document_title: Timeline of Gulf War (1990–1991)

question_text: persian gulf war timeline of operation desert storm

text: Timeline of Gulf War (1990–1991)

text:
28–30 May: Iraqi president Saddam Hussein says that oil overproduction by Kuwait and United Arab Emirates was an "economic warfare" against Iraq.
28 May: President of Iraq Saddam Hussein and Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah meet at the Arab League Summit in Baghdad.
15 July: Iraq accuses Kuwait of stealing oil from the Rumaila oil field, Iraq's oil field near the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border and warns of military action.
22 July: Iraq begins deploying troops to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border and building a massive military buildup.
24 July: President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak travels to Baghdad to discuss with Saddam Hussein about the dispute between Kuwait and Iraq.
2 August: About 100,000 Iraqi troops Invades Kuwait
2 August: Battle of Dasman Palace. Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah flees to Saudi Arabia with his family and ministers
2 August: United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 660 condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Yemen is the only Arab country that does not take part in the vote in the UNSC.
3 August: President of the United States George H.W. Bush announces that U.S. Navy ships are deployed to the Persian Gulf
4 August: Alaa Hussein Ali is appointed as the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Free Kuwait and Ali Hassan al-Majid as Governor of the Kuwait Governorate which is declared as the 19th Governorate of Iraq
5 August: Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah forms the Government in exile in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
6 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 implements international sanctions on Iraq.Yemen doesn't take part in the vote in the UNSC.
6 August: United States Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney meets King of Saudi Arabia Fahd in Riyadh to discuss sending U.S. military troops to defend Saudi Arabia in case of Iraqi invasion.
7 August: 15, 000 U.S. troops, 32 destroyers and 100 helicopters and fighter planes arrive in Saudi Arabia
8 August: Operation Desert Shield is launched by the United States
9 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 662 condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
9 August: Iraq closes all its land borders
10 August: Arab League Emergency summit takes place in Cairo. Majority Arab countries condemn the invasion and call Iraq to withdraw its troops from Kuwait and return Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah as Emir of Kuwait. Only Libya and the Palestine Liberation Organization supports the Iraqi invasion.
10 August: Arab League Cairo summit votes, by very small margin, to send Egyptian, Syrian and Moroccan military troops to the Gulf region to support Kuwait.
12 August: Naval blockade of Iraq begins.
13 August: Indian Government starts to airlift Indian nationals from Kuwait via Amman to Mumbai. About 175,000 Indian nationals are evacuated from Kuwait through 20 October.
15 August: Iran and Iraq re-establish diplomatic relations first time after the end of the Iran-Iraq War.
16 August: Secretary Dick Cheney orders U.S. naval ships to stop all cargo and tankers leaving and entering Iraq and Kuwait.
18 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 664 condemns Iraq and demands it leaves Kuwait
19 August: United Arab Emirates allows foreign troops to enter its territory
20 August: Hundred of thousands of Pakistani, Egyptian, Palestinian, and Filipino guest workers flee Kuwait to Jordan
20 August: 82 British nationals are take hostages in Kuwait
25 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 implements international sanctions on Iraq
26 August: Iraq sieges foreign embassies in Kuwait City.
29 August: United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar travels to Baghdad to meet Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz
1 September: Iraq allows 700 westerners to leave Iraq. They had been hostage since the invasion.
2 September: Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar returns from Baghdad without any agreement with the Government of Iraq.
9 September: President of the United States George H.W. Bush and President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Helsinki Summit to discuss the Iraqi invasion. In a press conference, the presidents demand Iraq leave Kuwait under the UNSC Resolutions of 660, 661, 662, 664 and 665.
14 September: United Kingdom and France announce the deployment of troops to Saudi Arabia.
25 September: United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 implements civil aviation sanctions on Iraq.
17 October: 200,000 American, 15,000 British and 11,000 French troops are stationed in the Gulf region
8 November: U.S sends more troops to the Gulf region. About 100,000 troops arrive to support the existing 220 ,000 troops in the region.
19 November: Iraq sends about 200,000 more troops to Kuwait.
29 November: The U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 678 setting a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait before January 15, 1991, or face military action.
29 November: President George H.W. Bush offers dialogue to Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz to meet in Washington D.C..
6 December: Iraq releases 3,000 foreign hostages from Kuwait and Iraq
10 December: Iraq releases British hostages

text:
9 January: United States Secretary of State James Baker meets Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz at the Geneva Conference in Hotel InterContinental without any solution.
January 12 : U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the use of military force in Iraq and Kuwait. The votes were '52 for and 47 against in the U.S. Senate and 250-183 in the House of Representatives. These was the closest margins in authorizing force by the Congress since the War of 1812.
12 January: United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar meets Saddam Hussein in Baghdad without any agreement with the Government of Iraq on withdrawing from Kuwait.
12 January: Soviet special envoy Yevgeny Primakov meets Saddam Hussein in Baghdad about the possible Coalition invasion of Kuwait
15 January: Saddam Hussein announces that Iraq will consider withdrawing its troops from Kuwait under some conditions
15 January: 580,000 Coalition troops are stationed in the Gulf region against 540,000 Iraqi troops.
15 January: First U.S. government statement of Operation Desert Storm made.
15 January: Iraq ignores all the UN resolutions
January 16: Coalition forces lead by the U.S. start deploying into Kuwait through the Persian Gulf and the Saudi Arabian border, starting the first official infantry combat
17 January: Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz meets President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow where they discuss the Soviet peace plan
17 January: Operation Desert Storm is launched. First air attacks are launched on Iraq and Kuwait.
18 January: 01:00 GMT; Iraq fires 12 scud missiles at Israeli cities of Haifa and Tel Aviv, killing 12 people. United States tells Israel not to retaliate to the scud attack due to the risk of expanding the war and breaking up of the Arab Coalition. The U.S. deploys Patriot missiles to Israel and Saudi Arabia.
21 January: Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz accepts the Soviet peace plan. President Bush refuses the peace plan as unrealistic for the coalition.
22 January: Iraq burns Kuwaiti oil fields. About 600 oil fields are on fire
24 January: Iraq continues to burn Kuwaiti oil fields and dumps the oil into the Persian Gulf
24 January: Coalition forces capture the small Kuwaiti island of Qaruh.
25 January : Iraqi troops dumped millions of gallons of crude oil into the Persian Gulf.
29 January: United States and the Soviet Union offer a ceasefire to Iraq if it withdraws all its troops from Kuwait.
29 January : Iraqi forces invaded the town of Khafji in Saudi Arabia. Iraqi forces were soon engaged by Saudi Arabian and Qatari troops with help from U.S. Marines.
30 January: Coalition starts its first land operations in Kuwait and Southern Iraq.
1 February : Iraqi forces are driven out of Saudi Arabia.
22 February : U.S. President George H. W. Bush issues a 24-hour ultimatum: Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait to avoid start of a ground war.
23 February: President of the United States George H.W. Bush calls on Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait before starting Operation Desert Storm
24 February : Ground war begins when U.S.-led Coalition forces invaded Iraq and Kuwait at around 4 a.m. Baghdad time. British Special Air Service was the first to enter Iraqi territory.
25 February: 20 000 Iraqi troops surrender to the coalition. By the end of February, about 100 000 Iraqi troops will have surrendered.
25 February: Iraq launches scud missile attacks to Dhahran in Saudi Arabia which kills 28 American troops and injures 98 civilians.
26 February: President of Iraq Saddam Hussein announces at Radio Baghdad report that Iraq will withdraw from Kuwait totally and excepts the UN resolution. Saddam still does not renounce Iraqi claims over Kuwait.
26 February: About 10,000 retreating Iraqi troops were killed when Coalition aircraft bombed their stolen civilian and military vehicles. This is called the Highway of Death.
26 February: Iraqi troops flees from Kuwait City
27 February: U.S. Marines and Saudi Arabian troops entered Kuwait City.
27 February: President Bush announced that the Liberation of Kuwait has started and the cessation of hostilities will end at 04:00 GMT the same day
27 February: Coalition announces that they have destroyed almost of the half of the all Iraqi divisions and 500,000 Iraqi troops has been taken as PWOs.
28 February: President of the United States George H.W. Bush announces ceasefire and that Kuwait is free and Iraqi Army is defeated.
28 February: Iraq announces that it will accept all UN resolutions.
March 1: A cease-fire plan is negotiated in Safwan, Iraq.
March 3: Iraq accepts the terms of a ceasefire from the U.N. Security Council.
6 March: Shiia rebellion starts in Basra
13 March: Secretary of State of the United States James Baker meets President of Syria Hafez Al-Assad in Damascus to discuss future Middle East issues
14 March: Anti-Saddam rebellion continues in Iraq
30 March: First Arab League summit starts in Cairo after the Kuwaiti invasion. Iraqi delegation also takes part in the summit
3 April: Iraqi army massacres Kurds in Northern Iraq
11 April: Armistice is signed between Coalition and Iraqi Army.
7 April: Kuwaiti Emir promises elections in Kuwait in 1992
14 April: Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah returns to Kuwait
17 April: U.S. troops enter Northern Iraq from Turkey to protect Kurdish refugees
15 June: 29 people are accused of co-operating with the Iraqi forces, and are executed in Kuwait.
16 August: UN repeals some Iraqi sanctions; Iraq is allowed to produce oil, limited to about 1,6 billion USD per barrel.
30 August: Kuwaiti Air Force attacks Iraqi destroyer in the Gulf
7 November: Last Kuwaiti oil fire is put out

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: 26: August: No-fly zone is established in Southern Iraq

text: 13 January: United States bombs Iraq

text: 10 November: Iraq recognises Kuwaiti independence and the borders it shares with Iraq

text: 14 April: United Nations Security Council approves the oil for food program to Iraq

text: 3 September: United States bombs Iraq and extenders the No-fly zone in Southern Iraq

text: 31 October: Iraq end is co-operation with the United Nations Special Commission


document_title: List of Masters Tournament champions

question_text: who is the defending champion of the masters

root

text: List of Masters Tournament champions

text: Champions[edit]

text: By year[edit]

text:
Key

Tournament won in a playoff

tag: table

text:
Masters Tournament champions

Year
Country
Champion
Total score
To Par[9][a]

1934
USA ! United States
Smith, HortonHorton Smith
284
004 !−4

1935
USA ! United States
Sarazen, GeneGene Sarazen[c]
282
006 !−6

1936
USA ! United States
Smith, HortonHorton Smith
285
003 !−3

1937
USA ! United States
Nelson, ByronByron Nelson
283
005 !−5

1938
USA ! United States
Picard, HenryHenry Picard
285
003 !−3

1939
USA ! United States
Guldahl, RalphRalph Guldahl
279
009 !−9

1940
USA ! United States
Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret
280
008 !−8

1941
USA ! United States
Wood, CraigCraig Wood
280
008 !−8

1942
USA ! United States
Nelson, ByronByron Nelson[d]
280
008 !−8

1943
&
—

None[b]
&
—

&
—

1944
&
—

None
&
—

&
—

1945
&
—

None
&
—

&
—

1946
USA ! United States
Keiser, HermanHerman Keiser
282
006 !−6

1947
USA ! United States
Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret
281
007 !−7

1948
USA ! United States
Harmon, ClaudeClaude Harmon
279
009 !−9

1949
USA ! United States
Snead, SamSam Snead
282
006 !−6

1950
USA ! United States
Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret
283
005 !−5

1951
USA ! United States
Hogan, BenBen Hogan
280
008 !−8

1952
USA ! United States
Snead, SamSam Snead
286
002 !−2

1953
USA ! United States
Hogan, BenBen Hogan
274
014 !−14

1954
USA ! United States
Snead, SamSam Snead[e]
289
+1

1955
USA ! United States
Middlecoff, CaryCary Middlecoff
279
009 !−9

1956
USA ! United States
Burke Jr., JackJack Burke Jr.
289
+1

1957
USA ! United States
Ford, DougDoug Ford
283
005 !−5

1958
USA ! United States
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer
284
004 !−4

1959
USA ! United States
Wall Jr., ArtArt Wall Jr.
284
004 !−4

1960
USA ! United States
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer
282
006 !−6

1961
RSA ! South Africa
Player, GaryGary Player
280
008 !−8

1962
USA ! United States
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer[f]
280
008 !−8

1963
USA ! United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
286
002 !−2

1964
USA ! United States
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer
276
012 !−12

1965
USA ! United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
271
017 !−17

1966
USA ! United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus[g]
288
0 !E

1967
USA ! United States
Brewer, GayGay Brewer
280
008 !−8

1968
USA ! United States
Goalby, BobBob Goalby
277
011 !−11

1969
USA ! United States
Archer, GeorgeGeorge Archer
281
007 !−7

1970
USA ! United States
Casper, BillyBilly Casper[h]
279
009 !−9

1971
USA ! United States
Coody, CharlesCharles Coody
279
009 !−9

1972
USA ! United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
286
002 !−2

1973
USA ! United States
Aaron, TommyTommy Aaron
283
005 !−5

1974
RSA ! South Africa
Player, GaryGary Player
278
010 !−10

1975
USA ! United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
276
012 !−12

1976
USA ! United States
Floyd, RaymondRaymond Floyd
271
017 !−17

1977
USA ! United States
Watson, TomTom Watson
276
012 !−12

1978
RSA ! South Africa
Player, GaryGary Player
277
011 !−11

1979
USA ! United States
Zoeller, FuzzyFuzzy Zoeller[i]
280
008 !−8

1980
ESP ! Spain
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros
275
013 !−13

1981
USA ! United States
Watson, TomTom Watson
280
008 !−8

1982
USA ! United States
Stadler, CraigCraig Stadler[j]
284
004 !−4

1983
ESP ! Spain
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros
280
008 !−8

1984
USA ! United States
Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw
277
011 !−11

1985
GER ! West Germany
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
282
006 !−6

1986
USA ! United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
279
009 !−9

1987
USA ! United States
Mize, LarryLarry Mize[k]
285
003 !−3

1988
SCO ! Scotland
Lyle, SandySandy Lyle
281
007 !−7

1989
ENG ! England
Faldo, NickNick Faldo[l]
283
005 !−5

1990
ENG ! England
Faldo, NickNick Faldo[m]
278
010 !−10

1991
WAL ! Wales
Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam
277
011 !−11

1992
USA ! United States
Couples, FredFred Couples
275
013 !−13

1993
GER ! Germany
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
277
011 !−11

1994
ESP ! Spain
Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal
279
009 !−9

1995
USA ! United States
Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw
274
014 !−14

1996
ENG ! England
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
276
012 !−12

1997
USA ! United States
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
270
018 !−18

1998
USA ! United States
O'Meara, MarkMark O'Meara
279
009 !−9

1999
USA ! Spain
Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal
280
008 !−8

2000
FIJ ! Fiji
Singh, VijayVijay Singh
278
010 !−10

2001
USA ! United States
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
272
016 !−16

2002
USA ! United States
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
276
012 !−12

2003
CAN ! Canada
Weir, MikeMike Weir[n]
281
007 !−7

2004
USA ! United States
Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson
279
009 !−9

2005
USA ! United States
Woods, TigerTiger Woods[o]
276
012 !−12

2006
USA ! United States
Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson
281
007 !−7

2007
USA ! United States
Johnson, ZachZach Johnson
289
+1

2008
RSA ! South Africa
Immelman, TrevorTrevor Immelman
280
008 !−8

2009
ARG ! Argentina
Cabrera, ÁngelÁngel Cabrera[p]
276
012 !−12

2010
USA ! United States
Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson
272
016 !−16

2011
RSA ! South Africa
Schwartzel, CharlCharl Schwartzel
274
014 !−14

2012
USA ! United States
Watson, BubbaBubba Watson[q]
278
010 !−10

2013
AUS ! Australia
Scott, AdamAdam Scott[r]
279
009 !−9

2014
USA ! United States
Watson, BubbaBubba Watson
280
008 !−8

2015
USA ! United States
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth
270
018 !−18

2016
ENG ! England
Willett, DannyDanny Willett
283
005 !−5

2017
SPA ! Spain
García, SergioSergio García[s]
279
009 !−9

2018
! United States
Reed, PatrickPatrick Reed
273
015 !−15

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Masters Tournament multiple champions

Golfer
Total
Years

 Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus (USA)
6
1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1986

 Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer (USA)
4
1958, 1960, 1962, 1964

 Woods, TigerTiger Woods (USA)
4
1997, 2001, 2002, 2005

 Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret (USA)
3
1940, 1947, 1950

 Snead, SamSam Snead (USA)
3
1949, 1952, 1954

 Player, GaryGary Player (RSA)
3
1961, 1974, 1978

 Faldo, NickNick Faldo (ENG)
3
1989, 1990, 1996

 Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson (USA)
3
2004, 2006, 2010

 Smith, HortonHorton Smith (USA)
2
1934, 1936

 Nelson, ByronByron Nelson (USA)
2
1937, 1942

 Hogan, BenBen Hogan (USA)
2
1951, 1953

 Watson, TomTom Watson (USA)
2
1977, 1981

 Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros (ESP)
2
1980, 1983

 Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer (GER)
2
1985, 1993

 Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw (USA)
2
1984, 1995

 Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal (ESP)
2
1994, 1999

 Watson, BubbaBubba Watson (USA)
2
2012, 2014

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Masters Tournament champions by nationality

Nationality
Wins
Winners

 United States
60
37

 Spain
5
3

 South Africa
5
3

 England
4
2

 Germany
2
1

 Scotland
1
1

 Wales
1
1

 Fiji
1
1

 Canada
1
1

 Argentina
1
1

 Australia
1
1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Par is a predetermined number of strokes that a golfer should require to complete a hole, a round (the sum of the total pars of the played holes), or a tournament (the sum of the total pars of each round). E stands for even, which means the tournament was completed in the predetermined number of strokes.[9]
b The 1943, 1944, and 1945 Masters Tournaments were not held because of World War II.
c Gene Sarazen won in a playoff against Craig Wood.
d Byron Nelson won in a playoff against Ben Hogan.
e Sam Snead won in a playoff against Ben Hogan.
f Arnold Palmer won in a playoff against Dow Finsterwald and Gary Player.
g Jack Nicklaus won in a playoff against Gay Brewer and Tommy Jacobs.
h Billy Casper won in a playoff against Gene Littler.
i Fuzzy Zoeller won in a playoff against Ed Sneed and Tom Watson.
j Craig Stadler won in a playoff against Dan Pohl.
k Larry Mize won in a playoff against Seve Ballesteros and Greg Norman.
l Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Scott Hoch.
m Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Raymond Floyd.
n Mike Weir won in a playoff against Len Mattiace.
o Tiger Woods won in a playoff against Chris DiMarco.
p Ángel Cabrera won in a playoff against Chad Campbell and Kenny Perry.
q Bubba Watson won in a playoff against Louis Oosthuizen.
r Adam Scott won in a playoff against Ángel Cabrera.
s Sergio García won in a playoff against Justin Rose.

tag: ul


document_title: Spring break

question_text: when do most colleges have their spring break

text: Spring break

text: History[edit]

text: Spring break is an academic tradition in various mostly western countries that is scheduled for different periods depending on the state and sometimes the region.

tag: p

text: Asia[edit]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, the Spring break starts with the end of the academic year in March and ends on April 1 with the beginning of a new academic year.

text: Kuwait[edit]

text: In Kuwait, the Spring break is between the two academic or school semesters, usually in December or January, but could last until early February. It is usually a 2 or 3-week break, however, there is no fixed date for it, as the date is adjusted in accordance with the Lunar or Hijri calendar, as it is the case for almost all Arab and Muslim nations.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, the Spring break starts in mid-February (the end of the academic year) and ends on March 1 (a national holiday) with the beginning of a new academic year.[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, only primary and secondary school students have a Spring break. The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Czech Republic (Czechs usually travel to the mountains to ski there). The counties are divided into six groups, each group containing counties evenly distributed across the country. The first group starts the holiday on the first Monday of February, the last group starts the holiday five weeks later (usually in early March). The last group of counties becomes the first one to have the Spring break the next year.

text: Georgia[edit]

text: Before 2017, the Spring break in Georgia was typically an Easter holiday, lasting from Thursday to Tuesday in the Holy Week. In 2017, the new Minister of Education and Science of Georgia Aleksandre Jejelava made a new reform by which, students of preschools, elementary & high schools as well as colleges and universities get six days of holiday in March, lasting from March 8 to March 15, for people to go on winter vacations or do other activities.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, universities typically schedule a semester break of five to eight weeks around March. The Whitsun (Pentecost) holidays around late May or early June are also considered a Spring break.[2]

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, Spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it.[citation needed]

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: In Lithuania, Spring break (called Easter holidays or Spring holidays) takes place one week before Easter and one day after it (as it is the second day of Easter), all school students have this vacation. Primary school students have another week of holidays after Easter.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, Spring break is mostly known as "Easter Holidays" and it gives two weeks to all students around the country.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Before 1917 there was an Easter Break in schools. In the Soviet Union, Spring break was always from 24 to 31 of March. Now, many schools in Russia still have the Spring break, but the exact date is decided by the school itself. In the majority of cases it is set in the middle of April. Also, the public holidays in May, connected with Labour day, can be an accurate equivatent of the spring break.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: Slovakia gives a week-long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the months of February and March. The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Slovak Republic. The counties are divided into three groups, the first group starts the holiday on the end of February, the last group starts the holiday two weeks later (in early March).

text: There is, as well another, shorter Easter break which starts on Holly Thursday and ends on next Tuesday.

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, there is not a Spring break proper. Instead, the Holy Week is celebrated and students usually have holidays during these days.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Easter break in the United Kingdom is from one to two and a half weeks (depending on the local council and school policy) for primary and high schools, and for two to four weeks for university students, and fits around Easter.

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canada gives a week-long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the month of March, with the time varying from province to province; New Brunswick and Quebec, for example, place their March breaks during the first week of March; Ontario, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia schedule theirs during the second or third week, and is usually a week long; the break in Alberta and Manitoba usually occurs in the last week of March. Post-secondary students typically do not have a spring break, but have a 'reading week' in February, and at some institutions also in October.

text: Jamaica[edit]

text: In Jamaica, the Spring break starts in the first week of Good Friday. The break may range from one week to two weeks, often times two. This break starts depending on which month the Easter holiday begins, March or April. Template:Edited by Jamaican student

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, Spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, Spring break at the college and university level can occur from March to April, depending on term dates and when Easter holiday falls. Usually, Spring break is about one week long, but many K–12 institutions in the United States schedule a two-week-long break known as "Easter Break," "Easter Holidays", or "Easter Vacation", as they generally take place in the weeks before or after Easter.[citation needed] However, in the states of Massachusetts and Maine, schools typically schedule Spring break for the week of the third Monday in April to coincide with Patriots' Day.

text: Central America[edit]

text: Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras[edit]

text: In Guatemala and Honduras, it takes place during Easter; schools give students a whole week to rest while the staff workforce rests approximately three days.[citation needed]

text: South America[edit]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Colombia, Spring break takes place the first week of April, during the Holy Week until the second week.

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, many schools and universities take vacations in the middle of September coinciding with the celebration of the Fiestas Patrias (Celebration of that country).Being located in the Southern Hemisphere, Spring begins approximately at the end of this holiday week so it acts similarly to the American Spring break.

text: Spring break festivals[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Large annual Spring break festivities take place in various countries, often in the form of music festivals and joined by special nightclub parties, beach activities and accommodation offers. This is an incomplete list of places with Spring break festivals.

text: Pacific[edit]

text: The South Pacific enjoys Spring break during November. Some tour companies are now chartering out entire island resorts for the festivities.[3]

text: Fiji[edit]

text: Cook Islands[edit]

text: Rarotonga

text: Europe[edit]

text: European party destinations are increasingly becoming popular for international Spring break guests.[6] Tour agencies have cited the lower drinking ages in these places and that even then, they are rarely enforced. Some tour companies put on special chartered flights for Spring break at discounted rates.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: Novalja (Zrće Beach)[7][8]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Pouch[9]
Rugia (Binz/Prora) and Usedom islands (Kaiser Spa)[10]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Siófok (Lake Balaton)[12]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Ibiza[14]
Lloret de Mar[15]
Magaluf (Mallorca)[16]
Salou[17]

text: North America[edit]

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
Montego Bay, Jamaica[18]
Nassau, Bahamas[19]
Punta Cana, Dominican Republic[20]

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
Acapulco[21]
Cancún[22]

text: United States[edit]

text: Panama City Beach, Florida[edit]

text: Starting in the late 90's, Panama City Beach began advertising the destination hoping to attract crowds that had formerly gone to Fort Lauderdale and then Daytona Beach before those communities enacted restrictions. From 2010-2016 an estimated 300,000 students traveled to the destination. The spawn of social media and digital marketing helped boost the beach town into a student mecca during March. Following well publicized shootings and a gang rape in 2015, several new ordinances were put into effect prohibiting drinking on the beach and establishing a bar closing time of 2 a.m. Central Time. Reports show a drop in Panama City Beach's Spring break turnout in March 2016[23] followed by increased family tourism in April 2016. Both are credited/blamed on the new ordinances by the Bay County Community Development Corporation (CDC).[24]

text: Fort Lauderdale, Florida[edit]

text: Fort Lauderdale's reputation as a Spring break destination for college students started when the Colgate University men's swim team arrived to practice there over Christmas break in 1934.[25] Attracting approximately 20,000 college students in the 1950s, Spring break was still known as 'Spring vacation' and was a relatively low key affair. This began to change when Glendon Swarthout’s novel, Where the Boys Are was published in 1960, effectively ushering in modern Spring break.[26] Swarthout’s 1960 novel was quickly made into a movie of the same title later that year, Where the Boys Are, in which college girls met boys while on Spring break there. The number of visiting college students immediately jumped to over 50,000.[27] By the early 1980s, Ft. Lauderdale was attracting between 250,000-350,000 college students per year during Spring break. Residents of the Fort Lauderdale area became so upset at the damage done by college students that the local government passed laws restricting parties in 1985. At the same time, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted in the United States, requiring that Florida raise the minimum drinking age to 21 and inspiring many underage college vacationers to travel to other locations in the United States for Spring break. By 1989, the number of college students traveling to Fort Lauderdale fell to 20,000, a far cry from the 350,000 who went four years prior.[27][28]

text: South Padre Island, Texas[edit]

text: In the early 1980s, South Padre Island became the first location outside of Florida to draw a large number of college students for Spring break. With only a few thousand residents, South Padre Island has consistently drawn between 80,000 and 120,000 Spring breakers for the last 30 years.[29]

text: Corporate marketing[edit]

text: It is common for major brands that cater to the youth market (e.g., Coca-Cola, Gillette, MTV, and branches of the United States Armed Forces) to market at Spring break destinations.[clarification needed]


document_title: Ned Stark

question_text: when does stark die in game of thrones

question_tokens: when does stark die in game of thrones

text: Ned Stark

text: Character[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: In A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark is introduced as the virtuous and honorable patriarch of House Stark and the father of six children. The moral compass of the story, he is content to remain far from courtly intrigues[5] and is unwavering in his view of loyalty and honor.[6] His family name, Stark, serves as an indication of his resistance to moral compromise, but his boundaries are increasingly tested over the course of the novel.[6] Finding himself a key player in the escalating political intrigue of King's Landing, Ned struggles as his own sense of honor draws him into corrupt goings-on at court.[5][6] As the story progresses, he begins to see the importance of moral and practical compromises to achieve a just end, and is ultimately forced to choose between the safety of his family and doing what is right.[7]

text: Sean Bean said of the character, "he’s a good man trying to do his best in the middle of this corruption, he’s a fish out of water, he’s used to being up north in Winterfell where people are pretty straight and pragmatic, and he comes down to a place where people are playing games and backstabbing … he’s a principled man who tries to hold things together. This is a journey that he makes where ultimately his loyalty causes his downfall."[8]

text: Development and overview[edit]

text: Publishers Weekly noted in 1996 that, despite the honest Ned Stark's intervention in court politics, "no amount of heroism or good intentions can keep the realm under control."[9] From his very first introduction, Ned is portrayed as a noble hero and set up to be the heart of the story. With fifteen chapters devoted to his point of view, more than any single character in the novel, he is presented as a primary character in the series, and the main storyline of A Game of Thrones, the drama in King's Landing, is told entirely from his perspective. In the London Review of Books, John Lanchester writes that everything about Ned is designed to gain audience sympathy, from his strong sense of honor and moral compass to his compassion towards his wife and children.[10] Readers are led to believe that Ned will be the main character of the series, but ultimately he is, from a literary perspective, a classic decoy protagonist. After struggling to keep himself and the kingdom on a moral path for the entire novel, the only option that remains to save his family is to put aside his honor; he does it, but is betrayed anyway.[7][11] Calling Ned's execution "shocking", The New York Times noted in 2011 that the novel was "famous for dispatching a thoroughly admirable major character with whom readers have been identifying for most of the book."[1] In an interview for Entertainment Weekly, author George R. R. Martin commented on this misdirection:

text: I knew it almost from the beginning. Not the first day, but very soon. I’ve said in many interviews that I like my fiction to be unpredictable. I like there to be considerable suspense. I killed Ned in the first book and it shocked a lot of people. I killed Ned because everybody thinks he’s the hero and that, sure, he’s going to get into trouble, but then he’ll somehow get out of it.[12]

text: David Benioff, executive producer and writer of the HBO adaptation, told Entertainment Weekly that when he read the novel:

text: I was in shock. From your training in seeing so many movies and reading books, you know your hero is going to be saved … Someone has something planned, because they’re not really going to chop off his head — right up until the moment when they chopped off his head. I was shocked, and then admiring of George’s ruthlessness. It’s a tough thing to build up a character and make somebody as memorable and impressive as Ned and then get rid of him. But at the same time it leads to a story that is so much more suspenseful because you truly have no idea what is going to happen and who is going to survive.[13]

text: In a review of the Game of Thrones TV episode "Baelor", James Poniewozik wrote in Time that "the execution of Eddard Stark is crucial to the story and its themes and everything that follows, but it’s also a meta-message to the reader: don’t take anything for granted here."[11] James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly stated that tricking the audience into thinking Ned is the hero and then killing him makes the series' story better.[7] Writing that "the big twist here isn't that Ned Stark dies, but who the true protagonists of Game of Thrones are," Hibberd pointed out that the series' focus proves to be the "new generation" of leaders, in particular the Stark children but also Daenerys and even Tyrion.[14] He noted:

text: Ned Stark doesn't die in vain … It takes the Stark kids — who are all too young to face these responsibilities — and thrusts them into a struggle where they're forced to quickly grow as characters. Martin busts many cliches in his writing, but this move is traditional Heroes Journey stuff if you consider the kids to be the true protagonists of this story — only by sacrificing the fatherly mentor figure can our heroes come into their own.[14]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: As established in A Game of Thrones, Eddard "Ned" Stark is the second son of Rickard Stark, the Lord of Winterfell. Years before the events of the novel, the quiet and shy young Ned is fostered in the Vale by Jon Arryn. During this time Ned becomes close friends with Robert Baratheon, heir to the Stormlands and another ward of Arryn's. Robert is eventually betrothed to Ned's sister Lyanna, but before he can marry her, Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen (who is already married and has two young children) absconds with Lyanna. Ned's father and older brother Brandon go to King Aerys II Targaryen and demand that Lyanna be freed; the so-called "Mad King" executes both Rickard and Brandon, convinced that the Starks seek to usurp him. Ned, Robert and Arryn then rise in revolt, securing the support of House Tully with Ned marrying Catelyn Tully. Ned leaves for war the next morning.

text: At the decisive Battle of the Trident, Robert manages to kill Prince Rhaegar and scatter the Targaryen army. Robert is injured in the battle, so Ned takes command and marches on the capital. In King's Landing, Ned finds that House Lannister has — through treachery — already sacked the city, and murdered Aerys and the royal family. Disgusted by the dishonorable massacre, Ned departs to lift the siege of the Baratheon stronghold Storm's End, and later attempts to rescue Lyanna but finds his sister dying; her last words are "Promise me Ned." Ned returns to Winterfell with his bastard son Jon Snow in tow; meanwhile Catelyn has delivered their son and Ned's heir, Robb, conceived on their wedding night.

text: Six years after the end of Robert's Rebellion, Balon Greyjoy, the Lord of the Iron Islands, declares independence from the Iron Throne. Ned aids King Robert in putting down "Greyjoy's Rebellion." Balon surrenders, and his sole surviving heir, Theon, is taken back to Winterfell as Stark's ward and hostage. Ned rules the North for nine more years before the events of the novel.

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: As A Game of Thrones begins, Catelyn informs Ned that his mentor Jon Arryn has died, and that King Robert intends to offer Ned Jon's old position as Hand of the King. Content to be far from court intrigue, Ned is reluctant to accept the offer until he receives a letter from Arryn's widow, who believes that her husband had been poisoned by the Lannisters. Ned subsequently agrees to the appointment to protect Robert. He then travels south to King's Landing with his daughters Sansa and Arya. Catelyn later comes to the capital in secret, under the protection of her childhood friend Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish, to tell Ned of an assassination attempt on their young son Bran. Ned's longstanding mistrust of the Lannisters is further fueled by Littlefinger's confirmation that the dagger used by the would-be assassin once belonged to Tyrion Lannister. Increasingly disgusted by the political intrigues at court, Ned finally resigns his position when Robert insists on having Aerys' only surviving child, the young Daenerys Targaryen, assassinated in exile. Meanwhile, Catelyn has taken Tyrion hostage at the Eyrie, and in retaliation Jaime Lannister attacks and seriously injures Ned in the street before he and his daughters can depart King's Landing. Visiting a wounded Ned, Robert reappoints him as Hand.

text: Ned eventually concludes that all of Robert's heirs with Cersei are illegitimate, the product of her incest with her twin brother Jaime. Further, Ned suspects that Arryn had been poisoned to conceal the truth. Ned confronts Cersei with his discovery and gives her the chance to escape with her children into exile. Before Ned can tell the king, Robert is fatally wounded while hunting and names Ned Protector of the Realm, to function as regent until his "son" Joffrey comes of age. Ned alters Robert's will, replacing Joffrey's name with "my rightful heir" to make the succession ambiguous. With the palace in chaos, Ned rebuffs multiple offers to increase his own power, instead opting to crown Robert's brother, Stannis Baratheon, as king. Cersei, however, outmaneuvers Ned, and the duplicitous Littlefinger has the city watch arrest Ned instead of Cersei. With all of his entourage slaughtered, Sansa a hostage and Arya escaped but alone, Ned is charged with treason. A deal is struck in which Ned will be spared and sent into exile if he declares Joffrey the rightful king. Fearing for his daughters, Ned makes a public confession of his "treason". The sadistic Joffrey, however, has Ned executed anyway.

text: Later novels[edit]

text: Ned's arrest pits the Stark and Lannister forces against each other, and his execution causes a civil war later called the War of Five Kings. Tyrion Lannister eventually returns Ned's bones to Catelyn, but it is not confirmed whether they ever arrived at Winterfell.

text: Family tree of House Stark[edit]

text:
hidevteDescendants of Rickard Stark

Rickard[a]Lyarra[b]

Brandon[a]CatelynTully[c]Eddard[a]Lyanna[a][d]Benjen[a]

Robb[c]JeyneWesterling[e]Sansa[c]TyrionLannister[f]Arya[c]Brandon[c]Rickon[c]JonSnow[c][d]

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 4: Eddard". A Game of Thrones. pp. 36–45. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.

Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Stark Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Martin. "Appendix: House Stark". A Game of Thrones. pp. 785–786.

^ Jump up to: a b In the TV series Game of Thrones, Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna

Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 14: Catelyn". A Storm of Swords. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.

Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 28: Sansa". A Storm of Swords. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television.[15][16] When the pilot went into production in 2009, one of the first casting announcements was Sean Bean as the "lead" Eddard Stark.[17][18] As the show premiered in 2011, the Los Angeles Times called Bean's Ned "the strong and brooding headliner of the series."[5]

text: As in the source novel, Ned is beheaded in the ninth episode of season 1, "Baelor".[19] Though praising the character's demise for its role in propelling the story, James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly later noted that:

text: This is probably the first time a U.S. drama series has ever killed off its main character in the first season as part of its master creative plan … it's just … not done. You don't cast a star, put him on bus stops and magazine ads marketing the show, get viewers all invested in his story, and then dump him nine episodes later just because it arguably makes the story a bit more interesting.[14]

text: Hibberd echoed the show's producers' statement that "the move lays down a dramatic precedent for the show: Nobody is safe."[14] He called it a "risky" move that would probably lose the show viewers who had tuned in for Bean, but would hopefully attract others impressed by the boldness of it.[20] Executive producer and writer D. B. Weiss told Entertainment Weekly in 2011 that when he and Benioff pitched the series to HBO, the fact that "main character" Ned was slated to die "was a selling point for them."[13] Noting that the network has killed off characters in other successful series, he said that this sense of jeopardy "completely ups the ante for any moment when a character is in a dire situation if you know another character didn't survive a similar situation."[13] HBO programming president Sue Naegle concurred, saying that Ned's death made the show creatively more attractive, adding that "The book series was filled with unexpected twists and turns. I loved this idea we'd bring together the group of characters, then once you started to believe all the tropes of heroes, you pull the rug out from under them. It's the opposite of feeling manipulated."[2] Noting that the story and world of the series is bigger than any one character, Naegle said, "Sean brings a giant following, but Thrones is not just about the promise you're going to see one of your favorite actors week in and week out. The star is the story."[2] Bean noted that Ned's death "was as much a surprise to me as anyone" and called it "a very courageous move for a television company."[8]

text: The image of Bean as Ned Stark sitting in the Iron Throne is featured on the covers of the 2011 Season 1 DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets, released in March 2012.[21][22]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: First season[edit]

text: In season 1, King Robert Baratheon asks his old friend Eddard "Ned" Stark, Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North, to assume the position of Hand of the King after the sudden death of their mentor, Jon Arryn. Not interested in politics or the intrigues of the court, Ned accepts out of duty, as well as to discover how Arryn died. Robert is killed just as Ned discovers that his three children by Cersei were actually fathered by the queen's twin, Jaime. Before Ned is able to neutralize Cersei and place Robert's brother Stannis on the throne, he is betrayed by Littlefinger, and the queen has him imprisoned for treason. Ned makes a public confession to save his daughters from Cersei's wrath, but Joffrey has Ned beheaded anyway.[23]

text: Sixth season[edit]

text: In the season 6 episode "Home", Bran sees a vision of Ned (Sebastian Croft) as a child with his sister and brother, Lyanna and Benjen.[24] In the following episode, "Oathbreaker", Bran witnesses the battle between a young Ned (Robert Aramayo) and the knight Ser Arthur Dayne at the Tower of Joy.[25] Finally, in the season finale episode "The Winds of Winter", Bran sees Ned reuniting with a dying Lyanna (Aisling Franciosi) in the tower. She makes him swear to protect her son—Jon Snow.[26][27][28]

text: Recognition and awards[edit]

text: Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television,[29] a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor,[30] and an EWwy Award for Best Actor, Drama for the role.[31] IGN named Ned its Best TV Hero of 2011,[32] and Bean won the Portal Award for Best Actor.[33]