document_title: International Bank Account Number

question_text: how many number are in a bank account number

text: International Bank Account Number

text: Background[edit]

text: Before IBAN, differing national standards for bank account identification (i.e. bank, branch, routing codes, and account number) were confusing for some users. This often led to necessary routing information being missing from payments. Routing information as specified by ISO 9362 (also known as Business Identifier Codes (BIC code), SWIFT ID or SWIFT code, and SWIFT-BIC) does not require a specific format for the transaction so the identification of accounts and transaction types is left to agreements of the transaction partners. It also does not contain check digits, so errors of transcription were not detectable and it was not possible for a sending bank to validate the routing information prior to submitting the payment. Routing errors caused delayed payments and incurred extra costs to the sending and receiving banks and often to intermediate routing banks.[2]

text: In 1997, to overcome these difficulties, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 13616:1997.[3] This proposal had a degree of flexibility, which the European Committee for Banking Standards (ECBS) believed would make it unworkable, and they produced a "slimmed down" version of the standard which, amongst other things, permitted only upper-case letters and required that the IBAN for each country have a fixed length.[4] ISO 13616:1997 was subsequently withdrawn and replaced by ISO 13616:2003.[3] The standard was revised again in 2007 when it was split into two parts. ISO 13616-1:2007 "specifies the elements of an international bank account number (IBAN) used to facilitate the processing of data internationally in data interchange, in financial environments as well as within and between other industries" but "does not specify internal procedures, file organization techniques, storage media, languages, etc. to be used in its implementation".[5] ISO 13616-2:2007 describes "the Registration Authority (RA) responsible for the registry of IBAN formats that are compliant with ISO 13616-1 [and] the procedures for registering ISO 13616-compliant IBAN formats".[6] The official IBAN registrar under ISO 13616-2:2007 is SWIFT.[7]

text: IBAN imposes a flexible but regular format sufficient for account identification and contains validation information to avoid errors of transcription. It carries all the routing information needed to get a payment from one bank to another wherever it may be; it contains key bank account details such as country code, branch codes (known as sort codes in the UK and Ireland) and account numbers, and it contains check digits which can be validated at source according to a single standard procedure.[8] Where used, IBANs have reduced trans-national money transfer errors to under 0.1% of total payments.

text: Structure[edit]

text: The IBAN consists of up to 34 alphanumeric characters, as follows:

text:
country code using ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 – two letters,
check digits – two digits, and
Basic Bank Account Number (BBAN) – up to 30 alphanumeric characters that are country-specific.[1]

tag: ul

text: The check digits enable a sanity check of the bank account number to confirm its integrity before submitting a transaction.

text: The IBAN should not contain spaces when transmitted electronically. When printed it is expressed in groups of four characters separated by a single space, the last group being of variable length as shown in the example below:[1]

text:
Country
IBAN formatting example

Germany
DE44 5001 0517 5407 3249 31

Greece
GR16 0110 1250 0000 0001 2300 695

United Kingdom
GB29 NWBK 6016 1331 9268 19

Saudi Arabia
SA03 8000 0000 6080 1016 7519

Switzerland
CH93 0076 2011 6238 5295 7

Romania
RO33 0006 1005 1978 6457 8413 26

text: Permitted IBAN characters are the digits 0 to 9 and the 26 upper-case Latin alphabetic characters A to Z.[9] This applies even in countries (e.g., Thailand) where these characters are not used in the national language.

text: Basic Bank Account Number[edit]

text: The Basic Bank Account Number (BBAN) format is decided by the national central bank or designated payment authority of each country. There is no consistency between the formats adopted. The national authority may register its BBAN format with SWIFT, but is not obliged to do so. It may adopt IBAN without registration. SWIFT also acts as the registration authority for the SWIFT system, which is used by most countries that have not adopted IBAN. A major difference between the two systems is that under SWIFT there is no requirement that BBANs used within a country be of a pre-defined length.

text: The BBAN must be of a fixed length for the country and comprise case-insensitive alphanumeric characters. It includes the domestic bank account number, branch identifier, and potential routing information. Each country can have a different national routing/account numbering system, up to a maximum of 30 alphanumeric characters.

text: Check digits[edit]

text: The check digits enable the sending bank (or its customer) to perform a sanity check of the routing destination and account number from a single string of data at the time of data entry.[4] This check is guaranteed to detect any instances where a single character has been omitted, duplicated, mistyped or where two characters have been transposed. Thus routing and account number errors are virtually eliminated.[9]

text: Processing[edit]

text: This article or section appears to contradict itself on the range of check digits. This section implies 00 to 96, the section below says 02 to 98.. Please see the talk page for more information. (June 2016)

text: One of the design aims of the IBAN was to enable as much validation as possible to be done at the point of data entry.[10] In particular, the computer program that accepts an IBAN will be able to validate:

text:
Country code
Number of characters in the IBAN correspond to the number specified for the country code
BBAN format specified for the country code
Account number, bank code and country code combination is compatible with the check digits

text: The check digits are calculated using MOD-97-10 as per ISO/IEC 7064:2003[9] (abbreviated to mod-97 in this article), which specifies a set of check character systems capable of protecting strings against errors which occur when people copy or key data. In particular, the standard states that the following can be detected:

text:
All single substitution errors (the substitution of a single character for another, for example 4234 for 1234)
All or nearly all single (local) transposition errors (the transposition of two single characters, either adjacent or with one character between them, for example 12354 or 12543 for 12345)
All or nearly all shift errors (shifts of the whole string to the left or right)
High proportion of double substitution errors (two separate single substitution errors in the same string, for example 7234587 for 1234567)
High proportion of all other errors

text: The underlying rules for IBANs is that the account-servicing financial institution should issue an IBAN, as there are a number of areas where different IBANs could be generated from the same account and branch numbers that would satisfy the generic IBAN validation rules. In particular cases where 00 is a valid check digit, 97 will not be a valid check digit, likewise, if 01 is a valid check digit, 98 will not be a valid check digit, similarly with 02 and 99.

text: The UN CEFACT TBG5 has published a free IBAN validation service in 32 languages for all 57 countries[needs update] that have adopted the IBAN standard.[11] They have also published the Javascript source code of the verification algorithm.[12]

text: An English language IBAN checker for ECBS member country bank accounts is available on its website.[13]

text: Algorithms[edit]

text: Validating the IBAN[edit]

text: An IBAN is validated by converting it into an integer and performing a basic mod-97 operation (as described in ISO 7064) on it. If the IBAN is valid, the remainder equals 1.[Note 1] The algorithm of IBAN validation is as follows:[8]

text:
Check that the total IBAN length is correct as per the country. If not, the IBAN is invalid
Move the four initial characters to the end of the string
Replace each letter in the string with two digits, thereby expanding the string, where A = 10, B = 11, ..., Z = 35
Interpret the string as a decimal integer and compute the remainder of that number on division by 97

text: If the remainder is 1, the check digit test is passed and the IBAN might be valid.

text: Example (fictitious United Kingdom bank, sort code 12-34-56, account number 98765432):

text:
• IBAN:

GB82 WEST 1234 5698 7654 32

• Rearrange:

W E S T12345698765432 G B82

• Convert to integer:

3214282912345698765432161182

• Compute remainder:

3214282912345698765432161182
mod 97 = 1

text: Generating IBAN check digits[edit]

text: According to the ECBS "generation of the IBAN shall be the exclusive responsibility of the bank/branch servicing the account".[8] The ECBS document replicates part of the ISO/IEC 7064:2003 standard as a method for generating check digits in the range 02 to 98. Check digits in the ranges 00 to 96, 01 to 97, and 03 to 99 will also provide validation of an IBAN, but the standard is silent as to whether or not these ranges may be used.

text: The preferred algorithm is:[8]

text:
Check that the total IBAN length is correct as per the country. If not, the IBAN is invalid.
Replace the two check digits by 00 (e.g., GB00 for the UK).
Move the four initial characters to the end of the string.
Replace the letters in the string with digits, expanding the string as necessary, such that A or a = 10, B or b = 11, and Z or z = 35. Each alphabetic character is therefore replaced by 2 digits
Convert the string to an integer (i.e. ignore leading zeroes).
Calculate mod-97 of the new number, which results in the remainder.
Subtract the remainder from 98, and use the result for the two check digits. If the result is a single digit number, pad it with a leading 0 to make a two-digit number.

text: Modulo operation on IBAN[edit]

text: Any computer programming language or software package that is used to compute D mod 97 directly must have the ability to handle integers of more than 30 digits. In practice, this can only be done by software that either supports arbitrary-precision arithmetic or that can handle 220 bit (unsigned) integers,[Note 2] features that are often not standard. If the application software in use does not provide the ability to handle integers of this size, the modulo operation can be performed in a piece-wise manner (as is the case with the UN CEFACT TBG5 Javascript program).

text: Piece-wise calculation D mod 97 can be done in many ways. One such way is as follows:[14]

text:
Starting from the leftmost digit of D, construct a number using the first 9 digits and call it N.[Note 3]
Calculate N mod 97.
Construct a new 9-digit N by concatenating above result (step 2) with the next 7 digits of D. If there are fewer than 7 digits remaining in D but at least one, then construct a new N, which will have less than 9 digits, from the above result (step 2) followed by the remaining digits of D
Repeat steps 2–3 until all the digits of D have been processed

text: The result of the final calculation in step 2 will be D mod 97 = N mod 97.

text: Example[edit]

text: In this example, the above algorithm for D mod 97 will be applied to D = 3214282912345698765432161182. (The digits are colour-coded to aid the description below.) If the result is one, the IBAN corresponding to D passes the check digit test.

text:
Construct N from the first 9 digits of D

N = 321428291

Calculate N mod 97 = 70
Construct a new 9-digit N from the above result (step 2) followed by the next 7 digits of D.

N = 702345698

Calculate N mod 97 = 29
Construct a new 9-digit N from the above result (step 4) followed by the next 7 digits of D.

N = 297654321

Calculate N mod 97 = 24
Construct a new N from the above result (step 6) followed by the remaining 5 digits of D.

N = 2461182

Calculate N mod 97 = 1

text: From step 8, the final result is D mod 97 = 1 and the IBAN has passed this check digit test.

text: Adoption[edit]

text: International bank transactions use either an IBAN or the ISO 9362 Business Identifier Code system (BIC or SWIFT code) in conjunction with the BBAN (Basic Bank Account Number).

text: EEA and territories[edit]

text: The banks of most countries in Europe publish account numbers using both the IBAN format and the nationally recognised identifiers, this being mandatory within the European Economic Area.[15]

text: Day-to-day administration of banking in British Overseas Territories varies from territory to territory — some, such as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, have too small a population to warrant a banking system while others, such as Bermuda, have a thriving financial sector.[16] The use of the IBAN is up to the local government — Gibraltar, being part of the European Union is required to use the IBAN,[15] as are the Crown dependencies, which use the British clearing system[17] and the British Virgin Islands have chosen to do so. As of April 2013[update], no other British Overseas Territories have chosen to use the IBAN.[1] Banks in the Caribbean Netherlands also do not use the IBAN.

text: Single Euro Payments Area[edit]

text: The IBAN designation scheme was chosen as the foundation for electronic straight-through processing in the European Economic Area. The European Parliament mandated that a bank charge needs to be the same amount for domestic credit transfers as for cross-border credit transfers regulated in decision 2560/2001 (updated in 924/2009).[15] This regulation took effect in 2003. Only payments in euro up to €12,500 to a bank account designated by its IBAN were covered by the regulation.

text: The Euro Payments regulation has been the foundation for the decision to create a Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). The European Central Bank has created the TARGET2 interbank network that unifies the technical infrastructure of the 26 central banks of the European Union (although Sweden and the UK have opted-out). SEPA is a self-regulatory initiative by the banking sector of Europe as represented in the European Payments Council (EPC). The European Union made the scheme mandatory through the Payment Services Directive published in 2007. Since January 2008, all countries must support SEPA credit transfer, and SEPA direct debit must be supported since November 2009. The regulation on SEPA payments increases the charge cap (same price for domestic payments as for cross-border payments) to €50,000.

text: With a further decision of the European Parliament, the IBAN scheme for bank accounts fully replaced the domestic numbering schemes from 31 December 2012.[18] On 16 December 2010, the European Commission published proposed regulations that will make IBAN support mandatory for domestic credit transfer by 2013 and for domestic direct debit by 2014 (with a 12 and 24 months transition period respectively).[19] Some countries have already replaced their traditional bank account scheme by IBAN. This includes Switzerland where IBAN was introduced for national credit transfer on 1 January 2006 and the support for the old bank account numbers has not been required from 1 January 2010.[20]

text: Based on a 20 December 2011 memorandum,[21] the EU parliament resolved the mandatory dates for the adoption of the IBAN on 14 February 2012.[22] From 1 February 2014, all national systems for credit transfer and direct debit must be abolished and replaced by an IBAN-based system.[22] This will be extended to all cross-border SEPA transactions from 1 February 2016 (Article 5 Section 7).[22] After these dates the IBAN will be sufficient to identify an account for home and foreign financial transactions in SEPA countries and banks will no longer be permitted to require that the customer supply the BIC for the beneficiary's bank.

text: In the run-up to the 1 February 2014 deadline, it became apparent that many old bank account numbers had not been allocated IBANs—an issue that has to be addressed on a country-by-country basis. In Germany, for example, the German Federal Bank and the German Banking Industry Committee require that all holders of German bank codes ("Bankleitzahl") publish the specifics of their IBAN generation format taking into account not only the generation of check digits but also the handling of legacy bank codes, thereby enabling third parties to generate IBANs independently of the bank.[23] The first such catalogue was published in June 2013 as a variant of the old bank code catalog ("Bankleitzahlendatei").[24]

text: Non-EEA[edit]

text: Banks in numerous non-European countries including most states of the Middle East, North Africa and the Caribbean have implemented the IBAN format for account identification.[1] In some countries the IBAN is used on an ad hoc basis, an example being Ukraine where account numbers used for international transfers of four of the national banks have additional aliases that follow the IBAN format as a precursor to formal SWIFT registration.[25]

text: The degree to which bank verifies the validity of a recipient's bank account number depends of the configuration of the transmitting bank's software—many major software packages supply bank account validation as a standard function.[26] Some banks outside Europe may not recognize IBAN, though this is expected to diminish with time. Non-European banks usually accept IBANs for accounts in Europe, although they might not treat IBANs differently from other foreign bank account numbers. In particular, they might not check the IBAN's validity prior to sending the transfer.[27]

text: Banks in the United States do not use IBAN as account numbers for U.S. accounts.[28] Any adoption of the IBAN standard by U.S. banks would likely be initiated by ANSI ASC X9, the U.S. financial services standards development organization: a working group (WGAB20) was established as an X9 subcommittee to generate an IBAN construction for U.S. bank accounts.[29]

text: Canadian financial institutions have not adopted IBAN and use bank transit numbers issued by the Canadian Payments Association for domestic transfers, and SWIFT for international transfers. There is no formal governmental or private sector regulatory requirement in Canada for the major banks to use IBAN.

text: Australia and New Zealand do not use IBAN. They use Bank State Branch codes for domestic transfers and SWIFT for international transfers.[30]

text: IBAN formats by country[edit]

text: This table summarises the IBAN formats by country:[1]

text:
The kk after the two-character ISO country code represents the check digits calculated from the rest of the IBAN characters. If it is a constant for the country concerned, this will be stated in the Comments column. This happens where the BBAN has its own check digits that use the same algorithm as the IBAN check digits
The BBAN format column shows the format of the BBAN part of an IBAN in terms of upper case alpha characters (A–Z) denoted by "a", numeric characters (0–9) denoted by "n" and mixed case alphanumeric characters (a–z, A–Z, 0–9) denoted by "c". For example, the Bulgarian BBAN (4a,6n,8c) consists of 4 alpha characters, followed by 6 numeric characters, then by 8 mixed-case alpha-numeric characters
Descriptions in the Comments field have been standardised with country specific names in brackets. The format of the various fields can be deduced from the BBAN field
Countries that are planning to introduce the IBAN are shown in italics with the planned date of introduction in bold

text:
Country
Chars
BBAN Format
IBAN Fields
Comment

Albania
28
8n,16c
ALkk bbbs sssx cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
x = National check digit
c = Account number

Andorra
24
8n,12c
ADkk bbbb ssss cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number

Austria
20
16n
ATkk bbbb bccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Azerbaijan
28
4c,20n
AZkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Bahrain
22
4a,14c
BHkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Belarus
July 4, 2017[31]
28
4c, 20n
BYkk bbbb aaaa cccc cccc cccc cccc
b - National bank or branch code
a - Balance account number
c - Account number

Belgium
16
12n
BEkk bbbc cccc ccxx
b = National bank code
c = Account number
x = National check digits

Bosnia and Herzegovina
20
16n
BAkk bbbs sscc cccc ccxx
k = IBAN check digits (always 39)
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number
x = National check digits

Brazil
29
23n,1a,1c
BRkk bbbb bbbb ssss sccc cccc ccct n
k = IBAN check digits (Calculated by MOD 97-10)
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number
t = Account type (Cheque account, Savings account etc.)
n = Owner account number ("1", "2" etc.)[32]

Bulgaria
22
4a,6n,8c
BGkk bbbb ssss ttcc cccc cc
b = BIC bank code
s = Branch (BAE) number
t = Account type
c = Account number

Costa Rica
22
18n
CRkk 0bbb cccc cccc cccc cc
0= always zero
b = bank code
c = Account number

Croatia
21
17n
HRkk bbbb bbbc cccc cccc c
b = Bank code
c = Account number

Cyprus
28
8n,16c
CYkk bbbs ssss cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number

Czech Republic
24
20n
CZkk bbbb ssss sscc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Account number prefix
c = Account number

Denmark
18
14n
DKkk bbbb cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Dominican Republic
28
4a,20n
DOkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = Bank identifier
c = Account number

East Timor
23
19n
TLkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc cxx
k = IBAN check digits (always = "38")
b = Bank identifier
c = Account number
x = National check digit

Estonia
20
16n
EEkk bbss cccc cccc cccx
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number
x = National check digit

Faroe Islands[Note 4]
18
14n
FOkk bbbb cccc cccc cx
b = National bank code
c = Account number
x = National check digit

Finland
18
14n
FIkk bbbb bbcc cccc cx
b = Bank and branch code
c = Account number
x = National check digit

France[Note 5]
27
10n,11c,2n
FRkk bbbb bsss sscc cccc cccc cxx
b = National bank code
s = Branch code (fr:code guichet)
c = Account number
x = National check digits (fr:clé RIB)

Georgia
22
2c,16n
GEkk bbcc cccc cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Germany
22
18n
DEkk bbbb bbbb cccc cccc cc
b = Bank and branch identifier (de:Bankleitzahl or BLZ)
c = Account number

Gibraltar
23
4a,15c
GIkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc ccc
b = BIC bank code
c = Account number

Greece
27
7n,16c
GRkk bbbs sssc cccc cccc cccc ccc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number

Greenland[Note 4]
18
14n
GLkk bbbb cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Guatemala [33]
28
4c,20c
GTkk bbbb mmtt cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number
m = Currency
t = Account type

Hungary
28
24n
HUkk bbbs sssx cccc cccc cccc cccx
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number
x = National check digit

Iceland
26
22n
ISkk bbbb sscc cccc iiii iiii ii
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number
i = holder's kennitala (national identification number).

Ireland
22
4c,14n
IEkk aaaa bbbb bbcc cccc cc
a = BIC bank code
b = Bank/branch code (sort code)
c = Account number

Israel
23
19n
ILkk bbbn nncc cccc cccc ccc
b = National bank code
n = Branch number
c = Account number 13 digits (padded with zeros)

Italy
27
1a,10n,12c
ITkk xbbb bbss sssc cccc cccc ccc
x = Check char (CIN)
b = National bank code (Associazione Bancaria Italiana or Codice ABI)
s = Branch code (it:Coordinate bancarie or CAB – Codice d'Avviamento Bancario)
c = Account number

Jordan[34]
30
4a,22n
JOkk bbbb ssss cccc cccc cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number

Kazakhstan
20
3n,13c
KZkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Kosovo
20
4n,10n,2n
XKkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Kuwait
30
4a,22c
KWkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
c = Account number.

Latvia
21
4a,13c
LVkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc c
b = BIC Bank code
c = Account number

Lebanon
28
4n,20c
LBkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Liechtenstein
21
5n,12c
LIkk bbbb bccc cccc cccc c
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Lithuania
20
16n
LTkk bbbb bccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Luxembourg
20
3n,13c
LUkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Macedonia
19
3n,10c,2n
MKkk bbbc cccc cccc cxx
k = IBAN check digits (always = "07")
b = National bank code
c = Account number
x = National check digits

Malta
31
4a,5n,18c
MTkk bbbb ssss sccc cccc cccc cccc ccc
b = BIC bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number

Mauritania
27
23n
MRkk bbbb bsss sscc cccc cccc cxx
k = IBAN check digits (always 13)
b = National bank code
s = Branch code (fr:code guichet)
c = Account number
x = National check digits (fr:clé RIB)

Mauritius
30
4a,19n,3a
MUkk bbbb bbss cccc cccc cccc 000m mm
b = National bank code
s = Branch identifier
c = Account number
0 = Zeroes
m = Currency Symbol

Monaco
27
10n,11c,2n
MCkk bbbb bsss sscc cccc cccc cxx
b = National bank code
s = Branch code (fr:code guichet)
c = Account number
x = National check digits (fr:clé RIB).

Moldova
24
2c,18c
MDkk bbcc cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Montenegro
22
18n
MEkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc xx
k = IBAN check digits (always = "25")
b = Bank code
c = Account number
x = National check digits

Netherlands[Note 6]
18
4a,10n
NLkk bbbb cccc cccc cc
b = BIC Bank code
c = Account number

Norway
15
11n
NOkk bbbb cccc ccx
b = National bank code
c = Account number
x = Modulo-11 national check digit

Pakistan
24
4c,16n
PKkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Palestinian territories
29
4c,21n
PSkk bbbb xxxx xxxx xccc cccc cccc c
b = National bank code
c = Account number
x = Not specified

Poland
28
24n
PLkk bbbs sssx cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
x = National check digit
c = Account number,

Portugal
25
21n
PTkk bbbb ssss cccc cccc cccx x
k = IBAN check digits (always = "50")
b = National bank code (numeric only)
s = Branch code (numeric only)
c = Account number (numeric only)
x = National check digits (numeric only)

Qatar
29
4a,21c
QAkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc c
b = National bank code
c = Account number[35]

Romania
24
4a,16c
ROkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = BIC Bank code (first four alpha characters)
c = Branch code and account number (bank-specific format)

San Marino
27
1a,10n,12c
SMkk xbbb bbss sssc cccc cccc ccc
x = Check char (it:CIN)
b = National bank code (it:Associazione bancaria italiana or Codice ABI)
s = Branch code (it:Coordinate bancarie or CAB – Codice d'Avviamento Bancario)
c = Account number

Saudi Arabia
24
2n,18c
SAkk bbcc cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number preceded by zeros, if required

Serbia
22
18n
RSkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc xx
b = National bank code (always = "35")
c = Account number
x = Account check digits

Slovakia
24
20n
SKkk bbbb ssss sscc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Account number prefix
c = Account number

Slovenia
19
15n
SIkk bbss sccc cccc cxx
k = IBAN check digits (always = "56")
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number
x = National check digits

Spain
24
20n
ESkk bbbb ssss xxcc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
x = Check digits
c = Account number

Sweden
24
20n
SEkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Switzerland
21
5n,12c
CHkk bbbb bccc cccc cccc c
b = National bank code
c = Account number

Tunisia
24
20n
TNkk bbss sccc cccc cccc cccc
k = IBAN check digits (always 59)
b = National bank code
s = Branch code
c = Account number

Turkey
26
5n,17c
TRkk bbbb bxcc cccc cccc cccc cc
b = National bank code
x = Reserved for future use (currently "0")
c = Account number

United Arab Emirates
23
3n,16n
AEkk bbbc cccc cccc cccc ccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

United Kingdom[Note 7]
22
4a,14n
GBkk bbbb ssss sscc cccc cc
b = BIC bank code
s = Bank and branch code (sort code)
c = Account number

Virgin Islands, British
24
4c,16n
VGkk bbbb cccc cccc cccc cccc
b = National bank code
c = Account number

text: In addition to the above list, Nordea has catalogued IBANs for countries listed below.[36]

text: In this list

text:
"kk" represent the IBAN checksum
"a" represents an alphabetic character
"n" represents a numeric character
"b" represents a bank code character
"c" represents an account digit.
"0" represents a "0" character.

text:
Country
Chars
Example
Comments

Algeria
24
DZkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Angola
25
AOkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn n

Benin
28
BJkk annn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Burkina Faso
28
BFkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Burundi
16
BIkk nnnn nnnn nnnn

Cameroon
27
CMkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn

Cape Verde
25
CVkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn n

Iran
26
IRkk 0bb0 nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nn

Ivory Coast
28
CIkk annn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Madagascar
27
MGkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn
this format is identical to the French format

Mali
28
MLkk annn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Mozambique
25
MZkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn n

Senegal
28
SNkk annn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Ukraine
29
UAkk bbbb bbcc cccc cccc cccc cccc c

text: Addition list of countries, in the process of introducing the IBAN retrieved from SWIFT partner website are listed below.[37]

text: In this list

text:
Country
Chars
Example

Comoros
27
KMkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn

Chad
27
TDkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn

Congo
27
CGkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn

Egypt
27
EGkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn

Gabon
27
GAkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnn

Honduras
28
HNkk aaaa nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Morocco
28
MAkk nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Nicaragua
32
NIkk aaaa nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Niger
28
NEkk aann nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

Togo
28
TGkk aann nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnn

text: Criticism[edit]

text: There is criticism about the length and readability of IBAN. Printed on paper the IBAN is often difficult to read. Therefore, it is popular to group the IBAN with four symbols. However, for electronic documents (e.g. PDF invoice) the copy and paste of grouped IBAN can result in errors with online banking forms. Only a few[citation needed] user friendly bank institutes allow and detect the copy and paste of both grouped and ungrouped IBAN.


document_title: Brenda's Got a Baby

question_text: who played brenda in tupac brenda had a baby

root

text: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac.

tag: p

text: The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that she has had virtually no education, and calls this a "damn shame" because she has little hope of a future. Her family is very poor and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that her family wouldn't care if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance.

text: Although she believes that her cousin (her baby's father) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth on the bathroom floor. She throws the baby into a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears it crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home.

text:
Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of her parents, her cousin, and the baby are left unexplained. The song's final minute consists of a chorus singing "Don't you know she's got a baby?" repeatedly. The beginning of the song can be heard in The Game's song "Street Riders"
2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called "Mama's Just a Little Girl". The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and "Brenda" and then the actual story starts. Ethel "Edy" Proctor portrays Brenda.

text: The video begins with "based on a true story," although the characters themselves are fictitious, Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a 12-year-old girl getting pregnant by her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can.

text: Parts of the video were included in Tupac: Resurrection, a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of "Ghetto Gospel", in the music video of "Changes" and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, All Eyez on Me, released on June 16, 2017.

text: The video was directed by the Hughes brothers.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1991)

Peakposition

US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[2]

7

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[3]

23

tag: table


document_title: Back in the Saddle Again

question_text: who sings i'm back in the saddle again

question_tokens: who sings i 'm back in the saddle again

text: Back in the Saddle Again

text: History[edit]

text: Although the song has long been associated with Gene Autry, the original version of "Back in the Saddle Again" was written by Ray Whitley for the film Border G-Man (RKO Pictures, June 24, 1938) starring George O'Brian, Laraine Day, and Ray Whitley in which Ray Whitley and his Six Bar Cowboys sang the song. As Ray Whitley's Rangers, Whitley recorded the song for Decca Records on 26 October 1938, matrix number 64701, issued as Decca 5628 backed with "On the Painted Desert", matrix number 64703.

text: Gene Autry liked the song and together with Whitley revised it and recorded it in April 1939, then performed "Back in the Saddle Again" on film in Rovin' Tumbleweeds (Republic Pictures, November 16 1939), and introduced it as his theme song for Gene Autry's Melody Ranch which premiered over the CBS Radio Network on January 7, 1940 where the show ran until 1956. The song also became the title song for the Autry film Back in the Saddle (Republic Pictures, March 14, 1941).

text: Gene Autry recorded "Back in the Saddle Again" for the first time on April 18, 1939 in Los Angeles for Columbia Record Corporation, matrix number LA 1865, which was originally issued on Vocalion 05080.[4][5] LA 1865 also issued on the Conqueror, OKeh, and Columbia  labels. Early Vocalion and Conqueror labels say "BACK TO THE SADDLE". Conqueror was a private label for Sears. In the U.K. markets LA 1865 issued on the EMI Regal Zonophone label. Gene Autry later made two additional commercial recordings of the song, both for Columbia. Matrix number HCO 1707 recorded on February 13, 1946 issued on the Columbia label. Matrix number RHCO 10195 recorded on June 19, 1952 also issued on Columbia.[5] The matrix number is found in the run-out groove area of the record and is often also shown on the record label. The prefix indicates the facility where the recording was made. Often there are several takes for a recording. The matrix number in the run-out area may also include a suffix to identify the take used for the issue.

text: In addition to being used as the theme for Autry's radio program, Gene Autry's Melody Ranch[6], "Back in the Saddle Again" was also used for The Gene Autry Show on television[7][8][9] as well as for personal appearances.

text: The 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle included "Back in the Saddle Again" as one of "a number of standards" heard in its soundtrack.[10]

text: Honors[edit]

text:
Autry's 1939 recording of "Back in the Saddle Again" became his second gold record.[11]
In 1997, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[12]
In 2001, a group of voters selected by the RIAA ranked "Back in the Saddle Again" the 98th best song of the Twentieth Century.
In 2010 Slim Whitman released the track on his Twilight on the Trail album.

text: Discography[edit]

text: 78rpm commercial phonograph recordings and issues of "Back in the Saddle Again"

text:
Session Date
Matrix No.
 Artist
Label and Issue Number

26 Oct 1938
64701
Ray Whitley's Rangers
Decca 5628

18 Apr 1939
LA 1865
Gene Autry
Vocalion 05080, OKeh 05080, Conqueror 9341, 9544, Columbia 20036, 37010

25 Feb 1942
DLA 2914
Eddie Dean
Decca 6034

13 Feb 1946
HCO 1707
Gene Autry
Columbia 20084, 37183 (included in Columbia Set C 120 Gene Autry's Western Classics), Columbia Hall of Fame 52026

19 Jun 1952
RHCO 10195
Gene Autry with Carl Cotner's Orchestra and the Cass County Boys
MJV-148, 90168-V

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 9 - Tennessee Firebird: American country music before and after Elvis. [Part 1]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.

Jump up ^ Autry, Gene with Herskowitz, Mickey. (1978). Back in the Saddle Again. Doubleday & Company, Inc. ISBN 038503234X

Jump up ^  Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.

Jump up ^ Cusic, Don (2007). Gene Autry: His Life and Career. McFarland. p. 84. ISBN 9780786430611. Retrieved 3 December 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Stan, "Gene Autry Discography", 1971

Jump up ^ French, Jack & Siegel, David S. (eds.) (2014). "Radio Rides the Range: A Reference Guide to Western Drama on the Air, 1929-1967. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7146-1. Pp. 77-78.

Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present. Random House Publishing Group. p. 521. ISBN 9780307483201. Retrieved 3 December 2016.

Jump up ^ Terrace, Vincent (2013). Television Introductions: Narrated TV Program Openings since 1949. Scarecrow Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780810892507. Retrieved 3 December 2016.

Jump up ^ Gene Autry Show Intro, YouTube

Jump up ^ Russell, Deborah (July 17, 1993). "`Sleepless' Soundtrack Is Sleeper Hit" (PDF). Billboard. p. 9. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

Jump up ^ "'Back in the Saddle'". National Public Radio. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Hall of Fame". Grammy.org. Retrieved 3 December 2016.

tag: ol


document_title: Think Like a Man

question_text: famous basketball players in think like a man

text: Think Like a Man

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film follows four storylines about each of the couples, titled:

text:
"The Mama's Boy" vs. "The Single Mom"
"The Non-Committer" vs. "The Girl Who Wants the Ring"
"The Dreamer" vs. "The Woman Who Is Her Own Man"
"The Player" vs. "The 90 Day Rule Girl"

text: Each of the women are readers of Steve Harvey's book Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man. When the men learn that the women are hooked on Harvey's advice, they try to turn the tables on their mates, which later seems to backfire.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Hart as Cedric, "The Happier Divorced Guy"
Michael Ealy as Dominic, "The Dreamer"
Taraji P. Henson as Lauren Harris, "The Woman Who Is Her Own Man"
Terrence J as Michael Hanover, "The Mama's Boy"
Regina Hall as Candace Hall, "The Single Mom"
Jerry Ferrara as Jeremy Kern, "The Non-Committer"
Gabrielle Union as Kristen, "The Girl Who Wants the Ring"
Romany Malco as Zeke Freeman, "The Player"
Meagan Good as Mya, "The 90 Day Rule Girl"
Steve Harvey as Himself
Gary Owen as Bennett, "The Happily Married Man"
Wendy Williams as Gail, Cedric's ex-wife
Chris Brown as Alex, Mya's ex
Keri Hilson as Heather
Jenifer Lewis as Loretta Hanover, Michael's mom
La La Anthony as Sonia, Mya's friend
Caleel Harris as Duke, Candace's son
Morris Chestnut as James Merrill, Lauren's ex
Arielle Kebbel as Gina, Kristen's friend
Kelly Rowland as Brenda
Sherri Shepherd as Vicki
Tika Sumpter as Dominic's girlfriend
Tony Rock as Xavier, Zeke's friend
Luenell as Aunt Winnie Hall
Jessica Camacho as Melissa
Zach Firtel as Ryan, "The Lingerer"
Matt Colton as Uncle Jesse, "The Ripper"
Hayden Fein as Ash, "The Trainer"
Andrew Ward as Runner, "The Cat"

text: Six professional basketball players made cameo appearances as themselves:

text:
Matt Barnes
Shannon Brown
Rasual Butler
Darren Collison
Lisa Leslie
Metta World Peace

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 53%, based on 96 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10, and the site's critical consensus states, "In Think Like a Man, an otherwise standard rom-com is partially elevated by a committed—and attractive—cast, resulting in a funny take on modern romance".[3] The film also holds a score of 51 out of 100 on the website Metacritic, based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times viewed that a major problem with the film is that it takes seriously the advice given in the book it is based upon, commenting that such an approach "might have worked as a screwball comedy or a satire, but can you believe for a moment in characters naive enough to actually live their lives following Steve Harvey's advice? The result is a tiresome exercise that circles at great length through various prefabricated stories defined by the advice each couple needs (or doesn't need)."[5] Ebert called the cast "superb" noting in particular the performances of Meagan Good and Kevin Hart.[5] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly also complimented Good and Hart's performance, as well as Romany Malco's performance.[6] He ultimately gave the film a "B-" grade, writing that it is "so busy tracking courtship as if it were a science project that the bite-size love stories lack spontaneity."[6] In a positive review, Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune commended the film for "stick[ing] to a formula without falling prey to it" and commented that "its hangout factor is considerable, because the actors' charms are considerable."[7]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Think Like a Man grossed over $33.7 million during its opening weekend, an accomplishment which ended The Hunger Games' four-week run at the #1 spot at the U.S. box office.[1] The romantic comedy film remained on top of the competition during its second week as well, bringing in $17.6 million.[8]

text: As of June 24, 2012, Think Like a Man has earned $91,547,205 in both the United States and Canada, along with  $4,523,302 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $96,070,507. The movie's production budget was $12.5 million.[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack includes songs by Kelly Rowland, Jennifer Hudson, Keri Hilson, John Legend and Future.[10]

text: Original soundtrack[11]No.TitleWriter(s)Performer(s)Length1."Think Like a Man"Rick Ross, Ne-Yo, Harmony Samuels, Al Sherrod Lambert, Courtney Harrell, Eric BellingerJennifer Hudson featuring Rick Ross and Ne-Yo4:012."Tonight (Best You Ever Had)"Allen Arthur, Christopher Bridges, Keith Justice, Miguel, Clayton Reilly, John LegendJohn Legend featuring Ludacris3:593."Need a Reason"Kelly Rowland, Lonny BerealKelly Rowland featuring Future and Bei Maejor4:164."Won't Make a Fool Out of You"Christopher T. Stewart, Johnta Austin, Kenneth CobyMarcus Canty4:135."Baby Be Mine"Rod TempertonQuadron4:176."That's the Way of the World" (Originally released in 1975)Maurice White, Charles Stepney, Verdine WhiteEarth, Wind & Fire5:457."Freedom Ride"Keri Hilson, Arden Altino, Olivier Castelli, Akene Dunkley, Jerry DuplessisKeri Hilson3:438."Shake That Jelly"Patrizio Pigliapoco, Christopher "Tito JustMusic" Trujillo, William WessonBilly Wes3:159."Same Ole BS"Gamble and Huff, Philip Cornish, Eric "Cire" CrawfordRaVaughn3:4410."Fire"Brandon Hines, Antoine HarrisBrandon Hines3:4711."Motion Picture"Future, Gary HallFuture4:0412."Never Too Much" (Originally released in 1981)Luther VandrossLuther Vandross3:50Total length:48:50

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On June 28, 2012 Screen Gems announced plans for a sequel Think Like a Man Too, with Keith Merryman and David A. Newman again writing the script.[12] The film was released June 20, 2014.


document_title: Spanish Armada

question_text: who was in charge of the english fleet in the spanish armada

text: Spanish Armada

text: Etymology

text: The word armada is from the Spanish armada, which is a cognate with English army. Originally from the Latin armāta, the past participle of armāre (to arm), used in Romance languages as a noun, for armed force, army, navy, fleet.[27] Armada Española is still the Spanish term for the modern Spanish Navy. Armada (originally from its armadas) was also the Portuguese traditional term (now alternative, but in common use) of the Portuguese Navy.

text: History

text: Background

text: Henry VIII began the English Reformation as a political exercise over his desire to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Over time it became increasingly aligned with the Protestant reformation taking place in Europe, especially during the reign of Henry's son, Edward VI. Edward's death without an heir led to Henry's daughter Mary I taking the throne. A devout Catholic, Mary (with her co-monarch and husband, Philip II of Spain) began to reassert Roman influence over church affairs. Her attempts led to over 260 people being burned at the stake, earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary'.[28]

text: Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister, Elizabeth I, taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp, and quickly reimplemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a heretic and illegitimate ruler of England. Under Roman law, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. It is alleged that Phillip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and heir presumptive, Mary, Queen of Scots; however, these were thwarted when Elizabeth had the Queen of Scots imprisoned and finally executed in 1587. Elizabeth retaliated against Philip by supporting the Dutch revolt against Spain, as well as funding privateers to raid Spanish ships across the Atlantic.

text: In retaliation, Philip planned an expedition to invade England in order to overthrow Elizabeth and reinstate Catholicism.[29] Through this, it would end the English material support for the United Provinces – the part of the Low Countries that had successfully seceded from Spanish rule – and cut off English attacks on Spanish trade and settlements[30] in the New World. The King was supported by Pope Sixtus V, who treated the invasion as a crusade, with the promise of a subsidy should the Armada make land.[31]

text: A raid on Cádiz, led by Francis Drake in April 1587, had captured or destroyed some thirty ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year.[32] Philip initially favoured a triple attack, starting with a diversionary raid on Scotland, while the main Armada would capture the Isle of Wight, or Southampton, to establish a safe anchorage in the Solent. The Duke of Parma would then follow with a large army from the Low Countries crossing the English Channel. Parma was uneasy about mounting such an invasion without any possibility of surprise. He was also alarmed by the costs that would be incurred and advised Philip to postpone or abandon it.[citation needed] The appointed commander of the Armada was the highly experienced Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz, but he died in February 1588, and the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a high-born courtier, took his place. While a competent soldier and distinguished administrator, Medina Sidonia had no naval experience. He wrote to Philip expressing grave doubts about the planned campaign, but this was prevented from reaching the King by courtiers on the grounds that God would ensure the Armada's success.[33]

text: Planned invasion of England

text: Prior to the undertaking, Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip II of Spain to collect crusade taxes and granted his men indulgences. The blessing of the Armada's banner on 25 April 1588, was similar to the ceremony used prior to the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. On 28 May 1588, the Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for the English Channel. The fleet was composed of 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, and bore 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port. It included twenty eight purpose-built warships, of which twenty were galleons, four galleys and four (Neapolitan) galleasses. The remainder of the heavy vessels were mostly armed carracks and hulks together with thirty-four light ships.[34]

text: In the Spanish Netherlands, 30,000 soldiers[35] awaited the arrival of the Armada, the plan being to use the cover of the warships to convey the army on barges to a place near London. All told, 55,000 men were to have been mustered, a huge army for that time. On the day the Armada set sail, Elizabeth's ambassador in the Netherlands, Valentine Dale, met Parma's representatives in peace negotiations. The English made a vain effort to intercept the Armada in the Bay of Biscay. On 6 July negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements. The English fleet outnumbered the Spanish, 200 ships to 130,[36] while the Spanish fleet outgunned the English – its available firepower was 50% more than that of the English.[37] The English fleet consisted of the 34 ships of the Royal Fleet (21 of which were galleons of 200 to 400 tons) and 163 other ships (30 of which were of 200 to 400 tons and carried up to 42 guns each), 12 of these were privateers owned by Lord Howard of Effingham, Sir John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake.[11]

text: The Armada was delayed by bad weather. Storms in the Bay of Biscay forced four galleys and one galleon to turn back, and other ships had to put in for repairs, so only about 123 or 124 ships actually made it to the English Channel. Nearly half the fleet were not built as warships and were used for duties such as scouting and dispatch work, or for carrying supplies, animals, and troops.[34]

text: The fleet was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall. The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide. The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight. As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront them from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as Vice Admiral. Howard ceded some control to Drake, given his experience in battle. The rear admiral was Sir John Hawkins.

text: First actions (1588)

text: On 20 July the English fleet was off Eddystone Rocks, with the Armada upwind to the west. That night, in order to execute their attack, the English tacked upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the weather gage, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 21 July the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone rocks. The Armada was in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, convex towards the east. The galleons and great ships were concentrated in the centre and at the tips of the crescent's horns, giving cover to the transports and supply ships in between. Opposing them the English were in two sections, Drake to the north in Revenge with 11 ships, and Howard to the south in Ark Royal with the bulk of the fleet.

text: Given the Spanish advantage in close-quarter fighting, the English ships used their superior speed and manoeuvrability to keep beyond grappling range and bombarded the Spanish ships from a distance with cannon fire. The distance was too great for this to be effective, however, and at the end of the first day's fighting neither fleet had lost a ship in action, although the Spanish carrack Rosario and galleon San Salvador were abandoned after they collided. When night fell, Francis Drake turned his ship back to loot the abandoned Spanish ships, capturing supplies of much-needed gunpowder, and gold. However, Drake had been guiding the English fleet by means of a lantern. As a result of him snuffing out the lantern to slip away from the Spanish ships, the rest of his fleet became scattered and was in complete disarray by dawn. It took an entire day for the English fleet to regroup and the Armada gained a day's grace.[38] The English ships again used their superior speed and manoeuvrability to catch up with the Spanish fleet after a day of sailing.

text: The English fleet and the Armada engaged once more on 23 July, off Portland. This time a change of wind gave the Spanish the weather-gage, and they sought to close with the English, but were foiled by the smaller ships' greater manoeuvrability. At one point Howard formed his ships into a line of battle, to attack at close range bringing all his guns to bear, but this was not followed through and little was achieved.

text: If the Armada could create a temporary base in the protected waters of the Solent (a strait separating the Isle of Wight from the English mainland), they could wait there for word from Parma's army. However, in a full-scale attack, the English fleet broke into four groups – Martin Frobisher of Aid now also being given command over a squadron – with Drake coming in with a large force from the south. At the critical moment Medina Sidonia sent reinforcements south and ordered the Armada back to open sea to avoid The Owers shoals.[39] There were no other secure harbours further east along England's south coast, so the Armada was compelled to make for Calais, without being able to wait for word of Parma's army.

text: On 27 July, the Armada anchored off Calais in a tightly-packed defensive crescent formation, not far from Dunkirk, where Parma's army, reduced by disease to 16,000, was expected to be waiting, ready to join the fleet in barges sent from ports along the Flemish coast. Communication had proven to be far more difficult than anticipated, and it only now became known that this army had yet to be equipped with sufficient transport or assembled in the port, a process which would take at least six days, while Medina Sidonia waited at anchor; and that Dunkirk was blockaded by a Dutch fleet of thirty flyboats under Lieutenant-Admiral Justinus of Nassau.[40] Parma wanted the Armada to send its light pataches to drive away the Dutch, but Medina Sidonia could not do this because he feared that he might need these ships for his own protection. There was no deep-water port where the fleet might shelter – always acknowledged as a major difficulty for the expedition – and the Spanish found themselves vulnerable as night drew on.

text: The Dutch flyboats mainly operated in the shallow waters off Zeeland and Flanders that larger warships with a deeper draught, like the Spanish and English galleons, could not safely enter. The Dutch therefore enjoyed an unchallenged naval advantage in these waters, even though their navy was inferior in naval armament. An essential element of the plan of invasion, as it was eventually implemented, was the transportation of a large part of Parma's Army of Flanders as the main invasion force in unarmed barges across the English Channel. These barges would be protected by the large ships of the Armada. However, to get to the Armada, they would have to cross the zone dominated by the Dutch navy, where the Armada could not go. This problem seems to have been overlooked by the Spanish planners, but it was insurmountable. Because of this obstacle, England never was in any real danger, at least from the Duke of Parma and the Army of Flanders. Because of the eventual English victory at sea, the Army of Flanders escaped the drowning death Justinus and his men had in mind for them, ready to fight another day.[41][42]

text: At midnight on 28 July, the English set alight eight fireships, sacrificing regular warships by filling them with pitch, brimstone, some gunpowder and tar, and cast them downwind among the closely anchored vessels of the Armada. The Spanish feared that these uncommonly large fireships were "hellburners",[43] specialised fireships filled with large gunpowder charges, which had been used to deadly effect at the Siege of Antwerp. Two were intercepted and towed away, but the remainder bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's flagship and the principal warships held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their anchor cables and scattered in confusion. No Spanish ships were burnt, but the crescent formation had been broken, and the fleet now found itself too far to leeward of Calais in the rising southwesterly wind to recover its position. The English closed in for battle.

text: Battle of Gravelines

text: The small port of Gravelines was then part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands, close to the border with France and the closest Spanish territory to England. Medina Sidonia tried to re-form his fleet there and was reluctant to sail further east knowing the danger from the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies had removed the sea marks. The English had learned more of the Armada's strengths and weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel and had concluded it was necessary to close within 100 yards (91 m) to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish ships. They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements and had, after the Isle of Wight, been forced to conserve their heavy shot and powder for a final attack near Gravelines. During all the engagements, the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be run in for reloading because of their close spacing and the quantities of supplies stowed between decks, as Francis Drake had discovered on capturing the damaged Rosario in the Channel.[44] Instead the gunners fired once and then jumped to the rigging to attend to their main task as marines ready to board enemy ships, as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time. In fact, evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the fleet's ammunition was never spent.[45] Their determination to fight by boarding, rather than cannon fire at a distance, proved a weakness for the Spanish; it had been effective on occasions such as the battles of Lepanto and Ponta Delgada (1582), but the English were aware of this strength and sought to avoid it by keeping their distance.

text: With its superior manoeuvrability, the English fleet provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range. The English then closed, firing repeated and damaging broadsides into the enemy ships. This also enabled them to maintain a position to windward so that the heeling Armada hulls were exposed to damage below the water line. Many of the Spanish gunners were killed or wounded by the English broadsides, and the task of manning the cannon often fell to the regular foot soldiers on board, who did not know how to operate the guns. The ships were close enough for sailors on the upper decks of the English and Spanish ships to exchange musket fire. After eight hours, the English ships began to run out of ammunition, and some gunners began loading objects such as chains into cannons. Around 4:00 pm, the English fired their last shots and were forced to pull back.[46]

text: Five Spanish ships were lost. The galleass San Lorenzo, flagship of Don Hugo de Moncada, ran aground at Calais and was taken by Howard after murderous fighting between the crew, the galley slaves, the English who eventually killed all Spanish and slaves, and the French, who ultimately took possession of the wreck. The galleons San Mateo and San Felipe drifted away in a sinking condition, ran aground on the island of Walcheren the next day, and were taken by the Dutch. One carrack ran aground near Blankenberge; another foundered. Many other Spanish ships were severely damaged, especially the Portuguese and some Spanish Atlantic-class galleons (including some Neapolitan galleys) which had to bear the brunt of the fighting during the early hours of the battle in desperate individual actions against groups of English ships. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been defeated and the English had gained some breathing space, but the Armada's presence in northern waters still posed a great threat to England.

text: Elizabeth's Tilbury battle address

text: On the day after the battle of Gravelines, the wind had backed southerly, enabling Medina Sidonia to move his fleet northward away from the French coast. Although their shot lockers were almost empty, the English pursued in an attempt to prevent the enemy from returning to escort Parma. On 2 August Old Style (12 August New Style) Howard called a halt to the pursuit in the latitude of the Firth of Forth off Scotland. By that point, the Spanish were suffering from thirst and exhaustion, and the only option left to Medina Sidonia was to chart a course home to Spain, by a very hazardous route.

text: The threat of invasion from the Netherlands had not yet been discounted by the English, and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester maintained a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the Thames Estuary against any incursion up-river towards London.

text: On 8 August (18 August New Style) Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her forces, and the next day, per legend, arrived on horseback in her own personal battle armour (and thus showing to the assembled warriors that she was prepared to fight with them in the ensuing battle to her own death). She gave to them her Royal address, which is probably her most famous speech. It survives in six different versions, each vying to be the authentic report of her words on that day.[47] One version is as follows:

text: My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but, I do assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself, that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I am come amongst you as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all – to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king – and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms – I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns, and, we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.[48]

text: After the victory, typhus swept the fleet, killing off thousands of English mariners. Elizabeth failed in her promise to pay the sailors, and of the few who did survive, even of the crew of the royal warship, Elizabeth, most expired destitute in the gutters of Margate.[49]

text: Return to Spain

text: In September 1588 the Armada sailed around Scotland and Ireland into the North Atlantic. The ships were beginning to show wear from the long voyage and some were kept together by having their hulls bundled up with cables. Supplies of food and water ran short. The intention would have been to keep well to the west of the coast of Scotland and Ireland, in the relative safety of the open sea. There being no way of accurately measuring longitude, the Spanish were not aware that the Gulf Stream was carrying them north and east as they tried to move west and they eventually turned south much further to the east than planned, a devastating navigational error. Off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland the fleet ran into a series of powerful westerly winds, which drove many of the damaged ships further towards the lee shore. Because so many anchors had been abandoned during the escape from the English fireships off Calais, many of the ships were incapable of securing shelter as they reached the coast of Ireland and were driven onto the rocks and local inhabitants looted the ships. The late 16th century and especially 1588, was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of Greenland, a characteristic phenomenon of the "Little Ice Age".[50] More ships and sailors were lost to cold and stormy weather than in direct combat.

text: Following the gales it is reckoned that 5,000 men died by drowning, starvation and slaughter at the hands of English forces after they were driven ashore in Ireland.[51] Reports of the passage of the remnants of the Spanish Armada around Ireland abound with onerous accounts of hardships and survival.[52] In the end, 67 ships and fewer than 10,000 men survived.[53] Many of the men were near death from disease, as the conditions were very cramped and most of the ships ran out of food and water. Many more later died in Spain, or on hospital ships in Spanish harbours, from diseases contracted during the voyage. It was reported that when Philip II learned of the result of the expedition, he declared, "I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves".[54]

text: English Armada

text: The English fleet was still cautious of the remaining Armada after the Battle of Gravelines, requiring it to remain on duty even as some of its sailors died. The following year Elizabeth I launched the Counter Armada, under Sir Francis Drake, but it was unsuccessful in its goals, resulting in Spain retaining naval superiority.

text: The Spanish failed to gain control of the Channel from the English, nor stop their intervention in the region of Flanders or their privateer transatlantic raids; however, for the sixteen years that the war continued, the English ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies, despite the great number of military personnel mobilised every year. The English were also unsuccessful in plots to support Portuguese separation from the Spanish crown. Spanish naval power not only continued its hegemony in the key trade routes but also in the creation of the Armada de Barlovento. An important fortification effort ensued in different fortifications at both sides of the Atlantic, notably in Cartagena or Portobelo. Despite the efforts by the English and Dutch, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades, thanks to sufficient financing and organisation as well as superior technology to enhance its naval strength.[55]

text: Technological revolution

text: The result vindicated the English strategy and caused in a revolution in naval tactics – using weather gage advantage and line-to-line cannon battle from windward (revealing the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets) – with the promotion of heavier, more numerous naval cannon, which until then had played a supporting role to the principal tactics of ramming and crew boarding.

text: Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament it confirmed between the two nations, which continued into the next century.[56] In the words of Geoffrey Parker, by 1588 "the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world".[57] The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. Parker argues that the sleeker full-rigged ship, amply cannoned, was one of the greatest technological advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare.

text: English shipwrights introduced designs in 1573, first demonstrated in Dreadnought, that allowed the ships to sail faster, manoeuvre better and carry heavier guns.[58] Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so that soldiers could board the enemy ship, now they more often stood off and fired broadsides that could sink the vessel. Superior English ships and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The English also took advantage of Spain's overly complex strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. The poor design of the Spanish cannon meant they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets but England was catching up.[59]

text: Legacy

text: In England, the boost to national pride from the defeat of the Spanish invasion attempt lasted for years and Elizabeth's legend persisted and grew long after her death. Repulsing the Spanish naval force may have given heart to the Protestant cause across Europe and the belief that God was behind the Protestants.[60] This was shown by the striking of commemorative medals that bore variations on the inscription, "1588. Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt" – with "Jehovah" in Hebrew letters ("God blew, and they are scattered"), or He blew with His winds, and they were scattered. There were also more lighthearted medals struck, such as the one with the play on the words of Julius Caesar: Venit, Vidit, Fugit (he came, he saw, he fled). The victory was acclaimed by the English as their greatest since Agincourt.[citation needed]

text: The English attempted to press home their advantage the following year, when the Drake–Norris Expedition, with a comparable fleet of English privateers, sailed to establish a base in the Azores, attack Spain and raise a revolt in Portugal.[30] This expedition, led by Sir Francis Drake and John Norreys[60] were defeated in Corunna but withdrew from Lisbon after failing to coordinate its strategy effectively with the Portuguese.[61] Two more armadas were sent by Spain, in 1596 and 1597 but both were once more scattered by storms.[62]

text: The Spanish Navy underwent a major organizational reform that helped it to maintain control over its trans-Atlantic routes. High-seas buccaneering and the supply of troops to Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and France continued but brought few tangible rewards for England.[60] The memory of the victory over the Armada was evoked during both the Napoleonic Wars and the Second World War, when Britain again faced a substantial danger of foreign invasion. The Armada Memorial in Plymouth was constructed in 1888 to celebrate the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.[63]

text: Historiography

text: Knerr (1989) has reviewed the main trends in historiography over five centuries.[64] For 150 years writers relied heavily on Petruccio Ubaldini's A Discourse Concernye the Spanish Fleete Invadinye Englande (1590), which argued that God decisively favoured the Protestant cause. William Camden (1551–1623) pointed in addition to elements of English nationalism and the private enterprise of the sea dogs. He also emphasized that the Duke of Medina Sidonia was an incompetent seaman. David Hume (1711–1776) praised the leadership of Queen Elizabeth. However the Whig historians, led by James A. Froude (1818–1894), rejected Hume's interpretation and argued that Elizabeth was vacillating and almost lost the conflict by her unwillingness to previously spend enough to maintain and supply the Royal Navy's fleet of ships. Scientific modern historiography came of age with the publication of two volumes of primary documents by John K. Laughton in 1894. This enabled the leading naval scholar of the day Julian Corbett (1854–1922) to reject the Whig views and turn attention to the professionalization of the Royal Navy as a critical factor. Twentieth-century historians have focused on technical issues, such as the comparative power of English and Spanish naval guns and the degree of naval battle tactics credit due Francis Drake and Charles Howard. Inclement weather in the English Channel and on the oceans at the time has always been cited as a major factor to the outcome.

text: Panorama

text: In popular culture

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017)

text:
The Armada is vividly described in Ken Follett's third novel of the Kingsbridge series, Column of Fire (2017).
The preparations of the Armada and the Battle of Gravelines form the backdrop of two graphic novels in Bob de Moors Cori, de Scheepsjongen ("Cori le Moussaillon" in French, "Cori, the Cabin Boy" in English) (Les Espions de la Reine and Le Dragon des Mers'). In them, Cori the cabin boy works as a spy in the Armada for the English.
The Armada and intrigues surrounding its threat to England form the backdrop of the films Fire Over England (1937), with Laurence Olivier and Flora Robson, and The Sea Hawk with Errol Flynn.
The Battle of Gravelines and the subsequent chase around the northern coast of Scotland form the climax of Charles Kingsley's 1855 novel Westward Ho!, which in 1925 became the first novel to be adapted into a radio drama by BBC.[68]
In golf, Spaniard pros Seve Ballesteros and José María Olazábal, who had a Ryder Cup record of 11–2–2 as a team – the best record for a pairing in the history of the competition – came to be called the "Spanish Armada".[69]
The Battle of Gravelines is the climax of the 2007 film, Elizabeth: The Golden Age starring Cate Blanchett and Clive Owen.
In the twentieth season of The Simpsons, an episode depicts the reason for the Armada's attack as Queen Elizabeth's rebuff of the King of Spain. Homer Simpson (as Walter Raleigh) accidentally sets the only English ship on fire; then collides with the Armada, setting all their ships on fire, creating victory for England.
Winston Graham wrote a history of "The Spanish Armadas" and a historical novel, The Grove of Eagles, based on it – the plural "Armadas" referring to a lesser-known second attempt by Philip II of Spain to conquer England during 1598, which Graham argued was better planned and organized than the famous one of 1588 but was foiled by a fierce storm scattering the Spanish ships and sinking many of them.
Bertolt Brecht's 1935 poem Questions From a Worker Who Reads, written to emphasize the role played by the lower classes in history, includes the lines: "Philip of Spain wept when his armada went down. Was he the only one to weep?" ([1]).
Several alternate history writers have published variant descriptions of how history might have proceeded had the Spanish Armada won, including John Brunner (Times Without Number, 1962), Keith Roberts (Pavane, 1969) and Harry Turtledove (Ruled Britannia 2002).


document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: who has the most nfl rings as a player

question_tokens: who has the most nfl rings as a player

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2]

text: The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: two people.

Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)

Six: six people.

Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots

Five: twenty people.

Charles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)
Tom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach

Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.

The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts
Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks
Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos

Three: many players, coaches and staff

Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
O. J. Brigance (linebacker) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year's Super Bowl, when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
Terry Greer (wide receiver) was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Harald Hasselbach (defensive end) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams), and a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions.
Tyrone Williams (wide receiver) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, although he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Andre Rison (wide receiver) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996, and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004.
Josh Miller (punter) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995, and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004.