can leave school but is legally required to continue education up to the age of 18. However, this requirement can be satisfied through "education during employment" without attending a school. This can be done as a part of employment, so technically the person leaves school and works full-time.

 Portugal
18
16
-2
2009

 Romania
18
15
-3
2008?

 Russia
15
0
2004

 San Marino
16
0
2003

 Scotland
16
(13)
-3
2013[13]
Compulsory education ends usually after the age of 16 which is generally after fourth year though for some is halfway through fifth year usually. However, many students stay on to fifth and/or sixth year, where qualifications are gained for entry to university. Restrictions apply to working hours of those 13 to 16 year (i.e. maximum hours, work permits, type of work) to ensure that employment fits round requirements of full-time education.

 Serbia
14
15
1
2007

 Slovakia
16
(14)
-2
2006?
From 14 to 17, only part-time jobs allowed.
Student can leave school after 10 years of school attendance (usually 16 years) or when first school year after his/her 16th birthday is finished (whatever comes first). Most students continue until maturita exam in last year of high school (student is usually 18 at that time).

 Slovenia
15
0
2012

 Spain
16
0
2009

 Sweden
16
0
2004

  Switzerland
15
0
2001

 Ukraine
17
16
-1
2010

 Wales
16
(14)
-2
2013[14]
Full-time work starts at 16.

text: North America[edit]

text:
#
Country
De jure
Education/
Employment gap
Year
Notes

School leaving age
Employment age

 Barbados
16
16?

1997

 Belize
14
0
2004

 Canada
16 or 18 depending on province
16

2014
[15]

 Costa Rica
 ?
15

2010

 Cuba
16
0
2010

 Dominica
16
12
-4
2004?

 Dominican Republic
18
21
3
2007?

 Grenada
14
0
2009

 Haiti
 ?
15

2002

 Jamaica
14
12
-2
2003

 Mexico
15
0
2014

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
16
0
1997

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 ?
14?

2001

 Trinidad and Tobago
12
0
2004

 United States
16-19*
14-18*

2010
The school leaving age varies from state to state with most having a leaving age of 16 or 17, but a handful having a leaving age of above that number.[16] Students who complete a certain level of secondary education ("high school") may take a standardized test and be graduated from compulsory education, the General Equivalency Degree. Gifted and talented students are also generally permitted by several states to accelerate their education so as to obtain a diploma prior to attaining the leaving age. Young people may seek employment at 14 in many states but, in practice, most employers seek someone slightly older. However, it is common for those aged 14 (and even younger) to gain employment in agriculture.
*Varies by State or Territory

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
#
Country
De jure
Education/
Employment gap
Year
Notes

School leaving age
Employment age

 Australia
15 or 17
14.5
1
2011

The minimum ages from 2009 will be the following:
Northern Territory - 15;
ACT - 15;
South Australia - 17;
Queensland - 17;
Students must remain in school until they turn 16 years of age or complete Year 10, which ever comes first. From there they must be "learning or earning" which means they must be employed at least 25 hours a week, or be in full time education or be in a combination of both part time employment and part time education which adds up to at least 25 hours a week until they turn 17 or complete Year 12 or equivalent, which ever comes first.
Victoria - 17;
Western Australia - 15;
NSW - 17 (if they want to not do their HSC they need to be working at least 25 hours per week or at TAFE studying until they turn 17);
Tasmania - 17.

 Fiji
 ?
12

1996

 Marshall Islands
14
18
4
2005

 F.S. Micronesia
14
 ?

1996

 New Zealand
16
0
2010
Those at least 15 may leave school with permission from the Ministry of Education.

 Papua New Guinea
 ?

2003

 Palau
17
 ?

2000

 Solomon Islands
 ?
12

2002

text: South America[edit]

text:
#
Country
De jure
Education/
Employment gap
Year
Notes

School leaving age
Employment age

 Argentina
18
14
-4
2009

 Bolivia
16
14
-2
2009

 Brazil
17
15
-2
2010
Schooling is mandatory for children 6-16 (years 1-9 in the new Brazilian school system). After that, there is no legal obligation to stay in school. Students who want to qualify for university admission must however complete three additional years (years 10-12) of secondary school (ensino médio), thus normally leaving school at age 17 or 18, depending on one's birthday date. The minimum age for legal work is 17; at 15, one is allowed to have an apprenticeship contract.

 Chile
18
15
-3
2005
Students finish their secondary education (Educación Media in Spanish) at age 18, and working is legal only if the underaged employee (age 17 or younger) is authorised by legal guardian or parents,

 Colombia
15
14
-1
2005

 Guyana
15
0
2003

 Paraguay
14
0
2009
Since the initiation of the Education Reform in 1993, basic education is for a period of nine years to the age of 15. According to the Constitution, compulsory education ends at 12.

 Peru
16
18
2
2009
(Work is legal at 15,16 if is authorised by legal guardian or parents)

 Suriname
10?
14

2005

 Uruguay
14
15
1
2006

 Venezuela
14
0
2007

text: School retention by country[edit]

text:
Country
2009
OECD[17]
1986
Michael Hill[18]

 %-age in
full-time
education
(aged 15-19)
 %-age in
full-time
education
(aged 17)
Minimum
leaving
age
required

 Australia
78
50
15

 Austria
84
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Belgium
91
86
16

 Brazil
70
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Canada
80
79
15/16

 Czech Republic
93
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Denmark
89
75
16/17

 Estonia
89
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Finland
90
91
17

 France
90
80
16

 Germany
93
100
16

 Greece
88
55
14.5

 Hungary
93
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Iceland
88
41
15

 Ireland
83
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Israel
69
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Italy
84
46
14

 Japan

91
15

 Luxembourg
95
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Mexico
61
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Netherlands
90
87
16

 New Zealand
73
54
15

 Norway
81
76
16

OECD average
84
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Poland
94
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Portugal
85
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Slovak Republic
91
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Slovenia
94
N⁄A
N⁄A

 Spain
80
53
14

 Sweden
88
86
16

  Switzerland
85
83
15/16

 Turkey
56
N⁄A
N⁄A

 United Kingdom
78
49
16

 United States
85
89
17


document_title: Queen Sugar

question_text: who plays darla's mother in queen sugar

question_tokens: who plays darla 's mother in queen sugar

root

text: Queen Sugar

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Rutina Wesley as Nova Bordelon, the eldest Bordelon child, a journalist, activist and herbal healer
Dawn-Lyen Gardner as Charlotte "Charley" Bordelon West, the middle Bordelon child - half sibling to Nova and Ralph Angel, a sports manager, mother of Micah and ex-wife of Davis
Kofi Siriboe as Ralph Angel Bordelon, the youngest Bordelon child, the face-forward brother of Bordelon sisters looking to better himself after recently being released from prison
Tina Lifford as Violet Bordelon, Ernest's younger sister, mother figure to the Bordelon children and Hollywood's girlfriend
Omar Dorsey as Hollingsworth "Hollywood" Desonier, Violet's much younger oil rig worker boyfriend and supporter of the Bordelon family
Dondre Whitfield as Remy Newell, an irrigation specialist who was a friend and confidante to Ernest who soon becomes a helping hand to Ernest's children and soon becomes Charley's love interest
Bianca Lawson as Darla, a recovering drug addict who is Ralph Angel's ex-girlfriend and Blue's mother seeking to reconnect with them both
Nicholas L. Ashe as Micah West, Charley's and Davis's teenage son
Ethan Hutchison as Blue Bordelon, Ralph Angel's and Darla's 6-year-old son
Henry G. Sanders as Prosper Denton, a lifelong friend to Ernest and fellow farmer (Season 3; Recurring Seasons 1-2)
Timon Kyle Durrett as Davis West, Charley's charismatic star basketball player ex-husband, client and Micah's father who is currently involved in a sex scandal as series unfolds (Seasons 1-3)
Greg Vaughan as Calvin, a married police officer and Nova's longtime secret lover (Season 1; Guest Season 2)
Marycarmen Lopez as Reyna Velez, Blue's elementary school teacher (Season 1)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Glynn Turman as Ernest Bordelon, the patriarch of the Bordelon family and older brother of Violet (season 1)
True O'Brien as Stella, Micah's girlfriend who he later breaks up with having finding out she had sex with several other guys (season 1)[5]
Reagan Gomez-Preston as Chantal Williams, Nova's friend
Issac White as Devonte "Too Sweet" Bonclair, a teen who after being falsely imprisoned becomes the main focus of Nova's current crusade on how the parish DA has been railroading African-Americans (season 1; guest, season 3)
Tanyell Waivers as Keke Raymond, a teenage friend of the family who Micah sets his sights on after meeting her at a family cook-out[6]
Deja Dee as Sierra, Nova's college roommate
Sharon Lawrence as Lorna Prescott, Charley's mother
Michael Michele as Darlene, Darla's mother
Roger Guenveur Smith as Quincy, Darla's father
Alimi Ballard as Dr. Robert Dubois, an activist, who becomes Nova's love interest briefly in the second season
Lea Coco as Jacob Boudreaux, a member of the Landry family who takes a special interest in Charley
David Jensen as Samuel Landry, the owner of the most popular mill, the Landry mills, in the county who Charley and Ralph-Angel go up against
Vivien Ngô as Trinh Phan, a young woman who returns to help her parents with their seafood plant who becomes Ralph Angel's love interest. (season 3) [7][8]
Tony Aidan Vo as Khanh Phan, the younger brother to Trinh and son of Mrs. Phan. (season 3) [7]
Elyse Dinh McCrillis as Mrs. Phan, a Vietnamese American refugee and the mother to Khanh and Trinh; also Ralph Angel's boss at the seafood plant. (season 3) [7]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 2, 2015, it was announced that Oprah Winfrey Network had ordered a straight-to-series TV drama based on Queen Sugar, the novel by Natalie Baszile.[1][2][9][10] Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who worked on the 2014 film Selma, co-created the series, while DuVernay was set to write and direct the initial episodes. The first season began filming in February 2016[11] and contained 13 episodes. DuVernay announced on January 27, 2016 that the series would feature an all-women directorial team.[12] On February 15, 2016, Neema Barnette joined the series as director and producer.[13] Award-winning director Tina Mabry is a producer and will also direct two episodes, and Anthony Sparks,[14] an award-winning TV writer and professor, is a co-executive producer for the series.[15] It was later announced that singer-songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello would provide the score for the series.[16]

tag: p

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 13, 2016, it was announced that Rutina Wesley would play the role of Nova Bordelon.[17][18][19] Further casting was announced January 27, 2016. Dawn-Lyen Gardner, Kofi Siriboe, and Omar Dorsey, who co-starred in Selma, were all announced in leading roles.[20][21] On February 1, 2016, it was announced that Emmy Award-winner Glynn Turman will guest-star as Ernest Bordelon, the patriarch of the family who died in the first episode.[22] On February 16, 2016, it was announced that Tina Lifford, Dondre Whitfield, Timon Kyle Durrett and Nicholas L. Ashe were cast as series regulars.[23] On February 23, 2016, Bianca Lawson and Greg Vaughan joined the cast as regulars, while Henry G. Sanders joined in a recurring role. Meanwhile, Oprah Winfrey Network said that Oprah Winfrey, who earlier was announced as a recurring character, would not have an onscreen role.[24] On March 11, 2016, it was announced that Marycarmen Lopez also was cast as regular.[25]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: On August 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its television premiere which aired in a two-night premiere on June 20 and June 21, 2017.[26][27] The second season premiered on OWN in a two episode special on June 20 and 21, 2017. The show was renewed for a third season on July 26, 2017.[28] The third season premiered in a two-night special on May 29 and May 30, 2018. On August 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season. Following the renewal co-executive producer Anthony Sparks was revealed to be the new showrunner, replacing the current showrunner Kat Candler.[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)216June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)3TBAMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)TBA

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"First Things First"Ava DuVernayAva DuVernaySeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)2.69[29]
The estranged  Bordelon siblings Nova (Rutina Wesley), Charley (Dawn-Lyen Gardner), and Ralph Angel (Kofi Siriboe) must come together to save their family's ailing sugarcane farm in Louisiana. Charley leaves her upscale L.A. lifestyle to return to her family home in Louisiana after her dad suffers a stroke and she receives unwelcome news about her husband.
22"Evergreen"Ava DuVernayTina MabrySeptember 7, 2016 (2016-09-07)2.14[30]
The siblings plan the funeral, but Charley and Nova disagree about how best to honor their father; and Ralph Angel and Aunt Violet are at odds over whether it's okay for his young son to attend the funeral service. In other events, Charley faces the fallout from the news about her husband and also learns there are things they don't know about their father's farm.
33"Thy Will Be Done"Neema BarnetteJason WilbornSeptember 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)2.00[31]
Charley, Nova and Ralph Angel learn the contents of their father's will and contemplate running the farm together; someone attempts to repossess one of the father's possessions; and the family considers a low offer for the land from a local buyer.
44"The Darker Sooner"So Yong KimKay OyegunSeptember 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)1.52[32]
The Bordelon siblings return to their everyday lives: Ralph Angel struggles to run the family farm; Charley resumes managing her husband's basketball career; and Nova seeks justice for a friend's son who she believes was wrongfully imprisoned.
55"By Any Chance"Victoria MahoneyAnthony SparksSeptember 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)1.59[33]
Nova's relationship suffers because of her pursuit of justice; Charley confronts her husband's accuser; Ralph Angel faces a moral quandary; and Hollywood resumes contact with someone from his past.
66"As Promised"Tanya HamiltonMelissa CarterOctober 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)1.44[34]
Nova and Charley clash over Nova's comments regarding Charley's marriage; Ralph Angel wants out of an illegal arrangement; and Charley discovers what Davis did on the night in question.
77"In No Uncertain Terms"Neema BarnetteDenise HarkavyOctober 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)1.68[35]
Charley faces up to the state of her marriage; Ralph Angel wants to farm full time; and Aunt Violet uncovers information about Hollywood that jeopardizes their relationship.
88"Where With All"Kat CandlerTina MabryOctober 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)1.71[36]
The family prepares for a hurricane; Remy questions Charley's treatment of her staff; Aunt Violet worries about Nova's safety; and Ralph Angel quarrels with Darla.
99"Next to Nothing"Kat CandlerJason WilbornNovember 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)1.69[37]
The siblings find two dead bodies on the property while repairing damage caused by the storm. In other events, Ralph Angel continues to push for custody of Blue.
1010"So Far"Salli Richardson-WhitfieldAnthony SparksNovember 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)1.50[38]
Charlie searches for a new mill; and realizes that there's more to the story of the land than originally thought. In other events, Hollywood again tries to mend his relationship with Aunt Violet.
1111"All Good"Salli Richardson-WhitfieldKay OyegunNovember 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)1.64[39]
The siblings search for a new mill; Charley is prepared to put her past with Davis behind her; Ralph Angel and Darla help Blue with issues at school; and Aunt Violet makes changes to the diner.
1212"Far Too Long"Tina MabryMelissa Carter & Ali Gordon-GoldsteinNovember 23, 2016 (2016-11-23)1.50[40]
Charley makes a cunning decision as a result of the siblings' quest for a new mill; Ralph Angel locks heads with Charley; Hollywood and Aunt Violet's relationship hits a roadblock; and Nova's ex, Calvin, returns.
1313"Give Us This Day"Tina MabryAva DuVernayNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)1.91[41]
In the Season 1 finale, Charley goes all out to secure an investor; Nova and Calvin reunite, but not everyone is pleased; Davis attempts to repair his relationship with Micah; Aunt Violet tries to make amends with Hollywood; and Ralph Angel makes a shocking discovery.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)141"After the Winter"Kat CandlerMonica MacerJune 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)2.31[42]
Charley and Davis remain entangled; Ralph Angel tries to find his footing on the family farm; Aunt Violet confronts her feelings for Hollywood; and Micah has a dangerous encounter with a police officer. In other events, Nova deals with the loss of her relationship with Calvin and later holds a community fundraiser.
152"To Usward"Cheryl DunyeJason WilbornJune 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)1.69[43]
Ralph Angel has an idea for the farm; Charley is blindsided during her final divorce mediation with Davis; Nova holds a community fundraiser; and Aunt Violet learns that Hollywood might have been involved in a life-threatening accident.
163"What Do I Care For Morning"Aurora GuerreroAnthony SparksJune 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)1.55[44]
Micah finds solace at Nova's place; Charley confronts Davis about their custody arrangement; Aunt Violet's time with Hollywood might be short-lived; Nova meets someone at a symposium; and Ralph Angel confronts Jacob Boudreaux about spying on his property.
174"My Soul's High Song"Maryam KeshavarzAva DuVernayJuly 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)1.46[45]
Charley searches for a more permanent home for Micah; a whitefly infestation threatens the farm; Nova adjusts to a new editor who wants her to change her approach; and Darla makes a decision that has serious consequences.
185"Caroling Dusk"Amanda MarsalisDavita ScarlettJuly 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)1.52[46]
Charley's therapist appointment brings to light childhood issues; Nova reunites with Dr. Robert Dubois; Davis meets an intriguing singer; Ralph Angel meets an old friend during a high-pressured situation; and Darla finds an unexpected job.
196"Line of Our Elders"DeMane DavisMimi Won TechentinJuly 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)1.56[47]
Charley's opening celebration of the Queen Sugar Mill suffers a setback; Nova learns something surprising about her late father; and Ralph Angel has a run-in with someone he previously robbed and later makes a huge confession to his sisters.
207"I Know My Soul"Kat CandlerMaria Elena RodriguezJuly 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)1.57[48]
Ralph Angel's confession continues to cause unrest and his appeal to Darla for emotional support conflicts with Charley's wishes. Plus, Nova learns something surprising about Violet.
218"Freedom's Plow"Amanda MarsalisAnthony SparksAugust 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)1.59[49]
In the mid-season finale, Darla celebrates her two-year sober anniversary; Violet has a health issue; Nova and Dr. Robert Dubois' reunion hits a roadblock; Micah finally comes to terms with his emotions; Charley confesses her feelings for Remy; and Ralph Angel makes a life-changing confession to Darla.
229"Yet Do I Marvel"Julie DashJason WilbornOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)1.74[50]
In the mid-season premiere, Darla reaches out to her family to share her engagement news; Violet's condition worsens; Nova's Zika story causes concern in the community; Micah tells his family about the police incident; and Charley receives an unexpected visit from her mother, and the two have an honest conversation about Charley's upbringing.
2310"Drums at Dusk"Julie DashValerie ChuOctober 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)1.20[51]
An unexpected encounter creates issues between Ralph Angel and Darla. Meanwhile, the presence of Charley's mother, Lorna gives rise to old tensions in the family; and Violet finally sees a doctor about her recurring symptoms.
2411"Fruit of the Flower"Cheryl DunyeDana GreenblattOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)1.31[52]
Nova and Robert's relationship begins to shift; Ralph Angel feels humiliated by Remy; Hollywood and Violet clash over Hollywood's new friend; and Lorna finally reveals the true history of her relationship with Nova and Ralph Angel's father.
2512"Live in the All Along"Garrett BradleyMimi Won TechentinOctober 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)1.14[53]
Nova and Robert's relationship hits a major setback; Darla and Ralph Angel plan their upcoming wedding; Davis offers Charley help with her harvest festival and they both realize they have moved on in new relationships; Davis attempts to make amends.
2613"Heritage"Liesl TommyMonica Macer & Davita ScarlettOctober 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)1.34[54]
Charley and Remy discuss their future; Violet receives a life changing diagnosis; Nova and Calvin come face-to-face for the first time in months; Darla reunites with her parents, and reveals a devastating secret to Ralph Angel.
2714"On These I Stand"Christina VorosJason Wilborn & Anthony SparksNovember 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)1.28[55]
Ralph Angel is left devastated by Darla's news; Charley's business is threatened; Micah has an issue with his school; Nova receives a new opportunity; and Violet reveals her diagnosis to Hollywood.
2815"Copper Sun"DeMane DavisMonica Macer & Dana GreenblattNovember 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)1.22[56]
Charley fires Darla after learning that she's lied to her family; Micah gets suspended from school; Hollywood promises to fulfill Violet's wish list; and Jacob Boudreaux suggests he and Charley form a partnership.
2916"Dream Variations"Kat CandlerAva DuVernayNovember 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)1.33[57]
In the Season 2 finale, Charley's shocking plan to save her business puts her relationship with Remy in jeopardy; Hollywood proposes to Violet; Nova and Remy share an unexpected moment; and Ralph Angel decides if he can forgive Darla.

Note: This episode is 90 minutes.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [58]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)301"A Rock, a River, a Tree"DeMane DavisKat CandlerMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)1.48[59]
312"Of Their Sojourn Here"Patricia CardosoAnthony SparksMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)1.04[60]
323"Your Distant Destiny"Lauren WolksteinErika L. JohnsonJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)0.92[61]
334"No Haven in My Shadow"Maria GovanMike FlynnJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)1.13[62]
345"A Little Lower Than Angels"Shaz BennettChloé HungJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)1.14[63]
356"Delicate and Strangely Made"Christina ChoeChanning Godfrey PeoplesJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)1.17[64]
367"Study War No More"DeMane DavisAnthony SparksJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)1.20[65]
378"Come, Clad in Peace"DeMane DavisErika L. JohnsonJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.01[66]
389"The Tree and Stone Were One"Nijla MuminAnthony SparksJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.05[67]
3910"Here Beside the River"TBATBAAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)1.02[68]
4011"Your Passages Have Been Paid"TBATBAAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)1.05[69]
4112"The Horizon Leans Forward"TBATBAAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)TBD
4213"From on the Pulse of Morning"TBATBAAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)TBD

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of  7.4/10 based on 41 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "With an authenticity of culture and place and strong performances throughout, Queen Sugar rises above melodrama in this alluring, unhurried and powerful portrait of a fractious black American family."[70] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 25 critics for the season, indicating what the website considers to be "generally favorable reviews".[71] A 100% approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.03/10 based on 7 reviews.[72]

text: Novel[edit]

text: UCLA graduate Natalie Baszile started writing Queen Sugar, the novel, in the early 1990s, but the text was only completed ten years later. She first presented the manuscript to publishers in 2009 but without any success. After revising the book for another two years, she resubmitted the text, with one agent agreeing to represent her.

text: Baszile took part in a women writer's retreat in Hedgebrook. A friend of hers who was also at the retreat, the novelist Sarah Manyika, suggested that she read part of Queen Sugar to fellow residents. Leigh Haber, O, The Oprah Magazine's book editor was attending and loved the novel and passed it to people at Oprah's Harpo Productions. A few months after that, Harpo called to say they wanted to option the book for a project.[73]

text: The book was published by Penguin in 2014 as Baszile's debut novel and, a few months later, OWN negotiated the deal to turn the book into a television series.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2017

48th NAACP Image Awards[74]

Outstanding Drama Series

Queen Sugar

Won

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Kofi Siriboe

Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series

Rutina Wesley

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series

Ava DuVernay (for "First Things First")

Won

Anthony Sparks (for "By Any Chance")

Nominated

2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards[75]

Original Score – TV Show/Limited Series

Meshell Ndegeocello

Nominated

2018

49th NAACP Image Awards[76]

Outstanding Drama Series

Queen Sugar

Nominated

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Kofi Siriboe

Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series

Rutina Wesley

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

Dondre Whitfield

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Tina Lifford

Nominated


document_title: Pak'nSave

question_text: when did pak n save open in nz

question_tokens: when did pak n save open in nz

text: Pak'nSave

text: History[edit]

text: Pak'nSave was developed following a trip by a group of Foodstuffs executives to the United States in 1985. On that visit they saw Cub Foods, operated by SuperValu, Pak 'n Save operated by Safeway, and other box warehouse supermarkets. Foodstuffs then copied this format in New Zealand. The original Pak'nSave format was almost an identical copy of Safeway's Pak 'n Save chain in northern California.

text: The first store, styled "PAK 'N SAVE",[3] opened in June 1985 at Kaitaia in the North Island.[3]

text: Operations[edit]

text: As of September 2017, there were 57 Pak'nSave stores across New Zealand.[4]

text: The name probably originates from the cost-saving practice of leaving customers to pack their own groceries, with checkout operators simply placing the products purchased back into a trolley. Pak'nSave provides the cardboard boxes used for shipping products to the store, or plastic supermarket bags can be purchased at the checkout for 10 cents. Customers are encouraged to purchase longer-lasting bags or to bring their own.

text: The stores are laid out as supermarket aisles, but with minimalistic design, and often perpendicular to the checkout lanes rather than the traditional parallel found in other New Zealand supermarkets and retailers. Extra products that are not on shelves are stacked above the shelves on the pallets they were delivered in. meaning that the floor space can be used for retail and storage. The stores are supplied daily from their co-operative distributor Foodstuffs.

text: Pak'nSave stores often buys stock in bulk. This process means that stores don't offer a wide variety of brands and pack sizes as full-service supermarkets, with products often restricted to market leaders and store brands. A 2009 Consumer magazine survey noticed the lack of range especially in the pet food and toilet paper categories.[5]

text: Most stores have self checkout and some have self scanning facilities. Self-checkout facilities are small checkout for express (15 items or less) purchases, where customers scan and bag their own groceries, with several self-checkouts monitored over by a single staff member for assistance and to clear any restricted transactions (e.g. alcohol). Self-scanning facilities (Shop n' Go) are where a pre-registered customer scans each item with a hand-held scanner as they put them in their trolley. This reduces waiting time at the checkout, with most customers only requiring to pay for the groceries, although random rescans do take place. All stores have conventional checkout operator scanning available.

text: Competition[edit]

text: Pak'nSave's main competitors are Countdown, owned by Progressive Enterprises, and Foodstuffs' full-service supermarket, New World.

text: In the annual Consumer magazine survey of supermarket prices, Pak'nSave has been named the country's cheapest supermarket (either unanimously or by majority of centres surveyed) in all eleven surveys since the current survey methodology was adopted in 2003. The latest survey was conducted in May 2013, which was based on the purchase of forty common products, including food, non-alcoholic drinks, personal care and cleaning items (but excluding meat, fresh fruit and vegetables due to quality comparison issues and alcohol due to local licensing rules and heavy discounting practises). In the survey, Pak'nSave was named cheapest in six of the seven centres surveyed (north Auckland, south-east Auckland, Tauranga, Napier-Hastings, Christchurch and Dunedin), and was named second-cheapest in the remaining centre (Wellington) behind Countdown.[6]

text: Pak'nSave also came out the cheapest supermarkets in the 2001 and 2002 Consumer magazine surveys. These surveys were paper surveys where prices on 140 items were recorded by surveyors visiting the supermarket and recording the shelf prices. However, the method was prone to supermarkets cheating by temporarily marking down shelf prices while the surveyor was in store, and the method was scrapped in 2003.[7] Since then, the survey is conducted on only forty items, purchased by undercover surveyors through the checkouts and the prices taken from the till receipt, with the food purchased donated to local food banks.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Pak'nSave is well known for its "cut price" television and print adverts utilising a stick figure, named "Stickman", in black on a yellow background (occasionally, the colour scheme is reversed, including during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics). The television adverts are voiced by comedian Paul Ego.[8]

text: In 2011, the Stickman adverts were one of the finalists for Best Ad in the annual Fair Go Ad Awards, but ultimately lost (by landslide) to the New Zealand Lotteries Commission's "Wilson the Dog" adverts.[9]

text: Fuel discounts[edit]

text: Pak'nSave offers fuel discounts to shoppers for spending a qualifying amount on shopping. Pak'nSave stores with on-site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers to use at these stations. The Pak'nSave fuel vouchers are unique in that they can only be used at the fuel site associated with the store of purchase, whereas all other New Zealand supermarkets' fuel discount vouchers operate at any participating station across the country. Stores without on-site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers for use at Mobil service stations (before January 2013, the vouchers were accepted at Mobil instead). Competition for fuel discounts has grown in the past few years, with cases of offering discounts of 50 cents per litre to customers when they spend at least $400 in store. The standard fuel price at the Pak'nSave pump can often be higher than that of neighbouring service stations, thereby partially negating the Pak'nSave discount.

text: Fuel sites[edit]

text: In December 2002, the first Pak'nSave fuel site was opened at the Pak'nSave in Tamatea. It was originally owned by BP New Zealand and Foodstuffs. More fuel sites were opened in more Pak'nSave stores and New World joined for the fuel sites later. In 2012, when BP New Zealand ended its contract with Foodstuffs, they changed ownership to Mobil and Foodstuffs.[citation needed]

text: Fundraising[edit]

text: In November 2015 Pak'nSave stores around New Zealand participated in the annual Movember fundraising effort, raising NZ$106,000 for Movember New Zealand. This was the largest sum ever raised by a New Zealand company for the charity.[10]


document_title: Mail (Apple)

question_text: what is the latest version of apple mail

text: Mail (Apple)

text: History[edit]

text: Mail first shipped as NeXTMail, the email application for the NeXTSTEP operating system. NeXTMail was innovative for its time,[according to whom?] supporting rich text formatting with images and voice messaging. It also supported MIME emails, along with plain text to allow for backwards compatibility. The default message found in the inbox when the user first opened NeXTMail included a voice recording of Steve Jobs.

text: When Apple began to adapt NeXTSTEP to become Mac OS X, both the operating system and the application went through various stages as it was developed. In a beta version (codenamed "Rhapsody") and various other early pre-releases of Mac OS X, Mail was known as MailViewer. However, with the third developer release of Mac OS X, the application had returned to being known simply as Mail.

text: First release[edit]

text: Included in all versions of macOS up to and including Mac OS X Panther, Mail was integrated with other Apple applications such as Address Book, iChat, and iCal. Some of its features that remain in the most recent version of Mail include rules for mailboxes, junk mail filtering and multiple account management.

text: Mac OS X Tiger[edit]

text: In Mac OS X Tiger, Mail was updated to version 2. It included a proprietary single-message-per-file format (with the filename extension .emlx) in order to permit indexing by Spotlight.

text: Additional features were:

text:
"Smart mailboxes" that used Spotlight technology to sort mail into folders.
The ability to flag messages with a low, normal or high priority and to use these priorities in mailbox rules and smart mailboxes.
Tools for resizing photos before they are sent to avoid oversized email attachments.
The ability to view emailed pictures as a full-screen slideshow.
Parental controls to specify who is allowed to send email to children.
HTML message composition.

text: The new version also changed the UI for the buttons in the toolbar. Whereas previous buttons had free-standing defined shapes, the new buttons featured shapes within a lozenge-shaped capsule.[6] According to many users, and even Apple's own human interface guidelines at the time, this was worse for usability.[7] An open-source third-party application that reverted the icons to their former shapes was available. Nevertheless, Apple updated their guidelines to include capsule-shaped buttons, and the new UI persisted.[8]

text: Mac OS X Leopard[edit]

text: In Mac OS X Leopard, Mail included personalized stationery, handled in standard HTML format. In addition, version 3 offered notes and to-dos (which could be synced with iCal) as well as a built-in RSS reader. Version 3 also introduced IMAP IDLE support for account inboxes.

text: Mac OS X Snow Leopard[edit]

text: Mac OS X Snow Leopard brought Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 support. The iCal and Address Book applications bundled with OS X 10.6 also supported Microsoft Exchange Server.

text: Mac OS X Lion[edit]

text: In Mac OS X Lion, Mail featured a redesigned iPad-like user interface with full-screen capabilities, an updated message search interface, support for Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 and Yahoo! Mail (via IMAP). Also added was the capability to group messages by subject in a similar fashion to Mail on iOS 4. The bounce function, where unwanted emails could be bounced back to the sender, was dropped in this version, as was support for Exchange push email.

text: OS X Mountain Lion[edit]

text: In OS X Mountain Lion, Mail received VIP tagging, Safari-style inline search for words within an email message, the ability to sync with iCloud and new sharing features. Notes were split off into a stand-alone application in this version, called Notes. The RSS reader and to-dos were discontinued.

text: OS X Mavericks[edit]

text: OS X Mavericks threw out the capability of displaying the plain-text version of MIME multipart/alternative messages, and the option of doing so by default. Users were stuck viewing the HTML or rich-text version of multipart/alternative messages.

text: OS X Yosemite[edit]

text: In OS X Yosemite, Mail supported new features such as: Markup (inline annotation of PDF or image files) and Mail Drop (automatically uploads attachments to iCloud, and sends a link in the message instead of the whole file).

text: OS X El Capitan[edit]

text: In OS X El Capitan, a filter was added to the message list to filter by various options such as Unread, Flagged, or messages with attachments. The conversation display was also redesigned and various disk space saving optimizations were implemented. Streaming notification support for Exchange accounts was also added.