document_title: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders

question_text: who is the all time leading scorer in ncaa basketball

text: In basketball, points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal.[1] In National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I basketball, where a player's career is at most four seasons long, it is considered a notable achievement to reach the 1,000-points scored threshold. In even rarer instances, players have reached the 2,000- and 3,000-point plateaus (no player has ever scored 4,000 or more points at the Division I level). The top 25 highest scorers in NCAA Division I men's basketball history are listed below. The NCAA did not split into its current divisions format until August 1973.[2] From 1906 to 1955, there were no classifications to the NCAA nor its predecessor, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS).[2] Then, from 1956 to spring 1973, colleges were classified as either "NCAA University Division (Major College)" or "NCAA College Division (Small College)".[2][3]

text: Some of the top 25 scorers in Division I history played before the three-point line was officially instituted in 1986–87. All of the players with a dash through the three-point field goals made column were affected by this rule. Hank Gathers of Loyola Marymount is the only three-point shot era player on this list who did not make a single three-point shot. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[4] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m) (the women's line would remain the same).[4]

text: Additionally, several of the players on this list played during an era when college freshmen were ineligible to compete at the varsity level and were forced to participate on either freshman or junior varsity teams. Since freshman and junior varsity points do not count toward official NCAA records, three players—Pete Maravich, Oscar Robertson and Elvin Hayes—only had three seasons to compile their totals. Larry Bird redshirted (sat out) his freshman year, and therefore, like Maravich, Robertson, and Hayes, his totals also cover only three seasons (though in Bird's case, unlike the others, it was his own choice not to play a fourth season at the college level). With the added benefits of a three-point line and a full extra year of varsity eligibility, their already-historical statistics would have been much higher. Maravich, a guard from LSU, not only owns the three highest single season averages in Division I history, but also the highest career total. Remarkably, he scored 3,667 points (over 400 more than the next closest player) in a mere 83 games. His record is generally considered unbreakable; the only player who could have potentially overtaken him as the top scorer in Division I history is Stephen Curry of Davidson, who had scored 2,635 points through his first three seasons of college basketball. However, Curry opted to forgo his final year of NCAA eligibility and moved on to the National Basketball Association (NBA) following his junior season in 2008–09.

text: Five players on this list are enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: Pete Maravich,[5] Oscar Robertson,[6] Elvin Hayes,[7] Larry Bird[8] and David Robinson.[9]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Pos.
G
F
C
Ref.

Position
Guard
Forward
Center
References

*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Team (X)
Denotes the number of times a player from that team appears on the list

text: Career scoring leaders[edit]

text:
Player
Pos.
Team
Career
start
Career
end
Games
played
Field goals
made
3-point
field
goals made
Free
throws made
Points
PPG
Ref.

Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
G
LSU
1967
1970
83
1,387

—

893
3,667
44.2
[10]

Williams, FreemanFreeman Williams
F/G
Portland State
1974
1978
106
1,369

—

511
3,249
30.7
[11]

Simmons, LionelLionel Simmons
F
La Salle
1986
1990
131
1,244
56
673
3,217
24.6
[12]

Ford, AlphonsoAlphonso Ford
G
Mississippi Valley State
1989
1993
109
1,121
333
590
3,165
29.0
[13]

McDermott, DougDoug McDermott
F
Creighton
2010
2014
145
1,141
274
594
3,150
21.7
[14]

Kelly, HarryHarry Kelly
F
Texas Southern
1979
1983
110
1,234

—

598
3,066
27.9
[15]

Clark, KeydrenKeydren Clark
G
Saint Peter's
2002
2006
118
967
435
689
3,058
25.9
[16]

Hawkins, HerseyHersey Hawkins
G
Bradley
1984
1988
125
1,100
118
690
3,008
25.5
[17]

Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
G
Cincinnati
1957
1960
88
1,052

—

869
2,973
33.8
[18]

Manning, DannyDanny Manning
F
Kansas
1984
1988
147
1,216
10
509
2,951
20.1
[19]

Hughes, AlfredrickAlfredrick Hughes
G
Loyola (IL)
1981
1985
120
1,226

—

462
2,914
24.3
[20]

Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
C/F
Houston
1965
1968
93
1,215

—

454
2,884
31.0
[21]

Hansbrough, TylerTyler Hansbrough
F
North Carolina
2005
2009
142
939
12
982
2,872
20.2
[22]

Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
F
Indiana State
1976
1979
94
1,154

—

542
2,850
30.3
[23]

Birdsong, OtisOtis Birdsong
G
Houston (2)
1973
1977
116
1,176

—

480
2,832
24.4
[24]

Bradshaw, KevinKevin Bradshaw
G
Bethune-Cookman /
U.S. International
1987
1991
111
1,027
132
618
2,804
25.3
[3]

Houston, AllanAllan Houston
G/F
Tennessee
1989
1993
128
902
346
651
2,801
21.9
[25]

Redick, J. J.J. J. Redick
G
Duke
2002
2006
139
825
457
662
2,769
19.9
[26]

Gathers, HankHank Gathers
F/C
Southern California /
Loyola Marymount
1985
1990
117
1,127
0
469
2,723
23.3
[27]

Haws, TylerTyler Haws
G
BYU
2009
2015[n 1]
139
917
162
724
2,720
19.6
[28]

Lewis, ReggieReggie Lewis
F
Northeastern
1983
1987
122
1,043
30
592
2,709
22.2
[29]

Queenan, DarenDaren Queenan
G/F
Lehigh
1984
1988
118
1,024
29
626
2,703
22.9
[30]

Larkin, ByronByron Larkin
G
Xavier
1984
1988
121
1,022
51
601
2,696
22.3
[31]

McCalebb, BoBo McCalebb
G
New Orleans
2003
2008
128
977
115
610
2,679
20.9
[32]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
Navy
1983
1987
127
1,032
1
604
2,669
21.0
[33]

text: All-time conference scoring leaders[edit]

text: The following list contains current and defunct Division I conferences' all-time scoring leaders. The "conference founding" column indicates when each respective conference first began intercollegiate athletic competition, not necessarily when they began basketball. For example, the Great West Conference was established as a football-only conference in 2004 but became an all-sports conference in 2008 (with basketball actually beginning in 2009–10).[34] Also note that some of the schools on this list are no longer in the conference in which they are identified. Utah, for instance, is currently a member of the Pac-12 Conference, but when Keith Van Horn set the scoring record they were still a member of the Western Athletic Conference. Similarly, BYU is currently in the West Coast Conference, but their final four seasons in the Mountain West Conference were the years in which Jimmer Fredette played at the school and set that conference's scoring record.

text:
Conference
Conference
founding
Conference
disbanding
Player
School
Career
start
Career
end
Points
Ref.

America East
1979
—
Lewis, ReggieReggie Lewis
Northeastern
1983
1987
2,709
[35]

American Athletic
2013[n 2]
—
Gray, RobRob Gray
Houston
2015
present
1,532*
[38]

American South
1987
1991
Brooks, KevinKevin Brooks
Southwestern Louisiana
1987
1991
2,294

Atlantic 10
1976
—
Macon, MarkMark Macon
Temple
1987
1991
2,609
[39]

ACC
1953
—
Hansbrough, TylerTyler Hansbrough
North Carolina
2005
2009
2,872
[40]

Atlantic Sun
1978
—
Jackson, WillieWillie Jackson
Centenary
1980
1984
2,535
[41]

Big 12
1996
—
Hield, BuddyBuddy Hield
Oklahoma
2012
2016
2,291
[42]

Big East
1979[n 2]
—
Bell, TroyTroy Bell[n 3]
Boston College
1999
2003
2,632
[44]

Big Eight
1907
1996
Manning, DannyDanny Manning
Kansas
1984
1988
2,951
[45]

Big Sky
1963
—
Lightfoot, OrlandoOrlando Lightfoot
Idaho
1991
1994
2,201
[46]

Big South
1983
—
Williams, ReggieReggie Williams
VMI
2004
2008
2,556
[47]

Big Ten
1896
—
Cheaney, CalbertCalbert Cheaney
Indiana
1990
1993
2,613
[48]

Big West
1969
—
Harris, LuciousLucious Harris
Long Beach State
1989
1993
2,312
[49]

CAA
1982
—
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
Navy
1983
1987
2,669
[50]

C-USA
1995
—
Jackson, StefonStefon Jackson
UTEP
2005
2009
2,456
[51]

East Coast
1958
1994
Queenan, DarenDaren Queenan
Lehigh
1984
1988
2,703

Great Midwest
1990
1995
Claggett, ErwinErwin Claggett
Saint Louis
1991
1995
1,910
[52]

Great West
2004
2013
Flores, ChrisChris Flores
NJIT
2009
2013
1,726

Horizon
1979
—
Hughes, AlfredrickAlfredrick Hughes
Loyola (IL)
1981
1985
2,914
[53]

Ivy
1901
—
Bradley, BillBill Bradley*
Princeton
1962
1965
2,503
[54]

MAAC
1980
—
Simmons, LionelLionel Simmons
La Salle
1986
1990
3,217
[55]

Metro
1975
1995
Coles, BimboBimbo Coles
Virginia Tech
1986
1990
2,484
[56]

MAC
1946
—
Wells, BonziBonzi Wells
Ball State
1994
1998
2,485
[57]

MEAC
1970
—
Davis, TomTom Davis
Delaware State
1987
1991
2,275
[58]

Missouri Valley
1907
—
Hawkins, HerseyHersey Hawkins
Bradley
1984
1988
3,008
[59]

Mountain West
1999
—
Fredette, JimmerJimmer Fredette
BYU
2007
2011
2,599
[60]

NEC
1981
—
Bailey, TerranceTerrance Bailey
Wagner
1983
1987
2,591
[61]

OVC
1948
—
Domercant, HenryHenry Domercant
Eastern Illinois
1999
2003
2,602
[62]

Pac-12
1959
—
MacLean, DonDon MacLean
UCLA
1988
1992
2,608
[63]

Patriot
1986
—
McCollum, C. J.C. J. McCollum
Lehigh
2009
2013
2,361
[64]

SEC
1933
—
Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
LSU
1967
1970
3,667
[65]

Southern
1921
—
Curry, StephenStephen Curry
Davidson
2006
2009
2,635
[66]

Southland
1963
—
Dumars, JoeJoe Dumars*[n 4]
McNeese State
1981
1985
2,607
[68]

Summit
1982
—
Green, CalebCaleb Green
Oral Roberts
2003
2007
2,504
[69]

Sun Belt
1976
—
McCalebb, BoBo McCalebb
New Orleans
2003
2008
2,679
[70]

Southwest
1914
1996
Rencher, TerrenceTerrence Rencher
Texas
1991
1995
2,306
[71]

SWAC
1920
—
Ford, AlphonsoAlphonso Ford
Mississippi Valley State
1989
1993
3,165

West Coast
1952
—
Gathers, HankHank Gathers
Loyola Marymount
1987
1990
2,490[n 5]
[72]

WAC
1962
—
Van Horn, KeithKeith Van Horn
Utah
1993
1997
2,542
[73]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ After playing as a freshman in 2009–10, Haws spent two years on a Mormon mission and did not play his sophomore season until 2012–13.
^ Jump up to: a b The original Big East Conference, founded in 1979 with basketball competition starting at that time, split along football lines in July 2013. The seven schools that did not sponsor Division I FBS football reorganized as a new Big East Conference, while the FBS football schools that had not left for other conferences, plus several new members, began operating as the American Athletic Conference. The American now considers its basketball history to have begun with the 2013 split,[36] while the current Big East maintains the basketball history of the original Big East.[37]
Jump up ^ The Big East Conference recognizes Lawrence Moten, who played at Syracuse between 1991 and 1995, as its all-time conference scoring leader, using the criterion of points scored in regular-season conference games only. Moten scored 1,405 points in games that counted toward the record.[43] Troy Bell, who is technically second on the list with 1,388 points, scored more career points than Moten when all games are taken into account. The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals, not conference-career totals, as its criterion.
Jump up ^ The Southland Conference recognizes Dwight "Bo" Lamar, who played at Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana–Lafayette) between 1968 and 1972, as their all-time conference scoring leader, using the criterion of points scored against conference opponents only.[67] He scored 1,054 points in conference games.[67] Additionally, Southwestern Louisiana did not join the Southland Conference until 1971, so all of Lamar's points prior to then do not count toward Southland Conference scoring. Joe Dumars, who is technically second on the list with 819 points, actually scored more career points than Lamar since McNeese State was a member of the Southland Conference for the duration of Dumars' career. The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals, not conference-career totals, as its criterion.
Jump up ^ Hank Gathers' scoring total in this table includes only games played for WCC member Loyola Marymount; he played his freshman season of 1985–86 at USC in what was then known as the Pacific-10 Conference. He transferred from USC after that season; after sitting out the 1986–87 season due to NCAA transfer rules, he played at Loyola Marymount until his death during his senior season in 1990.


document_title: List of Cyberchase minor characters

question_text: who won the big kahuna huna race-a-runa in tikiville last time

root

text: List of Cyberchase minor characters

text: Secondary antagonists[edit]

text: Baskerville[edit]

text: Baskerville is a hunchback wolf-like cyborg with a British accent who has often been called up by Hacker to assist in his evil schemes. Hacker hired Baskerville because he wanted a henchman who was evil, cheap, and more reliable than Buzz and Delete. Baskerville took over the daily tasks of Buzz and Delete, earning him their disdain. Afterwards Buzz and Delete, out of jealousy, anonymously helped the cyber squad defeat Hacker. When Hacker went back to having bad luck, Baskerville quit his job with Hacker. Nevertheless, he has returned on many occasions to help Hacker – but he is constantly begrudged by Buzz and Delete in almost every case he is working on. Baskerville also made an appearance along with the Wicked Witch, who gathered some villains together to make a truce with Motherboard, in order to throw suspicion off of her own plots to take over Cyberspace. He is voiced by Juan Chioran. Baskerville is a reference to the Sherlock Holmes novel "The Hound of the Baskervilles".

tag: ul

text: Ledge[edit]

text: Ledge (Alex Karzis) made his first debut in the episode "Hackerized", where he was the true mastermind for the Hackerization in "Sensible Flats". His goal was to convince Hacker that they should work together. He used deception in an attempt to separate the Cybersquad and ultimately get rid of them. This was done by creating a false friendship with the Cybersquad and eliminating each member one by one. He nearly succeeded in doing so until he was foiled by Inez's successful tactics in disabling the machine within the 3-minute limit. After being defeated by Inez, Hacker promptly rejected him. Inez and Hacker both hold grudges against him. Unlike Hacker, Ledge thinks through his plans more.

text: Wicked[edit]

text: Wicked (Linda Ballantyne) is a witch who lives in Happily Ever After and appears in many adventures. She has bright red hair, likes spending money, and has a quick temper. She wants to take over Cyberspace just as much as Hacker. She often tries to convince Hacker to become her partner. She and Hacker sometimes have a love for each other. Hacker has several times reluctantly hired or even courted her, but always jilts her. In return, Wicked either casts a spell on him or wrecks his evil-doing plans. Wicked, tired of seeing everybody happy and joyful, asked Hacker for help creating misery in Happily-Ever-After. She and Hacker, for most of the series, were in love with each other, but often their interactions would end in arguments. The Wicked Witch has since made multiple attempts to conquer Cyberspace herself, much to Hacker's dismay. She and Hacker have since taken their turns loving and hating each other. Wicked call them Hacker as Hacky-Poo.

text: Minor antagonists[edit]

text: Warren[edit]

text: Warren is a wayward genie who wants to rule Cyberspace. His full name is Warren Plotnick. His mother is a lunch lady from Nowhere who grounded him for twenty years after his last evil rampage. He's tough and intimidating when alone, but when his mother shows up, he's rather wimpy and overly-obedient. He also used to be Hacker's idol, but after their first encounter, they're never happy to see each other. He lives in a bottle in Nowhere but shows up in other cybersites. Digit can imitate Warren's mother's voice. He is voiced by James Rankin.

text: Ann Arki[edit]

text: Ann Arki (a play on the word "Anarchy") is a villain, who is also known as the Queen of Chaos. She is able to appear like a genie and gives out an award for villains, called the Arki award. Hacker attempted to win the Arki, but became ineligible. She is voiced by Julie Lemieux.

text: Hacker's other assistants[edit]

text:
Olga was hired by Hacker to help drain the pond in EcoHaven in episode 504. She appears to be a mechanic. Olga also appeared in episode 804 when Hacker tried to find out who created the Hackerizer.
Scratch is a vulture that helped Hacker out.
Cyclops was first seen giving Hacker a massage in episode 409. He was later hired to help drain the pond in EcoHaven in episode 504.
Trashinator (voiced by Philip Williams, also known as "Trash") is another cyborg who was seen helping Hacker. He appears to enjoy doughnuts. He is known for his skills in slugball.
Tonga is a red mechanical gorilla.
Gigabyte is a monster created by Hacker to help him take over all of Cyberspace. He first appeared in episode 102, where he was ordered to get Dr. Marbles's brain, but instead got Delete's brain, much to Hacker's frustration and embarrassment. He then appeared in episode 307, where Hacker tried to use the sun to bring him back to life. His last (and most brief) appearance was in episode 501, where he is seen trick-or-treating with a mummy. He is voiced by Rob Tinkler.
Cool Starmaker (CS) is a borg whom Hacker turned to when he found that his fear rating was dropping fast. CS agreed to help Hacker figure out the perfect crime to regain the fear of the cyber citizens. CS gave Hacker the idea to break the antenna of a radio station and kept track of Hacker's fear rating. He is voiced by Norman Foote.

text: Characters in other cybersites[edit]

text: Aquari-yum[edit]

text:
Binary is the mermaid gatekeeper of Aquari-Yum. She's green with long reddish, pinkish, purplish hair. She has a yellow shirt, a blue hat and purple lips.
Icky is a large gastropod resembling a slug. He absorbs energy directly from his surroundings, understands several languages, and communicates through patterns of electric buzzes. If he doesn't absorb the natural energy of Aquari-yum, the site will boil over and he'll shrivel up to nothing. He can also camouflage himself.
The Crab Prince of the kingdom is a crab that helps people. He protects Icky the Slug's energy pod. His job to keep Icky's secret hideaway a secret, but tells the Cybersquad about it. (Voiced by Jason Michas).
Manny the Medium is a lazy cyber-manatee that usually sleeps, but knows everything. He is voiced by Harvey Atkin.
Stringie and Bow are the prince's friends.

text: Big Bay[edit]

text:
Captain Ebenezer Skuttlebutt is the keeper of Mega Bays. He and his father both cared for the bays, while maintaining the wildlife that lives there. He is a pirate with one lost leg and keeps a little parrot called Ditto. He is voiced by Terry Kelly
Ditto  is a parrot that lives on Captain Skuttlebutt's shoulder. He has been around for two (or more) generations of Skuttlebutt's and is the reason Digit did not return to Mega Bays. Ditto constantly repeats the sentences of others, annoying Digit, but because they are both birds they eventually become friends. Ditto literally means to agree.

text: Botopolis[edit]

text: Princess Deah is the ruler of Botopolis. She only appeared in Buzz and Delete save the day. She calls Buzz and Delete that the bots have turned into sleep mode walkers. For saving the day, she handed them the award. She was voiced by Julie Lemieux.

text: Castleblanca[edit]

text:
The Sams are a two-headed creature that often helped the Cybersquad. They are musicians. They appear in the "Lucky Star" game clip on the Cyberchase website.
Erica Ram is a pretty, friendly, and inquisitive cyborg with pink hair and light blue skin who fell in love with Hacker. She hosts a TV show and interviews people. She almost always smiles, and doesn't like carolers.
Gnome is found in castles and acts as a watchman. He is mean and annoyed by long speeches.
Mayor Wolfman is the mayor of Castleblanca. Hacker once took over his castle and found out his secrets. He has a blue or black nose.  He is seen in episode 1002 where he hosts the cookoff between Hacker and Digit.  Voiced by Cal Dodd.
Dracula  is seen in many episodes. He has two spikes of hair and is mean and nasty. He wears a long, torn cape.

text: The Cybrary[edit]

text: Ms. Fileshare, the head cybrarian of the Cybrary, is voiced by Jasmine Guy. She has four arms. She has high standards, and early in the series, is inflexible, but later learned to be open-minded.

text: ECOhaven[edit]

text:
Nero the Animal Hero He is a TV Star of series. Voiced by Juan Chioran
Unga D'Bigtop She is the Leader of the Circus.
Target is the Hunter of ECOhaven.

text: Ecotopia[edit]

text:
Abby (voiced by Emilie Barlow) is the mother of Ollie and a ranger of the Ecotopian preserve. She has dedicated her life to save the animals and to keep everything in order. Once, she saved her son Ollie who was stuck in a tree. She knows everything about the preserve and owns a Preservepad to communicate with others on the preserve.
Ollie (voiced by Modern Family star Rico Rodriguez) is the son of Abby. He used to be a junior ranger but became a full-fledged ranger.

text: Frogsnorts[edit]

text:
Shari Spotter is a kind and responsible witch-like girl who uses her special powers to protect her school, Frogsnorts Sorcerer's Academy (a reference to Hogwarts from Harry Potter). Shari wears perfectly round and red glasses. She has a crush on Matt, which Inez and Jackie tease him about. She is voiced by Julie Lemieux.
Professor Stumblesnore is the firm headmaster of Frogsnorts. His name is a reference to Dumbledore from the Harry Potter book series, but he looks similar to Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings. He is voiced by Ivan Sherry.
Dody (Voiced by Annika Walter) is a dodo bird that oftentimes speaks in rhymes.  She is found in Stumblesnore's office.

text: Golftopia[edit]

text: Gimme (Voiced by Sergio Mandez) is a friendly kilt-wearing Scotsman who is Digit's friend and runs a golf shop.

text: Gollywood[edit]

text:
Mister Zero is the compassionate king of 0 and he lives in Gollywood. He once temporarily left because Hacker was sending him hateful anonymous letters.
Stormy Gale is a meteorologist and is voiced by Janice Huff, an actual meteorologist with New York's WNBC-TV. She appears in two episodes aired in April 2009. Janice Huff was also in some of the 'For Real' segments.
Mayor  – the Mayor (Voiced by Hunter Hayes) is the mayor of Gollywood.  He is see in episode 1004 where he was trying to figure out whether to give a piece of land to Hacker for a tower or to make it a park for the Gollywood children to play on.  He has a pet diedlebeast.
Wholesome Twins are twin sister celebrities that reside in Gollywood. They have a stressed out manager and each got a square on the sidewalk of 7" (303).
Bank President was a citizen of Gollywood who was in charge of the bank and was replaced temporarily by Hacker who made it appear he lost 9 million Snelfus by forcing Mister Zero out, thus removing the zeros from the sign and making the sign read 9 Snelfus.

text: Ground Hoggia[edit]

text:
Punxie is a Ground Hoggian who helps the cybersquad, voiced by Julie Lemieux.
The Grand Ground Hoggian is a Ground Hoggian who wakes up on Grand Ground Hoggian Day to see his shadow to determine when harvest time will arrive; if he doesn't see his shadow, that means the Ground Hoggians will wait for 6 more weeks. His grandfather was the previous Grand Ground Hoggian. Voiced by Phillip Williams.
Mayor  is voiced by Lisette St-Louis and she announces the Grand Ground Hoggian Day.

text: Happily Ever After[edit]

text:
The King of Happily Ever After (voiced by Bruce Hunter) is a fictional fairy tale character. He is emotional and does not appreciate anyone speaking to him rudely. Digit nicknames him Kingy.
The Town Crier is a sad man who worries a lot about Happily Ever After. He is responsible for spreading the news.
Spider is a spider who wears glasses, six boots and a green shirt. Jackie is fond of him. He has a positive and hopeful personality, but he is usually an outcast because everyone was afraid of him. However, everyone began to warm up to him when he helped count the golden eggs for the king's ransom.
Ziff (voiced by Adrian Egan) is a green pig who lives with his two brothers. Previously, his name was Pig 2. He once made a deal with Hacker, who promised to protect him and his brothers from the big, bad wolf (who would not stop bothering them). However, he has since helped the Cybersquad.
Wanda (voiced by mathematician Danica McKellar) is Wicked's magic wand. She is very smart, but can only do magic if Wicked gives her a command. She's seen in every episode Wicked appears in, but is only anthropomorphized in episode #503.
Little Red Riding Hood is seen in episode 1002, where she is one of the judges in the cookoff between Digit and Hacker.  Her judgments in the contest are based upon whether or not her Grandma would cook the foods using those ingredients.  She does not like being called little.  Voiced by Sara Quinn

text: Jimaya[edit]

text:
Jam Master, the guardian of the Jimayan pyramid and the symball. He is a large stone face styled similar to Aztec art and has a tendency to blather.
Jules, who was first seen as a cave guard in episode 507, is a good friend of the Cybersquad. He appears again in episode 607, where Hacker tricks him into pressing the nose of the Jam Master, causing Matt, Jackie, Creech and himself to get sucked into the chamber of Jimaya. After that, he appeared in episode 801 where he helped in Hacker's Challenge. He is often trying to find a job, but Hacker continuously tries to ruin it for him. He is timid, but does not let others push him around. He is voiced by Scott McCord.

text: Memoryville[edit]

text:
The Mayor of Memoryville promises that he will give the key to the town to whoever wins the Slugball Championship, but forbids the winner from opening the door to the memory banks. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Stats (voiced by Ian James Corlett) is the commentator for the Slugball games.

text: Mount Olympus[edit]

text:
Zeus (voiced by Philip Bosco) is a stereotyped version of his mythological namesake and is ruler of Mount Olympus. He is also the ruler of the Gods and has a very boisterous laughter.
Athena (voiced by Linda Ballantyne) is not as similar to her mythological namesake as Zeus.
Poseidon is seen in episode 606 with Athena and Hermes atop Mt. Olympus when Zeus wants them to work as a team before calling Control Central. He is recognizable with his trident and merman-like features.
Hermes is based on the Greek god Hermes. He has a caduceus, winged helmet, and winged sandals.
Artemis (voiced by Julie Lemix) helps the cybersquad find the Bluebird of Zappiness by shooting an arrow to the point of the next clue. She has a slight New York accent.
The Beast (voiced by Cal Dodd) is the drummer for the band that plays the Music of the Spheres and is much more humble than the rest of the band. He was treated by the rest of the band members like a stray dog because they were tired of hearing his drumming. However, after realizing the importance of his drum part, they turned around.
Apollo (Voiced by Kim Mitchell) is the Greek god of music and also the gong player in the band that plays the music that keeps the site from being destroyed. He is slightly egotistical.
Himaropa (voiced by Esme Martin) is a siren, and the horn player of her band. She is very egotistic and is obsessed with her hair.
Calliope (voiced by Katie Griffin) is a muse, and a lyrist for the Music of the Spheres band. She is a poet in addition to being a passionate musician.
Homer (voiced by John Stocker) is a poet, but has writer's block and asks Calliope for ideas.

text: Nowhere[edit]

text: Warren's mom is a lunch lady. She can be kind, but had to ground her son because of an evil rampage. She collects action figures and has a whole stash of them. She speaks with a southern accent. She is voiced by Kathleen Laskey.

text: Outta Site[edit]

text:
DJ Groovy is the DJ that runs the Farout radio. He talks in a hip-hop style with words like "groovy" or "far out". He is voiced by Rory O'Shea.
Hector is a bee that teams up with the Cybersquad. He can tell what the other bees want or how they feel. He is voiced by Carlos Diaz.
Gordon is Hector's assistant at the computer chip factory. He fills in when Hector is away from the factory and keeps his boss informed of any situation.

text: Parallel Land[edit]

text:
TW (Teeny Weeny Parallini, voiced by Isabel de Carteret) is a small square girl. She is not scared of Hacker, and despite the fact that her mother would not let her help the Cybersquad, she does help them find Diamond Joe. She also helps in the Hacker's challenge.
Diamond Joe Parallini (voiced by James Rankin) is an old man and used to be a member of the flying Parallinis, a group of parallelograms that would fly and make shapes in the air. He seems to be somewhat of a cowboy.
Mother Parallini is TW's mother. She is strict but kind-hearted and wants the best for her fellow Parallinis. She is voiced by Danielle Jonas.

text: Penguia[edit]

text:
Fluff (Voiced by Austin Dilulio) is a penguin that plays hockey, which is hard in Cyberia. He is a kind, logical penguin determined to follow in his father's footsteps and make him proud. Fluff got to lead the Starlight Night deliveries. He helped the Cybersquad with the Hacker's challenge. He is an ally of the Cybersquad and is called a "Cyberbrat" by Hacker.
Coach (voiced by Roch Voisine) is a penguin who teaches the kids and penguins how to play ice hockey. He uses a monitor to track the puck and show the players what works and what doesn't.
Ice is one of the best players of penguin hockey and the captain of the Penguin Village Voyagers. She is able to hit the pole with 100% accuracy, by shooting at a special "aiming spot". She is sister of Emma Penguin and is voiced by Lisette St. Louis.
Fergie (voiced by Julie Lemieux) is known for her inventions. Her inventions include: The Polar Engine, the Ice-O-Nart, and the Meltmeister.
PJ is Fluff's dad. Despite the fact he never met them, he proves to be an ally to the cyber squad. He is determined to stop the Hacker. He participated in the snowflake ceremonies and the Starlight Night Penguin March, then passed his place down to Fluff. He also scored the winning goal to get the Penguia Cup when he played the Titans when he was younger. He's very proud of his son. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Rusty is the leader of the penguin march, and apparently Fluff's aunt. She is voiced by Stacey DePass.
Berny (voiced by Cory Doran) is Fluff's best friend and a fellow member of the Penguin Village Voyagers. He cares about Fluff and appears to have Fluff's best interests at heart.
Walter (voiced by Kim Mitchell) is a crafty cyber walrus who guards the bridge that leads to the Ice Palace. Every year on Starlight Night, he pulls the same old prank by stalling the penguin march. He lets the marchers pass only if they correctly answer a question. Rusty doesn't like him very much.

text: Perfectamundo[edit]

text:
Razz (voiced by Helen King) is a Perfectamundian who is famous for inventing the Digifizz toy. He is a partner of Digit.
Mayor (voiced by Julie Lemieux) is the leader of Perfectamundo.
Waldo (voiced by Rob Tinkler) is the Mayor's assistant.

text: Pompadouria[edit]

text:
The Grand Pasha is the ruler of Pompadouria. He was briefly made a pawn of the Hacker, who tried to exchange the Wicked Witch for the Shah's absent daughter. He was voiced by Len Carlson in season 2 and Brad Adamson in season 7.
Petra (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is a Hedgehopper. She helps the group to break the love cast by Wicked.
Keesha is a green Hedgehopper that was only mentioned once.
Mikey is a blue Hedgehopper that was only mentioned once.

text: Poddleville[edit]

text:
Annie is a young Poddle. She helped the Cybersquad escape from jail in Poddleville after they were arrested by mistake. She is apparently good friends with Jackie. She is voiced by Elizabeth Jones.
The Mayor (voiced by Len Carlson) is the mayor of Poddleville and has a 1 on his chest. He is a caring Poddle who at first thinks the cybersquad is ruining the town, but then warms up to them when he sees them save Poddleville. Later, he saves Dr. Marbles. He accepted an offer of peace from Hacker, although it was later revealed that Hacker was plotting to steal Poddleville's energy.
Irma (voiced by Denise Oliver) is a Poddle who helps with a crime scene investigation. The night Hacker's recharger key was stolen, she witnessed a square leaving the town hall, which suggested that Sleight O. Hand stole the key. She is the mayor's daughter.
Sleight O. Hand is Dr. Marbles' nephew with an Irish accent that acts as a magician. He has been nicknamed the "best pickpocket in all of cyberspace." He was accused of stealing Hacker's recharger key. He has a dog named Presto (A commonly used magic word) whom he gets to do tricks for his acts. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Chief is the police chief in Poddleville. Like the other citizens of Poddleville, Hacker convinces him that Sleight O. Hand stole his recharger key. He is voiced by singer Kim Mitchell.
Lily is a poddle seen in episode 805, where the Poddles and cybersquad throw a birthday party for her. While the poddles are comparing their shadows, Lilly gets upset that her shadow isn't long, and Jackie explains to her that the length of one's shadow is determined by one's height. She is voiced by Katie Griffin.
Puck is a chef seen in episode 1002, where he judges the contest between Digit and Hacker.  He is referred to as the "Palate pleasing poddle" by Mayor Wolfman.  He is voiced by Rob deLeeuw.

text: Pyramida[edit]

text:
Binky is a smart-mouthed, anthropomorphic cat who attends the Mummy's Tomb. She's often impatient, but proves an ally to the Cybersquad. She is also very aggravating to Hacker. Binky is voiced by Bebe Neuwirth.
Mummsy is the leader of this cybersite.

text: Radopolis[edit]

text:
King Dudicus (voiced by Peter Cugno) is the head of Radopolis, an extreme sports-themed cybersite, and often uses slang. In the episode Totally Rad, The Hacker attempts to dethrone him. The king decides to resolve the problem according to the customs of Radopolis: by a skate-off contest.
Slider (voiced by Tim Hamaguchi) is a serious and James Dean-style 13-year-old skateboarder in Radopolis who builds and repairs skateboards and bikes. Since season three, he has been a recurring character in the series. His father Coop had abandoned him when he was younger because The Hacker had hunted Coop for many years. However, in the episode "Measure for Measure", Slider finds out that his father abandoned him to protect him. He can be somewhat touchy about the subject of his father, to the extent that he raised his voice at Jackie in the episode "Past Perfect Prediction" for trying to give him unwanted comfort. Throughout the remainder of the series, Jackie and Inez seem to have a crush on him, which embarrasses him. He has neck-length brown hair and black eyes. He wears a red short-sleeved sweat-shirt with a yellow spot on it with a long-sleeved white shirt underneath.
Coop (voiced by legendary skateboarder Tony Hawk) is the father of Slider. For several years, The Hacker had hunted Coop in order to find his transformation machine. After Coop refused to hand it over, The Hacker infected him with a dose of magnetite which prematurely aged him. Since then, he hid from Hacker, leaving Slider to fend on his own. Coop was reunited with Slider in episode #405. He is also in episode #502, but has a slightly different appearance, suggesting that he found a cure for the magnetite.

text: R Fair City[edit]

text:
Lucky is the manager of R Fair City and speaks with a Brooklyn accent. She helps the Cybersquad when Hacker poses a threat to her amusement park. Lucky is voiced by Linda Kash.
Grubby is a man who lives in R Fair City. He is very funny and wears a garbage can for clothing. He runs a game stand at R Fair City called "Grubby's Whacky Worms".
Cy Clone is a clone catcher who looks like a cowboy. He was asked by Lucky and the Cybersquad to capture several clones of Delete bumbling around in R Fair City.
Glowla  is a bird who looks similar to Digit and is only seen once. She is a famous performer and is voiced by Stephanie Morgenstern.
Spout is a whale who was made by Glowla to help her in performances.

text: Sensible Flats[edit]

text:
Judge Trudy (voiced by Carolyn Scott) and Sheriff Judy (also voiced by Scott) are the leaders of Sensible Flats. They are often seen together, usually investigating criminals, especially Hacker. Their names are parodies of Judge Judy.
Rudy (voiced by Dwayne Hill) is the cousin of Trudy and Judy and manages the Sensible Flats reservoir. He plays the harmonica, and keeps records of the water supply in town.
Deke is an old hermit who lives by Lost Lake and plays the banjo. Trudy, Judy and Rudy have never heard of him. During especially dry times, he and the fish will do a rain dance in attempt to bring the rain. He uses a line graph to keep track of the water level of the lake changes over time and to predict the future water level. He also helped Inez stop the Hackerization.
Chef Foody is a chef that is seen in 601 and 1002.  In 601 he made one of his famous chocolate sculptures for Digit's birthday.  He states that the chocolate must be kept at a certain temperature or it will melt.  IN episode 1002, he appears as one of the judges in the cookoff between Hacker and Digit.  He speaks with a French accent. Voiced by Dwayne Hill.

text: Shangri-La[edit]

text: Master Pi (voiced by Geoffrey Holder) is the reigning leader of Shangri-La, an East Asian-themed Cybersite, and is dressed in a blue robe and holds a rod with a ball with the symbol Pi. Master Pi can move around by simply appearing and disappearing. He often gives words of wisdom. Also, he only provides hospitality to those who understand the rules of politeness. Hacker sometimes calls him Pi-Face and Buzz sometimes calls him Pi-Man.

text: Solaria[edit]

text:
Olli (voiced by Robert Smith) is the head manager of Solaria and gives tours of the Cybersite. He is a sports fan with a very nervous personality. In episode 202, he is the host of the Radopolis skate-off, and in 208 he introduces Glowla and Spout.
The Sedimentary Sentry (voiced by David Berni) is a talking face made out of stone. Inez, Jules, and Creech encountered him during their challenge. He is the Jam Master's cousin. He loves telling rock-related jokes.

text: Symmetria[edit]

text: AVA (voiced by Jasmine Guy) is in charge of the cybersite Symmetria. She gets help from Dr. Marbles and thanks him by making miniature robots that resemble him. When Hacker attempted to destroy Symmetria, Motherboard sent the Cybersquad to stop him and help AVA. At first, AVA does not trust the children, but becomes friendly with them after seeing evidence that Motherboard sent them.

text: Tikiville[edit]

text:
Creech is the young Big Kahuna (ruler) of Tikiville. She became the ruler after competing in a race with other Tikiville-inhabitants and Hacker. Creech is in some ways similar to Inez, helping the two to become friends easily. Both have a fairly similar outlook: optimistic until something goes completely wrong, and they both have a large vocabulary. She also is the person in charge of Tikiville's Egg of Benedicta. She is voiced by Stephanie Beard.
Max is Creech's father. He went to school with Hacker and always beat Hacker at everything. He only appeared once and was voiced by Matthew Broderick.
Big Kahuna is the Big Kahuna of Tikiville in episode 305. At the end of that episode, he hands over the title to Creech.

text: Thornia[edit]

text: Deci helps around in Thornia. He wears an outfit resembling that of a military officer's and is very efficient at his job. He is voiced by Eli Jones.

text: Topsy-Turvy Island[edit]

text:
Zanko is Delete's fairy Borg father. Zanko appears to Delete when he is having a bad day and grants him nine wishes. Hacker attempts to kidnap Zanko to make his wish of taking over Cyberspace come true, but Delete and Zanko refuse to let him do so.
Rourke is a fairy Borg agent from the Fairy Borg Father Eligibility Department. It's his job to visit applicants and inform them if they are qualified for the Fairy Borg Father program or not. He visits Hacker only to explain to the latter that he cannot qualify for the Fairy Borg Father Program due to Hacker's many attempts to take over Cyberchase, meaning that he will never get any wishes ever.

text: The Black Hole[edit]

text: Bernie is the owner of the black hole. He charges disposal fees for objects dumped into the hole. Hacker intends to dispose the Encrpytor Chip with Motherboard into the black hole, but Bernie requires 10 million sneflus for the disposal, which Hacker does not have. Angered, Hacker tries to throw the chip into the hole, but it bounces back.

text: Movie exclusive characters[edit]

text:
Ollie is an explorer boy voiced by Modern Family star Rico Rodriguez. When Inez accidentally falls into him from the portal, she first meets him and starts to develop feelings for him.
Abby is Ollie's mother.

text: Other minor recurring characters[edit]

text: Sam Vander Rom[edit]

text: Sam Vander Rom is a robotic reporter featured in the show's second season, voiced by The Today Show weatherman, Al Roker. In his first appearance in the episode "True Colors", Sam acts as a moderator during an election between Motherboard and Hacker.

tag: p

text: Scanner[edit]

text: Scanner is a character who is interested in his gadgets. He was slouched over and not fit, until Jackie helped him become more active.

text: Other "Cyberchase For Real" characters[edit]

text: Harley Wilson[edit]

text: Harley Wilson (played by Michael R. Buckley) is the cousin of Harry Wilson. He is known to pester and annoy Harry and interfere with his ideas. He used to work in Hollywood until he lost his job. He was also seen at Times Square on New Year's Eve with Harry's girlfriend.

text: Kareem Blackwell[edit]

text: Kareem Blackwell was seen only once, as the protagonist for the For Real segment of the pilot episode "The Poddleville Case," where he met with the New York cast of Stomp. Unlike in most future "For Real" segments, Kareem's one-time skit did not use the episode's theme (patterns) as a problem-solving device. Instead, the segment revolved around Stomp explaining how to use patterns in music to create enjoyable songs.

text: Mr. Sleazé[edit]

text: Mr. Sleazé (played by Matthew A. Wilson) is a scam artist. He sold Harry "Sleazy-Off" cream that didn't work. He also ran a fraudulent carnival game and a fraudulent wheel game, both of which Bianca fell victim to.

text: Kelly[edit]

text: Kelly is Bianca's friend, who often helps her get out of her many problems.

text: Lists of characters in American television animationLists of characters in Canadian television animationLists of science fiction television characters

text: Articles lacking sources from May 2018All articles lacking sourcesIncomplete television lists


document_title: Spanish colonization of the Americas

question_text: where was the first spanish colony on the american mainland

text: Spanish colonization of the Americas

text: Conquests[edit]

text: The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy.[1]

text: West Indies[edit]

text: Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish-occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, and it was followed by the founding by Alonso de Ojeda of Santa Cruz in present-day Guajira peninsula. Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas,[2] in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernández de Serpa's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién.[3]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–21) which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than conquest of the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations.[4][5][6] But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532.

text: The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés. The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city-states' political hierarchy and social structure in place.

text: The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present-day Mexico and northern Central America. When Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz and founded the Spanish city there on April 22, 1519, marks the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region. The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade, with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established by Charles V in 1535 with the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy.

text: Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833.

text: Peru[edit]

text: In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization.

text: The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

text: Río de la Plata and Paraguay[edit]

text: European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516. Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River. Buenos Aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay. Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires." The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

text: New Granada[edit]

text: Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command.[7] It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia.[8]

text: Governing[edit]

text: Spain's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 (capital, México City), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 (capital, Lima). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

text: This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system, raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency.

text: Dominions[edit]

text: North[edit]

text:
Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821)

Las Californias
Nuevo Reino de León
Nuevo Santander
Nueva Vizcaya
Santa Fe de Nuevo México
Nueva Extremadura
Nueva Galicia

Captaincy General of the Philippines (administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821, then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898)
Captaincy General of Cuba (until 1898) – Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was La Florida, Spain's North American colonies in what is now the southeastern United States.
Captaincy General of Puerto Rico (until 1898)
Santo Domingo (last Spanish rule 1861–1865)
Captaincy General of Guatemala

text: South[edit]

text:
Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819)
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Viceroyalty of Perú (1542–1824)
Captaincy General of Chile (1541–1818)
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776–1814)

text: 19th century[edit]

text: During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country.

text: In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The first two were in present-day Bolivia at Sucre (May 25), and La Paz (July 16); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (August 10). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico.

text: These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas.

text: In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish–American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory.

text: Demographic impact[edit]

text: It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.[9]

text: In Hispaniola, the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas, the "Defender of the Indians" estimated there were 6 million (6,000,000) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492.[citation needed]

text: The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1–2.5 million people) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century.[citation needed] The overwhelming cause of decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline.

text: Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (1896–1974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (1821–1910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (1846–1910).[10][11][12]


document_title: Publication history of Superman

question_text: when was the first superman comic book published

text: Publication history of Superman

text: Creation[edit]

text: Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster met at Cleveland's Glenville High School. Both shared an affection for science fiction and pulp magazines and soon contributed to the student newspaper, The Glenville Torch. Soon, Siegel and Shuster produced their own science fiction magazine, Science Fiction, a stapled, mimeographed pamphlet containing drawings by Shuster and stories by Siegel under various pseudonyms. Only five issues were produced and they are very rare: one copy sold decades later for $50,000.[citation needed] Siegel's short story "The Reign of the Superman" (with an illustration by Shuster) concerned a bald-headed villain, vaguely reminiscent of Flash Gordon's Ming the Merciless, bent on dominating the world.

text: Looking to comics as a vehicle for their ideas, they formulated a different take on the concept of the superman, with the character being a physically powerful hero. They pitched this unsuccessfully to newspaper syndicates as a comic strip. Siegel sent it to National Comics in New York where it languished in a drawer. When a publisher had difficulty deciding on an appropriate cover for a new magazine called Action Comics, someone pulled out the Superman proposal, showing him lifting a car with his hands. The publisher allegedly called it "ridiculous", but still decided to later put it on the cover. He wrote Siegel and Shuster and asked them if they could put together a 13-page story for Action Comics #1.

text: Siegel and Shuster hurriedly cut and pasted their newspaper strip into comic book form and sent it off. In the summer, Action Comics hit the newsstands. Sales figures were not as immediate as today, but when Action #4 hit the stands, sales were off the charts. Astounded by this, the publisher is reported to have gone down to his local newsstand and asked a kid, "Why are you reading this one?" pointing to Action Comics. "Because it's the one that has Superman in it, mister."[1]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The revised Superman first appeared in Action Comics #1, June 1938. Siegel and Shuster sold the rights to the company for $130 and a contract to supply the publisher with material. The Saturday Evening Post reported in 1960 that the pair was being paid $75,000 each per year, still a fraction of DC's Superman profits. In 1964, when Siegel and Shuster sued for more money, DC fired them, prompting a legal battle that ended in 1967, when they accepted $200,000 and signed away any further claim to Superman or any character created from him. DC soon took Siegel's and Shuster's names off the byline. Following the huge financial success of Superman in 1978 and news reports of their pauper-like existences, Warner Communications gave Siegel and Shuster lifetime pensions of $35,000 per year and health care benefits. In addition, any media production which includes the Superman character must include the credit, "Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster".

text: Throughout the decade of Superman's existence, DC sued several competing comic book publishers for introducing superheroes with similar powers. Among these companies were Fox Feature Syndicate for its character Wonderman, and Fawcett Comics for its character Master Man. In 1941, DC filed a lawsuit against Fawcett over the top-selling character of the time whom DC perceived as a Superman clone, Captain Marvel. During the National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications case, Fawcett fought the lawsuit, and continued publishing Captain Marvel, who surpassed Superman and the other superheroes in sales in the mid-1940s. By 1953, the case had been in litigation for twelve years, and in court for five. The case was decided in DC's favor. Fawcett paid DC a fine and ceased publication of all Captain Marvel-related comics. DC would acquire the rights to Captain Marvel in the 1970s and the former rival characters would be presented as allies, with Captain Marvel often serving as the Kryptonian's substitute in emergencies.

text: Golden Age[edit]

text: By the time the United States had entered World War II, Superman had inspired a boom in the comic book industry and had engendered the new genre of the "superheroes" (although, controversy still exists over whether Superman can be considered the first superhero), which by then had included Batman, Captain America, Namor the Sub-Mariner, Captain Marvel, Robin, The Flash, The Green Lantern, Wonder Woman.

text: By this time, the character had also leaped from the comics into other media. In 1939, Superman's adventures were seen in newspaper strips, although they were often reprints of what was already appearing in the comics. Also, The Adventures of Superman radio program was broadcast to the nation with millions of listeners. And while Captain Marvel beat him to live action cinema in The Adventures of Captain Marvel (in a serial originally intended for Superman), a series of lavishly budgeted animated cartoons produced by Max Fleischer hit theaters and continue to astound viewers today.

text: After the war though, many of Superman's contemporaries found themselves slowly being forgotten after the boom became a bust. Throughout the late 1940s and the duration of the 1950s, Superman was by far the most popular character in comics. By the mid-1950s, there were few characters to challenge him. Only Batman, Wonder Woman and a few other Golden-Agers remained. During this time, Superman's powers became more and more grandiose. They would expand to include heat vision (heat rays emitting from his eyes), the ability to breathe in space, and the power to travel through time. Superman's adversaries also grew more fantastic and mighty, but more and more issues of the comics involved "imaginary stories" which could result in any number of scenarios (either as a cause or an effect) and did not affect the continuity of future issues. These grander powers would be replicated within the Silver Age Superman.

text: It was also established shortly after World War II that Superman had begun his career years earlier in the town of Smallville, under the name of Superboy. Stories about Superboy tended to be illustrated in an idyllic fashion and has been compared to the Saturday Evening Post. Superman also became a hit in live action. The 1948 self-titled serial and its sequel Atom Man vs. Superman with Kirk Alyn as Clark Kent/Superman were both box-office smashes—the former being the biggest of all time—and his television show Adventures of Superman starring George Reeves, was an integral part of the so-called "Golden Age of Television."

text: As shown in the original Golden Age comics — including Action Comics #1 (1938), Superman (Vol. 1) #1 (1939), and Superman (Vol. 1) #61 (1949), as well as in later stories such as Secret Origins (Vol. 2) #1 (1986) — noted scientist Jor-L discovers that Krypton is about to explode, yet he cannot convince his fellow Kryptonians to save themselves. However, he manages to construct a spaceship to save his infant son, Kal-L. The ship launches just as the planet explodes, with Kal-L landing on Earth in a farm country town (later identified as Smallville) around the time of World War I. In this version, John and Mary Kent (passing motorists who witness the spaceship landing) take the infant to an orphanage and soon return to adopt the child, naming him Clark. In his 1942 novel, George Lowther changes the names Jor-L, Kal-L and Lora (Superman's birth mother) to the more modern Jor-El and Lara. According to an interview with Joe Shuster shortly before his death, the name "Clark Kent" was chosen as a combination of the names of two movie stars, Clark Gable and Kent Taylor.[2]

text: Clark grows up on the Kent family farm, slowly discovering that he possesses various superpowers but unaware of his Kryptonian origins. After the deaths of his adoptive parents, Clark decides to use his powers for the benefit of humanity, constructing a stylized costume and moving to the nearby city of Metropolis. Clark begins work as a reporter at the Daily Star newspaper and soon makes his debut as the world's first superhero, Superman.

text: The earliest Superman stories were written by Siegel, and drawn by Shuster in a style heavily influenced by comic strip artist Roy Crane. According to Jules Feiffer, "Shuster represented the best of old-style comic book drawing. His work was direct, unprettied - crude and vigorous; as easy to read as a diagram.... Slickness, thank God, was beyond his means" (Feiffer,The Great Comic Book Heroes, 1965). In the last interview Shuster gave before his death, he explained that he had modeled the visual appearance of Clark Kent on himself and movie star Harold Lloyd, and that of Superman on Douglas Fairbanks Senior. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanne Carter, who would later marry Jerry Siegel after the comic became a success. The skyscape of Metropolis was inspired by that of the city of Toronto, where Shuster had spent most of his childhood, and the newspaper employing Clark Kent, originally the Daily Star, was named after the Toronto Star for which Shuster had been a paperboy. (Mietkewicz, above)

text: With Superman's quick success, the demand for Superman stories exceeded the creator's ability to produce them. Although the stories continued to carry the Siegel and Shuster byline, progressively more of the work was done by assistants in the Siegel and Shuster studio (Les Daniels, Comix: A History of Comic Books in America, 1971). But the use of assistants was not always successful. According to Jules Feiffer, Shuster "could not draw well, but he drew single-mindedly -- no one could ghost that style. It was the man. When assistants began 'improving' the appearance of the strip it went downhill. It looked as though it was being drawn in a bank" (Feiffer, above). One story in which Superman encountered a fictional cartoonist provided a tongue-in-cheek look at how such work was delegated. The story, which purported on the title page to tell "how comic strips are written and drawn", showed a studio filled with "artists -- stacks of them -- figure men, background specialists, inkers, letterers" as well as script-writers, all devoted to the production of stories about a Superman-like character, while the original creator of the strip was to Superman's consternation kept busy answering his fan mail ("King of the Comic Books", Superman no. 25, 1943).

text: In the early stories, Superman is the only science-fiction element. He is described as the champion of the helpless and the oppressed, and he combats real-world social evils: munitions manufacturers, dangerous conditions in mines and a hit-and-run drunk driver (in Superman #1), rigged prize fights and corrupt businessmen (in Superman #2), child abusers and wife beaters (in Superman #3) and crooked cops and politicians (in Superman #7). By 1940, more extraordinary antagonists began to appear in the stories, including giants, mad scientists and dinosaurs. Superman's powers also developed during the 1940s, including vast increases in strength and acquiring the ability to fly — the earliest comics depict Superman able to leap only an eighth of a mile at a time. In Superman (Vol. 1) #61 (1949), Superman finally learns of the existence of Krypton. Superman becomes an honorary member of the Justice Society of America, though he only participates in two capers in the original Golden Age stories (All-Star Comics #8 and #36).

text: In his earliest adventures, Superman is depicted as being grim, strong-willed, and not afraid to take the life of an evildoer. These include examples of beating a robber to death after the thief tries to shoot him. Like the Batman of that era, he prompted a small controversy over comic characters killing. While Batman was toned down in terms of violence, Superman imposed a moral code that he would never take a life of any adversary he faced. During World War Two, Superman was used as a figure of hope for readers in America and soldiers. This was evident in many of the Superman Fleischer Studios animated shorts of the era, in which Superman is helping the Allies win the war and often shown at odds with Japanese spies and German espionage agents.

text: Beginning in the 1940s, Superman's life as a boy is gradually fleshed out. The first Superboy story appears in More Fun Comics #101 (February 1945) but the locale is still not clearly specified though it appears to be a Metropolis neighborhood, and the Kents still do not have names. Superboy is not established as a Smallville resident until Superboy (Vol. 1) #2 (May 1949) and his parents' names, Jonathan and Martha Kent, are not mentioned until Superboy (Vol. 1) #12 in January 1951, twelve years after his debut in Action Comics #1. Other developments in the Superman mythos appear as a result of appearances in other media, including radio and newspaper strips. The Daily Star becomes the Daily Planet — possibly because newspapers called The Daily Star already existed — and Perry White replaces original editor George Taylor in the first episode of the radio serial; a young office boy named Jimmy Olsen joins the cast soon afterward.

text: The Silver Age[edit]

text: Early in the "Silver Age of comic books", as DC was introducing new versions of old heroes, they explained that old versions lived in a parallel dimension they called "Earth-Two". Although Superman had remained in continuous publication and was not explicitly revised for the Silver Age, the various inconsistencies between his original appearance (see Kal-L) and the version depicted in the 1960s were explained the same way. The Superman presented during this period was the Superman of Earth-One.

text: Under the editorship of Mort Weisinger, the 1950s and early 1960s oversaw a major expansion of the character's mythos with such memorable foes as Brainiac and Bizarro appearing, as well as the arrival of his cousin Kara—also known as Supergirl—and the formation of the Justice League of America. Despite this, the 1960s would be a gloomy decade for Superman. Foreshadowing this, in 1959, George Reeves, the actor who had embodied the Man of Steel in the 1950s Adventures of Superman television series allegedly took his own life. Two Superman related pilots, The Adventures of Superpup (1958) and The Adventures of Superboy (1961), failed. In 1966, a lavish Broadway musical entitled It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman premiered with actor Bob Holiday in the title role. Despite generally positive reviews from critics, the musical was a financial failure and ended its run after only 129 performances. In contrast to this, 1966 also saw the arrival of a successful Saturday morning animated series entitled The New Adventures of Superman.

text: Meanwhile, in the comics, by the mid-1960s, Superman was facing more competition for consumer appeal than ever before. Batman had become a marketing bonanza, thanks in part to his own television series, which had much higher production values than the Adventures of Superman television series. Also, a rival company called Marvel Comics had unleashed a myriad of new characters including the Incredible Hulk, the Fantastic Four and Spider-Man whose more sophisticated characterization encouraged more compelling storytelling. Superman remained popular and viable, but he was no longer alone.

text: During the 1940s and 1950s, the Superman mythos gradually added familiar elements firmly established by the late 1950s, such as greater emphasis on the science fiction elements of Superman's world, including his Kryptonian origins as well as an updated version of his origins.

text: In the version that became established by the early 1960s (and memorably summarized at the start of each episode of the 1950s Adventures of Superman television series[3]), Superman is born on Krypton as Kal-El, the son of Jor-El (a leader-scientist) and Lara. When Kal-El is two or three years-old, Jor-El learns that Krypton is doomed to explode. He brings this warning to the Science Council, Krypton's rulers. The Science Council refuses to warn their fellow Kryptonians and forbids Jor-El to do so. Jor-El immediately begins work on a rocket that will allow the whole family to escape the coming disaster; however, events move too quickly, and only a small model is completed by the time of the final quakes. Lara stays by her husband's side rather than accompany Kal-El to Earth so that his ship will have a better chance of surviving the trip. Knowing that Earth's lower gravity and yellow sun will give the boy extraordinary powers, Jor-El launches Kal-El's rocketship toward Earth moments before Krypton explodes.

text: Kal-El's ship lands in a field near the town of Smallville and is discovered by Jonathan and Martha Kent. They name the child Clark after Martha's maiden name. After formally adopting him, the Kents raise him. The Kents discover his amazing powers and train their adopted son to use his powers constructively. At the age of eight, Clark adopts the superhero identity "Superboy" and fights crime, both in the present and in the far future as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes. After his graduation from high school and the death of his adoptive parents, Clark moves to Metropolis to attend Metropolis University. During his junior year, Clark changes his superhero name to "Superman". After graduating with a degree in journalism, Clark is hired by the Daily Planet.

text: The Bronze Age[edit]

text: Despite a changing market, Superman's stories remained similar to those which defined the Silver Age for quite a while. However, by the 1970s, it became apparent that even the Man of Steel needed some polishing. Superman entered the 1970s under famed artist and writer Jack Kirby. Kirby chose to revamp the spin-off title Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen, using it as a platform for his Fourth-World concept. Among the creations first appearing therein was Darkseid, an alien warlord powerful enough to pose a great threat to Superman himself.

text: During this same time period, editor Mort Weisinger was replaced by Julius Schwartz, who wanted to transition Superman to a more modern and realistic form. To this end, Schwartz recruited up-and-coming talents such as writers Dennis O'Neil, Elliot S. Maggin, Cary Bates, and cover artist Neal Adams, as well as veteran Superman artists Curt Swan and Murphy Anderson. This shift was marked by a major storyline entitled Kryptonite Nevermore, written by O'Neil, that significantly lowered Superman's power level and eliminated most of kryptonite on Earth. However, soon after the storyline ended, O'Neil stepped down as writer and both of these changes were eventually reversed.

text: Also Superman's Earth-2 counterpart married the Lois Lane of his world, and new rivals such as Terra-Man and Parasite appeared. In 1978 Superman was released. The film featured groundbreaking special effects and stars such as Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman, but it was the performance of newcomer Christopher Reeve under the direction of Richard Donner that made the film come alive in the eyes of many critics.[citation needed] The film engendered a series of sequels throughout the 1980s. However, the later three sequels proved to be less successful than the first. In 1970, the Galaxy Broadcasting System and its president, Morgan Edge, purchased the Daily Planet, Edge subsequently naming Clark as the lead anchorman for its Metropolis television station, WGBS-TV. Later in the 1970s, childhood friend Lana Lang joins Clark in his newscasts as his fellow co-anchor.

text: After the establishment of DC Comics' Multiverse in the 1960s, it is established retroactively that the Golden Age version of Superman lives on the parallel world of Earth-Two and is named "Kal-L", while his Silver Age/Bronze Age counterpart lives on Earth-One and is named "Kal-El."

text: While the Multiverse allowed for DC Comics to bring the Golden Age stories back into continuity, it also created problems. There had been no break in Superman stories between the Golden and Silver Ages; the character had been published in one ongoing story since his debut. Additionally, DC had dropped the name "Kal-L" in favor of "Kal-El" before the end of the Golden Age. A series of stories in the 1970s establish that the Earth-Two Superman had married his version of Lois Lane in the 1950s (Action Comics #484 (1978)) and had become the editor-in-chief of The Daily Star. In the early 1970s, Kal-L discovers a Kryptonian rocket that contains his cousin, Kara Zor-L. After acclimating to Earth, Kara becomes the superheroine Power Girl. Kal-L also continues to serve with the revived Justice Society; he is revealed as a founding member of the group in the team's origin story in DC Special #29. In the early 1980s, Kal-L is also shown as a member of the All-Star Squadron during World War II.

text: While the comics continued to sell, in 1986, DC Comics decided that Superman and all of their properties needed a vast overhaul.

text: The Modern Age[edit]

text: In a 12-issue, 1985 limited series entitled Crisis on Infinite Earths all of the DC heroes battled an evil being called the Anti-Monitor, resulting in the destruction of most of DC's alternate dimensions. Following this series, the backstories of all of DC's characters were altered and updated. Even Superman got an overhaul in 1986's John Byrne's The Man of Steel. This 1986 reboot brought substantial changes to the character and met huge success at the time, being one of the top-selling books.

text: During Crisis, the various parallel Earths are combined into one, retroactively eliminating some of Earth-Two's heroes from existence. Kal-L, the Earth-Two Superman, his wife Lois Lane of Earth-Two, the Superboy of Earth-Prime and Alexander Luthor, Jr. of Earth-Three, have no reality to call their own, and they enter a "paradise dimension" at the end of the series. Kal-L isn't seen again until the limited series The Kingdom, in which it is revealed that he has found a means of exiting his dimension, but chooses not to do so yet.

text: DC Comics retired the Silver Age version of Superman in 1986, after the publication of Crisis on Infinite Earths. Just before the character's revamp, the Silver Age Superman was given a sendoff in the two-part story Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? published in Superman (Vol. 1) #423 and Action Comics #583, written by Alan Moore with art by Curt Swan. Although the new Modern Age version of Superman is said to have already been active for many years, most previous Superman appearances and elements were rendered out of continuity by John Byrne's The Man of Steel. Later stories such as Superman: Birthright bring many of the Silver Age elements back into continuity.

text: In Byrne's version, Superman came from the planet Krypton which was re-imagined as a cold, sterile world in deep contrast to the wonderworld of the past 48 years. Once Kal-El's rocketship (containing genetic materials and a birthing-matrix which resulted in him being "born" on Earth) reached Earth he was adopted by Martha and Jonathan Kent. Instead of bringing him to an orphanage only to adopt him later, the Kents pretended that he was their own son. In the new version, Clark's powers developed gradually and he never assumed the identity of Superboy, and unlike most pre-existing versions, Ma and Pa Kent survived throughout Clark's adult years and remain important supporting characters in the comics to this day.

text: Also, Superman's powers were scaled down, removing several of his more fantastic abilities in an attempt to make the stories more exciting. Superman's strength and speed were still immense, but there was a feeling of limits to them. In Metropolis, he faced a revised rogues gallery, including a new version of Lex Luthor who was recreated as an evil billionaire and philanthropist.

text: Due perhaps to the elder Kents surviving into Clark's adulthood, another Byrne change was the relationship between Superman and his "normal" alter-ego. In line with the majority of superheroes Byrne put the emphasis on Superman being a disguise for Clark Kent. Previously the theme had been that Kent was a "secret identity" for Superman: in an adventure published in the 1960s, Kent finds himself at a loose end when staff at the Daily Planet go on strike and seriously considers it a chance to try out a new identity in case he has "to abandon [his] Clark Kent role permanently". His options include becoming a full-time policeman or even a mere tramp "whom no one would ever suspect of being the Man of Steel."[4]

text: There was also his relationships with other heroes, most notably Batman. From the 1940s to the 1970s, they had always been depicted as close friends and allies: the "World's Finest". From the 1980s, however, it was depicted it as an edgy and uneasy one: grudging respect and uneasy friendship due to their vast differences. After their first, tension-filled meeting, Batman considers that in "another reality" he and Superman may have been friends.[5]

text: Byrne quit the books a few years later, though his changes became the template for Superman's origin and characterization for almost two decades, most notably, his alterations to Lex Luthor, altering him from a mad scientist to a businessman, and having Ma and Pa Kent kept alive as supporting characters. One of the most notable revisions was the elimination of the Superboy persona from Superman's life, though a new live action television series starring Superboy premiered in 1988. Despite its following, the series has not been seen in North America and most of Europe since 1992, but its first season was released on DVD in 2006. A subsequent live action television show, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, focused on the relationship between Lois Lane and Clark Kent.

text: Superman exiles himself to space for a number of issues after he is forced to execute some Kryptonian criminals from a different dimension.[6] The repercussions of Superman's use of lethal force have been dealt with in several stories by subsequent writers. Clark Kent proposes to Lois Lane and reveals his secret identity; Lane accepts.[7]

text: In 1992, DC Comics published the storyline The Death of Superman, in which Superman battles a monster of then-unknown origins called Doomsday. Both Superman and Doomsday are killed, taking each other down with their final blows. Funeral for a Friend follows The Death of Superman, chronicling Superman's funeral and examines other characters' reactions to the death of the hero.

text: Next, DC published the Reign of the Supermen storyline, during which four different characters — a new Superboy, the cyborg Man of Tomorrow, the brutal Last Son of Krypton and Steel — are introduced as Superman, although none of them actually are. A de-powered Kal-El later surfaces in a Kryptonian battle-suit near the end of Reign of the Supermen. After Steel and Supergirl destroy the battle-suit, Kal-El is revealed as the pilot, wearing a black costume with a silver 'S' shield and long hair. The cyborg allies with Mongul and destroys Coast City. Superman, Superboy, Supergirl, Steel, Hal Jordan and the Eradicator attack the "Engine City" built on top of Coast City, and the united Supermen defeat the Man of Tomorrow, who is exposed as scientist Hank Henshaw. After the Reign of the Supermen storyline, Lois and Clark are reunited. When they eventually marry in the 1996 special Superman: The Wedding Album, it coincided with the marriage of the two characters in the television series Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.

text: The real hero returned; however, the story's aftermath lead to fellow superhero Green Lantern losing his mind and becoming a villain called Parallax. This led to the 1994 limited series Zero Hour which was a sequel-of-sorts to Crisis on Infinite Earths. For a few months after his return from the grave, Superman sported shoulder-length hair, and thus Clark Kent wore a ponytail. Exactly how he was able to grow his hair was never explained.

text: In 1996, Superman (or rather, Clark Kent) finally married Lois Lane, and while they have had their ups and downs as a couple are happily married. That same year, Superman returned to animation in the animated series Superman which was produced by Bruce Timm and Paul Dini of Batman: The Animated Series fame. The series combined elements of both the Pre-and-Post-Crisis versions of the character and featured an all-star cast including Tim Daly as Superman, Dana Delany as Lois Lane, and Clancy Brown as Lex Luthor.

text: Amidst much controversy, in the Superman comics of the late 1990s, Superman loses his traditional powers and transforms into a being of electromagnetic energy(see Superman Red/Superman Blue). In this form, Superman can phase through solid objects, see frequencies of energy, and draw power from electrical sources. In order to maintain physical cohesion in this form, he needs to wear a containment suit. During this time, he is able to transform into the corporeal form of Clark Kent but has no special powers in his human guise.

text: In 2004, DC published an updated version of Superman's origin in the 12-issue limited series Birthright. Written by Mark Waid, Birthright restores some of the pre-Crisis elements eliminated by John Byrne, including an emphasis on alien heritage. The "birthing matrix" is replaced by the more well-known rocketship, with Kal-El leaving Krypton as an infant rather than a fetus. Clark now possesses the ability to see a living being's "aura", and becomes a vegetarian. His 'S' shield is a symbol of hope from his homeworld, and his costume is made from fabrics put in his spaceship during his journey. Lex Luthor is also now a childhood friend in this version. However, due to the Infinite Crisis effects, this origin is no longer valid.

text: In the 2005-2006 Infinite Crisis limited series (the sequel to Crisis on Infinite Earths), the Earth-Two Superman (Kal-L) escapes from the "paradise" dimension with Alexander Luthor, Jr. and Superboy-Prime. Kal-L wants to recreate the universe, which he believes is corrupt, making aspects of Earth-Two predominant, rather than those of Earth-One. He believes this will also save the dying Lois Lane of Earth-Two. Alexander Luthor builds a machine which re-creates Earth-Two, transporting Kal-L and Lois there where Lois revives briefly before collapsing and dying. In grief, Kal-L lashes out at the Earth-One Superman, and the two fight until Wonder Woman arrives and ends their battle.

text: The two Supermen team up to confront Luthor and Superboy-Prime, whose plan to restore the Multiverse will kill billions of people. The pair willingly deplete their powers as they drag Superboy-Prime into Rao, Krypton's red sun, and use the last of their strength to defeat him on Mogo, the sentient Green Lantern planet. Fatally wounded in the battle, Kal-L dies in his cousin Power Girl's arms. He and Lois are buried next to the deceased Superboy.

text: Infinite Crisis Secret Files & Origins 2006 shows that Superboy-Prime is to blame for many continuity errors in the DC Universe. In his attempt to escape reality, his assault on the barrier wall of the paradise dimension alters history, causing revisions of events to occur, especially the Birthright origin. Alexander Luthor, Jr.'s attempts to manipulate the Multiverse result in New Earth, affecting Superman's history further. During the publication of the Infinite Crisis limited series, the majority of DC Comics' superhero line advanced one year. One year later, Superman remains powerless, and Supergirl defends Metropolis. Unburdened by his responsibility to the world, Clark Kent has re-solidified his reputation as a star reporter. Although he manages to weasel his way out of prison, Lex Luthor's reputation is damaged irreparably, partially due to Clark's writing, and his fortune and power over LexCorp, now run by Lana Lang. Under attack, Clark's powers gradually return, and he returns to action. He finds that his sensory powers are enhanced, as are his computational abilities and memory.

text: The Post Modern Age[edit]

text: Birthright[edit]

text: In 2003, DC Comics released a 12-issue limited series entitled Superman: Birthright, written by Mark Waid and penciled by Leinil Francis Yu; this series was a retcon of Superman's post-Crisis origin, replacing Byrne's version, yet using some elements from that version; it also reintroduced various pre-Crisis elements discarded in Byrne's revamp, along with elements that subtly tie into the Smallville television show.[citation needed] Due to the effects of Infinite Crisis, both Birthright and Man of Steel were removed from canon.

text: New Earth[edit]

text: Action Comics #850 (2007) presents the latest revision of Superman's origin, since the history of the DC Universe was reset in Infinite Crisis. The new timeline is indicated to revise the complicated web of origins in a panel which shows a progression of four to five successive versions of Superman that are viewed by Kara Zor-El, clearly aping the art styles of Joe Shuster, Curt Swan, John Byrne, Dan Jurgens and Leinil Francis Yu.

text: Written collaboratively by Kurt Busiek, Fabian Nicieza and Geoff Johns, the new version includes details such as Krypto's presence on Krypton, Jor-El's frustrations with the Council of Krypton refusing to evacuate the planet, Clark's awareness of his adopted status from a young age, having interacted with Lex Luthor at a younger age, Clark not being the direct cause of Lex's baldness, his wearing glasses as far back as his early teens in Smallville, and using his powers to help others at a younger age. The new version also supports the portrayal and aesthetic design of Jor-El, now similar to Marlon Brando's portrayal of the role, and Krypton, as featured in the ongoing Richard Donner co-authored arcs of Action Comics (essentially rendering Krypton closer in style to his and Bryan Singer's shared film continuity), as well as the fitting in with the discovery in The Lightning Saga that Clark was a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes during his adolescence and still retains possession of a Legion flight ring.[8] Superman is established as a founding member of the Justice League in Justice League of America (vol. 2) #0.

text: Ongoing titles[edit]

text: All-Star Superman, launched in 2005, is a limited series under DC's All-Star imprint, written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Frank Quitely. DC claims that this series will "strip down the Man of Steel to his timeless, essential elements". However, the version presented is clearly almost wholly based on the Pre-Crisis Silver Age version of the character, and Morrison has stated this, claiming it to be the Superman that still exists despite being retconned twenty years earlier. The All-Star imprint attempts to retell some of the history of DC's iconic characters, but outside of the strict DC universe continuity.

text: Following the events of Infinite Crisis and the "Up Up and Away!" storyline, the two major Superman titles have followed two major story arcs. Action Comics deals with Superman and wife Lois adopting a Kryptonian child who is revealed to be the child of General Zod. After resolving this arc, Superman has dealt with the return of one of his most dangerous villains, Brainiac which resulted in the arrival of thousands of Kryptonians on Earth and sadly the death of his adoptive father. In New Krypton, the Kryptonians create a new planet, New Krypton, and raise it opposite Earth's place in the solar system. In Superman: World of New Krypton, Superman decides to leave Earth to live among the Kryptonians, hoping to establish peace between humanity and the Kryptonians. The events Last Stand of New Krypton and War of the Supermen devastate New Krypton and cause Superman to battle General Zod. He returns Zod to the Phantom Zone and returns to Earth. In the current Superman: Grounded, Superman walks across the United States of America with the goal of reconnecting with the everyday people he is committed to protect. In the Reign of Doomsday storyline, Superman and his closest allies must defeat the Doomslayer, a mysterious being that seeks to destroy Doomsday and all life on Earth.

text: The New 52[edit]

text: In 2011, DC Comics rebooted its continuity and relaunch its publications with new #1 issue. Changes to Superman includes making him a single man and the deaths of his parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent, which occurred years prior.[9] Superman also wears a ceremonial battle armor that pays tribute to his Kryptonian legacy. The new armor is visually similar to his classic outfit, with the only difference is the lack of the traditional red briefs. In addition, real-life astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson assisted DC Comics in determining that Krypton orbited the red dwarf LHS 2520 in the constellation Corvus 27.1 lightyears from Earth.[10][11][12][13]

text:
Action Comics was originally set five years in the past and details Superman's early adventures as the protector of Metropolis for the first 18 issues and the first annual issue. In this title, Superman wears a shirt with the S symbol, a smaller cape, a pair of jeans and worker boots. A rationale is given later in the title for the acquisition of the battle armor, after which Superman abandons the shirt, focusing into his personal growth as the later, mature Superman.[14] Issues 19-21 focused on a three-part storyline that took place one year before the present and afterwards the series focused on Superman's adventures in the present alongside the main Superman title.
Superman is set in the character's present years and details his current adventures. In this title Clark quits working for the Daily Planet and becomes an independent blogger.[15]

text: This version of Superman also began a relationship with Wonder Woman, a move which attracted media attention due to Superman's long-standing relationship with Lois Lane in all previous incarnations of the character, with the exception of non-canon stories, which took place in DC's Elseworlds imprint. Superman is also depicted as a founding member of the Justice League. DC released Superman/Wonder Woman comic series in 2013, which focus on them as a couple.[16][17] Geoff Johns revealed that Superman and Wonder Woman's relationship will end badly. Later on during the Truth storyline, Superman ended the relationship out of frustration with the loss of his powers and doubts about the two's compatibility.[18] A third Superman book, Superman Unchained, was released in June 2013 to coincide with the release of the new Superman movie, Man of Steel. It is written by Scott Snyder and drawn by Jim Lee. The book concluded publication in November 2014. In February 2015, due to Clark exposing to the world his secret identity, Superman will receive a new power and a new outfit, starting in Superman #38, by Geoff Johns and John Romita, Jr.[19] This version of Superman is eventually killed in Superman #52.

text: Convergence[edit]

text: In the miniseries Convergence, which featured the pre-Flashpoint Superman and Lois Lane, with the couple expecting a baby.[20][21][22][23] Convergence also shows the birth of their son, Jonathan Samuel Kent.[24] Following the events, in the mini-series Superman: Lois & Clark, they would settled in The New 52 reality, under the alias of Clark and Lois White, and witness the events revolving the alternate versions of themselves and the former's enemies.[25] They would later appear as part of the final issues for the New 52 Action Comics and Superman series, where in the end the New 52 Superman would pass the torch to his predecessor just before he died.

text: DC Rebirth[edit]

text: In June 2016, DC Comics relaunched its entire line of comic books series with DC Rebirth including both the Action Comics and Superman series. The Superman of the "New 52" reality lives with his wife Lois Lane of his reality and their biological son Jonathan Kent. This Superman wears a costume similar in style to the Superman outfit in the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016).[26][27]

text: The story arc Superman Reborn smooths over the discrepancies between the two versions of the character. According to Mr. Mxyzptlk, the creation of the New 52 caused Superman to be separated into two people: the New 52 character that served as the protagonist of the Superman books in 2011-2015 and the pre-Flashpoint character that took part in the Convergence event and sired Jon. Thanks to Jon, the new Superboy, the two Supermen merge into one complete version of Superman, rearraging their shared histories and accommodating them into the restored DC Universe. This complete Superman features a new suit that combines elements from the two eras.[28][29] To celebrate the release of Issue 1,000 for Action Comics which was released on April 18, 2018, Superman was returned to his original Pre-New 52 costume.[30].


document_title: Committed relationship

question_text: what does it mean to be committed in a relationship

text: Committed relationship

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tag: table

text: A committed relationship is an interpersonal relationship based upon a mutually agreed-upon commitment to one another involving love, trust, honesty, openness, or some other agreed-upon behavior. Forms of committed relationships are: close friendship, long-term relationships (LTR), engagement, marriage, and civil unions. The term is most commonly used with informal relationships, such as "going steady," but may encompass any relationship where an expressed commitment is involved.

text: Terms related to committed relationship include:

text:
monogamy: having a single long-term sexual partner
commitment marriage: a non-legal marriage binding two people together with the use of a traditional wedding ring opposed to legal documents
marriage: a legal and social binding between two people that stretches beyond the boundaries of a committed relationship.[1]
Female-led relationship: committed relationship where the principle partner is the woman and led by the woman; a matriarchal, female-centric, role-reversed relationship away from the former traditional patriarchal, male-centric relationship
sexual infidelity: having a sexual relationship without a commitment to have no other sexual partners
sexual fidelity: not having other sexual partners other than one's committed partner, even temporarily
serial monogamy: having a series of monogamous relationships, one after the other
open relationship: a commitment to a partner without excluding other romantic or sexual involvement
polygamy: having multiple long-term sexual partners
polyandry: having multiple long-term male sexual partners
polygyny: having multiple long-term female sexual partners
polyamory: encompasses a wide range of relationships, including those above: polyamorous relationships may include both committed and casual relationships
promiscuity: having casual sexual partners at will (compare with chastity)
relationship anarchy (or relationship activism): having relationships that do not need to be guided by any predetermined rules or norms, but rather can be developed as an agreement between those involved.