document_title: macOS

question_text: what is the latest os update for mac

question_tokens: what is the latest os update for mac

text: macOS

text: History

text: Development

text: The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language.

text: Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all of them were eventually abandoned.[23] This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system.[24] This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first code named "Rhapsody" and then officially named Mac OS X.[25][26]

text: Mac OS X

text: Launch of Mac OS X

text: Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers; current versions of macOS retain the major version number "10". Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral. It is therefore correctly pronounced "ten" /tɛn/ in this context.[27][28] However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X" /ɛks/.[29]

text: The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance.

text: The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance.[30] With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X.[31] Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as 'dog-slow, feature poor' and Aqua as 'unbearably slow and a huge resource hog'.[30][32][33]

text: Following releases

text: Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.[34] Siracusa's review of version 10.3, Panther, noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."[35] Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance.[36]

text: As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS, with applications being added and removed.[37] Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand.[38] Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It later began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store.

text: Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4.[39] In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.[40][41]

text: In 2006, the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[42]

text: A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.[43] However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.[44]

text: In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs.[45] It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.[46] The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.[47] Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the 'tick-tock model' used by Intel.

text: In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS, at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.[32] This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard.[48] In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."[49]

text: OS X

text: In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.[50] Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.[51] The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.[52]

text: From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards.[53] Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features.[54] Apple's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.[55]

text: macOS

text: In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.[56]

text: macOS 10.12 Sierra's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS, Optimized Storage, improvements to included applications, and greater integration with Apple's iPhone and Apple Watch. The Apple File System (APFS) was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS+, a highly criticized file system.[57]

text: At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra. It uses APFS, rather than HFS+, on solid state drives.

text: Architecture

text: At macOS's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is macOS.[58]

text: With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other.[59] Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k-based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple,[60] and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

text: Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSDs), the default file system is HFS+, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting user data". He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode.[61][62] Initially, HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS, which runs on big-endian 68K and PowerPC systems. When Apple switched Macintosh to little-endian Intel processors, it continued to use big-endian byte order on HFS+ file systems. As a result, macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data.[63][64] These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System, which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra.

text: The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.[65] More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused.[66] He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge.[67]

text: The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design:[68] the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks.[69] Apple provides its own software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C, C++, Objective-C, and Swift. For the Apple–Intel transition, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines.[70] First and third-party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework,[71] retained from the classic Mac OS,[72] or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.[73]

text: Software compatibility

text:
List of macOS versions and the software they run

Operating system
Safari
Mail
QuickTime
iTunes
Messages/iChat
iWork

10.13 "High Sierra"
11.0
11.0
10.4
12.7
11.0
2017

10.12 "Sierra"
10.0

10.11 "El Capitan"
9.3
9.2
2016

10.10 "Yosemite"
9.1.3
8.0
2014

10.9 "Mavericks"
7.3
10.3
12.6.2
2013

10.8 "Mountain Lion"
6.1
?
10.2
12.4.3[74]
'09

10.7 "Lion" [note 1]
10.1
12.2.2[75]
8.0b or 6.0.1

10.6 "Snow Leopard"
5.1.10[76]
4.5[77]
11.4[78]
5.0

10.5 "Leopard"
5.0.6
3.6
7.7
10.6.3[79]
4.0

10.4 "Tiger"
4.1.3
2.1.3
7.6.4
9.2.1[80]
3.0

10.3 "Panther"
1.3.2
1.x
7.5
7.7.1[81]
2.1[82]
'05

10.2 "Jaguar" [note 2]
1.0.3
6.5.3
6.0.5
2.0
Keynote

10.1 "Puma"
N/A
6.3.1
4.7.1
N/A
N/A

10.0 "Cheetah" [note 3]
5.0
2.0.4

text:
Jump up ^ Messages 8.0b was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12, 2012. Afterwards, users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X (10.8 "Mountain Lion" for US$19.99, or 10.9 "Mavericks" or newer for free) to continue using Messages.
Jump up ^ Keynote 1.0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 "Jaguar". Two minor updates, 1.1 and 1.1.1, can be applied to this version.
Jump up ^ iTunes 2.0.4 can only run if Classic is installed. Otherwise, Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1.1 natively.

tag: ol

text: Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X.[26]

text: The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT/Sun. The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS" prefix.[60] Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface."[83] macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.

text: Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved.[26][84] To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API) was created.[26] Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0, which also did not include the Aqua interface.[85] Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards, announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64-bit.[84][26] A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016, and Photoshop up to CS5.[86][84] Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors.

text: Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software.[87] Third-party projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel.[88][89][90] The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source XQuartz project; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple, or before that the XDarwin project.[91]

text: Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without code signing, available via an Apple developer account) or through the Mac App Store, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox, restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges.[92][93] Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account.[94][95]

text: Apple produces macOS applications, some of which are included and some sold separately. This includes iWork, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iLife, and the database application FileMaker. Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS.

text: Hardware compatibility

text:
List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements

Operating system
Supported systems
RAM requirement

10.12 – 10.13
Intel Macs (64-bit) released in:
2009 (iMac and main MacBook line), 2010 (other) or later[96]
2 GB

10.8 – 10.11
Intel Macs (64-bit) released in:
2007 (prosumer and iMac), 2008 (other consumer), 2009 (Xserve) or later

10.7
Intel Macs (64-bit)[97]
Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and newer.

10.6
Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit)[97]
1 GB

10.5
G4, G5 and Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit) at 867 MHz or faster
Classic support dropped from 10.5 and newer.
512 MB

10.4
Macs with built-in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor
256 MB

10.3
Macs with a New World ROM[98]
128 MB

10.0 – 10.2
G3, G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook, Power Mac and iMac
(except PowerBook G3 "Kanga")

text: Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.

text: As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase,[99] some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes, a portmanteau of the words "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's EULA (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple.[100][101][102] These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security.[103] Psystar, a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008.[104]

text: PowerPC–Intel transition

text: In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar, which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform.[105] These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as The Wall Street Journal[106] and CNET,[107] announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.[108][109][110]

text: On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta, a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines.[111] The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8.[112] Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture.[113]

text: PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official emulation software, Rosetta, though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel.[114] There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.[115] While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds.

text: Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only.[116] Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion.[117][117] In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro.

text: Features

text: Aqua user interface

text: One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology.[118] ColorSync, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals.[119] Also, drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options.

text: The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."[120] Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.[121][122] Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.[123]

text: Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays, and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.[124][125][126]

text: The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.[127] In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.[119] As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.[128] Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.[129]

text: Components

text: The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.[130][131] Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) and/or content.[132][133] macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.

text: Apple added "Exposé" in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.[134] Also, FileVault was introduced, which is an optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128).[135]

text: Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks;[136] Dashboard, a full-screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;[137] and Front Row, a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote.[138] Moreover, the Sync Services were included, which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.[139]

text: All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[140] an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;[141] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.[142]

text: In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font.[143][144] Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.[145] Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.[146][147]

text: Multilingual support

text: There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.[6] Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.[148] Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China.[149][150][151][152]

text: Updating methods

text: macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application[153] or the softwareupdate command line utility. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application.

text: Release history

text:
Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS version information

Version
Codename
Darwin version
Processor support
Application support
Kernel
Date announced
Release date
Most recent version

Rhapsody Developer Release
Grail1Z4 / Titan1U

32-bit PowerPC
32-bit PowerPC
32-bit
Unknown
August 31, 1997
DR2 (May 14, 1998)

Mac OS X Server 1.0
Hera

Unknown
March 16, 1999
1.2v3 (October 27, 2000)

Mac OS X Developer Preview
Unknown

May 11, 1998[154]
March 16, 1999
DP4 (April 5, 2000)

Mac OS X Public Beta
Kodiak[155]
1.2.1
Unknown
September 13, 2000
N/A

Mac OS X 10.0
Cheetah
1.3.1
Unknown
March 24, 2001
10.0.4 (June 22, 2001)

Mac OS X 10.1
Puma
1.4.1 / 5
July 18, 2001[156]
September 25, 2001
10.1.5 (June 6, 2002)

Mac OS X 10.2
Jaguar
6
32/64-bit PowerPC[Note 1]
May 6, 2002[157]
August 24, 2002
10.2.8 (October 3, 2003)

Mac OS X 10.3
Panther
7
32/64-bit PowerPC
June 23, 2003[158]
October 24, 2003
10.3.9 (April 15, 2005)

Mac OS X 10.4
Tiger
8
32/64-bit PowerPC and Intel
32/64-bit[Note 2] PowerPC[Note 3] and Intel
May 4, 2004[159]
April 29, 2005
10.4.11 (November 14, 2007)

Mac OS X 10.5
Leopard
9
32/64-bit PowerPC[Note 3] and Intel
June 26, 2006[160]
October 26, 2007
10.5.8 (August 5, 2009)

Mac OS X 10.6
Snow Leopard
10
32/64-bit Intel
32/64-bit Intel
32-bit PowerPC[Note 3]
32/64-bit[161]
June 9, 2008[162]
August 28, 2009
10.6.8 v1.1 (July 25, 2011)

Mac OS X 10.7
Lion
11
64-bit Intel
32/64-bit Intel
October 20, 2010[163]
July 20, 2011
10.7.5 (September 19, 2012)

OS X 10.8
Mountain Lion
12
64-bit[164]
February 16, 2012[165]
July 25, 2012[166]
10.8.5 (12F45) (October 3, 2013)

OS X 10.9
Mavericks
13
June 10, 2013[167]
October 22, 2013
10.9.5 (13F1112) (September 18, 2014)[168]

OS X 10.10
Yosemite
14
June 2, 2014[169]
October 16, 2014
10.10.5 (14F27) (August 13, 2015)

OS X 10.11
El Capitan
15
June 8, 2015[170]
September 30, 2015
10.11.6 (15G31) (July 18, 2016)

macOS 10.12
Sierra
16
June 13, 2016[171]
September 20, 2016
10.12.6 (16G29) (July 19, 2017)

macOS 10.13
High Sierra
17
June 5, 2017
September 25, 2017
10.13.4 (17E199) (March 29, 2018)

text: With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. Prior to its release, Mac OS X 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

text: "Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,[172][173][174] but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.[175][176] Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.[177]

text: Mac OS X Public Beta

text: On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95[178] "preview" version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users.

text: The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.[179]

text: Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah

text: On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[180] The initial version was slow,[181] incomplete,[182] and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers.[183] While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.[182] Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,[182] for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.[citation needed]

text: Mac OS X 10.1 Puma

text: Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[184] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.[185]

text: Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

text: On August 23, 2002,[186] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.[187] It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple[188] ), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.[189] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.[190]

text: Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

text: Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[191] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.[192]

text: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

text: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.[193] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in FireWire port.[98] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.[194]

text: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

text: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.[195] Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[196] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[12][197] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications.[198] It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.[199]

text: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

text: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM, and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[200]

text: Snow Leopard also featured new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.[201]

text: The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.[202]

text: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

text: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.[117]

text: Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.[203] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.[204]

text: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

text: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.[166] Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud.[205] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.[152]

text: Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the App Store.[206] This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.[207]

text: OS X 10.9 Mavericks

text: OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.[208] Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only Maps and iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.[209]

text: OS X 10.10 Yosemite

text: OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors.[210] Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.[211]

text: OS X 10.11 El Capitan

text: OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance" rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection. The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".[212]

text: macOS 10.12 Sierra

text: macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.[213][214]

text: macOS 10.13 High Sierra

text: The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017 at Apple's WWDC event.[215] On September 12, 2017 at Apple's iPhone event, they announced its release to be September 25, 2017.[216] Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features.[217] High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.[215]

text: Reception

text: Usage share

text: As of July 2016, macOS is the second-most-active general-purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows, with a 4.90% usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is the second most widely used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux (which has 1.01%). Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android.[218]

text: Malware and spyware

text: In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users.[219][220][221] macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows,[222] but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.[223] Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.[224] In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,[225] and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input.[226] Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.[227][228] Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis,[229] as well as signature files for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[230]

text: Promotion

text: As a devices company, most large-scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs, with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operating system.[231][232]


document_title: Mixture

question_text: a mixture that does not appear to be the same throughout is said to be

root

text: Mixture

text: In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.[1][2]

tag: p

text: Mixtures are one product of a mechanical blending or mixing chemical substances such as elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup.[3] Despite that there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by using physical (mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually pose considerable difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).[4][5][6]

text: Characteristics of mixture[edit]

text: Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include alloys and alcohol in water. A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can be seen, as there are two or more phases present. One example of a mixture is air. Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a solution. Mixtures can have any amounts of ingredients.

text: The following table shows the main properties of the three families of mixtures.

text:
Solution
Colloid
Suspension

Homogeneity
Homogeneous
Visually homogeneous
but microscopically heterogeneous

Heterogeneous

Particle size
< 1 nm
1 nm – 1 μm
> 1 μm

Physically stable
Yes
Yes
Needs stabilizing agents

Exhibits Tyndall effect
No
Yes
Yes

Separates by centrifugation
No
Yes
Yes

Separates by decantation
No
No
Yes

tag: table

text: The following table shows examples of the three types of mixtures.

text:
Dispersion medium (Mixture phase)
Dissolved or dispersed phase
Solution
Colloid
Suspension (Coarse dispersion)

Gas
Gas
Gas mixture: air (oxygen and other gases in nitrogen)
None
None

Liquid
None
Liquid aerosol:[7]
fog, mist, vapor, hair sprays
Spray

Solid
None
Solid aerosol:[7]
smoke, cloud, air particulates
Dust

Liquid
Gas
Solution:
oxygen in water
Liquid foam:
whipped cream, shaving cream
Sea foam, Beer head

Liquid
Solution:
alcoholic beverages
Emulsion:
milk, mayonnaise, hand cream
Vinaigrette

Solid
Solution:
sugar in water
Liquid sol:
pigmented ink, blood
Suspension:
mud (soil, clay or silt particles are suspended in water), chalk powder suspended in water

Solid
Gas
Solution:
hydrogen in metals
Solid foam:
aerogel, styrofoam, pumice
Foam:
dry sponge

Liquid
Solution:
amalgam (mercury in gold), hexane in paraffin wax
Gel:
agar, gelatin, silicagel, opal
Wet sponge

Solid
Solution:
alloys, plasticizers in plastics
Solid sol:
cranberry glass
Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel, Granite

text: Physics and chemistry[edit]

text: A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or compounds). Examples are: mixtures of sand and water or sand and iron filings, a conglomerate rock, water and oil, a portion salad, trail mix, and concrete (not cement). A mixture of powdered silver metal and powdered gold metal would represent a heterogeneous mixture of two elements.

text: Making a distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures is a matter of the scale of sampling. On a coarse enough scale, any mixture can be said to be homogeneous, if the entire article is allowed to count as a "sample" of it. On a fine enough scale, any mixture can be said to be heterogeneous, because a sample could be as small as a single molecule. In practical terms, if the property of interest of the mixture is the same regardless of which sample of it is taken for the examination used, the mixture is homogeneous.

text: Gy's sampling theory quantitavely defines the heterogeneity of a particle as:[8]

text:
where

h

i

{\displaystyle h_{i}}

,

c

i

{\displaystyle c_{i}}

,

c

batch

{\displaystyle c_{\text{batch}}}

,

m

i

{\displaystyle m_{i}}

, and

m

aver

{\displaystyle m_{\text{aver}}}

 are respectively: the heterogeneity of the

i

{\displaystyle i}

th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the

i

{\displaystyle i}

th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the population, the mass of the

i

{\displaystyle i}

th particle in the population, and the average mass of a particle in the population.

text: During sampling of heterogeneous mixtures of particles, the variance of the sampling error is generally non-zero.

text: Pierre Gy derived, from the Poisson sampling model, the following formula for the variance of the sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample:

text: in which V is the variance of the sampling error, N is the number of particles in the population (before the sample was taken), q i is the probability of including the ith particle of the population in the sample (i.e. the first-order inclusion probability of the ith particle), m i is the mass of the ith particle of the population and a i is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the ith particle of the population.

text: The above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a linearization of the mass concentration in a sample.

text: In the theory of Gy, correct sampling is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have the same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that q i no longer depends on i, and can therefore be replaced by the symbol q. Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling error becomes:

text: where abatch is that concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample is to be drawn and Mbatch is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be drawn.


document_title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

question_text: who played sweety in sonu ke titu ki sweety

text: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie begins with a crying Titu who is worried as his girlfriend Pihu refuses to talk with him. Sonu, his best friend, tells him that she is not meant for him justifying his argument by comparing Titu's caring nature with that of Pihu's possessive one. Sonu gives an ultimatum to Titu to choose between Pihu and him and Titu chooses his best friend.

text: Six months after his breakup, Titu's family tells him that a family has shown interest in getting him married to their daughter Sweety. He agrees to meet Sweety. The two instantly hit it off. Sweety is extremely caring, sensitive and is the 'ideal wife'. Sonu finds this very fishy, though he admits to Titu that she seems nice but he can't really say whether or not the two should marry just yet.

text: He later finds out that Sweety was in fact going to marry another man named Rahul but that did not work out as she became dominating, possessive and got drunk and created a scene in Goa. He reveals this to the family and grandmother, who question Sweety regarding the same and she tells her version of story where she had no fault. Titu tells Sonu that she had told him all of this in the first meeting itself and he did not want the family to know about all of this.

text: On the night of the engagement, Sonu begins warming up to the idea of Titu and Sweety's wedding. However, Sweety reveals that she in fact is a clever female and challenges him that she will throw him out of Titu's life and home very soon. Sonu confides in his grandfathers Ghasitaram and Lalu about the revelation. They bet amongst themselves to see if Sonu can save Titu from Sweety.

text: Titu is now engaged to Sweety and this brings a lot of compromises in Sonu's life who was earlier used to living a bachelor life. Sweety changes their care-taker, she walks in on Sonu making out with a girl. She also manipulates the family members and Titu into buying and naming a house after her and Titu. She turns the house into vegetarian and threatens Ghasitaram of revealing his dirty lies to Dadi.

text: Sonu foresees Titu's imminent downfall and to protect him he plans a bachelor party for Titu at Amsterdam, where he arranges his ex-girlfriend Pihu to "accidentally" run into them after convincing her that Titu is still in love with her and he wants to help them get back together. They return to India along with Pihu and Sonu is happy to see a bothered Sweety after witnessing the growing closeness between Titu and Pihu. But Sweety reveals the truth to Pihu that it was in fact Sonu who broke Titu and Pihu up in the first place and that Sonu is using her. At this point Titu is visibly angry with Sonu.

text: He once again confides with Ghasitaram and Lalu and they volunteer to sort the situation but Sonu interjects saying his best friend should decide for himself. Sonu helps prepare for the wedding, dances in the Baraat but during the garland ceremony he makes a final attempt and gives Titu the ultimatum again: 'It's either her or me', and walks away from the wedding, crying. Sweety attempts to turn the tide but Titu, in a fit of epiphany, firmly announces that if it is between him or her, it will always be his best friend. The scene switches to Sweety standing in the mandap and coming to terms that her malicious tactics cannot always triumph.

text: After the narrow escape, Sonu, Titu, Ghasitaram and Lalu are seen sitting and drinking by the pool.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kartik Aaryan as Sonu Sharma (Titu's best friend)
Sunny Singh as Titu Sharma (Sonu's best friend)
Nushrat Bharucha as Sweety Sharma (Titu's fiancee)
Alok Nath as Ghasitaram Sharma (Titu's grandfather)
Virendra Saxena as Lalu Kaka (Maid of the Sharma house but Ghasitaram's best friend)
Madhumalti Kapoor as Titu’s grandmother
Ishita Raj Sharma as Pihu (Titu's ex-girlfriend) (Special Appeareance)
Deepika Amin as Renu Sharma (Sweety's mother)
Rajesh Jais as Sweety’s father
Ayesha Raza Mishra as Titu's mother
Pawan Chopra as Titu’s father
Pritam Jaiswal as Babu
Sonalli Sehgall as Special appearance
Sakshi Malik as Special appearance in Bom Diggy Song

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Luv Ranjan made the announcement about the film through his official Twitter account on 6 December 2016.[11][12] The shooting for the film began on 12 December 2016[13] while the title of the film was officially announced by Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh through a YouTube video on 16 June 2017.[14] The official trailer of the film was launched on 20 December 2017.[5]

text:
“

“In India, they say that marriage happens between two families. But in cities, friends have become the new family. So for a marriage to work, it is imperative that your friends like the new person in your life and vice versa. It is saas-bahu with a twist.”[15]

”

— Luv Ranjan on the idea behind the movie Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety.

text: Filming[edit]

text: The shooting of the film has been done in Delhi, Noida, Mumbai, Rishikesh and Georgia. The shooting of the film in Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) has been done in Rajnagar Sector 5 at CA Rishi Kapoor’s House. The  shooting of this movie has also been done in Gurugram DLF CyberHub. Some of the scenes were shot in Noida at Mahagun Moderne and Mahagun Marvella [16][17]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Sonu Ke Titu Ki SweetySoundtrack album by Rochak Kohli, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Amaal Mallik, Guru Randhawa, Zack Knight, Saurabh-Vaibhav and Rajat NagpalReleased
14 February 2018 (2018-02-14)[18]Recorded
2017-2018Genre
Feature film soundtrackLength
30:13Language
HindiLabel
T-Series
External audio
 Audio Jukebox on YouTube
Rochak Kohli chronology

Aiyaary(2018)

Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety(2018)

Satyameva Jayate(2018)

Yo Yo Honey Singh chronology

Ki & Ka(2016)

Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety(2018)

Amaal Mallik chronology

Golmaal Again(2017)

Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety(2018)

Baazaar(2018)

Zack Knight chronology

Galtiyan(2017)

Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety(2018)

Till I Met You(2018)

Guru Randhawa & Rajat Nagpal chronology

Tumhari Sulu(2017)

Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety(2018)

Dil Juunglee(2018)

Saurabh-Vaibhav chronology

Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety(2018)

Birbal Trilogy(2018)

Singles from Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

"Dil Chori"Released: 26 December 2017
"Subah Subah"Released: 3 January 2018
"Chhote Chhote Peg"Released: 18 January 2018
"Bom Diggy Diggy"Released: 8 February 2018

text: The music of the film has been composed by Rochak Kohli, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Amaal Mallik, Guru Randhawa, Zack Knight, Saurabh-Vaibhav and Rajat Nagpal while lyrics have been penned by Kumaar, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Swapnil Tiwari, Zack Knight, Guru Randhawa, Singhsta and Oye Sheraa. The score is composed by Hitesh Sonik. The video of the first song, Dil Chori, which is a remake of the Hans Raj Hans's song "Dil Chori Sada Ho Gaya" was released on YouTube on 26 December 2017.[19] This song marks the comeback of Yo Yo Honey Singh after two years of suffering from bipolar disorder. The second song titled as Subah Subah which is sung by Arijit Singh, Prakriti Kakar and Amaal Mallik was released on 3 January 2018. The third song to be released was Chhote Chhote Peg, which is a remake of the Hans Raj Hans's song Dil Tote Tote Ho Gaya from the movie Bichhoo, which is sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh, Neha Kakkar and Navraj Hans was released on 18 January 2018.[20] The fourth song, Bom Diggy Diggy which is a party song is a remake of the 2017 Punjabi-English song called Bom Diggy by Zack Knight and Jasmin Walia and the chorus samples a Bengali folk song was released on 8 February 2018.[21] The music album of the film was released by T-Series on 14 February 2018 on Valentines Day.

text: Track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicSinger(s)Length1."Dil Chori"Yo Yo Honey Singh, Singhsta, Oye SheraaYo Yo Honey SinghYo Yo Honey Singh, Simar Kaur, Ishers3:462."Subah Subah"KumaarAmaal MallikArijit Singh, Prakriti Kakar, Amaal Mallik4:373."Chhote Chhote Peg"Yo Yo Honey SinghYo Yo Honey SinghYo Yo Honey Singh, Neha Kakkar, Navraj Hans3:244."Bom Diggy Diggy"Zack Knight, KumaarZack KnightZack Knight, Jasmin Walia3:585."Kaun Nachdi"Guru RandhawaGuru Randhawa, Rajat NagpalGuru Randhawa, Neeti Mohan3:036."Lakk Mera Hit"KumaarRochak KohliSukriti Kakar, Mannat Noor, Rochak Kohli3:547."Tera Yaar Hoon Main"KumaarRochak KohliArijit Singh4:248."Sweety Slowly Slowly"Swapnil TiwariSaurabh-VaibhavMika Singh3:07Total length:30:13

text: Release[edit]

text: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety was originally scheduled to release on 3 November 2017 but the release date was later changed to 9 February 2018.[22][23] Due to the change in release dates of Padmaavat and Padman, on 21 January 2018 it was announced that the release of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety had been postponed to 23 February 2018.[24]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety became one of the highest (currently sixth highest) grossing movie of 2018 in India, grossing ₹154 crore (US$22 million) at box office on a budget of ₹30 crore (US$4.4 million)[25][2] It emerged as one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics; while most commentators praised the humour, some of them were critical of the misogynistic plot.[8] On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval score of 60% based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10.[27]

text: Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety has a strange kind of earnestness in its juvenile ambitions. I was uncomfortable with its decidedly women-bashing stand, but I enjoyed the film’s silly, relentless humor."[28] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film 2 stars out of 5; she wrote that the film was "breezey enough", and provides some laughs, some of which escape involuntarily. She responded negatively to the film's misogyny: "Luv Ranjan's fourth feature is as simplistic and sexist as it has been right from his first." She was also critical of the performances of the central duo of Singh and Aaryan.[29] Renuka Vyavahare of The Times of India gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "Despite its misogynistic nature, Ranjan’s lighthearted approach to counter gender stereotypes in modern relationships makes his take fascinating."[30] Sweta Kausal of Hindustan Times gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5 and said that, "Nushrat Barucha, Karthik Aryan and Sunny Singh return in an unfunny tale with misogyny as its reigning feature."[31] Sameeksha of News18 gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 saying that, "the film is a great entertainer in the anti-women genre, but sadly for Ranjan, it is not a proper category yet and thus the film deserved to called a sexist, 'eye-roll' worthy ride which will leave you frustrated and angry by the end of it."[32]


document_title: A Fishful of Dollars

question_text: how much did fry have in his bank account

text: A Fishful of Dollars

text: Plot[edit]

text: After having their dreams taken over by an advertisement, the Planet Express crew takes a trip to the local shopping mall. Trying to buy the product he saw in his dreams, Fry realizes he is broke. At the same time, Bender is arrested for shoplifting. As the crew scrounges up bail money, Fry notices that the bank where he used to have an account has remained in business. He still has his ATM card and remembers his PIN code: the price of a cheese pizza and large soda at Panucci's Pizza, where he used to work. The account had contained 93 cents in 1999, but after accruing interest at 2.25% per year for 1,000 years, the balance is now $4.3 billion.

text: Fry goes on a massive spending spree, buying numerous 20th century artifacts, such as Ted Danson's skeleton, an antique robot toy, videotapes of past sitcoms, and the last known tin of anchovies, which were fished to extinction shortly after the Decapodians arrived on Earth in the 23rd century. Professor Farnsworth informs Fry about their extinction after Fry's attempt to order some as a pizza topping causes a robotic waiter to explode due to a circuit overload. However, he finds himself making a rival of Mom, a famous industrialist and owner of Mom's Old-Fashioned Robot Oil. She wants to acquire the anchovies for herself since they represent a potential source of oil that can permanently lubricate robots, thus putting her out of business.

text: Mom's sons Walt, Larry, and Igner conspire with the head of Pamela Anderson to steal Fry's ATM card and PIN. They tranquilize Fry and fool him into believing it is still the year 2000, using a crude mock-up of Panucci's to make him think he fell asleep on the job. Anderson orders a cheese pizza and a large soda, whereupon Fry inadvertently reveals his PIN as he rings up the total, which was $10.77. Walt, Larry, and Igner empty Fry's bank account, and except for the anchovies, all of his 20th century artifacts are repossessed.

text: They hope that doing this will force Fry to sell the anchovies to Mom. Mom visits Fry and attempts to buy the anchovies, but realizes that Fry had intended to eat the anchovies and stops interfering. Fry covers a pizza with the anchovies and shares them with the rest of the Planet Express employees. Everyone except Fry spits their pizza out in disgust. Fry claims that they are an acquired taste. When Dr. Zoidberg enters the room, he smells the anchovies' "heavenly stench" and immediately devours all the remaining pizza. He goes on to demand "More. More! MORE!!!", flying into a rage when he learns that there are no more anchovies anywhere.

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: In 2006 this episode was ranked as 25th in IGN.com's list of the Top 25 Futurama episodes. The episode was chosen to be included in the list in part due to its many jokes about the 1970s and 1980s.[2]

text: In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 6.4/10, placing it 58th among primetime shows for the week of April 27 - May 2, 1999.[3]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: When one of Mom's sons says that Fry must be a genius of the highest order, they show him watching Sanford and Son, as indicated by the theme music heard. The episode is also a loose adaption of the novel The Sleeper Awakes by H. G. Wells, where Fry, a time traveler, gains a substantial amount of money through interest.


document_title: List of National Football League career sacks leaders

question_text: who has the most sacks in nfl history

question_tokens: who has the most sacks in nfl history

text: This is a list of National Football League (NFL) players who have reached the 100-sack milestone.

text: The NFL began to keep track of sacks in 1982. Sacks before this date are not included in this list.

text:
Bold denotes an
active player
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

text:
Rank[1]
Pos.
Player
Seasons by team
Total sacks[2]
Year of induction into
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Ref.

1
DE
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills (1985–1999)
Washington Redskins (2000–2003)
200
2009
[3]

2
DE
Reggie White
Philadelphia Eagles (1985–1992)
Green Bay Packers (1993–1998)
Carolina Panthers (2000)
198
2006
[4]

3
LB
Kevin Greene
Los Angeles Rams (1985–1992)
Pittsburgh Steelers (1993–1995)
Carolina Panthers (1996, 1998–1999)
San Francisco 49ers (1997)
160
2016
[5][6]

4
DE / OLB
Julius Peppers
Carolina Panthers (2002–2009, since 2017)
Chicago Bears (2010–2013)
Green Bay Packers (2014–2016)
154.5
Active
[7]

5
DE
Chris Doleman
Minnesota Vikings (1985–1993, 1999)
Atlanta Falcons (1994–1995)
San Francisco 49ers (1996–1998)
150.5
2012
[8]

6
DE
Michael Strahan
New York Giants (1993–2007)
141.5
2014
[5][9]

7
DE
Jason Taylor
Miami Dolphins (1997–2007, 2009, 2011)
Washington Redskins (2008)
New York Jets (2010)
139.5
2017
[10]

8
OLB / DE
DeMarcus Ware
Dallas Cowboys (2005–2013)
Denver Broncos (2014–2016)
138.5
Eligible in 2022
[11]

9
DT
John Randle
Minnesota Vikings (1990–2000)
Seattle Seahawks (2001–2003)
137.5
2010
[12]

DE
Richard Dent
Chicago Bears (1983–1993, 1995)
San Francisco 49ers (1994)
Indianapolis Colts (1996)
Philadelphia Eagles (1997)
137.5
2011
[13]

11
DE
Jared Allen
Kansas City Chiefs (2004–2007)
Minnesota Vikings (2008–2013)
Chicago Bears (2014–2015)
Carolina Panthers (2015)
136
Eligible in 2021
[14]

12
DE / OLB
John Abraham
New York Jets (2000–2005)
Atlanta Falcons (2006–2012)
Arizona Cardinals (2013–2014)
133.5
Eligible in 2020
[15]

13
DE
Leslie O'Neal
San Diego Chargers (1986–1995)
St. Louis Rams (1996–1997)
Kansas City Chiefs (1998–1999)
132.5
Z—
[16]

LB
Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor
New York Giants (1981–1993)
1999
[17]

15
LB
Rickey Jackson
New Orleans Saints (1981–1993)
San Francisco 49ers (1994–1995)
128
2010
[18]

16
LB
Derrick Thomas
Kansas City Chiefs (1989–1999)
126.5
2009
[19]

17
OLB
Dwight Freeney
Indianapolis Colts (2002–2012)
San Diego Chargers (2013–2014)
Arizona Cardinals (2015)
Atlanta Falcons (2016)
Seattle Seahawks (2017)
Detroit Lions (2017)
125.5
Active

OLB/DE
Terrell Suggs
Baltimore Ravens (2003–present)
ZActive
[20]

19
OLB
Robert Mathis
Indianapolis Colts (2003–2016)
123
Eligible in 2022
[21]

20
DE
Simeon Rice
Arizona Cardinals (1996–2000)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2001–2006)
Denver Broncos (2007)
Indianapolis Colts (2007)
122
Z—
[22]

21
DE
Clyde Simmons
Philadelphia Eagles (1986–1993)
Arizona Cardinals (1994–1995)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1996–1997)
Cincinnati Bengals (1998)
Chicago Bears (1999–2000)
121.5
Z—
[23]

22
DE
Sean Jones
Los Angeles Raiders (1984–1987)
Houston Oilers (1988–1993)
Green Bay Packers (1994–1996)
113
Z—
[24]

23
DE
Greg Townsend
Los Angeles Raiders (1983–1993)
Philadelphia Eagles (1994)
Oakland Raiders (1997)
109.5
Z—
[25]

24
LB
Pat Swilling
New Orleans Saints (1986–1992)
Detroit Lions (1993–1994)
Oakland Raiders (1995–1998)
107.5
Z—
[26]

25
DE
Trace Armstrong
Chicago Bears (1989–1994)
Miami Dolphins (1995–2000)
Oakland Raiders (2001–2003)
106
Z—
[27]

26
DE
Elvis Dumervil
Denver Broncos (2006–2012)
Baltimore Ravens (2013–2016)
San Francisco 49ers (2017–present)
105.5
Active
[28]

27
DE
Neil Smith
Kansas City Chiefs (1987–1996)
Denver Broncos (1997–1999)
San Diego Chargers (2000)
104.5
Z—
[29]

DE
Kevin Carter
St. Louis Rams (1995–2000)
Tennessee Titans (2001–2004)
Miami Dolphins (2005–2006)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2007–2008)
Z—
[30]

29
DE
Jim Jeffcoat
Dallas Cowboys (1983–1994)
Buffalo Bills (1995–1997)
102.5
Z—
[31]

30
LB / DE
Charles Haley
San Francisco 49ers (1986–1991, 1998–1999)
Dallas Cowboys (1992–1996)
100.5
2015
[5][32]

DE
William Fuller
Houston Oilers (1986–1993)
Philadelphia Eagles (1994–1996)
San Diego Chargers (1997–1998)
Z—
[33]

32
LB
Andre Tippett
New England Patriots (1982–1993)
100
2009
[34]


document_title: List of Pakistan One Day International cricket records

question_text: which player has the highest odi individual score for pakistan

text: Key[edit]

text: The top five to seven records are listed for each category, except in "team wins, losses, and draws" and "highest wicket partnerships". Tied records for the fifth place are listed as well. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate.

text:
Symbol

Meaning

†
Player is currently active in noman phuski!

*
Player remained not out or partnership remained unbroken

♠
World record

Date
Date of the match

Innings
Number of innings played

Matches
Number of matches played

Opponent
The team Sri Lanka was playing against

Period
The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket

Player
The player involved in the record

Venue
One Day International cricket ground where the match was played

text:
ICC ODI Rankings vte

Rank
Team
Matches
Points
Rating

1

 England
51
6,470
127

2

 India
48
5,819
121

3

 New Zealand
41
4,602
112

4

 South Africa
39
4,245
110

5

 Pakistan
37
3,844
104

6

 Australia
37
3,699
100

7

 Bangladesh
27
2,477
92

8

 Sri Lanka
48
3,818
80

9

 West Indies
32
2,217
69

10

 Afghanistan
28
1,758
63

11

 Zimbabwe
42
2,242
53

12

 Ireland
20
766
38

13

 Scotland
16
535
33

14

 United Arab Emirates
13
236
18

–

 Netherlands*
6
–
–

–

   Nepal*
6
–
–

*Netherlands and Nepal have not played enough matches to gain an official ranking; eight matches are needed to qualify.

"Matches" is the no. matches played in the 12-24 months since the May before last, plus half the number in the 24 months before that.

Reference: ICC Rankings, 12 August 2018

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team wins, losses, and ties[edit]

text: Matches played (by country)[edit]

text:
Opponent
1st ODI
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
% Won

Template:Country data pak
2017
2
2
0
0
0
100

 Australia
1975
98
32
62
1
3
34.21

 Bangladesh
1986
35
31
4
0
0
88.57

 Canada
1979
2
2
0
0
0
100

 England
1974
82
31
49
0
2
38.75

 Hong Kong
2004
2
2
0
0
0
100

 India
1978
129
73
52
0
4
56.75

 Ireland
2007
7
5
1
1
0
78.57

 Kenya
1996
6
6
0
0
0
100

 Namibia
2003
1
1
0
0
0
100

 Netherlands
1996
3
3
0
0
0
100

 New Zealand
1973
103
53
47
1
2
52.57

 Scotland
1999
3
3
0
0
0
100

 South Africa
1992
73
25
47
0
1
34.72

 Sri Lanka
1975
153
84
58
1
4
61.22

 United Arab Emirates
1994
3
3
0
0
0
100

 West Indies
1975
133
60
70
3
0
46.24

 Zimbabwe
1992
59
52
4
1
2
92.10

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 July 2018.

text: First bilateral ODI series wins[edit]

text:
Opponent
Year of first Home win
Year of first Away win

 Australia
1982
2002

 Bangladesh
2003
1999

 England
2000
1974

 India
1978
1987[1]

 New Zealand
1984
1994

 South Africa
–
2013

 Sri Lanka
1982
1986

 West Indies
1990
2005

 Zimbabwe
1993
1993

text: Team scoring records[edit]

text: Highest runs in an inning[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Opponent
Venue
Season

1
399-1 (50 overs)
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
20 July 2018

2
385-7 (50 overs)
 Bangladesh
Dambulla
21 June 2010

3
375-3 (50 overs)
 Zimbabwe
Lahore
26 May 2015

4
371-9 (50 overs)
 Sri Lanka
Nairobi
4 October 1996

5
364-7 (50 overs)
 New Zealand
Sharjah
15 December 2014

6
364-4 (50 overs)
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
22 July 2018

7
353-6 (50 overs)
 England
Karachi
15 December 2005

8
351-4 (50 overs)
 South Africa
Durban
7 February

9
347-5 (50 overs)
 Zimbabwe
Karachi
21 January 2008

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 July 2018.

text: Lowest runs in an inning[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Opponent
Venue
Season

1
43 (19.5 overs)
 West Indies
Cape Town
25 February 1993

2
71 (23.4 overs)
 West Indies
Brisbane
9 January 1993

3
74 (27.2 overs)
 New Zealand
Dunedin
13 January 2018

74 (40.2 overs)
 England
Adelaide
1 March 1992

4
75 (22.5 overs)
 Sri Lanka
Lahore
24 January 2009

5
81 (48 overs)
 West Indies
Sydney
17 December 1992

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 13 January 2018.

text: Highest match aggregate[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Opposition
Venue
Season

1
598-8 (100 overs)
 Zimbabwe
Lahore
26 May 2015

2
693-15 (100 overs)
 India
Karachi
13 March 2004

3
664-19 (99.4 overs)
 Sri Lanka
Singapore
2 April 1996

4
660-19 (99.5 overs)
 Sri Lanka
Nairobi
4 October 1996

5
659-10 (97.5 overs)
 India
Dhaka
18 March 2012

Note: teams are shown in batting order.Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Lowest match aggregates[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Opposition
Venue
Season

1
88-13 (32.2 overs)
 West Indies
Cape Town
25 February 1993

2
130-10 (58.3 overs)
 New Zealand
Sharjah
15 April 1986

3
143-11 (43 overs)
 West Indies
Brisbane
9 January 1993

4
151-12 (46.5 overs)
 New Zealand
Sharjah
1 May 1990

5
162-12 (51.1 overs)
 India
Sialkot
13 October 1978

Note: teams are shown in batting order.Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Rank
Runs
Player
Opponent
Venue
Date

1
210*
Fakhar Zaman
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
20 July 2018

2
194
Saeed Anwar
 India
Chennai
21 May 1997

3
160
Imran Nazir
 Zimbabwe
Kingston
21 March 2007

4
152
Sharjeel Khan
 Ireland
Dublin
18 August 2016

5
144
Younis Khan
 Hong Kong
Colombo
18 July 2004

6
143
Shoaib Malik†
 India
Colombo
25 July 2004

7
141*
Muhammad Yousuf
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
23 November 2002

8
140
Mohammad Hafeez†
 Sri Lanka
Sharjah
22 December 2013

Source: Cricinfo Last updated: 20 July 2018.

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Rank
Runs
Average
Strike rate
Player
Matches
Innings
Period

1
11,739
39.53
74.20
Inzamam-ul-Haq
375
348
1991-2007.

2
9,720
42.08
74.91
Mohammad Yousuf
281
267
1998-2010.

3
8,824
39.21
80.67
Saeed Anwar
247
244
1989-2003.

4
8,027
23.81
116.94
Shahid Afridi
393
364
1996-2015.

5
7,381
41.70
67.01
Javed Miandad
233
218
1975–1996.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Highest career averages[edit]

text:
Rank
Average
Runs
Player
Matches
Innings
Period

1
76.07
1065
Fakhar Zaman†
18
18
2017-present

2
51.86
1,867
Babar Azam†
44
43
2015-present

3
47.62
2,572
Zaheer Abbas
62
60
1974-1985

4
44.35
887
Haris Sohail†
24
23
2013-present

5
43.40
5,122
Misbah-ul-Haq
162
149
2002-2015

Qualification: 18 Innings.Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 26 July 2018.

text: Best strike rates[edit]

text:
Rank
Strike Rate
Player
Period

1
116.94
Shahid Afridi
1996-2015

2
113.40
Sharjeel Khan
2013-2017

3
101.91
Fakhar Zaman†
2017-pre

4
89.84
Mohammad Rizwan†
2015–Pre.

5
89.60
Manzoor Elahi
1984-1995

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 6 April 2018.

text: Most career centuries[edit]

text:
Rank
Centuries
Player
Period

1
20
Saeed Anwar
1989-2003

2
15
Mohammad Yousuf
1998-2010.

3
11
Mohammad Hafeez†
2003-Pre.

4
10
Ijaz Ahmed
1986-2000.

5
10
Inzamam-ul-Haq
1992-2007.

Source: Cricinfo Last updated: 29 April 2017.

text: Most career 50+ scores[edit]

text:
Rank
Half-Centuries
Player
Period

1
83
Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991-2007.

2
77
Mohammad Yousuf
1998-2010.

3
63
Saeed Anwar
1989-2003.

4
58
Javed Miandad
1975-1996.

5
55
Younis Khan
2000-2015.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 November 2016.

text: Most Ducks[edit]

text:
Rank
Ducks
Player
Period

1
37
Shahid Afridi
1996-2015.

2
28
Wasim Akram
1984-2003.

3
22
Younis Khan
2000-2015.

4
20
Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991-2007.

5
19
Saleem Malik
1982-1999.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 November 2016.

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most Career Wickets[edit]

text:
Rank
Wickets
Player
Matches
Average
Period

1
502
Wasim Akram
356
23.52
1984-2003.

2
416
Waqar Younis
262
23.84
1989-2003.

3
393
Shahid Afridi
393
34.53
1996-2015.

4
288
Saqlain Mushtaq
169
21.78
1995-2003.

5
268
Abdul Razzaq
261
31.53
1996-2011.

6
241
Shoaib Akhtar
158
24.70
1998-2011.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 November 2016.

text: Best Bowling Figures[edit]

text:
Rank
Bowling
Player
Opposition
Ground
Date

1
7/12
Shahid Afridi
 West Indies
Providence
14 July 2013

2
7/36
Waqar Younis
 England
Leeds
17 June 2001

3
7/37
Aaqib Javed
 India
Sharjah
25 October 1991

4
6/14
Imran Khan
 India
Sharjah
22 March 1985

5
6/16
Shoaib Akhtar
 New Zealand
Karachi
21 April 2002

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 November 2016.

text: Best career averages[edit]

text:
Rank
Average
Player
Matches
Balls
Period

1
21.78
Saqlain Mushtaq
169
8770
1995-2003.

2
22.72
Saeed Ajmal†
113
6000
2008-Pre.

3
23.22
Sarfraz Nawaz
45
2412
1973-1984.

4
23.52
Wasim Akram
356
18,186
1984-2003.

5
23.84
Waqar Younis
262
12,698
1989-2003.

6
24.70
Shoaib Akhtar
158
7509
1998-2011.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Best economy rates[edit]

text:
Rank
Economy Rate
Player
Period

1
3.63
Sarfraz Nawaz
1973-1984.

2
3.71
Akram Raza
1989-1995.

3
3.89
Imran Khan
1974-1992.

4
3.89
Wasim Akram
1984-2003.

5
4.06
Abdul Qadir
1983-1993.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Most Five-wicket Hauls[edit]

text:
Rank
5-wicket hauls
Player
Period

1
13
Waqar Younis
1989-2003.

2
9
Shahid Afridi
1996-2015.

3
6
Saqlain Mushtaq
1995-2003.

4
6
Wasim Akram
1984-2003.

5
4
Shoaib Akhtar
1998-2011.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 22 November 2016.

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)[edit]

text: Most dismissals (catches plus stumpings) in ODI career[edit]

text:
Rank
Dismissals
Catches
Stumps
Player
Period

1
287
214
73
Moin Khan
1990-2004.

2
220
182
38
Rashid Latif
1992-2003.

3
187
156
31
Kamran Akmal
2002–Pre.

4
114
92
22
Sarfraz Ahmed
2007-Pre.

5
103
81
22
Saleem Yousuf
1982-1990.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Individual records (other)[edit]

text: Most matches played[edit]

text:
Rank
Matches
Player
Period

1
398
Shahid Afridi
1996-2015.

2
375
Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991-2007.

3
356
Wasim Akram
1984-2003.

4
283
Saleem Malik
1982-1999.

5
281
Mohammad Yousuf
1998-2010.

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 October 2015.

text: Most wins as a captain[edit]

text:
Rank
Won
Matches
Player
Win %

1
24
36
Shoaib Malik
66.66

2
21
34
Salim Malik
64.70

3
37
62
Waqar Younis
61.66

4
66
109
Wasim Akram
61.46

5
51
87
Inzamam-ul-Haq
60.71

(Min 30 Games) Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 4 July 2018.

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest wicket partnerships[edit]

text:
Partnership
Runs
Players
Opponent
Venue
Year

1st wicket
304
Fakhar Zaman & Imam-ul-Haq
 Zimbabwe
Bulawayo
2018

2nd wicket
263
Aamer Sohail & Inzamam-ul-Haq
 New Zealand
Sharjah
1994

3rd wicket
230
Saeed Anwar & Ijaz Ahmed
 India
Dhaka
1998

4th wicket
206
Shoaib Malik & Mohammad Yousuf
 India
Centurion
2009

5th wicket
176
Younis Khan & Umar Akmal
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
2009

6th wicket
147
Fawad Alam & Sohaib Maqsood
 Sri Lanka
Hambantota
2014

7th wicket
124
Yousuf Youhana & Rashid Latif
 Australia
Cardiff
2001

8th wicket
100
Fawad Alam & Sohail Tanvir
 Hong Kong
Port of Spain
2008

9th wicket
73
Shoaib Malik & Mohammad Sami
 Australia
Karachi
2008

10th wicket
103
Mohammad Amir & Saeed Ajmal
 New Zealand
Abu Dhabi
2009

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 20 July 2018.


document_title: The Carpet

question_text: the office season 2 episode 14 who did it

text: The Carpet

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: When someone leaves a disgusting substance on the carpet in Michael Scott's (Steve Carell) office, he spends the day at Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) desk, relegating Jim to the back room (referred to as the "Annex") to suffer Kelly Kapoor's (Mindy Kaling) constant chattering. She asks Jim to hook her up with Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak). Jim continues to yearn for Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), but her groom-to-be, Roy Anderson (David Denman), is in the office replacing the carpet along with Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson), and Jim is unable to speak with her.

text: As the day wears on, Michael becomes convinced that what happened to his office is a hate crime and an act of terrorism. Believing it to have been perpetrated by someone in the office, he begins to lose his faith in his employees, whom he considers his friends. Michael tries talking to his former boss Ed Truck (Ken Howard), who tells him that he does not need to have his employees be his friends. But his mood changes drastically when he finds out the prank was carried out by his obnoxious friend Todd Packer (David Koechner). Michael instantly finds the joke hilarious, and his faith in his friends is restored. At the end of the day, Jim is cheered up when he finds that all seven of his voicemail messages were left by Pam throughout the day. Jim is seen driving home, and Pam's voicemails act as a voice-over, closing out the episode.

text: Production[edit]

text: "The Carpet" was written by Paul Lieberstein, who portrays Toby Flenderson on the series, making it his third writing credit after the first season entry "Health Care" and the second-season episode "The Client".[2][3] The episode was directed by Victor Nelli, Jr.[4] The episode is the first and only to feature Howard as Ed Truck. However, the death of the character would serve as the main plot for the third season episode "Grief Counseling".[5] Actress Kate Flannery later revealed that, for the old 80s picture of Michael and Ed, Carell had to wear a mullet wig.[5]

text: Before the episode aired, the cast and crew received news that the show would be renewed for a third season. Jenna Fischer (Pam) noted that "It is rare in this business to hear news of a pickup so early", but that NBC was very pleased with how well the show was doing.[6] It had previously, and erroneously, been advertised that the show would finish its run at the end of March 2006. Fischer explained that while the season would end – actually in May – the show would continue.[6]

text: The exact nature of the substance that is deposited on Michael's carpet is never explicitly made clear. Fischer only described it as "soft [...] smelly [and] brown".[6] In fact, the circumstance in which the substance is viewed by the camera is still ambiguous; Television Without Pity reviewer M. Giant noted that the viewer only gets "the merest out-of-focus Blair Witch glimpse" of the substance.[7] Fischer also noted that one of the more interesting aspects of the episode was the "you [the audience] finally see Pam and Roy getting along."[6] She explained that this was because Roy and Pam returned from "a romantic vacation in the Poconos."[6]

text: Deleted scenes include: Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) believing that a higher power brought Michael to his desk, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) and Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) speculating on the culprit, Jim unable to handle Kelly's chattering, Jim eating lunch by himself in his car, Michael being unable to complete a sale, Michael stealing a crumpet from Dwight, Dwight and Angela having a secret conversation in the kitchen, and Jim asking Toby Flenderson (Lieberstein) how he handled Kelly's loquaciousness.[8]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Michael compares that the circumstances of the episode to the components for an audition tape for Fear Factor, an American sports dare reality game show. Michael later bothers Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) with an impression of the Popeye cartoon character J. Wellington Wimpy. Dwight makes repeated calls to WEZX Rock 107, a Scranton radio station that plays classic rock. Michael snidely compares Darryl and Roy's work to Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, an American reality television series providing home improvements for less fortunate families and community schools.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "The Carpet" originally aired on NBC on the January 26, 2006.[9] The episode received a 4.6 rating/11 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.[10] This means that it was seen by 4.6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 11 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast.[10] "The Carpet" was viewed by 8.6 million viewers.[10] The episode retained 93 percent of its lead-in My Name is Earl audience.[11]

text: Critical reception to the episode was largely positive. M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an "A–".[7] Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it an "A–". He called it "another solid episode" and praised the "guest appearance by Ken Howard of The White Shadow fame."[12] After the episode aired, several newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times and The Journal Gazette reported on the episode's success, as well as others in the season, in building the show's audience.[11][13] Furthermore, the episode was particularly popular with fans of the series, especially college students. After the episode aired, it was made available on the iTunes online digital store, where, for a time, it was the second most-downloaded episode of a television show.[13]